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#ahhh 

,PEOPLE 3 

,$ITOR 3 ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON 

,TAGS 3 RULE ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 B>ONS ( OLD1 ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY1 MIDDLE CLASSES1 C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 P>LIAM5T>Y RULE1 ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 FREE COMMUNES1 RULE4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY RUM9ATRIX1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,:5 WE CA/ A BROAD GLANCE UPON ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 WE SEE ONE DI/9CTIVE FEATURE P]VAD+ IT FROM ! REMOTE/ ANTIQUITY UP TO \R [N TIMES4 ,ON ! ONE AIDE !RE >E ! MASSES TOIL+1 LABOR+ CREAT+ WEAL? BY ! LABOR ( !IR H&S1 & ASK+ = NO?+ ELSE -BUT PEACE1 LIB]TY1 & EQUALITY AMONG !MSELVES4 ,& ON ! O!R SIDE !RE IS A M9ORITY1 SOMETIMES ( =EIGN CONQU]ORS1 & SOMETIMES NATIVES ( ! C\NTRY ITSELF1 :O CONT9UALLY AIM DOM9AT+ ! MASSES1 AT FREELY 5JOY+ ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 & AT R5D]+ !IR [N RULE EV]LA/+ BY MEANS ( ,LAW & ,=CE1 BY AN APPROPRIATE $UCATION1 & RELIGI\S TEA*+S4 ,ALL ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D IS NO?+ BUT ?AT /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO HO/ILE =CES4 

,! PRETEXT UND] :I* ! RULE ( ! M9ORITY IS IMPOS$ UPON ! MASSES MAY V>Y TO SOME EXT5T 9 ! C\RSE ( C5TURIES 2 BUT 9 FACT IT REMA9S ALWAYS ! SAME1 :ATEV] ! M9OR DIFF]5CES IT 1ASSUMES4 ,?OSE :O PRET5D TO RULE OV] ! PEOPLE MA9TA9 ?AT ! PEOPLE >E UNABLE TO PROTECT !MSELVES AGA9/ =EIGN AGGRESSORS2 ?AT !Y >E UNABLE TO KEEP 9T]NAL PEACE 2 UNABLE TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES SO AS TO P]MIT TO EV]YBODY ! FREE EX]CISE ( HIS FACULTIES2 & ?AT !Y-! M9ORITY ( W\LD-BE RUL]S->E ABLE TO SECURE ALL ?IS4 ,IF !Y RE/RA9 ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IT IS ONLY TO GIVE ! FULLE/ AM\NT ( LIB]TY TO SOCIETY4 ,& ALWAYS ?R\< HI/ORY1 FROM ITS V]Y DAWN UNTIL N[1 WE SEE ?AT ! M9ORITY ( RUL]S DO NOT KEEP !IR PROMISE4 ,!Y PROMISE PEACE1 & !Y BR+ W>1 EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL4 ,!Y PROMISE LIB]TY1 & !Y BR+ OPPRESSION4 ,!Y PROMISE WEAL? & H>MONY1 & !Y BR+ MIS]Y & DISORD]4 

,9 OLD5 TIMES ! B>ON >MS GANGS ( SOLDI]S-( ROBB]S-9 ORD] TO PROTECT ! LABOR]11FROM O!R GANGS ( ROBB]S4 0,TILL ! GR\ND 9 PEACE1 WE %ALL BE ON ! WAT*10 HE SAYS4 ,BUT SOON HIS GANGS BEG9 TO OPPRESS ! LABOR]S WORSE ?AN ! SUPPOS$ =EIGN 5EMY4 ,!Y PLUND] ! PEASANT'S H\SE2 !Y QU>REL ) ONE ANO!R4 ,! PEASANT TOILS2 HE EXHAU/S HIMSELF 9 LABOR TO MA9TA9 ! B>ON1 HIS GUE/S1 & HIS SOLDI]S-BUT BE HAS NO PEACE4 ,HIS FIELDS & HIS HOME >E CONT9UALLY DEVA/AT$2 BUT HE MU/ PUT UP ) ?AT RULE1 BECAUSE HE HAS NO >MS1 & !Y '>E >M$ 2 FIE HAS NO KN[L$GE ( W>F>E1 & !Y HAVE MADE W>F>E !IR SPECIALTY4 ,HE BE>S ?AT OPPRESSION UNTIL F9ALLY HE REVOLTS-& WE WITNESS ALL OV] ,EUROPE ! PEASANTS' W>S44 

,LAT] ON1 ! K+ BECOMES HIS RUL]4 ,ONE ( ?OSE ROBB]-B>ONS SUCCE$S 9 OV]P[]+ ! O!RS1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! MASSES4 ,HE PROMISES TO ! PEASANT ?AT HE WILL PREV5T ! B>ONS FROM RU9+ ! TILL] ( ! SOIL BY !IR CONT9U\S W>S & EXACTIONS4 ,9/EAD ( ! >BITR>Y & VEXATI\S TAXATION BY ! B>ONS ! K+ 9TRODUCES A K9D ( UNI=M TAXATION = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,CR[N1 :I* 5ABLES1 HIM TO LEVY & TO DRILL AN >MY1 & TO CRU% ! REBEL B>ONS4 ,HE SOLEMNLY PROMISES NEV] TO LEVY ANY TAXES BUT ?OSE AGRE$ UPON BY ! ,COMMONS !MSELVES4 ,HE GRANTS FULL LIB]TY TO ! CITIES1 & )9 !IR WALLS WE SEE WEAL? GR[1 TRADES DEVELOP1 >TS FL\RI%4 ,SUPPORT$ BY ! T[NS & VILLAGES1 ! K+ SUCCE$S 9 CRU%+ ! ROBB]-B>ONS :O 9FE/ ! C\NTRY111P>TLY BY =CE1 BUT *IEFLY BY MONEY PAID \T ( ! POCKETS ( ! PEASANTRY 2 & SOON HE BECOMES ! SUPREME RUL] ( ! C\NTRY4 

,DOES A TIME ( PROSP]ITY SOON FOLL[8 ,NO2 BECAUSE ! PEASANT & ! CITY >TISAN SOON FEEL ! PRESSURE ( ! NEW P[]4 ,! K+ HAS NEV] 5\< TAXES1 & HE 9TRIGUES1 BE CREATES P>TIES TO BR+ ! C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMONS UND] HIS P]SONAL AU?ORITY4 ,HAV+ AN >MY AT HIS DISPOSAL1 HE 9VOLVES ! C\NTRY 9 W>S1 & ! TAXES /EADILY GR[4 ,BE NOM9ATES (FICIALS1 :O >E AS VEXATI\S AS ! B>ONS ( OLD4 ,BY & BY HE 9T]F]ES ) ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ! CITIES1 CREATES P>TIES )9 !IR WALLS1 & UND] ! PRETEXT ( PROTECT+ ! POOR AGA9/ ! RI*1 HE BREAKS D[N !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AFT] A FEW C5TURIES ( MON>*Y1 PEASANT & CITIZ5 P]CEIVE ?AT !Y >E SLAVES AGA9 3 SLAVES ( ! K+ & HIS C\RT4 ,POV]TY & MIS]Y GR[111& A NEW REVOLT BREAKS \T4 

,BUT REVOLT IS ALREADY MORE DIFFICULT4 ,! REVOLT$ PEASANTS & >TISANS HAVE TO FI<T AGA9/ A BIG >MY4 ,!Y >E OPPOS$ BY ?\S&S ( M5 :O HAVE PRIVATE 9T]E/S ?AT HAVE GR[N UP UND] ! MON>*Y2 !Y HAVE TO COMBAT ?\S&S ( PRIVILEGES1 & ALSO ?\S&S ( PREJUDICES4 ,TO CRU% ?OSE =CES !Y >E B\ND TO ALLY !MSELVES ) ! GR[+ MIDDLE CLASSES AGA9/ ! C\RT 2 & !Y HAVE ALSO TO RECKON ) NEWLY-DEVELOP$ PREJUDICES1 ,! K+ HAS NOT E/ABLI%$ HIS RULE BY BRUTE =CE ALONE4 ,?\S&S ( LAWY]S1 PRIE/S1 & TEA*]S HAVE BE5 BUSI$ = :OLE C5TURIES 9 SPREAD+ IDEAS ( SUBMISSION TO ! ROYAL AU?ORITY1 & BE/[+ ON IT ! SANCTION ( BO? SCI5CE & DIV9ITY4 ,?\S&S ( PREJUDICES AS TO ! B5EFITS ( ?AT C5TRAL AU?ORITY HAVE BE5 NURTUR$ BY APPROPRIATE TEA*+S & LIT]ATURE4 ,& ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE MADE 9 M5'S M9DS1 AS WELL AS 9 ! PALACE4 ,!RE=E1 9/EAD ( MAK+ A REVOLUTION TO LIB]ATE ! MASSES1 9/EAD ( REV]T+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM & DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION1 A NEW C5TRAL AU?ORITY IS CREAT$ 9 ! P>LIAM5T1 

,! P>LIAM5T BEG9S ) ! FAIRE/ PROMISES4 ,AGA91 !RE WILL BE NO TAXES BUT ?OSE FREELY AGRE$ TO BY ! NATION4 ,LIKE ! K+ 9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( MON>*Y1 ! MIDDLE-CLASS REPRES5TATIVES BEG9 BY PROMIS+ PEACE1 SECURITY ( LIFE1 FRE$OM4 ,!Y WILL LI/5 TO ! VOICE ( ! NATION1 & NEV] LEGISLATE O!RWISE ?AN 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?AT VOICE4 ,! 9T]E/S ( ! LABOR] & WORKMAN WILL BE !IR SUPREME RULE4 #aa ,ONLY OBEY ! P>LIAM5T BETT] ?AN Y\ HAVE OBEY$ ! K+1 & ALL WILL BE RI<T40 ,!Y HAVE SE5 ?AT =CE ALONE WILL NOT DO1 & !Y TRY TO E/ABLI% !IR REIGN ON P]SUASION4 ,!Y SURR\ND P>LIAM5T ) A K9D ( SACR$NESS2 BY !IR BOOKS1 !IR S*OOLS1 !IR PRESS4 !Y TRY TO CONV9CE ! NATION ( ! B5EFITS ( P>LIAM5T>Y RULE4 ,UNIV]SITY & PULPIT UNITE 9 SUPPORT+ P>LIAM5T4 ,! POLITICAL P[]S >E MORE & MORE CONC5TRAT$1 & ! POLITICAL MA*9]Y BECOMES SO 9TRICATE AS TO MAKE PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT ONLY M5 ( SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE1 GUID$ BY A ,PEEL1 A ,PALM]/ONE1 A ,BEACONSFIELD1 OR A ,GLAD/ONE1 >E CAPABLE ( HOLD+ ! RUDD] ( ! NATION AMID 0 ! TEMPE/S40 ,ALL MU/ BE C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! H&S ( !SE SAVIORS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,BUT !RE COMES A TIME :5 ! MASSES BEG9 TO P]CEIVE ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 *EAT$ ONCE AGA94 ,! PROMIS$ PEACE DOES NOT COME2 W>S1 & ,LOANS TO PAY !IR EXP5SES1 BECOME A *RONIC DISEASE4 ,! P>LIAM5T BECOMES A NE/ ( 9TRIGUES4 ,IT DOES NO?+1 IT CAN DO NO?+4 ,! SLI<TE/ RE=M1 LIKE ! REPEAL ( CORN LAWS OR ,HOME ,RULE = ,IREL&1 CAN BE OBTA9$ ONLY BY OP5 REVOLT4 ,! RULE ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES HAS RESULT$ 9 OPPRESSION AS BAD AS ?AT ( ! B>ONS ( OLD4 ,9DU/RY IS RU9$1 AGRICULTURE IS RU9$1 =EIGN TRADE IS RU9$2 T]RIBLE 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CRISES SUCCE$ ONE ANO!R1 & !RE IS NO BETT] \TLOOK = ! FUTURE1 ,& :ILE ! RUL]S DO !IR UTMO/ TO MA9TA9 !IR RULE & 5=CE ! IDEAS ( RESPECT = AU?ORITY1 ! MASSES LOSE ?AT RESPECT1 & P]CEIVE ?AT ! RULE ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES & P>LIAM5T>Y RULE ALTOGE!R CANNOT LA/4 ,NEW S*EMES >E DISCUSS$2 ! NECESSITY ( A NEW DEP>TURE BECOMES UNIV]SALLY FELT4 

,BUT :AT WILL BE ?AT NEW DEP>TURE8 ,WILL IT BE A FRE% REMODEL+ ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T1 & REPRES5TATION8 ,WILL IT BE AGA9 A REPETITION ( ! ]RORS COMMITT$ :5 ABSOLUTE MON>*Y WAS SUB/ITUT$ = ! RULE ( ! B>ONS1 OR ! P>LIAM5T = ABSOLUTE MON>*Y ,I ,OR MU/ IT BE REALLY A NEW DEP>TURE8 

,! TIME HAS COME = A REALLY NEW DEP>TURE4 ,IT BECOMES G5]ALLY UND]/OOD AMONG ! WORK]S ?AT ! REAL BASIS ( ALL HUMAN ORGANIZATION MU/ BE ! EQUALITY ( ITS MEMB]S & !IR LIB]TY TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO !IR [N NE$S4 ,IT BECOMES EVID5T ?AT POLITICAL LIB]TY IS POSSIBLE ONLY :]E !RE IS ECONOMICAL EQUALITY-2 ?AT ! LABOR] :O TILLS ! GR\ND = ! L&LORD NEV] WILL BE ! POLITICAL EQUAL ( ! L&LORD1 NOR ! FACTORY WORK] ! EQUAL ( HIS EMPLOY]1 NOR ! RUL$ ! EQUAL ( ! RUL]4 

,IT BECOMES EVID5T ?AT ALL ! WEAL? :I* WE SEE >\ND US HAS NOT BE5 CREAT$ BY ?OSE :O N[ POSSESS IT1 BUT HAS BE5 APPROPRIAT$ BY !M [+ TO A VICI\S SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ,& IT BECOMES OBVI\S ?AT AS LONG AS ALL ! AFFAIRS ( ! NATION --$UCATION1 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 NAVIGATION1 NATIONAL DEF5SE->E LEFT 9 ! H&S ( A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 !RE CAN BE NO?+ BUT :AT WE SEE N[1 A /ATE ( AFFAIRS :I* HAS BECOME UNBE>ABLE = ! MASSES4 

,A NEW DEP>TURE MU/ BE MADE 9 A NEW DIRECTION4 ,MON>*Y HAS C5TRALIZ$ ALL ! LIFE ( ! NATION 9 ITS H&S1 & P>LIAM5T HAS M]ELY CONT9U$ :AT MON>*Y HAS BEGUN4 ,WE MU/ DEC5TRALIZE4 ,?\S&S ( CITIES & VILLAGES HAVE !IR [N 9T]E/S1 & !Y >E ! BE/ JUDGES ( ?OSE 9T]E/S4 ,AS TO ! NATION1 IT CAN BE NO?+ BUT ! FREE UNION ( ?OSE 9DEP5D5T UNITS4 ,! TW5TY-TWO 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS ( ,SWITZ]L& 7! C5TRALIZ]S CALL !M CANTONS7 >E AS WELL UNIT$ TOGE!R 2 !Y >E AS MU* ONE NATION11EV5 MORE ( A NATION-?AN ! C5TRALIZ$ MON>*IES & REPUBLICS4 ,& YET !Y >E AS 9DEP5D5T AS EA* ( ?OSE MON>*IES4 ,!Y ONLY MAKE CONTRACTS = ! A*IEVEM5T ( C]TA9 COMMON AIMS4 ,BUT ! ,SWISS REPUBLICS >E NOT UNIT$ )9 !MSELVES1 BECAUSE EA* ( !M HAS REPEAT$ ON A SMALL] SCALE ! ]RORS ( ! BIG C5TRALIZ$ K+DOMS1 & !RE=E WE SEE )9 !M ALSO ! GR[+ T5D5CY T[>DS A RETURN TO ! TIME :5 EA* COMMUNE WAS AS 9DEP5D5T AS EA* ( ! LITTLE REPUBLICS 7CANTONS7 IS N[ 1 :5 ! REPUBLICITSELF WAS BUT A F$]ATION ( FREE COMMUNES4 

,BUT EV5 SUPPOS+ !SE POLITICAL *ANGES1 UNITY )9 EA* COMMUNE WILL NOT EXI/ AS LONG AS !RE >E )9 ?AT COMMUNE ! RI* POSSESSOR ( WEAL? & ! HIR$ LABOR]4 ,& !RE=E ! NEXT /EP MU/ BE-& WILL BE-! COMMON POSSESSION BY ! :OLE ( ! COMMUNE ( ALL ITS WEAL? 3 H\SES & G>D5S1 FIELDS & /REETS1 MANUFACTORIES & RAILWAYS4 

,ALREADY N[ WE MAY SEE MUNICIPALITIES 9 POSSESSION ( BEAUTIFUL PUBLIC BUILD+S1 UNIV]SITIES1 !AT]S1 G>D5S1 LIBR>IES1 GAS-WORKS1 TRAMWAYS1 RAILWAYS1 GRA9 ELEVATORS1 F>MS1 DOCKS1 & SO ON4 ,=1 BE+ MANAG$ BY ! CITY 9/EAD ( PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 !Y >E NONE ! WORSE4 ,BUT ALL ?IS WEAL?11!AT]S & UNIV]SITIES1 BEAUTIFUL /REETS & G>D5S11REMA9S = ! USE ( ! FEW 2 ! B>E-FOOT$ BOY :O FALLS 9TO AN EXHAU/$ SLEEP ) A BUNDLE ( NEWSPAP]S UND] HIS >M ON ! /EPS ( A !AT] HAS NO POSSIBILITY ( %>+ 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( ?AT !AT]1 OR ( ! 9TELLECTUAL PLEASURES ( ! UNIV]SITY4 ,! /REET & ITS BRILLIANT ILLUM9ATION >E NO JOY = HIM4 ,HE IS AN \TCA/ ( SOCIETY4 ,& YET HE IS AS WELL 5TITL$ TO 5JOY ALL ?AT AS ! MILLIONAIRE'S SON4 ,& !RE=E ! NEXT /EP TO BE TAK5 IS ?AT ! CITY MU/ ADD TO ITS P>KS & !AT]S1 TO ITS S*OOLS & TRAMWAYS1 ! MANUFACTORY & ! DWELL+ H\SE4 

,IT MU/ TAKE POSSESSION ( !SE1 &1 BY ORGANIZ+ LABOR ON !1 PR9CIPLES ( EQUALITY1 IT WILL ABOLI% ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! SONS ( ! EX-\TCA/ & ! EX-MILLIONAIRE4 ,BO? WILL WORK 9 ! SAME WORK%OP 2 BO? WILL CULTIVATE ! SAME G>D51 RUN ! SAME TRAMWAY4 ,!Y WILL BE EQUAL ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY4 ,& !N !Y WILL BE FREE4 

,! NATION ( ! FUTURE WILL BE ! F$]ATION ( !SE FREE ORGANISMS1 ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY FREE4 ,SLAVES CANNOT EASILY F$]ATE 2 FREE M5 CAN & DO4 ,>ID FREE COMMUNES1 FREELY F$]AT$1 WILL CON/ITUTE A NATION MU* MORE CLOSELY UNIT$ ?AN ! NATIONS :I* CONSI/ N[ ( ,RO?S*ILDS & PAUP]S4 

,BUT1 H[EV] LIMIT$ ITS >EA1 ! COMMUNE MU/ NOT REPEAT )9 ITSELF ! ]ROR ( 5TRU/+ A FEW M5 ) ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL ITS AFFAIRS2 IT MU/ NOT COMMIT ! ]ROR ( CREAT+ MUNICIPAL P>LIAM5TS :I* WILL BE AS 9/RUM5TAL = ! CREATION ( PRIVILEGES AS ! NATIONAL P>LIAM5T HAS BE54 ,IT MU/ ORGANIZE ITSELF ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 0NO RUL]S40 

,FRE$OM3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIALISM 

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