,AN>*ISM 9 ,E>LY ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY ,*9A 
,A ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,P]SPECTIVE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>IF ,DIRLIK 

,TEXT 3 

,AB/RACT 

,AN>*ISM FL\RI%$ 9 ,*9ESE RADICAL ?\<T & PRACTICE DUR+ ! FIR/ ?REE DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,:ILE ! ISSUES & CONCEPTS :I* AN>*I/S 9TRODUC$ 9TO RADICAL ?\<T W\LD CONT9UE TO RETA9 !IR SIGNIFICANCE1 !Y P]SI/$ AS TRACE ELEM5TS L>GELY ASSIMILAT$ 9TO MA9/REAM RADICAL IDEOLOGY1 9CREAS+LY REPRES5T$ BY ,M>XISM FROM ! MID #a#i#bS4 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 79CLUD+ IDEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY7 S9CE !N HAS BE5 ISOLAT$1 TRANSI5T & M>G9AL1 )\T A VISIBLE OR SU/A9$ IMPACT ON ! C\RSE ( ,*9ESE RADICALISM4 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S' CONFLICT+ 5GAGEM5TS ) AN>*ISM MAY BE ( SOME RELEVANCE 9 SORT+ \T CONTEMPOR>Y PROBLEMS )9 AN>*ISM1 ESPECIALLY OV] ISSUES ( CULTURAL DIFF]5CE4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE :O ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S W]E DRAWN TO AN>*ISM NOT BECAUSE ( SOME NATIVE PR$ISPOSITION BUT BECAUSE ( ITS UNIV]SAL APPEAL4 ,! 9DIG5IZATION ( AN>*ISM 9DICATES AN EF=T BY SOME AN>*I/S TO ADAPT NATIVE 9TELLECTUAL LEGACIES TO AN ASSORTM5T ( IMPORT$ IDEAS ?AT ALREADY HAD COME TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! T]M 0AN>*Y0 9 ITS ,EUROPEAN ORIG9S4 ,:Y & H[ !Y DID SO >E IMPORTANT QUE/IONS ) !ORETICAL IMPLICATIONS ?AT GO BEYOND AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A1 AS !Y BE> UPON ISSUES ( UNIV]SALISM & LOCALISM 9 AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,AN>*ISM FL\RI%$ 9 ,*9ESE RADICAL ?\<T & PRACTICE DUR+ ! FIR/ ?REE DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,:ILE ! ISSUES AN>*I/S 9TRODUC$ 9TO RADICAL ?\<T W\LD CONT9UE TO RETA9 !IR SIGNIFICANCE1 !Y P]SI/$ AS TRACE ELEM5TS ASSIMILAT$ 9TO MA9/REAM RADICAL IDEOLOGY1 9CREAS+LY REPRES5T$ BY ,M>XISM FROM ! MID #a#i#bS4 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 79CLUD+ IDEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY7 S9CE !N HAS BE5 ISOLAT$1 TRANSI5T & M>G9AL1 )\T A VISIBLE OR SU/A9$ IMPACT ON ! C\RSE ( ,*9ESE RADICALISM4 ,IT IS OBVI\S :Y ?IS %\LD BE ! CASE AFT] #aidi 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC ( ,*9A1 DOM9AT$ AS IT IS BY A ,BOL%EVIK-/YLE ,P>TY-,/ATE4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO SAFE TO OBS]VE1 ,I ?9K1 ?AT !RE IS LITTLE VISIBLE SIGN ( EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ ACTIVITY ( ANY SIGNIFICANCE 9 P]IPH]AL ,*9ESE /ATES FREE ( SIMIL> CONTROLS OR AMONG OV]SEAS ,*9ESE POPULATIONS2 C]TA9LY NO?+ TO COMP>E ) AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE A C5TURY E>LI] OR SUFFICI5TLY CONSOLIDAT$ 9/ITUTIONALLY TO ALL[ = ANY POLITICAL OR !ORETICAL G5]ALIZATIONS4 ,! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM REMA9S EVANESC5T4 

,IF IT IS POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( AN AN>*I/ TRADITION 9 ,*9A1 !N1 IT IS ONLY 9 ! S5SE ( ! EXI/5CE ( A PA/ ?AT1 IF RESURRECT$ 9 MEMORY1 MAY YET S]VE AS ! BASIS = CREAT+ SU* A TRADITION OR TRADITIONS4 ,BUT ?AT PA/1 NEV]!LESS1 EXHIBIT$ 
COMPLEXITIES ?AT RESONATE ) ISSUES ?AT HAVE BE5 ?R[N UP BY A NEW GLOBAL SITUATION1 9CLUD+ FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES ( COMMONALITY & DIFF]5CE 9 ! UND]/&+ & PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S' CONFLICT+ 5GAGEM5TS ) AN>*ISM MAY BE ( SOME RELEVANCE 9 SORT+ \T CONTEMPOR>Y PROBLEMS )9 AN>*ISM1 ESPECIALLY OV] ISSUES ( CULTURAL DIFF]5CE4 

,! DISCUSSION BEL[ DRAWS ON ?IS E>LY P]IOD ( AN>*ISM4 ,MY APPROA* MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS HI/ORICI/1 BY :I* ,I MEAN 9 ?IS CASE NOT A N>RATIVE ACC\NT ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A1 :I* IS AVAILABLE ELSE:]E1.<#a.> BUT RA!R AN ANALYSIS ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES )9 :I* AN>*ISM GA9$ A HE>+ & A FOLL[+1 :I* ALSO GAVE RISE TO CONFLICT+ 9T]PRETATIONS ( ITS MEAN+ & SIGNIFICANCE4 ,HI/ORICIZ+ AN>*ISM IS NECESS>Y TO C\NT] A T5D5CY1 BEG9N+ ) SOME ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 TO DISCOV] NATIVE S\RCES 7NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) RES\RCES7 ( AN>*ISM 9 ! DI/ANT ,*9ESE PA/4.<#b.> ,AS ,I WILL >GUE BEL[1 MO/ ( ?OSE :O ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S W]E DRAWN TO IT NOT BECAUSE ( SOME NATIVE PR$ISPOSITION BUT BECAUSE ( ITS CLAIM TO UNIV]SALISM4 ,SECONDLY1 ! 9DIG5- IZATION ( AN>*ISM IS NOT PRO( ( ITS 9DIG5EITY 7:I* RE/S ON A CIRCUL> >GUM5T71 BUT 9DICATES AN EF=T BY SOME AN>*I/S TO RELATE NATIVE 9TELLECTUAL LEGACIES TO AN ASSORTM5T ( IMPORT$ IDEAS ?AT ALREADY HAD COME TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! T]M 0AN>*Y0 9 ITS ,EUROPEAN ORIG9S4 ,:Y & H[ !Y DID SO >E IMPORTANT QUE/IONS ) !ORETICAL IMPLICATIONS ?AT GO BEYOND AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A1 BE>+ UPON ISSUES ( UNIV]SALISM & LOCALISM 9 AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE4 

,SUFFICE IT TO SAY H]E ?AT READ+S ( AN>*ISM ?AT E/ABLI%$ AN EQUIVAL5CE BETWE5 AN>*I/ IDEAS & NATIVE LEGACIES W]E NOT 9T5D$ TO P>O*IALIZE OR QUALIFY ! UNIV]SALI/ CLAIMS ( AN>*ISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! RE9V5TION ( NATIVE LEGACIES ?R\< AN>*I/ M$IATION IMPLI$ NOT ITS P>O*IALIZATION1 BUT A COMMITM5T TO ITS UNIV]SALISM4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT BOL/]$ AN>*I/ CLAIMS TO UNIV]SALITY BY APPROPRIAT+ IT = A SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONTEXT O!R ?AN ?AT 9 :I* IT HAD ORIG9AT$ HI/ORICALLY1 & ON ! O!R H& IT RESCU$ NATIVE IDEAS FROM !IR P>O*IALISM BY R5D]+ !M UNIV]SAL 9 !IR NEWF\ND /ATUS AS H>B+]S ( ,EURO-MOD]N AN>*ISM4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT VALUES DRAWN FROM ! PA/ W]E NO MORE ?AN PASSIVE OBJECTS ( MANIPULATION4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( AN>*ISM 9 NATIVE VALUES C\LD NOT BE ACCOMPLI%$ )\T A READ+ ( AN>*I/ !ORY ?AT RESONAT$ ) ?OSE VALUES4 ,IT DI/+UI%$ AN>*I/S ( ?IS P]SUASION FROM ?OSE :O W]E MORE EXPLICIT1 & LESS COMPROMIS+1 9 !IR COMMITM5T TO UNIV]SALISM4 ,IT ALSO OP5$ UP ! POSSIBILITY = A MORE DIALECTICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION ( ! LOCAL 7OR P>TICUL>7 & ! UNIV]SAL :I* REMA9$ UNFULFILL$ BECAUSE ! ASSIMILATION ( ! ONE TO ! O!R PRECLUD$ ATT5TIV5ESS TO QUE/IONS ( DIFF]5CE UPON :I* ANY DIALECTICAL RECONCEPTUALIZATION MU/ BE CONDITION$4 

,! ISSUES RAIS$ H]E BE> UPON A PROBLEM ?AT HAS BE5 RAIS$ BY REC5T DEBATES OV] PO/-/RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM3 H[ TO RECONCILE ! UNIV]SALI/ ASSUMPTIONS ( AN>*ISM ) LOCAL DIFF]5CES 7H]E 0LOCAL0 IS UND]/OOD 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS1 AS ,I WILL FUR!R 
DISCUSS BEL[74.<#c.> ,A CRITICAL GRASP ( ! QUE/IONS RAIS$ BY ?IS PROBLEM CALLS = A TWO-WAY HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS3 NOT JU/ TO F9D 9 ! PA/ ANTEC$5TS = ! PRES5T1 BUT ALSO TO EXPLORE ! WAYS 9 :I* !Y DIFF]$ FROM ! PRES5T & :AT ?AT MAY TELL US BO? AB\T PA/ ANTEC$5TS &1 P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANTLY1 AB\T CONTEMPOR>Y ?9K+ ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,= ANY CRITICAL ANALYSIS1 IT IS NOT JU/ ! PA/ ?AT NE$S TO BE HI/ORICIZ$ BUT ! PRES5T AS WELL4 

,! PO/-/RUCTURALI/ 9SI/5CE ON DIFF]5CE1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! UNIV]SALI/ ASSUMPTIONS ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM ) ITS HOMOG5IZ+ & ESS5TIALIZ+ PRESUPPOSITIONS1 IS IMPORTANT 9 C\NT]ACT+ R$UCTIONI/1 ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL ASSUMPTIONS ?AT 9=M UNIV]SALI/ CLAIMS 9 !ORY & POLITICAL PRACTICE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN ESCAPE 9TO DIFF]5CE1 IF UN*ECK$1 ULTIMATELY ABOLI%ES RADICAL CLAIMS ?AT RE/ UPON ! TRANS=MATIVE *ALL5GE ( UNIV]SALI/ GOALS & VISIONS4 ,! QUE/ION ( >TICULAT+ DIFF]5CE TO ! UNIV]SAL DEM&S ( POLITICAL VISION & !ORY 7OR VICE V]SA7 IS ONE ?AT P]TA9S TO ALL RADICAL POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES FROM ,M>XISM & FEM9ISM TO AN>*ISM4 ,IT IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT = AN>*ISM BECAUSE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PLACE ORI5TATION IMPLI$ BY AN>*I/ VISIONS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,! NE$ TO TRANSLATE IMPORT$ PHILOSOPHIES 9TO LOCAL CIRCUM/ANCES NE$ NOT IMPLY A CULTURALLY 9=M$ ASS]TION ( DIFF]5CE BUT MAY RA!R SUGGE/ A QUALIFICATION ( PA?S TO BE FOLL[$ AS DICTAT$ BY A COMPLEX ( LOCAL CIRCUM/ANCES 9 ! PURSUIT ( GOALS ?AT1 REG>DLESS ( !IR ORIG9S1 >E 5D[$ ) UNIV]SAL VALIDITY4 ,!SE CIRCUM/ANCES MAY RANGE FROM COLONIALISM TO DIFF]5CES 9 LOCAL CULTURAL PRACTICES ?AT MI<T DEM& A MODIFICATION ( PRACTICES -- P]HAPS TO REMA9 TRUE TO BASIC AN>*I/ IDEAS 7= EXAMPLE1 DEMOCRACY7 EV5 :ILE COMPROMIS+ O!RS 7= EXAMPLE1 EQUALITY74.<#d.> ,BUT ?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION ( H[ F> SU* A MODIFICATION CAN GO )\T R5D]+ BO? ! IDEA & ! PRACTICE 9COH]5T4 ,UNIV]SALISM S]VES 9 ?IS 9/ANCE AS A COMPASS ?AT ULTIMATELY GUIDES ! WAY TO DESIR$ SOCIAL & CULTURAL GOALS4 ,AS 9 ! CASE ( K9DR$ SOCIAL VISIONS 79CLUD+ ,M>XISM71 A UNIV]SAL VISION IS NECESS>Y TO AN>*ISM'S 9TEGRITY BO? AS SOCIAL PRACTICE & CONCEPT4 ,ON ! O!R H& SU* A VISION IS SU/A9ABLE ONLY IF IT IS ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE DIFF]5CE 9 ITS CONT5T1 :I* IS OP5 TO NEWCOM]S4 

,:AT SEEMS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y H9DSI<T AS COMPLIANCE 9 ! E?NO-UNIV]SALI/ HEGEMONY ( IDEAS ( ,EURO_/,AM]ICAN ORIG91 APPE>$ TO RADICALS UNTIL ONLY A FEW DECADES AGO AS A NECESSITY ( OV]COM+ ! HEGEMONY ( NATIVE PA/S ?AT HELD BACK PROGRESS4 ,IT WAS ?IS FAI? 9 UNIV]SALISM ?AT JU/IFI$ REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION4 ,ONE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 N[ & !N 9TELLECTUALLY IS ! RETREAT FROM UNIV]SALISM AMONG RADICALS1 :I* IS BY NO MEANS UNWELCOME1 BUT :I* ALSO PRES5TS ! PR$ICAM5T ( MAK+ !M 9DI/+UI%ABLE ON ISSUES ( CULTURE & CULTURAL DIFF]5CE FROM :AT 9 MORE REVOLUTION>Y TIMES HAD BE5 CONSID]$ CONS]VATIVE NATIVISM4 ,?IS IS A FEATURE ( ! CONDITION ( 0GLOBAL MOD]NITY10 OR MOD]NITY GLOBALIZ$1 :I* IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A FETI%IZATION ( DIFF]5CE1 
VISIBLE ON ! GLOBAL SC5E 9 A R5EW$ EMBRACE ( NATIVE LEGACIES ?AT UND] ! REGIME ( ,EURO-MOD]NITY HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ TO 9EVITABLE EXT9CTION4.<#e.> 

,I4 ,AN>*ISM 9 E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ,*9A 

,= REASONS ?AT %\LD BE OBVI\S1 ! QUE/ION ( UNIV]SALITY HAS LONG BE5 C5TRAL 9 RADICAL POLITICAL MOVEM5TS \TSIDE ( ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :I* [$ !IR 9SPIRATION TO RADICAL PHILOSOPHIES ?AT HAD TO BE 5GAG$ AS ALI5 IMPORTS4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,*9A1 ! MO/ EVID5T EXAMPLE ( ?IS K9D ( 5GAGEM5T WAS ! EF=T )9 ,*9ESE ,COMMUNISM1 BEG9N+ ) ,MAO ,Z$ONG1 0TO MAKE ,M>XISM ,*9ESE0 7,MAKESI ZHUYI ,ZHONGGUOHUA71 :I* C>RI$ A MU* MORE COMPLICAT$ MEAN+ UNTIL REC5TLY1 :5 ! ,P>TY-,/ATE DECID$ TO DEF9E IT )9 ! CONF9ES ( NATIONALISM4 ,SU* WAS ALSO ! CASE ) AN>*ISM 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY :]E IT TOOK ! =M ( CONFLICT+ 9T]PRETATIONS BETWE5 ?OSE :O VIEW$ AN>*ISM AS SCI5TIFIC TRU? ?AT CALL$ = REPUDIATION ( ! PA/ & ?OSE :O S\<T TO NATIVIZE IT BY PROJECT+ IT UPON ! IMP]IAL PA/4 ,/ILL O!RS TREAT$ IT AS AN ADD-ON1 A PHILOSOPHICAL ORI5TATION ?AT C\LD CO-EXI/ ) 9H]IT$ BELIEFS ) :I* IT SEEM$ TO HAVE AN AFF9ITY1 PRIM>ILY ,BUDDHISM & ,DAOISM4 ,AN>*I/ LOYALTIES OR BELIEFS1 MOREOV]1 DID NOT PRECLUDE ! PURSUIT ( NATIONAL GOALS EV5 = ?OSE :O =MALLY REJECT$ NATIONALISM4 

,AN>*ISM APPE>$ AS A DI/9CT CURR5T )9 ! EM]G5T SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AMONG ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS T[>D ! 5D ( ! ,Q+ ,DYNA/Y 7#a#f#d#d-#a#i#a#a71 9 ! MID/ ( A BURGEON+ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9SPIR$ BY NATIONALI/ CONC]NS4.<#f.> ,FOLL[+ ! ,BOX] ,UPRIS+ 9 #a#i1 ! ,Q+ DYNA/IC GOV]NM5T S5T /UD5TS ABROAD 9 L>GE NUMB]S AS P>T ( ITS RE=M MOVEM5T4 ,9 #a#i#f-#a#i#g1 TWO AN>*I/ GR\PS APPE>$ AMONG ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS ABROAD1 ONE 9 ,P>IS1 ! O!R 9 ,TOKYO4 ,! ,NEW ,WORLD ,SOCIETY1 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#f1 BEGAN 9 #aig TO PUBLI% A J\RNAL1 ,! ,NEW ,]A 7,X9 %IJI71 :I* = ! NEXT ?REE YE>S W\LD S]VE AS A MAJOR S\RCE ( AN>*I/ !ORY & 9=MATION ON ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE4 ,ITS GUID+ LI<T WAS ,LI ,%IZ5G 7#a#h#h#a-#a#i#e#d7 :O HAD GONE TO ,FRANCE TO /UDY BIOLOGY1 & CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM ?R\< HIS ACQUA9TANCE ) ! FAMILY ( ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ GEOGRAPH] ,ELISEE ,RECLUS4 ,! ,NEW ,]A PROMOT$ A REVOLUTION>Y FUTURI/IC AN>*ISM1 & WAS AMONG ! FIR/ ,*9ESE PUBLICATIONS TO OP5LY ATTACK NATIVE TRADITIONS1 9 P>TICUL>1 ,CONFUCIANISM4 

,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY E/ABLI%$ 9 ,TOKYO ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY1 ,! ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,SOCIALISM1 BY CONTRA/ PROMOT$ AN ANTI-MOD]NI/ AN>*ISM 9FLU5C$ BY ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 :I* /RESS$ ! AFF9ITY BETWE5 AN>*ISM & PHILOSOPHICAL CURR5TS 9 ! ,*9ESE PA/1 ESPECIALLY ,DAOISM4 ,L$ BY ! CLASSICAL S*OL> ,LIU ,%IPEI 7#a#h#h#d-#a#i#a#i7 & HIS WIFE1 ,HE ,ZH51 ?IS SOCIETY PUBLI%$ ITS [N J\RNALS1 ,NATURAL ,JU/ICE 7,TIANYI BAO7 & ,BALANCE 7,H5G BAO74 ,9T]E/+LY1 !SE ,TOKYO PUBLICATIONS EV9C$ A MORE RADICAL /ANCE ON CONTEMPOR>Y ISSUES ?AN !IR C\NT]P>T 9 ,P>IS1 ESPECIALLY ON ISSUES ( ANTIIMP]IALISM & FEM9ISM4 ,!IR PUBLICATIONS ALSO PROMOT$ ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS ON ! COMB9ATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY 9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & ! SOCIAL & E?ICAL B5EFITS ( COMB9+ M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR4 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,TOKYO WAS %ORT-LIV$4 ,LIU ,%IPEI LEFT ,TOKYO 9 #a#i#h1 SUSPECT$ ( BETRAY+ FELL[ REVOLUTION>IES TO ! ,Q+ GOV]NM5T4 ,! IDEAS ?AT ,TOKYO AN>*I/S PROMOT$ UND] HIS LEAD]%IP REMA9$ ON PAP]1 BUT !Y W]E TO HAVE A LA/+ 9FLU5CE 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM4 

,FOLL[+ ! #aiaa REVOLUTION ?AT REPLAC$ ! MON>*Y ) A REPUBLIC1 AN>*ISM GREW DEEP] ROOTS AMONG RADICALS ON ! ,*9ESE MA9L&1 :O SUFF]$ FROM POLICE 9T]F]5CE AS DID !IR C\NT]P>TS ELSE:]E1 BUT ALSO HAD GREAT] SPACE = ACTION 9 ! TURMOIL FOLL[+ ! FALL ( ! DYNA/Y4 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITY WAS VISIBLE 9 ! 9CIPI5T LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,S\? ,*9A4 ,P>IS AN>*I/S BR\<T !IR ACTIVITIES HOME1 & W]E ESPECIALLY 9FLU5TIAL 9 $UCATIONAL CIRCLES4 ,A NEW G5]ATION ( AN>*I/S APPE>$ 9 ,S\? ,*9A >\ND ! FIGURE ( AN ASSASS9 TURN$ AN>*I/1 ,LIU ,%IFU 7#a#h#h#d-#a#i#a#e71 BETT] KN[N BY HIS ADOPT$ NAME ( ,%IFU4 ,! ,COCK-,CR[ ,SOCIETY 7,HUIM+ XUE%E7 ?AT ,%IFU E/ABLI%$ 9 #aiab & ITS J\RNAL1 ,! ,PEOPLE'S ,VOICE 7,M9%5G71 S]V$ 9 ! MID #a#i#aS AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ORGANS ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A4 ,DESPITE SOME APP>5T AFF9ITY TO ,BUDDHISM 9 ! GR\P'S ACTIVITIES1 !SE AFF9ITIES DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE HAD ANY SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE ON ! AN>*ISM !Y ESP\S$4 ,%IFU PROMOT$ ! SOCIAL AN>*ISM ( ,KROPOTK91 & :ILE NOT A P>TICUL>LY ORIG9AL ?9K]1 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 HIS POLEMICS ) ! SOCIALI/ ,JIANG ,KAN<U 7#a#h#h#c-#a#i#e#d7 9 CL>IFY+ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 AN>*ISM 7PURE SOCIALISM7 & O!R CURR5TS 9 SOCIALISM4 ,IT WAS ABOVE ALL HIS S]I\SNESS ( PURPOSE ?AT IMPRESS$ HIS FOLL[]S & O!RS1 SO ?AT BY ! #a#i#bS HIS IDEAS W\LD A*IEVE ! /ATUS ( AN 0ISM10 ,%IFU'ISM4 ,%IFU DI$ 9 #aiae BUT HIS FOLL[]S C>RI$ ON ! ACTIVITIES ( ! SOCIETY HE HAD F\ND$4 

,A FEW WORDS >E 9 ORD] H]E CONC]N+ ,%IFU'S DEBATE ) O!R SOCIALI/S OV] ! NATURE & L9EAGES ( SOCIALISM4 ,%IFU'S POLEMICS W]E MA9LY DIRECT$ AT ,JIANG ,KAN<U1 BUT !Y ALSO T>GET$ ! SOCIALISM ( ,SUN ,YAT-S5 & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE1 PR$ECESSOR TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 :I* WAS KEPT ALIVE BY ,SUN AFT] #a#i#a#a1 AS WELL AS ! PURE SOCIALISM CLAIM$ BY ! LIKES ( ,TAIXU1 AN AN>*I/ ,BUDDHI/ MONK & ONE-TIME ABBOT ( ! FAM$ ,NANPUTUO TEMPLE 9 ,XIAM54 ,:ILE ! POLEMICS MAY BE SE5 AS A BID = 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP OV] ! BURGEON+ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 7IF NOT %E] FRU/RATION AT ! REIGN+ CONFUSION OV] SOCIALISM :I* M>R$ ALL SOCIALLY-ORI5T$ POLITICS71 9 ! PROCESS IT CL>IFI$ DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 MAJOR TR5DS 9 SOCIALISM & !IR IDEOLOGICAL L9EAGES4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ,%IFU VIEW$ AN>*ISM 7OR MORE PRECISELY1 AN>*O-COMMUNISM7 AS ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE /RATEGY & HI<E/ GOAL ( SOCIALISM BECAUSE IT T>GET$ NOT ONLY SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES BUT ALSO ! P>T PLAY$ BY AU?ORITY RELATIONS -- NOT JU/ BY ! /ATE BUT ALSO BY ! FAMILY -- 9 9EQUALITY & OPPRESSION4 ,UNTIL ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! T]M 0COMMUNISM0 W\LD BE ASSOCIAT$ MO/ CLOSELY ) AN>*ISM4.<#g.> 

,BY ! MID #a#i#aS1 $UCATIONAL RE=M ACTIVITIES HAD GOTT5 UND]WAY 9 ,BEIJ+ ?AT W\LD CULM9ATE 9 ! ,NEW ,CULTURE ,MOVEM5T ( ! LATE #a#i#aS & E>LY #a#i#bS1 & :I* WAS LAT] TO PLAY A SEM9AL ROLE DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,PROLET>IAN ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION 9 MOD]N ,*9A4 ,P>IS AN>*I/S & !IR ASSOCIATES PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 !SE RE=MS2 !Y W]E JO9$ 5?USIA/ICALLY BY ! Y\NG] AN>*I/S :O HAD RECEIV$ !IR TRA9+ UND] ,%IFU'S TUTELAGE4 ,AN>*I/ IDEAS ON ! FAMILY1 Y\? & WOM51 ! COMMUNAL EXP]IM5TS ?AT !Y PROMOT$1 & !IR CONC]N = LABOR ACQUIR$ BROAD CURR5CY 9 ! CULTURE ( A NEW G5]ATION1 EV5 ?\< NOT MANY W]E AW>E ( !IR AN>*I/ ORIG9S )9 ! ,*9ESE CONTEXT4 ,AMONG ?OSE TO COME UND] AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE WAS ,MAO ,Z$ONG :O1 LIKE MANY LAT] ,BOL%EVIKS1 EXPRESS$ 5?USIASM AT ?IS TIME = ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/S & !IR IDEAS4 ,AN>*I/S ALSO PLAY$ A P>T 9 ! F\ND+ ( ! FIR/ ,BOL%EVIK GR\PS 9 ,*9A1 
CULM9AT+ 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#b#a1 :I* GRADUALLY OV]%AD[$ ! AN>*I/S & M>G9ALIZ$ !M 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM4.<#h.> 

,BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 AN>*ISM 5T]$ A DECL9E FROM :I* IT W\LD NOT RECOV]4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 AN>*I/S >\ND ! WORLD F\ND A =MIDABLE COMPETITOR ON ! LEFT2 ,BOL%EVIK COMMUNI/S :O COMM&$ BETT] ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITIES1 W]E MORE EFFECTIVE !RE=E 9 ORGANIZ+ ! GR[+ LABOR MOVEM5TS1 &1 NOT 9CID5TALLY1 RECEIV$ BACK+ FROM ! NEW ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,COMPETITION FROM ,BOL%EVISM PROV$ TO BE DEBILITAT+4 ,BY #a#i#b#g1 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 9 !IR ANTI-,BOL%EVISM1 DEVOT$ !IR EF=TS MA9LY TO FI<T+ ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGICAL & LABOR ACTIVITY1 SOME ( !M 9 COLLUSION ) ! MO/ REACTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 ,*9ESE POLITICS4 

,DESPITE ?IS DECL9E1 AN>*ISM W\LD HAVE A LA/+ 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE POLITICALLY IRRELEVANT AFT] ! MID #a#i#bS1 AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO BE ACTIVE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,S\? ,*9A1 :]E !Y CONT9U$ TO *ALL5GE ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,AFT] #a#i#c#g1 DUR+ ! ,ANTI-,JAPANESE ,RESI/ANCE ,W>1 AN>*I/S 9 ,SI*UAN1 9 ,WE/]N ,*9A1 AGITAT$ = POPUL> MOBILIZATION 9 ! CONDUCT ( ! ,W>4 ,SOME ,*9ESE AN>*I/S W\LD ALSO P>TICIPATE 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> AGA9/ ! =CES ( ,FASCISM4.<#i.> 

,MORE SIGNIFICANT 9 ! LONG RUN W]E CULTURAL & $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES4 ,9 ! CULTURAL >5A1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS W]E ?OSE ( ! NOVELI/ ,LI ,FEIGAN 7,BAJ97 7#a#i#d-#b#e71 :O = A LONG TIME WAS ! ONLY ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ( /ATURE FAMILI> TO AN>*I/ CIRCLES ABROAD4 ,EQUALLY 9T]E/+ IS ! C>E] ( ,LI ,%IZ5G1 ONE ( ! F\NDATIONAL FIGURES ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A1 :O 9 ! #a#i#cS TURN$ HIS ATT5TION TO ! /UDY ( MIGRANT SOCIETIES UND] ! RUBRIC ( QIAOLOGIE1 :I* MAY BE/ BE R5D]$ AS 0DIASPOROL- OGY40 ,9T]E/+LY1 DESPITE HIS CLOSE ASSOCIATION ) ! NATIONALI/ICALLY-OBSESS$ ,GUOM9DANG RI<T1 ,LI SAW 9 MIGRANT SOCIETIES A KEY TO ! COSMOPOLITANISM REQUIR$ BY A NEW WORLD4.<#a.> 

,P>IS AN>*I/S US$ !IR 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 :]E !Y CON/ITUT$ ! RI<T-W+ DUE TO !IR ANTI-,COMMUNISM1 TO E/ABLI% A ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 7,LAODONG DAXUE7 9 ,%AN<AI 9 #a#i#b#g1 :I* = A P]IOD ( FIVE YE>S S\<T TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE ! AN>*I/ BELIEF 9 ! NECESSITY ( COMB9+ M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR 9 $UCATION4.<#a#a.> ,?IS BELIEF1 & ! ,KROPOTK9ITE 9SI/5CE ON COMB9+ AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 HAD BECOME P>T ( RADICAL CULTURE DUR+ ! ,NEW ,CULTURE ,MOVEM5T4 ,BO? W\LD REAPPE> AFT] #aidi DUR+ EF=TS TO REJUV5ATE ! PROMISES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY DUR+ ! #b-YE> P]IOD FROM #aief TO #aigf ?AT IS DISMISS$ !SE DAYS AS A P]IOD ( DEVIATIONS FROM SOCIALISM DUE TO ! MISDE$S ( ! ,GREAT ,PROLET>IAN ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,DUR+ ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,MAO HIMSELF W\LD CRITICIZE SEV]AL RADICAL GR\PS 9VOLV$ ) ! ,%AN<AI ,COMMUNE ( ,JANU>Y #aifg & ! ,%5GWULIAN 9 
,HUNAN ,PROV9CE = !IR AN>*ISM4.<#a#b.> ,! RE=M LEAD]%IP AFT] #ai< HAS APPLI$ ! T]M 0AN>*I/0 TO ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE1 GIV5 ! PA/ 5TANGLEM5TS ( ,M>XI/ ) AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 ?AT !SE *>GES W]E NOT M]ELY A D]OGATORY R$UCTION ( AN>*ISM TO *AOS1 BUT RECALL C]TA9 RADICAL T5D5CIES ?AT HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ 9 ,*9ESE SOCIALISM ) AN>*ISM4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTIONS TO ,*9ESE RADICALISM W\LD \TLA/ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 & W\LD APPE> AFT] #aidi AS IMPORTANT ELEM5TS 9 ! CONFLICTS OV] ,BOL%EVIK BUREAUCRATISM )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ITSELF4 

,I,I4 ,LEGACIES 

,:AT >E ! LEGACIES ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A FROM :AT WE MI<T DESCRIBE AS ITS GOLD5 AGE8 ,I HAVE 9 M9D H]E NOT LEGACIES AS MODELS LEFT BEH9D BY SU* EXEMPL>Y 9DIVIDUALS AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ,LIU ,%IFU1 :OSE RECTITUDE AS AN AN>*I/ MOV$ ! ,P>IS AN>*I/ ,WU ,ZHIHUI TO WRITE ?AT IF EMULAT$ BY O!RS1 IT W\LD SPE$ UP ! REALIZATION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY FROM #c TO ONLY #a YE>S4.<#a#c.> ,RA!R1 ,I HAVE 9 M9D ! V>IETIES ( SOCIAL VISIONS ?AT ATTRACT$ !M1 & :I* !Y PROPAGAT$1 IF NOT PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,& :ILE MY IMM$IATE CONC]N IS ) ,*9A1 #a YE>S LAT] !SE LEGACIES /ILL HAVE GLOBAL RELEVANCE4 ,EV5 AS AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A WAS T9T$ ) LOCAL FEATURES OR SOMETIMES EV5 GIV5 A ,*9ESE FACE1 IT CONFIRM$ ! UNIV]SAL CLAIMS ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*ISM 9 ITS V>IETY4 

,! >TICULATION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS TO LOCAL CONC]NS1 & ! DIFF]5CES 9 WAYS ( DO+ SO1 IS ONE QUE/ION ?AT MAY BE ( F> GREAT] 9T]E/ 9 \R DAY ?AN 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES AMONG ,*9ESE AN>*I/S W]E VISIBLE 9 ! DIFF]5T READ+S !Y PLAC$ ON AN>*ISM &1 BY IMPLICATION1 ON ! QUE/ION ( ITS RELATION%IP TO ,*9ESE CULTURAL LEGACIES1 :I* W]E !MSELVES 9 ! PROCESS ( RADICAL REEVALUATION 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! ,P>IS AN>*I/S W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ANTI-MON>*ICAL ACTIVITIES ( ! EM]G5T ,GUOM9DANG1 BUT DISPLAY$ LITTLE PATI5CE = NATIVE PHILOSOPHICAL LEGACIES4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y1 H[EV]1 ?AT !IR AN>*ISM DID NOT PRECLUDE ! POSSIBILITY ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 NATIONAL & NATIONALI/ /RUGGLES4 ,RESOLUTELY MOD]NI/1 !Y FETI%IZ$ SCI5CE & CALL$ = A CULTURAL REVOLUTION 7!Y W]E ! FIR/ AMONG ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>IES TO CALL = A 0,CONFUCIUS ,REVOLUTION074.<#a#d.> 

,! /RATEGY ( REVOLUTION :I* ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S FAVOR$ WAS UNIV]SAL $UCATION TO REMAKE ! ,*9ESE POPULATION4 ,?IS WAS ALSO ! /RATEGY !Y FAVOR$ 9 LAT] YE>S AS P[]FUL MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,:ILE UNQUE/ION+LY UNIV]SALI/1 H[EV]1 !IR ACTIVITIES W]E V]Y MU* 9 TUNE ) A P]VASIVE FEEL+ 9 ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL CIRCLES CONC]N+ ! NECESSITY ( SCI5TIFIC $UCATION = ! TASK ( NATION BUILD+4 ,!Y W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 E/ABLI%+ ! WORK-/UDY PROGRAMS ?AT 5ABL$ ,*9ESE /UD5TS TO ACQUIRE AN $UCATION 9 ,EUROPE1 PRIM>ILY ,FRANCE4 ,9 RETURN1 !Y FACILITAT$ ! RECRUITM5T ( ,*9ESE LABOR]S TO FILL A LABOR %ORTAGE OCCASION$ BY 
,WORLD ,W> ,I4.<#a#e.> ,9 5SU+ YE>S1 !Y W]E ALSO RESPONSIBLE = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,%AN<AI1 :I* (F]$ A CURRICULUM ?AT COMB9$ CLASSROOM $UCATION ) 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL WORK 7A DOME/IC P>ALLEL TO ! WORK-/UDY PROGRAM ( ,EUROPE74 ,! GOAL ( ! UNIV]SITY WAS NOT ONLY TO PROVIDE AN $UCATION = NE$Y /UD5TS1 BUT ALSO TO HELP OV]COME ?R\< $UCATION ! DIVISION BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR :I* AN>*I/S BELIEV$ TO BE A FUNDAM5TAL S\RCE ( 9EQUALITY1 HI]>*Y & /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY4 ,?\< %ORT-LIV$ 7OPPON5TS 9 ! LIB]AL $UCATIONAL E/ABLI%M5T TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAMPUS BY ! ,JAPANESE ATTACK ON ,%AN<AI 9 #aicb TO %UT IT D[N71 IT NOT ONLY RESONAT$ ) SIMIL> EXP]IM5TS >\ND ! WORLD AT ! TIME1 IT POSSIBLY PROVID$ 9SPIRATION = A V>IETY ( LABOR UNIV]SITIES TO BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 LAT] YE>S4.<#a#f.> 

,MORE COMPLICAT$1 & ( EV5 GREAT] 9T]E/ FROM \R CONTEMPOR>Y P]SPECTIVE1 WAS ! ATTITUDE T[>D NATIVE LEGACIES ( ! ,TOKYO AN>*I/S :O1 9 CONTRA/ TO !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,P>IS1 PROMOT$ AN ANTI-MOD]NI/ AN>*ISM4 ,LIU ,%IPEI HAD MADE HIS FAME AS A CLASSICAL S*OL> BE=E HE BECAME AN AN>*I/1 & WAS A LEAD+ LI<T ( ! NATIONAL ESS5CE GR\P ?AT ADVOCAT$ A RE=MULATION ( RECEIV$ CULTURE 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,*9A AS A NATION4 ,SEEM+LY CONS]VATIVE1 ! SE>* = A NATIONAL ESS5CE ALSO HAD SUBV]SIVE IMPLICATIONS 9 ITS RECON/RUCTION ( ! PA/ BECAUSE IT S\<T TO =MULATE \T ( PA/ LEGACIES A NATIONAL ESS5CE ?AT C\LD BE US$ TO *ALL5GE ! CONTEMPOR>Y /ATUS QUO4 ,!IR 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! ,*9ESE PA/ DREW HEAVILY ON ! 9SPIRATION ( CONTEMPOR>Y !ORIES ( PROGRESS & SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 SOCIAL 7ESPECIALLY G5D]7 EGALIT>IANISM & ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU'S IDEAS ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT4.<#a#g.> ,LIU ,%IPEI DID NOT HESITATE TO F9D ANALOGIES BETWE5 ! ,*9ESE & ,EUROPEAN PA/S1 AS 9 HIS COMP>ISONS BETWE5 ! CULTURAL EFFLORESC5CE ( ! LATE ,ZH\ DYNA/Y 7R\<LY SIX?-?IRD C5TURIES ,B,C7 & ! ,EUROPEAN ,R5AISSANCE4.<#a#h.> ,9DE$1 NATIONAL ESS5CE WRIT]S CALL$ = A R5AISSANCE 9 ANCI5T VALUES BE=E !Y C\LD BE R5D]$ SUITABLE TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y AGE4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT AN>*ISM (F]$ TO ,LIU AN 9TELLECTUAL MEANS TO SU* A R5AISSANCE4 ,ONE IMPORTANT ASPECT ( SU* A R5AISSANCE WAS 9 G5D] RELATIONS4 ,) ! GUIDANCE ( HIS WIFE ,HE ,ZH51 ,TIANYI BAO 7,NATURAL ,JU/ICE71 ! J\RNAL ( ! ,TOKYO AN>*I/S1 EM]G$ AS ONE ( ! FIR/ J\RNALS ADDRESS+ ! QUE/ION ( WOM5'S EQUALITY4.<#a#i.> 

,! NATIONAL ESS5CE /ANCE ON ! QUE/ION ( 9TELLECTUALS MAY ALSO BE IMPORTANT 9 ASSESS+ ,LIU'S AN>*ISM4 ,NATIONAL ESS5CE WRIT]S DISCOV]$ ! S\RCES ( ,*9ESE CULTURE 9 ! LATE ,ZH\ DYNA/Y 7CIRCA #a#a-#b#f ,B,C71 :5 ! UNPREC$5T$ FRE$OM 5JOY$ BY 9TELLECTUALS HAD L$ TO ! CULTURAL CREATIVITY :I* HELP$ TO =M A NATIONAL ESS5CE4 ,AL?\< ?IS FRE$OM HAD BE5 CURTAIL$ OV] ! 5SU+ TWO MILL5NIA ( IMP]IAL RULE1 IT HAD NEV] BE5 EXT+UI%$4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ WAS A NEW R5AISSANCE TO REJUV5ATE IT4 
,9TELLECTUALS 9 ?IS VIEW HELD A SPECIAL PLACE 9 SOCIETY AS ! C>RI]S ( A NATIONAL ESS5CE1 & !IR FRE$OM FROM POLITICAL CONTROL WAS KEY TO !IR ABILITY TO C>RY \T ?IS TASK4.<#b.> ,= SOMEONE LIKE ,LIU1 ! AN>*I/ P]SUASION BR\<T AB\T A GREAT] CONSCI\SNESS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 G5]AL1 BUT ! VIEWS ON ! ROLE ( 9TELLECTUALS 9 SOCIETY ?AT HE BR\<T TO HIS AN>*ISM MAY HAVE BE5 RESPONSIBLE = HIS ABILITY TO DISCOV] AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE PA/1 :I* REPRES5T$ MORE ( AN 9TELLECTUAL ?AN A POPUL> LEGACY4 

,LIU'S APPROA* TO AN>*ISM S\<T TO E/ABLI% ANALOGIES BETWE5 MOD]N AN>*ISM & CURR5TS ( NATIVE ?\<T4 ,9DE$1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT ,*9ESE ?\<T CAME CLOS] TO UPHOLD+ AN>*I/ SOCIAL IDEALS ?AN ITS C\NT]P>TS ELSE:]E4 ,9 A SPEE* AT ! 9AUGURAL MEET+ ( ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,SOCIALISM 9 ,TOKYO 9 #a#i#g1 ,LIU /AT$ ?AT ?\< ! IMP]IAL POLITICAL SY/EM HAD BE5 DESPOTIC 9 APPE>ANCE1 ! P[] ( ! GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 REMOTE FROM ! LIVES ( ! PEOPLE1 :O ?US HAD CONSID]ABLE FRE$OM FROM POLITICS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ADVOCACY ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE GOV]NM5T BY ,CONFUCIANISM & ,DAOISM HAD HELP$ M9IMIZE GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION 9 SOCIETY4 ,AS A RESULT1 HE CONCLUD$1 ,*9A WAS MORE LIKELY ?AN O!R SOCIETIES TO A*IEVE AN>*ISM4 ,9 FACT1 HE IMPLI$ ?AT IF ONLY ! ,*9ESE PEOPLE C\LD BE PURG$ ( !IR HABITS ( OB$I5CE 7HE DID NOT SAY :]E ?OSE CAME FROM71 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY C\LD BE A*IEV$ 9 ,*9A 9 ! V]Y NE> FUTURE4.<#b#a.> ,! FIF? ISSUE ( ,NATURAL ,JU/ICE C>RI$ A PICTURE ( ,LAOZI AS ! FA!R ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A4 ,9 =MULAT+ HIS UTOPIAN S*EME1 ,LIU ACKN[L$G$ HIS DEBT TO ,XU ,X+1 AN AGR>IAN UTOPIAN ( ! ?IRD C5TURY ,B,C1 :O HAD ADVOCAT$ RURAL LIFE AS ! IDEAL LIFE & PROMOT$ ! VIRTUES ( MANUAL LABOR BY ALL )\T DI/9CTION1 9CLUD+ ! EMP]OR4 ,LIU NOT$ ?AT :]EAS HE HIMSELF ADVOCAT$ COOP]ATION1 ,XU HAD PROMOT$ SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 BUT O!RWISE HE SAW NO SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,XU'S IDEAS & HIS [N4.<#b#b.> 

,AMONG ,WE/]N AN>*I/S1 ,LIU F\ND 9 ,TOL/OY CONFIRMATION ( ! IDEALS ?AT HE HAD DISCOV]$ 9 NATIVE S\RCES4.<#b#c.> ,LIKE ,TOL/OY1 HE IDEALIZ$ RURAL LIFE & MANUAL LABOR & OPPOS$ A COMM]CIALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ,*9ESE SOCIETY HAD BEGUN TO DEG5]ATE ) ! EM]G5CE ( A MONEY ECONOMY DUR+ ! LATE ,ZH\4 ,! MONEY ECONOMY HAD L$ TO ! /R5G!N+ ( DESPOTISM4 ,COMM]CIALIZATION HAD L$ TO ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( MANY1 PROMPT+ GOV]NM5T EF=TS TO E/ABLI% CONTROLS OV] L&4 ,LIU ALMO/ C]TA9LY HAD ,SUN ,YAT- S5'S 0EQUALIZATION ( L& RI<TS0 9 M9D :5 HE DESCRIB$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T AS ONE ?AT 5HANC$ DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T4 ,HIS SUSPICION ( ! COMM]CIAL ECONOMY ALSO UND]LAY HIS HO/ILITY TO REC5T *ANGES 9 ,*9ESE SOCIETY4 ,HE EMPHASIZ$ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! RURAL ECONOMY UND] PRESSURE FROM ,WE/]N COMM]CE & ! 5SU+ CRISIS ?IS HAD CREAT$ = ! PEASANTRY4 ,HE ALSO EXPRESS$ A /RONG DISLIKE = ! K9D ( URBANIZATION REPRES5T$ BY ,%AN<AI'S COLONIAL MOD]NITY AS A MORAL S9K :]E M5 DEG5]AT$ 9TO ?IEVES & WOM5 9TO PRO/ITUTES4.<#b#d.> ,LIU FAVOR$ ! K9D ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT S\<T TO OV]COME SU* DEG5]ATION & FELT ?AT HE HAD F\ND IT 9 ,KROPOTK9'S SUGGE/ION ( COMB9+ AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 ?US PREV5T+ ! ALI5ATION ( RURAL FROM URBAN LIFE AS HAPP5$ 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 

,AN>*ISM WAS ALSO 5TANGL$ 9 ITS RECEPTION 9 ! LATE ,Q+ 9 A REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 ,BUDDHISM4 ,NOT ONLY W]E !RE ,BUDDHI/ MONKS AMONG ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 BUT ! ,GUANGDONG AN>*I/S L$ BY ,%IFU DISPLAY$ MORE ?AN A CASUAL 9T]E/ 9 ,BUDDHISM4 ,YET !IR 9T]E/ DID NOT SEEM TO 9T]F]E ) ! UNIV]SALI/ GOALS ( AN>*ISM4 ,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE ?AT ,BUDDHISM CONFIRM$ !IR AN>*ISM4 ,LIU'S FOLL[]S NOT ONLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES1 SOME ( !M 9 9/ITUTIONS 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S1 BUT ALSO 9 LABOR ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,GUANGZH\1 !IR HOME T[N1 :]E ,LIU'S BRO!R1 ,LIU ,%IX91 PLAY$ A PROM95T P>T4 ,!IR LABOR ACTIVITIES W]E 5TANGL$ 9 LOCAL SOCIAL WEBS1 ) P>TICIPANTS 9CLUD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG AS WELL AS MORE TRADITIONAL SECRET SOCIETY ASSOCIATIONS4 ,!SE ASSOCIATIONS MAY HAVE RE9=C$ !IR HO/ILITY TO ! ,BOL%EVIK ,COMMUNI/S :O BY ! MID #a#i#bS W]E ON !IR WAY TO TAK+ OV] LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS WELL AS LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,!IR ACTIVITIES W\LD 9 ! 5D PLAY 9TO ! H&S ( ! V]Y =CES ?AT AN>*I/S !MSELVES S\<T TO OV]?R[4 ,!SE ACTIVITIES1 ! DETAILS ( :I* >E PRES5TLY LO/ FROM VIEW1 PO9T TO BO? ! NECESSITY & ! PR$ICAM5T ( LOCALIZ$ POLITICS4 ,! IMM$IATE PO9T H]E IS ?AT NEI!R ASSOCIATION ) ,BUDDHISM1 NOR LOCALIZ$ ACTIVITY1 PRECLUD$ UNIV]SALI/ COMMITM5TS4 

,EF=TS TO F9D SOME K9D ( EQUIVAL5CE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & NATIVE ,*9ESE PHILOSOPHIES GRADUALLY DECL9$ AMONG A NEW] G5]ATION ?AT WAS N\RI%$ BY ! ANTITRADITIONALISM ( ! ,NEW ,CULTURE ,MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#bS4 ,IT IS TEMPT+1 9 LI<T ( !SE E>LY EF=TS1 TO CONCLUDE ?AT !RE WAS 9DE$ SOME RESONANCE BETWE5 NATIVE PHILOSOPHICAL LEGACIES & AN>*ISM ?AT FACILITAT$ ,Q+ 9TELLECTUALS' ATTRACTION TO AN>*ISM4 ,?IS OBVI\SLY WAS NOT ! CASE = ALL AN>*I/S1 SOME ( :OM W]E ATTRACT$ TO AN>*ISM = EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE REASON3 ITS PROMISE ( REVOLUTION>Y1 CULTURAL & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 9SPIR$ BY IMPORT$ AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,C>E NE$S TO BE EX]CIS$ EV5 9 ! CASE ( ?OSE :O S\<T TO F9D SOME AFF9ITY BETWE5 RECEIV$ PHILOSOPHIES & AN>*ISM4 ,TRANSLATION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9TO NATIVE CONCEPTS & PRACTICES MAY HAVE HELP$ FAMILI>IZE ?OSE IDEAS1 BUT IT ALSO REQUIR$ RE-READ+ NATIVE TEXTS & 5D[+ !M ) A NEW MEAN+1 9 EFFECT DE-FAMILI>IZ+ NATIVE LEGACIES4 ,! RE-READ+ ( ! PA/ WAS 9T5D$ NOT TO PO9T ! WAY T[>DS RE/ORATION ( ! IMAG9$ PRACTICES ( ! PA/ BUT RA!R SOCIAL TRANS=MATION T[>DS A FUTURE ( :I* ! PA/ W\LD BE ONE ELEM5T AMONG O!RS1 NO LESS MOD]N = ITS HELP 9 BR++ MOD]NITY UND] CONTROL4 

,I,I,I4 ,PO/AN>*ISM_/AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A 

,! M>G9ALIZATION ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION AFT] ! MID #a#i#bS DID NOT MEAN ?AT ! ISSUES !Y HAD 9TRODUC$ 9TO REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+ W]E M>G9ALIZ$ ALONG ) IT4 ,! IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION CAME TO BE %>$ WIDELY AMONG REVOLUTION>IES BY ! #a#i#bS1 ) REF]5CE TO RE/RUCTUR+ K9%IP RELATIONS1 TRANS=M+ CLASS & G5D] RELATIONS & A CULTURAL REVOLUTION TO *ANGE SOCIAL HABITS AS WELL AS WAYS ( ?9K+4 ,! COMB9ATION ( M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR 9 $UCATION AS A MEANS TO !SE SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y 5DS W\LD EM]GE 9 LAT] YE>S AS A HALLM>K ( ,MAOI/ REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+4 ,SO W\LD ! IDEA ( COMB9+ AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY 9 DEVELOPM5T1 NOT JU/ 9 ,MAOI/ YE>S BUT 9 ! SMALL T[N DEVELOPM5T MODEL PURSU$ UNTIL ! MID #a#i#iS4.<#b#e.> ,IF !SE IDEAS 
>E NOT EXCLUSIVELY AN>*I/1 IT WAS NEV]!LESS ! AN>*I/S :O PLAC$ !M ON ! REVOLUTION>Y AG5DA 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY4 ,BUT ! ORIG9S ( !SE IDEAS W]E =GOTT5 AS !Y CAME TO BE APPROPRIAT$ = O!R /RATEGIES ( REVOLUTION4 

,AN>*I/ VISIONS 9 ,*9A W]E D]IVATIVE ( ! CLASSICAL AN>*ISM ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 ,KROPOTK9ITE SOCIAL AN>*ISM ?AT REPUDIAT$ CAPITALISM & PUT SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION AT ! C5T] ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,SOME ( ,%IFU'S FOLL[]S 9 ! #a#i#bS DID NOT S\ND V]Y DIFF]5T FROM !IR ,M>XI/ C\NT]P>TS 9 ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ 7#a#i#b#a7 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY2 9DE$ ,MAOI/ POLICIES ON COMB9+ M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR 9 $UCATION OR 9TEGRAT+ AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY W\LD RESONATE ) AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y GOALS & ME?ODS4 ,! DIFF]5CES1 H[EV]1 PROV$ TO BE MORE SIGNIFICANT 9 DET]M9+ ! RELATION%IP ( ! TWO GR\PS4 ,AN>*I/S REJECT$ ! /ATE 7AT LEA/ 9 !ORY71 & ES*EW$ POLITICS DIRECT$ AT ! CAPTURE ( /ATE P[]4 ,!Y 9SI/$ ON CONGRU5CE BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y MEANS & 5DS1 & REPUDIAT$ ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATION AS ! H>B+] ( A NEW =M ( DESPOTISM4 ,:ILE !Y W]E ATT5TIVE TO LABOR]S1 !IR IDEAL GAVE EV5 GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE 9 SOCIAL *ANGE TO QUE/IONS ( Y\?1 WOM5 & ! FAMILY4 ,& :ILE !Y W]E BY NO MEANS IMMUNE TO ! ATTRACTIONS ( POLITICAL !ATRICS1 !Y VIEW$ ! A*IEVEM5T ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY AS A LONG PROCESS 9 :I* $UCATION W\LD PLAY A FUNDAM5TAL ROLE 9 RE/OR+ ! NATURAL HUMAN PROP5SITY = GOODNESS & SOCIABILITY ?AT !Y BELIEV$ HAD BE5 DI/ORT$ BY A LONG HI/ORY ( AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,AN>*I/S CAME CLOSE/ TO REALIZ+ !IR GOALS 9 ! >EA ( $UCATION EV5 IF !Y W]E COMPROMIS$ BY !IR RELIANCE ON ! DICTATORIAL ,GUOM9DANG /ATE & FRAGILE P]SONAL RELATION%IPS :I* W]E 9 ! 5D UNABLE TO SU/A9 !IR $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS4 

,I AM NOT CONC]N$ H]E ) ! SUCCESSES OR FAILURES ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A4 ,AN>*ISM 9 G5]AL DOES NOT L5D ITSELF TO UNEQUIVOCAL JUDGM5T ON !SE C\NTS4 ,9DIVIDUAL AN>*I/S MAY BE JUDG$ 9 T]MS ( !IR CONSI/5CY1 !IR S]I\SNESS & !IR LOYALTY TO ! PR9CIPLES !Y UPHELD4 ,IT IS EASY 5\< TO CONDEMN SOMEONE LIKE ,LIU ,%IPEI = HIS FICKL5ESS1 IF NOT DUPLICITY1 JU/ AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO LAUD AN AN>*I/ LIKE ,LIU ,%IFU = HIS S]I\SNESS ( PURPOSE1 :I* MADE HIM 9TO A MODEL AMONG AN>*I/S4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y TO RECOGNIZE ! CONTRADICTORY DEM&S ON ! AN>*I/S ( !IR AN>*I/ COMMITM5TS ON ! ONE H& & ! CULTURAL & IDEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ( !IR 5VIRONM5T ON ! O!R -- AS ) NATIONALISM1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT WAS AT ONCE AN OBJECT ( AN>*I/ CRITICISM & A =MATIVE MOM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS4 ,SOME AN>*I/S W]E MEMB]S ( NATIONALI/ REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS EV5 AS !Y REPUDIAT$ NATIONALISM4 ,CRITICISM ( ! FAMILY 9 PR9CIPLE1 ANO!R IMPORTANT CONC]N ( REVOLUTION>IES1 DID NOT AUTOMATICALLY MEAN ! T]M9ATION ( FAMILY TIES2 ,LIU ,%IFU'S AN>*I/ COMMUNITY CONSI/$ PRIM>ILY ( HIS SIBL+S4 ,GIV5 ! ADV]SITIES ( !IR SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONTEXT1 MOREOV]1 AN>*I/S PROV$ TO BE QUITE T5ACI\S 9 !IR COMMITM5TS4 ,SO LONG AS ! REVOLUTION REMA9$ MULTI-DIM5SIONAL 9 GOALS & POPUL> 9 CON/ITU5CY1 AN>*I/S MADE !IR PRES5CE FELT BO? IDEOLOGICALLY & 9 ! PURSUIT ( !IR PROJECTS4 ,IT WAS :5 ! REVOLUTION TURN$ 9TO A POLITICAL CONTE/ BETWE5 TWO C5TRALIZ$ & >M$ ORGANIZATIONS 7! ,GUOM9DANG & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY7 ?AT AN>*ISM WAS SQUEEZ$ \T ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,AN>*I/ PROJECTS >E EV5 MORE DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE 9 T]MS ( SUCCESS OR FAILURE4 ,!RE >E NO M>K]S 7SU* AS ! CONQUE/ ( /ATE P[]7 TO PROVIDE UNAMBIGU\S CRIT]IA = SU* JUDGM5TS4 ,IT IS BO? A /R5G? & A WEAKNESS ( AN>*ISM ?AT IT IS MORE A PRACTICE ?AN AN EASILY DEF9ABLE PROGRAM ) A TELEOLOGICAL TIMEL9E E/ABLI%$ BY !ORY4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! CREATION ( AN 9/ITUTION SU* AS ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,%AN<AI WAS A MAJOR SUCCESS4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO ONLY A BEG9N+ ( A LONG >DU\S PROCESS ( SOCIAL 
TRANS=MATION ?R\< $UCATION4 ,IT MAY ALSO BE ADJUDG$ A FAILURE 9 ITS DEP5D5CE ON ! /ATE ?R\< P]SONAL RELATION%IPS1 :I* CURTAIL$ ITS AUTONOMY & R5D]$ IT 9TO P>T ( ! PROJECT = /ATE DEVELOPM5T1 VULN]ABLE TO CONFLICTS OV] ! DIRECTION DEVELOPM5T %\LD TAKE4 

,9T]E/+LY1 ?IS W\LD BE ! FATE ALSO ( SIMIL> ,MAOI/ ATTEMPTS TO 9TEGRATE M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR & 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE4 ,MAO ,Z$ONG WAS PROBABLY AS CLOSE TO AN>*ISM AS IT WAS POSSIBLE = ! LEAD] ( A ,BOL%EVIK COMMUNI/ P>TY TO GET4 ,9 H9DSI<T1 ! RADICAL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL REORGANIZATION HIS POLICIES S\<T TO BR+ AB\T1 MU* MORE ?OR\<LY ORGANIZ$ & BACK$ BY MONOPOLY OV] /ATE P[]1 W]E ALSO DOOM$ TO FAILURE 9 !IR 9ABILITY TO LIVE UP TO ! PRESSURES ( ! SE>* = NATIONAL WEAL? & P[]4 ,IT IS ALSO ! CASE ?AT ! PRIORITY ,MAO GAVE TO PRACTICE 9 REVOLUTION /RA9$ !ORY TO ITS LIMITS4 ,!RE IS A /RONG SUGGE/ION 9 ,MAOISM ?AT REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS %\LD BE PRODUC$ NOT \T ( AB/RACT !ORY BUT REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 :I* CALL$ = ATT5TIV5ESS TO CONCRETE CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ! CONTEXTUAL DEPLOYM5T ( !ORY AS AN ANALYTICAL 9/RUM5T4 ,! VALORIZATION OR GOV]NM5T SUPPORT ( PRACTICE ?REAT5$ ! COH]5CE ( ! !ORY &1 IRONICALLY1 ( PRACTICE ITSELF4 ,BUT UNLIKE AN>*I/S1 ,MAOI/S NEV] QUE/ION$ ! IMPORTANCE ( !ORY4 ,!ORY WAS NOT M]ELY AN 9/RUM5T = UNCOV]+ OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS4 ,:AT MADE IT 9DISP5SABLE WAS ITS EQUAL1 IF NOT GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE AS AN 9/RUM5T = LOCAT+ PRACTICE ITSELF 9 ! UNC]TA9 HI/ORICAL T]RA9 ( REVOLUTION4 ,! T5SION OR EV5 ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE IS IMPORTANT = ANALYZ+ AN>*ISM AS MU* AS IT IS = ,M>XISM4.<#b#f.> ,MORE TO ! PO9T H]E1 IF AN>*I/ T5U\SNESS OV] !ORY IS VIEW$ AS ONE IMPORTANT S\RCE ( FAILURE1 IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT ! REFUSAL TO GIVE UP ON !ORY WAS NOT SUFFICI5T TO SALVAGE ,MAOI/ REVOLUTION>Y PROJECTS4 ,FROM A CONTEMPOR>Y P]SPECTIVE1 IT APPE>S ?AT ALL ! RADICAL SOCIAL & CULTURAL PROJECTS ?AT ANIMAT$ ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION1 9=M$ BY DIFF]5T P]MUTATIONS ( !ORY & PRACTICE1 W\LD ULTIMATELY BE ASSIMILAT$ TO & LIMIT$ BY A S+UL> REVOLUTION DEVOT$ TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T MODEL$ ON ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,= ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S ALIKE1 PLAC+ REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL TRANS=MATION AT ! S]VICE ( ! /ATE -- ESPECIALLY ! DEVELOPM5TAL /ATE -- PUT ! TRANS=MATION AT RISK & REVOLUTION>Y GOALS 9 JEOP>DY4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS LIMIT$ NOT BY EXCESSIVE DEVOTION TO !ORY OR OBLIVI\SNESS TO IT1 BUT BY ITS [N CONDITIONS ( POSSIBILITY4 ,:]E REVOLUTION>Y PROJECTS W]E CONC]N$1 DEFEAT DID NOT NECESS>ILY 9DICATE FAILURE JU/ AS VICTORY WAS NO SIGN ( SUCCESS4 

,IT MAY BE P]T95T H]E TO EXPLORE BRIEFLY ! RELEVANCE ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A1 & ITS RELEVANCE TO QUE/IONS RAIS$ BY REC5T DEVELOPM5TS 9 AN>*ISM ?AT F9D EXPRESSION 9 T]MS SU* AS 0PO/-AN>*ISM0 OR 0PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM10 :I* REPRES5T RESPONSES TO A *ANG$ WORLD SITUATION4 ,)\T GETT+ BOGG$ D[N 9 DISAGREEM5TS OV] DETAILS1 IT SEEMS FAIR TO SAY ?AT LIKE ! PO//RUCTURALI/S ) :OM !Y CLAIM AN AFF9ITY1 PO/- & PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*I/S >E AT ONE 9 REJECT+ ,5LI<T5M5T LEGACIES ( ESS5TIALISM 7AS 9 HUMAN NATURE7 & UNIV]SALISM 7AS 9 HUMANISM7 :I* *>ACT]IZ$ CLASSICAL OR TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM1 & 9 ?AT !Y PROMOTE AN AN>*ISM 9SPIR$ BY 0PO//RUCTURALISM'S ANTIREPRES5TATIONALI/ PR9CIPLE & ! PR9CIPLE ( PROTECT+ OR 
EV5 PROMOT+ DIFF]5CE40.<#b#g.> ,CORRESPOND+ TO ?IS %IFT IS EMPHASIS ON CONT+5CY1 SITUAT$NESS & DIV]SITY1 :I* CALLS = ! PRIORITIZATION ( PRACTICE OV] !ORY1 & TACTICAL OV] /RATEGIC ?9K+4.<#b#h.> ,PROPON5TS P]CEIVE 9 PO/-AN>*ISM AN ANSW] TO ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS FAC+ CONTEMPOR>Y RADICALS1 9CLUD+ ,M>XI/S4 ,IT IS WOR? QUOT+ A RA!R L5G?Y PASSAGE FROM ,SAUL ,NEWMAN :O IS CR$IT$ ) ! ORIG9ATION ( ! T]M 0PO/-AN>*ISM03 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !SE !MES & QUE/IONS .<( CONTEMPOR>Y RADICAL POLITICS.> -- POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY BEYOND CLASS1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BEYOND ! P>TY1 & POLITICAL ACTION BEYOND ! /ATE -- RELATE DIRECTLY TO AN>*ISM4 ,IF !SE >E ! NEW DIRECTIONS ?AT RADICAL POLITICS IS MOV+ 91 !N ?IS W\LD SEEM TO SUGGE/ AN 9CREAS+LY AN>*I/IC ORI5TATION4 ,9DE$1 ?IS IS A T5D5CY ?AT IS BE+ BORNE \T 9 MANY RADICAL MOVEM5TS & =MS ( RESI/ANCE TODAY4444 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! PREVAIL+ =M TAK5 BY RADICAL POLITICS TODAY IS ANTI-/ATI/1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & DEC5TRALIZ$1 & EMPHASIZES DIRECT ACTION RA!R ?AN REPRES5TATIVE P>TY POLITICS & LOBBY+4 ,IS IT NOT EVID5T1 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT !RE IS A MASSIVE DIS5GAGEM5T ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE FROM NORMAL POLITICAL PROCESSES1 AN OV]:ELM+ SKEPTICISM -- ESPECIALLY 9 ! WAKE ( ! CURR5T ECONOMIC CRISIS -- AB\T ! POLITICAL ELITES :O SUPPOS$LY GOV]N 9 !IR 9T]E/S8 ,IS !RE NOT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 AN OBVI\S CON/]NATION ON ! P>T ( !SE ELITES AT ?IS GR[+ DI/ANCE1 SIGNIFY+ A CRISIS 9 !IR SYMBOLIC LEGITIMACY8 ,AS A DEF5SIVE OR PREEMPTIVE MEASURE1 ! /ATE BECOMES MORE DRACONIAN & PR$ATORY1 9CREAS+LY OBSESS$ ) SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL1 DEF9+ ITSELF ?R\< W> & SECURITY1 SEEK+ TO AU?ORIZE ITSELF ?R\< A POLITICS ( FE> & EXCEPTION4.<#b#i.> 

,\RS IS NOT AN AGE :5 UNIV]SALISM C>RIES MU* WEI<T DESPITE ! CONT9U$ LIP S]VICE GIV5 TO IT BY ?OSE 9 P[]4 ,REVOLUTIONS ?AT ONCE HEAD$ 9 SOME G5]AL DIRECTION 9TO ! FUTURE >E DI/ANT MEMORIES1 REMEMB]$ AS NI<TM>ES4 ,ID5TITIES >E 9 *AOS1 AS >E ! POPULATION MOVEM5TS ?AT BRE$ !M4 ,NATIVISM & RACIALLY-T+$ GR\P P>TICUL>ISM >E ON ! RISE4 ,POLITICAL AG5DAS >E DEEPLY FRACTUR$1 EXCEPT :]E !Y >E KEPT 9 *ECK ?R\< AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS4 ,! LEFT 7:I* N[ SEEMS TO 9CLUDE EV]Y?+ FROM RI<T ( C5T] TO SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM71 HEIR TO ,5LI<T5M5T VALUES ?AT >E N[ DISCR$IT$1 IS 9 DIS>RAY4 ,! ONLY UNIV]SAL1 IF WE OV]LOOK ITS FRACTURES1 IS CAPITALISM GLOBALIZ$4 

,IT MAY BE >GU$ ?AT ?IS SITUATION MAKES MEMORIES ( AN E>LI] UNIV]SALISM ?AT DROVE AN>*I/S 7& O!R REVOLUTION>IES7 MORE1 NOT LESS1 IMPORTANT4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ CLAIMS TO A VISION PROMIS+ AN ALT]NATIVE MODE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T MAY BE JU/IFI$ )\T SOME SELF-DEF9ITION AS A UNIV]SAL IDEA4.<#c.> ,AN EV5 MORE S]I\S RESULT ( ! 
FETI%I/IC EMBRACE ( DIFF]5CE IS TO L5D LEGITIMATION TO REGIMES 79 ! BROADE/ S5SE7 ?AT >E ALSO OB/ACLES TO PR(ESS$ RADICAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,RA!R ?AN FALL+ 9 ) ! 9TELLECTUAL 9CL9ATIONS ?AT >E RESPONSES TO A SITUATION ( UNC]TA9 TRANS=MATION1 AN>*I/S MAY BE WELL ADVIS$ TO UPHOLD ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! VISIONS ?AT >E !IR RAISON D'ETRE IF ONLY 9 ORD] TO ELUCIDATE :AT IS DI/9CTIVE AB\T AN AN>*I/ VISION ( SOCIETY -- UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 ! DESIRE IS TO DO AWAY ) ! SOCIAL AS SU*1 & R$EF9E AN>*ISM1 AS ,TODD ,MAY DOES1 AS ! PURSUIT & PROMOTION ( DIFF]5CE4.<#c#a.> ,WE MAY WOND]1 NEV]!LESS1 :AT NE$ !RE MI<T BE = AN>*ISM IF ! V>I\S POLITICAL (F%OOTS ( PO//RUCTURALISM ALREADY DO ! JOB6 

,PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM'S 9SI/5CE ON DIFF]5CE & LOCALITY IS IMPORTANT 9 *ALL5G+ AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICS ( EV]Y K9D1 AS IS ! IMPLICIT PRIORITIZATION ( PRACTICE OV] !ORY 9 ITS >TICULATION TO DIFF]5T PLACES & CON/ITU5CIES -- HYPH5AT$ AN>*ISMS1 SO TO SPEAK4 ,IMPORTANT TOO IS ITS HI/ORICIZATION ( AN>*ISM4 ,9DE$1 AN>*ISM NE$S TO BE GRASP$ HI/ORICALLY1 ) DUE ATT5TION TO DEM&S ( TIME & PLACE4 ,AN>*I/ POLITICAL ACTIVITY LIKEWISE NE$S TO BE ATT5TIVE TO ! NE$S & POSSIBILITIES ( ITS LOCATION4 ,AN>*I/S >E JU/IFI$ 9 !IR CLAIMS TO 5HANC$ RELEVANCE AT A TIME :5 RADICAL POLITICAL SPACE IS DEF9$ BY ! LOCALIZ$ CONTRADICTIONS ( A GLOBALIZ$ CAPITALISM4 ,WORK+ FROM ! BOTTOM UP ?R\< ! CREATION ( LIB]AT$ SPACES IS IMPORTANT NOT BECAUSE ( ! ADVANTAGES IT BR+S TO AN>*I/S OV] !IR RADICAL RIVALS1 BUT BECAUSE IT IS NECESS>Y TO MEET ! NE$S ( ?OSE LEFT \T ( ! PROCESSES ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS ALSO CONSI/5T ) AN AN>*ISM ) ANY?+ LIKE A VISION ?AT TRANSC5DS ! IMM$IATE PRES5T1 :]E ! CON/RUCTION 7OR RECON/RUCTION7 ( COMMUNITY IS 9=M$ NOT BY ! COMMUNITY AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF BUT RA!R AS A GLOBAL PROJECT ?AT (F]S A PLAUSIBLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! PRES5T4 ,SU* A VISION IS ALSO IMPORTANT 9 LEGITIMIZ+ AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL & CULTURAL PROJECT4 ,9 !IR PREOCCUPATION ) DE-LEGITIMIZ+ ! EXI/+ SY/EM1 NOT TO SPEAK ( !IR SELF-CELEBRATION AS ! H]ALDS ( A NEW RADICALISM1 AN>*I/S >E APT TO =GET ?AT IF !Y >E TO GO BEYOND FR+E ACTIVITY1 AN>*ISM1 TOO1 NE$S LEGITIMACY 9 ORD] TO SPEAK TO BROAD] CON/ITU5CIES4 ,PRES5TLY1 ?AT MEANS (F]+ ALT]NATIVE VISIONS ( A DESIRABLE SOCIETY CRUCIAL TO HUMAN SURVIVAL4 ,IF ?IS S\NDS TOO MU* LIKE SOCIAL AN>*ISM :I* 9 TURN IS A REM9D] ( A %>$ PA/ BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 IT MAY /ILL BE ! ONLY WAY TO RESCUE AN>*ISM FROM ITS DISSIPATION 9TO A MULTITUDE ( CON/ITU5CIES4 

,ATT5TION TO ! LOCALIZ$ NE$S ( PLACES OR ( DIV]SE SOCIAL CON/ITU5CIES DOES NOT RULE \T UNIV]SAL PROJECTS ?AT >E 9=M$ BY COMMONLY RECOGNIZ$ GOALS1 !MSELVES SUBJECT TO *ANGE ) NEW *ALL5GES & ! ACCRETION ( NEW CON/ITU5CIES4.<#c#b.> ,COMMONALITY SUGGE/S NEI!R ID5TITY1 NOR TELEOLOGICAL UNIL9E>ITY4 ,/ILL1 IT IS ! PRESUMPTION ( COMMON GOALS ?AT R5D]S DIFF]5CE PROBLEMATICAL4 ,)\T SU* PROJECTS1 MOREOV]1 !RE IS NO REASON TO EXPECT ?AT ! CONSEQU5TIAL PROLIF]ATION ( DIFF]5CE1 H[EV] WELCOME 9 ! AB/RACT1 WILL PRODUCE \TCOMES CONSI/5T ) ANY?+ ?AT RESEMBLES :AT HI/ORICALLY HAS BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ! T]M AN>*Y4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 DIFF]5CE WILL 5D UP AS A SUB/ITUTE = AN>*ISM4 ,?IS REIFICATION ( DIFF]5CE1 RA!R ?AN ITS RECOGNITION 9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 :I* IS H>DLY NOVEL1 MAY DI/+UI% CONTEMPOR>Y CLAIMS TO A 0PO/-0 AS DI/9CT FROM A CLASSICAL AN>*ISM4 

,DIFF]5CE WAS V]Y MU* A FEATURE ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A BUT !RE WAS LITTLE OR NO !ORIZATION ( :AT ?AT MI<T MEAN4 ,?IS OV]SI<T IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,:]E AN>*I/S DISCOV]$ ROOTS 9 ! PA/1 !Y ASSIMILAT$ !M TO COMMON AN>*I/ GOALS4 ,!Y ADD$ AN>*ISM TO O!R NATIVE BELIEFS1 OR VICE V]SA1 AS IF A MULTIPLICITY ( 9TELLECTUAL LOYALTIES C\LD COEXI/ )\T FRICTION4 ,!Y US$ AN>*I/ /RATEGIES 9 ! CAUSE ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T & LIB]ATION FROM IMP]IALISM4 ,AN>*ISM ALSO PRODUC$ (F%OOTS ?AT DISPLAY$ A RECOGNITION ( DIFF]5CE4 ,PROM95T EXAMPLES W]E ! ,P>IS AN>*I/ ,LI ,%IZ5G'S PROPOSAL ( DIASPORALOGY 7QIAOLOGIE7 AS WAY TO LOOK AT HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 & ! FIELD ( CULTUROLOGY 7W5HUAXUE7 E/ABLI%$ BY ! AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,HUANG ,W5%AN TO ANALYZE CULTURE AS A PROBLEM4.<#c#c.> ,BUT NONE ( ?IS CALL$ = A !ORIZATION ( DIFF]5CE )9 AN>*ISM1 BECAUSE ! ASSIMILATION ( DIFF]5CE TO ! UNIV]SAL GOALS ( AN>*ISM OBVIAT$ ! NE$ = SU* A !ORY4 

,DIFF]5CE1 9 O!R WORDS1 C\LD COEXI/ )\T FRICTION ) UNIV]SALI/ GOALS1 SO LONG AS ! AW>5ESS ( DIFF]5CE DID NOT DEM& 9SI/5CE ON BE+ DIFF]5T1 :I* *>ACT]IZES CONTEMPOR>Y ATTITUDES TO ! QUE/ION AMONG LIB]ALS & MANY ON ! LEFT4 ,)9 ! CONTEXT ( AN EM]G5T NATIONALISM1 AN>*ISM 9 ITS UNIV]SALISM PROVID$ A C\NT]PO9T4 ,AN>*I/S DID NOT 9SI/ ON A ,*9ESE AN>*ISM1 OR AN AN>*ISM ) ,*9ESE *>ACT]I/ICS1 :I* >E OBSESSIONS ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,*9ESE NATIVISM1 BUT RA!R VIEW$ ELEM5TS FROM ! ,*9ESE PA/ AS EXPRESSIONS ( UNIV]SAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,!Y DWELL$ 9 UNIV]SALISM1 SO TO SPEAK1 & LIV$ ! DIFF]5CE1 ASSIMILAT+ IT TO ! UNIV]SALS !Y MADE !IR [N1 :I* CONTRA/S %>PLY ) ! CONTEMPOR>Y REPUDIATION ( UNIV]SALISM TO ! PO9T :]E DIFF]5CE ?REAT5S TO OV]:ELM COMMONALITY AS WELL1 DEPRIV+ AN>*ISM ( ITS COH]5CE4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ 9CONSI/5T ) DIFF]5CE 9 ! UNIV]SALI/ ASPIRATION TO 9TEGRATE M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR1 OR 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 :I* W]E 9T5D$ TO BR+ $UCATION & LIVELIHOOD 9TO ! CONCRETE CONTEXT ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,!IR ESS5TIALI/ & UNIV]SALI/ ASSUMPTIONS CONC]N+ HUMAN NATURE W]E NEV]!LESS ACCOMPANI$ BY A RECOGNITION ?AT IT W\LD BE AN >DU\S PROCESS1 BY NO MEANS OBLIVI\S TO DIFF]5T NE$S1 TO RE/ORE SOCIETY TO ITS ORIG9AL GOODNESS OR SOCIABILITY -- IT WAS AS MU* A PROJECT AS A PREMISE1 NOT SOME?+ TO BE DISMISS$ CAVALI]LY = ITS HUMANISM4 ,EV5 DIFF]5T UNIV]SALISMS C\LD COEXI/1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ?OSE :O SAW NO CONTRADICTION BETWE5 AN>*ISM1 ,DAOISM OR ,BUDDHISM4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT CONTEMPOR>Y CRITICISMS ( ! PA/ >E )\T JU/IFICATION4 ,! ASSIMILATION ( ! P>TICUL> TO ! UNIV]SAL PASS$ OV] IMPORTANT QUE/IONS & POSSIBLE CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 AN IMPORT$ AN>*ISM & NATIVE LEGACIES4.<#c#d.> ,) \R HEI<T5$ S5SE ( DIFF]5CE1 WE W\LD PROBABLY WANT TO ASK1 = EXAMPLE1 :E!R OR NOT ,DAOISM AS 5UNCIAT$ 9 ! ,LAOZI IS 5TIRELY CONSI/5T ) AN>*ISM1 :AT IT MI<T GA9 FROM AN AN>*I/ READ+ & H[ SOME ( ITS REFLECTIONS W\LD 5RI* ! AN>*I/ DEF9ITION ( GOALS4 ,?IS LA/ POSSIBILITY PO9TS TO A NOTION ( UNIV]SALITY ?AT IS FLEXIBLE & NON-EXCLUSIVE1 SO LONG AS !SE IDEAS PO9T 9 ! SAME G5]AL DIRECTION4 ,:E!R OR NOT ?IS IS PREF]ABLE TO AN AN>*ISM ?AT IS AT ! M]CY ( BE+ DIFF]5T IS WOR? POND]+4 

,GLOSS>Y 

,BAJ9 88 

,GUOCUI XUEBAO 8888 

,HE ,ZH5 88 

,H5G BAO 88 

,HUANG ,W5%AN 888 

,HUIM+ XUE%E 8888 

,JIANG ,KAN<U 888 

,LAODONG DAXUE 8888 

,LI ,FEIGAN 888 

,LI ,%IZ5G 888 

,LIU ,%IPEI 888 

,LIU ,%IFU 888 

,LIU ,%IX9 888 

,LAOZI 88 

,MAKESI ZHUYI ,ZHONGGUOHUA 88888888 

,M9%5G 88 

,M9ZHONG 88 

,NANPUTUO 888 

QIAOLOGIE 8LOGIE 

QIAOXUE 88 

,%5GWULIAN 888 

,%IFU 88 

,TAIXU 88 

,TIANYI BAO 888 

W5HUAXUE 888 

,WU ,ZHIHUI 888 

WUZH5GFU ZHUYI 88888 

WUZHI ZHUYI 8888 

,XIAM5 88 

,X9 %IJI 888 

,XU ,X+ 88 

,ZIY\ %IJIE 8888 

,*9ESE LANGUAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,HUANG ,W5%AN 8881 
88888888 
1 883 8888881 #a#i#c#h88 

,JUE ,%5G 881 0888801 8 8888 
1 #a#i#h8#f8#a81 #e#b81 #d88 

,LI ,%IZ5G 8881 0888810 
888888888 
1 883 88888888881 #aih 
81 #b#i#a-#c#d#a88 

,NANCY ,TS\ & ,L5 ,TS\ 88888881 
888888883 888888888881 
#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i8 
1 883 888881 #b#a88 

08888888888810 
88888 
1 #a#i#g8#a#a8#a#f81 #b#b81 #d88 

,%5%U 881 0888810 
88888 
1 #a#i#g8#a#a8#c81 #a#a-#a#b81 #d#a#f-#d#a#g88 

,%5%U1 08888810 
88888 
1 #a#i#g8#g8#a81 #c81 #b#d-#c#f88 

,%5%U1 08888810 
88888 
1 #a#i#g8#a#a8#c81 #a#a-#a#b81 #c#d#e-#c#f#h88 

,ZH5 81 0888810 
88888 
1 #a#i#g8#h8#c#a81 #a#a81 #b88 

,ZH5G ,%IQU 8883 
8888883 8888888 
1 883 8888888881 #a#i#i#g88 

.<#a.> ,>IF ,DIRLIK1 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION 7,B]KELEY1 ,C,A3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a72 ,$W>D ,KREBS1 ,%IFU3 ,! ,S\L ( ,*9ESE ,AN>*ISM 7,LANHAM1 ,M,D3 ,R[MAN & ,LITTLEFIELD1 #a#i#i#h72 &1 ,PET] ,Z>R[1 ,AN>*ISM & ,*9ESE ,POLITICAL ,CULTURE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i74 

.<#b.> ,AS 9 ! R5D]+ ( ,LAOZI 9TO ! ORIG9S ( AN>*ISM1 SEE1 ,R&ALL ,AM/] ET AL41 $S41 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY 7,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE1 #b#i71 ,9TRODUCTION1 #b4 

.<#c.> ,GABRIEL ,KUHN1 0,AN>*ISM1 ,PO/MOD]NITY1 & ,PO//RUCTURALISM10 9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 #a#h-#b#e4 ,! MO/ ELABORATE EXPOSITION ( PO/RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM1 OR PO/-AN>*ISM1 IS ?AT ( ,TODD ,MAY1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PO//RUCTURALI/ ,AN>*ISM 7,UNIV]SITY ,P>L1 ,P,A3 ,! ,P5NSYLVANIA ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d74 ,SEE1 ALSO1 ,LEWIS ,CALL1 0,$ITORIAL -- ,PO/-,AN>*ISM ,TODAY10 ,AN>*I/ ,DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,CULTURAL ,/UDIES1 NO4 #a 7#b#a73 #a-#a#e1 &1 ,&REW ,M4 ,KO*1 0,PO//RUCTURALISM & ,EPI/EMOLOGICAL ,BASIS ( ,AN>*ISM10 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES #b#c1 NO4 #c 7,SEPTEMB] #a#i#i#c73 #c#b#g-#c#e#a4 

.<#d.> ,= REC5T DISCUSSIONS ( AN>*ISM ?AT TAKE A GLOBAL P]SPECTIVE1 SEE1 ,/EV5 ,HIRS* & ,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT1 $S41 ,AN>*ISM & ,SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,COLONIAL & ,PO/COLONIAL ,WORLD1 #a#h#g-#a#i#d3 ,! ,P>XIS ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION1 ,9T]NATIONALISM1 & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 7,LEID53 ,E,J ,BRILL1 #b#a71 &1 ,JASON ,ADAMS1 0,NON-,WE/]N ,AN>*ISMS3 ,! ,GLOBAL ,CONTEXT1 0PAMPHLET 7#b#c7 HTTP3_/_/RA=UM4 9FO_/RUBRIQUE4PHP#c8ID.-RUBRIQUE"7#b@aLANG"754 

.<#e.> ,>IF ,DIRLIK1 ,GLOBAL ,MOD]NITY3 ,MOD]NITY 9 ! ,AGE ( ,GLOBAL ,CAPITALISM 7,B\LD]1 ,C,O3 ,P>ADIGM ,BOOKS1 #b#f74 

.<#f.> ,! SUMM>Y BEL[ ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A DRAWS ON ! ?REE WORKS CIT$ ABOVE 9 FOOTNOTE #a4 

.<#g.> ,= MORE DETAIL$ DISCUSSION & REF]5CES1 SEE1 ,DIRLIK1 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION1 #a#c#c-#a#d#e4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE H]E ?AT AN>*I/S OPPOS$ NOT JU/ ! /ATE BUT ALL AU?ORITY RELATIONS 9 SOCIETY4 ,! T]M WUZH5GFU IS MISLEAD+ 9 ?IS RESPECT AS IT REF]S ONLY TO ! /ATE4 ,SOME AN>*I/S PREF]R$ ! T]M 0NO RULE10 WUZHI TO WUZH5GFU1 BUT ! LATT] T]M WON \T 9 ! LONG RUN4 

.<#h.> ,= DETAIL$ DISCUSSION1 SEE1 ,>IF ,DIRLIK1 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ,*9ESE ,COMMUNISM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i74 

.<#i.> ,NANCY ,TS\ & ,L5 ,TS\1 ,GANLAN GUIGU&E ZHAOHUAN3 ,CANJIA ,XIBANYA NEIZH&E ,ZHONGGUO ]N 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i7 .<,! ,CALL ( ! ,OLIVE ,LAUREL3 ,*9ESE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i.> 7,TAIPEI3 ,R5JIAN ,PUBLI%]S1 #b#a74 ,ITS ,5GLI% TITLE ON ! COV] IS GIV5 AS ,! ,CALL (,SPA94 

.<#a.> ,LI ,%IZ5G1 :O HIMSELF WAS QUITE NOMADIC1 PRIVILEG$ MIGRATION MU* LIKE CONTEMPOR>Y PO/COLONIAL 9TELLECTUALS1 & PROPOS$ A NEW FIELD ( /UDY1 0QIAOLOGIE0 7OR QIAOXUE71 :I* IS BE/ R5D]$ AS 0DIASPORALOGY0 7NOTE ! BIL+UALITY ( ! T]M74 ,SEE1 ,LI ,%IZ5G1 0,QIAOXUE FAFAN0 .<,9TRODUCTION TO ,DIASPORALOGY.>1 9 ,LI ,%IZ5G XIAN%5G W5JI .<,COLLECTION ( ,MR ,LI ,%IZ5G'S ,WRIT+S.> 7,TAIPEI3 ,ZHONGGUO ,GUOM9DANG DANG%I WEIYUAN HUI1 #a#i#h71 #b#i#a-#c#d#a4 ,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK 9 ,ZIY\ %IJIE .<,FREE ,WORLD.>1 #a#i#d#b4 

.<#a#a.> ,M+ ,K4 ,*AN & ,>IF ,DIRLIK1 ,S*OOLS 9TO ,FIELDS & ,FACTORIES3 ,AN>*I/S1 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 & ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,%AN<AI1 #a#i#b#g-#a#i#c#b 7,DURHAM1 ,N,C3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a74 

.<#a#b.> ,WU ,YI*+1 0,REVOLUTION AT ! ,M>G9S3 ,SOCIAL ,PROTE/ & ! ,POLITICS ( ,CLASS 9 ! ,*9ESE ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#f#f-#a#i#f#h10 7MANUSCRIPT UND] CONSID]ATION74 ,I AM GRATEFUL TO ,PR(ESSOR ,WU = %>+ IT ) ME4 

.<#a#c.> ,SEE HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ! SPECIAL ISSUE ON ,%IFU ( ,M9ZHONG .<,PEOPLE'S ,TOCS9.>1 #b4#a 7,M>*1 #a#i#b#g74 

.<#a#d.> ,SEE1 ,JUE ,%5G1 0,PAI,KONG ZH5GYAN0 .<,SOLICIT+ ! ,OV]?R[ ( ,CONFUCIUS.>1 ,X9 %IJI .<,NEW ,]A.>1 NO4 #eb 7,JUNE #a1 #a#i#h73 #d1 &1 ,ZH5 7,LI ,%IZ5G71 0,SANGANG GEM+0 .<,?REE ,BONDS ,REVOLUTION.>1 ,X9 %IJI1 NO4 #aa 7,AUGU/ #c#a1 #a#i#g73 #b4 

.<#a#e.> ,MANY IMPORTANT ,*9ESE COMMUNI/S 7,M>XI/7 W]E GRADUATES ( ?IS PROGRAM4 ,SEE1 ,M>ILYN ,A4 ,LEV9E1 ,! ,F\ND ,G5]ATION3 ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! ,TW5TIES 7,SEATTLE1 ,W,A3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WA%+TON ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c74 

.<#a#f.> ,M+ ,K4 ,*AN & ,>IF ,DIRLIK1 ,S*OOLS 9TO ,FIELDS & ,FACTORIES1 *APT] #i1 #b#f#i-#b#g#f4 

.<#a#g.> ,ZH5G ,%IQU1 ,WAN ,Q+ ,GUOCUI PAI W5HUA SIXIANG YANJIU .<,! ,NATIONAL ,ESS5CE ,GR\P ( ,LATE ,Q+3 ,/UDY ( ,CULTURE & ,?\<T.> 7,BEIJ+3 ,BEIJ+ ,%IFAN DAXUE *UBAN%E1 #a#i#i#g71 *APT]S #c & #f4 

.<#a#h.> ,= A DISCUSSION1 SEE1 ,HON ,TZE-KI1 0,REVOLUTION AS ,RE/ORATION3 ,! ,MEAN+S ( ',NATIONAL ,ESS5CE' & ',NATIONAL ,LE>N+' 9 ! ,GUOCUI XUEBAO 7,NATIONAL ,ESS5CE ,J\RNAL71 #a#i#e-#a#i#a#a0 7PAP] PRES5T$ AT ,! ,WRIT+ ( ,HI/ORY 9 #b? ,C5TURY ,EA/ ,ASIA3 ,BETWE5 ,L9E> ,TIME & ! ,REPRODUCTION ( ,NATIONAL ,CONSCI\SNESS ,LEID51 ,NE!RL&S1 ,JUNE #d-#g1 #b#g74 ,I AM GRATEFUL TO ,PR(ESSOR ,HON = %>+ ?IS PAP] ) ME4 ,SEE1 ALSO1 ,>IF ,DIRLIK1 0,GUOXUE_/,NATIONAL ,LE>N+ 9 ! ,AGE ( ,GLOBAL ,MOD]NITY10 ,*9A ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #a 7#b#a#a73 #d-#a#c4 

.<#a#i.> ,PET] ,Z>R[1 ,AN>*ISM & ,*9ESE ,POLITICAL ,CULTURE1 *APT] #f1 &1 ,PET] ,Z>R[1 0,HE,ZH5 & ,AN>*O-,FEM9ISM 9 ,*9A10 ,J\RNAL ( ,ASIAN ,/UDIES #d#g1 NO4 #d 7#a#i#h#h73 #g#i#f-#h#a#c4 

.<#b.> ,PET] ,Z>R[1 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,*9ESE ,POLITICAL ,CULTURE1 *AP4 #f1 #a#c-#a#e#e 

.<#b#a.> ,SEE ! REPORT1 0,%EHUI ZHUYI JIANGXIHUI DIYICI KAIHUI JI%I0 .<,RECORD (! ,9AUGURAL ,MEET+ (! ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,SOCIALISM.>1 ,X9 ,%IJI 7,NEW ,]A71 NOS4 #b#b1 #b#e1 #b#f4 ,?IS 9 NO4 #bb 7,NOVEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#g73 #d4 

.<#b#b.> ,%5%U 7,LIU ,%IPEI71 0,R5LEI JUNLI %UO0 .<,ON ! ,EQUAL ,ABILITY ( ,HUMAN ,BE+S.>1 ,TIANYI BAO .<,NATURAL ,JU/ICE.>1 NO4 #c 7,JULY #a1 #a#i#g73 #b#d-#c#f 

.<#b#c.> ,%5%U1 0,DU%U ZAJI0 .<,R&OM ,NOTES ON ,BOOKS ,READ.>1 ,TIANYI BAO1 NOS4 #a#a-#a#b 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#g73 #d#a#f-#g4 

.<#b#d.> ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ,LIU WAS ALSO AMONG ! FIR/ CRITICS ( IMP]IALISM1 & AN ADVOCATE ( ,ASIA = ,ASIANS4 ,SEE1 ,%5%U1 0,YAZH\ XIAN%I LUN0 .<,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,TR5D 9 ,ASIA.>1 ,TIANYI BAO .<,NATURAL ,JU/ICE.>1 NOS4 #a#a-#a#b 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#g73 #c#d#e-#c#f#h 

.<#b#e.> ,= TRACES ( AN>*ISM 9 ,MAOISM1 SEE ,DIRLIK1 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION1 #b#i#d-#c4 ,! T[N%IP ECONOMIES ?AT PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT 9 ! TAKE-(F ( ! ,*9ESE ECONOMY 9 ! #a#i#iS >E DISCUSS$ 9 ! ESSAYS COLLECT$ 9 ,GREGORY ,E4 ,GULD91 $41 ,F>EWELL TO ,PEASANT ,*9A3 ,RURAL ,URBANIZATION & ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE 9 ! ,LATE ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY 7,>MONK1 ,N,Y3 ,M,E ,%>PE1 #a#i#i#g74 

.<#b#f.> ,UN=TUNATELY1 MO/ DISCUSSIONS ( AN>*ISM ?AT JUXTAPOSE IT TO ,M>XISM >E QUITE OBLIVI\S TO ANY?+ \TSIDE ( ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,TODD ,MAY1 TO NOTE ONE IMPORTANT EXAMPLE1 WORKS HIS WAY ?R\< HIS >GUM5T BY SORT+ \T AN>*I/ T5D5CIES 9 PO/-,BOL%EVIK ,M>XISM1 BUT HAS NO?+ TO SAY AB\T ,MAO'S ,M>XISM OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 O!R TRICONT95TAL ,M>XISMS :I* W]E M>K$ BY !IR [N CONTRADICTIONS4 ,SEE1 ,MAY1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PO//RUCTURALI/ ,AN>*ISM1 *APT] #b1 #a#g-#d#d4 

.<#b#g.> ,MAY1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PO//RUCTURALI/ ,AN>*ISM1 #a#c#e4 

.<#b#h.> ,IBID41 *APT] #a4 ,SEE ALSO1 ,DAVID ,GRAEB]1 0,AN>*ISM1 ,ACADEMIA1 & ! ,AVANT-,G>DE10 9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 #a#c-#a#a#b4 

.<#b#i.> ,SAUL ,NEWMAN1 0,! ,HORIZON ( ,AN>*Y3 ,AN>*ISM & ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,RADICAL ,?\<T1 0,!ORY & ,EV5T #a#c1 NO4 #b 7#b#a71 MUSE4JHU4$U4 

.<#c.> ,= AN IMPORTANT CRITIQUE1 SEE1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM3 ,AN ,UNBRIDGEABLE ,*ASM 7,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a74 ,IT HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ ?AT PO/AN>*I/ EF=TS TO DI/+UI% CONTEMPOR>Y FROM CLASSICAL AN>*ISM IS DRIV5 P>TLY \T ( ANXIETY AB\T ! LATT]'S RESEMBLANCE TO & OV]LAP ) ,M>XISM 7,AM/] ET AL41 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 #c74 ,MUTUAL SUSPICION & HO/ILITY BETWE5 !SE TWO RADICAL POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES HAS BE5 DETRIM5TAL TO BO?4 ,!SE TWO PHILOSOPHIES >E DIVID$ BY COMMON GOALS1 SO TO SPEAK1 DUE TO ! IMPLICIT ,BOL%EVISM ( ONE & ! IMPLICIT LIB]T>IANISM ( ! O!R4 ,BUT !Y NOT ONLY %>E COMMON ASPIRATIONS TO DEMOCRACY & COMMUNITY1 !Y >E COMPLEM5T>Y 9 !IR DIFF]5T EMPHASES ON SOCIAL /RUCTURE & ! /ATE1 :I* >E 9TEGRAL ASPECTS ( ANY CON/ITUTION ( P[] ?AT NE$ TO BE ADDRESS$ 9 RADICAL PHILOSOPHY WOR?Y ( ! NAME4 ,PRES5TLY1 ! LIB]T>IAN W+ ( AN>*ISM 7PO//RUCTURALI/ OR O!RWISE7 W\LD SEEM TO BE 5JOY+ ASC5DANCY AS IT RESONATES ) ITS CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL1 IDEOLOGICAL1 CULTURAL & 9TELLECTUAL CONTEXT4 ,! *ALL5GE TO SOCIAL AN>*ISM LIKELY SEEMS LESS ( A FACTIONALI/ MOVE )9 ! BROAD] CONTEXT ( ! RETREAT FROM ,M>XISM 9 RADICAL POLITICS4 

.<#c#a.> ,MAY1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PO//RUCTURALI/ ,AN>*ISM1 #a#c#c-#g4 

.<#c#b.> ,?IS IS1 AFT] ALL1 EVID5T 9 ! RECRUITM5T ( ,DAOISM 9TO ! AN>*I/ PAN!ON1 AL?\< ?IS HAS TAK5 ! =M ( ! ASSIMILATION ( ,DAOISM TO AN>*ISM :I* W\LD SEEM PROBLEMATIC FROM A CONTEMPOR>Y P]SPECTIVE :I* W\LD RECOGNIZE ,DAOI/ DIFF]5CE & MAKE ITS VALUES 9TO C&IDATES = ! 5RI*M5T ( AN>*ISM4 

.<#c#c.> ,= ,LI1 SEE FOOTNOTE #h ABOVE4 ,= CULTUROLOGY1 SEE1 ,HUANG ,W5%AN1 ,W5HUAXUE LUNW5 JI .<,COLLECT$ ,ESSAYS ON ,CULTUROLOGY.> 7,GUANGZH\3 ,ZHONGGUO W5HUA XUEHUI1 #a#i#c#h74 

.<#c#d.> ,AN>*I/ FEM9ISM ESP\S$ BY ,HE ,ZH5 AS ! CORE ( AN>*ISM NEV]!LESS WAS VIEW$ 0AS BUT ONE ASPECT ( ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION10 A POSITION ) :I* CONTEMPOR>Y FEM9ISM W\LD TAKE ISSUE = NOT SUFFICI5TLY /RESS+ ! P>TICUL>ITIES ( WOM5'S PROBLEMS4 ,SEE1 ,Z>R[1 ,AN>*ISM & ,*9ESE ,POLITICAL ,CULTURE1 #a#c4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,E>LY ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY ,*9A -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,E>LY ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY ,*9A -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/