,AN ,ANTI-CL]ICAL ,POLICY ( ,SOCIALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 79 ,FR5*7 9 ,LE ,M\VEM5T SOCIALI/E1 #a ,JANU>Y #aic 79 RESPONSE TO A QUE/IONNAIRE74 
,S\RCE3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT1 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,ADAM ,BUICK_/,B4 ,BAGG9S4 
,COPYLEFT3 ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #b#d4 ,P]MISSION IS GRANT$ TO COPY &_/OR DI/RIBUTE ?IS DOCUM5T UND] ! T]MS ( ! ,G,N,U ,FREE ,DOCUM5TATION ,LIC5SE4 

,I4 ,! ,*UR* UND] ! ,MON>*Y & UND] ! ,REPUBLIC 

,:5 ONE SPEAKS ( AN ANTI-CL]ICAL POLICY ( ,SOCIALISM1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT IT IS NOT 9T5D$ TO ATTACK RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS FROM A ,SOCIALI/IC PO9T ( VIEW4 ,! RELIGION ( ! MASSES WILL ONLY COMPLETELY DISAPPE> ) ! SOCIETY ( TODAY1 :5 MAN1 9/EAD ( BE+ DOM9AT$ BY ! SOCIAL PROCESS1 WILL DOM9ATE IT & CONSCI\SLY DIRECT IT4 ,?IS S5TIM5T GR[S LESS & LESS AS ! MASSES1 $UCAT$ BY ,SOCIALISM1 BEG9 TO UND]/& SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 

,?AT 0RELIGION IS A PRIVATE AFFAIR0 ONLY COMPELS US TO BE NEUTRAL & NOT TO TAKE P>T 9 RELIGI\S QUE/IONS1 :5 !SE ONLY REF] TO 9TIMATE CONVICTIONS & TO ! CONSCI5CE4 ,BUT ?IS RULE HAS ANO!R MEAN+1 IT NOT ONLY CON/ITUTES A DIRECT+ PR9CIPLE :I* %\LD DET]M9E ! PROP] CONDUCT ( ,SOCIALI/S1 BUT IT IS AN APPEAL ADDRESS$ TO ! ACTUAL ,/ATE4 ,9 ! NAME ( LIB]TY ( CONSCI5CE1 WE DEM& ! ABOLITION ( ALL PUBLIC PRIVILEGES :I* BELIEV]S 5JOY TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( UNBELIEV]S1 & WE WILL ASSAIL ALL EF=TS ATTEMPT$ BY ! ,*UR* TO BECOME A DOM9AT+ P[] 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS NOT H]E A MATT] ( CONVICTION BUT ( POLITICS1 & 9 ?IS PO9T ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES CAN1 ACCORD+ TO CIRCUM/ANCES1 ADOPT V]Y DIFF]5T TACTICS4 

,G]MANY & ,FRANCE HAVE ADOPT$ A DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE POLICY4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 NOT ONLY HAS ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY NOT CO-OP]AT$ ) ! ,KULTURKAMPF ( #ahg & #a#h#h1 NOT ONLY DOES IT 9T]V5E REGUL>LY 9 FAVOR ( ! RETURN ( ! ,JESUITS2 BUT \R P>TY TAKES LITTLE P>T 9 ! PROPAG&A1 DECL>+ ?AT RELIGION IS A PRIVATE AFFAIR1 ASK+ ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL PAYM5T ( PUBLIC MONEY TO ECCLESIA/ICAL PURPOSES4 ,NO D\BT 9 LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES WE VOTE AGA9/ ALL CR$IT = ?OSE PURPOSES1 BUT !RE IS NO PROPAG&A = ?IS PURPOSE1 EI!R 9 MEET+S1 OR 9 ! PRESS OR 9 ,P>LIAM5T4 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY %[S GREAT RES]VE1 NOT ONLY 9 MATT]S AFFECT+ RELIGI\S OP9IONS BUT ALSO 9 RELIGI\S POLITICS1 JU/ AS 9 PRACTICE !RE IS NO ,REPUBLICAN PROPAG&A1 ?\< EV]Y ,SOCIALI/ IS NATURALLY A ,REPUBLICAN4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT SU* TACTICS %\LD BE OBS]V$ 9 ,FRANCE ) REF]5CE TO ,CL]ICALISM4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! CONDITIONS >E ABSOLUTELY DIFF]5T 9 ! TWO C\NTRIES4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! MAJORITY ( ! CL]GY >E ,PROTE/ANTS1 9 ,FRANCE !Y >E ,CA?OLICS4 ,NO D\BT !RE >E ,CA?OLICS 9 ,G]MANY1 BUT !Y >E NOT 9 ! MAJORITY1 & T5 YE>S AGO !Y W]E P]SECUT$4 ,! ,BISM>CKIAN ,KULTURKAMPF NATURALLY GAVE RISE TO A SORT ( ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,SOCIALI/S & ,CA?OLICS1 :O W]E ATTACK$ AT ! SAME TIME & = ! SAME REACTION>Y REASON BY MEANS ( LAWS ( P]SECUTION4 ,BUT N[ IT IS ! CONTR>Y1 & ! ,ULTRAMONTANES >E 9 P[]2 BUT !Y HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ ?IS AS A POLITICAL P>TY1 & NOT AS A *UR*4 ,!RE=E ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY CAN ATTACK !M1 NOT AS REPRES5T+ A P>TICUL> FAI?1 BUT AS ,P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVES ( TAXES ON FOOD1 ON MILIT>ISM1 & ( IMP]IALISM4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE IS DUE TO ! POLITICAL =M4 ,H[EV] REACTION>Y ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,*UR* MAY BE ON PUBLIC LIFE1 ITS IMPORTANCE IS V]Y DIFF]5T IF ?IS TAKES PLACE 9 A MON>*Y OR 9 A REPUBLIC4 

,9 A MON>*Y ! ,*UR*1 :I* IS ESS5TIALLY MON>*ICAL AS AN >BITR>Y DOCTR9E1 5T]S 9 ! ME*ANISM ( ! ,/ATE )\T DE/ROY+ ITS H>MONY4 ,9 ?AT S5SE IT IS NOT AN 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL P[]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MON>*Y1 :I* D]IVES ITS [N AU?ORITY FROM ! SAME S\RCE AS ! ,*UR*1 :I* ALSO COMES FROM HEAV51 HAS LESS TR\BLE 9 CONQU]+ ! ,*UR* IF %E 9T]F]ES 9 PUBLIC LIFE4 ,&1 :ATEV] BE ! DOCILITY & ! OBSEQUI\SNESS ( ! ,PROTE/ANT CL]GY1 IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ?AT ! ,G]MAN ,EMP]OR HAD TO PROCLAIM A FEW YE>S AGO1 ON AN UNIMPORTANT OCCASION1 ?AT HE W\LD NOT ALL[ ! CL]GY TO TAKE P>T 9 POLITICS4 

,9 ,ITALY !RE IS A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,QUIR9AL & ! ,VATICAN1 :I* APPE>S TO CONTRADICT :AT WE HAVE JU/ SAID1 BUT H]E IT IS NOT REALLY A RIVALRY BETWE5 ! ,MON>*Y & ! ,*UR*1 BUT A RIVALRY BETWE5 TWO SECUL> SOV]EIGNS ONE REIGN+1 ! O!R HAV+ LO/ HIS P[]4 ,RUSSIA AF=DS US ANO!R /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( H[ ! ,*UR*1 ?\< ! =M MAY BE DIFF]5T1 YET GIVES HELP TO ! PUBLIC AU?ORITY ( A MON>*Y4 

,= !SE SAME REASONS ! ,*UR*1 CONSID]$ AS AN ORGAN ( PUBLIC OP9ION1 APPE>S AT FIR/ SI<T TO BE AN ELEM5T ( DISSOLUTION 9 REPUBLICAN ,FRANCE - AN OPPON5T BY 9/9CT ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ! ,REPUBLIC 0 APPO9TM5T BY ELECTION ( ALL ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE & SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! ,*UR* OPPOS$ TO ! MIDDLE-CLASS .<#a.> PR9CIPLES ( A PURELY SECUL> P[]1 DRIV5 BY H] [N SPIRIT1 & BY P]SONAL RELATIONS :I* CONNECT H] ) ! >I/OCRACY1 & GIVE H] A FEUDAL *>ACT]1 A SURVIVAL ( ! MON>*ICAL PA/1 %E T5D$ NATURALLY AS AN ORGAN ( ! ,/ATE TO CLAIM = H]SELF POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & POS$ AS AN ADV]S>Y ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CL]ICALISM IS LIKE A R$ ?READ1 :I* IS ALWAYS SE5 9 ! C\RSE ( ! HI/ORY ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLIC 9 ,FRANCE4 ,:ILE ! ,*UR* SEIZES ! S*OOLS /EP BY /EP1 TO USE !M AS AN >M AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! LATT] BECOMES EXHAU/$ 9 VA9 EF=TS TO OV]COME ! OPPOSITION1 & TO RECOV] FROM ! P]IODICAL CRISES :I* OV]:ELM IT4 

,9 ,FRANCE ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,*UR*1 & ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! >MY1 (F] A GREAT NUMB] ( PO9TS ( RESEMBLANCE4 ,WE WROTE ! FOLL[+ MORE ?AN A YE> AGO 9 ! ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 AB\T ! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR & ! ,SOCIALI/IC CRISIS3 

0,! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC HAS DEVELOP$ TO A PO9T 9 :I* IT (F]S US ! MO/ P]FECT TYPE ( A MIDDLE-CLASS ,GOV]NM5T2 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IT HAS DEVELOP$ CONTRADICTIONS ( ITS [N4 ,ONE ( !SE FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS IS DUE TO ! EXI/5CE ( A ,REPUBLIC F\ND$ ON ! AU?ORITY ( A MIDDLE-CLASS ,P>LIAM5T & ( A NUM]\S /&+ >MY :I* >E NE$$ TO C>RY \T A ,COLONIAL & ,IMP]IALI/ POLICY4 ,:ILE 9 A /RONG MON>*Y ! >MY1 ) ITS CA/E-LIKE SPIRIT1 IS SIMPLY A DOCILE 9/RUM5T 9 ! H&S ( ! ,EXECUTIVE1 9 A ,REPUBLIC IT T5DS TO BECOME AN 9DEP5D5T P[]1 ONLY JO9$ BY FRAGILE BONDS TO ! O!R P>TS ( ! ,/ATE :I*1 9 A ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,REPUBLIC1 IS RUL$ BY CIVILIANS :O CON/ANTLY *ANGE & :OSE SUPREME *IEF MAY BE & IS A =M] TANN] OR AN ELOQU5T LAWY]4 

0,! SOCIAL EVOLUTION ( ,FRANCE1 :I* ! POLICY ( 9T]E/S FOLL[$ BY ! MIDDLE CLASS HAS DRIV5 TO SU* A PO9T ?AT ?IS CLASS IS SPLIT 9TO ISOLAT$ GR\PS1 :I* )\T ! SLI<TE/ FEEL+ ( RESPONSIBILITY HAVE MADE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T & ( ,P>LIAM5T ! PLAY?+ ( !IR P>TICUL> 9T]E/S1 & ?IS EVOLUTION ON ! O!R H& HAS MADE ! >MY 9DEP5D5T4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ AN 9/RUM5T 9 ! H&S ( ! PUBLIC AU?ORITIES1 IT HAS BECOME A GR\P ) ITS [N 9T]E/S1 & IS READY TO DEF5D ITS PRIVILEGES )\T ?9K+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 9 SPITE ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & EV5 AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC4 

0,! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,REPUBLIC & ! /&+ >MY CAN ONLY BE SOLV$ BY ! RETURN ( ! >MY TO ! CIVIL SOCIETY1 & BY ! ORGANIZATION ( CIVIL SOCIETY AS AN >MY4 ,! >MY MU/ NO LONG] HAVE = ITS OBJECT ,COLONIAL CONQUE/S & MU/ ONLY ?9K ( ! DEF5SE ( ! NATION4 

0,9 ONE WORD ! /&+ >MY MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY A MILITIA4 ,AS LONG AS ?IS IS NOT DONE1 ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTION WILL MANIFE/ ITSELF BY P]IODICAL CRISES1 BY /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! ,REPUBLIC & ITS [N >MY1 /RUGGLES 9 :I* >E %[N ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ?AT 9/ITUTION1 ITS CORRUPTION & ITS WANT ( DISCIPL9E4 ,! ,WILSON AFFAIR1 ! ,PANAMA & ! ,S\!RN ,RAILWAYS SC&ALS1 HAD !IR C\NT]P>T 9 ! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR40 

,! ANALOGY ( ! SITUATION OCCUPI$ BY ! >MY & BY ! ,*UR* T[>DS ! ,REPUBLIC HAS BR\<T AB\T A CLOS] UNION BETWE5 !SE TWO P[]S & HAS GIV5 A MON>*ICAL COLOR+ TO ALL ! LAT] POLITICAL CRISES :I* HAVE OCCURR$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,EV]Y TIME !SE TWO ORGANS ( ! ,REPUBLIC HAVE BE5 UNIT$ 9 !IR REVOLT4 

,& JU/ AS ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! >MY & ! ,REPUBLIC CAN ONLY BE SOLV$ BY ! TRANS=MATION ( ! /&+ >MY 9TO A MILITIA1 ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & ! ,REPUBLIC CAN ONLY DISAPPE> :5 ! ,*UR* %ALL HAVE CEAS$ TO BE A PUBLIC 9/ITUTION & %ALL HAVE BECOME A PRIVATE 9/ITUTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :5 ! ,*UR* %ALL HAVE BE5 SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,/ATE1 :5 ! CL]GY %ALL HAVEBE5 DRIV5 FROM ! S*OOLS & FROM ! >MY1 & :5 ! PROP]TY ( ! RELIGI\S ORD]S %ALL HAVE BE5 CONFISCAT$4 

,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY DOES NOT ASK ! P>TIAL CONFISCATION ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY BY ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,/ATE1 BUT ?AT IS NOT BECAUSE IT IS 9 PR9CIPLE AN OPPON5T ( !SE CONFISCATIONS4 ,9 CASES :]E WE ASK = ! SOCIALIZATION ( AN 9DU/RY1 ( ?AT ( ! RAILWAYS = EXAMPLE1 WE %\LD NOT OBJECT IF ?IS MEASURE TOOK PLACE SIMPLY BY CONFISCATION4 ,IF ?IS BE NOT ONE ( \R DESID]ATA1 IF WE DO NOT ASK ONLY 9 C]TA9 CASES ?AT ! ,/ATE %\LD TAKE OV] AN 9DU/RY1 IT IS BECAUSE ?IS WORK+ ( AN 9DU/RY BY ! ,/ATE W\LD NOT ALT] ! CAPITALI/ *>ACT] ( PROP]TY &1 9DE$1 9 SOME CASES IT 9CREASES ! P[] ( A REACTION>Y ,/ATE4 ,EV5 :5 ?IS FE> IS NOT JU/IFI$1 AS 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 SU* A DEM& ADDRESS$ TO A MIDDLE-CLASS GOV]NM5T IS REALLY UTOPIAN4 

,BUT ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY IS ONLY MORE JU/IFI$ 9 DEM&+ ?AT ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,/ATE %\LD PUT AN 5D TO M$IEVAL =MS ( PROP]TY4 ,! 0DEAD H&0 IS C]TA9LY ONE ( !SE4 ,= ALL FUNCTIONS :I* US$ TO BE FILL$ BY IT1 AS C>E ( ! POOR1 ! SICK1 ! S*OOL1 ALL !SE FUNCTIONS BELONG AT PRES5T TO ! MOD]N ,/ATE4 ,BUT CL]ICAL PROP]TY1 N[ FREE FROM ITS OBLIGATION1 ONLY REPRES5TS N[ 9 MIDDLE-CLASS SOCIETY A SURVIVAL FROM FEUDAL TIMES4 ,ANY MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION ?AT WAS FAI?FUL TO ITS DUTIES %\LD CONFISCATE ! POSSESSIONS ( ! ,*UR*4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 9 ADVOCAT+ ?IS MEASURE 9 ,FRANCE1 DEM&$ AT ! SAME TIME A SECUL> $UCATION1 & >E COMPELL+ ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICANS TO C>RY \T !IR PR9CIPLES4 

,IF ! ,FR5* COMRADES WI%$ TO C>RY ON 9 !IR C\NTRY ! ,G]MAN TACTICS :I* RELATE TO O!R CIRCUM/ANCES1 & TO AB/A9 FROM TAK+ P>T 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE 5GAG$ 9 = ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S BETWE5 ! ,REPUBLIC & ! ,*UR*1 IF !Y SAID ?AT ALL !SE QU>RELS DID NOT 9T]E/ !M1 !Y W\LD CONDEMN !MSELVES & W\LD HAVE NO 9FLU5CE 9 PRACTICAL POLITICS4 

  

,I,I4 ,SOCIALI/ & ,MIDDLE-,CLASS ,ANTI-,CL]ICALISM 

,! ,SOCIALI/S HAVE TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,*UR* :I* IS AN ANTI-,REPUBLICAN & REACTION>Y P[]1 NOT TO AGREE ) MIDDLE CLASS ANTI-CL]ICALISM1 BUT TO GET RID ( IT4 ,! 9CESSANT GU]RILLA W>F>E WAG$ = ! LA/ T5 YE>S AGA9/ ! PRIE/S IS = ,FR5* MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICANS ONE ( ! BE/ WAYS ( TURN+ AWAY ! ATT5TION ( ! WORK+-CLASS FROM SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 & ( WEAK5+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ANTI-CL]ICALISM IS ALSO ! ONLY CAUSE ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,RADICAL ,P>TY2 ! EVOLUTION OV] ! LA/ #c YE>S & ! RISE ( ,SOCIALISM HAVE MADE ?AT ,P>TYS PROGRAM USELESS4 

,= ! MIDDLE-CLASS P>TIES1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,/ATE IS NOT REALLY A MEANS BUT AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 IT IS C>RI$ ON 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT WILL NEV] ATTA9 ! OBJECT2 IT IS ?\<T ?AT IT WILL GO ON = EV] & ?US BECOME A P]MAN5T 9/ITUTION4 ,:AT WE HAVE JU/ SAID1 %[S ?AT ,SOCIALI/S MU/ NOT BE SATISFI$ 9 FOLL[+ ! MIDDLE-CLASS ANTI-CL]ICALS1 !Y >E !IR ADV]S>IES & !Y MU/ BE UNMASK$ BY ! W> AGA9/ ! ,*UR*4 

,:AT DI/+UI%ES ! ANTI-CL]ICAL AIM ( ,SOCIALISM FROM ?AT ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS1 IS NOT ONLY ! EXT5T & ! GREAT] DECISION ( ITS PROGRAM1 BUT ALSO ! />T+ PO9T :I* IS QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,! DESIGN$LY HOPELESS CAMPAIGN ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICANS >E 5GAG$ 9 = ! LA/ #c YE>S AGA9/ ! ,*UR* TAKES A P>TICUL> *>ACT]2 !Y WILL DIVIDE >TIFICIALLY 9TO TWO DIFF]5T QUE/IONS1 A PROBLEM :I*1 POLITICALLY1 IS ONE & 9DIVISIBLE2 !Y WILL SAY ?AT ! SECUL> CL]GY & ! REGUL> CL]GY >E DIFF]5T1 & !Y TRY TO IGNORE ! RELIGI\S ORD]S - ?\< ?IS IS DIFFICULT :ILE !Y WILL NOT SEE ?AT ! REAL QUE/ION IS ! SEP>ATION ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,9/EAD ( CUTT+ ! ,GORDIAN KNOT AT ONE BL[1 BY SUPPRESS+ ! BUDGET ( PUBLIC WOR%IP & ALL ! ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS 5TRU/$ TO ! CL]GY & BY CONFISCAT+ ! WEAL? ( ! RELIGI\S ORD]S1 !Y ONLY ATTACK ! NON-AU?ORIZ$ ORD]S4 ,9/EAD ( SEP>AT+ ! ,*UR* FROM ! ,/ATE1 !Y TRY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO CONNECT ! RELIGI\S ORD]S ) ! ,/ATE4 ,:IL/ !Y APPE> TO TAKE ! S*OOLS AWAY FROM ! RELIGI\S ORD]S1 NO REAL BL[ IS /RUCK AGA9/ ! ,*UR* BECAUSE IT IS /ILL RECOGNIZ$ AS A ,/ATE 9/ITUTION4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU ,M9I/RY IS TYPICAL ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,SO IT IS QUITE FALSE TO SAY ?AT !SE PITIABLE1 ANTI-CL]ICAL MEASURES ( ,RADICAL ,M9I/RIES & ( ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY >E ! BEG9N+ ( WID] RE=MS1 & ?AT !Y >E A P>TIAL SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS B>R5 /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ORD]S ONLY TURNS ASIDE ! ATTACK FROM ! MO/ VULN]ABLE PO9T1 & PROTECTS ! PR9CIPAL POSITION ( ! CL]ICALS4 ,!RE=E1 ! ,*UR* KEEPS UP C>EFULLY ! BELIEF 9 ! FAVORITE FICTION ( MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICANS1 NAMELY1 ?AT !RE IS SOME OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! SECUL>S & ! REGUL>S4 ,! ,*UR* %[S ?IS BY APP>5T HO/ILITIES4 

,MIDDLE-CLASS ANTI-CL]ICALISM !RE=E1 REALLY CONSOLIDATES ! P[] ( ! ,*UR* JU/ AS MIDDLE-CLASS ANTI-MILIT>ISM1 AS IT WAS %[N 9 ! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR1 ONLY T\*$ PH5OM5A :I* >E 9H]5T 9 MILIT>ISM2 IT ONLY PURIFI$ ! CORRUPTION ( ! G5]AL /AFF & REALLY /R5G!N$ ! >MY4 

,! FIR/ DUTY ( ,SOCIALISM IS EVID5TLY TO UNMASK ?AT POLICY AT ALL TIMES4 ,TO DO ?IS1 IT NE$ ONLY ASS]T ITS COMPLETE RELIGI\S POLICY & CONTRA/ IT ) ! EMASCULAT$ PROGRAM ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICANS4 ,BUT IF ! ,SOCIALI/S HAD S]I\SLY TO TAKE P>T1 )\T CRITICIZ+1 9 ! WRET*$ PRET5SES ( FI<T+ :I* ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,RADICALS WAGE1 IF !Y DID NOT SAY AT ALL TIMES1 ?AT !SE MIDDLE-CLASS 0PRIE/ EAT]S0 .<#b.> >E ABOVE ALL1 ! 5EMIES ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !N ! AIM ( ,REPUBLICAN ANTI-CL]ICALISM W\LD BE ATTA9$1 & ! CLASS /RUGGLE W\LD BECOME CORRUPT4 ,NOT ONLY W\LD ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CL]ICAL REACTION BE HOPELESS1 BUT ! DANG] :I*1 BO? = ,REPUBLICANISM & = ,SOCIALISM1 RESULTS FROM ! JO9T ACTION ( MIDDLE-CLASS M5 & WORK]S W\LD UND\BT$LY BE GREAT] ?AN ! 9CONV5I5CES :I* >E TO BE FE>$ FROM ! REACTION>Y ATTACKS ( ! ,*UR*4 

,SO1 9 MY OP9ION1 ! FOLL[+ IS ! POLICY :I* %\LD BE FOLL[$ BY ,SOCIALISM 9 ,FRANCE3 ,IT %\LD NEI!R ADOPT ! TACTICS ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 NOR ?AT ( ,FR5* ,RADICALS2 IT MU/ ATTACK & CONQU]1 NOT ONLY ! REACTION>Y =CES ( ! ANTI-,REPUBLICAN ,*UR*1 BUT ALSO ! HYPOCRISY ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS ANTI-CL]ICALISM4 

,R,O,S,A ,L,U,X,E,M,B,U,R,G1 ( ! ,LEIPZIG] ,VOLKSZEIT+ 

,NOTES BY ,M,I,A 

#a4,DUR+ ! LATE #a#i? C5TURY & E>LY #b? C5TURY ! ,FR5* WORD B\RGEOIS WAS (T5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% AS 0MIDDLE-CLASS01 I4E4 ! CLASS BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! >I/OCRACY4 ,SO MOD]N READ]S %\LD SUB/ITUTE ! WORD 0B\RGEOIS0 = 0MIDDLE-CLASS0 ?R\<\T ?IS TEXT4 

#b4 ,! ,FR5* ORIG9AL SAYS3 0B\RGEOIS0 MANGEURS DE PRETRES4 ,! PHRASE MANGEURS DE PRETRES DOES LIT]ALLY MEAN 0PRIE/-EAT]S01 BUT PROBABLY A MORE IDIOMATIC R5D]+ ( ! PHRASE W\LD BE 0'B\RGEOIS' PRIE/-HAT]S0 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,AN ,ANTI-CL]ICAL ,POLICY ( ,SOCIALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,AN ,ANTI-CL]ICAL ,POLICY ( ,SOCIALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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