,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

#aidi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,?OMAS ,HAWK1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,IDEOLOGY ( ,AN>*ISM 

,AN>*ISM IS A DEF9ITE 9TELLECTUAL CURR5T ( SOCIAL ?\<T1 :OSE ADH]5TS ADVOCATE ! ABOLITION ( ECONOMIC MONOPOLIES & ( ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS )9 SOCIETY4 ,9 PLACE ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORD]1 ,AN>*I/S W\LD HAVE A FREE ASSOCIATION ( ALL PRODUCTIVE =CES BAS$ UPON COOP]ATIVE LABOR1 :I* W\LD HAVE = ITS SOLE PURPOSE ! SATISFY+ ( ! NECESS>Y REQUIREM5TS ( EV]Y MEMB] ( SOCIETY4 ,9 PLACE ( ! PRES5T NATIONAL /ATES ) !IR LIFELESS MA*9]Y ( POLITICAL & BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 ,AN>*I/S DESIRE A F$]ATION ( FREE COMMUNITIES :I* %ALL BE B\ND TO ONE ANO!R BY !IR COMMON ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9T]E/S & >RANGE !IR AFFAIRS BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T & FREE CONTRACT4 

,ANYONE :O /UDIES PR(\NDLY ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL SY/EM WILL RECOGNIZE ?AT !SE OBJECTIVES DO NOT SPR+ FROM ! UTOPIAN IDEAS ( A FEW IMAG9ATIVE 9NOVATORS1 BUT ?AT !Y >E ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( A ?OR\< EXAM9ATION ( EXI/+ SOCIAL MALADJU/M5TS1 :I*1 ) EV]Y NEW PHASE ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 MANIFE/ !MSELVES MORE PLA9LY & MORE UN:OLESOMELY4 ,MOD]N MONOPOLY CAPITALISM & ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE >E M]ELY ! LA/ /AGES 9 A DEVELOPM5T :I* C\LD CULM9ATE 9 NO O!R 5D4 

,! PORT5T\S DEVELOPM5T ( \R PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 LEAD+ TO A MI<TY ACCUMULATION ( SOCIAL WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES & TO A CON/ANT REPRESSION ( ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 PREP>$ ! WAY = ! PRES5T POLITICAL & SOCIAL REACTION & BEFRI5D$ IT 9 EV]Y WAY4 ,IT SACRIFIC$ ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMAN SOCIETY TO ! PRIVATE 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUALS1 & ?US SY/EMATICALLY UND]M9$ A TRUE RELATION%IP BETWE5 M54 ,PEOPLE =GOT ?AT 9DU/RY IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 BUT %\LD BE ONLY A MEANS TO 9SURE TO MAN HIS MAT]IAL SUBSI/5CE & TO MAKE ACCESSIBLE TO HIM ! BLESS+S ( A HI<] 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE4 ,:]E 9DU/RY IS EV]Y?+1 :]E LABOR LOSES ITS E?ICAL IMPORTANCE & MAN IS NO?+1 !RE BEG9S ! REALM ( RU?LESS ECONOMIC DESPOTISM1 :OSE WORK+S >E NO LESS DISA/R\S ?AN ?OSE ( ANY POLITICAL DESPOTISM4 ,! TWO MUTUALLY AUGM5T ONE ANO!R2 !Y >E F$ FROM ! SAME S\RCE4 

,\R MOD]N SOCIAL SY/EM HAS 9T]NALLY SPLIT ! SOCIAL ORGANISM ( EV]Y C\NTRY 9TO HO/ILE CLASSES1 & EXT]NALLY IT HAS BROK5 UP ! COMMON CULTURAL CIRCLE 9TO HO/ILE NATIONS2 BO? CLASSES & NATIONS CONFRONT ONE ANO!R ) OP5 ANTAGONISM1 & BY !IR CEASELESS W>F>E KEEP ! COMMUNAL SOCIAL LIFE 9 CONT9UAL CONVULSIONS4 ,TWO WORLD W>S )9 HALF A C5TURY & !IR T]RIBLE AFT]EFFECTS1 & ! CON/ANT DANG] ( NEW W>S1 :I* TODAY DOM9ATES ALL PEOPLES1 >E ONLY ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS UN5DURABLE CONDITION :I* CAN ONLY LEAD TO FUR!R UNIV]SAL CATA/ROPHES4 ,! M]E FACT ?AT MO/ /ATES >E OBLIG$ TODAY TO SP5D ! BETT] P>T ( !IR ANNUAL 9COME = SO-CALL$ NATIONAL DEF5SE & ! LIQUIDATION ( OLD W> DEBTS IS PRO( ( ! UNT5ABILITY ( ! PRES5T /ATUS2 IT %\LD MAKE CLE> TO EV]YBODY ?AT ! ALLEG$ PROTECTION :I* ! /ATE AF=DS ! 9DIVIDUAL IS C]TA9LY PUR*AS$ TOO DE>LY4 

,! EV]-GR[+ P[] ( A S\LLESS POLITICAL BUREAUCRACY :I* SUP]VISES & SAFEGU>DS ! LIFE ( MAN FROM ! CRADLE TO ! GRAVE IS PUTT+ EV]-GREAT] OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( COOP]ATION AMONG HUMAN BE+S4 ,A SY/EM :I* 9 EV]Y ACT ( ITS LIFE SACRIFICES ! WELF>E ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 ( :OLE NATIONS4 TO ! SELFI% LU/ = P[] & ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( SMALL M9ORITIES MU/ NECESS>ILY DISSOLVE ! SOCIAL TIES & LEAD TO A CON/ANT W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL4 ,?IS SY/EM HAS M]ELY BE5 ! PACEMAK] = ! GREAT 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL REACTION :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION TODAY 9 MOD]N ,FASCISM & ! IDEA ( ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE4 F> SURPASS+ ! OBSESSION = P[] ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y ( PA/ C5TURIES & SEEK+ TO BR+ EV]Y SPH]E ( HUMAN ACTIVITY UND] ! CONTROL ( ! /ATE4 0,ALL = ! /ATE2 ALL ?R\< ! /ATE2 NO?+ )\T ! /ALE60 BECAME ! LEITMOTIV ( A NEW POLITICAL !OLOGY :I* HAS ITS V>I\S SY/EMS ( ECCLESIA/ICAL !OLOGY ,GOD IS EV]Y?+ & MAN NO?+1 SO = ?IS MOD]N POLITICAL CRE$ ! /ATE IS EV]Y?+ & ! CITIZ5 NO?+4 ,& JU/ AS ! WORDS ! 0WILL ( ,GOD0 W]E US$ TO JU/IFY ! WILL ( PRIVILEG$ CA/ES1 SO TODAY !RE HIDES BEH9D ! WILL ( ! /ATE ONLY ! SELFI% 9T]E/S ( ?OSE :O FEEL CALL$ UPON TO 9T]PRET ?IS WILL 9 !IR [N S5SE & TO =CE IT UPON ! PEOPLE4 

,9 MOD]N ,AN>*ISM WE HAVE ! CONFLU5CE ( ! TWO GREAT CURR5TS :I* BE=E & S9CE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAVE F\ND SU* *>ACT]I/IC EXPRESSION 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL LIFE ( ,EUROPE3 ,SOCIALISM & ,LIB]ALISM4 ,MOD]N ,SOCIALISM DEVELOP$ :5 PR(\ND OBS]V]S ( SOCIAL LIFE CAME TO SEE MORE & MORE DE>LY ?AT POLITICAL CON/ITUTIONS & *ANGES 9 ! =M ( GOV]NM5T C\LD NEV] GET TO ! ROOT ( ! GREAT PROBLEM ?AT WE CALL ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,ITS SUPPORT]S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT AN EQUALIZ+ ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = ! B5EFIT ( ALL1 DESPITE ! LOVELIE/ ( !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS4 IS NOT POSSIBLE AS LONG AS PEOPLE >E SEP>AT$ 9TO CLASSES ON ! BASIS ( !IR [N+ OR NOT [N+ PROP]TY1 CLASSES :OSE M]E EXI/5CE EXCLUDES 9 ADVANCE ANY ?\<T ( A G5U9E COMMUNITY4 ,& SO !RE DEVELOP$ ! CONVICTION ?AT ONLY BY ! ELIM9ATION ( ECONOMIC MONOPOLIES & BY COMMON [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION DOES A CONDITION ( SOCIAL JU/ICE BECOME FEASIBLE1 A CONDITION 9 :I* SOCIETY %ALL BECOME A REAL COMMUNITY1 & HUMAN LABOR %ALL NO LONG] S]VE ! 5DS ( EXPLOITATION BUT ASSURE ! WELLBE+ ( EV]YONE4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ,SOCIALISM BEGAN TO ASSEMBLE ITS =CES & BECOME A MOVEM5T1 !RE AT ONCE CAME TO LI<T C]TA9 DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION DUE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT EV]Y POLITICAL CONCEPT FROM !OCRACY TO ,CAES>ISM & DICTATOR%IP HAVE AFFECT$ C]TA9 FACTIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,MEAN:ILE1 TWO O!R GREAT CURR5TS 9 POLITICAL ?\<T1 HAD A DECISIVE SIGNIFICANCE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS3 ,LIB]ALISM1 :I* HAD P[]FULLY /IMULAT$ ADVANC$ M9DS 9 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES1 ,HOLL& & ,SPA9 9 P>TICUL>1 & ,DEMOCRACY 9 ! S5SE4 TO :I* ,R\SSEAU GAVE EXPRESSION 9 HIS ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT1 & :I* F\ND ITS MO/ 9FLU5TIAL REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! LEAD]S ( ,FR5* ,JACOB9ISM4 ,:ILE ,LIB]ALISM 9 ITS SOCIAL !ORIES />T$ (F FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL & WI%$ TO LIMIT ! /ATE'S ACTIVITIES TO A M9IMUM1 ,DEMOCRACY TOOK ITS /& ON AN AB/RACT COLLECTIVE CONCEPT1 ,R\SSEAU'S G5]AL WILL1 :I* IT S\<T TO FIX 9 ! NATIONAL /ATE4 ,LIB]ALISM & ,DEMOCRACY W]E PREEM95TLY POLITICAL CONCEPTS1 & S9CE MO/ ( ! ORIG9AL ADH]5TS ( BO? DID SC>CELY CONSID] ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY1 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( !SE CONDITIONS C\LD NOT BE PRACTICALLY RECONCIL$ ) ! ORIG9AL PR9CIPLES ( ,DEMOCRACY1 & /ILL LESS ) ?OSE ( ,LIB]ALISM4 ,DEMOCRACY ) ITS MOTTO ( EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S BE=E ! LAW1 & ,LIB]ALISM ) ITS RI<T ( MAN OV] HIS [N P]SON1 BO? W]E WRECK$ ON ! REALITIES ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,AS LONG AS MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY HAVE TO SELL !IR LABOR TO A SMALL M9ORITY ( [N]S1 & S9K 9TO ! MO/ WRET*$ MIS]Y IF !Y CAN F9D NO BUY]S1 ! SO-CALL$ EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW REMA9S M]ELY A PI\S FRAUD1 S9CE ! LAWS >E MADE BY ?OSE :O F9D !MSELVES 9 POSSESSION ( ! SOCIAL WEAL?4 ,BUT 9 ! SAME WAY !RE CAN BE NO TALK ( A RI<T OV] ONE'S [N P]SON1 = ?AT RI<T 5DS :5 ONE IS COMPELL$ TO SUBMIT TO ! ECONOMIC DICTATION ( ANO!R IF ONE DOES NOT WANT TO />VE4 

,9 COMMON ) ,LIB]ALISM1 ,AN>*ISM REPRES5TS ! IDEA ?AT ! HAPP9ESS & PROSP]ITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BE ! /&>D 9 ALL SOCIAL MATT]S4 ,&1 9 COMMON ) ! GREAT REPRES5TATIVES ( LIB]AL ?\<T1 IT HAS ALSO ! IDEA ( LIMIT+ ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T TO A M9IMUM4 ,ITS ADH]5TS HAVE FOLL[$ ?IS ?\<T TO ITS ULTIMATE CONSEQU5CES1 & WI% TO ELIM9ATE EV]Y 9/ITUTION ( POLITICAL P[] FROM ! LIFE ( SOCIETY4 ,:5 ,JEFF]SON CLO!S ! BASIC CONCEPT ( ,LIB]ALISM 9 ! WORDS3 0,?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :I* GOV]NS LEA/10 !N ,AN>*I/S SAY ) ,?OREAU3 0,?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :I* GOV]NS NOT AT ALL40 

,9 COMMON ) ! F\ND]S ( ,SOCIALISM1 ,AN>*I/S DEM& ! ABOLITION ( ECONOMIC MONOPOLY 9 EV]Y =M & %APE & UPHOLD COMMON [N]%IP ( ! SOIL & ALL O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! USE ( :I* MU/ BE AVAILABLE TO ALL )\T DI/9CTION2 = P]SONAL & SOCIAL FRE$OM IS CONCEIVABLE ONLY ON ! BASIS ( EQUAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = EV]YBODY4 ,)9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF ! ,AN>*I/S REPRES5T ! VIEWPO9T ?AT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM MU/ BE AT ! SAME TIME A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL P[]1 = 9 HI/ORY ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION HAS ALWAYS GONE H& 9 H& ) POLITICAL & SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 ,! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN & ! DOM9ATION ( MAN OV] MAN >E 9SEP>ABLE1 & EA* IS ! CONDITION ( ! O!R4 

,AS LONG AS A POSSESS+ & A NON-POSSESS+ GR\P ( HUMAN BE+S FACE ONE ANO!R 9 5MITY )9 SOCIETY1 ! /ATE WILL BE 9DISP5SABLE TO ! POSSESS+ M9ORITY = ! PROTECTION ( ITS PRIVILEGES4 ,:5 ?IS CONDITION ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE VANI%ES TO GIVE PLACE TO A HI<] ORD] ( ?+S1 :I* %ALL RECOGNIZE NO SPECIAL RI<TS & %ALL HAVE AS ITS BASIC ASSUMPTION ! COMMUNITY ( SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 GOV]NM5T OV] M5 MU/ YIELD ! FIELD TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL AFFAIRS1 OR1 TO SPEAK ) ,SA9T ,SIMON3 0,! TIME WILL COME :5 ! >T ( GOV]N+ M5 WILL DISAPPE>4 ,A NEW >T WILL TAKE ITS PLACE1 ! >T ( ADM9I/]+ ?+S40 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,AN>*ISM HAS TO BE REG>D$ AS A K9D ( VOLUNT>Y ,SOCIALISM4 

,?IS DISPOSES ALSO ( ! !ORY MA9TA9$ BY ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S ?AT ! /ATE1 9 ! =M ( A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 IS A NECESS>Y TRANSITIONAL /AGE TO A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 9 :I* ! /ATE1 AFT] ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL CLASS CONFLICTS & !N ! CLASSES !MSELVES1 WILL DISSOLVE ITSELF & VANI% FROM ! CANVAS4 ,= ?IS CONCEPT1 :I* COMPLETELY MI/AKES ! REAL NATURE ( ! /ATE & ! SIGNIFICANCE 9 HI/ORY ( ! FACTOR ( POLITICAL P[]1 IS ONLY ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( SO-CALL$ ECONOMIC MAT]IALISM1 :I* SEES 9 ALL ! PH5OM5A ( HI/ORY M]ELY ! 9EVITABLE EFFECTS ( ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION ( ! TIME4 ,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ?IS !ORY PEOPLE CAME TO REG>D ! DIFF]5T =MS ( ! /ATE & ALL O!R SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS AS A 0JURIDICAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURE ON ! ECONOMIC $IFICE0 ( SOCIETY1 & ?\<T ?AT !Y HAD F\ND 9 IT ! KEY TO EV]Y HI/ORIC PROCESS4 ,9 REALITY EV]Y SECTION ( HI/ORY AF=DS US ?\S&S ( EXAMPLES ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( C\NTRIES WAS SET BACK = C5TURIES BY ! /ATE & ITS P[] POLICY4 

,BE=E ! RISE ( ! ECCLESIA/ICAL MON>*Y1 ,SPA91 9DU/RIALLY1 WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE & HELD ! FIR/ PLACE 9 ECONOMIC PRODUCTION 9 ALMO/ EV]Y FIELD4 ,BUT A C5TURY AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,*RI/IAN MON>*Y MO/ ( ITS 9DU/RIES HAD DISAPPE>$2 :AT WAS LEFT ( !M SURVIV$ ONLY 9 ! MO/ WRET*$ CONDITION4 ,9 MO/ 9DU/RIES !Y HAD REV]T$ TO ! MO/ PRIMITIVE ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AGRICULTURE COLLAPS$1 CANALS & WAT]WAYS FELL 9TO RU91 & VA/ /RET*ES ( ! C\NTRY W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO DES]TS4 ,PR9CELY ABSOLUTISM 9 ,EUROPE1 ) ITS SILLY 0ECONOMIC ORD9ANCES0 & 0,9DU/RIAL ,LEGISLATION01 :I* SEV]ELY PUNI%$ ANY DEVIATION FROM ! PRESCRIB$ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION & P]MITT$ NO NEW 9V5TIONS1 BLOCK$ 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS 9 ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES = C5TURIES1 & PREV5T$ ITS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,& EV5 N[ AFT] ! HORRIBLE EXP]I5CES ( TWO WORLD W>S1 ! P[] POLICY ( ! L>G] NATIONAL /ATES PROVES TO BE ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE TO ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,EUROPEAN ECONOMY1 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 :]E ! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS RIP5$ 9TO REALITY1 ! ASPIRATIONS ( A P>TICUL> P>TY = POLITICAL P[] HAVE PREV5T$ ANY TRULY SOCIALI/IC REORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE & HAVE =C$ ! C\NTRY 9TO ! SLAV]Y ( A GR9D+ /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 :I* NAIVE S\LS BELIEVE IS AN 9EVITABLE TRANSITION /AGE TO REAL ,SOCIALISM1 HAS TO-DAY GR[N 9TO A FRI<TFUL DESPOTISM & A NEW IMP]IALISM1 :I* LAGS BEH9D ! TYRANNY ( ,FASCI/ /ATES 9 NO?+4 ,! ASS]TION ?AT ! /ATE MU/ CONT9UE TO EXI/ UNTIL SOCIETY IS NO LONG] DIVID$ 9TO HO/ILE CLASSES ALMO/ S\NDS 9 ! LI<T ( ALL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 LIKE A BAD JOKE4 

,EV]Y TYPE ( POLITICAL P[] PRESUPPOSES SOME P>TICUL> =M ( HUMAN SLAV]Y1 = ! MA9T5ANCE ( :I* IT IS CALL$ 9TO BE+4 ,JU/ AS \TW>DLY1 ?AT IS1 9 RELATION TO O!R /ATES ! /ATE HAS TO CREATE C]TA9 >TIFICIAL ANTAGONISMS 9 ORD] TO JU/IFY ITS EXI/5CE1 SO ALSO 9T]NALLY ! CLEAVAGE ( SOCIETY 9TO CA/ES1 RANKS & CLASSES IS AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( ITS CONT9UANCE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,BOL%EVI/ BUREAUCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA UND] ! ALLEG$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT -- :I* HAS NEV] BE5 ANY?+ BUT ! DICTATOR%IP ( A SMALL CLIQUE OV] ! PROLET>IAT & ! :OLE ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE -- IS M]ELY A NEW 9/ANCE ( AN OLD HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE :I* HAS REPEAT$ ITSELF C\NTLESS TIMES4 ,?IS NEW RUL+ CLASS1 :I* TO-DAY IS RAPIDLY GR[+ 9TO A NEW >I/OCRACY1 IS SET AP>T FROM ! GREAT MASSES ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS & WORK]S JU/ AS CLE>LY AS >E ! PRIVILEG$ CA/ES & CLASSES 9 O!R C\NTRIES FROM ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,& ?IS SITUATION BECOMES /ILL MORE UNBE>ABLE :5 A DESPOTIC /ATE D5IES TO ! L[] CLASSES ! RI<T TO COMPLA9 ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 SO ?AT ANY PROTE/ IS MADE AT ! RISK ( !IR LIVES4 

,BUT EV5 A F> GREAT] DEGREE ( ECONOMIC EQUALITY ?AN ?AT :I* EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD BE NO GU>ANTEE AGA9/ POLITICAL & SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 ,ECONOMIC EQUALITY ALONE IS NOT SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS :I* ALL ! S*OOLS ( AU?ORIT>IAN ,SOCIALISM HAVE NEV] UND]/OOD4 ,9 ! PRISON1 9 ! CLOI/]1 OR 9 ! B>RACKS ONE F9DS A FAIRLY HI< DEGREE ( ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 AS ALL ! 9MATES >E PROVID$ ) ! SAME DWELL+1 ! SAME FOOD1 ! SAME UNI=M1 & ! SAME TASKS4 ,! ANCI5T ,9CA /ATE 9 ,P]U & ! ,JESUIT /ATE 9 ,P>AGUAY HAD BR\<T EQUAL ECONOMIC PROVISION = EV]Y 9HABITANT TO A FIX$ SY/EM1 BUT 9 SPITE ( ?IS ! VILE/ DESPOTISM PREVAIL$ !RE1 & ! HUMAN BE+ WAS M]ELY ! AUTOMATON ( A HI<] WILL ON :OSE DECISIONS HE HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ 9FLU5CE4 ,IT WAS NOT )\T REASON ?AT ,PR\DHON SAW 9 A 0,SOCIALISM0 )\T FRE$OM ! WOR/ =M ( SLAV]Y4 ,! URGE = SOCIAL JU/ICE CAN ONLY DEVELOP PROP]LY & BE EFFECTIVE :5 IT GR[S \T ( MAN'S S5SE ( FRE$OM & RESPONSIBILITY1 & IS BAS$ UPON IT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,SOCIALISM WILL BE FREE OR IT WILL NOT BE AT ALL4 ,9 ITS RECOGNITION ( ?IS FACT LIES ! G5U9E & PR(\ND JU/IFICATION ( ,AN>*ISM4 

,9/ITUTIONS S]VE ! SAME PURPOSE 9 ! LIFE ( SOCIETY AS PHYSICAL ORGANS DO 9 PLANTS & ANIMALS2 !Y >E ! ORGANS ( ! SOCIAL BODY4 ,ORGANS DO NOT DEVELOP >BITR>ILY1 BUT [E !IR ORIG9 TO DEF9ITE NECESSITIES ( ! PHYSICAL & SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,*ANG$ CONDITIONS ( LIFE PRODUCE *ANG$ ORGANS4 ,BUT AN ORGAN ALWAYS P]=MS ! FUNCTION IT WAS EVOLV$ TO P]=M1 OR A RELAT$ ONE4 ,& IT GRADUALLY DISAPPE>S OR BECOMES RUDIM5T>Y AS SOON AS ITS FUNCTION IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y TO ! ORGANISM4 

,! SAME IS TRUE ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y1 TOO1 DO NOT >ISE >BITR>ILY1 BUT >E CALL$ 9TO BE+ BY SPECIAL SOCIAL NE$S TO S]VE DEF9ITE PURPOSES4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! MOD]N /ATE WAS EVOLV$1 AFT] ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES & CLASS DIVISIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) !M HAD BEGUN TO MAKE !MSELVES MORE & MORE CONSPICU\S 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! OLD SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! NEWLY >IS5 POSSESS+ CLASSES HAD NE$ ( A POLITICAL 9/RUM5T ( P[] TO MA9TA9 !IR ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PRIVILEGES OV] ! MASSES ( !IR [N PEOPLE1 & TO IMPOSE !M FROM )\T ON O!R GR\PS ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,?US >OSE ! APPROPRIATE SOCIAL CONDITIONS = ! EVOLUTION ( ! MOD]N /ATE AS ! ORGAN ( POLITICAL P[] = ! =CIBLE SUBJUGATION & OPPRESSION ( ! NON-POSSESS+ CLASSES4 ,?IS TASK IS ! ESS5TIAL REASON = ITS EXI/5CE4 ,ITS EXT]NAL =MS HAVE ALT]$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 BUT ITS FUNCTIONS HAVE ALWAYS REMA9$ ! SAME4 ,!Y HAVE EV5 CON/ANTLY BROAD5$ 9 JU/ ! MEASURE 9 :I* ITS SUPPORT]S HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ FUR!R FIELDS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITIES SUBS]VI5T TO !IR 5DS4 ,&1 JU/ AS ! FUNCTIONS ( A PHYSICAL ORGAN CANNOT BE >BITR>ILY ALT]$ SO ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE CANNOT1 AT WILL1 HE> ) ONE'S EYES OR SEE ) ONE'S E>S1 SO ALSO ONE CANNOT1 AT PLEASURE1 TRANS=M AN ORGAN ( SOCIAL OPPRESSION 9TO AN 9/RUM5T = ! LIB]ATION ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,AN>*ISM IS NO PAT5T SOLUTION = ALL HUMAN PROBLEMS1 NO ,UTOPIA ( A P]FECT SOCIAL ORD] 7AS IT HAS SO (T5 BE5 CALL$71 S9CE1 ON PR9CIPLE1 IT REJECTS ALL ABSOLUTE S*EMES & CONCEPTS4 ,IT DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 ANY ABSOLUTE TRU?1 OR 9 ANY DEF9ITE F9AL GOALS = HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 BUT 9 AN UNLIMIT$ P]FECTIBILITY ( SOCIAL PATT]NS & HUMAN LIV+ CONDITIONS :I* >E ALWAYS /RA9+ AFT] HI<] =MS ( EXPRESSION1 & TO :I*1 = ?IS REASON1 ONE CANNOT ASSIGN ANY DEF9ITE T]M9US NOR SET ANY FIX$ GOAL4 ,! GREATE/ EVIL ( ANY =M ( P[] IS JU/ ?AT IT ALWAYS TRIES TO =CE ! RI* DIV]SITY ( SOCIAL LIFE 9TO DEF9ITE =MS & ADJU/ IT TO P>TICUL> NORMS4 ,! /RONG] ITS SUPPORT]S FEEL !MSELVES1 ! MORE COMPLETELY !Y SUCCE$ 9 BR++ EV]Y FIELD ( SOCIAL LIFE 9TO !IR S]VICE1 ! MORE CRIPPL+ IS !IR 9FLU5CE ON ! OP]ATION ( ALL CREATIVE CULTURAL =CES1 ! MORE UN:OLESOMELY DOES IT AFFECT ! 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( P[] & A DIRE OM5 = \R TIMES1 = IT %[S ) FRI<TFUL CL>ITY TO :AT A MON/ROSITY ,HOBBES' ,LEVIA?AN CAN BE DEVELOP$4 ,IT IS ! P]FECT TRIUMPH ( ! POLITICAL MA*9E OV] M9D & BODY1 ! RATIONALIZATION ( HUMAN ?\<T1 FEEL+ & BEHAVIOR ACCORD+ TO ! E/ABLI%$ RULES ( ! (FICIALS &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! 5D ( ALL TRUE 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE4 

,AN>*ISM RECOGNIZES ONLY ! RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE ( IDEAS1 9/ITUTIONS1 & SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E NOT A FIX$1 SELF 5CLOS$ SOCIAL SY/EM1 BUT RA!R A DEF9ITE TR5D 9 ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D1 :I*1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! 9TELLECTUAL GU>DIAN%IP ( ALL CL]ICAL & GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS1 /RIVES = ! FREE UNH9D]$ UNFOLD+ ( ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL =CES 9 LIFE4 ,EV5 FRE$OM IS ONLY A RELATIVE1 NOT AN ABSOLUTE CONCEPT1 S9CE IT T5DS CON/ANTLY TO BROAD5 ITS SCOPE & TO AFFECT WID] CIRCLES 9 MANIFOLD WAYS4 ,= ! ,AN>*I/1 FRE$OM IS NOT AN AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT1 BUT ! VITAL CONCRETE POSSIBILITY = EV]Y HUMAN BE+ TO BR+ TO FULL DEVELOPM5T ALL CAPACITIES & TAL5TS ) :I* NATURE HAS 5D[$ HIM1 & TURN !M TO SOCIAL ACC\NT4 ,! LESS ?IS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( MAN IS 9T]F]$ ) BY ECCLESIA/ICAL OR POLITICAL GU>DIAN%IP1 ! MORE EFFICI5T & H>MONI\S WILL HUMAN P]SONALITY BECOME1 ! MORE WILL IT BECOME ! MEASURE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* IT HAS GR[N4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y ALL GREAT CULTURE P]IODS 9 HI/ORY HAVE BE5 P]IODS ( POLITICAL WEAKNESS1 = POLITICAL SY/EMS >E ALWAYS SET UPON ! ME*ANIZ+ & NOT ! ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL =CES4 ,/ATE & ,CULTURE >E IRRECONCILABLE OPPOSITES4 ,NIETZS*E1 :O WAS NOT AN AN>*I/1 RECOGNIZ$ ?IS V]Y CLE>LY :5 HE WROTE3 0,NO ONE CAN F9ALLY SP5D MORE ?AN HE HAS4 ,?AT HOLDS GOOD = 9DIVIDUALS2 IT HOLDS GOOD = PEOPLES4 ,IF ONE SP5DS ONESELF = P[]1 = HI<] POLITICS1 = HUSB&RY1 = COMM]CE1 P>LIAM5T>ISM1 MILIT>Y 9T]E/S --  IF ONE GIVES AWAY ?AT AM\NT ( REASON1 E>NE/NESS1 WILL1 SELF-MA/]Y :I* CON/ITUTES ONE'S REAL SELF = ONE ?+1 HE WILL NOT HAVE IT = ! O!R4 ,CULTURE & ! /ATE -- LET NO ONE BE DECEIV$ AB\T ?IS -- >E ANTAGONI/S3 ! ,CULTURE ,/ATE IS M]ELY A MOD]N IDEA4 ,! ONE LIVES ON ! O!R1 ! ONE PROSP]S AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!R4 ,ALL GREAT P]IODS ( CULTURE >E P]IODS ( POLITICAL DECL9E4 ,:ATEV] IS GREAT 9 A CULTUR$ S5SE IS NONPOLITICAL1 IS EV5 ANTI-POLITICAL40 

,:]E ! 9FLU5CE ( POLITICAL P[] ON ! CREATIVE =CES 9 SOCIETY IS R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM1 !RE CULTURE ?RIVES ! BE/1 = POLITICAL RUL]%IP ALWAYS /RIVES = UNI=MITY & T5DS TO SUBJECT EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE TO ITS GU>DIAN%IP4 ,&1 9 ?IS1 IT F9DS ITSELF 9 9ESCAPABLE CONTRADICTION TO ! CREATIVE ASPIRATIONS ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T1 :I* IS ALWAYS ON ! QUE/ = NEW =MS & FIELDS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 & = :I* FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 ! MANY-SID$NESS & ! CONT9UAL *ANG+ ( ?+S1 >E JU/ AS VITALLY NECESS>Y AS RIGID =MS1 DEAD RULES1 & ! =CIBLE SUPPRESSION ( IDEAS >E = ! CONS]VATION ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,EV]Y SUCCESSFUL PIECE ( WORK /IRS ! DESIRE = GREAT] P]FECTION & DEEP] 9SPIRATION2 EA* NEW =M BECOMES ! H]ALD ( NEW POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT P[] ALWAYS TRIES TO KEEP ?+S AS !Y >E1 SAFELY AN*OR$ TO /]EOTYPES4 ,?AT HAS BE5 ! REASON = ALL REVOLUTIONS 9 HI/ORY4 ,P[] OP]ATES ONLY DE/RUCTIVELY1 B5T ALWAYS ON =C+ EV]Y MANIFE/ATION ( SOCIAL LIFE 9TO ! /RAITJACKET ( ITS RULES4 ,ITS 9TELLECTUAL EXPRESSION IS DEAD DOGMA1 ITS PHYSICAL =M BRUTE =CE4 ,& ?IS UN9TELLIG5CE ( ITS OBJECTIVES SETS ITS /AMP ON ITS REPRES5TATIVES ALSO1 & R5D]S !M (T5 /UPID & BRUTAL1 EV5 :5 !Y W]E ORIG9ALLY 5D[$ ) ! BE/ TAL5TS4 ,ONE :O IS CON/ANTLY /RIV+ TO =CE EV]Y?+ 9TO A ME*ANICAL ORD] AT LA/ BECOMES A MA*9E HIMSELF & LOSES ALL HUMAN FEEL+S4 

,IT WAS FROM ?IS UND]/&+ ?AT MOD]N ,AN>*ISM WAS BORN & DRAWS ITS MORAL =CE4 ,ONLY FRE$OM CAN 9SPIRE M5 TO GREAT ?+S & BR+ AB\T 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS4 ,! >T ( RUL+ M5 HAS NEV] BE5 ! >T ( $UCAT+ & 9SPIR+ !M TO A NEW %AP+ ( !IR LIVES4 ,DRE>Y COMPULSION HAS AT ITS COMM& ONLY LIFELESS DRILL1 :I* SMO!RS ANY VITAL 9ITIATIVE AT ITS BIR? & BR+S =? ONLY SUBJECTS1 NOT FREE M54 ,FRE$OM IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( LIFE1 ! IMPELL+ =CE 9 ALL 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! CREATOR ( EV]Y NEW \TLOOK = ! FUTURE ( MANK9D4 ,! LIB]ATION ( MAN FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & FROM 9TELLECTUAL1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 :I* F9DS ITS HI<E/ EXPRESSION 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*ISM1 IS ! FIR/ PR]EQUISITE = ! EVOLUTION ( A HI<] SOCIAL CULTURE & A NEW HUMANITY4 

,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*I/ ,PHILOSOPHY ,FROM ,LAO-,TSE TO ,KROPOTK9 

,AN>*I/ IDEAS >E TO BE F\ND 9 ALMO/ EV]Y P]IOD ( KN[N HI/ORY4 ,WE 5C\NT] !M 9 ! ,*9ESE SAGE1 ,LAO-,TSE 7,! ,C\RSE & ,! ,RI<T ,WAY71 & ! LAT] ,GREEK PHILOSOPH]S1 ! ,H$ONI/S & ,CYNICS & O!R ADVOCATES ( SO-CALL$ NATURAL RI<T1 & P>TICUL>LY1 9 ,Z5O1 ! F\ND] ( ! ,/OIC S*OOL & OPPOS] ( ,PLATO4 ,!Y F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! TEA*+S ( ! ,GNO/IC ,C>POCRATES 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 & HAD AN UNMI/AKABLE 9FLU5CE ON C]TA9 ,*RI/IAN SECTS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 9 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,HOLL& & ,5GL&1 MO/ ( :I* FELL VICTIMS TO ! MO/ SAVAGE P]SECUTIONS4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,BOHEMIAN ,RE=MATION !Y F\ND A P[]FUL *AMPION 9 ,PET] ,*ELCICKY1 :O 9 HIS WORK1 ,! ,NET ( ,FAI?1 PASS$ ! SAME JUDGM5T ON ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE AS ,TOL/OY DID C5TURIES LAT]4 ,AMONG ! GREAT ,HUMANI/S !RE WAS ,RABELAIS1 :O 9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( ! HAPPY ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME 7,G>GANTUA7 PRES5T$ A PICTURE ( LIFE FRE$ FROM ALL AU?ORIT>IAN RE/RA9TS4 ,( O!R PIONE]S ( LIB]T>IAN ?9K+ WE WILL M5TION H]E ONLY ,LA ,BOETIE1 ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ,DID]OT1 9 :OSE VOLUM9\S WRIT+S ONE F9DS ?ICKLY /REWN ! UTT]ANCES ( A REALLY GREAT M9D :I* HAD RID ITSELF ( EV]Y AU?ORIT>IAN PREJUDICE4 

,MEAN:ILE1 IT WAS RES]V$ = MORE REC5T HI/ORY TO GIVE A CLE> =M TO ! ,AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( LIFE & TO CONNECT IT ) ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS DONE = ! FIR/ TIME BY ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 7#a#g#e#f-#a#h#c#f7 9 HIS SPL5DIDLY CONCEIV$ WORK1 ,AN ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE & ITS ,9FLU5CE UPON ,G5]AL ,VIRTUE & ,HAPP9ESS 7,LONDON1 #a#g#i#c74 ,GODW9'S WORK WAS1 WE MI<T SAY1 ! RIP5$ FRUIT ( ?AT LONG EVOLUTION ( ! CONCEPTS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL RADICALISM 9 ,5GL& :I* PROCE$S FROM ,GEORGE ,BU*ANAN ?R\< ,RI*>D ,HOOK]1 ,G]>D ,W9/ANLEY1 ,ALG]NON ,SIDNEY1 ,JOHN ,LOCKE1 ,ROB]T ,WALLACE & ,JOHN ,BELL]S TO ,J]EMY ,B5?AM1 ,JOSEPH ,PRIE/LEY1 ,RI*>D ,PRICE & ,?OMAS ,PA9E4 

,GODW9 RECOGNIZ$ V]Y CLE>LY ?AT ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL EVILS IS TO BE S\<T1 NOT 9 ! =M ( ! /ATE1 BUT 9 ITS V]Y EXI/5CE4 ,BUT HE ALSO RECOGNIZ$ ?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN ONLY LIVE TOGE!R NATURALLY & FREELY :5 ! PROP] ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = ?IS >E GIV51 & ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NO LONG] SUBJECT TO EXPLOITATION BY O!RS1 A CONSID]ATION :I* MO/ ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( M]E POLITICAL RADICALISM ALMO/ :OLLY OV]LOOK$4 ,H5CE !Y W]E LAT] COMPELL$ TO MAKE CON/ANTLY GREAT] CONCESSIONS TO ! /ATE :I* !Y HAD WI%$ TO RE/RICT TO A M9IMUM4 ,GODW9'S IDEA ( A /ATELESS SOCIETY ASSUM$ ! SOCIAL [N]%IP ( ! L& & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR & ! C>RY+ ON ( ECONOMIC LIFE BY FREE COOP]ATIVES ( PRODUC]S4 ,GODW9'S WORK HAD D /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ADVANC$ CIRCLES ( ! ,5GLI% WORK]S & ! MORE 5LI<T5$ SECTIONS ( ! LIB]AL 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 HE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! Y\NG SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL&1 :I* F\ND ITS MATURE/ EXPON5TS 9 ,ROB]T ,[51 ,JOHN ,GRAY & ,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON1 ?AT UNMI/AKABLY LIB]T>IAN *>ACT] :I* IT HAD = A LONG TIME1 & :I* IT NEV] ASSUM$ 9 ,G]MANY & MANY O!R C\NTRIES4 

,ALSO ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/ ,*>LES ,F\RI] 7#a#g#g#b-#a#h#c#b71 ) HIS !ORY ( ATTRACTIVE LABOR MU/ BE M5TION$1 H]E AS ONE ( ! PIONE]S ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 

,BUT A F> GREAT] 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,AN>*I/ !ORY WAS ?AT ( ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#i-#a#h#f#e71 ONE ( ! MO/ GIFT$ & C]TA9LY ! MO/ MANY-SID$ WRIT] ( MOD]N ,SOCIALISM4 ,PR\DHON WAS COMPLETELY ROOT$ 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL LIFE ( HIS P]IOD1 & !SE 9FLU5C$ HIS ATTITUDE UPON EV]Y QUE/ION ) :I* HE DEALT4 ,!RE=E HE IS NOT TO BE JUDG$1 AS HE HAS BE5 EV5 BY MANY ( HIS LAT] FOLL[]S1 BY HIS SPECIAL PRACTICAL PROPOSALS1 :I* W]E BORN ( ! NE$S ( ! H\R4 ,AMONG ! NUM]\S SOCIALI/ ?9K]S ( HIS TIME HE WAS ! ONE :O UND]/OOD MO/ PR(\NDLY ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL MALADJU/M5T1 & POSSESS$1 BESIDES1 ! GREATE/ BREAD? ( VISION4 ,HE WAS ! \TSPOK5 OPPON5T ( ALL >TIFICIAL SOCIAL SY/EMS1 & SAW 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION ! ET]NAL URGE TO NEW & HI<] =MS ( 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL LIFE2 IT WAS HIS CONVICTION ?AT ?IS EVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE B\ND BY ANY DEF9ITE AB/RACT =MULAS4 

,PR\DHON OPPOS$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,JACOB9 TRADITION1 :I* DOM9AT$ ! ?9K+ ( ! ,FR5* DEMOCRATS & MO/ ( ! ,SOCIALI/S ( ?AT P]IOD1 ) ! SAME DET]M9ATION AS ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! C5TRAL /ATE & ECONOMIC MONOPOLY 9 ! NATURAL PROGRESS ( SOCIAL ADVANCE4 ,TO HIM RIDD+ SOCIETY ( ?OSE TWO CANC]\S GR[?S WAS ! GREAT TASK ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY REVOLUTION4 ,PR\DHON WAS NOT A ,COMMUNI/4 ,HE CONDEMN$ PROP]TY AS M]ELY ! PRIVILEGE ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT HE RECOGNIZ$ ! [N]%IP ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR = ALL1 MADE EFFECTIVE ?R\< 9DU/RIAL GR\PS B\ND TO ONE ANO!R BY FREE CONTRACT1 SO LONG AS ?IS RI<T WAS NOT MADE TO S]VE ! EXPLOITATION ( O!RS & AS LONG AS ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS 9DIVIDUAL LABOR WAS ASSUR$ TO EV]Y MEMB] ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON RECIPROCITY 7MUTUALITY7 GU>ANTEES ! 5JOYM5T ( EQUAL RI<TS BY EA* 9 EX*ANGE = SOCIAL S]VICES4 ,! AV]AGE WORK+ TIME REQUIR$ = ! COMPLETION ( ANY PRODUCT BECOMES ! MEASURE ( ITS VALUE & IS ! BASIS ( MUTUAL EX*ANGE BY LABOR NOTES4 ,9 ?IS WAY CAPITAL IS DEPRIV$ ( ITS USURIAL P[] & IS COMPLETELY B\ND UP ) ! P]=MANCE ( WORK4 ,BE+ MADE AVAILABLE TO ALL IT CEASES TO BE AN 9/RUM5T = EXPLOITATION4 ,SU* A =M ( ECONOMY MAKES ANY POLITICAL CO]CIVE APP>ATUS SUP]FLU\S4 ,SOCIETY BECOMES A LEAGUE ( FREE COMMUNITIES :I* >RANGE !IR AFFAIRS ACCORD+ TO NE$4 BY !MSELVES OR 9 ASSOCIATION ) O!RS1 & 9 :I* MAN'S FRE$OM IS ! EQUAL FRE$OM ( O!RS NOT ITS LIMITATION1 BUT ITS SECURITY & CONFIRMATION4 0,! FRE]1 ! MORE 9DEP5D5T & 5T]PRIS+ ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ! BETT] = SOCIETY40 

,?IS ORGANIZATION ( ,F$]ALISM 9 :I* ,PR\DHON SAW ! IMM$IATE FUTURE ( MANK9D SETS NO DEF9ITE LIMITATIONS ON FUTURE POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOPM5T & (F]S ! WIDE/ SCOPE TO EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,/>T+ \T FROM ! PO9T ( ,F$]ATION1 ,PR\DHON COMBAT$ LIKEWISE ! ASPIRATION = POLITICAL & NATIONAL UNITY ( ! AWAK5+ NATIONALISM ( ! TIME :I* F\ND SU* /RONG ADVOCATES 9 ,MAZZ9I1 ,G>IBALDI1 ,LELEWEL & O!RS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT HE RECOGNIZ$ MORE CLE>LY ! REAL NATURE ( NATIONALISM ?AN MO/ ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,PR\DHON EX]T$ A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,SOCIALISM1 :I* MADE ITSELF FELT ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES4 

,IDEAS SIMIL> TO ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONCEPTIONS ( ,PR\DHON W]E PROPAGAT$ BY ! FOLL[]S ( SO-CALL$ ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,AN>*ISM 9 ,AM]ICA :I* F\ND ABLE EXPON5TS 9 SU* M5 AS ,JOSIAH ,W>R51 ,/EPH5 ,PE>L ,&REWS1 ,WILLIAM ,B4 ,GRE5E1 ,LYS&] ,SPOON]1 ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK]1 ,EZRA ,HEYWOOD1 ,FRANCIS ,D4 ,T&Y & MANY O!RS1 ?\< NONE ( !M C\LD APPROA* ,PR\DHON'S BREAD? ( VIEW4 ,*>ACT]I/IC ( ?IS S*OOL ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T IS ! FACT ?AT MO/ ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES TOOK !IR POLITICAL IDEAS NOT FROM ,PR\DHON BUT FROM ! TRADITIONS ( ,AM]ICAN ,LIB]ALISM1 SO ?AT ,TUCK] C\LD ASS]T ?AT 0,AN>*I/S >E M]ELY CONSI/5T ,JEFF]SONIAN DEMOCRATS04 

,A UNIQUE EXPRESSION ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS IS TO BE F\ND 9 ,MAX ,/IRN]'S 7,JOHANN ,KASP> ,S*MIDT7 7#a#h#f-#a#h#e#f7 BOOK1 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5TUM1 :I*1 IT IS TRUE1 PASS$ QUICKLY 9TO OBLIVION & HAD NO 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS SU*4 ,/IRN]'S BOOK IS PR$OM9ANTLY A PHILOSOPHIC WORK :I* TRACES MAN'S DEP5D5CE ON SO-CALL$ HI<] P[]S ?R\< ALL ITS DEVI\S WAYS1 & IS NOT TIMID AB\T DRAW+ 9F]5CES FROM ! KN[L$GE GA9$ BY ! SURVEY4 ,IT IS ! BOOK ( A CONSCI\S & DELIB]ATE 9SURG5T1 :I* REVEALS NO REV]5CE = ANY AU?ORITY1 H[EV] EXALT$4 &1 !RE=E APPEALS P[]FULLY TO 9DEP5D5T ?9K+4 

,AN>*ISM F\ND A VIRILE *AMPION ( VIGOR\S REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY 9 ,MI*AEL ,A4 ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#a#h#g#f71 :O BAS$ HIS IDEAS UPON ! TEA*+S ( ,PR\DHON1 BUT EXT5D$ !M ON ! ECONOMIC SIDE :5 HE1 ALONG ) ! F$]ALI/ W+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ADVOCAT$ COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! L& & ALL O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & WI%$ TO RE/RICT ! RI<T ( PRIVATE PROP]TY ONLY TO ! PRODUCT ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR4 ,BAKUN9 ALSO WAS AN OPPON5T ( ,COMMUNISM1 :I* 9 HIS TIME HAD A ?OR\<LY AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT]1 LIKE ?AT :I* IT HAS AGA9 ASSUM$ TO-DAY 9 ,BOL%EVISM -- 0,I AM NOT A ,COMMUNI/1 BECAUSE ,COMMUNISM UNITES ALL ! =CES ( SOCIETY 9 ! /ATE & BECOMES ABSORB$ 9 IT2 BECAUSE IT 9EVITABLY LEADS TO ! CONC5TRATION ( ALL PROP]TY 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE1 :ILE ,I SEEK ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( AU?ORITY & GOV]NM5TAL GU>DIAN%IP1 :I* UND] ! PRET5SE ( MAK+ M5 MORAL & CIVILIZ+ !M1 HAS UP TO N[ ALWAYS 5SLAV$1 OPPRESS$1 EXPLOIT$ & RU9$ !M40 

,BAKUN9 WAS A DET]M9$ REVOLUTION>Y & DID NOT BELIEVE 9 AN AMICABLE ADJU/M5T ( ! EXI/+ CONFLICTS )9 SOCIETY4 ,HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES BL9DLY & /UBBORNLY OPPOS$ EV]Y POSSIBILITY = L>G] SOCIAL RE=MS1 & ACCORD+LY SAW ! ONLY SALVATION 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* W\LD ABOLI% ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL P[] & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & 9TRODUCE 9 !IR /EAD A ,F$]ATION ( FREE ,ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S TO PROVIDE = ! REQUIREM5TS ( !IR DAILY LIFE4 ,S9CE HE1 LIKE SO MANY ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 BELIEV$ 9 ! CLOSE PROXIMITY ( ! REVOLUTION1 HE DIRECT$ ALL HIS VA/ 5]GY TO COMB9+ ALL ! G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS )9 & \TSIDE ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO SAFEGU>D ! COM+ REVOLUTION AGA9/ ANY DICTATOR%IP OR ANY RETROGRESSION TO ! OLD CONDITIONS4 ,?US HE BECAME 9 A V]Y SPECIAL S5SE ! CREATOR ( ! MOD]N ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,AN>*ISM F\ND A VALUABLE EXPON5T 9 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a71 :O SET HIMSELF ! TASK ( MAK+ ! A*IEVEM5TS ( MOD]N NATURAL SCI5CE AVAILABLE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,9 HIS +5I\S BOOK1 ,MUTUAL ,AID -- ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION1 HE 5T]$ ! LI/S AGA9/ SO-CALL$ ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 :OSE EXPON5TS TRI$ TO PROVE ! 9EVITABILITY ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS FROM ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY ( ! ,/RUGGLE = ,EXI/5CE BY RAIS+ ! /RUGGLE ( ! /RONG AGA9/ ! WEAK TO ! /ATUS ( AN IRON LAW ( NATURE1 TO :I* MAN IS ALSO SUBJECT4 ,9 REALITY ?IS CONCEPTION WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,MAL?USIAN DOCTR9E ?AT LIFE'S TABLE IS NOT SPREAD = ALL1 & ?AT ! UNNE$$ WILL JU/ HAVE TO RECONCILE !MSELVES TO ?IS FACT4 ,KROPOTK9 %[$ ?AT ?IS CONCEPTION ( NATURE AS A FIELD ( UNRE/RICT$ W>F>E IS ONLY A C>ICATURE ( REAL LIFE1 & ?AT ALONG ) ! BRUTAL /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 :I* IS F\<T \T ) TOO? & CLAW1 !RE EXI/S 9 NATURE ALSO ANO!R T5D5CY :I* IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! SOCIAL COMB9ATION ( ! WEAK] SPECIES & ! MA9T5ANCE ( RACES BY ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL 9/9CTS & MUTUAL AID4 ,9 ?IS S5SE MAN IS NOT ! CREATOR ( SOCIETY1 BUT SOCIETY ! CREATOR ( MAN1 = HE 9H]IT$ FROM ! SPECIES ?AT PREC$$ HIM ! SOCIAL 9/9CT :I* ALONE 5ABL$ HIM TO MA9TA9 HIMSELF 9 HIS FIR/ 5VIRONM5T AGA9/ ! PHYSICAL SUP]IORITY ( O!R SPECIES1 & TO MAKE SURE ( AN UNDREAM$-( HEI<T ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS SECOND AS IS %[N BY ! /EADY RETROGRESSION ( ?OSE SPECIES :OSE T5D5CY 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE IS F> SUP]IOR TO ! FIR/1 HAVE NO SOCIAL LIFE & >E DEP5D5T M]ELY UPON !IR PHYSICAL /R5G?4 ,?IS VIEW1 :I* TO-DAY IS MEET+ ) CON/ANTLY WID] ACCEPTANCE 9 ! NATURAL SCI5CES & 9 SOCIAL RESE>*1 OP5$ :OLLY NEW VI/AS TO ! PROSPECTS CONC]N+ HUMAN EVOLUTION4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK9 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT EV5 UND] ! WOR/ DESPOTISM MO/ ( MAN'S P]SONAL RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[S >E >RANG$ BY SOCIAL HABITS1 FREE AGREEM5T & MUTUAL COOP]ATION1 )\T :I* SOCIAL LIFE W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE AT ALL4 ,IF ?IS W]E NOT ! CASE1 EV5 ! /RONGE/ CO]CIVE MA*9]Y ( ! /ATE W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO MA9TA9 ! SOCIAL ORD] = ANY L5G? ( TIME4 ,H[EV]1 !SE NATURAL =MS ( BEHAVIOR1 :I* >ISE FROM MAN'S 9N]MO/ NATURE1 >E TO-DAY CON/ANTLY 9T]F]$ ) & CRIPPL$ BY ! EFFECTS ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & GOV]NM5TAL TUTELAGE1 REPRES5T+ ! BRUTAL =M ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 9 HUMAN SOCIETY :I* HAS TO BE OV]COME BY ! O!R =M ( MUTUAL AID & FREE COOP]ATION4 ,! CONSCI\SNESS ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY & ! CAPACITY = SYMPA?Y ) O!RS1 :I* MAKE ALL SOCIAL E?ICS & ALL IDEAS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 DEVELOP BE/ 9 FRE$OM4 

,LIKE ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK9 TOO WAS A REVOLUTION>Y4 ,BUT HE1 LIKE ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & O!RS1 SAW 9 REVOLUTION ONLY A SPECIAL PHASE ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 :I* APPE>S :5 NEW SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS >E SO RE/RICT$ 9 !IR NATURAL DEVELOPM5T BY AU?ORITY ?AT !Y HAVE TO %ATT] ! OLD %ELL BY VIOL5CE BE=E !Y CAN FUNCTION AS NEW FACTORS 9 HUMAN LIFE4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ,PR\DHON'S ,MUTUALISM & ,BAKUN9'S ,COLLECTIVISM1 ,KROPOTK9 ADVOCAT$ COMMON [N]%IP NOT ONLY ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR AS WELL1 AS IT WAS HIS OP9ION ?AT 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( TE*NOLOGY NO EXACT MEASURE ( ! VALUE ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR IS POSSIBLE1 BUT ?AT1 ON ! O!R H&1 BY RATIONAL DIRECTION ( \R MOD]N ME?ODS ( LABOR IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO ASSURE COMP>ATIVE ABUNDANCE TO EV]Y HUMAN BE+4 ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM1 :I* BE=E ,KROPOTK9 HAD ALREADY BE5 URG$ BY ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O & O!RS1 & :I* IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,AN>*I/S TO-DAY1 F\ND 9 HIM ITS MO/ BRILLIANT EXPON5T4 

,M5TION MU/ ALSO BE MADE H]E ( ,LEO ,TOL/OY 7#a#h#b#h-#a#i#a71 :O1 FROM PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITY & ON ! BASIS ( ! E?ICAL PR9CIPLES LAID D[N 9 ! GOSPELS1 >RIV$ AT ! IDEA ( A SOCIETY )\T RUL]%IP4 

,COMMON TO ALL ,AN>*I/S IS ! DESIRE TO FREE SOCIETY ( ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS :I* /& 9 ! WAY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( A FREE HUMANITY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ,MUTUALISM1 ,COLLECTIVISM & ,COMMUNISM >E NOT TO BE REG>D$ AS CLOS$ ECONOMIC SY/EMS1 P]MITT+ NO FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 BUT M]ELY AS ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS AS TO ! MEANS ( SAFEGU>D+ A FREE COMMUNITY4 ,!RE WILL EV5 PROBABLY BE 9 EV]Y =M ( A FREE SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE DIFF]5T =MS ( ECONOMIC COOP]ATION EXI/+ SIDE BY SIDE1 S9CE ANY SOCIAL PROGRESS MU/ BE ASSOCIAT$ ) FREE EXP]IM5TATION & PRACTICAL TE/+ \T ( NEW ME?ODS = :I* 9 A FREE SOCIETY ( FREE COMMUNITIES !RE WILL BE EV]Y OPPORTUNITY4 

,! SAME HOLDS TRUE = ! V>I\S ME?ODS ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,! WORK ( ITS ADH]5TS IS PREEM95TLY A WORK ( $UCATION TO PREP>E ! PEOPLE 9TELLECTUALLY & PSY*OLOGICALLY = ! TASKS ( !IR SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,EV]Y ATTEMPT TO LIMIT ! 9FLU5CE ( ECONOMIC MONOPOLISM & ! P[] ( ! /ATE IS A /EP NE>] TO ! REALIZATION ( ?IS GOAL4 ,EV]Y DEVELOPM5T ( VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATION 9 ! V>I\S FIELDS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY T[>DS ! DIRECTION ( P]SONAL FRE$OM & SOCIAL JU/ICE DEEP5S ! AW>5ESS ( ! PEOPLE & /R5G!NS !IR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 )\T :I* NO *ANGES 9 SOCIAL LIFE CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,MO/ ,AN>*I/S ( \R TIME >E CONV9C$ ?AT SU* A TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY WILL TAKE YE>S ( CON/RUCTIVE WORK & $UCATION & CANNOT BE BR\<T AB\T )\T REVOLUTION>Y CONVULSIONS :I* TILL N[ HAVE ALWAYS ACCOMPLI%$ EV]Y PROGRESS 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! *>ACT] ( !SE CONVULSIONS1 ( C\RSE1 DEP5DS 5TIRELY ON ! /R5G? ( RESI/ANCE ) :I* ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL BE ABLE TO OPPOSE ! REALIZATION ( ! NEW IDEAS4 ,! WID] ! CIRCLES :I* >E 9SPIR$ ) ! IDEA ( A REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM & ,SOCIALISM1 ! EASI] WILL BE ! BIR? PA9S ( NEW SOCIAL *ANGES 9 ! FUTURE4 ,= EV5 REVOLUTIONS CAN ONLY DEVELOP & MATURE ! IDEAS :I* ALREADY EXI/ & HAVE MADE !IR WAY 9TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( M53 BUT !Y CANNOT !MSELVES CREATE NEW IDEAS OR G5]ATE NEW WORLDS \T ( NO?+4 

,BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( TOTALIT>IAN /ATES 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY & LAT] 9 ,PORTUGAL & ,SPA91 & ! \TBREAK ( ! SECOND WORLD W>1 ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS & MOVEM5TS EXI/$ ALMO/ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,BUT LIKE ALL O!R SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS ( ?AT P]IOD1 !Y BECAME ! VICTIMS ( ,FASCI/ TYRANNY & ! 9VASIONS ( ! ,G]MAN >MIES1 & C\LD ONLY LEAD AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE4 ,S9CE ! 5D ( ! W> A RESURRECTION ( ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 ALL ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES IS TO BE NOTIC$4 ,! ,F$]ATIONS ( ! ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/S ALREADY HELD !IR FIR/ CONV5TIONS1 & SO DID ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S ( :OM MANY ?\S&S >E /ILL LIV+ 9 EXILE1 MO/LY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM & ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,AN>*I/ PAP]S & MAGAZ9ES >E PUBLI%$ AGA9 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES & 9 ,NOR? & ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 

,! ,ORIG9S ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

,MANY AN>*I/S SP5T A GREAT P>T ( !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 :]E 9 LAT] YE>S ! MOVEM5T ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM WAS BORN4 ,ITS !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS W]E BAS$ ON ! TEA*+S ( LIB]T>IAN OR AN>*I/ ,SOCIALISM1 :ILE ITS =M ( ORGANIZATION WAS TAK5 FROM ! MOVEM5T ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM :I* 9 ! YE>S FROM #ahie TO #aia EXP]I5C$ A M>K$ UPSW+1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ,SPA94 ,ITS IDEAS & ME?ODS1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT NEW4 ,!Y HAD ALREADY F\ND A DEEP RESONANCE 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL :5 ! GREAT ASSOCIATION HAD REA*$ ! Z5I? ( ITS 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS WAS PLA9LY REVEAL$ 9 ! DEBATES AT ITS F\R? CONGRESS 9 ,BASEL 7#a#h#f#i7 CONC]N+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 HIS REPORT UPON ?IS QUE/ION :I* ,EUG5E ,H9S LAID BE=E ! CONGRESS 9 ! NAME ( ! ,BELGIAN ,F$]ATION1 !RE WAS PRES5T$ = ! FIR/ TIME A :OLLY NEW PO9T ( VIEW :I* HAD AN UNMI/AKABLE RESEMBLANCE TO C]TA9 IDEAS ( ,ROB]T ,[5 & ! ,5GLI% LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! #a#h#cS4 

,9 ORD] TO MAKE A CORRECT E/IMATE ( ?IS1 ONE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT AT ?AT TIME ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( /ATE-SOCIALISM ATTRIBUT$ NO1 OR AT BE/1 ONLY LITTLE IMPORTANCE1 TO ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! ,FR5* ,BLANQUI/S SAW 9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS M]ELY A RE=M MOVEM5T1 ) A SOCIALI/ DICTATOR%IP AS !IR IMM$IATE AIM4 ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE & HIS FOLL[]S DIRECT$ ALL !IR ACTIVITIES T[>DS WELD+ ! WORK]S 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY & W]E \TSPOK5 OPPON5TS ( ALL TRADE UNION 5DEAVORS 9 :I* !Y SAW ONLY A H9DRANCE TO ! POLITICAL EVOLUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,M>X & HIS ADH]5TS ( ?AT P]IOD RECOGNIZ$1 IT IS TRUE1 ! NECESSITY ( TRADE UNIONS = ! A*IEVEM5T ( C]TA9 BETT]M5TS )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 BUT !Y BELIEV$ ?AT !IR ROLE W\LD BE EXHAU/$ ) ?IS1 & ?AT !Y W\LD DISAPPE> ALONG ) CAPITALISM1 S9CE ! TRANSITION TO ,SOCIALISM C\LD BE GUID$ ONLY BY A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 

,9 ,BASEL ?IS IDEA UND]W5T = ! FIR/ TIME A ?OR\< CRITICAL EXAM9ATION4 ,! VIEWS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,BELGIAN REPORT PRES5T$ BY ,H9S :I* W]E %>$ BY ! DELEGATES FROM ,SPA91 ! ,SWISS ,JURA & ! L>G] P>T ( ! ,FR5* SECTIONS4 W]E BAS$ ON ! PREMISE ?AT ! PRES5T ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS ( ! WORK]S >E NOT ONLY A NECESSITY )9 ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 BUT W]E EV5 MORE TO BE REG>D$ AS ! SOCIAL NUCLEUS ( A COM+ SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 & IT WAS1 !RE=E1 ! DUTY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO $UCATE ! WORK]S = ?IS TASK4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS ! CONGRESS ADOPT$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION3 

0,! CONGRESS DECL>ES ?AT ALL WORK]S %\LD /RIVE TO E/ABLI% ASSOCIATIONS = RESI/ANCE 9 !IR V>I\S TRADES4 ,AS SOON AS A TRADE UNION IS =M$ ! UNIONS 9 ! SAME TRADE >E TO BE NOTIFI$ SO ?AT ! =MATION ( NATIONAL ALLIANCES 9 ! 9DU/RIES MAY BEG94 ,!SE ALLIANCES %ALL BE *>G$ ) ! DUTY ( COLLECT+ ALL MAT]IAL RELAT+ TO !IR 9DU/RY1 ( ADVIS+ AB\T MEASURES TO BE EXECUT$ 9 COMMON1 & ( SEE+ ?AT !Y >E C>RI$ \T1 TO ! 5D ?AT ! PRES5T WAGE SY/EM MAY BE REPLAC$ BY ! F$]ATION ( FREE PRODUC]S4 ,! CONGRESS DIRECTS ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO PROVIDE = ! ALLIANCE ( ! TRADE UNIONS ( ALL C\NTRIES40 

,9 HIS >GUM5T = ! RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ! COMMITTEE1 ,H9S EXPLA9$ ?AT 0BY ?IS DUAL =M ( ORGANIZATION ( LOCAL WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & G5]AL ALLIANCES = EA* 9DU/RY ON ! ONE H& & ! POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION ( LABOR C\NCILS ON ! O!R1 ! G5]AL REPRES5TATION ( LABOR1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL1 WILL BE PROVID$ =4 ,! C\NCILS ( ! TRADES & 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS WILL TAKE ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T GOV]NM5T1 & ?IS REPRES5TATION ( LABOR WILL DO AWAY1 ONCE & =EV]1 ) ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! PA/40 

,?IS NEW IDEA GREW \T ( ! RECOGNITION ?AT EV]Y NEW ECONOMIC =M ( SOCIETY MU/ BE ACCOMPANI$ BY A NEW POLITICAL =M ( ! SOCIAL ORGANISM & C\LD ONLY ATTA9 PRACTICAL EXPRESSION 9 ?IS4 ,ITS FOLL[]S SAW 9 ! PRES5T NATIONAL /ATE ONLY ! POLITICAL AG5T & DEF5D] ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 & DID1 !RE=E1 NOT /RIVE = ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 BUT = ! ELIM9ATION ( EV]Y SY/EM ( P[] )9 SOCIETY1 9 :I* !Y SAW ! REQUISITE PRELIM9>Y CONDITION = ALL TYRANNY & EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ?AT ALONG ) ! MONOPOLY ( PROP]TY1 ! MONOPOLY ( P[] MU/ ALSO DISAPPE>4 ,PROCE$+ FROM !IR RECOGNITION ?AT ! LORD%IP ( MAN OV] MAN HAD HAD ITS DAY1 !Y S\<T TO FAMILI>IZE !MSELVES ) ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S4 ,OR1 AS ,BAKUN91 ONE ( ! GREAT =]UNN]S ( MOD]N ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM1 PUT IT3 

0,S9CE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS AS ITS GOAL1 NOT ! SETT+ UP ( NEW /ATES OR DESPOTS1 BUT ! RADICAL ELIM9ATION ( EV]Y SEP>ATE SOV]EIGNTY1 IT MU/ HAVE AN ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T *>ACT] FROM ! ORGANIZATION ( ! /ATE4 ,TO JU/ ! DEGREE ?AT ! LATT] IS AU?ORIT>IAN1 >TIFICIAL & VIOL5T1 ALI5 & HO/ILE TO ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9T]E/S & ! 9/9CTS ( ! PEOPLE1 TO ! SAME DEGREE MU/ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BE FREE1 NATURAL & 9 EV]Y RESPECT 9 ACCORD ) ?OSE 9T]E/S & 9/9CTS4 ,BUT :AT IS ! NATURAL ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES8 ,IT IS ONE BAS$ ON ! DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONS ( !IR ACTUAL DAILY LIFE1 ON !IR V>I\S K9DS ( WORK1 ORGANIZATION ACCORD+ TO !IR OCCUPATIONS1 TRADE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:5 ALL 9DU/RIES1 9CLUD+ ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( AGRICULTURE1 >E REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! TOIL+ MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 WILL BE F9I%$40 

,& AT ANO!R OCCASION3 0,ALL ?IS PRACTICAL & VITAL /UDY ( SOCIAL SCI5CE BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES 9 !IR TRADES SECTIONS & !IR *AMB]S ( LABOR WILL -- & ALREADY HAS -- 5G5D] 9 !M ! UNANIM\S1 WELL-CONSID]$1 !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY DEMON/RABLE CONVICTION ?AT ! S]I\S1 F9AL COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS POSSIBLE ONLY ON ONE CONDITION3 ?AT ( ! APPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL1 ?AT IS1 ( RAW MAT]IALS & ALL ! TOOLS ( LABOR1 9CLUD+ L&1 BY ! :OLE BODY ( ! WORK]S 444 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! TRADE SECTIONS1 !IR F$]ATION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & !IR REPRES5TATION BY ! ,LABOR ,*AMB]S1 NOT ONLY CREATE A GREAT ACADEMY 9 :I* ! WORK]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 COMB9+ !ORY & PRACTICE1 CAN & MU/ /UDY ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 !Y ALSO BE> 9 !MSELVES ! LIV+ G]MS ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 :I* IS TO REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,!Y >E CREAT+ NOT ONLY ! IDEAS BUT ALSO ! FACTS ( ! FUTURE ITSELF 4440 

,AFT] ! DECL9E ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN ,W>1 BY :I* ! FOCAL PO9T ( ! SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ,G]MANY1 :OSE WORK]S HAD NEI!R REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS NOR ?AT RI* EXP]I5CE POSSESS$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/S 9 ! ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 ?OSE IDEAS W]E GRADUALLY =GOTT54 ,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS 9 ,SPA9 & ,ITALY ! SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 !SE C\NTRIES W]E COMPELL$ = MANY YE>S TO C>RY ON ONLY AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE4 ,ONLY ) ! AWAK5+ ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE W]E ! IDEAS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL RESCU$ FROM OBLIVION & 9SPIR$ ONCE MORE L>G] SECTIONS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,SOCIALISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE 

,MOD]N ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM IS A DIRECT CONT9UATION ( ?OSE SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS :I* TOOK %APE 9 ! BOSOM ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & :I* W]E BE/ UND]/OOD & MO/ /RONGLY HELD BY ! LIB]T>IAN W+ ( ! GREAT WORK]S' ALLIANCE4 ,ITS DEVELOPM5T WAS A DIRECT REACTION AGA9/ ! CONCEPTS & ME?ODS ( POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM1 A REACTION :I* 9 ! DECADE BE=E ! FIR/ WORLD W> HAD ALREADY MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 ! /RONG UPSURGE ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNION MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ESPECIALLY ,SPA91 :]E ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S HAD ALWAYS REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! DOCTR9ES ( ! LIB]T>IAN W+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,IT WAS 9 ,FRANCE ?AT ! OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! IDEAS & ME?ODS ( ! MOD]N LABOR P>TIES F\ND A CLE> EXPRESSION 9 ! !ORIES & TACTICS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM4 ,! IMM$IATE CAUSE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE NEW T5D5CIES 9 ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T WAS ! CONT9UAL SPLIT ( ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ,FRANCE4 ,ALL !SE P>TIES1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,ALLEMANI/S1 :I* LAT] GAVE UP P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITIES COMPLETELY1 SAW 9 ! TRADE UNIONS M]ELY RECRUIT+ S*OOLS = !IR POLITICAL OBJECTIVES & HAD NO UND]/&+ = !IR REAL FUNCTIONS4 ,! CON/ANT DISS5SIONS AMONG ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ FACTIONS WAS NATURALLY C>RI$ OV] 9TO ! LABOR UNIONS1 & IT HAPP5$ QUITE FREQU5TLY ?AT :5 ! UNIONS ( ONE FACTION W5T ON /RIKE ! UNIONS ( ! O!R FACTIONS WALK$ 9 ON !M AS /RIKE BREAK]S4 ,?IS UNT5ABLE SITUATION GRADUALLY OP5$ ! EYES ( ! WORK]S4 ,SO ! TRADE UNION CONGRESS 9 ,NANTES 7#a#h#i#d7 *>G$ A SPECIAL COMMITTEE ) ! TASK ( DEVIS+ MEANS = BR++ AB\T AN UND]/&+ AMONG ALL ! TRADE UNION ALLIANCES4 ,! RESULT WAS ! F\ND+ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> ( ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL AT ! CONGRESS 9 ,LIMOGES1 :I* DECL>$ ITSELF 9DEP5D5T ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,FROM !N ON !RE EXI/$ 9 ,FRANCE ONLY TWO L>GE TRADE UNION GR\PS1 ! ,C4,G4,T4 & ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL1 & 9 #a#i#b1 AT ! CONGRESS ( ! ,MONTPELLI] ! LATT] JO9$ ! ,C4,G4,T4 

,ONE (T5 5C\NT]S ! WIDELY DISSEM9AT$ OP9ION1 :I* WAS FO/]$ BY ,W]N] ,SOMB>T 9 P>TICUL>1 ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE [ES ITS ORIG9 TO 9TELLECTUALS LIKE ,G4 ,SOREL1 ,E4 ,B]? & ,H4 ,LAG>DELLE1 :O 9 ! P]IODICAL ,LE ,M\VEM5T ,SOCIALI/E1 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#i#i1 ELABORAT$ 9 !IR WAY ! 9TELLECTUAL RESULTS ( ! NEW MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS UTT]LY FALSE4 ,NONE ( !SE M5 BELONG$ TO ! MOVEM5T1 NOR HAD !Y ANY APPRECIABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ITS 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,C4,G4,T4 WAS NOT COMPOS$ EXCLUSIVELY ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICATES2 C]TA9LY HALF ( ITS MEMB]S W]E ( RE=MI/ T5D5CY & HAD JO9$ ! ,C4,G4,T4 BECAUSE EV5 !Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! DEP5D5CE ( ! TRADE UNIONS ON POLITICAL P>TIES WAS A MIS=TUNE = ! MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y W+1 :I* HAD HAD ! MO/ 5]GETIC & ACTIVE ELEM5TS ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR ON ITS SIDE AS WELL AS ! MO/ BRILLIANT 9TELLECTUAL =CES 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 GAVE ! ,C4,G4,T4 ITS *>ACT]I/IC /AMP1 & IT WAS !Y :O DET]M9$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEAS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM4 ,MANY ( !M CAME FROM ! ,ALLEMANI/S1 BUT EV5 MORE FROM ! RANKS ( ! ,AN>*I/S1 LIKE ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 ! HI<LY 9TELLIG5T SECRET>Y ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,LABOR ,EX*ANGES1 ,EMILE ,P\GET1 ! $ITOR ( ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! ,C4,G4,T4 ,LA ,VOIX DU ,PEUPLE1 ,P4 ,DELESALLE1 ,G4 ,YVETOT & MANY O!RS4 ,IT WAS MA9LY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! RADICAL W+ ( ! ,C4,G4,T4 ?AT ! NEW MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ & F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! ,*>T] ( ,AMI5S 7#a#i#f71 9 :I* ! PR9CIPLES & ME?ODS ( ! MOVEM5T W]E LAID D[N4 

,?IS NEW MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE F\ND A /RONG E*O AMONG ! ,LAT9 WORK]S & P5ETRAT$ ALSO 9TO O!R C\NTRIES4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM AT ?AT TIME ON L>G] & SMALL] SECTIONS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T WAS /R5G!N$ 9 GREAT DEGREE BY ! 9T]NAL CRISIS :I* AT ?AT P]IOD 9FECT$ NE>LY ALL ! SOCIALI/ LABOR P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! BATTLE BETWE5 ! SO-CALL$ ,REVISIONI/S & ! RIGID ,M>XI/S1 & P>TICUL>LY ! FACT ?AT !IR V]Y P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITIES =C$ ! MO/ VIOL5T OPPON5TS ( ! ,REVISIONI/S ( NATURAL NECESSITY TO TRAVEL ALONG ! PA? ( ,REVISIONISM1 CAUS$ MANY ( ! MORE ?\<TFUL ELEM5TS TO REFLECT S]I\SLY4 ,!Y REALIZ$ ?AT P>TICIPATION 9 ! POLITICS ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATES HAD NOT BR\<T ! LABOR MOVEM5T A HAIR-BREAD? NE>] TO SOCIALISM1 BUT HAD HELP$ GREATLY TO DE/ROY ! BELIEF 9 ! NECESSITY ( CON/RUCTIVE SOCIALI/ ACTIVITY1 &1 WOR/ ( ALL1 HAD ROBB$ ! PEOPLE ( !IR 9ITIATIVE BY GIV+ !M ! RU9\S DELUSION ?AT SALVATION ALWAYS COMES FROM ABOVE4 

,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ,SOCIALISM /EADILY LO/ ITS *>ACT] ( A CULTURAL IDEAL1 :I* WAS TO PREP>E ! WORK]S = ! DISSOLUTION ( ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ SY/EM &1 !RE=E1 C\LD NOT LET ITSELF BE HALT$ BY ! >TIFICIAL FRONTI]S ( ! NATIONAL /ATES4 ,9 ! M9D ( ! LEAD]S ( ! MOD]N LABOR P>TIES ! ALLEG$ AIMS ( !IR MOVEM5T W]E MORE & MORE BL5D$ ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! NATIONAL /ATE1 UNTIL AT LA/ !Y BECAME UNABLE TO DI/+UI% ANY DEF9ITE B\ND>Y :ATEV] BETWE5 !M4 ,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO F9D 9 ?IS /RANGE AB\T-FACE AN 9T5TIONAL BETRAYAL BY ! LEAD]S1 AS HAS SO (T5 BE5 ASS]T$4 ,! TRU? IS ?AT WE HAVE TO DO H]E ) A GRADUAL ASSIMILATION TO ! MODES & ?\<TS ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY :I* NECESS>ILY HAD TO AFFECT ! 9TELLECTUAL ATTITUDE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! V>I\S LABOR P>TIES 9 EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,?OSE V]Y P>TIES :I* HAD ONCE SET \T TO CONQU] POLITICAL P[] UND] ! FLAG ( ,SOCIALISM SAW !MSELVES COMPELL$ BY ! IRON LOGIC ( CONDITIONS TO SACRIFICE !IR SOCIALI/ CONVICTIONS BIT BY BIT TO ! NATIONAL POLICIES ( ! /ATE4 ,! POLITICAL P[] :I* !Y HAD WANT$ TO CONQU] HAD GRADUALLY CONQU]$ !IR ,SOCIALISM UNTIL !RE WAS SC>CELY ANY?+ LEFT BUT ! NAME4 

,! ,ROLE ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS3 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,VIEW 

,!SE W]E ! CONSID]ATIONS :I* L$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM OR1 AS IT WAS LAT] CALL$1 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE & O!R C\NTRIES4 ,! T]M WORK]S' SYNDICATE MEANT AT FIR/ M]ELY AN ORGANIZATION ( PRODUC]S = ! IMM$IATE BETT]M5T ( !IR ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /ATUS4 ,BUT ! RISE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM GAVE ?IS ORIG9AL MEAN+ A MU* WID] & DEEP] IMPORT4 ,JU/ AS ! P>TY IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 A UNIFI$ ORGANIZATION ) DEF9ITE POLITICAL EF=T )9 ! MOD]N CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE :I* SEEKS TO MA9TA9 ! PRES5T ORD] ( SOCIETY 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 SO1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,UNIONI/'S VIEW1 ! TRADE UNIONS >E ! UNIFI$ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR & HAVE = !IR PURPOSE ! DEF5SE ( ! PRODUC]S )9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY & ! PREP>+ = & PRACTICAL C>RY+ \T ( ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,!Y HAVE1 !RE=E1 A D\BLE PURPOSE3 

,TO 5=CE ! DEM&S ( ! PRODUC]S = ! SAFEGU>D+ & RAIS+ ( !IR /&>D ( LIV+2 

,TO ACQUA9T ! WORK]S ) ! TE*NICAL MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ECONOMIC LIFE 9 G5]AL & PREP>E !M TO TAKE ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORGANISM 9TO !IR [N H&S & %APE IT ACCORD+ TO SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 

,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S >E ( ! OP9ION ?AT POLITICAL P>TIES >E NOT FITT$ TO P]=M EI!R ( !SE TWO TASKS4 ,ACCORD+ TO !IR CONCEPTIONS ! TRADE UNION HAS TO BE ! SPE>HEAD ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 T\<5$ BY DAILY COMBATS & P]MEAT$ BY A SOCIALI/ SPIRIT4 ,ONLY 9 ! REALM ( ECONOMY >E ! WORK]S ABLE TO DISPLAY !IR FULL /R5G?2 = IT IS !IR ACTIVITY AS PRODUC]S :I* HOLDS TOGE!R ! :OLE SOCIAL /RUCTURE & GU>ANTEES ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY4 ,ONLY AS A PRODUC] & CREATOR ( SOCIAL WEAL? DOES ! WORK] BECOME AW>E ( HIS /R5G?4 ,9 SOLID>Y UNION ) HIS FOLL[]S HE CREATES ! GREAT PHALANX ( MILITANT LABOR1 AFLAME ) ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM & ANIMAT$ BY ! IDEAL ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,= ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S ! LABOR SYNDICATE >E ! MO/ FRUITFUL G]MS ( A FUTURE SOCIETY1 ! ELEM5T>Y S*OOL ( ,SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL4 ,EV]Y NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE CREATES ORGANS = ITSELF 9 ! BODY ( ! OLD ORGANISM2 )\T ?IS PR]EQUISITE EV]Y SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS UN?9KABLE4 ,TO !M ,SOCIALI/ $UCATION DOES NOT MEAN P>TICIPATION 9 ! P[] POLICY ( ! NATIONAL /ATE1 BUT ! EF=T TO MAKE CLE> TO ! WORK]S ! 9TR9SIC CONNECTIONS AMONG SOCIAL PROBLEMS BY TE*NICAL 9/RUCTION & ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR ADM9I/RATIVE CAPACITIES1 TO PREP>E !M = !IR ROLE ( RE-%AP]S ( ECONOMIC LIFE & GIVE !M ! MORAL ASSURANCE REQUIR$ = ! P]=MANCE ( !IR TASK4 ,NO SOCIAL BODY IS BETT] FITT$ = ?IS PURPOSE ?AN ! ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S2 IT GIVES A DEF9ITE DIRECTION TO !IR SOCIAL ACTIVITIES & T\<5S !IR RESI/ANCE 9 ! IMM$IATE /RUGGLE = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE & ! DEF5SE ( !IR HUMAN RI<TS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT DEVELOPS !IR E?ICAL CONCEPTS )\T :I* ANY SOCIAL TRANS=MATION IS IMPOSSIBLE3 VITAL SOLID>ITY ) !IR FELL[S 9 DE/9Y & MORAL RESPONSIBILITY = !IR ACTIONS4 

,JU/ BECAUSE ! $UCATIONAL WORK ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S IS DIRECT$ T[>D ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DEP5D5T ?\<T & ACTION1 !Y >E \TSPOK5 OPPON5TS ( ALL C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES :I* >E SO *>ACT]I/IC ( MO/ ( ! PRES5T LABOR P>TIES4 ,C5TRALISM1 ?AT >TIFICIAL S*EME :I* OP]ATES FROM ! TOP T[>DS ! BOTTOM & TURNS OV] ! AFFAIRS ( ADM9I/RATION TO A SMALL M9ORITY1 IS ALWAYS ATT5D$ BY B>R5 (FICIAL R\T9E2 IT CRU%ES 9DIVIDUAL CONVICTION1 KILLS ALL P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE BY LIFELESS DISCIPL9E & BUREAUCRATIC OSSIFICATION4 ,= ! /ATE1 C5TRALISM IS ! APPROPRIATE =M ( ORGANIZATION1 S9CE IT AIMS AT ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE UNI=MITY ( SOCIAL LIFE = ! MA9T5ANCE ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM4 ,BUT = A MOVEM5T :OSE V]Y EXI/5CE DEP5DS ON PROMPT ACTION AT ANY FAVORABLE MOM5T & ON ! 9DEP5D5T ?\<T ( ITS SUPPORT]S1 C5TRALISM IS A CURSE :I* WEAK5S ITS P[] ( DECISION & SY/EMATICALLY REPRESSES EV]Y SPONTANE\S 9ITIATIVE4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM IS BAS$ UPON ! PR9CIPLES ( ,F$]ALISM1 ON FREE COMB9ATION FROM BEL[ UPW>D1 PUTT+ ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( EV]Y UNION ABOVE EV]Y?+ ELSE & RECOGNIZ+ ONLY ! ORGANIC AGREEM5T ( ALL ON ! BASIS ( LIKE 9T]E/S & COMMON CONVICTION4 ,!IR ORGANIZATION IS ACCORD+LY CON/RUCT$ ON ! FOLL[+ BASIS3 ,! WORK]S 9 EA* LOCALITY JO9 ! UNIONS ( !IR RESPECTIVE TRADES4 ,! TRADE UNIONS ( A CITY OR A RURAL DI/RICT COMB9E 9 ,LABOR ,*AMB]S :I* CON/ITUTE ! C5T]S = LOCAL PROPAG&A & $UCATION1 & WELD ! WORK]S TOGE!R AS PRODUC]S TO PREV5T ! RISE ( ANY N>R[-M9D$ FACTIONAL SPIRIT4 ,9 TIMES ( LOCAL LABOR TR\BLES !Y >RANGE = ! UNIT$ COOP]ATION ( ! :OLE BODY ( LOCALLY ORGANIZ$ LABOR4 ,ALL ! ,LABOR ,*AMB]S >E GR\P$ ACCORD+ TO DI/RICTS & REGIONS TO =M ! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,*AMB]S1 :I* MA9TA9S ! P]MAN5T CONNECTION AMONG ! LOCAL BODIES1 >RANGES FREE ADJU/M5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE LABOR ( ! MEMB]S ( ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS ON2 COOP]ATIVE L9ES1 PROVIDES = ! NECESS>Y COORD9ATION 9 ! WORK ( $UCATION & SUPPORTS ! LOCAL GR\PS ) C\NCIL & GUIDANCE4 

,EV]Y TRADE UNION IS1 MOREOV]1 F$]ATIVELY ALLI$ ) ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! SAME 9DU/RY1 & !SE 9 TURN ) ALL RELAT$ TRADES1 SO ?AT ALL >E COMB9$ 9 G5]AL 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL ALLIANCES4 ,IT IS !IR TASK TO MEET ! DEM&S ( ! DAILY /RUGGLES BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR & TO COMB9E ALL ! =CES ( ! MOVEM5T = COMMON ACTION :]E !2 NECESSITY >ISES4 ,?US ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,LABOR ,*AMB]S & ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,ALLIANCES CON/ITUTE ! TWO POLES AB\T :I* ! :OLE LIFE ( ! LABOR SYNDICATES REVOLVES4 

,SU* A =M ( ORGANIZATION NOT ONLY GIVES ! WORK]S EV]Y OPPORTUNITY = DIRECT ACTION 9 ! /RUGGLE = !IR DAILY BREAD1 BUT IT ALSO PROVIDES !M ) ! NECESS>Y PRELIM9>IES = ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 !IR [N /R5G?1 & )\T ALI5 9T]V5TION 9 CASE ( A REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS4 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S >E CONV9C$ ?AT A SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC ORD] CANNOT BE CREAT$ BY ! DECREES & /ATUTES ( ANY GOV]NM5T1 BUT ONLY BY ! UNQUALIFI$ COLLABORATION ( ! WORK]S1 TE*NICIANS & PEASANTS TO C>RY ON PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION BY !IR [N ADM9I/RATION 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY & ON ! BASIS ( MUTUAL AGREEM5TS4 ,9 SU* A SITUATION ! ,LABOR ,*AMB]S W\LD TAKE OV] ! ADM9I/RATION ( EXI/+ SOCIAL CAPITAL 9 EA* COMMUNITY1 DET]M9E ! NE$S ( ! 9HABITANTS ( !IR DI/RICTS & ORGANIZE LOCAL CONSUMPTION4 ,?R\< ! AG5CY ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,*AMB]S IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO CALCULATE ! TOTAL REQUIREM5TS ( ! :OLE C\NTRY & ADJU/ ! WORK ( PRODUCTION ACCORD+LY4 ,ON ! O!R H& IT W\LD BE ! TASK ( ! ,9DU/RIAL & ,AGRICULTURAL ,ALLIANCES TO TAKE CONTROL ( ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 TRANSPORTATION1 ETC41 & PROVIDE ! SEP>ATE PRODUC+ GR\PS ) :AT !Y NE$4 ,9 A WORD3 

,ORGANIZATION ( ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( ! C\NTRY BY ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,ALLIANCES & DIRECTION ( WORK BY LABOR C\NCILS ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES2 

,ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL CONTRIBUTION BY ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,LABOR ,*AMB]S4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ALSO1 PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE HAS GIV5 ! BE/ 9/RUCTION4 ,IT HAS %[N ?AT ! MANY PROBLEMS ( A SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY CANNOT BE SOLV$ BY ANY GOV]NM5T1 EV5 :5 ! FAM\S DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS MEANT4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! ,BOL%EVI/ DICTATOR%IP /OOD HELPLESS = ALMO/ TWO YE>S BE=E ! ECONOMIC PROBLEMS & TRI$ TO HIDE ITS 9CAPACITY BEH9D A FLOOD ( DECREES & ORD9ANCES MO/ ( :I* W]E BURI$ AT ONCE 9 ! V>I\S BUREAUS4 ,IF ! WORLD C\LD BE SET FREE BY DECREES1 !RE W\LD LONG AGO HAVE BE5 NO PROBLEMS LEFT 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ITS FANATICAL ZEAL = P[]1 ,BOL%EVISM HAS VIOL5TLY DE/ROY$ ! MO/ VALUABLE ORGANS ( A SOCIALI/ ORD]1 BY SUPPRESS+ ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,SOCIETIES1 BR++ ! TRADE UNIONS UND] /ATE CONTROL1 & DEPRIV+ ! ,SOVIETS ( !IR 9DEP5D5CE ALMO/ FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,SO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT PAV$ ! WAY NOT = A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY BUT = ! MO/ PRIMITIVE TYPE ( BUREAUCRATIC /ATE CAPITALISM & A REV]SION TO POLITICAL ABSOLUTISM :I* WAS LONG AGO ABOLI%$ 9 MO/ C\NTRIES BY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS4 ,9 HIS ,MESSAGE TO ! ,WORK]S ( ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES ,KROPOTK9 SAID1 RI<TFULLY3 0,RUSSIA HAS %[N US ! WAY 9 :I* ,SOCIALISM CANNOT BE REALIZ$1 AL?\< ! PEOPLE1 NAUSEAT$ ) ! OLD REGIME1 EXPRESS$ NO ACTIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! EXP]IM5TS ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,! IDEA ( WORK]S' C\NCILS = ! CONTROL ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY IS1 9 ITSELF1 ( EXTRAORD9>Y IMPORTANCE 444 BUT SO LONG AS ! C\NTRY IS DOM9AT$ BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY1 ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' C\NCILS NATURALLY LOSE !IR SIGNIFICANCE4 ,!Y >E H]EBY DEGRAD$ TO ! SAME PASSIVE ROLE :I* ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,E/ATES US$ TO PLAY 9 ! TIME ( ! ABSOLUTE ,MON>*Y40 

,! ,/RUGGLE ,9 ,G]MANY & ,SPA9 

,9 ,G]MANY1 H[EV]1 :]E ! MOD]ATE W+ ( POLITICAL SOCIALISM HAD ATTA9$ P[]1 ,SOCIALISM1 9 ITS LONG YE>S ( ABSORPTION ) R\T9E P>LIAM5T>Y TASKS1 HAD BECOME SO BOGG$ D[N ?AT IT WAS NO LONG] CAPABLE ( ANY CREATIVE ACTION :ATEV]4 ,EV5 A B\RGEOIS PAP] LIKE ! ,FRANKFURT] ,ZEITUNG FELT OBLIG$ TO CONFIRM ?AT 0! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES HAD NOT PREVI\SLY PRODUC$ A REVOLUTION ?AT HAS BE5 SO POOR 9 CREATIVE IDEAS & SO WEAK 9 REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY40 ,! M]E FACT ?AT A P>TY ) A L>G] MEMB]%IP ?AN ANY O!R ( ! V>I\S LABOR P>TIES 9 ! WORLD1 :I* WAS = MANY YE>S ! /RONGE/ POLITICAL BODY 9 ,G]MANY1 HAD TO LEAVE ! FIELD TO ,HITL] & HIS GANG )\T ANY RESI/ANCE SPEAKS = ITSELF & PRES5TS AN EXAMPLE ( HELPLESSNESS & WEAKNESS :I* CAN H>DLY BE MISUND]/OOD4 

,ONE HAS ONLY TO COMP>E ! ,G]MAN SITUATION ( ?OSE DAYS ) ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ LABOR UNIONS 9 ,SPA9 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 :]E !IR 9FLU5CE WAS /RONGE/1 TO REALIZE ! :OLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( !SE TWO C\NTRIES4 ,:5 9 ,JULY1 #aicf ! CONSPIRACY ( ! ,FASCI/ ,>MY LEAD]S RIP5$ 9TO OP5 REVOLT1 IT WAS BY ! H]OIC RESI/ANCE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 7,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 7,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ,IB]IA7 ?AT ! ,FASCI/ UPRIS+ 9 ,CATALONIA WAS PUT D[N )9 A FEW DAYS1 RIDD+ ?IS MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( ,SPA9 ( ! 5EMY & FRU/RAT+ ! ORIG9AL PLAN ( ! CONSPIRATORS TO TAKE ,B>CELONA BY SURPRISE4 ,! WORK]S C\LD !N NOT /OP HALF WAY2 SO !RE FOLL[$ ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& & ! TAK+ OV] ( ! PLANTS BY ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' SYNDICATES4 ,?IS MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS RELEAS$ BY ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 ) IRRESI/IBLE P[]1 OV]RAN ,>AGON1 ! ,LEVANTE & O!R SECTIONS ( ! C\NTRY & EV5 SWEPT ALONG ) IT A L>GE P>T ( ! UNIONS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ! ,U4,G4,T4 7,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION74 ,?IS EV5T REVEAL$ ?AT ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ WORK]S ( ,SPA9 NOT ONLY KNEW H[ TO FI<T1 BUT ?AT !Y W]E ALSO FILL$ ) ! CON/RUCTIVE IDEAS :I* >E SO NECESS>Y 9 ! TIME ( A REAL CRISIS4 ,IT IS TO ! GREAT M]IT ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM 9 ,SPA9 ?AT S9CE ! TIME ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL IT HAS TRA9$ ! WORK]S 9 ?AT SPIRIT :I* TREASURES FRE$OM ABOVE ALL ELSE & REG>DS ! 9TELLECTUAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ITS ADH]5TS AS ! BASIS ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,IT WAS ! PASSIVE & LIFELESS ATTITUDE ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 :O PUT UP ) ! POLICY ( NON9T]V5TION ( !IR GOV]NM5TS ?AT L$ TO ! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS AFT] A H]OIC /RUGGLE ( MORE ?AN TWO & ONE HALF YE>S4 

,! ,POLITICAL ,/RUGGLE3 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,VIEW 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 *>G$ AGA9/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIONISM ?AT ITS ADH]5TS HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES & CONSEQU5TLY NO 9T]E/ 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! TIME4 ,?IS IDEA IS ALTOGE!R ]RONE\S & SPR+S EI!R FROM \TRI<T IGNORANCE OR WILLFUL DI/ORTION ( ! FACTS4 ,IT IS NOT ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE AS SU* :I* DI/+UI%ES ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S FROM ! MOD]N LABOR P>TIES1 BO? 9 PR9CIPLES & TACTICS4 BUT ! =M ( ?IS /RUGGLE & ! AIMS :I* IT HAS 9 VIEW4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIONI/S PURSUE ! SAME TACTICS 9 !IR FI<T AGA9/ POLITICAL SUPPRESSION AS AGA9/ ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT :ILE !Y >E CONV9C$ ?AT ALONG ) ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION ITS POLITICAL PROTECTIVE DEVICE1 ! /ATE1 WILL ALSO DISAPPE> TO GIVE PLACE TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS ON ! BASIS ( FREE AGREEM5T1 !Y DO NOT AT ALL OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ! EF=TS ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR )9 ! EXI/+ POLITICAL & SOCIAL ORD] MU/ ALWAYS BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ANY ATTACK ( REACTION1 & CON/ANTLY WID5+ ! SCOPE ( !SE RI<TS :]EV] ! OPPORTUNITY = ?IS PRES5TS ITSELF4 ,! H]OIC /RUGGLE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ,SPA9 AGA9/ ,FASCISM WAS1 P]HAPS1 ! BE/ PRO( ?AT ! ALLEG$ NONPOLITICAL ATTITUDE ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIONI/S IS BUT IDLE TALK4 

,BUT ACCORD+ TO !IR OP9ION ! PO9T ( ATTACK 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE LIES NOT 9 ! LEGISLATIVE BODIES BUT 9 ! PEOPLE4 

,POLITICAL RI<TS DO NOT ORIG9ATE 9 P>LIAM5TS2 !Y >E RA!R =C$ UPON !M FROM )\T4 ,& EV5 !IR 5ACTM5T 9TO2 LAW HAS = A LONG TIME BE5 NO GU>ANTEE ( !IR SECURITY4 ,!Y DO NOT EXI/ BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 LEGALLY SET D[N ON A PIECE ( PAP]1 BUT ONLY :5 !Y HAVE BECOME ! +R[N HABIT ( A PEOPLE1 & :5 ANY ATTEMPT TO IMPAIR !M WILL MEET ) ! VIOL5T RESI/ANCE ( ! POPULACE4 ,:]E ?IS IS NOT ! CASE1 !RE IS NO HELP 9 ANY P>LIAM5T>Y OPPOSITION OR ANY ,PLATONIC APPEALS TO ! CON/ITUTION4 ,ONE COMPELS RESPECT FROM O!RS :5 ONE KN[S H[ TO DEF5D ONE'S DIGNITY AS A HUMAN BE+4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY TRUE 9 PRIVATE LIFE2 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! SAME 9 POLITICAL LIFE AS WELL4 

,ALL POLITICAL RI<TS & LIB]TIES :I* PEOPLE 5JOY TO-DAY1 !Y DO NOT [E TO ! GOOD WILL ( !IR GOV]NM5TS1 BUT TO !IR [N /R5G?4 ,GOV]NM5TS HAVE ALWAYS EMPLOY$ EV]Y MEANS 9 !IR P[] TO PREV5T ! ATTA9M5T ( !SE RI<TS OR R5D] !M ILLUSORY4 ,GREAT MASS MOVEM5TS & :OLE REVOLUTIONS HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO WRE/ !M FROM ! RUL+ CLASSES1 :O W\LD NEV] HAVE CONS5T$ TO !M VOLUNT>ILY4 ,! :OLE HI/ORY ( ! LA/ ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S IS PRO( ( ?AT4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS NOT ?AT GOV]NM5TS HAVE DECID$ TO CONC$E C]TA9 RI<TS TO ! PEOPLE1 BUT ! REASON :Y !Y HAD TO DO ?IS4 ,( C\RSE1 IF ONE ACCEPTS ,L59'S CYNICAL PHRASE & ?9KS ( FRE$OM M]ELY AS A 0B\RGEOIS PREJUDICE'1 !N1 TO BE SURE1 POLITICAL RI<TS HAVE NO VALUE AT ALL = ! WORK]S4 ,BUT !N ! C\NTLESS /RUGGLES ( ! PA/1 ALL ! REVOLTS & REVOLUTIONS TO :I* WE [E !SE RI<TS1 >E ALSO )\T VALUE4 ,TO PROCLAIM ?IS BIT ( WISDOM IT H>DLY WAS NECESS>Y TO OV]?R[ ,CZ>ISM1 = EV5 ! C5SOR%IP ( ,NI*OLAS ,I,I W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE HAD NO OBJECTION TO ! DESIGNATION ( FRE$OM AS A B\RGEOIS PREJUDICE4 

,IF ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM NEV]!LESS REJECTS ! P>TICIPATION 9 ! PRES5T NATIONAL P>LIAM5TS1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO SYMPA?Y ) POLITICAL /RUGGLES 9 G5]AL1 BUT BECAUSE ITS ADH]5TS >E ( ! OP9ION ?AT ?IS =M ( ACTIVITY IS ! V]Y WEAKE/ & MO/ HELPLESS =M ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE = ! WORK]S4 ,= ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION IS C]TA9LY AN APPROPRIATE 9/RUM5T = ! SETTLEM5T ( SU* CONFLICTS AS >ISE1 BECAUSE !Y >E ALL EQUALLY 9T]E/$ 9 MA9TA9+ ! PRES5T ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORD]4 ,:]E !RE IS A COMMON 9T]E/ MUTUAL AGREEM5T IS POSSIBLE & S]VICEABLE TO ALL P>TIES4 ,BUT = ! WORK]S ! SITUATION IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,= !M ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC ORD] IS ! S\RCE ( !IR EXPLOITATION & !IR SOCIAL & POLITICAL SUBJUGATION4 ,EV5 ! FREE/ BALLOT CANNOT DO AWAY ) ! GL>+ CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! POSSESS+ & NON-POSSESS+ CLASSES 9 SOCIETY4 ,IT CAN ONLY GIVE ! S]VITUDE ( ! TOIL+ MASSES ! /AMP ( LEGALITY4 

,IT IS A FACT ?AT :5 SOCIALI/ LABOR P>TIES HAVE WANT$ TO A*IEVE SOME DECISIVE POLITICAL RE=MS !Y C\LD NOT DO IT BY P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION1 BUT W]E OBLIG$ TO RELY :OLLY ON ! ECONOMIC FI<T+ P[] ( ! WORK]S4 ,! POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,BELGIUM & ,SW$5 = ! ATTA9M5T ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE >E PRO( ( ?IS4 ,& 9 ,RUSSIA IT WAS ! GREAT G5]A.> /RIKE 9 #aie ?AT =C$ ! ,CZ> TO SIGN ! NEW CON/ITUTION4 ,IT WAS ! RECOGNITION ( ?IS :I* IMPELL$ ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S TO C5T] !IR ACTIVITY ON ! SOCIALI/ $UCATION ( ! MASSES & ! UTILIZATION ( !IR ECONOMIC & SOCIAL P[]4 ,!IR ME?OD IS ?AT ( DIRECT ACTION 9 BO? ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! TIME4 ,BY DIRECT ACTION !Y MEAN EV]Y ME?OD ( ! IMM$IATE /RUGGLE BY ! WORK]S AGA9/ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL OPPRESSION4 ,AMONG !SE ! \T/&+ >E ! /RIKE 9 ALL ITS GRADATIONS1 FROM ! SIMPLE WAGE /RUGGLE TO ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ORGANIZ$ BOYCOTT & ALL ! O!R C\NTLESS MEANS :I* WORK]S AS PRODUC]S HAVE 9 !IR H&S4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE =MS ( DIRECT ACTION IS ! SOCIAL /RIKE1 :I* WAS HI!RTO MO/LY US$ 9 ,SPA9 & P>TLY 9 ,FRANCE1 & :I* %[S A REM>KABLE & GR[+ RESPONSIBILITY ( ! WORK]S TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,IT IS LESS CONC]N$ ) ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ( ! PRODUC]S ?AN ) ! PROTECTION ( ! COMMUNITY AGA9/ ! MO/ P]NICI\S \TGR[?S ( ! PRES5T SY/EM4 ,! SOCIAL /RIKE SEEKS TO =CE UPON ! EMPLOY]S A RESPONSIBILITY TO ! PUBLIC4 ,PRIM>ILY IT HAS 9 VIEW ! PROTECTION ( ! CONSUM]S1 ( :I* ! WORK]S !MSELVES CON/ITUTE ! GREAT MAJORITY4 ,UND] ! PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES ! WORK]S >E FREQU5TLY DEBAS$ BY DO+ A ?\S& ?+S :I* CON/ANTLY S]VE ONLY TO 9JURE ! :OLE COMMUNITY = ! ADVANTAGE ( ! EMPLOY]S4 ,!Y >E COMPELL$ TO MAKE USE ( 9F]IOR & (T5 ACTUALLY 9JURI\S MAT]IALS 9 ! FABRICATION ( !IR PRODUCTS1 TO ]ECT WRET*$ DWELL+S1 TO PUT UP SPOIL$ FOOD/UFFS & TO P]PETRATE 9NUM]ABLE ACTS ?AT >E PLANN$ TO *EAT ! CONSUM]4 ,TO 9T]F]E VIGOR\SLY IS1 9 ! OP9ION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIONI/S1 ! GREAT TASK ( ! LABOR SYNDICATES4 ,AN ADVANCE 9 ?IS DIRECTION W\LD AT ! SAME TIME 5HANCE ! POSITION ( ! WORK]S 9 SOCIETY1 & 9 L>G] MEASURE CONFIRM ?AT POSITION4 

,DIRECT ACTION BY ORGANIZ$ LABOR F9DS ITS /RONGE/ EXPRESSION 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE1 9 ! /OPPAGE ( WORK 9 EV]Y BRAN* ( PRODUCTION 9 CASES :]E EV]Y O!R MEANS IS FAIL+4 ,IT IS ! MO/ P[]FUL WEAPON :I* ! WORK]S HAVE AT !IR COMM& & GIVES ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE EXPRESSION TO !IR /R5G? AS A SOCIAL FACTOR4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE1 ( C\RSE1 IS NOT AN AG5CY ?AT CAN BE 9VOK$ >BITR>ILY ON EV]Y OCCASION4 ,IT NE$S C]TA9 SOCIAL ASSUMPTIONS TO GIVE IT A PROP] MORAL /R5G? & MAKE IT A PROCLAMATION ( ! WILL ( ! BROAD MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! RIDICUL\S CLAIM1 :I* IS SO (T5 ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S1 ?AT IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO PROCLAIM A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 9 A FEW DAYS1 IS1 ( C\RSE JU/ A LUDICR\S 9V5TION ( IGNORANT OPPON5TS4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE CAN S]VE V>I\S PURPOSES4 ,IT CAN BE ! LA/ /AGE ( A SYMPA!TIC /RIKE1 AS4 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #aib OR 9 ,BILBAO 9 #a#i#c1 :I* 5ABL$ ! M9]S TO GET RID ( ! HAT$ TRUCK SY/EM & COMPELL$ ! EMPLOY]S TO E/ABLI% SANIT>Y CONDITIONS 9 ! M9ES4 ,IT CAN ALSO BE A MEANS ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR TO 5=CE SOME G5]AL DEM&1 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! ATTEMPT$ G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! ,U4,S4,A4 9 #a#h#h#f1 TO COMPEL ! GRANT+ ( ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9 AIL 9DU/RIES4 ,! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE ( ! ,5GLI% WORK]S 9 #aibf WAS ! RESULT ( A PLANN$ ATTEMPT BY ! EMPLOY]S TO L[] ! G5]AL /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! WORK]S BY A CUT 9 WAGES4 

,BUT ! G5]AL /RIKE CAN ALSO HAVE POLITICAL OBJECTIVES 9 VIEW4 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FI<T ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S 9 #aid = ! LIB]ATION ( ! POLITICAL PRISON]S1 OR ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,CATALONIA 9 ,JULY #a#i#i1 TO =CE ! GOV]NM5T TO T]M9ATE ITS CRIM9AL W> 9 ,MOROCCO4 ,ALSO ! G5]AL /RIKE ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S 9 #a#i#b1 :I* WAS 9/ITUT$ AFT] ! SO-CALL$ ,KAPP PUTS* & PUT AN 5D TO A GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD ATTA9$ P[] BY A MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 BELONGS TO ?IS CATEGORY4 ,9 SU* CRITICAL SITUATIONS ! G5]AL /RIKE TAKES ! PLACE ( ! B>RICADES ( ! POLITICAL UPRIS+S ( ! PA/4 ,= ! WORK]S1 ! G5]AL /RIKE IS ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 :OSE VICTIMS !Y >E TO-DAY1 & AT ! SAME TIME IT (F]S !M !IR /RONGE/ WEAPON 9 ! /RUGGLE = !IR SOCIAL LIB]ATION1 PROVID$ !Y RECOGNIZE !IR [N /R5G? & LE>N H[ TO USE ?IS WEAPON PROP]LY4 

,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM ,S9CE ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> 

,AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ! PEOPLES 9 ,EUROPE FAC$ A NEW SITUATION4 ,9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE ! OLD REGIME HAD COLLAPS$4 ,RUSSIA F\ND H]SELF 9 ! MID/ ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( :I* NO ONE C\LD SEE ! 5D4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HAD IMPRESS$ ! WORK]S ( EV]Y C\NTRY V]Y DEEPLY4 ,!Y FELT ?AT ,EUROPE WAS 9 ! MID/ ( A REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS & ?AT IF NO?+ DECISIVE CAME \T ( IT N[ !IR HOPES W\LD BE DISPELL$ = MANY YE>S ,= ?IS REASON !Y BAS$ ! HI<E/ HOPES ON ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & SAW 9 IT ! 9AUGURATION ( A NEW ]A 9 ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY4 ,9 #a#i#a#i1 ! ,BOL%EVI/ P>TY1 :I* HAD ATTA9$ P[] 9 ,RUSSIA1 ISSU$ AN APPEAL TO ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORLD & 9VIT$ !M TO A CONGRESS 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> 9 ,MOSC[ TO SET UP A NEW ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES AT ?IS TIME EXI/$ ONLY 9 A FEW C\NTRIES2 ON ! O!R H& !RE W]E 9 ,SPA94 ,PORTUGAL1 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,HOLL&1 ,SW$51 ,G]MANY1 ,5GL& & ! C\NTRIES ( ,NOR? & ,S\? ,AM]ICA ,UNIONI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 SOME ( :I* EX]CIS$ A V]Y /RONG 9FLU5CE4 ,IT WAS1 !RE=E1 ! DEEP CONC]N ( ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S TO W9 !SE P>TICUL> ORGANIZATIONS = !IR PURPOSE4 ,SO IT CAME AB\T ?AT AT ! CONGRESS = ! F\ND+ ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! SUMM] ( #aib ALMO/ ALL ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIONS ( ,EUROPE W]E REPRES5T$4 

,BUT ! IMPRESSION :I* ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ DELEGATES RECEIV$ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS NOT CALCULAT$ TO MAKE !M REG>D COLLABORATION ) ! ,COMMUNI/S AS EI!R POSSIBLE OR DESIRABLE4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS ALREADY REVEAL+ ITSELF 9 ITS TRUE LI<T4 ,! PRISONS W]E FILL$ ) ,SOCIALI/S ( EV]Y S*OOL1 AMONG !M MANY ,AN>*I/S & ,UNIONI/S4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL IT WAS PLA9 ?AT ! NEW DOM9ANT CA/E WAS 9 NO WAY FITT$ = ! TASK ( A G5U9E SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION ( LIFE4 ,! F\NDATION ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL ) ITS DICTATORIAL APP>ATUS & ITS EF=TS TO MAKE ! :OLE LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE 9TO AN 9/RUM5T = ! =EIGN POLICY ( ! ,BOL%EVI/ /ATE1 QUICKLY MADE PLA9 TO ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ?AT !RE WAS NO PLACE = !M 9 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,= ?IS REASON ! CONGRESS 9 ,MOSC[ DECID$ TO SET UP ALONGSIDE ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL A SEP>ATE 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE ( REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS1 9 :I* ! ,UNIONI/ ORGANIZATIONS ( ALL %ADES C\LD ALSO F9D A PLACE4 ,! ,UNIONI/ DELEGATES AGRE$ TO ?IS PROPOSAL1 BUT :5 ! ,COMMUNI/S DEM&$ ?AT ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION %\LD BE SUBORD9ATE TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?IS DEM& WAS UNANIM\SLY REJECT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIONI/S4 

,9 ,DECEMB]1 #aib AN 9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ CONF]5CE CONV5$ 9 ,B]L9 TO DECIDE UPON AN ATTITUDE T[>D ! APPROA*+ CONGRESS ( ! ,R$ ,TRADE ,UNION ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* WAS PREP>$ 9 ,MOSC[ = ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,! CONF]5CE AGRE$ UPON SEV5 PO9TS ON :OSE ACCEPTANCE ! 5TRANCE ( ! ,UNIONI/S 9 ?AT BODY WAS MADE DEP5D5T4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ?OSE SEV5 PO9TS WAS ! COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! MOVEM5T FROM ALL POLITICAL P>TIES1 & 9SI/5CE ON ! VIEWPO9T ?AT ! SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY C\LD ONLY BE C>RI$ \T BY ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PRODUC+ CLASSES !MSELVES4 ,AT ! CONGRESS 9 ,MOSC[ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> ! ,UNIONI/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E 9 ! M9ORITY4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,RUSSIAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS DOM9AT$ ! 5TIRE SITUATION & PUT ?R\< ALL ! RESOLUTIONS4 ,9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#b#a1 AN 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CE ( ,UNIONI/S WAS HELD 9 ,DUSSELDORF1 ,G]MANY1 & IT DECID$ TO CALL AN 9T]NATIONAL CONV5TION 9 ,B]L9 DUR+ ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,?IS CONV5TION MET FROM ,DECEMB] #b#e1 #aibb UNTIL ,JANU>Y #b1 #a#i#b#c4 ,! FOLL[+ ORGANIZATIONS W]E REPRES5T$4 ,>G5T9A BY ! ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,REGIONAL ,>G5T9A1 ) #b1 MEMB]S2 ,*ILI BY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD ) #b1 MEMB]S2 ,D5M>K BY ! ,UNION = ,UNIONI/ ,PROPAG&A ) #f MEMB]S2 ,G]MANY BY ! ,FREIE ,>BEIT] ,UNION ) #a#b1 MEMB]S ,HOLL& BY ! ,NATIONAL ,>BEIDS ,SEKRET>IAT ) #b#b1#e MEMB]S1 ,ITALY BY ! ,UNIONE ,S9DICALE ,ITALIANA ) #e1 MEMB]S2 ,MEXICO BY ! ,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES1 ,NORWAY BY ! ,NORSK ,SYNDIKALI/IK ,F$]ASJON ) #b1 MEMB]S2 ,PORTUGAL BY ! ,CONF$]ACAO ,G]AL DO ,TRABALHO ) #a#e1 MEMB]S2 ,SW$5 BY ! ,SV]IGES ,>BET>ES ,C5TRALORGANISATION ) #c#b1 MEMB]S4 ,! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T AT ?AT TIME WAS 5GAG$ 9 A T]RIFIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A & HAD S5T NO DELEGATES1 BUT !Y RE-AFFIRM$ !IR ADH]5CE AT ! SECRET CONGRESS 9 ,S>AGOSSA 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#b#c4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 :]E AFT] ! W> A SPLIT 9 ! ,C,G,T HAD L$ TO ! F\ND+ ( ! ,C,G,T,U1 ! LATT] HAD ALREADY JO9$ ,MOSC[4 ,BUT !RE WAS A M9ORITY 9 ! ORGANIZATION :I* HAD COMB9$ TO =M ! ,COMITE DE ,DEF5SE ,UNIONI/E ,REVOLUTIONAIRE1 REPRES5T+ AB\T #a1 WORK]S1 :I* TOOK P>T 9 ! PROCE$+S ( ! ,B]L9 CONGRESS4 ,FROM ,P>IS ! ,F$]ATION DU ,BATIM5T ) #c#b1 MEMB]S & ! ,F$]ATION DES ,JEUNESSES DE LA ,SE9E W]E LIKEWISE REPRES5T$4 ,TWO DELEGATES REPRES5T$ ! ,UNIONI/ ,M9ORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S4 

,! CONGRESS RESOLV$ UNANIM\SLY ON ! F\ND+ ( AN 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE ( ALL ,UNIONI/ ORGANIZATIONS UND] ! NAME ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,IT ADOPT$ A DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES :I* PRES5T$ AN \TSPOK5 PR(ESSION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM4 ,! SECOND ITEM 9 ?IS DECL>ATION RUNS AS FOLL[S1 

0,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM IS ! CONFIRM$ OPPON5T ( EV]Y =M ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL MONOPOLY1 & AIMS AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( FREE COMMUNITIES & ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANS ( ! FIELD & FACTORY WORK]S ON ! BASIS ( A FREE SY/EM ( LABOR C\NCILS1 5TIRELY LIB]AT$ FROM SUBORD9ATION TO ANY GOV]NM5T & P>TIES4 ,AGA9/ ! POLITICS ( ! /ATE & POLITICAL P>TIES IT PROPOSES ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( LABOR2 AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ( M5 IT SETS ! MANAGEM5T ( ?+S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT HAS = ITS OBJECT1 NOT ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 BUT ! ABOLITION ( EV]Y /ATE FUNCTION 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,IT BELIEVES ?AT1 ALONG ) ! MONOPOLY ( PROP]TY1 %\LD ALSO DISAPPE> ! MONOPOLY ( DOM9ATION1 & ?AT ANY =M ( ! /ATE1 9CLUD+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WILL ALWAYS BE ! CREATOR ( NEW MONOPOLIES & NEW PRIVILEGES1 & NEV] AN 9/RUM5T ( LIB]ATION40 

,) ?IS ! BREA* ) ,BOL%EVISM & ITS ADH]5TS 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES WAS COMPLET$4 ,! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 FROM !N ON TRAVEL$ ITS [N ROAD1 HELD ITS [N 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES1 ISSU$ ITS BULLET9S & ADJU/$ ! RELATIONS AMONG ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIONS ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 

,! MO/ P[]FUL & 9FLU5TIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,I,W,M,A WAS ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T1 ! S\L ( ALL ! H>D LABOR /RUGGLES 9 ,SPA9 & LAT] ! BACKBONE ( ! RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,FASCISM & ! SOCIAL REORGANIZATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BE=E ! TRIUMPH ( ,FRANCO1 ! ,C,N,T EMBRAC$ A MEMB]%IP ( AB\T TWO MILLIONS ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 PEASANTS & 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S4 ,IT CONTROLL$ ?IRTY-SIX DAILY PAP]S1 AMONG !M ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 9 ,B>CELONA1 ) A CIRCULATION ( #b#d11 ! L>GE/ ( ANY PAP] 9 ,SPA91 & ,CA/ILLA ,LIBRE1 :I* WAS ! MO/ WIDELY READ PAP] 9 ,MADRID4 ,! ,C,N,T HAS PUBLI%$ MILLIONS ( BOOKS & PAMPHLETS & CONTRIBUT$ MORE TO ! $UCATION ( ! MASSES ?AN ANY O!R MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 

,9 ,PORTUGAL ! ,CONF$]ACAO ,G]AL DO ,TRABALHO1 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a#a1 WAS ! /RONGE/ LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ! C\NTRY1 & BAS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES AS ! ,C,N,T 9 ,SPA94 ,AFT] ! VICTORY ( DICTATOR%IP1 ! ,C,G,T WAS =C$ \T ( PUBLIC ACTIVITY & C\LD ONLY LEAD AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE4 

,9 ,ITALY1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! IDEAS ( ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM1 ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ W+ ( ! ,CONL$]AZIONE DEL ,LAVORO LEFT ?AT ORGANIZATION ON ACC\NT ( ITS SUBS]VI5CE TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & =M$ ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE ,ITALIANA4 ,?IS GR\P WAS ! S\L ( A LONG LI/ ( SEV]E LABOR /RUGGLES & PLAY$ A PROM95T P>T 9 ! OCCURR5CES ( ! SO-CALL$ ,R$ ,WEEK 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#d1 & LAT] 9 ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES 9 ,MILAN & O!R CITIES 9 ,NOR!RN ,ITALY4 ,) ! REIGN ( ,FASCISM ! :OLE ,ITALIAN LABOR MOVEM5T DISAPPE>$ ALONG ) ! ,U4,S4,I4 

,9 ,FRANCE ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S LEFT ! ,C,G,T,U 9 #a#i#b#b1 AFT] ?AT ORGANIZATION YIELD$ 5TIRELY TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVI/S1 & =M$ ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL ,SYNDICALI/E ,REVOLUTIONAIRE1 :I* JO9$ ! ,I,W,M,A4 

,9 ,G]MANY !RE EXI/$ = A LONG TIME BE=E ! FIR/ WORLD W> ! SO-CALL$ ,LOCALI/S :OSE /RON<OLD WAS ! ,FREIE ,V]E9IGUNG DEUTS*] ,GEW]KS*AFT51 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#i#g4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION WAS ORIG9ALLY 9SPIR$ BY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC IDEAS1 BUT IT COMBAT$ ! C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES ( ! ,G]MAN ,TRADE MOVEM5T4 ,! REVIVAL ( ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM HAD A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! ,F4,V4,D4,G4 & L$ TO ITS ADOPTION ( PURE ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,AT ITS CONGRESS 9 ,DUSSELDORF1 #a#i#b1 ! ORGANIZATION *ANG$ ITS NAME TO ,FREIE ,>BEIT]-,UNION ,DEUTS*L&S4 ,?IS MOVEM5T R5D]$ A GREAT S]VICE ?R\< ! TIRELESS LABORS ( ITS ACTIVE PUBLI%+ H\SE 9 ,B]L9 :I* PR9T$ A L>GE NUMB] ( VALUABLE WORKS4 ,AFT] ,HITL]'S ACCESSION TO P[] ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,F4,A4,U4,D4 VANI%$ FROM ! SC5E4 ,A GREAT MANY ( ITS SUPPORT]S LANGUI%$ 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS OR HAD TO TAKE REFUGE ABROAD4 

,9 ,SW$5 !RE /ILL EXI/S A V]Y ACTIVE ,UNIONI/ MOVEM5T1 ! ,SV]IGES ,>BET>ES ,C5TRALORGANISATION1 ! ONLY ,UNIONI/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,EUROPE :I* ESCAP$ ! REACTION ( ,FASCISM & ,G]MAN 9VASION DUR+ ! W>4 ,! ,SW$I% ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S P>TICIPAT$ 9 ALL ! GREAT LABOR /RUGGLES 9 !IR C\NTRY & C>RI$ ON = MANY YE>S ! WORK ( SOCIALI/ & LIB]T>IAN $UCATION4 

,9 ,HOLL& ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNION MOVEM5T CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,NATIONALE ,>BEIDS ,SECRET>IAT2 BUT :5 ?IS ORGANIZATION CAME /EADILY UND] 9CREAS+ ,COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE1 NE>LY HALF ( ITS MEMB]S SPLIT (F & =M$ ! ,N$]L&ISOK ,SYNDIKALI/IS* ,VAKV]BOND :I* JO9$ ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 

,9 ADDITION TO !SE ORGANIZATIONS !RE W]E ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A GR\PS 9 ,NORWAY1 ,POL& & ,BULG>IA1 :I* W]E AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,! ,JAPANESE ,JIYU ,R5GO ,DANTAL ,Z5KOKU ,KAIGI ALSO JO9$ ! RANKS ( ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 

,9 ,>G5T9A ! ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,REGIONAL ,>G5T9A1 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#i#a1 WAS = MANY YE>S ! C5T] ( MO/ ( ! BIG LABOR /RUGGLES 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,ITS HI/ORY IS ONE ( ! MO/ TEMPE/U\S *APT]S 9 ! ANNALS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! MOVEM5T RAN A DAILY ORGAN1 ,LA ,PROTE/A1 = OV] TW5TY-FIVE YE>S & QUITE A NUMB] ( WEEKLY PAP]S ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,AFT] ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,G5]AL ,URIBURU1 ! ,=,A WAS SUPPRESS$1 BUT IT C>RI$ ON UND]GR\ND ACTIVITY1 AS IT ALSO DID UND] ,P]ON4 ,9 ,MAY1 #aibi ! ,F4,O4,R4,A4 SUMMON$ A CONGRESS ( ALL ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES TO MEET 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 ,AT ?IS CONGRESS1 BESIDES ! ,F4,O4,R4,A4 ( ,>G5T9A !RE W]E REPRES5T$3 ,P>AGUAY BY ! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O DEL ,P>AGUAY3 ,BOLIVIA BY ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE LA ,PAZ1 ,LA ,ANTOR*A & ,LUZ Y ,LIB]TAD2 ,MEXICO BY ! ,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJO2 ,GUATEMALA BY ! ,COMITE PRO ,ACCION ,S9DICAL2 ,URUGUAY BY ! ,F$]ACION ,REGIONAL ,URUGUAYA4 ,BRAZIL WAS REPRES5T$ BY TRADE UNIONS FROM SEV5 ( ! CON/ITU5T /ATES4 ,CO/A ,RICA WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! ORGANIZATION ,HACIA LA ,LIB]TAD4 ,AT ?IS CONGRESS ! ,CONT95TAL ,AM]ICAN ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE1 CON/ITUT+ ! ,AM]ICAN DIVISION ( ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,! SEAT ( ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS AT FIR/ AT ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 BUT LAT]1 BECAUSE ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 IT HAD TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO ,URUGUAY4 

,!SE W]E ! =CES :I* ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM HAD AT ITS DISPOSAL 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES BE=E ! REIGN ( ,FASCISM & ! \TBREAK ( ! SECOND WORLD W>4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidh 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b#a1 #bai 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/