,AN>*ISM & ,9DIVIDUALISM 

#aii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GEORGES ,PALANTE 

,TEXT 3 

,! WORDS AN>*ISM & 9DIVIDUALISM >E FREQU5TLY US$ AS SYNONYMS4 ,MANY ?9K]S VA/LY DIFF]5T FROM EA* O!R >E C>ELESSLY QUALIFI$ SOMETIMES AS AN>*I/S1 SOMETIMES AS 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT WE SPEAK 9DIFF]5TLY ( ,/IRN]ITE AN>*ISM OR 9DIVIDUALISM1 ( ,NIETZS*EAN AN>*ISM OR 9DIVIDUALISM1 ( ,B>RESIAN AN>*ISM OR 9DIVIDUALISM1 ETC4 ,9 O!R CASES1 ?\<1 ?IS ID5TIFICATION ( ! TWO T]MS IS NOT LOOK$ UPON AS POSSIBLE4 ,WE COMMONLY SAY ,PR\DHONIAN AN>*ISM1 ,M>XI/ AN>*ISM1 AN>*I/ SYNDICALISM4 ,BUT WE C\LD NOT SAY ,PR\DHONIAN1 ,M>XI/1 OR SYNDICALI/ 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,WE CAN SPEAK ( A ,*RI/IAN OR ,TOL/OYAN AN>*ISM1 BUT NOT ( A ,*RI/IAN OR ,TOL/OYAN 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,AT O!R TIMES ! TWO T]MS HAVE BE5 MELT$ TOGE!R 9 ONE NAME3 AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,UND] ?IS RUBRIC ,M4 ,HAS* DESIGNATES A SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT IT DIFF]5TIATES FROM AN>*ISM PROP]LY SO-CALL$1 & :OSE GREAT REPRES5TATIVE1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 >E ,GOE!1 ,BYRON1 ,HUMBOLDT1 ,S*LEI]MA*]1 ,C>LYLE1 ,EM]SON1 ,KI]KEGA>D1 ,R5AN1 ,IBS51 ,/IRN] & ,NIETZS*E4 ,?IS PHILOSOPHY CAN BE SUMM$ UP AS ! CULT ( GREAT M5 & ! APO!OSIS ( G5IUS4 ,IT W\LD SEEM TO US TO BE >GUABLE :E!R ! EXPRESSION 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM CAN BE US$ TO DESIGNATE SU* A DOCTR9E4 ,! QUALIFICATION ( AN>*I/1 9 ! ETYMOLOGICAL S5SE1 CAN BE APPLI$ ) DIFFICULTY TO ?9K]S ( ! RACE ( ,GOE!1 ,C>LYLE1 & ,NIETZS*E1 :OSE PHILOSOPHY SEEMS ON ! CONTR>Y TO BE DOM9AT$ BY IDEAS ( HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION & ! H>MONI\S PLAC+ ( VALUES 9 A S]IES4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! EPI!T ( 9DIVIDUALI/ CAN'T BE APPLI$ ) EQUAL JU/ICE TO ALL ! ?9K]S WE HAVE JU/ NAM$4 ,IF IT IS APPROPRIATE = DESIGNAT+ ! EGOTI/1 NIHILI/ & ANTI-IDEALI/ REVOLT ( ,/IRN]1 IT CAN ) DIFFICULTY BE APPLI$ TO ! ,HEGELIAN1 OPTIMI/ & IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( A ,C>LYLE1 :O CLE>LY SUBORD9ATES ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! IDEA4 

,!RE ?US REIGNS A C]TA9 CONFUSION CONC]N+ ! USE ( ! TWO T]MS AN>*ISM & 9DIVIDUALISM1 AS WELL AS ! SY/EMS ( IDEAS & S5TIM5TS ?AT !SE T]MS DESIGNATE4 ,WE W\LD H]E LIKE TO ATTEMPT TO CL>IFY ! NOTION ( 9DIVIDUALISM & DET]M9E ITS PSY*OLOGICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL CONT5T BY DI/+UI%+ IT FROM AN>*ISM444 

,9DIVIDUALISM IS ! S5TIM5T ( A PR(\ND1 IRR$UCIBLE ANT9OMY BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ IS HE :O1 BY VIRTUE ( HIS TEMP]AM5T1 IS PR$ISPOS$ TO FEEL 9 A P>TICUL>LY ACUTE FA%ION ! 9ELUCTABLE DI%>MONIES BETWE5 HIS 9TIMATE BE+ & HIS SOCIAL MILIEU4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HE IS A MAN = :OM LIFE HAS RES]V$ SOME DECISIVE OCCASION TO REM>K ?IS DI%>MONY4 ,:E!R ?R\< BRUTALITY1 OR ! CONT9UITY ( HIS EXP]I5CES1 = HIM IT HAS BECOME CLE> ?AT = ! 9DIVIDUAL SOCIETY IS A P]PETUAL CREATOR ( CON/RA9TS1 HUMILIATIONS & MIS]IES1 A K9D ( CONT9U\S G5]ATION ( HUMAN PA94 ,9 ! NAME ( HIS [N EXP]I5CE & HIS P]SONAL S5SATION ( LIFE ! 9DIVIDUALI/ FEELS HE HAS ! RI<T TO RELEGATE TO ! RANK ( UTOPIA ANY IDEAL ( A FUTURE SOCIETY :]E ! HOP$-= H>MONY BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY WILL BE E/ABLI%$4 ,F> FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY DIM9I%+ EVIL1 IT DOES NO?+ BUT 9T5SIFY IT BY R5D]+ ! LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MORE COMPLICAT$1 MORE LABORI\S & MORE DIFFICULT 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! ?\S& GE>S ( AN 9CREAS+LY TYRANNICAL SOCIAL ME*ANISM4 ,SCI5CE ITSELF1 BY 9T5SIFY+ )9 ! 9DIVIDUAL ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! VITAL CONDITIONS MADE = HIM BY SOCIETY1 >RIVES ONLY AT D>K5+ HIS 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL HORIZONS4 ,QUI AUGET SCI5TIAM AUGEL ET DOLOREM4 

,WE SEE ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM IS ESS5TIALLY A SOCIAL PESSIMISM4 ,UND] ITS MO/ MOD]ATE =M IT ADMITS ?AT IF LIFE 9 SOCIETY IS NOT AN ABSOLUTE EVIL & COMPLETELY DE/RUCTIVE ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 = ! 9DIVIDUALI/ IS AT ! V]Y LEA/ A RE/RICTIVE & OPPRESSIVE CONDITION1 A NECESS>Y EVIL & A LA/ RESORT4 

,! 9DIVIDUALI/S :O RESPOND TO ?IS DESCRIPTION =M A SMALL MOROSE GR\P :OSE REBELLI\S1 RESIGN$ OR HOPELESS WORDS CONTRA/ ) ! FANF>ES = ! FUTURE ( OPTIMI/IC SOCIOLOGI/S4 ,IT IS ,VIGNY SAY+3 0,! SOCIAL ORD] IS ALWAYS BAD4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME IT IS BE>ABLE4 ,BETWE5 BAD & BE>ABLE ! DISPUTE ISN'T WOR? A DROP ( BLOOD40 ,IT'S ,S*OP5HAU] SEE+ SOCIAL LIFE AS ! SUPREME FL[]+ ( HUMAN PA9 & EVIL4 ,IT'S ,/IRN] ) HIS 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL SOLIPSISM P]PETUALLY ON HIS GU>D AGA9/ ! DUP]IES ( SOCIAL IDEALISM & ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CRY/ALLIZATION ) :I* EV]Y ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY ?REAT5S ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT IS1 AT C]TA9 MOM5TS1 AN ,AMIEL ) HIS PA9FUL /OICISM ?AT P]CEIVES SOCIETY AS A LIMITATION & A RE/RICTION ( HIS FREE SPIRITUAL NATURE4 ,IT'S A ,DAVID ,?OREAU1 ! EXTREMI/ DISCIPLE ( ,EM]SON1 ?AT 0/UD5T ( NATURE10 DECID+ TO /RAY FROM ! ORD9>Y PA?S ( HUMAN ACTIVITY & TO BECOME A 0W&]]10 WOR%IP+ 9DEP5D5CE & DREAMS4 ,A 0W&]] :OSE EV]Y M9UTE WILL BE FILL$ ) MORE WORK ?AN ! 5TIRE LIVES ( MANY M5 ) OCCUPATIONS40 ,IT'S A ,*ALLEMEL-,LAC\R ) HIS PESSIMI/IC CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY & PROGRESS4 ,IT IS P]HAPS1 AT C]TA9 MOM5TS1 A ,T>DE1 ) AN 9DIVIDUALISM COLOR$ ) MISAN?ROPY ?AT HE SOME:]E EXPRESSES3 0,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! FLUX ( IMITATION HAS ITS BANKS & ?AT1 BY ! V]Y EFFECT ( ITS EXCESSIVE DEPLOYM5T1 ! NE$ = SOCIABILITY DIM9I%ES OR RA!R ALT]S & TRANS=MS ITSELF 9TO A K9D ( G5]AL MISAN?ROPY1 V]Y COMPATIBLE1 9CID5TALLY1 ) A MOD]ATE COMM]CIAL CIRCULATION & A C]TA9 ACTIVITY ( 9DU/RIAL EX*ANGES R$UC$ TO ! /RICT NECESS>Y1 BUT ABOVE ALL APPROPRIATE TO RE9=C+ 9 EA* ( US ! DI/9CTIVE TRAITS ( \R 9N] 9DIVIDUALITY40 

,EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O1 LIKE ,M4 ,MAURICE ,B>RES1 BY DILETTANTISM & >TI/IC PO/URE1 >E AV]SE TO ! ACC5TS ( %>P REVOLT OR DISC\RAG$ PESSIMISM1 9DIVIDUALISM REMA9S A S5TIM5T ( 0! IMPOSSIBILITY ?AT EXI/S ( H>MONIZ+ ! PRIVATE & ! G5]AL ,I40 ,IT'S A DET]M9ATION TO SET FREE ! FIR/ ,I1 TO CULTIVATE IT 9 :AT IT HAS ( ! MO/ SPECIAL1 ! MO/ ADVANC$1 ! MO/ RUMMAG$ ?R\<1 BO? 9 DETAIL & 9 DEP?4 0,! 9DIVIDUALI/10 SAYS ,M4 ,B>RES1 0IS HE :O1 ?R\< PRIDE 9 HIS TRUE ,I1 :I* HE ISN'T ABLE TO SET FREE1 CEASELESSLY W\NDS1 SOILS1 & D5IES :AT HE HAS 9 COMMON ) ! MASS ( M5444,! DIGNITY ( ! M5 ( \R RACE IS EXCLUSIVELY ATTA*$ TO C]TA9 %IV]S ?AT ! WORLD DOESN'T KN[ & CANNOT SEE & :I* WE MU/ MULTIPLY 9 \RSELVES40 

,9 ALL ( !M 9DIVIDUALISM IS AN ATTITUDE ( S5SIBILITY ?AT GOES FROM HO/ILITY & DI/RU/ TO 9DIFF]5CE & DISDA9 VIS-A-VIS ! ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY 9 :I* WE >E =C$ TO LIVE1 VIS-A-VIS ITS UNI=MIZ+ RULES1 ITS MONOTON\S REPETITIONS1 & ITS 5SLAV+ CON/RA9TS4 ,IT'S A DESIRE TO ESCAPE FROM IT & TO )DRAW 9TO ONESELF4 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT IS ! PR(\ND S5TIM5T ( ! 0UNIQU5ESS ( ! ,I10 ( ?AT :I* DESPITE IT ALL ! ,I MA9TA9S ( UNREPRESSIBLE & IMP5ETRABLE TO SOCIAL 9FLU5CES4 ,AS ,M4 ,T>DE SAYS1 IT IS ! S5TIM5T ( ! 0PR(\ND & FLEET+ S+UL>ITY ( P]SONS1 ( !IR MANN] ( BE+1 OR ?9K+1 ( FEEL+1 :I* IS ONLY ONCE & ( AN 9/ANT40 

,IS !RE ANY NE$ TO DEMON/RATE H[ MU* ?IS ATTITUDE DIFF]S FROM AN>*ISM8 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 9 ONE S5SE AN>*ISM PROCE$S FROM 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,IT IS1 9 FACT1 ! ANTI-SOCIAL REVOLT ( A M9ORITY ?AT FEELS ITSELF OPPRESS$ OR DISADVANTAG$ BY ! CURR5T ORD] ( ?+S4 ,BUT AN>*ISM REPRES5TS ONLY ! FIR/ MOM5T ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 ! MOM5T ( FAI? & HOPE1 ( ACTIONS C\RAGE\S & CONFID5T ( SUCCESS4 ,AT ITS SECOND MOM5T 9DIVIDUALISM CONV]TS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 9TO SOCIAL PESSIMISM4 

,! PASSAGE FROM CONFID5CE TO DESPAIR1 FROM OPTIMISM TO PESSIMISM IS H]E1 9 GREAT P>T1 AN AFFAIR ( PSY*OLOGICAL TEMP]AM5T4 ,!RE >E DELICATE S\LS ?AT >E EASILY W\ND$ ON CONTACT ) SOCIAL REALITIES & CONSEQU5TLY QUICK TO BE DISILLUSION$1 A ,VIGNY OR A ,HE9E1 = EXAMPLE4 ,WE CAN SAY ?AT !SE S\LS BELONG TO ! PSY*OLOGICAL TYPE ?AT HAS BE5 CALL$ 0S5SITIVE40 ,!Y FEEL ?AT SOCIAL DET]M9ISM1 9S(> AS IT IS REPRESSIVE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IS P>TICUL>LY TORM5T+ & OPPRESSIVE4 ,BUT !RE >E O!R S\LS :O RESI/ MULTIPLE FAILURES1 :O DISREG>D EV5 EXP]I5CE'S T\<E/ EXAMPLES & REMA9 UN%AKABLE 9 !IR FAI?4 ,!SE S\LS BELONG TO ! 0ACTIVE0 TYPE4 ,SU* >E ! S\LS ( ! AN>*I/ APO/LES3 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 ,RECLUS4 ,P]HAPS !IR IMP]TURBABLE CONFID5CE 9 !IR IDEAL DEP5DS ON A LESS] 9TELLECTUAL & EMOTIONAL ACUITY4 ,REASONS = D\BT & DISC\RAGEM5T DON'T /RIKE !M H>%LY 5\< TO T>NI% ! AB/RACT IDEAL !Y'VE =G$ & TO LEAD !M TO ! F9AL & LOGICAL /EP ( 9DIVIDUALISM3 SOCIAL PESSIMISM4 

,:ATEV] ! CASE1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT CONC]N+ ! OPTIMISM ( AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY4 ,?AT OPTIMISM IS SPREAD1 (T5 SIMPLI/ICALLY & ) NAIVETY1 9 ?OSE VOLUMES ) BLOOD R$ COV]S ?AT =M ! READ+ MATT] ( PROPAG&I/S BY ! DE$4 ,! %AD[ ( ! OPTIMI/IC ,R\SSEAU FLOATS OV] ALL ?IS LIT]ATURE4 

,AN>*I/ OPTIMISM CONSI/S 9 BELIEV+ ?AT SOCIAL DI%>MONIES1 ?AT ! ANT9OMIES ?AT ! CURR5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS PRES5T BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 >E NOT ESS5TIAL1 BUT RA!R ACCID5TAL & PROVISIONAL2 ?AT !Y WILL ONE DAY BE RESOLV$ & WILL GIVE PLACE TO AN ]A ( H>MONY4 

,AN>*ISM RE/S ON TWO PR9CIPLES ?AT SEEM TO COMPLEM5T EA* O!R1 BUT ACTUALLY CONTRADICT EA* O!R4 ,ONE IS ! PR9CIPLE ?AT IS PROP]LY 9DIVIDUALI/ OR LIB]T>IAN1 =MULAT$ BY ,WILHELM VON ,HUMBOLDT & *OS5 BY ,/U>T ,MILL AS ! EPIGRAPH ( HIS 0,ESSAY ON ,LIB]TY03 0,! GREAT PR9CIPLE IS ! ESS5TIAL & ABSOLUTE IMPORTANCE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T 9 ITS RI*E/ DIV]SITY40 ,! O!R IS ! HUMANI/ OR ALTRUI/ PR9CIPLE :I* IS TRANSLAT$ ON ! ECONOMIC PLANE BY COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM4 ,?AT ! 9DIVIDUALI/ & HUMANI/ PR9CIPLES NEGATE EA* O!R IS PROV5 BY LOGIC & FACT4 ,EI!R ! 9DIVIDUALI/ PR9CIPLE MEANS NO?+1 OR IT IS A DEM& 9 FAVOR ( ?AT :I* DIFF]S & IS UNEQUAL 9 9DIVIDUALS1 9 FAVOR ( ?OSE TRAITS ?AT MAKE !M DIFF]5T1 SEP>ATES !M &1 IF NE$ BE1 OPPOSES !M4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HUMANISM AIMS AT ! ASSIMILATION ( HUMANITY4 ,FOLL[+ ! EXPRESSION ( ,M4 ,GIDE1 ITS IDEAL IS TO MAKE A REALITY ( ! EXPRESSION 0\R LIKE40 ,9 FACT1 AT ! CURR5T TIME WE SEE ! ANTAGONISM ( ! TWO PR9CIPLES ASS]T ITSELF AMONG ! MO/ 9SI<TFUL !ORETICIANS ( AN>*ISM1 & ?AT LOGICAL & NECESS>Y ANTAGONISM CANNOT FAIL TO BR+ AB\T ! BREAKUP ( AN>*ISM AS A POLITICAL & SOCIAL DOCTR9E4 

,:ATEV] ! CASE & :ATEV] DIFFICULTIES MI<T BE MET BY HE :O WANTS TO RECONCILE ! 9DIVIDUALI/ & HUMANI/ PR9CIPLES1 !SE TWO RIVAL & 5EMY PR9CIPLES MEET AT LEA/ AT ?IS ONE PO9T3 !Y >E BO? CLE>LY OPTIMI/IC4 ,HUMBOLDT'S PR9CIPLE IS OPTIMI/IC 9S(> AS IT IMPLICITLY AFFIRMS ! ORIG9AL GOODNESS ( HUMAN NATURE & ! LEGITIMACY ( ITS FREE BLOSSOM+4 ,IT SETS ITSELF UP 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,*RI/IAN CONDEMNATION ( \R NATURAL 9/9CTS1 & WE CAN UND]/& ! RES]VATIONS ( ,M4 ,DUPONT-,:ITE1 ! TRANSLATOR ( ! 0,ESSAY ON ,LIB]TY10 HAD FROM ! SPIRITUALI/ & ,*RI/IAN PO9T ( VIEW 7CONDEMNATION ( ! FLE%7 AS CONC]NS ?IS PR9CIPLE4 

,! HUMANI/ PR9CIPLE IS NO LESS OPTIMI/IC4 ,HUMANISM1 9 FACT1 IS NO?+ BUT R5D]+ DIV9E ( MAN 9 :AT HE HAS ( ! G5]AL1 ( HUMANITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,AS WE SEE1 AN>*ISM1 OPTIMI/IC AS CONC]NS ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IS EV5 MORE SO AS CONC]NS SOCIETY4 ,AN>*ISM SUPPOSES ?AT 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OMS1 LEFT TO !MSELVES1 WILL NATURALLY H>MONIZE & SPONTANE\SLY REALIZE ! AN>*I/ IDEAL ( FREE SOCIETY4 

,9 REG>D TO !SE TWO OPPOS+ PO9TS ( VIEW1 ! ,*RI/IAN & AN>*I/1 :AT IS ! ATTITUDE ( 9DIVIDUALISM8 ,9DIVIDUALISM1 A REALI/ PHILOSOPHY1 ALL LIV$ LIFE & IMM$IATE S5SATION1 EQUALLY REPUDIATES !SE TWO METAPHYSICS3 ONE1 ,*RI/IAN METAPHYSICS1 :I* A PRIORI AFFIRMS ORIG9AL EVIL1 ! O!R ! RATIONALI/ & ,ROSSEAUI/ METAPHYSIC1 ?AT NO LESS A PRIORI AFFIRMS ! ORIG9AL & ESS5TIAL GOODNESS ( \R NATURE4 ,9DIVIDUALISM PLACES ITSELF BE=E ! FACTS4 ,& !SE LATT] MAKE VISIBLE 9 ! HUMAN BE+ A BUNDLE ( 9/9CTS 9 /RUGGLE ) EA* O!R &1 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 A GR\P+ ( 9DIVIDUALS ALSO NECESS>ILY 9 /RUGGLE ) EA* O!R4 ,BY ! V]Y FACT ( HIS CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ! HUMAN BE+ IS SUBJECT TO ! LAW ( /RUGGLE3 9T]NAL /RUGGLE AMONG HIS [N 9/9CTS1 EXT]NAL /RUGGLE ) HIS LIKE4 ,IF RECOGNIZ+ ! P]MAN5T & UNIV]SAL *>ACT] ( EGOISM & /RUGGLE 9 HUMAN EXI/5CE MEANS BE+ PESSIMI/IC1 !N WE MU/ SAY ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM IS PESSIMI/IC4 ,BUT WE MU/ IMM$IATELY ADD ?AT ! PESSIMISM ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 A PESSIMISM ( FACT1 AN EXP]IM5TAL PESSIMISM1 IF Y\ WILL1 PESSIMISM A PO/]IORI1 IS TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! !OLOGICAL PESSIMISM ?AT A PRIORI PRON\NCES1 9 ! NAME ( DOGMA1 ! CONDEMNATION ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,:AT IS MORE1 9DIVIDUALISM SEP>ATES ITSELF EV]Y BIT AS MU* FROM AN>*ISM4 ,IF1 ) AN>*ISM1 IT ADMITS ,HUMBOLDT'S PR9CIPLE AS ! EXPRESSION ( A NORMAL T5D5CY NECESS>Y TO \R NATURE = ITS FULL BLOSSOM+1 AT ! SAME TIME IT RECOGNIZES ?AT ?IS T5D5CY IS CONDEMN$ TO NEV] BE+ SATISFI$ BECAUSE ( ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL DI%>MONIES ( \R NATURE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT CONSID]S ! H>MONI\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY AS A UTOPIA4 ,PESSIMI/IC AS CONC]NS ! 9DIVIDUAL1 9DIVIDUALISM IS EV5 MORE SO AS CONC]NS SOCIETY3 MAN IS BY HIS V]Y NATURE DI%>MONI\S BECAUSE ( ! 9T]NAL /RUGGLE ( HIS 9/9CTS4 ,BUT ?IS DI%>MONY IS EXAC]BAT$ BY ! /ATE ( SOCIETY :I*1 ?R\< A PA9FUL P>ADOX1 REPRESSES \R 9/9CTS AT ! SAME TIME AS IT EXASP]ATES !M4 ,9 FACT1 FROM ! RAPPRO*EM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL WILLS-TO-LIFE IS =M$ A COLLECTIVE WILL-TO-LIFE :I* BECOMES IMM$IATELY OPPRESSIVE = ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL-TO-LIFE & OPPOSES ITS FL\RI%+ ) ALL ITS =CE4 ,! /ATE ( SOCIETY ?US PU%ES TO ITS ULTIMATE DEGREE ! DI%>MONIES ( \R NATURE4 ,IT EXAGG]ATES !M & PUTS !M 9 ! POORE/ POSSIBLE LI<T4 ,FOLL[+ ! IDEA ( ,S*OP5HAU]1 SOCIETY ?US TRULY REPRES5TS ! HUMAN WILL-TO-LIFE AT ITS HI<E/ DEGREE3 /RUGGLE1 LACK ( FULFILLM5T1 & SUFF]+4 

,FROM ?IS OPPOSITION BETWE5 AN>*ISM & 9DIVIDUALISM FL[ O!RS4 ,AN>*ISM BELIEVES 9 PROGRESS4 ,9DIVIDUALISM IS AN ATTITUDE ( ?\<T ?AT WE CAN CALL NON-HI/ORICAL4 ,IT D5IES BECOM+1 PROGRESS4 ,IT SEES ! HUMAN WILL-TO-LIFE 9 AN ET]NAL PRES5T4 ,LIKE ,S*OP5HAU]1 ) :OM HE HAS MORE ?AN ONE SIMIL>ITY1 ,/IRN] IS A NON-HI/ORICAL SPIRIT4 ,HE TOO BELIEVES ?AT IT IS *IM]ICAL TO EXPECT SOME?+ NEW & GREAT FROM TOMORR[4 ,EV]Y SOCIAL =M1 BY ! V]Y FACT ?AT IT CRY/ALLIZES1 CRU%ES ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,= ,/IRN]1 !RE >E NO UTOPIAN TOMORR[S1 NO 0P>ADISE AT ! 5D ( \R DAYS40 ,!RE IS NO?+ BUT ! EGOI/ TODAY4 ,/IRN]'S ATTITUDE BE=E SOCIETY IS ! SAME AS ?AT ( ,S*OP5HAU] BE=E NATURE & LIFE4 ,) ,S*OP5HAU] ! NEGATION ( LIFE REMA9S METAPHYSICAL &1 WE MI<T SAY1 SPIRITUAL 7WE %\LD REMEMB] ?AT ,S*OP5HAU] CONDEMNS SUICIDE :I*1 W\LD BE ! MAT]IAL & TANGIBLE NEGATION74 9 ! SAME WAY ,/IRN]'S REBELLION AGA9/ SOCIETY IS AN 5TIRELY SPIRITUAL 9T]NAL REBELLION1 ALL 9T5TION & 9N] WILL4 ,IT IS NOT1 AS IS ! CASE ) ,BAKUN91 AN APPEAL TO PAN-DE/RUCTION4 ,REG>D+ SOCIETY1 IT IS A SIMPLE ACT ( DI/RU/ & PASSIVE HO/ILITY1 A MIX ( 9DIFF]5CE & DISDA9FUL RESIGNATION4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FI<T+ AGA9/ SOCIETY1 = SOCIETY WILL ALWAYS BE ! /RONG]4 ,IT MU/ ?US BE OBEY$1 OBEY$ LIKE A DOG4 ,BUT ,/IRN]1 :ILE OBEY+1 AS A =M ( CONSOLATION1 MA9TA9S AN IMM5SE 9TELLECTUAL CONTEMPT4 ,?IS IS MORE OR LESS ! ATTITUDE ( ,VIGNY VIS-A-VIS NATURE & SOCIETY4 0,A TRANQUIL DESPAIR1 )\T CONVULSIONS ( ANG] & )\T REPROA*ES = HEAV51 ?IS IS WISDOM ITSELF40 ,& AGA93 0,SIL5CE W\LD BE ! BE/ CRITICISM ( LIFE40 

,AN>*ISM IS AN EXAGG]AT$ & MAD IDEALISM4 ,9DIVIDUALISM IS SUMM$ UP 9 A TRAIT COMMON TO ,S*OP5HAU] & ,/IRN]3 A PITILESS REALISM4 ,IT >RIVES AT :AT A ,G]MAN WRIT] CALLS A COMPLETE 0DIS-IDEALIZATION0 7,5TIDEALISI]UNG7 ( LIFE & SOCIETY4 

0,AN IDEAL IS NO?+ BUT A PAWN10 ,/IRN] SAID4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ,/IRN] IS ! MO/ AU!NTIC REPRES5TATIVE ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,HIS ICY WORD SEIZES S\LS ) A %IV] 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT1 FI]Y & RADIANT1 ( A ,NIETZS*E4 ,NIETZS*E REMA9S AN IMP5IT5T1 IMP]I\S1 VIOL5T IDEALI/4 ,HE IDEALIZES SUP]IOR HUMANITY4 ,/IRN] REPRES5TS ! MO/ COMPLETE DIS-IDEALIZATION ( NATURE & LIFE1 ! MO/ RADICAL PHILOSOPHY ( DIS5*ANTM5T ?AT HAS APPE>$ S9CE ,ECCLESIA/ES4 ,PESSIMI/ )\T MEASURE OR RES]VATIONS1 9DIVIDUALISM IS ABSOLUTELY ANTI-SOCIAL1 UNLIKE AN>*ISM1 ) :I* ?IS IS ONLY RELATIVELY ! CASE 79 RELATION TO CURR5T SOCIETY74 ,AN>*ISM ADMITS AN ANT9OMY BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! /ATE1 AN ANT9OMY IT RESOLVES BY ! SUPPRESSION ( ! /ATE1 BUT IT DOES NOT SEE ANY 9H]5T1 IRR$UCIBLE ANT9OMY BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE 9 ITS EYES SOCIETY REPRES5TS A SPONTANE\S GR[? 7,SP5C]71 :ILE ! /ATE IS AN >TIFICIAL & AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ! EYES ( AN 9DIVIDUALI/ SOCIETY IS AS TYRANNICAL1 IF NOT MORE SO1 ?AN ! /ATE4 ,SOCIETY1 9 FACT1 IS NO?+ ELSE BUT ! MASS ( SOCIAL TIES ( ALL K9DS 7OP9IONS1 MORES1 USAGES1 CONV5TIONS1 MUTUAL SURVEILLANCE1 MORE OR LESS DISCREET ESPIONAGE ( ! CONDUCT ( O!RS1 MORAL APPROVAL & DISAPPROVAL1 ETC47 ,SOCIETY ?US UND]/OOD CON/ITUTES A CLOSELY- KNIT FABRIC ( PETTY & GREAT TYRANNIES1 EXIG5T1 9EVITABLE1 9CESSANT1 H>ASS+1 & PITILESS1 :I* P5ETRATES 9TO ! DETAILS ( 9DIVIDUAL LIFE MORE PR(\NDLY & CONT9U\SLY ?AN /ATI/ CON/RA9TS CAN4 ,:AT IS MORE1 IF WE LOOK CLOSELY AT ?IS1 /ATI/ TYRANNY & ! TYRANNY ( MORES PROCE$ FROM ! SAME ROOT3 ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/ ( A CA/E OR CLASS ?AT WI%ES TO E/ABLI% OR TO MA9TA9 ITS DOM9ATION & PRE/IGE4 ,OP9ION & MORES >E 9 P>T ! RESIDUE ( ANCI5T CA/E DISCIPL9ES ?AT >E 9 ! PROCESS ( DISAPPE>+1 9 P>T ! SE$ ( NEW SOCIAL DISCIPL9ES BR\<T ) !M BY ! NEW LEAD+ CA/E 9 ! PROCESS ( =MATION4 ,?IS IS :Y BETWE5 /ATE CON/RA9T & ?AT ( OP9ION & MORES !RE IS ONLY A DIFF]5CE 9 DEGREE4 ,DEEP D[N !Y HAVE ! SAME GOAL3 ! MA9T5ANCE ( A C]TA9 MORAL CON=MISM USEFUL TO ! GR\P1 & ! SAME PROC$URES3 ! VEXATION & ELIM9ATION ( ! 9DEP5D5T & ! RECALCITRANT4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE IS ?AT DIFFUSE SANCTIONS 7OP9IONS & MORES7 >E MORE HYPOCRITICAL ?AN ! O!RS4 ,PR\DHON WAS RI<T TO SAY ?AT ! /ATE IS NO?+ BUT A MIRROR ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ONLY TYRANNICAL BECAUSE SOCIETY IS TYRANNICAL4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 FOLL[+ A REM>K ( ,TOL/OY'S1 IS A GA!R+ ( M5 :O EXPLOIT O!RS & ?AT FAVORS ! WICK$ & ! *EAT]S ,IF ?IS IS ! PRACTICE ( GOV]NM5T1 ?IS IS ALSO ?AT ( SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS A CON=MITY BETWE5 ! TWO T]MS3 /ATE & SOCIETY4 ,! ONE IS ! SAME AS ! O!R4 ,! GREG>I\S SPIRIT1 OR ! SPIRIT ( SOCIETY1 IS NO LESS OPPRESSIVE = ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AN ! /ATI/ OR PRIE/LY SPIRIT1 :I* ONLY MA9TA9 !MSELVES ?ANKS TO & ?R\< IT4 

,H[ /RANGE6 ,/IRN] HIMSELF1 ON ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! /ATE1 SEEMS TO %>E ! ]ROR ( ,SP5C] & ,BAKUN94 ,HE PROTE/S AGA9/ ! 9T]V5TION ( ! /ATE 9 ! ACTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT NOT AGA9/ ?AT ( SOCIETY4 0,BE=E ! 9DIVIDUAL ! /ATE GIRDS ITSELF ) AN AUREOLE ( SANCTITY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT MAKES LAWS CONC]N+ DUELS4 ,TWO M5 :O AGREE TO RISK !IR LIVES 9 ORD] TO SETTLE AN AFFAIR 7:ATEV] IT MI<T BE7 CANNOT EXECUTE !IR AGREEM5T BECAUSE ! /ATE DOESN'T WANT IT4 ,!Y W\LD EXPOSE !MSELVES TO JUDICIAL PURSUIT & PUNI%M5T4 ,:AT BECOMES ( ! FRE$OM ( SELF-DET]M9ATION8 ,?+S >E COMPLETELY DIFF]5T 9 ?OSE PLACES1 LIKE ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :]E SOCIETY DECIDES TO MAKE ! DUELI/S SUFF] C]TA9 DISAGREEABLE CONSEQU5CES ( !IR ACT & TAKES =M !M1 = EXAMPLE1 ! CR$IT !Y HAD PREVI\SLY 5JOY$4 ,! REFUS+ ( CR$IT IS EV]YONE'S AFFAIR1 & IF IT PLEASES A SOCIETY TO DEPRIVE SOMEONE ( IT = ONE REASON OR ANO!R1 HE :O IS /RUCK BY IT CANNOT COMPLA9 ( AN ATTACK ON HIS LIB]TY3 SOCIETY HAS DONE NO?+ BUT EX]CISE ITS [N4 ,! SOCIETY ( :I* WE SPOKE LEAVES ! 9DIVIDUAL P]FECTLY FREE TO EXPOSE HIMSELF TO ! H>MFUL OR DISAGREEABLE CONSEQU5CES ?AT RESULT FROM HIS WAY ( ACT+1 & LEAVES FULL & 5TIRE HIS FRE$OM ( WILL4 ,! /ATE DOES EXACTLY ! CONTR>Y3 IT D5IES ALL LEGITIMACY TO ! WILL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ONLY RECOGNIZES AS LEGITIMATE ITS [N WILL1 ! WILL ( ! /ATE40 ,/RANGE REASON+4 ,! LAW DOESN'T ATTACK ME4 ,9 :AT WAY AM ,I FRE] IF SOCIETY BOYCOTTS ME8 ,SU* REASON+ W\LD LEGITIMIZE ALL ! ATTACKS ( A PUBLIC OP9ION 9FECT$ BY MORAL BIGOTRY AGA9/ ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! LEG5D ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY 9 ,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES IS BUILT ON ?IS REASON+4 ,/IRN] HIMSELF FEELS ! VISE ( HIS REASON+1 & A LITTLE FUR!R ALONG HE >RIVES AT HIS CELEBRAT$ DI/9CTION BETWE5 SOCIETY & ASSOCIATION4 ,9 ! ONE 7SOCIETY7 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS TAK5 AS A MEANS2 9 ! O!R 7ASSOCIATION71 HE TAKES HIMSELF AS AN 5D & TREATS ! ASSOCIATION AS A MEANS ( P]SONAL P[] & 5JOYM5T3 0,Y\ BR+ TO ! ASSOCIATION ALL Y\R MI<T1 ALL Y\R RI*ES & MAKE Y\R PRES5CE FELT ,9 SOCIETY Y\ & Y\R ACTIVITY >E UTILIZ$4 ,9 ! FIR/ Y\ LIVE AS AN EGOI/2 9 ! SECOND Y\ LIVE AS A MAN1 I4E41 RELIGI\SLY2 Y\ WORK 9 ! ,LORD'S V9EY>D4 ,Y\ [E SOCIETY EV]Y?+ Y\ HAVE2 Y\ >E ITS DEBTOR & Y\ >E TORM5T$ ) SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS4 ,Y\ [E NO?+ TO ! ASSOCIATION4 ,%E S]VES Y\ & Y\ LEAVE IT )\T SCRUPLES AS SOON AS Y\ NO LONG] HAVE ANY ADVANTAGES TO DRAW FROM IT4440 0,IF SOCIETY IS MORE ?AN Y\ !N Y\ WILL HAVE IT PASS AHEAD ( Y\ & Y\ WILL MAKE Y\RSELF ITS S]VANT4 ,! ASSOCIATION IS Y\R TOOL1 Y\R WEAPON2 IT %>P5S & MULTIPLIES Y\R NATURAL /R5G?4 ,! ASSOCIATION ONLY EXI/S = Y\ & BY Y\4 ,SOCIETY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CLAIMS Y\ AS ITS GOOD & CAN EXI/ )\T Y\4 ,9 %ORT1 SOCIETY IS SACR$ & ! ASSOCIATION IS Y\R PROP]TY2 SOCIETY USES Y\ & Y\ USE ! ASSOCIATION4 

,A VA9 DI/9CTION IF EV] !RE WAS ONE6 ,:]E %\LD WE FIX ! B\ND>Y BETWE5 SOCIETY & ASSOCIATION8 ,AS ,/IRN] HIMSELF ADMITT$1 DOESN'T AN ASSOCIATION T5D TO CRY/ALLIZE 9TO A SOCIETY8 

,H[EV] WE APPROA* IT1 AN>*ISM CANNOT RECONCILE ! TWO ANT9OMIC T]MS1 SOCIETY & 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,! FREE SOCIETY ?AT IT DREAMS ( IS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,IT'S A PIECE ( /EEL MADE ( WOOD1 A /ICK )\T AN 5D4 ,SPEAK+ ( AN>*I/S ,NIETZS*E WROTE3 0,WE CAN ALREADY READ ON ALL ! WALLS & ALL ! TABLES !IR WORD = ! FUTURE3 ,FREE SOCIETY4 ,FREE SOCIETY8 ,TO BE SURE4 ,BUT ,I ?9K Y\ KN[1 MY DE> SIRS1 :AT WE WILL BUILD IT )3 ,WOOD MADE ( IRON4440 ,9DIVIDUALISM IS CLE>] & MORE HONE/ ?AN AN>*ISM4 ,IT PLACES ! /ATE1 SOCIETY1 & ASSOCIATION ON ! SAME PLANE4 ,IT REJECTS !M BO? & AS F> AS ?IS IS POSSIBLE TOSSES !M OV]BO>D4 0,ALL ASSOCIATIONS HAVE ! DEFECTS ( CONV5TS10 ,VIGNY SAID4 

,ANTISOCIAL1 9DIVIDUALISM IS OP5LY IMMORALI/4 ,?IS IS NOT TRUE 9 AN ABSOLUTE FA%ION4 ,9 A ,VIGNY PESSIMI/IC 9DIVIDUALISM IS RECONCIL$ ) A MORALLY HAU<TY /OICISM1 SEV]E & PURE4 ,EV5 SO1 EV5 9 ,VIGNY AN IMMORALI/ ELEM5T REMA9S3 A T5D5CY TO DIS-IDEALIZE SOCIETY1 TO SEP>ATE & OPPOSE ! TWO T]MS SOCIETY & MORALITY1 & TO REG>D SOCIETY AS A FATAL G5]ATOR ( C[>DICE1 UN9TELLIG5CE1 & HYPOCRISY4 0,C9Q M>S1 ,/ELLO1 & ,S]VITUDE ET ,GR&EUR MILITAIRES >E ! SONGS ( A K9D ( EPIC POEM ON DISILLUSIONM5T4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY SOCIAL & FALSE ?+S ?AT ,I WILL DE/ROY & ILLUSIONS ,I WILL TRAMPLE ON4 ,I WILL RAISE ON !SE RU9S1 ON ?IS DU/1 ! SACR$ BEAUTY ( 5?USIASM1 ( LOVE1 & ( HONOR40 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT 9 A ,/IRN] OR A ,/5DHAL 9DIVIDUALISM IS IMMORALI/ )\T SCRUPLES OR RES]VATIONS4 ,AN>*ISM IS IMBU$ ) A CRUDE MORALISM4 ,AN>*I/ MORALITY1 EV5 )\T OBLIGATIONS OR SANCTIONS1 IS NO LESS A MORALITY4 ,AT HE>T IT IS ,*RI/IAN MORALITY1 EXCEPT = ! PESSIMI/ ELEM5T CONTA9$ 9 ! LATT]4 ,! AN>*I/ SUPPOSES ?AT ?OSE VIRTUES NECESS>Y TO H>MONY WILL FL\RI% ON !IR [N4 ,5EMY ( CO]CION1 ! DOCTR9E ACCORDS ! FACULTY TO TAKE FROM ! G5]AL /ORES EV5 TO ! LAZY4 ,BUT ! AN>*I/ IS P]SUAD$ ?AT 9 ! FUTURE CITY ! LAZY WILL BE R>E1 OR WILL NOT EXI/ AT ALL4 

,OPTIMI/IC & IDEALI/IC1 IMBU$ ) HUMANISM & MORALISM1 AN>*ISM IS A SOCIAL DOGMATISM4 ,IT IS A 0CAUSE0 9 ! S5SE ?AT ,/IRN] GAVE ?IS WORD4 ,A 0CAUSE0 IS ONE ?+1 0! SIMPLE ATTITUDE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL S\L0 IS ANO!R4 ,A CAUSE IMPLIES A COMMON ADH]5CE TO AN IDEA1 A %>$ BELIEF & A DEVOTION TO ?AT BELIEF4 ,SU* IS NOT 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,9DIVIDUALISM IS ANTI-DOGMATIC & LITTLE 9CL9$ TO PROSELYTISM4 ,IT W\LD GLADLY TAKE AS ITS MOTTO ,/IRN]'S PHRASE3 0,I HAVE SET MY AFFAIR ON NO?+40 ,! TRUE 9DIVIDUALI/ DOESN'T SEEK TO COMMUNICATE TO O!RS HIS [N S5SATION ( LIFE & SOCIETY4 ,:AT W\LD BE ! GOOD ( ?IS8 ,OMNE 9DIVIDUUM 9EFABILE4 ,CONV9C$ ( ! DIV]SITY ( TEMP]AM5TS & ! USELESSNESS ( A S+LE RULE1 HE W\LD GLADLY SAY ) ,DAVID ,?OREAU3 0,I W\LD NOT HAVE ANY ONE ADOPT MY MODE ( LIV+ ON ANY ACC\NT2 =1 BESIDE ?AT BE=E HE HAS FAIRLY LE>N$ IT ,I MAY HAVE F\ND \T ANO!R = MYSELF1 ,I DESIRE ?AT !RE MAY BE AS MANY DIFF]5T P]SONS 9 ! WORLD AS POSSIBLE2 BUT ,I W\LD HAVE EA* ONE BE V]Y C>EFUL TO F9D \T & PURSUE HIS [N WAY1 & NOT HIS FA!R'S OR HIS MO!R'S OR HIS NEI<BOR'S 9/EAD40 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ KN[S ?AT !RE >E TEMP]AM5TS ?AT >E REFRACTORY TO 9DIVIDUALISM & ?AT IT W\LD BE RIDICUL\S TO WANT TO CONV9CE !M4 ,9 ! EYES ( A ?9K] 9 LOVE ) SOLITUDE & 9DEP5D5CE1 A CONTEMPLATIVE1 A PURE ADEPT ( ! 9N] LIFE1 LIKE ,VIGNY1 SOCIAL LIFE & ITS AGITATIONS SEEM TO BE SOME?+ >TIFICIAL1 RIGG$1 EXCLUD+ ANY TRUE & /RONGLY FELT S5TIM5TS4 ,& CONV]SELY1 ?OSE :O BY !IR TEMP]AM5T FEEL AN IMP]I\S NE$ = LIFE & SOCIAL ACTION1 ?OSE :O ?R[ !MSELVES 9TO ! MELEE1 ?OSE :O HAVE POLITICAL & SOCIAL 5?USIASM1 ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 ! VIRTUES ( LEAGUES & GR\PS1 ?OSE :O HAVE =EV] ON !IR LIPS ! WORDS 0,! ,IDEA10 0,! ,CAUSE10 ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT TOMORR[ WILL BR+ SOME?+ NEW & GREAT1 !SE PEOPLE NECESS>ILY MISUND]/& & DISDA9 ! CONTEMPLATIVE1 :O L[]S BE=E ! CR[D ! H>R[ ( :I* ,VIGNY SPOKE4 ,9N] LIFE & SOCIAL ACTION >E TWO ?+S ?AT >E MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE4 ,! TWO K9DS ( S\LS >E NOT MADE TO UND]/& EA* O!R4 ,AS ANTI!SES1 WE %\LD READ ALONGSIDE EA* O!R ,S*OP5HAU]'S 0,APHORISMS ON ! ,WISDOM ( ,LIFE10 ?AT BIBLE ( A RES]V$1 MI/RU/FUL1 & SAD 9DIVIDUALISM1 OR ! ,J\RNAL ,9TIME ( ,AMIEL4 ,OR ! ,J\RNAL D'UN ,POETE BY ,VIGNY4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 WE %\LD READ A ,B5OIT ,MALON1 AN ,ELISEE ,RECLUS OR A ,KROPOTK91 & WE WILL SEE ! ABYSS ?AT SEP>ATES ! TWO K9DS ( S\LS444 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,9DIVIDUALISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#a1 #bb 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,9DIVIDUALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,9DIVIDUALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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