,*APT] #d 
,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S 9 ,W>TIME ,*9A & ,JAPAN 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DONGY\N ,HWANG 

,TEXT 3 

 #d3 ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S 9 ,W>TIME ,*9A & ,JAPAN 

  

,! #a#i#cS WITNESS$ ! OV]ALL DECL9E ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 BO? ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 NOT TO M5TION 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 DUE MA9LY TO ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,*9A BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#c#a1 &1 AS A RESULT1 9CREAS$ TI<T CONTROL & SUPPRESSION ( 0DANG]\S ?\<TS0 9 ,JAPAN1 ITS COLONIES1 & OCCUPI$ >EAS 9 ,*9A SU* AS ,%AN<AI4 ,BO? ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS TOO W]E ON ! WANE DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD4.<#c#g#h.> ,9 FACT1 S9CE ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! NOTORI\S ,PEACE ,PRES]VATION ,LAW 9 #a#i#b#e1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,JAPAN HAD BE5 FUR!R SUPPRESS$ 9 ! #a#i#cS & SO HAD BE5 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,9 ,*9A1 TOO1 S9CE ! ,APRIL #a#b? ,C\P ( #aibg 9 ,%AN<AI BY ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK & ! FAILURE ( ! ,CANTON ,COMMUNE 9 ,GUANGZH\ 9 ,DECEMB] ( ! SAME YE>1 RADICAL MOVEM5TS 9 G5]AL HAD LO/ !IR /R5G? & VIGOR4 ,AN>*I/S HAD NOT BE5 AN IMM$IATE T>GET ( ! SUPPRESSION 9 ,*9A1 BUT !IR ACTIVITIES W]E NOT AS ACTIVE AS USUAL S9CE ! CLOSURE ( ,LAODA & ! FAILURE ( ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS4 

,9 MO/ S*OL>%IP ON ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,EA/]N ,ASIA ! #a#i#cS & '#dS REMA9 G5]ALLY UNT\*$ &_/OR 9 NE$ ( FUR!R RESE>*1 EI!R DUE TO ! LACK ( 9=MATION & S\RCES OR ! SIL5CE & SECRECY ON ! P>T ( AN>*I/S !MSELVES 9 !IR V>I\S ACTIVITIES1 REFLECT+ ! G5]AL DECL9E ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! REGION4 ,AL?\< ,JAPAN-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AS WELL AS ?OSE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA GRADUALLY EI!R DISAPPE>$ OR W5T UND]GR\ND 9 ! #a#i#cS TO '#dS1 UNSE5 ON ! /AGE & LEAV+ ALMO/ NO TRACE ( !IR ACTIVITIES 9 MANY CASES1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A W]E ABLE TO CONT9UE TO UND]TAKE !IR V>I\S ACTIVITIES 9 LEAGUE ) ANTI-,JAPANESE =CES 9 ,*9A4 ,9 FACT1 ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,*9A BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#c#a1 &1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ITS MILIT>Y OCCUPATION ( ,MAN*URIA & NOR? ,*9A BY ! MID-#a#i#cS W]E P]CEIV$ BY MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A AS 0A NEW REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION40.<#c#g#i.> ,UNLIKE !IR COMRADES 9 ,JAPAN & COLONIAL ,KOREA1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 UTILIZ+ ,JAPAN'S AGGRESSION 9 ,*9A1 TURN$ ! #a#i#cS TO E>LY #a#i#dS 9TO 0! ,COMBAT ,P]IOD0 OR 0! ,W>TIME ,/RUGGLE ,P]IOD0.<#c#h.> AGA9/ ,JAPAN 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT !Y BEGAN TO PROPOSE A UNIT$ FRONT IDEA & EV5 >M !MSELVES TO 5GAGE 9 W>F>E1 SOME:AT UNCONV5TIONALLY4 ,JAPAN'S ALL-\T 9VASION ( ,*9A & TI<T ?\<T CONTROL 9 ! OCCUPI$ >EAS C\LD NOT /OP ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A FROM FI<T+ BACK = ! CAUSE ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,! HELP & SUPPORT FROM O!R ,ASIAN AN>*I/S1 AS WELL AS ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,*9A & EV5 ! ,C,C,P 9 ,YAN'AN1 W]E ALL READILY AVAILABLE = !M TO CONT9UE !IR ACTIVITIES1 ?IS TIME MA9LY T]ROR-ORI5T$ OR >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,MY FOCUS 9 ?IS *APT] IS1 FIR/1 H[ ,JAPAN-BAS$ AN>*I/S COP$ ) ! UNFAVORABLE SITUATION 9 #a#i#cS ,JAPAN1 ) EMPHASIS ON !IR PROPAG&A ACTIVITIES ) ! ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] 7,HEUKSAEK S9MUN71 A K9D ( PROPAG&A W>F>E 9 ,JAPAN BY ,KOREAN 0MILITANT0 AN>*I/S4 ,& SECOND1 ,I WILL EXAM9E H[ ,*9A-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S RESPOND$ TO ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,*9A BY FOCUS+ ON !IR T]ROR-ORI5T$ ACTIVITIES & !N ON ! NATIONAL FRONT IDEA ?AT WAS PUT =W>D BY !M TO UTILIZE ! 0NEW REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION0 !Y FAC$ 9 A =EIGN SOIL4 

,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] 7,HEUKSAEK S9MUN7 & 0,MILITANT ,AN>*ISM0 9 ,JAPAN 

  

,DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN MANAG$ TO CONT9UE TO PUBLI% !IR [N J\RNALS & NEWSPAP]S1 WORK+ /ILL CLOSELY ) !IR ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS4 ,! ALLIANCE ) ! LETT] WAS /ILL MU* NE$$ = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S = !IR ACTIVITIES & SURVIVAL4 ,UND] ! TI<T5$ CONTROL & SUPPRESSION ( RADICALISM & RADICAL MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#cS ,JAPAN1 !IR ACTIVITY WAS USUALLY CONF9$ TO ! CONT9UATION ( PUBLICATIONS TO PROPAGATE AN>*ISM & CRITICIZE :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA UND] ! COLONIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,ANY ACTIVITIES ?AT MI<T 9VOLVE ANTI-,JAPANESE COLONIALISM C\LD HAVE BR\<T IMM$IATE ATT5TION FROM ! ,JAPANESE POLICE4 

,FROM ! LATE #a#i#bS TO E>LY #a#i#cS1 A NUMB] ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS CONT9U$ TO COME \T 9 ,JAPAN4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU 7NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ONE ( ! ,YI BRO!RS 9 ,*9A7 & O!RS WORK$ TOGE!R 9 #aibi TO PUBLI% ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T 7,HAEBANG UNDONG7 9 ,KOREAN1 :ILE ,HONG ,YEONG-U & O!RS1 REPRES5T+ ! ,F$]ATION ( ,FREE ,Y\? 7,JIYU SE95 R5MEI71 W]E ABLE TO PUBLI% ,FREE ,Y\? 7,JIYU SE957 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#i4 ,ANO!R AN>*I/ J\RNAL CALL$ ,MOVEM5T = ,MUTUAL ,AID 7,GOJO UNDO7 C\LD HAVE POSSIBLY BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JANU>Y #aibh BY ,WON ,SIM*ANG1 ,JANG ,SANGJUNG1 & ,OH ,*ISEOP1 BUT IT IS UNCLE> IF IT ACTUALLY CAME \T4.<#c#h#a.> ,! ,FREE ,COMMUNE ,SOCIETY 7,JIYU KOMYUN %AKAI7 WAS E/ABLI%$ UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,HAN ,HAYEON 7#a#i#c-#a#i#f7 & ,HONG ,HYEONG-UI 7#a#i#a#a-#a#i#f#h7 ) ITS J\RNAL TITL$ ,FREE ,COMMUNE 7,JIYU KOMYUN7 ?AT BEGAN TO BE PUBLI%$ 9 #aicb UND] ,HONG'S $ITOR%IP BUT SOON DISCONT9U$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#c1 AFT] PUBLI%+ ITS NUMB] ONE ( ! SECOND VOLUME1 DUE TO F9ANCIAL PROBLEMS4 

,9 ADDITION TO !SE PUBLICATION ACTIVITIES1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN CONT9U$ !IR COLLABORATION 9 PUBLICATION ) !IR ,JAPANESE COMRADES4 ,:ILE ,YI ,YUNHI 7#a#i#f-#a#i#e#a7 TOOK P>T 9 ! PUBLICATION ( ,FREE ,ALLIANCE-ISM 7,JIYU R5GO%UGI71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,OSAKA 9 #aic BY ! ,BLACK ,Y\? ,FREE ,ALLIANCE 7,KOKU%OKU SE95 JIYU R5GO71 ,JANG ,SANGJUNG S]V$ ) ,IRIE ,I*IRO AS ! PUBLI%]S ( ,DEBATE ON ,FRE$OM 7,JIYU RONS571 POSSIBLY 9 #a#i#c#b4.<#c#h#b.> ,9 #a#i#c#c1 ! ,NATIVES 7,DOM971 A LIT]>Y J\RNAL ( ! ,NATIVES ,SOCIETY 7,DOM9%A71 CAME \T & CONT9U$ UNTIL ! PUBLICATION ( ITS SEV5? ISSUE4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,NATIVES ,SOCIETY & PUBLICATION ( ITS J\RNAL BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E SUPPOS$LY 09FLU5C$0 BY ! E/ABLI%M5T & ACTIVITIES ( ! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,Y\? 9 ,F>M+ ,VILLAGES 7,NOSON SE95%A7 ( ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicb 9 ,TOKYO4 ,?IS ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ SOCIETY EMPHASIZ$ A MOVEM5T ( ! Y\? 9 F>M+ VILLAGES1 9SPIR$ BY A SLOGAN 0,LET'S APPEAL TO ! PEASANTRY40.<#c#h#c.> ,DRAW+ ON SELF-RELIANCE & ECONOMIC DIRECT ACTION1 ! MOVEM5T HAD ITS /RONG COMMITM5T TO 0CREATIVE ACTIVITIES0 ( ! MASSES.<#c#h#d.> & PLAC$ ITS EMPHASIS ON ! ACTIVITIES 0FROM )9 ! PEASANTRY40.<#c#h#e.> ,! MOVEM5T ALSO HAD ITS ATTA*M5T TO ! IDEAS ( DEC5TRALIZATION &1 SOME:AT 9T]E/+LY1 0A CRUCIAL ROLE0 AN>*I/S HAD TO PLAY 0AS AN ORGANIZ$ FRACTION :I* GUIDES ! PEOPLE'S REBELLION 9 AN AN>*I/ DIRECTION40.<#c#h#f.> 

,AFT] ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,MAN*URIA 9 #a#i#c#a1 ,JAPAN-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S DID NOT SEEM TO RE/ ON PROPAGAT+ AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & IDEALS2 !IR MOVEM5T 5T]$ ITS AUDACI\S 0COMBAT P]IOD0.<#c#h#g.> AGA9/ ,JAPAN'S AGGRESSION 9 ,*9A & SUPPRESSION AT HOME1 AS WELL AS AGA9/ ,KOREAN NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AT ! =EFRONT 9 ?IS 0COMBAT0 AGA9/ ,JAPAN WAS ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] 7,HEUKSAEK S9MUN71 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,KOREAN AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] 9 #a#i#cS ,JAPAN1 :I* REPRES5T$ ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,JAPAN & PUBLI%$ ITS 9AUGURAL ISSUE ON ,AUGU/ #a 7OR ,JULY #b#b71 #a#i#c4.<#c#h#h.> ,UNLIKE MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS 9 ,JAPAN1 IT SURVIV$ & CONT9U$ TO PUBLI% ITS ISSUES = AB\T FIVE YE>S4 ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] WAS FUND$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS & ,KOREAN LABOR UNIONS 9 ,JAPAN1 & US$ ,KOREAN = ITS LANGUAGE1 ALBEIT ITS PUBLICATION WAS WELL RECEIV$ ) A W>M WELCOME & SUPPORT FROM ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] ,SPONTANE\S ,ALLIANCE ,NEWSPAP] 7,JIYU R5GO %IMBUN74.<#c#h#i.> ,! PUBLI%] ( ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] WAS 9ITIALLY ! ,TOKO ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE 7,TOKO RODO DOMEI71 A UNION ORGANIZATION ( ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 ,JAPAN UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,LAT]1 ! ,F$]ATION ( ,BLACK ,FRI5DS & ,FREE ,Y\? 7,KOKUTOMO JIYU SE95 R5MEI7 BECAME ITS PUBLI%]4.<#c#i.> ,EA* ISSUE ( IT SEEMS TO BE PUBLI%$ ) ONLY TWO PAGES1 BUT 9 ! LIMIT$ SPACE IT C>RI$ WIDELY LOCAL1 NATIONAL4 & GLOBAL NEWS1 MORE ?AN ANY ( ITS PR$ECESSORS1 NOT TO M5TION NEWS AB\T COLONIAL ,KOREA & !IR COMRADES 9 ,*9A4 ,DUE MA9LY TO ! NOTORI\S ,JAPANESE C5SOR%IP1 ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP]1 UNTIL ITS =MAL DISCONT9UATION DUE TO F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES AFT] ITS ?IRTY-SEV5? ISSUE 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#e1.<#c#i#a.> WAS REPEAT$LY BANN$ & 9 MANY CASES ITS ISSUES W]E CONFISCAT$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE4 ,& ! $ITORS W]E 9 & \T ( PRISON CONT9U\SLY4.<#c#i#b.> ,ITS ISSUES1 H[EV]1 W]E ALLEG$LY S5T \T & DELIV]$ CONT9U\SLY 9 A SEAL$ 5VELOPE TO ! READ]S1 PRESUMABLY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN1 ,*9A1 & COLONIAL ,KOREA4.<#c#i#c.> 

,FROM ITS SLOGAN ( 0,RU% ) REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS AT ! IRRATIONAL CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY10 :I* APPE>$ ON ! COV] PAGE ( ITS 9AUGURAL ISSUE1 WE CAN SEE ?AT ! NEWSPAP]'S PRIM>Y CONC]N WAS AB\T ! SOCIAL RA!R ?AN ! NATIONAL1 AT LEA/ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ITS PUBLICATION4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO CLE> ?AT ITS O!R GOALS W]E ! LIB]ATION ( ,KOREA FROM ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM & ! OPPOSITION TO ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! NEWSPAP]'S SPECIAL ISSUE 7#a#h7 ON ,AUGU/ #b#i1 #a#i#c#b1 ON ! TOPIC ( ,JAPAN'S ANNEXATION ( ,KOREA 9 #a#i#a1 PROPOS$ A JO9T /RUGGLE ( ,KOREAN & ,*9ESE PEOPLES AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM4.<#c#i#d.> ,9 FACT1 ! NEWSPAP]1 ACCORD+ TO AN >TICLE C>RI$ 9 IT LAT] 9 #a#i#c#e1 WAS LAUN*$ ) AN EXPECTATION TO 0TAKE ACTIONS0 BY DELIV]+ ITS ISSUES TO ! MASSES & LETT+ !M UND]/& :AT IT ADVOCAT$1 = :I* ,KOREAN AN>*I/ COMRADES W]E 5C\RAG$ TO ALL[ IT TO SPEAK = !M & FUNCTION AS AN ORGANIZ] TO HELP 9TEGRATE ALL ! DIFF]5T OP9IONS ( !M4.<#c#i#e.> ,9 %ORT1 ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] L$ A K9D ( V]BAL W>F>E AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM AS WELL AS PROPAGAT$ ! AN>*I/ IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,! ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] 9T]SP]S$ ) DIV]SE NEWS1 QUITE A BROAD RANGE ( LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 & GLOBAL NEWS & 9=MATION1 COV]+ UPDATES ON ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS_/ACTIVITIES & EV5TS 9 ! C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE 7,SPA91 ,GREECE1 ,FRANCE1 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 ,BULG>IA1 & ,YUGOSLAVIA71 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 7,MEXICO & ,COLOMBIA71 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 7! ,U4,S4 & ,CANADA71 & ,ASIA 7,KOREA1 ,JAPAN1 & ,*9A71 AS WELL AS REACTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,G]MANY & ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 ,IT ALSO C>RI$ MANY PIECES ( WRIT+ ?AT DISCUSS$ AN>*I/ !ORIES BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 BO? 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 & MANY TRANSLATIONS ( ,KROPOTK9'S WRIT+S4 ,! DIV]SITY ( NEWS ( ! WORLD & ANALYZES IT (F]$ AB\T !M 9DICATE ! NEWSPAP]'S TRANSNATIONAL DIM5SION 9 SELECT+ & C>RY+ NEWS1 AL?\< IT IS UNCLE> EXACTLY H[ IT RECEIV$ ! NEWS & :AT ITS S\RCES ( 9=MATION W]E4 ,ONE POSSIBLE CLUE IS ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ NEWSPAP]S LIKE ,SPONTANE\S ,ALLIANCE 7,JIYU R5GO7 & ,SPONTANE\S ,ALLIANCE ,NEWSPAP]1 BO? ( :I* SEEM$ TO %>E MANY >TICLES & REPORTS ) ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP]1 ALBEIT !Y W]E MO/LY C>RI$ 9 ! ,JAPANESE FIR/ & !N MANY ( !M W]E REPRODUC$ 9 ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] 9 ,KOREAN TRANSLATION4 ,( 9T]E/ IS ?AT ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ PRESSES SU* AS ! ONES M5TION$ ABOVE NOT ONLY C>RI$ NEWS AB\T ! ACTIVITIES ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN1 ,*9A1 & ,KOREA1 BUT ALSO (T5 CALL$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 0,KOREAN BRO!RS0 7,*OS5 KYODAI74.<#c#i#f.> ,9 ADDITION1 ,SPONTANE\S ,ALLIANCE C>RI$ MANY WRIT+S BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & REPORTS ON COLONIAL ,KOREA &_/OR ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ,*9A & ,KOREA4 ,ALL ?IS TELLS US AB\T ! CLOSE RELATION%IP & EV5 POSSIBLE P>TN]%IP 9 PUBLICATION BETWE5 !M4 

,! ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] WAS TRANSNATIONAL 9 ITS *>ACT]1 & ITS TRANSNATIONAL IDEA ( ! /ATE & NEGATION ( PATRIOTISM SEEM$ TO BE %>$ & ACCEPT$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O CONTRIBUT$ TO IT4.<#c#i#g.> ,9 FACT1 NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIES ALREADY HAD BE5 UND] CRITICAL SCRUT9Y & NATIONALISM HAD BE5 ID5TIFI$ AS NOT BE+ A PA? T[>D SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,YI ,HONGGEUN CONTRIBUT$ TO ,SPONTANE\S ,ALLIANCE ,NEWSPAP] AN >TICLE TITL$ 0,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T & ,NATIONAL ,MOVEM5T10 9 :I* HE /AT$ ?AT S9CE ! MASSES 9 COLONIES HAD RECEIV$ ! DUAL OPPRESSIONS1 CLASS & NATIONAL1 A LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 9 COLONIES C\LDN'T BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY NATIONALISM4 ,YI EXPLA9$ ?AT !RE WAS A PROCESS 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( A COLONY1 :I* DEEP5$ ! 9ITIAL NATIONAL DISCONT5T & CONSCI\SNESS & !N 9T5SIFI$ !M 9TO NATIONAL /RUGGLE REL5TLESSLY1 F9ALLY DEVELOP+ 9TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( & /RUGGLE = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,LABOR & PEASANT MOVEM5TS 9 A COLONY1 !RE=E1 TOOK !IR %APE AS A LIB]ATION MOVEM5T ( COLONY1 & ! /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION ( A COLONY HAD TO %\LD] ! DUTY = NATIONAL LIB]ATION & SOCIAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,TO MAKE G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION & HAVE 9DEP5D5T C\NTRIES1 9 %ORT1 ,YI ASS]T$ ?AT ALL NATIONS 7M9ZOKU7 BR+ EV]Y?+ TO EQUAL GR\ND BY TRANSC5D+ RACIAL & NATIONAL DISCRIM9ATION4 ,9 ADDITION1 TO SOLVE O!R PROBLEMS 9 COLONIES1 ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM MU/ BE PRESUPPOS$1 ,YI ADD$4.<#c#i#h.> 

,MANY >TICLES & REPORTS C>RI$ 9 ! ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] SUPPORT$ & MA9TA9$ ,YI'S /ANCE1 ESPECIALLY HIS CRITICISM ( ! NATIONALI/ &_/OR PATRIOTIC MOVEM5TS BY ,KOREAN EXILES1 ! GOAL ( :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! NEWSPAP]1 WAS LIMIT$ TO GA9+ ONLY POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE & ! CLASS 9T]E/ ( NATIONAL CAPITALI/S4 ,AN >TICLE TITL$ 0,FALLACIES 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,MOVEM5T10 C>RI$ 9 ITS TW5TY-SIX? ISSUE ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #a#i#c#d1 9CLUD$ ITS H>% CRITICISM AGA9/ ! 0FUNDAM5TALLY 9NATE CONTRADICTIONS0 9 ! ,KOREAN NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T AT ! TIME4 ,ITS ANONYM\S AU?OR >GU$ ?AT BO? !ORY & FACT HAD V9DICAT$ ?AT ! LIB]ATION ( A COLONY OR A WEAK PEOPLE C\LD NEV] BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY A PATRIOTIC NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! PATRIOTIC NATIONAL MOVEM5T ORGANIZ$ 9 ! NAME ( BUILD+ A NATION & AN 9DEP5D5T /ATE1 ! AU?OR CONT5D$1 HAD HAM/RUNG ! RI<TE\S MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES TO RECLAIM !IR JU/ICE & FRE$OM &1 !RE=E1 ! NATIONALI/ REVOLUTION HAD FAC$ ! OBJECTION & D5UNCIATION ( ! MASSES4 ,H5CE1 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 SU* COLONIES AS ,KOREA1 ,TAIWAN1 & ,9DIA1 :]E SUFF]+S FROM BO? CLASS & NATIONAL OPPRESSION W]E PRES5T1 ! AU?OR ADD$1 HAD ?OR\<LY AB&ON$ !IR 0NATIONALI/ TONES0 7M9JOK GIJO74 ,9 ADDITION1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 FROM A /&PO9T ( POLITICAL RI<TE\SNESS1 ! NATIONALI/S MI<T HAVE DREAM$ ( HAV+ ONE 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ?AT W\LD EMBRACE PEOPLE ( ALL SOCIAL /&+S & CLASSES1 :O HAD DEM&$ POLITICAL LIB]ATION ?R\< !IR NATION'S 9DEP5D5CE1 BUT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 ! NATION COMPROMIS$ EASILY ) IMP]IALI/S 9 ORD] TO ACCUMULATE !IR 9FLU5CE & CAPITAL4 ,! ,KOREAN CAPITALI/S1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 !Y W]E ASK$ = ! FUNDS TO SUPPORT ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 CALL$ = A PROTECTION FROM ,JAPANESE POLICE4 ,& 9 ! CASE ( ,*9A1 ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,*9A1 AL?\< ITS GOAL WAS ,*9A'S NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 HAD BECOME NO?+ BUT A PUPPET ( IMP]IALI/S1 ! AU?OR MA9TA9$4 ,H[EV] PURE ITS MOTIVE HAD BE51 ! AU?OR CONCLUD$1 NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS HAD ONLY BE5 MOVEM5TS = AUTONOMY UND] A SOCIETY ( COMPULSORY P[] & HAD BE51 !RE=E1 NO?+ BUT A MOVEM5T = SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,! AU?OR WAS NOT CONV9C$ BY A CLAIM ?AT A*IEV+ A NATIONAL REVOLUTION C\LD S]VE AS A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD TO OP5 UP A ROAD TO EV5TUAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,RA!R1 9 ! VIEW ( ! AU?OR ( ! >TICLE1 ONLY AFT] ! TIME :5 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 W\LD ! G5U9E REALIZATION ( 9DEP5D5CE ( A COLONY BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,9 ! AU?OR'S EYES ! ,K,A,F,C1 E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#b#h1 WAS ! ONE ?AT MOV$ T[>D ?AT DIRECTION ) A NEW ?\<T & A NEW CAT*PHRASE4.<#c#i#i.> 

,! 0REALITIES0 ( PATRIOTIC MOVEM5TS W]E FUR!R EXAM9$ 9 AN >TICLE C>RI$ 9 ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] ON ,DECEMB] #b#h1 #a#i#c#d4 ,ITS ANONYM\S CONTRIBUTOR FROM ,*9A BEGAN AN ANALYSIS ( 0PATRIOTIC MOVEM5TS0 ) ! REM>KS ON ! TIDES ( 0REACTIONS0 7B&ONG7 & 0PATRIOTISM0 ?AT ! AU?OR BELIEV$ HAD SWEPT ! WORLD AT ! TIME4 ,SUGGE/+ A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! TIDE ( PATRIOTISM & PATRIOTIC MOVEM5T1 ! AU?OR CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION ! MEAN+S ( /ATE 7GUKKA7 & FA!RL& 7JOGUK74 ,TO ! AU?OR1 /ATE MEANT CAPITALI/ /ATES & FA!RL& MEANT NO?+ BUT 0CAPITALI/ MILIT>I/ C\NTRIES40 ,! LIFE ( ! MASSES HAD NO?+ TO DO ) BO? 0/ATE0 & 0FA!RL&10 !RE=E4.<#d.> ,! AU?OR CONT9U$1 

,:AT ! MASSES MU/ LOVE IS !IR [N LIFE .<SA5<WAL.> & NATIVE PLACE .<HYANGTO.>4 ,:Y W\LD .<!Y.> LOVE .<!IR.> FA!RL& ?AT S]VES ! CAPITALI/ MILIT>I/S' DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION8 ,!Y .<MILIT>I/S.> POSIT A DIFF]5T POSITION FROM \RS ON ?IS REG>D &1 !RE=E1 EXI/ AS \R ABSOLUTE 5EMY 9 ! /RUGGLE 444 ,S9CE ALL /ATES MA9TA9 !IR EXI/5CE BY DEPRIV+ ! MASSES ( !IR BLOOD & FLE%1 TODAY'S /ATES CANNOT EXI/1 ONCE ! MASSES REJECT !IR DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION4 ,! PROJECTS .<SA-EOP.> CURR5TLY BE+ CONDUCT$ 9 ! NAME ( /ATE >E NO?+ BUT ! ONES 9 S]VICE ( ! EXPLOITATION BY ! RULE1 & !RE IS NO?+ ELSE 444 ,TO PROTECT ! /ATE'S PROJECTS IS CALL$ PATRIOTISM .<AEGUK.> &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 PROTECT+ ! /ATE .<HOGUK.>4 ,!RE=E1 ?OSE :O LAUN* \T 9TO :AT !Y .<I4E41 ! RULE.> CALL ! MOVEM5TS = PATRIOTISM & FA!RL&1 WILL BECOME !IR SLAVES 444 ,LET'S ?OR\<LY DE/ROY !IR PATRIOTISM & CONSCI\SNESS AB\T FA!RL& 444 .<,W.>HAT WAS CONTRIV$ = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! EXI/5CE .<( CAPITALISM.> IS ! PATRIOTIC MOVEM5T1 = :I* !Y CRY \T4 ,!RE=E1 A NATIONAL CRISIS .<GUNGNAN.> !Y FUSS AB\T IS A CRISIS ( !IR DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION6 ,! SO-CALL$ .<NATIONAL.> EM]G5CY 9 ,JAPAN MEANS A CRISIS ( ! ,JAPANESE CAPITALI/S' DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION4.<#d#a.> 

,! AU?OR *ALL5G$ ! MEAN+ ( /ATE BY NEGAT+ PATRIOTISM AS SOME?+ ?AT S]V$ ONLY ! RULE & ! CAPITALI/S & ?US HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! 9T]E/ & LIFE ( ! MASSES4 ,! NATIONAL PROJECTS SU* AS $UCATION & NATIONAL 9DU/RY W]E ALSO D5I$ BY ! AU?OR1 S9CE !Y ONLY PROTECT$ ! POSITION & /ATUS ( ! RULE & ! CAPITALI/S4.<#d#b.> ,?IS AU?OR RA!R PROPAGAT$ A PLACE-BAS$ APPROA* = ! MASSES 9 ID5TIFY+ !IR SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS AU?OR'S NEGATION ( ! /ATE & PATRIOTISM WAS NOT NOVEL4 ,A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ) PSEUDONYM ( ,GWANG HAD ALREADY 9SI/$ 9 #aibi 9 ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T ?AT ! AN>*I/S 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA DE/ROY ! BORD] SIGNS ON ! BORD]L9ES BETWE5 ! C\NTRIES1 S9CE ! FA!RL& ( AN>*I/S WAS ! UNIV]SE & ! E>?1 NOT !IR [N RESPECTIVE C\NTRY4.<#d#c.> 

,! ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] PLAY$ A ROLE AS A M$IUM ?AT CONNECT$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4 ,?OSE AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A CONTRIBUT$ !IR WRIT+S TO IT4 ,& !RE W]E MANY >TICLES1 9 ADDITION TO ! ONES M5TION$ ABOVE1 DEAL+ ) NEWS ON ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A & !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,9 ITS TW5TY-N9? ISSUE1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS ! 0,AN ,\TL9E ( ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A0 >TICLE1 & 9 ! ?IRTY-SIX? ISSUE 0,SECOND ,ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,%AN<AI ,BLACK ,T]RORI/ ,GR\P & ! ,?REE ,MAJOR ,9CID5TS0 APPE>$4 ,C>RI$ 9 ! 5SU+ ISSUES ( ! NEWSPAP] W]E MANY FOLL[-UP >TICLES ON ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 & ! T]RORI/ GR\P ,BLACK ,T]RORI/ ,P>TY 7,B,T,P7 & ITS MEMB]S4 ,ITS ?IRTY-FIR/ ISSUE1 PUBLI%$ ON ,JUNE #b#g1 #a#i#c#d1 C>RI$ AN >TICLE BY A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ 9 ,%AN<AI1 9 :I* IT WAS >GU$ ?AT SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS :AT HAD BE5 AGRE$ ON BY AN>*I/S &1 MORE IMPORTANT1 :AT MADE AN>*ISM REALIZABLE4 ,& 9 ?IS %ORT >TICLE1 ! AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTOR FROM ,%AN<AI 5GAG$ 9 A DISCUSSION ( :E!R AN>*ISM HAD 0PRACTICAL-NESS0 7HYEONSIL SEONG7 OR JU/ 5COMPASS$ UNREALI/IC UTOPIAN IDEAS4 ,! ANSW] (F]$ BY ! AU?OR WAS ?AT1 S9CE 9 A SOCIETY F\ND$ ON HUMAN 9/9CTS !RE HAD BE5 NO COMPULSORY P[] & NO DOM9ATION1 HAV+ NO COMPULSORY P[] & NO DOM9ATION 9 SOCIETY W]E BO? AN IDEAL & A REALITY4 ,! CRISES & MIS=TUNES ( HUMANK9D1 ! AU?OR EXPLA9$1 >OSE FROM ! FACT ?AT ! ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+S HAD BE5 REJECT$ &1 !RE=E1 ! GOAL ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS TO BREAK ?R\< ! CRISES & GET RID ( ! MIS=TUNES4 ,TO DO SO IT WAS IMP]ATIVE TO 0DE/ROY ALL ?AT REJECTS FRE$OM & EQUALITY0 & TO 0RETAKE EA* ONE'S FRE$OM & EQUALITY40 ,AL?\< ! GOAL ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS 9 ?IS S5SE TO RETAKE ! HUMAN LIFE ?AT HAD BE5 LO/1 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION DOES NOT SPR+ FROM ! RA% ACTS ( ?OSE :O ALWAYS USE COMPULSORY P[] .<GANGGWON JUUI JA.>02 RA!R IT >OSE ONLY FROM 9DEP5D5T_/AUTONOM\S ACTIONS 7JAJU HA5GDONG7 ( ! MASSES1 :I* W]E %AP$ FROM !IR [N POSITION4 ,! AU?OR F9ALLY CONCLUD$ ! %ORT >TICLE ) A CONFIRMATION ( 0PRACTICALNESS0 ( AN>*ISM1 /AT+ ?AT 0! IDEAL IS NOT ( ! O!R WORLD BUT IS A FRUIT ?AT IS BORNE 9 REALITY40.<#d#d.> 

,AN>*ISM'S 0PRACTICAL-NESS10 ALONG ) ITS 0/RONG ATTRACTION0 AS AN IDEA1 APPE>$ AGA9 9 AN >TICLE 9 ! ?IRTY-?IRD ISSUE ( ! ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] PUBLI%$ ON ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#d1 WRITT5 BY ,YI ,DAL 7#a#i#a-#a#i#d#b71 :O WAS !N 9 ,%AN<AI & US$ ! PSEUDONYM ,GEUMWOL4.<#d#e.> ,:AT HE >GU$ 9 IT WAS ! IMPORTANCE ( 0HUMAN DESIRES0 & 0UNNECESS>9ESS ( A LEAD+ PR9CIPLE0 9 ! C\RSE ( CON/RUCT+ A NEW SOCIETY ) FRE$OM & HAPP9ESS AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( HIS CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,S9CE IT WAS FROM !IR HUMAN1 RI<TE\S DESIRE = LIFE ?AT ! MASSES LONG$ = LIB]ATION1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT !RE WAS NO NE$ TO HAVE ANY 0SOCIAL SCI5CE !ORIES10 SU* AS ,K>L ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( CAPITAL & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S !ORIES SOME 9TELLECTUALS & >TI/S HAD ADVOCAT$4 ,TO HIM1 AN>*ISM WAS 9 NO NE$ ( !ORIZATION1 BECAUSE IT ORIG9AT$ 9 & WAS A NATURAL REFLECTION & \TCOME ( HUMAN DESIRES4.<#d#f.> 

,9 SOME CASES1 ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] /RONGLY ASK$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S = !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO IT BY S5D+ 9 !IR REPORTS1 SUGGE/IONS1 &_/OR OP9IONS4 ,TO ITS $ITORS LACK ( COMMUNICATION ) ! NEWSPAP] WAS A SIGN ( PASSIVE & C[>D ACTIONS ( AN>*I/S DUR+ ! 0COMBAT P]IOD40 ,:AT !Y ALSO WANT$ WAS TO RECEIVE UPDATES ON ! SITUATION & ACTIVITIES ( AN>*I/S NOT ONLY 9 ,TOKYO BUT 9 MANY O!R PLACES \TSIDE ,JAPAN4.<#d#g.> ,PROBABLY BECAUSE ( !SE URGES = FUR!R COMMUNICATION & CONTRIBUTION1 9T]CONNECT$NESS AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S !MSELVES 9CREAS$ & WAS QUITE VISIBLE1 AS !Y W]E CONT9U\SLY 9=M$ BY ! NEWSPAP] ( EA* O!R'S ACTIVITIES 9 DIFF]5T PLACES4 ,YI ,HAYU 7#a#i#i-#a#i#e7 & ,WON ,SIM*ANG 7#a#i#f-#a#i#g#a71 9 P>TICUL>1 EI!R WANT$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE OR ON PROBATION = !IR AN>*I/ & 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVITIES 9 ,JAPAN1 MOV$ TO ,*9A 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#cS & JO9$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS !RE4 ,9 ADDITION TO ,YI ,DAL1 !Y PROBABLY W]E ! ONES :O 9TRODUC$ ! ACTIVITIES ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A TO !IR =M] COMRADES 9 ,JAPAN & VICE V]SA1 :5 ! NEWSPAP] REQUE/$ BETT] COMMUNICATIONS ) ITS AN>*I/ COMRADES 9 O!R P>TS ( ,EA/ ,ASIA DUR+ ! 0COMBAT P]IOD40 

,?ANKS TO ! PRES5CE ( ! TWO ,YI'S & ,WON 9 ,*9A1 AMONG ALL ! O!RS1 ! GEOGRAPHICAL AS WELL AS POLITICAL B>RI]S1 AT LEA/ BETWE5 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 SEEM$ TO BE TO SOME EXT5T OV]COME1 AS !Y REMA9$ CONNECT$ ) & 9=M$ EA* O!R ( ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE & ! REALIZATION ( A NEW AN>*I/ SOCIETY ?R\< ! NEWSPAP]1 :I* TURN$ \T TO BE ! BE/ WAY = !M TO A*IEVE !IR GOALS4 ,AL?\< ,JEONG ,HWAAM RECALLS ?AT !RE W]E NO RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN1.<#d#h.> ! TWO >TICLES M5TION$ ABOVE QUITE CONV]SELY V9DICATE ?AT !RE WAS CONSID]ABLE COMMUNICATION BETWE5 !M4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! PHYSICAL MOVEM5T ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S FROM ,JAPAN TO ,*9A ALSO TELLS US AB\T !IR EXT5D$ CONNECTIONS & RELATIONS4 ,) ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ON ! MOVE1 A COSMOPOLITAN S5TIM5T SEEM$ TO BE %>$ BY !M1 :5 ONE ( !IR COMRADES WAS >RE/$ & IMPRISON$ 9 A ,JAPANESE PRISON4 ,9 AN OBITU>Y 9 ! ?IRTIE? ISSUE1 PUBLI%$ ON ,JULY #c#a1 #a#i#c#d1 ,BAEK ,JEONGGI WAS REMEMB]$ & PRAIS$ BY ! NEWSPAP] AS 0A REBEL :O /OOD ON ! FRONT L9E ( ! HUMAN LIB]ATION0 & A 0F]V5T ,TOL/OYAN40.<#d#i.> ,BAEK HAD BE5 9ITIALLY ACTIVE 9 ,JAPAN BUT LAT] W5T TO ,*9A & WAS >RE/$ !RE ) ,YI ,GAN<UN & ,WON ,SIM*ANG = ! FAM\S 0,SIX ,?REE ,>BOR ,RE/AURANT ,9CID5T0 ( ,M>* #a#i#c#c1 A FAIL$ ASSASS9ATION ( ,JAPANESE CONSUL> ,>IYO%I ,AKIRA BY ! SO-CALL$ ,BLACK ,T]RORI/ ,P>TY 7,B,T,P71 A T]ROR-ORI5T$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ GR\P 9 ,%AN<AI1.<#d#a.> ,AS A SEQUEL TO ?IS OBITU>Y1 ! NEWSPAP] C>RI$ A P]SONAL RECOLLECTION BY AN AN>*I/ 9 ,*9A1 NAM$ ,YANG ,JA*U1 ( ,YI ,GAN<UN 7#a#i#c-#b#c7 :O HAD ALSO BE5 >RE/$ = ! SAME 9CID5T4.<#d#a#a.> 

,BAEK1 ,YI1 & ,WON W]E ALL >RE/$1 TRI$1 & S5T5C$ TO LIFETIME 9 PRISON4 ,& !IR PLOT HAS BE5 CALL$ 9 ! ,S\? ,KOREAN HI/ORIOGRAPHY 0A H]OIC DE$ AT ,SIX-,?REE ,PAVILION .<,RE/AURANT.>0 BY ! ?REE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,WON ,SIM*ANG HAD BE5 A /UD5T 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,SOCIOLOGY ( ,JAPAN 7,NIHON7 ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,TOKYO S9CE #a#i#b#d1 & HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( V>I\S ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,TOKYO4 ,WON DECID$ TO MOVE TO ,%AN<AI 9 #a#i#c1 AFT] HE WAS RELEAS$ FROM PRISON1 & F9ALLY >RIV$ 9 ,%AN<AI 9 #aica TO CONDUCT MORE ACTIVE ACTIVITIES AGA9/ ,JAPAN4 ,S9CE !N HE HAD BE5 A CORE MEMB] ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,KOREAN ,Y\? 9 ,S\? ,*9A 7,L,K,Y,S,C7 9 ,%AN<AI4.<#d#a#b.> ,BAEK ,JEONGGI 7#a#h#i#f-#a#i#c#d7 WAS 9SPIR$ BY ,LABOR ,NEWSPAP] 7,RODO %IMBUN7 & BECAME A SOCIALI/1 :ILE HE 9DULG$ 9 READ+ BOOKS ON SOCIALISM & LABOR+ = LIV+ AS A WORK-/UDY /UD5T 9 ,TOKYO FROM #aiba TO #a#i#b#d4 ,HE MOV$ TO ,BEIJ+ & !N TO ,%AN<AI 9 #a#i#b#d1 :]E HE JO9$ O!R ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4.<#d#a#c.> ,YI ,GAN<UN CAME TO ,*9A 9 #a#i#b1 BUT MOV$ TO ,MAN*URIA 9 #a#i#b#e1 :]E HE TOOK P>T 9 V>I\S 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T ACTIVITIES4 ,YI ESCAP$ TO ,%AN<AI FROM ! ,JAPANESE >RE/ 9 #a#i#c#b1 & BECAME A MEMB] ( ! ,L,K,Y,S,C 9 ,%AN<AI4.<#d#a#d.> 

,9 AN $ITORIAL NOTICE 9 ! ?IRTIE? ISSUE1 ! $ITOR ( ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP]1 9DICAT+ ! LACK ( REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 ! WORLD1 :I* ! $ITOR BELIEV$ TO BE ! MA9 REASON :Y ! REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 & ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,*ICAGO FAIL$ TO IGNITE ! FIRE ( & G5]ATE A WORLD REVOLUTION1 CONT5D$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 ! ,F> ,EA/ W]E 9 NE$ ( SY/EMATIC & ORGANIZ$ ACTIVITIES4 ,! FAILURE1 ACCORD+ TO ! $ITOR1 WAS DUE TO1 FIR/1 ! !ORETICAL & ME?ODOLOGICAL 9COMPLET5ESS AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES &1 SECOND1 ! LACK ( MUTUAL CONTACTS & COOP]ATION AMONG ! COMRADES 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,! NOTICE FUR!R ASK$ = 9CREAS$ 9T]ACTIONS AMONG !M & SUGGE/$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y TASK NOT BE PLAC$ ON ! %\LD]S ( ONE P]SON 9 ONE REGION BUT ON ! %\LD]S ( ALL HUMAN BE+S LIV+ 9 ! WORLD4 ,! $ITOR1 !RE=E1 9SI/$ ?AT ! EXPLOIT$ PROP]TYLESS MASSES ( ! WORLD MAKE ALL ! EF=TS TO 0RESPOND TO EA* O!R 9 ! ,EA/ & ! ,WE/40.<#d#a#e.> 

,! ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] DEMON/RATES ! RESILI5CE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN 9 !IR /RUGGLE DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! MO/ TI<T5$ SURVEILLANCE & BRUTAL SUPPRESSION ( RADICALS BY ,JAPANESE POLICE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT PO9TS TO SOME MILITANT *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#cS ,JAPAN2 IT WAS QUITE AUDACI\S TO ADVOCATE ! OV]?R[ ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM 9 ! CAPITAL CITY4 ,NOT AS !ORETICAL 9 *>ACT] AS ITS ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>T1 IT NEV]!LESS WAS F]V5TLY AGA9/ ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T1 DISCLOS+ ITS TRANSNATIONAL DIRECTION AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ITS EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP] MU/ HAVE UTILIZ$ A K9D ( AN>*I/ NETWORK 9 ! REGION ?AT CUT ACROSS ! GEOGRAPHICAL AS WELL AS NATIONAL B\ND>IES4 ,AS ! >TICLES IT C>RI$ DEMON/RATE1 ,JAPAN-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 UNLIKE !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A1 W]E MORE CONC]N$ ) ! SOCIAL & WORLD PROBLEMS ?AN ) ! NATIONAL GOAL1 EV5 DUR+ ! 0COMBAT P]IOD0 AGA9/ !IR NATIONAL 5EMY4 ,?IS MAKES A CLE> DIFF]5CE FROM ! ACTIVITIES & DIRECTION ( ,*9A-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O1 AS ,I EXAM9E BEL[1 W]E MORE 9CL9$ T[>D ! =MATION ( NATIONAL UNITY OR NATIONAL FRONT DUR+ 0! COMBAT P]IOD40 

,F9ALLY1 SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN1 SU* AS ,YI ,DONGSUN1 ,HAN ,GUKDONG1 & ,YI ,SUYONG1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! %ORT-LIV$ ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,MUSEIFU KYOSANTO71 E/ABLI%$ BY ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S 9 ,JANU>Y #c1 #a#i#c#d1 ONLY TO BE CRU%$ BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#e4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JOHN ,CRUMP1 ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ P>TY WAS E/ABLI%$ ) 0,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS = AN>*I/ PURPOSES0.<#d#a#f.> ) AN AIM ( 0PRES]V+ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! FACE ( A /ATE ?AT WAS DET]M9$ TO CRU% IT40 ,JO9+ IT C\LD HAVE S]V$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S A PREC$5T = !IR PO/-#a#i#d#e EXP]IM5T ) TWO POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,! BRIEF P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ P>TY SEEM$ TO BE ! LA/ VISIBLE ACTIVITY ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN BE=E #a#i#d#e4 

,T]RORISM 9 ,S]VICE ( ! ,NATION & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 

  

,DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #a#i#cS ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' ACTIVITIES 9 ,*9A W]E AT FIR/ 9 JEOP>DY BECAUSE ( ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,MAN*URIA & NOR? ,*9A4 ,UNLIKE 9 ,JAPAN OR COLONIAL ,KOREA1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A HAD 5JOY$ RELATIVE FRE$OM ( ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES & PROPAGAT+ AN>*ISM ) V>I\S SUPPORTS FROM ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & AT TIMES EV5 FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,*9A1 :I* 5ABL$ !M TO FI<T 9 ,*9A AGA9/ ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM4.<#d#a#g.> ,H[EV]1 ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,*9A UND] ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK'S LEAD]%IP HAD CONT9U$ TO RETREAT S9CE ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,MAN*URIA 9 #a#i#c#a1 )\T RESI/+ IT1 ULTIMATELY LOS+ ,MAN*URIA & CONSEQU5TLY P>T ( NOR? ,*9A BY ! MID-#a#i#cS4 ,AS A RESULT1 SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TOO HAD TO MOVE BY ! MID-#a#i#cS FROM NOR? ,*9A & ,MAN*URIA TO C5TRAL ,*9A1 P>TICUL>LY TO ,%AN<AI :]E !Y FAC$ 9CREAS$ T5SIONS BETWE5 ,*9A & ,JAPAN AS WELL AS 9CREAS$ ,JAPANESE POLICE ACTIVITIES4 ,TO ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BO? AT HOME & ABROAD1 NO?+ N[ SEEM$ TO GO A?W>T !IR PLAN = V>I\S MOVEM5TS & ACTIVITIES4 ,! \TBREAK ( ! ,S9O-,JAPANESE ,W> ON ,JULY #g1 #aicg FUR!R EXAC]BAT$ ! UNFAVORABLE SITUATION 9 ,*9A = !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,UND] ! BELLIG]5T CONDITIONS BETWE5 ,*9A & ,JAPAN ?AT MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD TO DEAL )1 !Y W]E (T5 MORE CONC]N$ ) !IR DAILY SURVIVAL ?AN !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS & GOALS OR !IR C\NTRY'S LIB]ATION FROM ! %ACKLES ( ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM4 ,KIM ,GWANGJU 7#a#i#a-#a#i#g#c7 RECALLS ?IS K9D ( COMPLEX SITUATION & /ATE ( M9D MANY ,KOREAN Y\? POSSESS$ &_/OR HAD TO GO ?R\< 9 #a#i#cS ,%AN<AI4 ,KIM 5D$ HIS LIFE AS A J\RNALI/ & NOVELI/ 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 BUT HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,KOREAN ,Y\? 9 ,S\? ,*9A 7,L,K,Y,S,C71 A T]ROR-ORI5T$ AN>*I/ GR\P ORGANIZ$ & BAS$ 9 #a#i#cS ,%AN<AI4 ,I WILL RETURN TO ?IS ORGANIZATION BEL[4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,KIM1 ! LIVES ( ,KOREAN Y\?S 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #a#i#cS 9 ,%AN<AI C\LD BE DESCRIB$ ) SU* WORDS AS DESPAIR1 EXTREME PESSIMISM1 SELF-AB&ONM5T1 W&]+1 & LONG+1 ALL ( :I* W]E ! SIGNS ( DECL9$1 L[-KEY SPIRIT = REVOLUTION>IES4 ,!Y1 9CLUD+ ,KIM HIMSELF1 EV5 BEGAN TO WOND] IF !RE ACTUALLY EXI/$ A C\NTRY !Y C\LD CALL !IR FA!RL& 7JOGUK71 & F9ALLY CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION ! V]Y EXI/5CE & MEAN+ ( FA!RL&1 :I* 9 !IR M9DS HAD ONLY GIV5 TO !M A DIFFICULT1 H>% TIME & HAD BE5 UNABLE TO DO ANY?+ = !M UND] ! SWORD-RELIANT RULE ( ! ,JAPANESE & !IR POLICE4 ,TO ! ,KOREAN Y\?S1 !RE=E1 ,KIM RECALLS1 FA!RL& APPE>$ AS NEI!R AN ATTRACTIVE WORD NOR A SUB/ANTIAL EXI/5CE4 ,!Y ALSO BEGAN TO VIEW COMMONLY US$ T]MS LIKE PATRIOTS & REVOLUTION>IES AS EQUIVAL5T 9 MEAN+ TO HYPOCRISY 7WISEON7 & SELF-RI<TE\SNESS 7DOKSEON74 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,KIM CAME TO CONCLUDE AT ! TIME ?AT ?IS K9D ( A LIFE1 9CLUD+ ! ONE HE WAS LIV+1 C\LD BE DESCRIB$ LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,GYPSIES OR BOHEMIANS4.<#d#a#h.> 

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A FROM ! E>LY TO MID-#a#i#cS1 :O SEEM$ TO HAVE NO /ABLE LIFE OR RELIABLE ORGANIZATIONS = !IR SURVIVAL & ACTIVITIES1 TURN$ !IR EYES 9CREAS+LY TO EXTREME1 VIOL5T MEANS1 SU* AS T]ROR-ORI5T$ ACTIONS AGA9/ ,JAPANESE 9VAD]S1 SOMETIMES 9 T&EM ) ,*9ESE OR O!R ,ASIAN AN>*I/S4 ,!IR T]ROR-FOCUS$ ACTIVITIES 9CLUD$ ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,JAPANESE HI< (FICIALS & MILIT>Y COMM&]S AS WELL AS SO-CALL$ ,KOREAN TRAITORS RESID+ MO/LY 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,SU* ACTIONS W]E 9ITIAT$ & CONDUCT$ FIR/ BY ! ,L,K,Y,S,C1 :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ TO SOME EXT5T AS A REACTION TO ! 0,SEPTEMB] #a#h? ,9CID5T0 7OR ! 0,MAN*URIAN ,9CID5T071 :I* OCCURR$ 9 #a#i#c#a--A SP>K ( ! FIFTE5-YE>-LONG MILIT>Y CONFLICT BETWE5 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS WELL-KN[N ACTIVITIES1 HI/ORIAN ,HORIU*I ,M9ORU EV5 POSITS ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#cS ,*9A WAS MA9LY L$ & CONDUCT$ BY ! ,L,K,Y,S,C4.<#d#a#i.> ,9DE$ ! ,L,K,Y,S,C FUNCTION$ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #a#i#cS1 ALMO/ AS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S GA!R$ & CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,%AN<AI FROM V>I\S PLACES LIKE ! ,KOREAN P59SULA1 ,JAPAN1 ,MAN*URIA1 & ,*9A4.<#d#b.> ,ITS MEMB]%IP 9CLUD$ ,YU ,SEO1 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 ,JEONG ,HA]I1 ,JANG ,DOS91 ,AN ,GONGGEUN1 ,S9 ,HYEONSANG1 ,*OE ,SEOKYEONG1 & ,WON ,SIM*ANG4.<#d#b#a.> ,! LATT] ?REE1 9 P>TICUL>1 HAD BECOME AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN & !N MOV$ TO ,*9A AT ! TURN ( ! #a#i#cS TO CONT9UE !IR ACTIVITIES1 F9ALLY JO9+ ! ,L,K,Y,S,C4 ,AMONG ! ?REE ,WON IS REV]$ & REMEMB]$ N[ AS AN AN>*I/ :O USUALLY TOOK ACTIONS FIR/1 RA!R ?AN ONE :O HAD !ORETICAL CONSID]ATIONS BE=EH&3 HE WAS SIMPLY 0AN ANTI-,JAPANESE REVOLUTION>Y40.<#d#b#b.> ,! ,L,K,Y,S,C WAS JO9$ LAT] BY ADDITIONAL MEMB]S 9 ,*9A LIKE ,JEONG ,HWAAM & ,YI ,DAL4 

,! ,L,K,Y,S,C JU/IFI$ ITS T]RORISM-ORI5T$ ACTIVITIES AGA9/ ! ,JAPANESE1 S9CE ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BELIEV$ ?AT !RE WAS NO O!R MEANS = !M BUT T]RORISM TO RESI/ ,JAPAN'S MILIT>Y 9VASION ( ,*9A4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ,KIM ,SEONGSUK 7#a#h#i#h-#a#i#f#i71 A PROM95T ,M>XI/ 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/ :O WORK$ CLOSELY ) ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BE=E #a#i#d#e1 !Y 9 G5]AL POSSESS$ A S5SE ( SELF-JU/IFY+ CONVICTION ?AT T]RORISM AGA9/ ! OPPRESSIVE =EIGN =CE ALWAYS C>RI$ ! SPIRIT ( 0! UTMO/ HUMANITY10 AS WELL AS ! MEAN+ ( 0LIB]ATION0 & 0FREE+ \RSELVES0 FROM ! =EIGN AGGRESSOR4 ,9 %ORT1 AS ,KIM RECALLS1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S KNEW ?AT !IR T]RORISM MI<T 5TAIL SOME NEGATIVE CONNOTATIONS TO !IR ACTIVITIES BUT1 AS LONG AS IT DID NOT JU/ MEAN VIOL5CE & DE/RUCTION ) NO REASON AGA9/ UNID5TIFI$ OBJECTS1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT !IR ACTIONS W\LD LAY \T ! TRUE MEAN+ ( T]RORISM1 IF UND]/OOD FROM ! PO9T ( !IR 0CON/RUCTIVE0 9T5TION4.<#d#b#c.> 

,TO BE SURE1 REG>DLESS ( ITS T]RORI/ ACTIONS & (T5 V]BAL ?REATS TO ! ,JAPANESE (FICIALS & MILIT>Y COMM&]S = !IR LIVES1 ! ,L,K,Y,S,C CAN NEV] BE PORTRAY$ AS A T]RORI/ GR\P1 AT LEA/ NOT = ITS PLAT=M4 ,SOME ( ! LANGUAGES ASSOCIAT$ ) REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 ,KOREAN SOCIETY W]E MA9TA9$ 9 ITS PLAT=M4 ,:AT IS REVEAL+ 9 IT 7& ITS DECL>ATION71 9 O!R WORDS1 AS ,I EXAM9E BEL[1 >E ITS CONC]NS ) ! SOCIAL & ALSO ITS DIRECTION T[>D A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT MU/ HAVE 9H]IT$1 CONT9U$1 & EV5 PRES]V$ ! SOCIAL GOAL & DIRECTION ( ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T FROM ! PREVI\S DECADE4 ,?IS SOCIAL DIM5SION ( ! ,L,K,Y,S,C CAN BE F\ND 9 ITS PLAT=M1 REGULATIONS1 & DECL>ATION4 ,FIR/1 9 ITS PLAT=M1 ! ,L,K,Y,S,C'S MEMB]S EXPRESS$ !IR D5IAL & REJECTION ( ALL K9DS ( POLITICAL OR SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS AS WELL AS ! FAMILY SY/EM & RELIGION1 ALL ( :I* !Y BELIEV$ W]E SIMPLY COV]$ NOM9ALLY ) MORALITY4 ,!Y ALSO ANN\NC$ 9 !IR DECL>ATION !IR RELIANCE ON ! PR9CIPLE ( SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE 9 ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES1 & D5I$ ! PRIVATE PROP]TY SY/EM UND] CAPITALISM4 ,! ,L,K,Y,S,C MEMB]S PL$G$ !MSELVES TO BUILD A NEW UTOPIAN SOCIETY ( ABSOLUTE FRE$OM & EQUALITY AFT] 9DEP5D5CE4 ,?IS C\LD BE REALIZ$ ONLY ) ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( SOCIAL ILLS LIKE PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! NATION-/ATE1 9CLUD+ ! 0PSEUDO-MORALITY0 ( ! LATT]4 ,! NEW SOCIETY W\LD BE BAS$ ON ABSOLUTELY SPONTANE\S ALLIANCES AMONG 9DIVIDUALS1 :O W\LD WORK ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 & RECEIVE 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR NE$S4 ,9 SU* A SOCIETY1 ! DECL>ATION EXPLA9$1 CITIES W\LD HAVE ! APPE>ANCE ( F>M+ VILLAGES1 :ILE VILLAGES W\LD HAVE ! CONV5I5CES4 ,F>M+ VILLAGES & CITIES ALIKE W\LD BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY A SCI5TIFIC COMB9ATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ! MO/ EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION4 ,F9ALLY1 ! DECL>ATION >GU$ ?AT SU* AN 0>TI/IC0 SOCIETY W\LD HAVE NO NE$ = MONEY1 AS IT W\LD BE 0A SOCIETY *OS5 FROM EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S FREE WILL1 & 9DIVIDUALS CAN WORK FREELY !RE40 ,ULTIMATELY1 0!RE WILL BE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 9TELLECTUAL LABOR .<JI-NEUNG NODONG.> & PHYSICAL LABOR .<GEUN-YUCK NODONG.>10 SO 0NO ONE W\LD COME TO DISLIKE WORK+40.<#d#b#d.> 

,! ,L,K,Y,S,C'S GOALS1 REFLECT$ 9 ! ABOVE DECL>ATION1 REVEAL ! IDEAL AN>*I/ SOCIETY IT WANT$ TO CON/RUCT BY SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,( C>D9AL SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! DECL>ATION >E IDEAS LIKE COMB9+ AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY & COMB9+ M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR1 ) 9DIVIDUAL TRANS=MATION AS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE 9 ! PROJECT ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,!SE IDEAS HAD ALREADY BE5 WIDELY PROPAGAT$ & PR(ESS$ BY ! ,P>IS ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4.<#d#b#e.> ,!SE IDEAS W]E ALSO ! IDEALS ( ! ,%AN<AI ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY & ( ! $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS ( ,*9ESE 7& ,EA/ ,ASIAN7 AN>*I/S4 ,!SE IDEALS & LANGUAGES W]E SEEM+LY /ILL ALIVE H]E1 EMPLOY$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 #a#i#cS ,*9A4 ,!RE IS NO CONCRETE EVID5CE EXPLA9+ :Y & H[ ! IDEAS W]E REVIV$ BY ! ,ALLIANCE AT ! TIME IT />T$ >M$1 T]ROR-ORI5T$ /RUGGLES AGA9/ ,JAPAN4 ,IT IS NEV]!LESS REVEAL+ ?AT MANY ,KOREANS 9 ! ,ALLIANCE HAD WORK$ ) ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S 9 SU* JO9T AN>*I/ PROJECTS LIKE ,LIDA ,COLLEGE1 ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY1 & ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS ALSO REVEAL+ ?AT ONE ( ! PO/-#a#i#d#e ,KOREAN AN>*I/ PROJECTS PROMOT$ 79 ! #a#i#fS7 0DOME/IC 9DU/RY0 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 *APT] #e1 & ! ,L,K,Y,S,C MEMB]S ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES AS 0P]SONS ) FREE WILL & = NO-GOV]NM5T0 7MUJEONGBU JAYU JUUIJA74.<#d#b#f.> ,! DEF9ITION WAS GO+ TO BE READOPT$ AFT] #aide ) MODIFICATIONS4 

,LIKEWISE1 GIV5 ! P>TICIPATION ( ?OSE :O HAD /UDI$ ABROAD 9 ,JAPAN1 IT IS NOT BASELESS TO SAY ?AT ! ,L,K,Y,S,C 5DEAVOR$ TO REALIZE A WORLDWIDE SOCIAL REVOLUTION & PURSU$ ALMO/ ! SAME IDEAL SOCIETY ,JAPANESE PURE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,HATTA ,%UZO S\<T TO A*IEVE 9 ! #a#i#cS1.<#d#b#g.> NOT TO M5TION ! ONE ,*9ESE AN>*I/S ATTEMPT$ AT ! ,LAODA & 9 ,QUANZH\ ) O!R ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/S4 ,! IDEA ( SU* AN IDEAL SOCIETY A*IEV$ BY A SOCIAL REVOLUTION B5T ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES EVID5TLY REVEALS ! TRANSNATIONAL L9KAGES ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,AL?\< T]ROR-ORI5T$ 9 ACTION1 ! ,L,K,Y,S,C C]TA9LY PROJECT$ 0A G5U9E SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 9 ! FUTURE4 ,ITS MEMB]S PL$G$ 9 ! DECL>ATION TO BUILD A NEW ,KOREAN SOCIETY AFT] ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* !Y ASSUM$ W\LD BE REALIZ$ ONLY AFT] A TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( SOCIAL ILLS UND] CAPITALISM1 SU* AS PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! 9/ITUTIONS & PSEUDO-MORALITY ( ! NATION-/ATE4.<#d#b#h.> ,!Y ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT 0! ,KOREA PROBLEM0 C\LD NEV] BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! WORLD PROBLEMS & ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,KOREA W\LD BE 0A UNIT0 ( ! WORLD'S SOCIAL REVOLUTION4.<#d#b#i.> 

,ALSO NOTABLE 9 !IR DECL>ATION IS ?AT ! ,L,K,Y,S,C'S MEMB]S SAW ! IMPORTANCE & NECESSITY ( >M+ ! ,KOREAN MASSES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 9 DEF5SE ( 0RURAL COMMUNITY VILLAGES0 7GONGDONG NONG*ON7 ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY AGA9/ ANY MILIT>Y =CES ?AT MI<T APPROA* & DE/ROY !M1 ALBEIT !Y ADMITT$ ?AT >MAM5T ITSELF WAS UNNECESS>Y 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,AS ,I WILL EXPLA9 BEL[1 ! IDEA ( ! NECESSITY & IMPORTANCE ( HAV+ >M$ =CES W]E TO BE RE9TRODUC$ & SUBSEQU5TLY RECONFIRM$ LAT] 9 ! IDEA ( ! NATIONAL FRONT MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,L,K,Y,S,C ACTIVELY PROPOS$ AFT] #a#i#c#f4 ,:AT IS 9T]E/+ H]E IS ?AT ,*9ESE AN>*I/S TOO 0WROTE AB\T US+ >M$ =CES0 9 ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION1 DUR+ !IR DEBATE ) COMMUNI/S 9 MID-#a#i#bS1.<#d#c.> ANO!R SIGN ( ! TRANSNATIONAL L9KAGES BETWE5 ,KOREAN & ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4 

,! ,L,K,Y,S,C PUBLI%$ ITS J\RNAL1 ,S\? ,*9A ,CORRESPOND5CE 7,NAMHWA TONGS971 FROM ,JANU>Y #aicf & POSSIBLY CONT9U$ TO DO SO UNTIL ! 5D ( #a#i#c#g4 ,& IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT IT WAS PUBLI%$ AT ,LIDA ,COLLEGE 9 ,%AN<AI4.<#d#c#a.> ,LIDA ,COLLEGE DIDN'T FUNCTION JU/ AS ITS PR9T+ PLACE1 H[EV]2 ITS MEMB]S US$ ! COLLEGE TO HAVE !IR [N GA!R+S TO CONSPIRE & SET !IR PLAN TO EXECUTE 0,KOREAN TRAITORS0 7HAN-GAN7 9 ,%AN<AI1 :O !Y BELIEV$ HAD H&$ ! 9=MATION AB\T ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T & ACTIVI/S 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S OV] TO ! ,JAPANESE POLICE 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,! FACT ?AT ,LIDA ,COLLEGE PLAY$ ITS ROLE AS A GA!R+ PLACE = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR ACTIVITIES IS REVEAL+1 BECAUSE IT IS ANO!R EXAMPLE ?AT PO9TS TO A CLOSE RELATION%IP & 9TIMATE COLLABORATION BETWE5 ,KOREAN & ,*9ESE AN>*I/S OV] !IR COMMON 5EMY1 ,JAPAN1 & PROBABLY !IR COMMON AN>*I/ GOAL4 ,& ,YU ,JA-MYEONG WAS ! ONE :O MADE ALL !SE POSSIBLE4 ,YU HAD BE5 TEA*+ AT ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,RURAL ,VILLAGE ,$UCATION 7,NONGCUN JIAOYU KE7 ( ! COLLEGE S9CE #aica & HIS PRES5CE !RE AS A FACULTY MEMB] HELP$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO MEET ONE ANO!R !RE & PLACE !IR PR9T] = ! J\RNAL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ACCORD+ TO ,YU1 ,KUANG ,HU%5G1 ! F\ND] ( ,LIDA ,COLLEGE1 WAS NO D\BT WILL+ TO SUPPORT ,KOREAN REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,*9A4.<#d#c#b.> ,LIDA ,COLLEGE ?US BECAME ONE ( ! MA9 GA!R+ PLACES & PO9TS ( COMMUNICATION = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,%AN<AI4 

,9 AN >TICLE C>RI$ 9 ,JUNE #aicf 9 ,S\? ,*9A ,CORRESPOND5CE1 TITL$ 0,! ,RESPONSIBILITY & ,TASK ( ,\R ,Y\?10 ITS AU?OR1 NAM$ ,HA 7PRESUMABLY ,YI ,HAYU71 CONDEMN$ ! POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ( EXIL$ POLITICAL P>TIES AIM+ AT GA9+ 9DEP5D5CE1 = 0! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T 9 A COLONIAL SITUATION %\LD NOT BE A POLITICAL MOVEM5T BUT A G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T40.<#d#c#c.> ,! REASON WAS SIMPLE4 ,! POLITICAL MOVEM5T W\LD EV5TUALLY 5D 9 VA91 ACCORD+ TO ,HA1 TO :OM AN>*I/S W]E ! ONLY G5U9E REVOLUTION>IES1 &1 !RE=E1 0! ,KOREAN REVOLUTION IS AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 IF SE5 FROM HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES40.<#d#c#d.> ,:AT W\LD FOLL[ ! G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS1 :I* W\LD 9 TURN REQUIRE REVOLUTION>Y CON/RUCTIONS UND]TAK5 BY ! :OLE MASSES1 EXPLA9$ ,HA4 ,:AT ! SOCIETY F9ALLY ACCOMPLI%$ W\LD BE A UTOPIAN ONE ?AT W\LD GU>ANTEE FRE$OM1 ! REALIZATION ( :I* MU/ BE ! TASK ( ,KOREAN Y\?1 CONCLUD$ ,HA4.<#d#c#e.> ,H]E1 ! COALITION ( AN>*I/S & ! MASSES VIA ! Y\? APPE>$ AS ! KEY TO ! REALIZATION ( SU* A UTOPIAN SOCIETY4 ,DEP>T+ FROM ! CON/RA9$ CONCEPT ( ! NATION 7M9JOK71 ?AT IS1 9DEP5D5CE AS A SUPREME GOAL1 TO APPLY ,H5RY ,EM'S ANALYSIS1 ! AU?OR1 ,HA1 OP5$ UP A ROAD TO SEE A BROAD AUDI5CE 9 ! WORLD JU/ LIKE ,%9 ,*AEHO DID A DECADE AGO1 :OSE TURNS TO AN>*ISM FROM 0NATIONALISM0 & TO 0! PEOPLE0 7M9JUNG7 FROM 0! NATION0 7M9JOK7 W]E1 ACCORD+ TO ,EM1 AN 9DICATOR ( ,%9'S 0POLITICAL PROGRAM ?AT W5T BEYOND NATIONALISM40.<#d#c#f.> ,SIMIL>LY1 ,HA MOV$ BEYOND ! NATION H]E 9 PROJECT+ A NEW SOCIETY ( FRE$OM = ! MASSES ?R\< ! ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY ( Y\?4 

,A NECESSITY TO UNITE ) ! MASSES = A G5U9E SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS REEMPHASIZ$ 9 AN ANONYM\SLY WRITT5 >TICLE1 TITL$ 0,\R ,WORDS10 9 AN ISSUE ( ! ,S\? ,*9A ,CORRESPOND5CE1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#f4 ,?IS ANONYM\S AU?OR ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT ! QUE/ION ( ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE WAS P]T95T NOT ONLY TO ,KOREA BUT TO ! WORLD1 & ?AT ! ,KOREAN REVOLUTION ?US WAS A 0UNIT0 ( ALL SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS ( ! WORLD1 :I* L$ ! AU?OR TO CONCLUDE ?AT AN>*I/S W]E REAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,TO R5D] SOCIAL REVOLUTION G5U9E1 H[EV]1 ! AU?OR ASS]T$ ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE TO BE REAL FRI5DS ( ! MASSES1 :O W\LD BE ! F9AL & P]PETUAL VICTOR 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 COPY+ O!R REVOLUTIONS LIKE ! #aiag ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT DESIRABLE1 = ! REVOLUTION>IES HAD TO CONSID] P>TICUL> CIRCUM/ANCES !Y W]E SURR\ND$ & FAC$4.<#d#c#g.> ,?IS AU?OR1 REJECT+ ANY APPLICABILITY ( ! UNIV]SAL !ORIES OR EXP]I5CES TO NATION-BAS$ REVOLUTION1 UND]SCOR$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ACCOMMODATION TO V>I\S NATIONAL 5VIRONM5TS1 ACC\NT+ AT ! SAME TIME = ! TRANSNATIONAL DIM5SIONS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! AN>*I/ B5T4 

,ANO!R >TICLE 9 ! SAME ISSUE ( ,S\? ,*9A ,CORRESPOND5CE1 TITL$ 0,:AT ,IS ,AN>*ISM80 BY AN AU?OR ) PSEUDONYM ( ,BAEKM91 9TRODUC$ ! MEAN+ ( AN>*ISM4 ,TO ?IS AU?OR AN>*ISM FIR/ WAS AN IDEA ?AT POLITICALLY D5I$ ALL K9DS ( DOM9ATION & 0COMPULSORY P[]0 7GANGGWON72 ?AT ECONOMICALLY REJECT$ PRIVATE PROP]TY & COMMUNI/ POLITICS ( 0NAK$ P[]02 & F9ALLY ?AT S\<T E?ICALLY TO REALIZE ! PR9CIPLES ( MUTUAL AID & COMMON PROSP]ITY ( ALL PEOPLES4 ,AN>*ISM1 9 O!R WORDS1 APPE>$ 9 ! >TICLE AS ! IDEA NOT SIMPLY = A POLITICAL1 LABOR1 OR SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 BUT = A MU* MORE COMPLEX MOVEM5T ?AT S\<T TO DE/ROY & UPROOT DOM9ATION1 EXPLOITATION1 & 0COMPULSORY =CE0 9 SOCIETY1 9 ORD] TO LIB]ATE ! POLITICALLY1 ECONOMICALLY1 & E?ICALLY OPPRESS$ & FETT]$ MASSES1 & ?US F9ALLY TO REALIZE A 0FREE COMMUNI/ SOCIETY0 7JAYU GONGSAN SAHOE7 :]E NO DOM9ATION & COMPULSORY P[] EXI/$4.<#d#c#h.> ,! AU?OR REIT]AT$ ! ABOVE-M5TION$ GOAL ( ! ,L,K,Y,S,C1 :I* OBVI\SLY WAS ! CON/RUCTION ( AN IDEAL AN>*I/ SOCIETY BY WAY ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AS REFLECT$ UND\BT$LY 9 ! A=EM5TION$ DECL>ATION1 PLAT=M1 & REGULATIONS4 ,! AN>*I/ SOCIETY ! ,L,K,Y,S,C 5VISION$1 9 %ORT1 CORRESPOND$ TO ! ONE ITS =]UNN]1 ! ,L,K,A,C1 DID 9 ! #a#i#bS4.<#d#c#i.> ,9 ADDITION TO ! DISCUSSIONS P]T95T TO ! GOAL & VISION = SOCIAL REVOLUTION ! ,L,K,Y,S,C /ROVE =1 ,S\? ,*9A ,CORRESPOND5CE C>RI$ MANY O!R >TICLES & NEWS REG>D+ ! QUE/ION AS TO ! =MATION ( A NATIONAL FRONT 7M9JOK JEONSEON71 TO :I* ,I WILL TURN LAT]4 ,AS IT WILL BECOME CLE>1 ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,L,K,Y,S,C W]E QUITE 9T]E/$ 9 =M+ A NATIONAL UNIT$ FRONT AS E>LY AS MID-#a#i#c#f4.<#d#d.> 

,! ,L,K,Y,S,C HAD E>N$ ITS REPUTATION AS A T]RORISM-ORI5T$ ORGANIZATION :I*1 IT SEEMS1 HAD MU* TO DO ) ! V>I\S ACTIVITIES CONDUCT$ BY ! ,LEAGUE ( ,RESI/+ ,JAPAN & ,SAV+ ! ,NATION 7,L,R,J,S,N1 ,HANG-IL GUGUK YEONMA5G7 & POSSIBLY ITS [N ACTION GR\P1 ! ,BLACK ,T]ROR ,P>TY 7,B,T,P1 ,HEUKSAEK GONGPODAN74 ,HI/ORIAN ,HORIU*I ,M9ORU ASSUMES ?AT !SE ORGANIZATIONS C\LD HAVE BE5 ! SAME ONE ORGANIZATION1 ?AT IS1 ! ,L,K,Y,S,C1 BUT C\LD HAVE US$ DIFF]5T NAMES OCCASIONALLY TO EI!R T]RIFY ! ,JAPANESE 9 ,*9A1 OR CONFUSE ! ,JAPANESE POLICE REG>D+ !IR ID5TITY4 ,9DE$1 !RE IS A CASE :]E A ,JAPANESE POLICE REPORT ID5TIFI$ ! ,B,T,P & ANO!R T]RORISM-ORI5T$ GR\P CALL$ ! ,VIGOR\S ,BLOOD ,GR\P 7,YEOLHYEOL DAN7 AS ! ,L,K,Y,S,C'S 0SPECIAL DETA*$ =CES0 7BETSUDO DAI74.<#d#d#a.> ,DETAILS AS TO H[ & :5 !SE GR\PS W]E ORGANIZ$ >E UNKN[N4 ,BUT IT SEEMS ?AT SOME ( ! ,L,K,Y,S,C MEMB]S1 P] A PROPOSAL FROM ,*9ESE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,WANG ,YA*U & ,HUA ,JUN%I1.<#d#d#b.> C\LD HAVE ORGANIZ$ JO9TLY 9 ,OCTOB] #aica 9 ! ,FR5* ,CONCESSION 9 ,%AN<AI ) !M A SEP>ATE ORGANIZATION1 ?AT IS1 ! ,L,R,J,S,N4.<#d#d#c.> ,IT ALLEG$LY HAD SEV5 ,*9ESE MEMB]S & SEV5 ,KOREAN MEMB]S1 ALONG ) SEV]AL ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,SANO ,I*IRO 7:O US$ HIS ,*9ESE NAME1 ,TIAN ,HUAM97 & ,YATABE ,YUJI 7:O US$ HIS ,*9ESE NAME1 ,WU ,%IM974.<#d#d#d.> ,H[EV] WE UND]/& !SE ORGANIZATION'S ID5TITY & ACTIVITIES1 IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT1 GIV5 ! 9=MATION AT H&1 !SE SEV]AL ORGANIZATIONS & !IR ACTIVITIES W]E CONDUCT$ & L$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,!Y W]E T]ROR ORI5T$ 9 ACTION1 BUT :E!R ALL C\LD HAVE BE5 ! SAME ONE GR\P OR SEP>ATE GR\PS1 !Y HAD ! %>$ REVOLUTION>Y PLAT=M & GOAL B5T ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE BEL[4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !IR ACTIONS C\LD BE CALL$ T]RORI/ 9 NATURE BUT /ILL W]E CONDUCT$ ) A VISION = SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 NOT TO M5TION = NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 TO REALIZE !IR [N V]SION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA & 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,?IS ASPECT ( !IR %>$NESS CAN BE ADDITIONAL EVID5CE ?AT 9DICATES ?AT 9 ! 5D !Y C\LD POSSIBLY BE ONE ORGANIZATION4 

,:AT IS QUITE CLE> IS ?AT ! ,L,R,J,S,N SEEM$ TO BE AN 09T]NATIONAL GR\P0 9 T]MS ( ITS MEMB]%IP4 ,AS ! ,L,S,N,R,J'S MEMB]%IP WAS TRANSNATIONAL1 SO W]E ITS GOALS4 ,IT AIM$ 7#a7 TO ]ADICATE ALL ! P[] & SY/EMS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ORD] TO REALIZE A G5U9E SOCIETY ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 SO ?AT ,KOREA C\LD BECOME 9DEP5D5T FROM ,JAPAN & SUBSEQU5TLY BUILD AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ! C\NTRY2 7#b7 TO OV]?R[ ,JAPAN'S CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y & ABOLI% ! SY/EM ( PRIVATE PROP]TY2 & 7#c7 TO BUILD AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,*9A & O!R C\NTRIES4 ,ADOPT$ 9 ITS PLAT=M WAS 0TO D5Y ALL ! P[] 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY & CON/RUCT A NEW SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL ! MANK9D 9 ! WORLD CAN NEWLY 5JOY FRE$OM & EQUALITY 9 ALL ASPECTS 9 SOCIETY40.<#d#d#e.> ,SOME?+ 9T]E/+ AB\T ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS1 IT IS SAID1 ?AT IT EXP&$ ITS ORGANIZATION TO HAVE ?REE NEW DEP>TM5TS TO CONDUCT ACTIVITIES SU* AS ! DE/RUCTION ( ,JAPANESE FACILITIES 9 ,*9A1 ! ASSASS9ATION ( IMPORTANT ,JAPANESE P]SONNEL1 AN ASSAULT ON PRO-,JAPANESE ,KOREANS1 & ANTI-,JAPANESE PROPAG&A4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONFIRM BUT ,KOREAN S\RCES HAVE ASS]T$ ?AT !RE W]E ! DEP>TM5TS 9 ! ,L,S,N,R,J RUN BY P>TICIPAT+ ,RUSSIANS1 AN ,AM]ICAN 7NAM$ 0,JOHNSON071 & A ,TAIWANESE 7,L9 ,*5GCAI71 RESPECTIVELY4.<#d#d#f.> ,BESIDES1 IT HAD ! ,PROPAG&A ,DEP>TM5T1 :I* SET UP ITS PR9T+ PLACE 9 ! ,FR5* ,CONCESSION 9 ,%AN<AI & PUBLI%$ ITS J\RNAL1 ,FRE$OM 7,JAYU7 BEG9N+ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#a4.<#d#d#g.> 

,BESIDES ! T]ROR-ORI5T$ GR\P1 GR\PS LIKE ! ,VIGOR\S ,BLOOD ,GR\P 7,YEOLHYEOL DAN OR ,MA5<YEOL DAN71 &_/OR ! ,]ADICAT+ ,TRAITORS ,GR\P 7,SEOGAN DAN7 FREQU5TLY APPE>$ & W]E M5TION$ 9 V>I\S M$IA 9 ! #a#i#cS1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/ NEWSPAP]S4 ,AGA91 ALL !SE GR\PS C\LD POSSIBLY BE ! SUBORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,L,K,Y,S,C1 OR ! SAME ONE GR\P BUT ) DIFF]5T NAMES US$ ON DIFF]5T OCCASIONS = SOME REASONS4 ,! RELATION%IPS AMONG !SE GR\PS AS WELL AS !IR ID5TITIES >E VAGUE & UNCLE>4 ,& :E!R EI!R WAS A SUBGR\P ( ! ,L,K,Y,S,C IS /ILL 9 QUE/ION4 ,! ,B,T,P OBVI\SLY C>RI$ ! SAME TASKS AS ! ,L,R,N,R,J3 DE/ROY+ ,JAPANESE MILIT>Y & ADM9I/RATIVE FACILITIES 9 ,*9A1 ASSASS9ATIONS ( ,JAPANESE (FICIALS_/MILIT>Y COMM&]S & PRO-,JAPANESE ,KOREANS1 & DISSEM9ATION ( ANTI-,JAPANESE PROPAG&A4.<#d#d#h.> ,! ,B,T,P'S V>I\S T]RORISM-ORI5T$ ACTIONS1 IT SEEM$1 9DE$ RAIS$ ! LEVEL ( FE> AMONG ! ,JAPANESE & ,KOREANS 9 ,%AN<AI :O HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,JAPANESE4 ,9 SOME CASES ! ,B,T,P POSSIBLY CALL$ ITSELF ! ,]ADICAT+ ,TRAITORS ,GR\P TO CONCEAL ITS ID5TITY & CONFUSE ! ,JAPANESE POLICE1 NOT TO M5TION TO T]RIFY PRO-,JAPANESE ,KOREANS4 ,! ,B,T,P1 AS M5TION$ E>LI]1 HAS BE5 P>TICUL>LY KN[N = ITS RESPONSIBILITY = ! ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATION ( ,JAPANESE CONSUL> ,AKIRA ,>IYO%I 9 ,%AN<AI 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#c4 

,UND] ! ,BANN] ( ! ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,FRONT 7,JOSEON M9JOK JEONSEON YEONMA5G7 

  

,! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,*9A HAD BE5 PASSIVE 9 DEAL+ ) ! ,JAPAN'S CONT9U\S MILIT>Y PROVOCATIONS1 BEG9N+ 9 ,MAN*URIA 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,IT HAD MA9TA9$ ! POLICY ( 0,RESI/ ON ! ONE H&1 NEGOTIATE ON ! O!R0 TO CONT9UE & FOCUS ON ITS TOP PRIORITY1 ?AT IS1 ! 0,ANTI-,B&IT ,MILIT>Y ,CAMPAIGN0 TO ]ADICATE ! COMMUNI/S FROM ! ,*9ESE SOIL4 ,?IS POLICY WAS 9FAM\S AMONG MANY ,*9ESE :O SAW IT AS NONPATRIOTIC & SELF-DE/RUCTIVE1 S9CE IT ALL[$ ! ,JAPANESE TO 9VADE & OCCUPY ,MAN*URIA & NOR? ,*9A BY ! MID-#a#i#cS )\T RESI/ANCE4 ,! POLICY HAD BE5 UND] SEV]E CRITICISM BY MANY ,*9ESE1 9CLUD+ ! ,C,C,P1 ALL ( :OM UNANIM\SLY REQUE/$ ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T UNIT$ ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE4 ,DEM&S = A UNIT$ FI<T AGA9/ ,JAPAN F9ALLY IGNIT$ ! FIRE ( NATIONALISM 9 ,*9A1 LEAD+ TO ! ,XI'AN ,9CID5T 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f1 9 :I* ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK1 HEAD ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & ! ,G,M,D1 WAS H\SE->RE/$ BY HIS [N G5]ALS1 ,ZHANG ,XUELIANG & ,YANG ,HU*5G4 ,ZHANG & ,YANG DEM&$ ( ,*IANG UNIT$ ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE4 ,) ,*IANG'S AGREEM5T1 ,*9A'S FULL-SCALE RESI/ANCE W> AGA9/ ,JAPAN BEGAN ) ! =MATION ( ! SECOND ,UNIT$ ,FRONT BETWE5 ! ,G,M,D & ! ,C,C,P 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,! POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T & SUBSEQU5T DECISION BY ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T = ,*9A'S RESI/ANCE W> ) ,JAPAN NURTUR$ ! CONDITION = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO CONSID] !IR [N UNIT$ FRONT ) O!R ,KOREAN EXILE GR\PS4 ,!Y SAW IT AS AN OPPORTUNITY ?AT PAV$ ! WAY TO ! REALIZATION ( !IR IMM$IATE GOAL ( 9DEP5D5CE1 & 9 ! 5D ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY !Y 5VISAG$1 IF ! ,*9ESE W\LD W9 ! W>4 ,! =MATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,FRONT 9 ,*9A WAS ! MO/ IMM$IATE1 CRUCIAL FACTOR = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO PROPOSE & PROMPT ! =MATION ( A ,KOREAN NATIONAL FRONT 9 ,*9A4 

,BESIDES ! ,*9A FACTOR !RE HAD BE5 SOME O!R 9T]NAL FACTORS AS WELL ?AT L$ TO ! DISCUSSION & =MATION ( ! ,KOREAN NATIONAL FRONT 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S 9 ,*9A1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S1 HAD BE5 DIVID$ ALONG V>I\S POLITICAL DOCTR9ES OR IDEOLOGICAL L9ES AS WELL AS P]SONAL1 REGIONAL1 OR EV5 FACTIONAL TIES1 & SO ON S9CE ! #aiai ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T4.<#d#d#i.> ,EV5 9SIDE ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA1 ITS LEAD]S HAD ALSO BE5 V]Y DIVISIVE OV] ! ULTIMATE GOAL & DIRECTION ( ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,SOME PREF]R$ A DIPLOMATIC APPROA*1 :ILE O!RS 9SI/$ ON >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JAPAN = 9DEP5D5CE1 = EXAMPLE4 ,LIKEWISE1 9 REG>D TO ! PO/9DEP5D5CE SOCIETY1 SOME 5VISAG$ A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :ILE O!RS A SOCIALI/ C\NTRY4 ,! GOV]NM5T-9-EXILE1 CRIPPL$ BY ! 9T]NAL CONFLICTS & DIVISIONS1 HAD NEV] BE5 ABLE TO EX]CISE ITS P[] & MA9TA9 ITS AU?ORITY OV] ALL ,KOREANS ABROAD4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD NOT BE5 G5]ALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) IT1 NOT JU/ BECAUSE ( !IR REJECTION ( C5TRAL P[] OR ! /ATE BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( !IR DISAPPO9TM5T ) ITS DIVISIVE LEAD]S & !IR POLITICS4.<#d#e.> ,! NATIONAL FRONT IDEA WAS PUT =W>D BY AN>*I/S1 AS ,YU ,JA-MYEONG EXPLA9$ LAT] 9 #a#i#c#h1 ) CONSID]ATION ( RESOLV+ ALL ! CONFLICTS ?AT HAD BE5 REG>D$ AS B>RI]S AMONG ?OSE CIRCLES1 SU* AS FACTIONAL /RIFE1 DIFF]5T BACKGR\NDS1 & EV5 AN ANTIPA?Y AMONG ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T GR\PS4 ,!Y W]E FOCUS$ ON MAK+ A /RONG1 UNIFI$ 5TITY ?AT C\LD LEAD ALL ,KOREAN REVOLUTION>Y & 9DEP5D5CE GR\PS T[>D !IR COMMON NATIONAL /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION4.<#d#e#a.> 

,BETWE5 ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,MAN*URIA 9 #aica & ! \TBREAK ( ! ,S9O-,JAPANESE ,W> 9 #a#i#c#g1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S GRADUALLY LO/ !IR PHYSICAL GR\NDS = !IR ACTIVITIES & ORGANIZATIONS1 FIR/ 9 ,MAN*URIA & !N O!R MAJOR CITIES LIKE ,%AN<AI1 AS !SE >EA & CITIES W]E ALL OCCUPI$ BY ,JAPAN BY MID-#a#i#cS4 ,) MU* TI<T5$ SUPPRESSION ( RADICALISM DUR+ ! YE>S ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA & ,JAPAN HAD TO EI!R GO UND]GR\ND = SURVIVAL OR GIVE UP !IR BELIEF BY CONV]T+ TO SUPPORT ! COLONIAL RULE OR1 AT LEA/1 REMA9 SIL5T4.<#d#e#b.> ,:5 ALL W5T AGA9/ !IR FAVOR1 MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S CONCLUD$ ?AT !Y N[ HAD TO JO9 ! ,*9ESE ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE W> OR >M !MSELVES4 ,?AT ,*9A 9 UNITY RESPOND$ TO ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ) ITS [N ALL-\T RESI/ANCE 9 #aicg MADE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S REALIZE ?AT ! VICTORY ( ,*9A OV] ,JAPAN WAS 9DISP5SABLE = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 %ORT1 !RE EXI/$ 0A DEM& ( ! TIME0.<#d#e#c.> ?AT REQUIR$ !M TO SUPPORT ,*9A'S RESI/ANCE W>4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS MOM5T ?AT !Y PUT =W>D ! IDEA TO =M A NATIONAL FRONT & BEGAN TO PLACE !IR UTMO/ PRIORITY ON NATIONAL /RUGGLE 9 UNITY AGA9/ ,JAPAN1 BELIEV+ 9DEP5D5CE EV5 AS ! PRECONDITION = ! REALIZATION ( !IR AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA4 

,! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION TOO SEEM$ TO BE FAVORABLE = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO PROPOSE !IR NATIONAL FRONT IDEA4 ,AS ,YU ,JA-MYEONG OBS]V$ LAT] 9 #a#i#c#h1 AN>*I/S HAD WITNESS$ ! RIS+ FASCISM 9 ! WORLD & ITS SUBSEQU5T SUPPRESSION ( RADICALISM & DEMOCRACY 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,! EM]G5CE ( FASCISM 9 ! WORLD /OPP$ ! FI<T BETWE5 SOCIALISM & DEMOCRACY 7I4E41 CAPITALISM7 & U%]$ 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! UNIT$ FRONT WORLDWIDE BETWE5 SOCIALISM & DEMOCRACY1 ,YU EXPLA9$4.<#d#e#d.> ,TO ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 A CLE> EXAMPLE ( ?IS WAS ! ,PEOPLE'S ,FRONT 9 ,SPA9 & ,FRANCE1 AS WELL AS ! ,UNIT$ ,FRONT 9 ,*9A4 ,A COLONY LIKE ,KOREA NO D\BT NE$$ A UNITY ( ALL ! PEOPLE & SUBSEQU5TLY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ITS [N UNIT$ FRONT TO FI<T ! COLONIAL P[]4 ,N[ ! PRIORITY MU/ BE GIV5 TO NATIONAL UNITY & /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JAPAN2 ACCORD+LY1 AN>*I/S NE$$ NOT CONSID] ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS & PROBLEMS 9 ,KOREA AT LEA/ = A :ILE1 ACCORD+ TO ,YU4.<#d#e#e.> ,9 %ORT1 9 RESPONSE TO ! EM]G5CE ( V>I\S UNIT$ FRONT WORLDWIDE AGA9/ FASCISM1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A PRIORITIZ$ ,KOREA'S NATIONAL UNITY OV] ANY 9T]NAL DIFF]5CES SU* AS SOCIAL DIVISIONS AMONG ,KOREAN PEOPLE UND] CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION4 

,! SUCCESS & FAILURE ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,FRONT 9 ,SPA9 9 #aicf P>TICUL>LY CAME AS A GOOD LESSON TO ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 A LESSON ?AT REVOLUTION 9 A C\NTRY W\LD NEV] BE POSSIBLE )\T RESPONSE OR ASSI/ANCE FROM !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ! NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES4 ,!IR 9TIMATE ALLIANCE ) O!R ANTIFASCI/ =CES 9 ! REGION & ! WORLD TOO WAS ( GREAT NECESSITY4.<#d#e#f.> ,9DE$1 ! ALLIANCE & COOP]ATION ) O!R AN>*I/S1 LET ALONE O!R ANTIFASCI/ =CES 7I4E41 ANTI-,JAPANESE =CES7 HAD ALWAYS BE5 A MAJOR CONC]N & 9T]E/ ( ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A S9CE ! #a#i#bS4 ,! NATIONAL FRONT IDEA WAS N[ PUT =W>D BY !M TO PROPOSE AN 9T5SE COOP]ATION & ALLIANCE ) ALL REGIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ANTIFASCI/ =CES1 ONLY AFT] MAK+ AN 9T]NAL UNITY AMONG ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE GR\PS4 ,ALSO PROPOS$ BY AN>*I/S AT ! TIME1 ALONG ) NATIONAL FRONT1 WAS A MOVEM5T TO 5LI<T5 0! UNAWAK5$ MASSES40.<#d#e#g.> 

,9 %ORT1 ! PROPOSAL = & E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,LEAGUE = ! ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,FRONT 7,L,K,N,F7 9 ,DECEMB] #aicg 7MORE ON ?IS TO FOLL[7 W]E A DIRECT \TCOME ( SEV]AL *ANGES 9 ,*9A & ! WORLD4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S P]CEIV$ ?AT ,KOREAN P>TICIPATION DIRECTLY 9 ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE W> W\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ,*9A'S VICTORY1 :I* 9 TURN WAS A CONDITION = ,KOREA'S LIB]ATION FROM ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM4 ,BUT FIR/1 ,KOREANS HAD TO BE UNIT$ 9T]NALLY )\T 9T]NAL RIFT TO SUPPORT EFFECTIVELY & EV5 JO9 ! ,*9ESE4 ,?IS WAS ! PO9T ! ,L,K,N,F EMPHASIZ$ MO/ 9 ITS DECL>ATION2 A NATIONAL UNITY HAD TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ & HI<LI<T$ TO OV]?R[ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM & COMPLETE ,KOREA'S AUTONOM\S 9DEP5D5CE4.<#d#e#h.> 

,DISCUSSIONS AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ON ! POSSIBLE =MATION ( A NATIONAL FRONT AMONG ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,*9A GOT UND]WAY 9 E>LY #a#i#c#f1 OR AT ! LATE/ 9 ! SUMM] ( ! SAME YE>4.<#d#e#i.> ,! ,L,K,Y,S,C WAS ! LEAD+ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ?AT PROPAGAT$ ! IDEA ( NATIONAL FRONT4 ,IF WE LOOK AT ! NUMB] ( WRIT+S ON ! QUE/ION ( NATIONAL FRONT C>RI$ FROM ! SUMM] ( #aicf 9 ,S\? ,*9A ,CORRESPOND5CE1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! PROPAGATION ( NATIONAL FRONT WAS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE AS MU* AS AN>*ISM ITSELF = ! ,L,K,Y,S,C 9 ! YE>4.<#d#f.> ,AS M5TION$ ABOVE1 AN E>LI] PROPOSAL = IT APPE>$ 9 AN >TICLE 9 ! SECOND ISSUE ( ,S\? ,*9A ,CORRESPOND5CE1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#f1 WRITT5 BY ! AU?OR NAM$ ,HA 7PRESUMABLY ,YI ,HAYU74 ,HA BEGAN HIS DISCUSSION ) HIS CRITICISM ( A WRONG P]CEPTION AMONG ,KOREANS1 :O 9 HIS VIEW DID NOT UND]/& ! P>TICUL> CONTEXT ( ,KOREA AS A COLONY4 ,MANY ,KOREANS HAD T5D$ TO =GET ! COLONIAL SITUATION & HAD BE5 POLITICALLY DIVID$ BE=E ! 5EMY1 ANALYZ$ ,HA4 ,MANY LEFT-ORI5T$ 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T ACTIVI/S HAD P>TICUL>LY CONDUCT$ V>I\S 0=MAL MOVEM5TS0 ?AT W]E USUALLY FAI?FUL TO SOME UNIV]SALLY APPLICABLE 0!ORIES10 BUT !Y DID NOT SEE ! FACT ?AT ,KOREA WAS A COLONY1 ,HA LAM5T$4 ,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES FROM ! PA/1 CONT9U$ ,HA1 HAD ALSO PROV5 ?AT ,KOREANS NE$$ TO BE AW>E ?AT A ,KOREAN REVOLUTION C\LD NEV] BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY 0EMPTY0 POLITICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT REPLICAT$ SOME 0!ORETICAL0 & 0PLANN$0 L9ES )\T CONSID]+ ! ,KOREAN REVOLUTION'S PECULI>ITIES4 ,?IS WAS :Y ! LIB]ATION ( AN OPPRESS$ PEOPLE LIKE ! ,KOREANS C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ NOT BY POLITICAL MOVEM5T BUT RA!R BY 0A G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T10 :I* W\LD DE/ROY ! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS BY REC\RSE TO REVOLUTION>Y MEANS & !N PROCE$ TO A REVOLUTION>Y CON/RUCTION ON ! BASE ( ALL ! MASSES1 ,HA ASS]T$4 ,! 0G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T0 DEM&$ ,KOREAN Y\? TO HAVE A NEW CONSCI\SNESS ?AT !IR IMM$IATE TASK WAS TO MAKE A UNANIM\S UNITY & !N =M A UNIT$ FRONT 9T]NALLY TO RESI/ ! EXT]NAL 5EMY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! COMMON GOAL = !IR /RUGGLE AS A COLONIZ$ PEOPLE HAD TO BE 0NATIONAL & NATIONWIDE0 7JEON M9JOKJEOK7 9 ITS NATURE & SCOPE1 ,HA CONCLUD$4.<#d#f#a.> ,:ILE OPPOS$ TO POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 ,HA /RESS$ 9T]NAL UNITY AS ! IMM$IATE TASK ) :I* A UNIT$ FRONT WAS TO BE =M$ = NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T4.<#d#f#b.> 

,HA WAS FIR/ AMONG ! AN>*I/S :O MADE A =MAL CALL 9 WRIT+ = ! NECESSITY TO UNITE ! V>I\S 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T GR\PS 9 ,*9A TO SET UP A NATIONAL FRONT TO FI<T ,JAPAN4 ,! ,KOREAN Y\? 9 ,*9A1 ,HA BELIEV$1 W]E ASSIGN$ A MISSION TO CON/RUCT A FREE & IDEAL SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA1 BUT ! SOCIETY WAS ONLY TO BE MADE POSSIBLE :5 ! %ACKLES ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM W]E CUT (F BY !M AFT] MAK+ UNITY UND] !IR COMMON GOAL = /RUGGLE4 ,! 9T]NAL UNITY ?R\< A NATIONAL FRONT HAD TO BE AGRE$ & A*IEV$ UNANIM\SLY1 SO ?AT !Y C\LD FI<T ,JAPAN TO ! 5D ) ! SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE4.<#d#f#c.> ,!RE WAS A REASON = ?IS AU?OR TO EMPHASIZE ! ,KOREAN Y\?'S RESPONSIBILITY = UND]/&+ ! IMPORTANCE ( 9T]NAL UNITY BE=E !IR 5EMY4 ,!RE WAS A LONG HI/ORY ( 9T]NAL DIVISIONS AMONG ,KOREANS ABROAD1 AS ,I M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,9 ! ,NOVEMB] ISSUE ( ,S\? ,*9A ,CORRESPOND5CE1 ANO!R AU?OR NAM$ ,JU 7PRESUMABLY ,YANG ,YEOJU7.<#d#f#d.> W5T FUR!R1 TO EXPRESS HIS AGREEM5T ) ! IDEA ( A NATIONAL FRONT & EV5 ITS EXPANSION AS NECESS>Y 0AT ! CURR5T /AGE ( \R ,KOREAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 BECAUSE ! NATIONAL FRONT IS ! ONLY GUIDE ?AT OP5S UP ! WAY = NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T40.<#d#f#e.> ,9 ITS TWELF? ISSUE1 AN ANONYM\S WRIT] ALSO PO9T$ \T ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S UND]/OOD ?AT )\T OV]?R[+ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM1 IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO LAUN* ANY K9D ( A MOVEM5T1 :E!R IT WAS = AN IDEAL SOCIETY ( POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY & ! PROSP]ITY ( ALL MANK9D OR = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREAN PEOPLE4.<#d#f#f.> 

,! IDEA TO =M ! ,L,K,N,F RECEIV$ A RESPONSE 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#g1 :5 ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,KOREAN ,9DEP5D5CE ,MOVEM5T ,ACTIVI/S 7,JOSEON DONGNIP UNDONGJA DONGMA5G7 WAS ORGANIZ$4 ,:AT FOLL[$ WAS ! DISCUSSION TO =M ! ,L,K,N,F 9 ,NOVEMB] #aicg 9 ,NANJ+ BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ?REE RADICAL GR\PS1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/4 ,S9CE ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,*9A AB&ON$ ITS CAPITAL CITY1 ,NANJ+1 ! ,L,K,N,F'S MEMB]S HAD ALSO TO LEAVE ,NANJ+ TO MOVE TO ,HANK\ :]E !Y F9ALLY =M$ ! ,L,K,N,F A MON? LAT]4 ,!SE RADICAL GR\PS W]E ! ,LEAGUE ( ,KOREAN ,REVOLUTION>IES 7,L,K,R1 ,JOSEON HYEKMYEONGJA YEONMA5G71 ! ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY 7,K,N,R,P1 ,JOSEON M9JOK HYEOKMYEONG DANG71 & ! ,ALLIANCE = ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T 7,A,K,N,L,M1 ,JOSEON M9JOK HAEBANG UNDONG YEONMA5G74 ,! ,L,K,R WAS AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 REORGANIZ$ & R5AM$ 9 ,OCTOB] #aicg FROM ! ,L,K,Y,S,C JU/ BE=E ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,L,K,N,F1 ) ,YU ,JA-MYEONG AS ITS *AIRP]SON & TW5TY O!R AN>*I/S AS ITS MEMB]S1 SU* AS ,YU ,SEO1 ,JEONG ,HWAAM1 ,NA ,WOLHWAN1 ,YI ,HAYU1 ,BAK ,GISEONG1 & ,YI ,SEUNGRAE4 ,REPRES5T+ ! ,L,K,R 9 ! ,L,K,N,F1 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG HAD BE5 MEET+ & DISCUSS+ ! POSSIBILITY ( SETT+ UP A NATIONAL FRONT ) ,KIM ,WONBONG ( ! ,K,N,R,P & ,KIM ,SEONGSUK ( ! ,A,K,N,L,M4 ,KIM ,WONBONG 7#a#h#i#h-#a#i#e#h87 WAS ! =M] LEAD] ( ! ,RI<TE\S ,GR\P 9 ! #a#i#bS1 & HAD BE5 9CL9$ T[>D SOCIALISM 9 ! #a#i#cS4.<#d#f#g.> ,KIM ,SEONGSUK 7#a#h#i#h-#a#i#f#i7 WAS A ,M>XI/ & COMMUNI/ :O HAD NOT BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,KOREAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY OR ! ,C,C,P1 & NEV] BE5 UND] ! GUIDANCE OR SPONSOR%IP ( ! ,COM9T]N4.<#d#f#h.> ,AS EXPLA9$ ABOVE1 ! DELEGATES FROM ! ?REE GR\PS MET ON ,NOVEMB] #a#b1 #aicg 9 ,NANJ+1 & DECID$ TO E/ABLI% ! ,L,K,N,F1 AGREE+ ON ! ,L,K,N,F'S NAME1 DECL>ATION1 REGULATIONS1 & PLAT=M4 ,! ,L,K,N,F WAS NOT JO9$ BY NATIONALI/ GR\PS SU* AS ! ONE L$ BY ,KIM ,GU 7,KIM ,KOO1 #a#h#g#f-#a#i#d#i71 :O WAS !N-*AIRMAN ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA 9 ,*9A4 ,9 FACT1 ,KIM %ORTLY !REAFT] ORGANIZ$ A SEP>ATE UNIT$ FRONT ORGANIZATION1 MO/LY = ,KOREAN NATIONALI/S 9 ,*9A1 UND] ! BANN] ( ! ,COALITION ( ! ,GR\PS = ,KOREA'S ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T 7,HAN-GUK GWANGBOK UNDONG DAN*E YEONHAPHOE74 

,AL?\< A SYMBOL ( NATIONAL UNITY1 ! ,L,K,N,F WAS A LOOSELY UNIT$ ORGANIZATION ( ! ?REE ,KOREAN RADICAL REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS1 AL?\<1 ACCORD+ TO ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 ! LOOSE COLLABORATION AMONG !M WAS ! ,L,K,N,F'S MA9 TRAIT4.<#d#f#i.> ,IT MAY EV5 BE POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! ,L,K,N,F WAS 9 FACT ORGANIZ$ ALONG ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE1 SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE1 BECAUSE ! P>TICIPAT+ GR\PS 9 ! ,L,K,N,F MA9TA9$ !IR [N ORGANIZATIONAL 9TEGRITY & POLITICAL_/IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONS 9DEP5D5TLY1 NOT TO M5TION PLAT=MS1 & SO =?4 ,!Y W]E UNIT$ ONLY UND] ! COMMON1 L>GE ORGANIZATION & PLAT=M UNANIM\SLY AGRE$ ON BY ALL ( !M4 ,AFT] ! ,L,K,N,F WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,DECEMB] #aicg 9 ,HANK\1 ,YU BECAME 9 *>GE ( ITS J\RNAL1 ,! ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,FRONT 7,JOSEON M9JOK JEONSEON OR ,*AOXIAN M9ZU ZHANXIAN 9 ,*9ESE71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,*9ESE1 AS ONE ( ITS $ITORS ) ,KIM ,SEONGSUK4 ,A YE> LAT] ! ,L,K,N,F ORGANIZ$ ITS [N MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 ! ,KOREAN ,VOLUNTE]S ,UNIT 7,K,V,U1 ,JOSEON ,UIYONGDAE7 & ,KIM ,WONBONG BECAME ITS COMM&]1 :ILE ,KIM ,SEONGSUK ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU4 ,YU L$ ! ,K,V,U AS ONE ( ITS SUP]VISORS 7JIDO WIWON7 PROBABLY BECAUSE ( HIS PR(ICI5CY 9 ,*9ESE4.<#d#g.> 

,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 AS A PROPON5T ( =M+ A NATIONAL FRONT1 EMPHASIZ$ ! UNITY ( ,KOREANS = ! GOAL ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,TO HIM1 ! T>GET ( ,KOREAN /RUGGLE AS ( #ai* WAS 0/ILL ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM10 & ! /RUGGLE MU/ BE CONDUCT$ )\T 9T]NAL DIVISIONS 9 ?\<T & CLASS = ! SAKE ( ! COMMON GOAL3 0ANTI-,JAPANESE 9DEP5D5CE40.<#d#g#a.> ,YU ALSO ?\<T ?AT ! ,*9ESE ANTI-,JAPANESE ,W> WAS 0A FI<T NOT ONLY = ! ,*9ESE NATION & PEOPLE BUT = WORLD PEACE1 HUMAN JU/ICE1 LIB]ATION ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLES 9 ! WORLD10.<#d#g#b.> 9DICAT+ ITS SIGNIFICANCE ?AT TRANSC5D$ ,*9A'S B\ND>IES4 ,9 FACT1 AS E>LY AS ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#b1 ,YI ,HOEYEONG DISCUSS$ ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ,WU ,ZHIHUI & ,LI ,%IZ5G ! DIRECTION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1.<#d#g#c.> & IT WAS POSSIBLE ?AT COOP]ATION BETWE5 ,*9A & ,KOREA WAS DISCUSS$ BY !M = ! GOAL ( UNIT$ RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,JAPAN'S AGGRESSION 9 ,MAN*URIA & NOR? ,*9A AT ! TIME4 ,YU'S TRANSNATIONAL UND]/&+ ( ! MEAN+ ( ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE ,W> & ITS RELATION%IP TO ! ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,FRONT W]E NOT NOVEL BUT C\LD HAVE ALREADY BE5 %>$ AMONG ,KOREAN & ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 !RE=E4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,L,K,N,F C>RI$ 9 ,! ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,FRONT1 ! ONLY WAY \T AS ( #ai* = ,KOREANS WAS TO OV]?R[ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM & ACCOMPLI% !IR AUTONOM\S 9DEP5D5CE AFT] UNIFY+ ALL ! =CES )9 ! 9DEP5D5CE CAMP4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ! ,KOREAN REVOLUTION HAD TO BE A NATIONAL 7M9JOK7 REVOLUTION1 & ! ,KOREAN NATIONAL FRONT WAS NEI!R EXPECT$ TO BE A 0CLASS FRONT0 7GYEGEUP JEONSEON7 9 *>ACT] NOR A 0PEOPLE'S FRONT0 79M9 JEONSEON71 BUT1 RA!R1 A 0NATIONAL FRONT0 7M9JOK JEONSEON74 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,KOREAN NATIONAL FRONT MU/ ALSO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM 0! FRONT ORGANIZ$ BY NATIONALS OR CITIZ5S0 7GUNGM9 JEONSEON71 =M$ 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA94.<#d#g#d.> ,!RE WAS A COMMON AW>5ESS OR UND]/&+ AMONG ! ,L,K,N,F MEMB]S AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! DECL>ATION ?AT ,KOREA WAS A COLONY1 & ?US ,KOREANS HAD TO BE UNIT$ FIR/ REG>DLESS ( !IR 9T]NAL DIFF]5CES1 POLITICAL ORI5TATIONS1 & SO ON1 TO RETAKE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,?IS COMMON AW>5ESS DISPLAC$ & DEEMPHASIZ$ ALL ! DIFF]5CES1 BO? POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 AMONG ,KOREANS & DEM&$ ( !M ?AT !Y UNITE = ! NATIONAL GOAL1 NO MATT] :AT4 

,! IMM$IATE TASK ( ! ,L,K,N,F WAS NOT JU/ ITS P>TICIPATION 9 ,*9A'S W> AGA9/ ,JAPAN1 AS ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 US+ HIS O!R NAME ,YU ,SIK 7,LIU ,%I 9 ,*9ESE71 9SI/$ 9 HIS >TICLE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! AUXILI>Y J\RNAL4 ,ONE ( ITS MO/ IMPORTANT1 EV5TUAL TASKS WAS ! 0EXPANSION ( ! MOVEM5T TO .<=M.> A UNIT$ .<FRONT.> 9 ,KOREA ?R\< APPEALS TO ! COMPATRIOTS & P>TIES 9 ,KOREA TO RESPOND0 TO ! =MATION ( ! ,L,K,N,F 9 ,*9A4 ,TO ,YU1 ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! ,L,K,N,F 9 ,*9A & ?OSE GR\PS 9 ,KOREA C\LD NEV] BE CUT (F1 & ! ,L,K,N,F MU/ MA9TA9 ITS 9TIMATE RELATION%IP ) ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES )9 ,KOREA4.<#d#g#e.> ,:AT ! ,L,K,N,F AIM$ AT WAS1 AS ,YU REIT]AT$1 NOT JU/ ! UNITY ( ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T GR\PS 9 ,*9A BUT ULTIMATELY ( ALL ,KOREANS BO? AT HOME & ABROAD4 ,! NATIONAL GOAL OBVI\SLY E>N$ ITS PRIORITY & = ?AT ! UNITY ( ALL ,KOREANS1 NO MATT] :]E !Y W]E1 BECAME ! PRECONDITION = NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 

,AP>T FROM ! UNITY ( ALL ,KOREANS1 ! ,L,K,N,F MANIFE/$ ! FOLL[+ EV5TUAL TASKS3 7#a7 ! OV]?R[ ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM & ! CON/RUCTION ( A G5U9E DEMOCRATIC 9DEP5D5T C\NTRY ( ! ,KOREAN PEOPLE2 7#b7 ABSOLUTE GU>ANTEE ( ! PEOPLE'S FRE$OM ( PRESS1 PUBLICATION1 ASSEMBLY1 ASSOCIATION & RELIGION2 7#c7 CONFISCATION ( ALL ! PROP]TIES 9 ,KOREA ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALI/S1 .<,KOREAN.> TRAITORS & PRO-,JAPANESE FACTIONS2 7#d7 ! IMPROVEM5T 9 ! LIVELIHOOD ( ! WORK+ MASSES2 7#e7 PROVID+ OCCUPATIONAL & M&ATORY $UCATION1 US+ ! NATIONAL BUDGET2 7#f7 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( EQUAL POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL RI<TS BETWE5 M5 & WOM52 & 7#g7 ! COMPLETION ( FRI5DLY RELATIONS OR ALLIANCE ) ! PEOPLES & C\NTRIES :O >E ASSI/+ OR 9 SYMPA?Y ) ,KOREAN PEOPLE'S LIB]ATION MOVEM5T4.<#d#g#f.> ,9 ORD] TO ACCOMPLI% !SE TASKS1 ! ,L,K,N,F WAS EXPECT$ TO /RIVE = 7#a7 ! FUNDAM5TAL REMOVAL .<9 ,KOREA.> ( ! RUL+ =CES ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM1 7#b7 ! CON/RUCTION ( ANTI-,JAPANESE UNIT$ FRONT ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 7#c7 ! REALIZATION ( ALL-\T REVOLUTION>Y MOBILIZATION ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 7#d7 ! ACTIVE DEPLOYM5T ( MILIT>Y ACTIONS1 7#e7 ! P>TICIPATION 9 ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE W>1 7#f7 ! COALITION ) ALL ANTI-,JAPANESE =CES 9 ! WORLD1 & 7#g7 ! PURGE ( ! 9T]NAL TRAITORS SU* AS PRO-,JAPANESE FACTIONS :O HAD SID$ ) ! MOVEM5T = AUTONOMY & POSSESS$ AN IDEA TO COMPROMISE !IR POSITION .<) ! ,JAPANESE.>4.<#d#g#g.> ,!SE TASKS PO9T TO ! *>ACT] ( ! ,L,K,N,F--?AT IT WAS A UNIT$ FRONT ORGANIZATION NOT JU/ TO FI<T ,JAPAN 9 ,*9A1 BUT ALSO TO 5VISION A SOCIETY TO BE CON/RUCT$4 

,( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ 9 ! ABOVE TASKS IS ! ,L,K,N,F'S EMPHASIS ON MILIT>Y ACTIONS AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM EI!R BY HAV+ ITS [N MILIT>Y =CES OR BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ,*9A'S MILIT>Y RESI/ANCE4 ,?AT ! ,L,K,N,F /RESS$ ! MILIT>Y TASKS MEANT ITS WILL+NESS NOT ONLY TO P>TICIPATE ,*9A'S MILIT>Y RESI/ANCE BUT TO 5VISAGE A PO/9DEP5D5CE ,KOREA1 :]E ITS AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE C\LD BE5 MA9TA9$ ) ITS MILIT>Y P[]4 ,?IS WAS AN AUTONOM\S1 9DEP5D5T ,KOREAN /ATE ?AT1 ONCE E/ABLI%$1 MU/ BE /RONG 5\< EV5 9 ITS MILIT>Y CAPACITY TO DEAL ) =EIGN PRESSURE & 9VASION4 ,9 FACT1 AS ,I EXAM9$ 9 *APT] #a1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A HAD BE5 SOME:AT CONSI/5T 9 ?IS REG>D 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y HAD ALWAYS SUPPORT$ ! IDEA ( E/ABLI%+ SELF-DEF5SIVE =CES 9 RURAL >EAS AGA9/ ANY B&ITS OR COMMUNI/S4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,L,K,N,F LIKE ,YU ,JA-MYEONG DIDN'T SEEM TO %UN ?IS MILIT>Y-RELAT$ ISSUE1 & W]E NOT EV5 RELUCTANT TO HELP IT MAT]IALIZE 9TO ! ,K,V,U LAT]1 AS WE WILL SEE BEL[4 

,TO UND]/& MORE AB\T ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' RATIONALES = ! =MATION ( ! ,L,K,N,F & !IR PRIORITIZATION ( ! NATIONAL QUE/ION OV] ! SOCIAL1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E H[ & = :AT !Y JU/IFI$ !IR UNIT$ FRONT ) NATIONALI/S & EV5 COMMUNI/S4 ,! ,L,K,N,F'S J\RNAL (F]S SOME ANSW]S4 ,! ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,FRONT PUBLI%$ ITS FIR/ ISSUE ON ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#c#h1 :I* C>RI$ ITS 9AUGURAL ADDRESS WRITT5 BY ,YU ,JA-MYEONG AS ITS PUBLI%] & $ITOR-9-*IEF4 ,GIV5 ,YU'S POSITION & /ATUS 9 ! ,L,K,N,F & ITS J\RNAL1 :AT HE WROTE 9 IT C\LD REPRES5T NOT ONLY HIS P]SONAL OP9ION BUT POSSIBLY ! ,L,K,N,F'S (FICIAL POSITION4 ,9 L9E ) ! ,L,K,N,F'S DECL>ATION1 ,YU BASICALLY SAW ! NATIONAL QUE/ION ( ,KOREA AS P>T ( ! 0WORLD PROBLEM0 & AS DEEPLY RELAT$ TO ! 0HI/ORICAL 9CID5TS0 ( ! PA/ =TY YE>S 9 BO? ,*9A & ,KOREA1 & TO ! COM+ FUTURE YE>S ( ! TWO C\NTRIES4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 9 O!R WORDS1 IF ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE W> W\LD FAIL1 !RE W\LD REMA9 NO HOPE = ,KOREA'S NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,&1 REV]SELY1 ,YU PR$ICT$1 ,*9A'S F9AL VICTORY C\LD ALSO BE DET]M9$ BY ! SUPPORT ( ,KOREAN PEOPLE :OSE PRIOR EXP]I5CES FROM !IR 0TW5TY-YE> HI/ORY ( ANTI-,JAPANESE REVOLUTION0 .<SIC.> & /RUGGLES W]E ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE4 ,! TWO C\NTRIES !RE=E %>$ TWO COMMON TASKS TO OV]?R[ !IR COMMON 5EMY & CONSOLIDATE PEACE 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA4 ,SIMPLY SPEAK+1 =M+ A UNIT$ FRONT TOGE!R AGA9/ ,JAPAN WAS ( GREAT NECESSITY ( ! TIME TO ,KOREANS & ,*9ESE4 ,BUT TO DO SO1 ,KOREANS NE$$ TO BE UNIT$ 9T]NALLY FIR/1 ,YU EMPHASIZ$4.<#d#g#h.> ,YU !N EXPLA9$ ! MEAN+ ( ! ,KOREAN REVOLUTION1 :I* HE ?\<T ALSO REQUIR$ ! UNITY ( ALL ,KOREAN PEOPLE AS A PRECONDITION = ! SUCCESS ( IT4 ,TO HIM1 ITS GOAL WAS ! LIB]ATION ( ,KOREAN PEOPLE FROM ! D\BLE PA9S !Y HAD RECEIV$ UND] ! POLITICAL OPPRESSION & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM4 ,= ?AT REASON1 :AT ! ,KOREAN REVOLUTION>Y CAMP NE$$ TO /RIVE = WAS TO =M A UNITY ( ALL ,KOREAN PEOPLE )\T CONSID]+ ANY CLASS & POLITICAL DIFF]5CES AMONG !M1 JU/ LIKE ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE UNIT$ FRONT BETWE5 ! ,G,M,D & ! ,C,C,P1 :I* GAVE ITS PRIORITY TO ! NATIONAL PROBLEM4 ,!ORETICALLY SPEAK+1 !RE=E1 ,YU BELIEV$1 ! ,*9ESE UNIT$ FRONT %>$ MU* 9 COMMON ) ! PROPOS$ ,KOREAN NATIONAL FRONT4.<#d#g#i.> ,AS ,KA%IMA ,SETSUKO PO9TS \T1 ! WAY ! ,L,K,N,F WAS PROPOS$ & FRAM$ AS A UNIT$ FRONT ORGANIZATION WAS 9DE$ SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! ,SECOND ,UNIT$ ,FRONT BETWE5 ! ,G,M,D & ! ,C,C,P ( ! #a#i#cS4.<#d#h.> ,KOREAN AN>*I/S PUT ASIDE ALL ! QUE/IONS P]TA9+ TO !IR SOCIAL IDEALS1 9CLUD+ CLASS ISSUES1 = ! SAKE ( ! NATIONAL FRONT4.<#d#h#a.> 

,SOME S*OL>S HAVE TAK5 ! ABOVE-LI/$ TASKS ( ! ,L,K,N,F = AN 9DICATOR ( ! %IFT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S OP5LY MADE TO SUPPORT ! IDEA ( ! /ATE1 DEVIAT+ FROM AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,ACCORD+ TO !SE S*OL>S1 ! =MATION ( ! ,L,K,N,F ITSELF WAS EV5 A SIGN ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S SIMPLY BEGAN TO DET]IORATE !MSELVES FROM ! MO/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE1 ?AT IS1 NEGATION ( ANY C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ ! /ATE4.<#d#h#b.> ,9DE$1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,L,K,N,F W]E 9 AGREEM5T ) O!R 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S 9 ,*9A ON ! NECESSITY TO GA9 ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE FIR/ & !N SET UP AN 9DEP5D5T & AUTONOM\S ,KOREAN /ATE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS NE$ NOT BE CONSID]$ A DEVIATION FROM AN>*ISM4 ,9DEP5D5CE HAD ALWAYS BE5 !IR IMM$IATE GOAL2 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN AUTONOM\S NATION-/ATE AFT] 9DEP5D5CE WAS ALWAYS !RE=E PRESUPPOS$ & SUPPORT$ BY !M4 ,:AT MADE !M AN>*I/ W]E !IR PO/9DEP5D5CE PROGRAMS TO BUILD A NEW SOCIETY BAS$ ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & IDEALS4 ,:AT SEEM$ TO MATT] WAS :E!R !Y W]E PREOCCUPI$ ONLY ) 9DEP5D5CE )\T MU* CONSID]ATION ( OR REF]5CE TO H[ TO A*IEVE !IR ULTIMATE GOAL ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION B5T ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,?IS MATT] WAS RELAT$ TO ! PRIORITY !Y *OSE 9 !IR GIV5 TIME & SPACE4 ,!Y W]E WILL+ TO PO/PONE !IR AN>*I/ GOAL = ! SAKE ( ! NATIONAL GOAL & PROJECT$ AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ! FUTURE4 ,MAYBE !Y WANT$ TO SP5D LITTLE TIME ON !ORETICAL ISSUES LIKE ! CONFLICT BETWE5 NATIONALISM & AN>*ISM1 OR !Y HAD FEW] IDEOLOGICAL ATTA*M5TS TO !M 9 ! WAKE ( ! W> 9 ,*9A4 ,!Y W]E AT LEA/ LESS IMPORTANT = !M TO CONSID]4 ,AS ,JOHN ,CRUMP SUGGE/S ) REG>D TO PRE-#a#i#d#e ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 JU/ LIKE !IR ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS1 W]E PROBABLY LITTLE 9T]E/$ 9 ?IS K9D ( !ORETICAL1 & ?US VEX+1 QUE/IONS :5 !IR 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS NATIONAL SURVIVALS W]E ( MO/ URG5T CONC]NS DUR+ ! W>TIME YE>S4.<#d#h#c.> ,!Y PROBABLY ?\<T ?AT UNIV]SAL !ORIES W]E NOT AS IMPORTANT AS ! NATIONAL QUE/ION OR DIDN'T CONCRETELY MEET ! NATIONAL1 LOCAL1 OR 9DIVIDUAL REALITY :5 APPLI$ & PRACTIC$4 

,= ! GOAL TO UNITE ALL ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,*9A1 ! ,L,K,N,F ALSO S\<T COLLABORATION ) ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA 9 ,*9A UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,KIM ,GU4 ,! UNIFICATION BETWE5 ! ,L,K,N,F & ! ,KIM-L$ ORGANIZATION WAS ON ! TABLE = DISCUSSION BETWE5 !M BUT WAS NOT REALIZ$ UNTIL ! 0,UNIFICATION ,CONF]5CE0 WAS HELD 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d#a1 :5 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG & ,YU ,RIM FROM ! ,L,K,N,F F9ALLY DECID$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 REPRES5T+ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ GR\PS4.<#d#h#d.> ,& !Y W]E SUBSEQU5TLY ELECT$ 9 ,OCTOB] ( ! SAME YE> AS REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,LEGISLATIVE ,BODY ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,) !SE TWO AN>*I/S JO9+ ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! ,L,K,N,F WAS F9ALLY RESOLV$ & 9TEGRAT$ 9TO IT4 ,AMONG ?OSE 9 ! O!R TWO GR\PS 9 ! ,L,K,N,F1 MANY ( ! ,K,N,R,P MEMB]S HAD MOV$ TO ,YAN'AN4 ,?AT ! TWO LEAD+ AN>*I/S1 TWO ,YU'S1 JO9$ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T WAS 9DICATIVE ( H[ /RONGLY & E>NE/LY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S WANT$ AN ACTUAL UNITY AMONG ALL ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T CIRCLES 9 ,*9A = !IR COMMON NATIONAL GOAL4 

,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S = ,>M$ ,/RUGGLE 

  

,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,L,K,N,F C\LD BE GR\P$ MA9LY 9TO ?REE CIRCLES1 ACCORD+ TO A DIFF]5T MILIT>Y 7OR QUASI-MILIT>Y7 ORGANIZATION EA* CIRCLE E/ABLI%$ RESPECTIVELY4 ,FIR/ WAS ! GR\P REPRES5T$ BY ,YU ,JA-MYEONG FROM ! ,L,K,R1 :I* JO9$ 9 ORGANIZ+ ! ,K,V,U UND] ! ,L,K,N,F1 ) ,KIM ,WONBONG AS ITS COMM&]-9-*IEF4 ,! O!R TWO CIRCLES ORGANIZ$ RESPECTIVELY ! ,KOREAN-,*9ESE ,JO9T ,GU]RILLA ,UNIT 7,K,C,J,G,U1 ,HANJUNG HAPDONG YUGYEOKDAE7 & ! ,OP]ATION ,UNIT ( ,KOREAN ,Y\? AT ,W>FRONT 7,\,K,Y,W1 ,HAN-GUK *EONGNYEON JEONJI GONGJAKDAE74 ,! =M] WAS L$ BY ,JEONG ,HWAAM1 & ! LATT] BY ?REE Y\NG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ,NA ,WOLHWAN1 ,YI ,HAYU1 & ,BAK ,GISEONG1 ALL ( :OM HAD BE5 A =M] /UDY-ABROAD /UD5T & CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM 9 ,TOKYO 9 ! #a#i#bS1 BUT HAD MOV$ TO ,*9A 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS4.<#d#h#e.> ,ALL !SE AN>*I/S HAD BE5 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,L,K,Y,S,C4 ,IT SEEMS AFT] #a#i#c#g1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E GRADUALLY DIVID$ & GR\P$ 9TO ?REE DIFF]5T MILIT>Y UNITS4 ,! REASON = ! DIVISION IS NOT KN[N &1 AS F> AS ,I AM AW>E1 !RE WAS NO SIGN ( ANY S]I\S 9T]NAL IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS AMONG !M4 ,BUT1 9 H9DSI<T1 IT SEEMS ?AT !Y HAD CONFLICT+ VIEWS ON H[ !Y W\LD TREAT O!R SOCIALI/S1 P>TICUL>LY ! COMMUNI/S 9 ! C\RSE ( =M+ ! ,L,K,N,F4 ,= EXAMPLE1 SOME ( !M LIKE ,YU ,JA-MYEONG W]E C]TA9LY WILL+ TO WORK CLOSELY ) O!R SOCIALI/S LIKE ,KIM ,WONBONG & ,KIM ,SEONGSUK1 AS WELL AS ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 UND] ! BANN] ( NATIONAL /RUGGLE4 ,! O!RS LIKE ,NA & ,BAK SEEM$ TO DISLIKE ! IDEA ( WORK+ ) O!R SOCIALI/S1 P>TICUL>LY COMMUNI/S1 & RA!R PREF]R$ ORGANIZ+ A JO9T >M$ =CE ) NATIONALI/S1 9CLUD+ ! CONS]VATIVE GR\P 9 ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,JEONG1 HE SEEM$ TO KEEP HIS DI/ANCE FROM ! ,L,K,N,F1 & MI<T HAVE BE5 9 CONFLICT ) ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4.<#d#h#f.> ,?IS K9D ( SLI<T CLEAVAGE AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ALSO CAN BE SE5 FROM !IR PO/-#a#i#d#e C>E]S AS WELL4 ,9 PO/-#a#i#d#e YE>S1 ,BAK JO9$ ! ,S\? ,KOREAN ,>MY1 F\<T ! COMMUNI/S DUR+ ! ,KOREAN ,W>1 & LAT] WAS PROMOT$ TO A G5]AL ( ! ,KOREAN ,>MY4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 UNABLE TO RETURN TO ,KOREA UND] ,SYNGMAN ,RHEE'S PRESID5CY AFT] #a#i#d#h1 DECID$ TO REMA9 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC ( ,*9A & LAT] 9 ! #a#i#gS RECEIV$ A COMM5DATION M$AL FROM ! ,NOR? ,KOREAN ,GOV]NM5T4 ,JEONG ,HWAAM 5D$ HIS LIFE AS A POLITICAL LEAD] ( MANY PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 GO+ ?R\< 5ORM\S POLITICAL H>D%IPS & SUPPRESSIONS UND] ! MILIT>Y1 DICTATORIAL REGIMES ( ,S\? ,KOREA4 

,! ,K,V,U WAS NO D\BT A DIRECT PRODUCT ( ! ,L,K,N,F4 ,AS ONE ,K,V,U MEMB] FRANKLY /AT$ AT ! TIME1 ! ,KOREAN Y\? 9 ,*9A WORK+ = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE & LIB]ATION HAD BE5 FAC+ MANY H>D%IPS & PROBLEMS BE=E ! ,L,K,N,F'S E/ABLI%M5T & ITS P>TICIPATION 9 ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE W>4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E AT ! AGE ( TW5TY-SEV5 & TW5TY-EI<T 9 ! MID-#a#i#cS1 & W]E QUITE DET]M9$ TO OV]?R[ ,JAPAN & LIB]ATE !IR C\NTRY4 ,H[EV]1 JU/ LIKE ,KIM ,KWANGJU EXPLA9S AB\T HIS ,%AN<AI YE>S 9 ! SAME DECADE1 ,KOREAN Y\?1 BE=E ,*9A'S W> AGA9/ ,JAPAN BEGAN1 HAD BE5 UNABLE TO TAKE ACTIONS ACTIVELY & OP5LY = ! NATIONAL GOAL2 !Y HAD MOV$ FROM ONE PLACE TO ANO!R FREQU5TLY1 TO AVOID ,JAPANESE >RE/ & SURVEILLANCE1 MA9LY LIV+ AN UND]GR\ND LIFE ) ! CONSI/5T FE> ( >RE/1 TORTURE1 & SO ON4.<#d#h#g.> ,*9A'S DECISION TO GO TO W> ) ,JAPAN ALL[$ !M TO CONDUCT !IR ACTIVITIES OP5LY & TO COME \T ( !IR UND]GR\ND LIFE1 IRONICALLY GIV+ !M A MORE /ABLE & PROTECT$ LIFE DUR+ ! W>1 ONLY BECAUSE !Y W]E FI<T+ ! COMMON 5EMY TOGE!R ) ! ,*9ESE4 ,AS LONG AS !Y F\<T AGA9/ ,JAPAN1 !IR LIFE & ACTIVITY W]E GO+ TO BE PROTECT$ &1 ON TOP ( ?AT1 !Y W\LD BE ABLE TO PURSUE !IR NATIONAL GOAL MORE OP5LY & PUBLICLY4 ,!IR ANTI-,JAPANESE ACTIONS 9 ,*9A W]E JU/IFI$1 NO MATT] :AT4 ,! ,*9ESE RESI/ANCE W> *ANG$ ! :OLE SITUATION SOME:AT TO !IR FAVOR1 & ! =MATION ( ! ,L,K,N,F DECISIVELY FRE$ !M FROM ! FE> ) :I* !Y HAD LIV$ 9 ,*9A1 & 5C\RAG$ !M TO RISK !IR LIVES = !IR NATIONAL CAUSE4 

,NO WOND] MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 AFT] E/ABLI%+ ! ,L,K,N,F1 EXPECT$ AN IMM$IATELY EXP&$ P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,*9ESE ANTI-,JAPANESE W>1 BE ?AT COMBAT-RELAT$ OR CONSI/+ ( PROPAG&A TASKS4 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG EXPRESS$ ?IS WIDELY %>$ S5TIM5T AMONG ,KOREANS 9 HIS WRIT+ C>RI$ 9 ! SECOND ISSUE ( ,! ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,FRONT4 ,WRIT+ AB\T ! HI/ORICAL MEAN+ ( ! ,G,M,D'S #e? ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION 9 #a#i#c#h1 ,YU /RONGLY EXPRESS$ HIS DESIRE = ! ,G,M,D TO HELP EXP& ! 9T]NATIONAL ANTI-,JAPANESE MOVEM5T BY UNIT+ ALL PEOPLES AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM & !N E/ABLI%+ AN 5L>G$ UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ ,JAPAN4 ,= ?AT1 HE MADE A SUGGE/ION TO ! ,G,M,D ?AT ,KOREANS BE ALL[$ NOT JU/ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ANTI-,JAPANESE W>1 BUT EV5TUALLY TO HELP !M HAVE !IR [N >M$ =CE ) ! ASSI/ANCE FROM ! HI< AU?ORITIES 9 ! ,G,M,D GOV]NM5T4 ,KOREANS HAD HAD A TW5TY-YE>-LONG HI/ORY ( 0ANTI-,JAPANESE REVOLUTION10 BUT1 ,YU ADMITT$1 !Y HAD LACK$ ONE ?+1 ?AT IS1 !IR [N >M$ =CE 7MUJANG BUDAE74 ,IF ,KOREANS W]E GIV5 A *ANCE TO EXP& !IR ABILITIES1 9 P>TICUL> 9 ! MILIT>Y1 ,YU BELIEV$ ?AT !Y %\LD BE ABLE TO EMP[] !MSELVES SO AS TO F\ND !IR [N PR9CIPLE MILIT>Y =CE = ! SAKE ( ,KOREAN ,9DEP5D5CE1 & ?IS WAS B5EFICIAL TO ,*9A'S W> EF=TS4.<#d#h#h.> 

,BESIDES ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 ,YI ,DAL1 ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE AN>*I/S 9 ! ,K,V,U1 ALSO HOP$ JU/ LIKE ,YU TO A*IEVE ?R\< ! ,K,V,U ! LIB]ATION ( BO? ,*9ESE & ,KOREAN PEOPLE & EV5TUALLY EV]LA/+ PEACE 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA1 EXPRESS+ HIS [N TRANSNATIONAL IDEAL BEYOND ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,YI1 FREQU5TLY CONTRIBUT+ TO ! ,K,V,U'S J\RNAL1 ,! ,KOREAN ,VOLUNTE]S ,UNIT'S ,CORRESPOND5CE 7,*AOXIAN YIYONGDUI TONGXUN71 :I* WAS TO BE R5AM$ LAT] ,! ,KOREAN ,VOLUNTE]S ,UNIT 7,*AOXIAN YIYONGDUI71 EXPRESS$ 9 HIS WRIT+S HIS BELIEF ?AT ,KOREAN & ,*9ESE PEOPLE HAD TO BE ?OR\<LY UNIT$ TOGE!R & OV]?R[ !IR COMMON 5EMY1 ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM4 ,& !N ,YI PR(ESS$ ?AT !IR UNITY W\LD F9ALLY LEAD TO ! E/ABLI%M5T & CONSOLIDATION ( ! UNIT$ FRONT AMONG ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLES 9 ! ,EA/ 7DONGBANG74.<#d#h#i.> 

,OBVI\SLY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,*9A WAS NOT DEAF TO ,YU'S SUGGE/ION = ! ,K,V,U1 :I* WAS F9ALLY ORGANIZ$ 9 ,OCTOB] #ai* 9 ,HANK\ UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! ,POLITICAL ,DEP>TM5T ( ITS ,MILIT>Y ,AFFAIRS ,COMMITTEE4 ,IT WAS LESS ?AN A YE> AFT] ! ,L,K,N,F'S 9AUGURATION 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#g4 ,AGA9/ ,YU'S HOPE1 H[EV]1 ! ,K,V,U WAS ASSIGN$ A NONCOMBATANT TASK1 ?AT IS1 PROPAG&A-RELAT$ WORKS AGA9/ ! ,JAPANESE SOLDI]S & ! ,KOREANS DRAFT$ BY =CE TO ! ,JAPANESE >MY4 ,! LEAD]S & MEMB]S ( ! ,K,V,U1 9CLUD+ ,YU1 DIDN'T LOSE !IR HOPE TO TURN IT 9TO AN ACTUAL COMBAT =CE & GET DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 MILIT>Y W>F>E ) ! ,JAPANESE 9 NOR? &_/OR NOR!A/ ,*9A4 ,BUT ! ,K,V,U WAS TO REMA9 A NONCOMBATANT UNIT 9 ! ,G,M,D-RUL$ >EAS1 UNTIL ! MAJORITY ( ITS MEMB]S DECID$ TO MOVE TO ,YAN'AN1 ! REVOLUTION>Y BASE ( ! ,C,C,P4 ,! ,G,M,D'S CONT9U\S PASSIVITY 9 RESI/+ ,JAPAN CON/ANTLY DISAPPO9T$ MANY ,K,V,U MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ ! LEAD]S ( ! ,K,N,R,P1 :O F9ALLY 9SI/$ ON GO+1 & ACTUALLY LEFT SOON = ,YAN'AN1 :]E1 UNLIKE 9 ! ,G,M,D-CONTROLL$ >EAS1 ACTUAL MILIT>Y COMBATS BETWE5 ! ,*9ESE & ! ,JAPANESE TOOK PLACE4.<#d#i.> ,MANY ,K,V,U MEMB]S MOV$ UP TO ,YAN'AN 9 ORD] TO CONDUCT & 5GAGE 9 MILIT>Y ACTIONS1 RA!R ?AN NONCOMBATANT PROPAG&A ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,G,M,D-CONTROLL$ >EA4 ,& ONCE !Y >RIV$ 9 ! ,C,C,P-CONTROLL$ >EA & NOR? ,*9A1 !Y REORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO ! ,NOR? ,*9A ,BRAN* ,UNIT ( ! ,K,V,U 7,JOSEON UIYONGDAE HWABUK JIDAE74 ,!IR DECISION TO MOVE TO ,YAN'AN WAS NOT MADE JU/ BECAUSE ( !IR LEFT-ORI5T$ IDEOLOGICAL POSITION 7I4E41 PRO-COMMUNI/ /ANCE7 OR ! LURE & CONSPIRACY ( ! ,C,C,P1.<#d#i#a.> BUT MA9LY BECAUSE ( !IR NATIONALI/ DESIRE TO FI<T ,JAPAN AS AN ACTIVE COMBAT =CE & EV5TUALLY TO BECOME ! F\ND+ MILIT>Y =CE ( A FUTURE ,KOREAN /ATE4 ,!Y LAT] REORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9 ,YAN'AN AS ! ,KOREAN ,VOLUNTE]S ,>MY 7,K,V,A1 ,JOSEON ,UIYONGGUN7 ) ! SUPPORT FROM ! ,C,C,P4.<#d#i#b.> 

,AS HI/ORIAN ,KA%IMA ,SETSUKO NOTES1 ! =MATION ( ! ,K,V,U SIGNAL$ ! FIR/ /EP MADE BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S T[>D ,KOREA'S LIB]ATION ?R\< >M$ /RUGGLE ) !IR [N MILIT>Y =CE DUR+ ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE W>4.<#d#i#c.> ,?OSE :O ORGANIZ$ & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,K,V,U WANT$ TO C>RY !IR MILIT>Y TASKS 9 ! COMBAT ZONES :]E !Y C\LD CONFRONT & 5GAGE 9 DIRECT COMBATS ) ! ,JAPANESE1 BUT !RE W]E MANY LIMITS 9 !IR /ATUS & ROLES 9 ,*9A'S OV]ALL ANTI-,JAPANESE W> EF=TS4 ,FIR/1 ! ,K,V,U WAS UND] ! COMM& ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! ,K,V,U WAS NOT =M$ AS A UNIT$ MILIT>Y =CE ) ,*9A1 & ?US WAS NOT TREAT$ AS AN EQUAL P>TN] TO ,*9A'S ,NATIONALI/ ,>MY4 ,!RE=E1 SECOND1 IT HAD MANY RE/RICTIONS & LIMITS 9 ITS MILIT>Y ACTIONS & PLANS AS AN 9DEP5D5T =CE1 :I* WAS EXAC]BAT$ BY ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T'S =MAL D5UNCIATION ( IT4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T WAS PROBABLY RELUCTANT TO ALL[ & DEVELOP IT TO BE A COMBAT UNIT DUE TO1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ?AT ! ,K,V,U WAS NOT RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA ?AT WAS =MALLY ASSI/$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T E/ABLI%$ ITS [N MILIT>Y =CE CALL$ ! ,KOREAN ,RE/ORATION ,>MY 7,HAN-GUK GWANGBOK GUN7 9 RESPONSE TO ! LEFT-ORI5T$ ,K,V,U4 ,& !SE C\LD HAVE POSSIBLY L$ ,YU ,JA-MYEONG & ,YU ,RIM TO !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T LAT] 9 #a#i#d#a1 PROBABLY RECOGNIZ+ ! LEGITIMACY ( ! GOV]NM5T-9-EXILE4 

,ANO!R MAJOR MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION 9 :I* ,KOREAN AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT$ WAS ! ,\,K,Y,W1 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,*ONGQ+ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#i1 TOGE!R BY SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & O!R NATIONALI/S ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA4 ,! LEAD+ AN>*I/S 9 ?IS MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION W]E ,NA ,WOLHWAN1 ,YI ,HAYU1 & ,BAK ,GISEONG4 ,?IS MILIT>Y UNIT WAS1 SIMIL> TO ! ,K,V,U1 PLAC$ UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T'S ,MILIT>Y ,COMMITTEE 9 COLLABORATION ) ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,\,K,Y,W'S COMM&] WAS AN>*I/ ,NA ,WOLHWAN4 ,NA HAD BE5 A =M] MEMB] ( ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,LEAGUE 9 ,TOKYO1 BUT MOV$ TO ,*9A :]E HE ATT5D$ & GRADUAT$ FROM ! ,*9ESE ,C5TRAL ,MILIT>Y ,ACADEMY UND] ! ,G,M,D'S AUSPICES4 ,AFT] GRADUATION HE HAD BE5 9 MILIT>Y S]VICE = ! ,*9ESE ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T'S MILIT>Y =CES BE=E HE JO9$ ! ,L,K,N,F & ! ,\,K,Y,W WAS ORGANIZ$4 ,SOME NATIONALI/S1 ASSOCIAT$ ) ,KIM ,GU1 ALSO P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,\,K,Y,W1 :I* 9ITIALLY HAD AB\T ?IRTY ,KOREANS :O HAD ALL 0LIV$ 9 DIFF]5T LIV+ CIRCUM/ANCES0 BE=E JO9+ IT4.<#d#i#d.> ,! ,\,K,Y,W'S BASIC GOAL WAS MANIFE/$ AS COOP]ATION ) ! ,*9ESE = !IR ANTI-,JAPANESE W>4 ,BUT MORE IMPORTANT 9 !IR GOAL WAS TO LOCATE MANY ,KOREANS 9 ! W>FRONT1 :O HAD BE5 DRAFT$ =CEFULLY TO ! ,JAPANESE >MY BUT DES]T$ 9 ,*9A FROM IT1 9 ORD] TO HAVE ! DES]T$ ,KOREAN SOLDI]S JO9 ! ,\,K,Y,W TO 5SURE ITS 9CREAS$ ABILITY AS A MILIT>Y UNIT4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,\,K,Y,W ALSO ANTICIPAT$ ,*9A'S F9AL VICTORY 9 ! W> ) ,JAPAN1 :I* 9 TURN W\LD GU>ANTEE ! SUCCESS ( A ,KOREAN REVOLUTION !Y 5VISAG$4 

,! ,\,K,Y,W TOO HAD ITS J\RNAL 9 ,*9ESE1 TITL$ ,KOREAN ,Y\? 7,HANGUO Q+NIAN71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JUNE #a#i#d1 TO :I* ,KOREAN AN>*I/S CONTRIBUT$ !IR WRIT+S & ,NA ,WOLHWAN1 COMM&] ( ! ,\,K,Y,W1 WAS ONE ( !M4 ,9 ONE ( HIS >TICLES CONTRIBUT$ TO ! J\RNAL1 TITL$ 0,\R ,TASKS0 & C>RI$ 9 ITS 9AUGURAL ISSUE1 ,NA1 %>+ ) ! ,L,K,N,F ! G5]AL GOAL ( MAK+ A UNIT$ FRONT ) O!R ,KOREAN ORGANIZATIONS1 PO9T$ \T ?AT ,KOREAN Y\? %\LD]$ !IR MO/ IMPORTANT TASK TO OV]?R[ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM 9 ORD] TO ]ADICATE ITS =CES FROM ,KOREA & ULTIMATELY TO CON/RUCT A C\NTRY ( FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE4 ,= ?AT1 HE CONT9U$1 ALL ANTI-,JAPANESE =CES 9 ,*9A HAD TO BE UNIT$ & A UNIT$ ,KOREAN MILIT>Y UNIT NE$$ TO BE E/ABLI%$ TO LAY \T A F\NDATION = ,KOREA'S LIB]ATION & 9DEP5D5CE4.<#d#i#e.> ,JU/ LIKE ?OSE 9 ! ,L,K,N,F & ! ,K,V,U1 ! ,\,K,Y,W MEMB]S TOO BELIEV$ ?AT ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE & ,*9A'S VICTORY 9 ! W> AGA9/ ,JAPAN W]E C]TA9LY NOT TWO DIFF]5T1 SEP>ATE MATT]S4.<#d#i#f.> ,! ,\,K,Y,W MOV$ TO ,XI'AN 9 ,%AANXI ,PROV9CE & 5GAG$ !RE FROM SPR+ #aid 9 A NONCOMBATANT MILIT>Y OP]ATION TO CONTRIVE TO W9 ,KOREANS 9 ! ,JAPANESE >MY TO ITS SIDE4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! ,\,K,Y,W TOO WAS ASSIGN$ NONCOMBATANT WORKS BY ! ,*9ESE ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,NA1 ITS COMM&]1 WAS MURD]$ LAT] BY A RI<TI/ ,KOREAN1 BUT ! ,\,K,Y,W CONT9U$ TO EXI/ & OP]ATE UNTIL IT M]G$ 9 ! 5D 9TO ! ,KOREAN ,RE/ORATION ,>MY 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d1 & SUBSEQU5TLY REORGANIZ$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #aid AS ! ,FIF? ,BRAN* ,UNIT ( ! ,KOREAN ,RE/ORATION ,>MY UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,NOTE ?AT ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & ITS LEAD]1 ,KIM ,KU1 W]E KN[N = !IR ANTICOMMUNI/ /ANCE1 :I* MAY EXPLA9 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ,\,K,Y,W'S REORGANIZATION WAS A REACTION TO ! =MATION ( ! ,NOR? ,*9A ,BRAN* ( ! ,K,V,U 9 ,YAN'AN4 

,! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,\,K,Y,W1 JU/ LIKE ?OSE 9 ! ,K,V,U1 /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( HAV+ ,KOREA'S [N MILIT>Y =CES4 ,NA ,WOLHWAN1 = 9/ANCE1 EXPLA9$ IT 9 HIS DISCUSSIONS ON H[ TO E/ABLI% ,KOREA'S >M$ =CES & ON ! REASON :Y ,KOREA NE$$ ITS [N >M$ =CES4 ,DISSATISFI$ ) !IR TASK ASSIGN$ FROM ! ,*9ESE1 ,NA COMPLA9$ ?AT ACTIVE ,KOREAN MILIT>Y =CES HAD BE5 /AY+ AWAY FROM ! W>FRONT OR ONLY CONDUCT+ PROPAG&A-RELAT$ WORKS AGA9/ ! ,JAPANESE1 NEI!R ( :I* HAD BE5 EFFECTIVE 9 !IR RESULT & BE5 SUITABLE AS A JOB = ! ,KOREAN Y\? 9 ,*9A4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,NA BELIEV$ ?AT !RE HAD BE5 NO .<,KOREAN.> MASSES 9 ,*9A ON :OM ! ,KOREAN Y\? C\LD RELY1 &1 !RE=E1 !Y HAD NO ABILITY TO EXP& !IR [N MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,*9A4 ,HAV+ SAID ?AT1 ,NA PO9T$ \T ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y = !M TO JO9 ! ,*9ESE ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE W> 9 ORD] TO GR[ !IR [N MILIT>Y ABILITY &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 A*IEVE A UNITY AMONG ALL ,KOREANS 9 ,*9A1 DESPITE !IR DIFF]5T POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL ORI5TATIONS4 ,!N1 ,KOREANS & ,*9ESE W\LD ULTIMATELY BE ABLE TO UNITE & CONSOLIDATE ! UNITY BETWE5 TWO C\NTRIES1 DEFEAT+ 9 ! 5D ! 0,JAPANESE FASCI/ ROBB]S40 ,NA SAW AN OPPORTUNITY TO EXP& ,KOREAN Y\?'S CAPABILITY TO BUILD A ,KOREAN >M$ =CE1 :I* C\LD BE F\ND$ ON ! ,KOREAN MASSES :O HE BELIEV$ HAD BE5 ALL SCATT]$ H]E & !RE 9 ,*9A1 P>TICUL>LY1 9 OCCUPI$ ,MAN*URIA & C5TRAL ,*9A NE> ,NANJ+ & ,%AN<AI4.<#d#i#g.> ,MAK+ A UNITY AMONG ALL ?OSE SCATT]$ ,KOREANS WAS1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! MO/ URG5T & IMPORTANT TASK TO A*IEVE 9DEP5D5CE AS A DI/ANCE GOAL1 BUT ALSO IMPORTANT AS AN IMM$IATE GOAL WAS TO RAISE ,KOREA'S MILIT>Y ABILITY 9 ! PROCESS ( A*IEV+ ! UNITY 9 PREP>ATION = ! COM+ 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 HIS DEF9ITION ( NATIONAL UNITY ( ALL ,KOREANS1 ! COMMUNI/S MU/ HAVE BE5 EXCLUD$4 

,COMP>$ TO ! ABOVE-M5TION$ TWO MILIT>Y UNITS1 ! ,K,C,J,G,U WAS ORGANIZ$ A LITTLE LAT] 9 ! FALL ( #aici BY ,JEONG ,HWAAM1 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 ,YU ,SEO1 & ,YI ,GANG1 >\ND ! >EA NE> ,%ANGRAO 9 ,JIANGXI ,PROV9CE & ,JIANYANG 9 ,FUJIAN ,PROV9CE1 ALSO ) ! HELP FROM ! ,*9ESE ,NATIONALI/ ,>MY4 ,UNLIKE ITS TWO C\NT]P>TS1 ?IS GU]RILLA UNIT WAS A JO9T MILIT>Y GR\P ( ,KOREANS & ,*9ESE1 ACCORD+ TO ,KOREAN S\RCES4 ,ITS MA9 ACTIVITIES W]E C5T]$ ON KILL+ ,*9ESE 0TRAITORS0 7HANJIAN71 W9N+ ,KOREAN /UD5T-SOLDI]S TO !IR SIDE :O HAD BE5 DRAFT$ AGA9/ !IR WILL TO ! ,JAPANESE >MY1 & RESCU+ WE/]N ,P,['S FROM ! ,JAPANESE >MY4 ,SOME ,KOREAN S\RCES EV5 CLAIM ?AT ! ,K,C,J,G,C COLLABORAT$ ) A G5]AL NAM$ 0,%AW10 ALLEG$LY AN AIR =CE COMM&] ( ! ,ALLI$ ,P[]S1 = ! RESCUE OP]ATION ( SOME WE/]N ,P,['S 9 OCCUPI$ ,*9A4 ,IT WAS ALSO SAID ?AT TWO ,*9ESE Y\NG M5 NAM$ ,YUE ,GUOHUA & ,J9 ,YAN1 BO? ( :OM W]E =M] /UD5TS ( ,YU ,JA-MYEONG FROM ,LIDA ,COLLEGE 9 ,%AN<AI1 COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,K,C,J,G,U = ! ASSASS9ATION ( SOME ,*9ESE 0TRAITORS40.<#d#i#h.> ,ALL !SE ACTIVITIES CANNOT BE CONFIRM$1 BUT !SE ANECDOTES ATTE/ ?AT ?IS GU]RILLA UNIT WAS A K9D ( UNIT$ FRONT ORGANIZATION BETWE5 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & SOME ,*9ESE 7POSSIBLY AN>*I/S74 ,IT IS UNCLE> :5 ?IS JO9T GU]RILLA UNIT /OPP$ ITS MILIT>Y & O!R ACTIVITIES1 = !RE IS NOT MU* 9=MATION AVAILABLE4 ,! ,K,C,J,G,U C\LD HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O NEI!R DECID$ TO MOVE UP TO ,YAN'AN NOR TO JO9 ! ,\,K,Y,W1 AS ,YU ,JA-MYEONG WAS ONE ( ITS MEMB]S4 

,KOREAN AN>*ISM ( ! #a#i#bS WAS NO LESS TRANSNATIONAL ?AN NATIONALI/ 9 ITS EMPHASIS & ULTIMATE PURSUIT1 & MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E AGA9/ NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT AIM$ MA9LY AT POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREA FROM ,JAPAN )\T SOCIAL TRANS=MATION 9 IT4 ,!Y SEEM$ TO %IFT ?IS TRANSNATIONAL POSITION 9 ! #a#i#cS1 NOT BECAUSE !Y AB&ON$ TRANSNATIONALISM OR SIMPLY UTILIZ$ AN>*ISM = !IR NATIONAL GOAL1 BUT MA9LY BECAUSE ( ! *ANGES 9 ! SITUATION ( ,*9A & ! WORLD4 ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,*9A S9CE #a#i#c#a1 & ,*9A'S ALL-\T RESI/ANCE TO ,JAPAN ) ! =MATION ( ! SECOND ,UNIT$ ,FRONT BETWE5 TWO P>TIES1 ,G,M,D & ,C,C,P1 OP5$ A DOOR = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO CONSID] !IR [N NATIONAL FRONT1 PLAC+ ! NATIONAL PROBLEM AS !IR TOP PRIORITY4 ,! NEWS FROM ,EUROPE AS TO ! SUCCESSFUL ,PEOPLE'S ,FRONT 9 ,SPA9 9 #aicf 7& 9 ,FRANCE7 & ! WORLDWIDE MOVEM5T AGA9/ FASCISM & ,JAPANESE AGGRESSION CAME TO !M AS A FAVORABLE SIGN = !IR 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T & ACTIVITIES4 ,!SE *ANGES GAVE RISE TO AW>5ESS AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ?AT ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE WAS 5TANGL$ ) ! 0,*9A PROBLEM0 &1 MORE BROADLY SPEAK+1 0! WORLD PROBLEM40 ,?US1 !Y CAME TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! NATIONAL PROBLEM C\LD BE SOLV$ ONLY AFT] JO9+ ! BROAD] RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,JAPAN & FASCISM4 ,! G5]AL DECL9E ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! WORLD S9CE ! MID-#a#i#bS ONW>D1 LET ALONE 9 ,EA/]N ,ASIA1 C\LD HAVE POSSIBLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! %IFT ( !IR FOCUS TO 9DEP5D5CE AS WELL 9 HOPE TO REG5]ATE !IR MOVEM5T4 ,NO D\BT ?AT ! %IFT WAS ALSO NECESS>Y = !IR SURVIVAL DUR+ ! W>4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 S9CE !Y W]E )\T EXCEPTION DRAWN TO AN>*ISM \T ( !IR NATIONALI/ ASPIRATION1 IT WAS POSSIBLE ?AT MANY ( !M DIDN'T EV5 ?9K ?AT IT WAS A %IFT ( !IR FOCUS4 ,!Y C\LD HAVE ?\<T ?AT !Y W]E PO/PON+ !IR AN>*I/ GOAL = ! TIME BE+ TO A NE> FUTURE4 

,IMPLICATIONS ( ! FUTURE-ORI5T$ %IFT1 H[EV]1 W]E IMM5SE 9 T]MS ( ITS IMM$IATE & =?COM+ CONSEQU5CES4 ,! ,L,K,N,F PLAC$ NATIONAL UNITY AT ! TOP ( ITS AG5DA UNTIL #aide &1 = ?AT1 SAW SOCIAL PROBLEMS & POLITICAL_/IDEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS AMONG ,KOREANS AS LESS IMPORTANT OR AT LEA/ NOT AS IMM$IATE ISSUES4 ,ITS IMM$IATE FOCUS ON /RUGGLE ?R\< MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS RESULT$ 9 ITS SE>* = MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS & ACTIONS TOGE!R ) ,*9ESE AGA9/ ,JAPAN4 ,ALSO1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S SEEM$ TO CLOSE !IR EYES TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,ALLI$ ,P[]S W]E NOT TRUE LIB]ATORS ( ! COLONIZ$ PEOPLES BUT A DIFF]5T K9D ( COLONIZ] OR OPPRESSOR UND] ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 BECAUSE ( !IR ATTA*M5T TO !IR IMM$IATE GOAL TO FI<T ,JAPAN TOGE!R ) ALL ANTI-,JAPANESE =CES ( ! WORLD4 ,AS !IR LAT] ACTIVITIES AFT] #aide REVEAL1 !Y W]E NOT GO+ TO OR UNABLE TO BR+ UP ! SOCIAL ISSUES 9 ,KOREAN SOCIETY ANYMORE4 ,MANY ( !M DIDN'T EV5 SEEM TO TAKE IMP]IALISM 7&_/OR CAPITALISM1 !RE=E7 S]I\SLY AS !IR 5EMY ANYMORE1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 ! NEXT *APT]4 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASS OR SOCIAL ISSUES UND] CAPITALISM AS WELL AS IMP]IALISM 9 !IR UND]/&+ WAS ACCOMPANI$ ) ! ]ASURE ( CAPITALISM AS ! S\RCE ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION ?AT ,KOREAN PEOPLE1 ALONG ) ALL ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLES 9 ! WORLD1 HAD SUFF]$ FROM4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,I ?9K !IR %IFT 9 ! #a#i#cS TO '#dS TO NATIONAL UNITY = 9DEP5D5CE ?R\< ! NATIONAL FRONT 5TAIL$ HUGE CONSEQU5CES 9 5SU+ YE>S 9 T]MS ( ! DIRECTION & *>ACT] ( PO/-#a#i#d#e ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,! %IFT IS ( GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE IF WE CONSID] ?AT 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,L,K,Y,S,C /ILL ID5TIFI$ CAPITALISM AS A T>GET ( !IR /RUGGLE4 

,BE=E ! IDEA ( NATIONAL FRONT WAS PUT =W>D1 NATIONALISM HAD BE5 UND] SEV]E ATTACK BY MO/ AN>*I/S1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 MANY >TICLES C>RI$ 9 ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP]4 ,9 FACT1 UNLIKE !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A1 ,JAPAN-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S SEEM$ TO BE 9DIFF]5T1 IF NOT OPPOS$1 TO ! IDEA ( ! NATIONAL FRONT4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A TOO1 IT SEEM$1 W]E 9T]NALLY DIVID$1 NOT OV] MAJOR AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES OR IDEALS BUT OV] !IR COLLABORATION ) O!R ,KOREAN SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S OR ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,H[EV] WE UND]/& !IR 9T]NAL DIVISIONS1 IT IS /ILL TRUE ?AT MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S DID NOT JU/ P>TICIPATE 9 ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE W> = ITS MILIT>Y VICTORY OV] ,JAPAN1 BUT ALSO TO LAY \T A NEW F\NDATION = A NEW ,KOREA & A NEW ,EA/ ,ASIA ) PEACE 9 ! REGION1 JU/ LIKE ! ,JAPANESE RADICALS & SOCIALI/S :O W]E MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! PREP>ATION = A FUTURE REVOLUTION 9 ,JAPAN :5 !Y JO9$ ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE W>4.<#d#i#i.> ,I DON'T ?9K ! ACTIVE 9VOLVEM5T OR EV5 9ITIATIVE BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,KOREAN ,NATIONAL ,FRONT 9 #a#i#cS & '#dS ,*9A & !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T BE=E #aide %\LD BE VIEW$ AS AN AB]RATION FROM AN>*I/ BASIC PR9CIPLES1 AS SOME ,KOREAN HI/ORIANS HAVE >GU$4.<#e.> ,!Y DID NOT LOSE !IR 0AN>*I/ VOICE0 YET1 BUT W]E ONLY READY TO ACCOMMODATE AN>*ISM TO PO/-#a#i#d#e ,KOREA4 

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