0,AN>*ISM 444 IS A LIV+ =CE )9 \R LIFE 4440 ,AN>*ISM1 ,$UCATION & ,ALT]NATIVE ,POSSIBILITIES 
,$UCATIONAL ,/UDIES1 ,VOLUME #d#h1 ,ISSUE #a 7#b#a#b7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABRAHAM ,P4 ,DE,LEON 

,TEXT 3 

,$ITOR'S ,CORN] 

0,ALL ?IS ,B\NDLESS ,MULTITUDE30 ,R]EAD+ ,MIKAHAIL ,BAKUN9 = ,ECO,JU/ICE ,$UCATION 

,REBECCA ,A4 ,M>TUSEWICZ 

,ONE HUNDR$ ?IRTY YE>S AGO OR SO1 MY GREAT-GR&FA!R1 AN EMPLOYEE 9 ?IS C\NTRY'S BOOM+ LOGG+ 9DU/RY1 WAS HELP+ TO WIPE \T ! GREAT P9ES 9 ! NOR!RN ,MIDWE/ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO RE-BUILD ,*ICAGO4 ,TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS FEAT 9 ,NOR!RN ,MI*IGAN1 ! GOV]NM5T FIR/ HAD TO DISPOSSESS ! ,OJIBWE TRIBES ( !IR RELATION%IP TO ! L& & RIV]S ?AT !Y HAD DEP5D$ UPON = C5TURIES1 S5D+ !M TO LIVE ON RES]VATIONS1 NEV] TO PROVIDE = !IR FAMILIES 9 ! SAME WAY AGA94 ,IT TOOK A M]E ?IRTY YE>S TO COMPLETELY WIPE \T ?OSE ANCI5T =E/S4 ,IMAG9E :AT IT MU/ HAVE BE5 LIKE = ! NATIVE PEOPLE TO EXP]I5CE SU* MASSIVE DE/RUCTION ( ! RI* LIV+ WORLD !Y HAD LIV$ )94 ,TODAY Y\ CAN /ILL SEE ! EFFECTS ( MY GR&FA!R'S WORK NOR? ( ,GRAYL+1 ,M,I1 :]E FIELDS ( /UMPS PRES]V$ BY !IR [N P9E PIT* /RET* \T LIKE GRAVEY>DS1 />K REM9D]S ( :AT ?IS MOD]N 9DU/RIAL CULTURE IS CAPABLE (4 

,>\ND ?IS SAME TIME DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,K>L ,M>X & O!RS W]E DEVELOP+ AN IMPORTANT CRITIQUE ( ! PROCESSES ( 9DU/RIALIZATION 5SLAV+ ! LIVES ( MASSES ( PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE LABOR+ UND] ! RELATIVELY NEW MANTEL ( CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,A CRITICAL HI/ORICAL CROSSROADS WAS UNFOLD+4 

,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 A ,RUSSIAN EXILE1 WAS ALSO WORK+ TO >\SE 9 ! HE>TS & M9DS ( ! WORK]S ( ,EUROPE ! DESIRE & MEANS ) :I* TO OPPOSE ! CONDITIONS ( DEVELOP+ CAPITAL & ! AU?ORIT>IAN CULTURAL =MS ASSOCIAT$ ) IT4 ,(T5 REF]R$ TO AS ! FA!R ( COLLECTIVI/ SOCIALISM OR AN>*ISM1 ,BAKUN9 WAS BO? A COLLEAGUE & MAJOR RIVAL ( ,M>X 9 ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,AL?\< HE CONSID]$ HIMSELF A /UD5T ( ,M>X'S ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1 ! MAJOR REASON = !IR RIVALRY WAS ,BAKUN9'S CRITIQUE ( :AT HE BELIEV$ TO BE A FUNDAM5TAL AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 BO? ,M>X'S IDEAS & ! BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( :I* HE WAS ! LEAD]4 ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$ ?AT ALL AU?ORITY & HI]>*Y 9 HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE1 NO MATT] :AT ! SIZE ( ! ORGANIZATION 9 QUE/ION1 BUT ESPECIALLY ?AT CLAIM$ BY ! ,/ATE & 9CLUD+ ! SO-CALL$ 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 AM\NT$ TO A FUNDAM5TAL ASSAULT ON HUMAN LIB]TY & ON :AT HE CALL$ ! 0NATURAL LAWS0 UND]LY+ ITS POSSIBILITY4 

,I HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/$ 9 ,BAKUN9 BECAUSE1 *ALL5G+ AGE-OLD HI]>*IES SEP>AT+ HUMANS & ! NATURAL WORLD1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT 0MAN IS NO?+ BUT NATURE10 & NATURE IS 0! RESULT PRODUC$ BY ! SIMULTANE\S ACTION ( P>TICUL> CAUSES1 ! COMB9$ UNITY ( :I* IS CREAT$ BY ! 9F9ITE TOTALITY ( ! CEASELESS TRANS=MATIONS ( ALL EXI/+ ?+S 444 ?IS B\NDLESS MULTITUDE ( ACTIONS & REACTIONS 444 NATURE IS CREAT$ & CREATOR ( !SE ?+S0 7,BAKUN9 #a#i#e#c1 #e#c-#e#d74 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO DISSASSOCIATE 0MAN0 FROM ?IS CONNECTION W\LD BE NO?+ %ORT ( SUICIDAL4 

,ALL ?IS B\NDLESS MULTITUDE ( P>TICUL> ACTIONS & REACTIONS1 COMB9$ 9 ONE G5]AL MOVEM5T1 PRODUCES & CON/ITUTES :AT WE CALL ,LIFE1 ,SOLID>ITY1 ,UNIV]SAL ,CAUSALITY1 ,NATURE4 ,CALL IT1 IF Y\ F9D IT AMUS+1 ,GOD1 ! ,ABSOLUTE--IT REALLY DOES NOT MATT]--PROVID$ Y\ DO NOT ATTRIBUTE ! WORD ,GOD A MEAN+ DIFF]5T FROM 444 ! UNIV]SAL1 NATURAL1 NECESS>Y1 & REAL BUT 9 NO WAY PR$ET]M9$1 PRECONCEIV$ OR =EKN[N COMB9ATION ( ! 9F9ITY ( P>TICUL> ACTIONS & REACTIONS :I* ALL ?+S HAV+ REAL EXI/5CE 9CESSANTLY EX]CISE UPON ONE ANO!R4 7,BAKUN9 #a#i#e#c1 #e#c7 

,BAKUN9'S ?\<T AB\T HUMANS' RELATION%IP )9 ?IS COMPLEX SY/EM >OSE FROM HIS PRIM>Y DISDA9 = ALL NOTIONS ( HI]>*Y1 9CLUD+ ?OSE BE+ US$ TO LEGITIMATE P[] 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T UND]WAY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ,M>X US$ HIS P[] 9 ! ,ALLIANCE TO HIS /RATEGIC B5EFIT1 EXPELL+ ,BAKUN9 & HIS FOLL[]S1 & ULTIMATELY UND]M9+ ,BAKUN9'S 9FLU5CE 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,HE EFFECTIVELY US$ HIS AU?ORITY 9 ! ORGANIZATION TO KILL (F HIS IDEOLOGICAL COMPETITOR1 5ACT+ EXACTLY ! K9D ( CO]CION ?AT ,BAKUN9 >GU$ WAS ! BASIS ( HUMAN POLITICAL & ULTIMATELY EVOLUTION>Y FAILURE4 ,! RE/1 AS ! CLI*E GOES1 IS HI/ORY4 

,SO H]E'S SOME?+ TO ?9K AB\T AS WE POND] \R HI/ORICAL 0EVOLUTION0 AS A WE$Y SPECIES & AS A DOM9ATOR CULTURE3 ,:AT IF ,M>X HAD LI/5$ TO ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS REG>D+ ! DE/RUCTIVE NATURE ( ALL AU?ORITY1 9CLUD+ ! AU?ORITY EMB$D$ 9 ! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IATE ACCURATELY PR$ICT$ BY ,BAKUN9 TO LEAD TO NO?+ BETT] ?AN ! ACCUMULATION ( P[] TO BE WIELD$ OV] ! V]Y PEOPLE IT SUPPOS$LY WAS CREAT$ TO LIB]ATE8 ,BAKUN9 ALSO CRITICIZ$ ,M>X = NOT 9CLUD+ 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ! SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( HUMAN LIB]TY1 A FULL] UND]/&+ & ANAYSIS ( ! L>G] LIFE =CES 5VELOP+ HUMAN & NONHUMAN SPECIES1 A POSITION ,I BELIEVE TO BE RADICALLY \T ( SYNC = HIS TIME1 BUT CRUCIAL TO \R SURVIVAL AS A SPECIES4 

,I WOND] IF1 AS A CIVILIZATION1 WE HAD PAID ATT5TION TO ,BAKUN9'S UND]/&+ ( ! ESS5TIAL RELATION BETWE5 HUMAN FRE$OM & \R 9T]DEP5D5CE ) L>G] LIFE =CES 7OR NATURE71 & HIS CRITIQUE ( ! USE ( AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES TO DISREG>D ?IS ESS5TIAL RELATION%IP1 WE MI<T F9D \RSELVES 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T POSITION ?AN WE >E TODAY4 ,/&+ AT ! CROSSROADS POIS$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X1 :AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ IF ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ CAPITALISM HAD *OS5 A DIFF]5T PA?1 A PA? F\ND$ UPON A FUNDAM5TAL UND]/&+ ( MUTUALITY1 COOP]ATION & COLLECTIVE ALLIANCE GR\ND$ 9 AN UND]/&+ ( & RESPECT = ! COMPLEX & MAGNIFIC5T PROCESSES & =CES ( NATURE8 

,WE >E AT ANO!R CROSSROADS1 N[ EV5 MORE CRITICAL TO \R SURVIVAL4 ,IT IS A CROSSROADS ?AT ASKS ?OSE ( US P>TICIPAT+ 9 DOM9ATOR CULTURES ( ! ,WE/ TO BECOME DIFF]5T FROM :O WE HAVE BE54 ,WILL WE PAY ATT5TION TO :AT ,BAKUN9 WAS TRY+ TO TEA* US OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO8 

,I (F] Y\ !SE MUS+S AS ,I WELCOME Y\ TO ?IS SPECIAL ISSUE ON ,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION4 ,I ACTUALLY WROTE MO/ ( ! PREVI\S P>AGRAPHS SEV]AL YE>S AGO1 & N[ REALIZE H[ IMPORTANT ! QUE/IONS RAIS$ BY AN>*I/ PHILOSOPH]S ( $UCATION >E TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( MY [N 9T]E/S 9 ,ECO,JU/ICE ,$UCATION4 ,I'M NOT SURE :Y ,I LEFT MY /UDY ( ,BAKUN9 BEH9D1 BUT ,I WANT TO ?ANK ,ABE ,DELEON = REAWAK5+ ?IS L9E ( ?9K+ AGA91 & BR++ ME BACK TO AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,!RE >E SO MANY 9CR$IBLE CONV]G5CES ) ! WORK ( PO//RUCTURALI/S ,I'VE BE5 9T]E/$ 9 = YE>S 7,DELEUZE #a#i#i71 ) ! WORK ( ,GREGORY ,BATESON 7#b71 ) EC(EM9I/S 7,PLUMWOOD #b#b71 & ,ECO,JU/ICE 7,M>TUSEWICZ1 ,$MUNDSON1 & ,LUP9ACCI #b#a#a74 ,I'M EXCIT$ TO DOVE BACK 9 & DRAW !SE TOGE!R6 

,BUT 5\< ( MY [N 9T]E/S2 ?IS ISSUE IS WOND]FUL & Y\ ALL JU/ NE$ TO GET ON TO ! >TICLES & REVIEWS ?AT ,ABE & ! CONTRIBUTORS HAVE WAIT+ = Y\4 ,I DON'T ?9K WE PAY 5\< ATT5TION TO ! KEY IDEAS 9 AN>*ISM4 ,MAYBE IT'S TIME4 

,MY BE/ TO Y\ ALL ON ?IS GRAY ,NOVEMB] DAY6 ,P]HAPS JU/ ONE MORE CUP ( C(FEE BE=E GO+ \T TO TACKLE ! GR[+ M\ND ( LEAVES4 ,DO Y\ REMEMB] PIL+ !M UP & JUMP+ 9 !M AS KIDS8 ,OH TO BE ?AT C>EFREE AGA96 

,REF]5CES 

,BATESON1 ,GREGORY4 #b4 ,/EPS TO AN ,ECOLOGY ( ,M9D1 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,BAKUN91 ,MIKHAIL4 #a#i#e#c4 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN93 ,SCI5TIFIC ,AN>*ISM41 ,$IT$ BY3 ,MAXIM(F1 ,G4 ,P4 ,GL5COE1 ,I,L3 ,FREE ,PRESS4 

,DELEUZE1 ,GILLES4 #a#i#i4 ,DIFF]5CE & ,REPETITION1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,PLUMWOOD1 ,VAL4 #b#b4 ,5VIRONM5TAL ,CULTURE41 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,M>TUSEWICZ1 ,REBECCA1 ,$MUNDSON1 ,JEFF & ,LUP9ACCI1 ,JOHN4 #b#a#a4 ,ECO,JU/ICE ,$UCATION3 ,T[>D ,DIV]SE1 ,DEMOCRATIC1 & ,SU/A9ABLE ,COMMUNITIES1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TLDGE4 

,GUE/ ,$ITOR'S ,9TRODUCTION 

0,AN>*ISM444IS A LIV+ =CE )9 \R LIFE4440 ,AN>*ISM1 ,$UCATION & ,ALT]NATIVE ,POSSIBILITIES 

,ABRAHAM ,P4 ,DE,LEON 

,(T5 REPRES5T$ AS LAWLESS1 *AOTIC1 & OPPRESSIVELY 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 IT APPE>S ?AT AN>*ISM HAS BORE ! BRUNT ( A HO/ ( PROBLEMATIC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ITS TACTICS1 ME?ODOLOGICAL APPROA*ES1 & AIMS1 IGNOR+ ITS RI* 9TELLECTUAL & ACTIVI/ HI/ORY4 ,! 0LIV+ =CE0 ( AN>*ISM 9 ! TITLE TO ?IS SPECIAL ISSUE IS EVOK$ FROM ! WORDS ( ONE P>TICUL> AN>*I/2 A BEAUTIFULLY 9CORRIGIBLE WOMAN BY ! NAME ( ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN :O BELIEV$ AN>*ISM PROVID$ NEW WAYS ( ?9K+ & ACT+ 9 ! WORLD1 :AT %E CALL$ 0BUILD+ & SU/A9+ A NEW LIFE0 7,GOLDMAN #a#i#f#i1 #d#i74 ,GOLDMAN WAS ACUTELY AW>E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y & UTOPIAN POT5TIAL ?AT AN>*ISM PROVID$4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 ,/ATE AG5TS HAVE DILIG5TLY TAK5 NOTICE ( AN>*ISM1 CON/RUCT+ IT AS A 0?REAT0 & HI<LI<T+ ITS SUBV]SIVE & PROBLEMATIC EXI/5CE = ! POLICE & O!R ,/ATE AG5TS 7,BORUM & ,TILBY #b#d74 

,DESPITE !SE NEGATIVE P]CEPTIONS1 AN>*I/S HAVE =G$ SCA?+ CRITIQUES ( CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE4 ,AN>*ISM HAS 9FLU5C$ >T1 SOCIAL !ORY1 $UCATION1 JU/ICE /UDIES1 CRITICAL ANIMAL /UDIES1 & CULTURAL /UDIES1 MAK+ AN>*I/ CRITIQUES TRANS-DISCIPL9>Y 5C\NT]S 7,AM/] ET AL4 #b#i2 ,JUN & ,WAHL #b#a74 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN>*ISM HAS ALSO ESCAP$ ! ACADEMY & HAS 9SPIR$ ACTIVI/S & O!R SOCIAL MOVEM5TS GR\ND$ 9 ! /REETS ( ,EMPIRE 7,CRIME?,9C ,WORK]'S ,COLLECTIVE #b#h74 ,?IS MULTIDIM5SIONAL EXI/5CE COMPRISES ! /R5G?S ( AN>*ISM1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME POS+ A *ALL5GE = 9T]PRET+ IT 9 A WAY ?AT RESI/S DOME/ICATION4 ,AN>*I/S CAN NEV] UND]E/IMATE ! RECUP]ATIVE NATURE ( RHIZOMATIC CAPITALISM1 ) ITS NETWORKS ?AT SPAN TIME1 T]RITORY1 & EPI/EMOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS 7,V&5B]<E #b#h74 

,LUCKILY1 AN>*ISM IS HI<LY ADAPTABLE TO \R CURR5T HI/ORICAL CONJUNCTURE4 ,9 ! ACADEMY = EXAMPLE1 O!R !ORETICAL P>ADIGMS HAVE BE5 COMB9$ ) AN>*ISM1 LIKE PO//RUCTURALISM1 DEMON/RAT+ ITS POT5TIAL = COLLABORATION 7,CALL #b#b2 ,MAY #a#i#i#d74 ,IT HAS ALSO G>N]$ /RONG REACTIONS FROM ,M>XI/ DISC\RSES ?AT T5D TO BE HO/ILE OR LESS OP5 TO AN>*I/ CRITIQUES & PRACTICES1 POSSIBLY /EEP$ 9 ! HI/ORY BETWE5 ,K>L ,M>X & ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 AT ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,MC,KAY #b#h74 ,?IS LA/ PO9T IS NOT TO BE UND]E/IMAT$ BECAUSE ( ! PRIMACY ?AT ,M>XI/ !ORY HAS HAD 9 RADICAL $UCATIONAL DISC\RSES LIKE CRITICAL P$AGOGY 7,MC,L>5 & ,J>AMILLO #b#a74 ,?IS LEADS US TO A BETT] UND]/&+ ( :Y SU* A COLD RESPONSE HAS FALL5 ON AN>*ISM 9 $UCATIONAL !ORY 7,SUISSA #b#a74 

,IT SEEMS IMP]ATIVE1 !N1 TO MAP KEY GOALS_/TACTICS_/APPROA*ES T[>D SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE D]IV$ FROM A V>IETY ( AN>*I/ S\RCES1 TEXTS1 & PRACTICES4 ,!SE AN>*I/ !MES DIRECTLY APPLY TO $UCATION1 R5EW+ :Y ?OSE ?AT CONSID] !MSELVES RADICALS 9 $UCATION %\LD BEG9 TO TAKE AN>*ISM MORE S]I\SLY2 EXPLOR+ :AT IT CAN (F] AN IMAG9ATIVE RE?9K+ ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL & P$AGOGICAL REALITIES 7,DE,LEON #b#h74 ,DESCRIB+ & DEF9+ :AT AN>*ISM IS BECOMES PROBLEMATIC1 AS IT ALSO 5COMPASSES A PLE?ORA ( HI/ORICAL LEGACIES1 SUBJECTIVITIES1 ID5TITIES1 & O!R POSITIONALITIES ?AT HAS L5T IT TO BE BE+ 9T]PRET$ FROM A WIDE 9TELLECTUAL SPECTRUM SITUAT$ 9 ANTI-,/ATE ACTIONS1 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 ID5TITY POLITICS1 & PROTE/ CULTURE4 ,ITS WILD SPIRIT PU%ES US TO NOT ?9K ( AN>*ISM 9 T]MS ( PRESCRIB$ TRU?S1 BUT 9/EAD RECOGNIZE MULTIPLE AN>*ISM'S ?AT CAN EXI/ SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,AL?\< A V>IETY ( TRADITIONS HAVE BE5 COMB9$ ) CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ ?\<T & PRACTICE1 ,I CANNOT OMIT ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT =M$ ! CORE ( N9ETE5?- & TW5TIE?- C5TURY AN>*ISM4 ,:AT FOLL[S >E SOME ( ! MAJOR !MES ?AT HAVE EM]G$ FROM A DIV]SE BODY ( AN>*I/ !ORY & PRAXIS4 

,AN>*I/S RESI/ HI]>*ICAL ORD]+S & >RANGEM5TS 

,A MA9 CONC]N = AN>*I/ RESI/ANCE HAS BE5 DIRECT$ T[>DS ! ,/ATE & GLOBAL CAPITALISM1 ESPECIALLY ! HI]>*IES !SE TWO REALITIES SU/A9 ?AT REPRES5T P]NICI\S =MS ( P[] 7,S>TWELL #b#h74 ,AL?\< HI]>*IES >E A P]VASIVE ASPECT ( ! WAYS 9 :I* GOV]NM5TALITY HAS BE5 IMAG9$1 !Y >E ALSO F\ND 9 O!R SOCIAL REALITIES1 LIKE ! SOCIAL CON/RUCTION ( KN[L$GE 7I4E41 DISC\RSES ( SCI5CE = EXAMPLE74 ,HI]>*IES MU/ BE DISMANTL$ BECAUSE ( !IR TIES TO PRACTICES ( DOM9ATION 5ACT$ ON POLITICAL DISSID5TS1 ! POOR1 PRISON]S1 & O!R M>G9ALIZ$ POPULATIONS4 ,HI]>*ICAL ORD]+S ( HUMANITY1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E AT ! =EFRONT ( H[ ,EUROPEANS BECAME RACIALIZ$ SUBJECTS &1 9 TURN1 CREAT$ MORE TO SU/A9 !SE =MATIONS 7,SM$LEY #b#g74 ,AN>*I/S >E 9VE/$ 9 /RUGGLES ?AT =CE US TO RE?9K H[ \R LIVES >E CONTROLL$1 /RUCTUR$1 & GOV]N$ HI]>*ICALLY4 

,AN>*I/S ,SEEK TO ,SUBV]T ,AU?ORITY ,?R\< ,DIRECT ,ACTION 

,AU?ORITY IS ANO!R TE*NIQUE AIM$ AT PRODUC+ DOCILE & COMPLIANT BODIES1 EASILY MANAG$ BY SURVEILLANCE TE*NOLOGIES & ! ALLURE ( CONSUM] CAPITALISM4 ,= AN>*I/S1 AU?ORITY MU/ BE RESI/$1 DECON/RUCT$1 & EV5TUALLY DISMANTL$4 ,FROM ! /REETS ( ,SEATTLE 9 #aiii TO ! AN>*I/ ?AT HAS 9FILTRAT$ AN ANIMAL TE/+ LABORATORY OR A PUBLIC S*OOL CLASSROOM1 AU?ORITY IS MET ) SKEPTICISM1 RESI/ANCE1 9FILTRATION1 & SUBV]SION 7,GU]9 #a#i#g74 ,H[EV]1 AN>*I/S HAVE HI/ORICALLY MOV$ BEYOND JU/ CRITIQUE4 ,!Y HAVE PRODUC$ DIRECT ACTION /RATEGIES ?AT ALL[ !M TO 9T]V5E 9 ! WORLD DIRECTLY1 CIRCUMV5T+ ,/ATE /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY = P]MISSION OR JU/IFICATION 7,DE,LEON #b#h74 

,AN>*ISM HAS ADDRESS$ ! =MATION ( ID5TITIES & SUBJECTIVITIES 

,AL?\< AN>*ISM HAS BE5 CONC]N$ ) ,/ATES & RESI/+ GLOBAL CAPITALISM1 IT HAS ALSO BE5 MORE REC5TLY 5GAG$ ) ! =MATION ( ID5TITIES & SUBJECTIVITIES4 ,9 ! REALM ( SEXUALITY1 = EXAMPLE1 AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 CONC]N$ ) ISSUES LIKE HET]ONORMATIVITY & HAVE PU%$ = MORE OP5 RELATION%IPS BAS$ UPON RESPECT & RADICAL =MS ( LOVE 7,HECK]T & ,CLEM9SON #b#a#a74 ,ID5TITY IS AT ! HE>T ( AN>*ISM BECAUSE IT APPE>S AN>*I/S HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ! RELATION%IPS ( P[] 9VE/$ 9 CON/RUCT+ SUBJECTS DUR+ C]TA9 HI/ORICAL CONJUNCTURES4 ,P[] IS AT ! HE>T ( SUBJECTIVITY & TAK+ A PO//RUCTURAL CUE1 !Y HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT RESI/ANCE MU/ ALSO CROSS ! POLITICAL TO ?OSE ( ! P]SONAL2 EXPLOR+ H[ IT OP]ATES ?R\< BODIES1 P]CEPTIONS ( REALITY1 & ! CON/RUCTION ( SELF4 

,AN>*I/S HAVE 5GAG$ $UCATION & HELP$ RE?9K $UCATIONAL_/P$AGOGICAL_/CURRICUL> REALITIES 

,$UCATION HAS BE5 A CONC]N = AN>*I/S GLOBALLY & !Y HAVE S]V$ A V>IETY ( ROLES 9 $UCATIONAL MOVEM5TS 7,GRIBBLE #b#d2 ,SUISSA #b#a74 ,LIKE ,M>XI/S :O HAVE CRITIQU$ S*OOL+ = ITS REPRODUCTIVE ROLE 7,COLE #b#h71 AN>*I/S HAVE ALSO BE5 9VOLV$ 9 S*OOL+ 9 V>I\S WAYS3 FROM CRITIQU+ ITS /RUCTURES TO EXP]IM5T+ ) NONAU?ORIT>IAN MODELS ( $UCATION4 ,!SE EXP]IM5TAL =MS ( DES*OOL+ HAVE OCCURR$ GLOBALLY AT DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL CONJUNCTURES 7,GRIBBLE #b#d74 ,! ROLE ?AT ,/ATE =MS ( $UCATION PLAY 9 ! TRANSMISSION ( ! /ATUS QUO & ! ,TRU?S IT 5G5D]S PRODUCES SPECIFIC \TLOOKS1 FRAMEWORKS1 DISPOSITIONS1 & RELATION%IPS TO AU?ORITY /RUCTURES4 ,MO/ AN>*I/S RECOGNIZE ?AT $UCATION WILL HAVE TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,AN>*ISM IS UNAPOLOGETICALLY UTOPIAN & ROOT$ 9 A COLLECTIVE SOCIAL IMAG9ATION 

,(T5 %UNN$ 9 MA9/REAM$ DISC\RSES SURR\ND+ $UCATIONAL !ORY & RESE>*1 AN>*I/S HAVE 5GAG$ ! IMAG9ATION BY EXAM9+ ITS ROLE7S7 9 BUILD+ & SU/A9+ RESI/ANCE 7,%UKAITIS #b#i74 ,! IMAG9ATION 0IS NOT A ROADMAP OR BLUEPR9T SET \T BE=EH& :]E S5T5CES & PAGES UNFOLD LOGICALLY FROM ONE LOCATION TO ! NEXT4 ,IT IS A S]IES ( GE/URES1 A MEANS )\T 5DS0 7,%UKAITIS #b#i1 #i74 ,?IS IMAG9ATIVE SPIRIT HAS DRIV5 MANY ( ! CRITIQUES1 ACTIONS1 & VISIONS ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 9/RUM5TAL 9 CREAT+ = !IR COLLECTIVES & AFF9ITY GR\PS4 ,! UTOPIAN IMPULSE F\ND 9 AN>*ISM HELPS %APE RESI/ANCE /RATEGIES ?AT CROSS B\ND>IES2 PHYSICAL1 METAPHORICAL1 CONCEPTUAL1 & EPI/EMOLOGICAL4 ,! IMAG9ATION MU/ REMA9 UNFETT]$ & ESCAPE ! CONF9ES ( DOM9ANT IDEOLOGIES & DISC\RSES ( ! ,/ATE4 

,9 ?IS ISSUE 

,AN>*ISM'S SPIRIT CAN BE F\ND 9 EA* ( ! PROVOCATIVE >TICLES F\ND 9 ?IS SPECIAL ISSUE4 ,! TRANSDISCIPL9>Y NATURE ( AN>*ISM IS BE/ REPRES5T$ 9 ! FIR/ >TICLE1 AU?OR$ BY ,JAMIE ,HECK]T1 ,D]IC ,%ANNON1 & ,ABBEY ,WILLIS4 ,! AU?ORS EXAM9E AN>*ISM UTILIZ+ AN AUTOE?NOGRAPHIC APPROA*1 CALL+ UPON QUE]1 FEM9I/1 & AN>*I/ !ORIES TO PRES5T ! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM & LOVE1 SET 9 ! CONTEXT ( A SOCIETY C5T]$ 9 HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION4 ,AN>*I/ P$AGOGIES ALL[ US TO CELEBRATE 9 ! MULTIPLICITY ( LIFE1 REFUS+ TO CON=M TO AU?ORITY ?AT EVOKES LEGAL & SCI5TIFIC DISC\RSES = LEGITIMATION & NORMALIZATION4 ,PLAY+ ) ID5TITIES & RECREAT+ :AT IT MEANS TO BE TEA*]S W\LD HEAVILY SUBV]T P$AGOGICAL NORMS4 ,?IS W\LD1 9 !ORY1 OP5 UP P$AGOGIES TO 9CLUDE O!R VOICES & ALT]NATIVE HI/ORIES4 ,KN[L$GE MU/ BE DE/ABILIZ$ & ! CLASSROOM SPACE MU/ BE OP5 TO NEW EXP]I5CES & WAYS ( LOOK+ AT ! WORLD4 

,*RI/IAN ,G>L& LOOKS AT ! POT5TIALITIES ( AN>*I/ ?\<T & PRACTICE 7) A ,M>XI/ 9FLU5CE7 SITUAT$ 9 ! ,U,K CONTEXT4 ,EXAM9+ ! 9/ITUTIONAL NATURE ( $UCATION1 /UD5TS >E =C$ TO SUBMIT TO A HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY /RUCTURE ?AT TRIES TO F9D ONE S+UL> APPROA* TO $UCAT+ ALL /UD5TS2 I4E41 /&>DIZATION4 ,?IS REPRODUCES ! 9/ITUTIONAL NATURE ( $UCATION & IS 5VELOP$ IT SEEMS1 9 ! SUBJECTIVITIES ( /UD5T EXP]I5CES4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS DOES NOT /OP AT PRIM>Y S*OOL1 BUT ALSO TRANSC5DS TO UNIV]SITY 9/ITUTIONS4 ,= ,G>L&1 ! UNIV]SITY ACTS AS ! CULM9AT+ EXP]I5CE 9 PRODUC+ M>KET-FOCUS$ LABOR]S ?AT =CE /UD5TS TO PAY EXORBITANT FEES TO RECEIVE A DEGREE4 ,REC5T /UD5T MOVEM5TS AGA9/ ?IS DEMON/RATES ?AT /UD5TS /ILL HAVE ! DESIRE & CAPACITY TO REAPPROPRIATE KN[L$GE FROM /RUCTURES ( P[]4 

,M>K ,WOLFMEY] TURNS HIS ATT5TION T[>D A DISCIPL9>Y SUBJECT & ANALYZES MA? $UCATION1 A CONTEXT ?AT HAS PREVI\SLY RECEIV$ LITTLE ATT5TION FROM AN>*I/S4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 MA? HAS BE5 A TOOL ( APPROPRIATION & A DISC\RSE /EEP$ 9 EXCLUSION4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 MA? $UCATION HAS BE5 US$ TO WORK AGA9/ AN>*I/ VALUES LIKE COLLECTIVISM1 FRAT]NITY1 & ! DISMANTL+ ( HI]>*ICAL ORD]+S4 ,! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR1 GROSS ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES1 & P]PETUAL W> HAS BE5 WAG$ AGA9/ AN>*I/S1 & ! AU?OR CONT5DS ?AT MA? HAS BE5 AT ! C5T] ( !SE PRACTICES4 ,! ,/ATE HAS TAK5 AN 9T]E/ 9 SUPPORT+ MA? $UCATION BECAUSE IT SUPPORTS MILIT>I/IC & CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 ,MA?1 ROOT$ 9 HI]>*ICAL SY/EMS1 DOES NOT ALL[ /UD5TS & TEA*]S TO DEVELOP AUTONOM\S WAYS ( KN[+ & UND]/&+ ! WORLD >\ND !M4 ,WOLFMEY] PROCE$S TO DEF9E ! T]MS = AN AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION ?AT W\LD CELEBRATE TEA*] & /UD5T AUTONOMY1 DEBUNK+ SCRIPT$ CURRICULUM = ONE ?AT SUPPORTS AG5CY & AUTONOMY4 

,KURT ,LOVE EXAM9ES AN>*I/ !ORY )9 ! COMMUNITY CONTEXT1 *ALL5G+ ! NOTION ( ! ANGRY AN>*I/ B5T ON DE/RUCTION4 ,LOVE >GUES ?AT AN>*ISM TRANSC5DS VIOL5CE & NE$S MORE 9CLUSIVE =MS ( RESI/ANCE ?AT HELP EXPOSE ! FALLACIES ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,LOVE WANTS TO PLACE AN>*ISM )9 A LOVE_/RAGE DI*OTOMY BECAUSE1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 RAGE IS CLOSELY L9K$ TO LOV+ RELATION%IPS4 ,LOVE BE+ ! AFFECTIVE =CE ( LIB]ATION ( SELF FROM OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS & RAGE 5COMPASS+ ANG]1 ACTION1 & LOVE ?AT SITS AP>T FROM M]ELY DE/RUCTIVE T5D5CIES1 ALSO BORN FROM ! DESIRE TO CREATE A NEW WORLD4 ,BUY ,NO?+ ,DAY & ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS >E PRACTICES ?AT SEEM TO BE BORN FROM AN>*I/ LOVE & RAGE4 ,LOVE ADVOCATES ! USE ( ?IS LOVE_/RAGE DI*OTOMY AS A TOOL = RESI/ANCE1 RAIS+ CONSCI\SNESS & RECOGNIZ+ ! DOM9ANT HEGEMONIES ?AT CONTROL US4 ,S*OOLS CAN BE SPACES :]E !SE CAN BE NEGAT$3 A DEC5TRALIZ$ $UCATION ?AT IS FRE$ FROM GOV]NM5T CONTROL & MORE RELATIVE TO ! /UD5TS' [N COMMUNITY4 ,LOVE 5DS ! >TICLE BY EXPLOR+ H[ AN>*I/ $UCATION CAN CONNECT TO ECOLOGY1 & ULTIMATELY1 TO BUILD+ NEW =MS ( SPIRITUALITY4 

,FELECIA ,M4 ,BRISCOE1 :O CRITIQUES NEOLIB]ALISM & ITS HEGEMONY 9 CURR5T ECONOMIC & $UCATIONAL DEBATES1 CLAIMS IT HAS 9FLU5C$ DECISION-MAK+ 9 S*OOLS 7PRIVATIZATION1 TE/+1 ALI5ATION7 & IS TI$ TO SUPPOS$LY 0DEMOCRATIC0 PRACTICES PROPAGAT$ 9 ! MA9/REAM M$IA & DOM9ANT $UCATIONAL DISC\RSES4 ,NEOLIB]ALISM PRODUCES A SUP]FICIAL =M ( DEMOCRACY ?AT DOES NOT PROMOTE AN UND]/&+ ( H[ SOCIAL *ANGE CAN BE 5ACT$ ?R\< DEEP DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES4 ,%E COMP>ES AN>*I/ !ORY TO DEEP DEMOCRACY 7RESPECT = O!RS1 AUTONOMY1 LOVE1 & A FAIR DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?7 & ! P>ALLELS !Y %>E4 ,!SE TWO TRADITIONS CAN BE UTILIZ$ TO PRODUCE SOCIAL *ANGE & TO REVITALIZE AN AU!NTIC JOY ( TEA*+ & LE>N+4 ,%E GIVES SPECIFIC \TL9ES = SMALL] MODELS ( S*OOLS ?AT C\LD EMBODY AN>*I/ MODELS ( DECISION-MAK+1 PRODUC+ LESS CO]CIVE $UCATIONAL EXP]I5CES GR\ND$ 9 LOCALIZ$ DECISIONS4 

,REF]5CES 

,AM/]1 ,R&ALL1 ,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM1 ,F]N&EZ1 ,LUIS1 ,NOCELLA1 ,AN?ONY ,I,I & ,%ANNON1 ,D]IC4 #b#i4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,BORUM1 ,R&Y & ,TILBY1 ,*UCK4 #b#d4 ,AN>*I/ ,DIRECT ,ACTIONS3 ,A ,*ALL5GE = ,LAW ,5=CEM5T4 ,/UDIES 9 ,CONFLICT & ,T]RORISM1 #b#h3 #b#a-#b#b#c4 

,CALL1 ,LEWIS4 #b#b4 ,PO/MOD]N ,AN>*ISM1 ,LANHAM1 ,M,D3 ,LEX+TON4 

,COLE1 ,MIKE4 #b#h4 ,M>XISM & ,$UCATIONAL ,!ORY3 ,ORIG9S & ,ISSUES1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TELDGE4 

,CRIME?,9C ,WORK]'S ,COLLECTIVE4 #b#h4 ,EXPECT ,RESI/ANCE3 ,A ,CRIME?9K ,FIELD ,MANUAL1 ,SALEM1 ,O,R3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM4 #b#h4 ,OH ,NO1 ,NOT ! ',A' ,WORD6 ,PROPOS+ AN ',AN>*ISM' = ,$UCATION4 ,$UCATIONAL ,/UDIES1 #d#d7#b73 #a#b#b-#a#d#a4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA4 #a#i#f#i4 ,AN>*ISM & ,O!R ,ESSAYS1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]4 

,GRIBBLE1 ,DAVID4 #b#d4 0,GOOD ,NEW = ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]3 ,H[ ,AN>*I/ ,IDEALS 9 ,$UCATION ,HAVE ,SURVIV$ ,>\ND ! ,WORLD40 ,9 ,*ANG+ ,AN>*ISM3 ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE 9 A ,GLOBAL ,AGE1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,PURKIS1 ,JONA?AN & ,B[51 ,JAMES4 #a#h#a-#a#i#h4 ,MAN*E/]1 ,U,K3 ,MAN*E/] ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,GU]91 ,DANIEL4 #a#i#g4 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS4 

,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE & ,CLEM9SON1 ,RI*>D4 #b#a#a4 ,AN>*ISM & ,SEXUALITY3 ,E?ICS1 ,RELATION%IPS & ,P[]1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,JUN1 ,NA?AN & ,WAHL1 ,%ANE4 #b#a4 ,NEW ,P]SPECTIVES ON ,AN>*ISM1 ,LANHAM1 ,M,D3 ,LEX+TON4 

,MAY1 ,TODD4 #a#i#i#d4 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PO//RUCTURALI/ ,AN>*ISM1 ,UNIV]SITY ,P>K3 ,P5NSYLVANIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,MC,KAY1 ,IA94 #b#h4 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q3 ,A,F,A,Q ,VOLUME ,ONE1 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,MC,L>51 ,PET] & ,J>AMILLO1 ,NA?ALIA4 #b#a4 ,NOT ,NEO-,M>XI/1 ,NOT ,PO/-,M>XI/1 ,NOT ,M>XIAN1 ,NOT ,AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM3 ,REFLECTIONS ON A ,REVOLUTION>Y 7,M>XI/7 ,CRITICAL ,P$AGOGY4 ,CULTURAL ,/UDIES @<"7@> ,CRITICAL ,ME?ODOLOGIES1 #a7#c73 #b#e#a-#b#f#b4 

,S>TWELL1 ,CRISP94 #b#h4 ,AGA9/ ! ,/ATE3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ,AN>*I/ ,POLITICAL ,!ORY1 ,ALBANY3 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS4 

,%UKAITIS1 ,/EVPH54 #b#i4 ,IMAG9AL ,MA*9ES3 ,AUTONOMY @& ,SELF-,ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,REVOLUTIONS ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE1 ,WILLIAMSBUR<1 ,N,Y3 ,AUTONOM$IA4 

,SM$LEY1 ,AUDREY4 #b#g4 ,RACE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA3 ,ORIG9 & ,EVOLUTION ( A ,WORLDVIEW1 #cRD $1 ,B\LD]1 ,C,O3 ,WE/VIEW ,PRESS4 

,SUISSA1 ,JUDI?4 #b#a4 ,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION3 ,A ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,P]SPECTIVE1 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,V&5B]<E1 ,FR$]IC4 #b#h4 ,DELEUZIAN ,CAPITALISM4 ,PHILOSOPHY @& ,SOCIAL ,CRITICISM1 #c#d7#h73 #h#g#g-#i#c4 

,>TICLES 

,LOV+-,TEA*+3 ,NOTES = ,QUE]+ ,AN>*I/ ,P$AGOGIES 

,JAMIE ,HECK]T1 ,D]IC ,MI*AEL ,%ANNON @& ,ABBEY ,WILLIS 

,AB/RACT 

,AT TIMES1 RADICAL !ORY CAN PROPOSE A S+UL> /ORY ( ! NATURE ( P[]1 SUGGE/+ ?AT IT MU/ EI!R BE TAK5 OR ABOLI%$4 ,?IS !N BECOMES 9T]TW9$ ) A P$AGOGICAL /RATEGY ( RECRUITM5T1 :]EBY O!RS >E 5C\RAG$ TO %>E 9 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK & ! POLITICAL PRACTICES BAS$ UPON IT4 ,9 ?IS >TICLE1 WE PROPOSE AN ALT]NATIVE BAS$ ON PRACTICES ( FRE$OM & ! ROLE ( LOVE 9 SUBV]T+ 9T]DEP5D5T PATT]NS ( NORMATIVITY & HI]>*Y4 ,BR++ TOGE!R AN>*I/1 FEM9I/1 & QUE] !ORIES ALONGSIDE AU?OE?NOGRAPHIC ACC\NTS FROM CLASSROOMS & O!R SPACES ( P$AGOGY1 WE HI<LI<T ! VALUE ( A MULTIPLICITY ( /ORIES1 ( TELL+ /ORIES & DO+ ROLES DIFF]5TLY1 & ( RELEAS+ /ORIES = ! IMM$IACY ( CONNECTION4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,AS WE WRITE ?IS >TICLE1 ! ?REE ( US SIT 9 FRONT ( \R GL[+ COMPUT] SCRE5S1 CONNECT$ ?R\< A WEB ( ,9T]NET CONNECTIONS4 ,ONE ( US LIVES 9 ,CONNECTICUT1 A SMALL /ATE ON ! ,EA/ ,COA/ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,ANO!R LIVES A F\R-H\R DRIVE NOR?WE/ 9 UP/ATE ,NEW ,YORK1 NE/L$ 9 BETWE5 9T]/ATES & M\NTA9S 9 ,SYRACUSE4 ,YET ANO!R LIVE'S ACROSS ! OCEAN 9 A CUTE LITTLE COTTAGE 9 A L>GE COA/AL T[N 9 S\!RN ,5GL&4 

,WE COMMUNICATE US+ ELECTRONIC IMPULSES S5T ?R\< FIB]-OPTIC1 COPP]1 COAXIAL CABLES1 ETC4--! ,9T]NET4 ,?IS NETWORK ( NETWORKS CONNECTS BILLIONS ( PEOPLE WORLDWIDE1 9CLUD+ MILLIONS ( BUS9ESSES1 ACADEMIC 9/ITUTIONS1 9DIVIDUAL PEOPLE1 SOCIAL NETWORK+ GR\PS1 DAT+ S]VICES--COMMUNITIES & 9DIVIDUALS ( ALL SORTS4 ,WE USE ELECTRONIC IMPULSES1 S5T ?R\< ?IS COMPLEX WEBB+1 TO S5D EA* O!R DRAFT'S4 ,!Y TRAVEL ALONG WIRES1 ?R\< NODES1 & DISP]SE ?R\<\T V>I\S NETWORKS ?AT CONNECT US]S TOGE!R & ALL[ !M TO %>E 9=MATION4 

,?IS MI<T S]VE AS AN 9T]E/+ METAPHOR = H[ P[] OP]ATES 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 RESPONSE TO !ORIES ?AT T5D TO 0LOCATE P[] )9 SPECIFIC 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ! ECONOMY OR ! /ATE10 P>TICUL>LY CLASSICAL ,M>XI/-9SPIR$ !ORIES & V>I\S =MS ( PLURALI/ DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL !ORY1 SOME !ORI/S HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT P[] MI<T BETT] BE DESCRIB$ AS DIFFUSE & DISP]S$ ?R\<\T SOCIAL LIFE 7,GLASB]G & ,%ANNON #b#a#a1 #c#c74 ,9DE$1 ! ,9T]NET IS ONE AMONG MANY METAPHORS ?AT CAN DESCRIBE ! WAYS ?AT P[]--ALWAYS PRODUCTIVE & ONLY SOMETIMES REPRESSIVE--IS AN OMNIPRES5T WEB 9 \R EV]YDAY LIVES4 

,F\CAULT1 = EXAMPLE1 IS (T5 CIT$ = NOT+ PRODUCTIVE P[] ?AT CAN PRODUCE C]TA9 K9DS ( BODIES & TYPES ( CITIZ5S4 ,?R\< G5EALOGIES ( =MS ( PUNI%M5T1 MADNESS1 & SEXUALITY1 ,F\CAULT NOT$ H[ BODIES ( KN[L$GE1 OR DISC\RSES1 HI/ORICALLY DEVELOP TO %APE \R UND]/&+ ( \RSELVES & :O &1 IMPORTANTLY1 :AT WE >E4 ,!SE DISC\RSES1 !N1 HAVE PRODUCTIVE P[]4 ,!Y PRODUCE ID5TITIES & A HI<LY DISCIPL9$ SOCIAL BODY4 ,RA!R ?AN SEE+ ! /ATE OR ! ECONOMY AS ! LOCATION = P[] OR ! LOCUS = *ANGE1 ,F\CAULT 7#a#i#h7 NOT$ ?AT 0NO?+ 9 SOCIETY WILL BE *ANG$ IF ! ME*ANISMS ( P[] ?AT FUNCTION \TSIDE1 BEL[ & ALONGSIDE ! ,/ATE APP>ATUSES1 ON A MU* MORE M9UTE & EV]YDAY LEVEL1 >E NOT ALSO *ANG$0 7#f74 

,?IS EMPHASIS ON ! MICROPOLITICAL IS ALSO F\ND 9 ! WORK ( ,F\CAULT'S CONTEMPOR>IES1 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I1 :O NOTE ?AT 0EV]Y POLITICS IS SIMULTANE\SLY A MACROPOLITICS & A MICROPOLITICS0 7#a#i#h#g1 #b#a#c74 ,LIKE ,F\CAULT1 !Y REFUSE TO ?9K ( P[] AS A PROP]TY ( C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS OR 9/ITUTIONS4 ,RA!R1 !Y PROPOSE ?AT P[] CAN BE UND]/OOD TO OP]ATE 9 A WAY ?AT IS RHIZOMATIC4 ,US+ A RHIZOME1 A S]IES ( ROOTS & %OOTS S5T \T FROM MULTIPLE NODES1 AS A METAPHOR1 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I >GUE ?AT ORIG9 MY?S AB\T ! NATURE ( P[] IGNORE MULTIPLICITY & ! (T5 R&OM & SCATT]$ WAYS ?AT P[] OP]ATES4 ,SO :]E C]TA9 ,M>XI/S MI<T PO9T TO ! MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 A GIV5 SOCIETY AS ! S\RCE ( SUP]/RUCTURAL PH5OM5A1 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I SAW P[] RESEMBL+ !SE ROOT-LIKE /RUCTURES--DIFFUSE & DISP]S$ ?R\<\T SOCIAL LIFE1 (T5 R&OM1 & UNPR$ICTABLE4 

,!SE !ORETICAL =AYS L$ TO NEW K9DS ( QUE/IONS 9 SOCIAL !ORY4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF P[] ISN'T LOCAT$ )9 SPECIFIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT !N 9FLU5CE 7OR1 9 SOME 9/ANCES1 DET]M9E7 \R SOCIAL RELATIONS1 H[ !N DO WE CONCEPTUALIZE SOCIAL *ANGE8 ,CAN !RE /ILL BE RADICAL ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM & ! /ATE IF !Y >E NOT TOTALIZ+ 9/ITUTIONS & IF WE MU/ ALSO FOCUS ELSE:]E1 P]HAPS 9 \R EV]YDAY LIVES1 9 ORD] TO ALT] \R SOCIAL RELATION%IPS8 ,IF HI/ORY IS NOT PROGRESSIVE1 BUT RA!R (T5 R&OM & UNPR$ICTABLE1 CAN WE /ILL CONCEIVE ( A PROGRESSIVE POLITICS ?AT >GUES = SOME DI/ANT1 0BETT]0 FUTURE8 

,TO ! !ME ( ?IS P>TICUL> J\RNAL $ITION 7AN>*ISM & $UCATION71 ?IS CONCEPTUALIZATION ( P[] & ! ATT5DANT QUE/IONS >E C]TA9LY NOT NEW TO S*OL>S1 SOME ( :OM >E PUTT+ !SE 9SI<TS TO WORK 9 RELATION%IP TO AN>*ISM 7E4G41 SEE ,DAY #b#e2 ,KUHN #b#i2 ,MAY #a#i#h#i1 #a#i#i#d1 #b#i2 ,NEWMAN #b#a1 #b#g2 ,R\SSELLE & ,EVR5 #b#a#a74 ,& ?IS S5SE ( A PRODUCTIVE P[]--P[] ?AT CAN PRODUCE C]TA9 K9DS ( PEOPLE--IS AN UND]/&+ ?AT IS RIGOR\SLY APPLI$ BY QUE] & G5D] !ORI/S 9 ! PROJECT ( DE/ABILIZ+ ! BORD]S WE PLACE >\ND ID5TITY CATEGORIES 7E4G41 SEE ,BUTL] #b#d2 ,HALP]9 #a#i#i#e2 ,QUE5 & ,S*IMEL #a#i#i#g2 ,S$GWICK #a#i#i2 ,W>N] #a#i#i#i74 ,LIKEWISE1 !SE CONNECTIONS 9 QUE] & G5D] !ORY HAVE BE5 PUT TO USE 9 QUE]+ AN>*ISM1 PROVID+ US ) NEW L5SES = ?9K+ AB\T ! POLITICS ( SEXUALITY & G5D]1 AS WELL AS AN>*ISM & AN>*Y !MSELVES 7E4G41 SEE ,AV]Y-,NATALE #b#a2 ,BR[N #b#g2 ,HECK]T #b#d1 #b#aA2 ,HECK]T & ,CLEM9SON #b#a#a2 ,JEPPES5 #b#a2 ,RIT*IE #b#h2 ,%ANNON & ,WILLIS #b#a2 ,V5EUSE #b#a2 ,W9DPASS+] #b#a74 ,SIMIL>LY1 AN>*I/ 9SI<TS1 & AT TIMES !IR 9T]SECTIONS ) !SE PO//RUCTURALI/ !ORIES ( P[]1 HAVE 9FLU5C$ NEW =MS ( ?9K+ AB\T P$AGOGY 7E4G41 SEE ,>MAL9E #b#i2 ,DE,LEON #b#f1 #b#h1 #b#i1 #b#a2 ,DE,LEON & ,LOVE #b#i2 ,KAHN #b#i2 ,%UKAITIS #b#i2 ,SUISSA #b#a74 

,) ?IS >TICLE1 WE AIM TO CONTRIBUTE TO !SE DISCUSSIONS BY WRIT+ ON ! 9T]SECTIONS ( QUE] !ORY1 AN>*ISM1 & $UCATION4 ,BUILD+ ON 9SI<TS FROM PO//RUCTURALI/ !ORIES ( P[]1 QUE] !ORY HAS A LOT TO (F] AN>*ISM & $UCATIONAL !ORY--P>TICUL>LY AN>*I/ APPROA*ES TO $UCATION4 ,IT ALL[S US WAYS TO !ORIZE P[] AS IT 9FUSES \R 9T]ACTIONS ) /UD5TS & ! WAYS ?AT IT BECOMES EMB$D$ 9 \R [N DISC\RSES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT ALL[S US TO LOOK AT H[ ! SEP>ATIONS BETWE5 \R SEXUAL & G5D]$ SELVES & \R EXP]I5CES AS P$AGOGUES1 /UD5TS1 & ! MANY PLACES 9 BETWE5 >E (T5 FALSE SEP>ATIONS4 ,F9ALLY1 QUE] !ORY ALL[S US TO DE/ABILIZE NORMATIVE UND]/&+S ( TEA*+1 LE>N+1 & $UCATION'S ROLE 9 SOCIETY & 9 \R EV]YDAY LIVES4 

,SO 9 ! CONTEXT ( ?IS >TICLE1 WE WANT TO PLAY A BIT ) !ORY & P$AGOGY4 ,WE HOPE TO SAY SOME NEW ?+S AB\T TEA*+ & LE>N+4 ,& WE'LL LIKELY MAKE SOME CONNECTIONS ?AT >E NOT P>TICUL>LY NEW1 AL?\< HOPEFULLY /AT$ 9 NEW & USEFUL WAYS4 ,WE APPROA* ?IS PROJECT ) A S5SE ( EXP]IM5TATION1 NOT TO PO9T \T ANY F9AL ANSW]S OR TRU?S AB\T P$AGOGY1 BUT TO PU% ! BORD]S ( UTOPIAN ?9K+ & IMPLEM5TATION--P]HAPS TO MAKE !M /RANGE1 TO QUE] & BROAD5 \R APPROA*ES TO TEA*+1 LE>N+1 & BY EXT5SION1 LIV+ \R LIVES4 

,A NOTE ON ME?ODOLOGY 

,?IS >TICLE HAS BE5 WOV5 TOGE!R BY ?REE WRIT]S1 EA* ( US BR++ TOGE!R \R [N EXP]I5CES1 ?\<TS1 & FEEL+S4 ,WE >E MOV$ BY ,JUDY ,GRE5WAY'S 7#b#h7 SUGGE/ION ?AT 09 QUALITATIVE RESE>*1 ! CREATIVE JUXTAPOSITION ( N>RATIVES--\R [N1 & ?OSE ( \R SUBJECTS & \R AUDI5CE--CAN G5]ATE A POSITIVE ME?ODOLOGICAL AN>*ISM ?AT REL9QUI%ES CONTROL1 *ALL5GES B\ND>IES & HI]>*IES1 & PROVIDES A SPACE = NEW IDEAS TO EM]GE0 7#c#b#d74 ,& WE FOLL[ ,/ACY ,HOLMAN ,JONES & ,TONY ,E4 ,ADAMS 7#b#a7 9 !IR USE ( AUTOE?NOGRAPHY AS A QUE] ME?OD4 ,LIKE !M1 

,WE ALSO USE 0,I0 TO TELL \R /ORIES TO COMB9E US1 AS AU?ORS & READ]S1 9TO A %>$ EXP]I5CE4 ,MY EXP]I5CE--\R EXP]I5CE--C\LD BE Y\R EXP]I5CE4 ,MY EXP]I5CE--\R EXP]I5CE--C\LD REFRAME Y\R EXP]I5CE4 ,MY EXP]I5CE--\R EXP]I5CE--C\LD POLITICIZE Y\R EXP]I5CE & C\LD MOTIVATE1 MOBILIZE Y\1 & US1 TO ACTION4 7#a#i#h7 

,WE 9VITE READ]S TO JO9 9 \R ME?ODOLOGICAL AN>*ISM1 TO MAKE SPACE 9 !IR LIVES = IDEAS1 FEEL+S1 & /ORIES ?AT MAY >ISE 9 5GAG+ ) !SE WORDS4 ,HELP US QUE] ! 0AU?OR0 9 AU?ORITY4 ,! IMAG9>Y SEP>ATION ( ! READ] FROM WRIT] IS ! ACT ?AT ALL[S ! IMAG9$ HI]>*Y TO EXI/1 :E!R OBEY$1 RES5T$1 DEFI$1 OR IGNOR$4 ,URSULA ,LE ,GU9 NOTES1 

,:5 IT'S PUBLI%$ Y\'RE S5D+ IT \T 9TO ?IS VOID1 HOPEFUL IT'S FULL ( READ]S4 ,& ! WAY !Y READ IT IS :AT MAKES IT A /ORY4 ,!Y F9I% IT4 ,IF IT'S NOT READ1 IT DOESN'T REALLY EXI/4 ,IT'S WOOD PULP ) BLACK M>KS ON IT4 ,! READ] DOES WORK ) ! WRIT]4 7QUOT$ 9 ,FRE$MAN #b#h1 #h#h-#h#i7 

,DE> READ]1 Y\ >E W>MLY 9VIT$ TO WORK1 PLAY1 DANCE ) !SE WORDS4 

,QUE]+ ,AN>*ISM 

.<,I.>F WE *ALL5GE ! HI]>*ICAL APPROA* :I* SEES WRIT+ & FI<T+ VIE = PLACE AS ,TOP ,AN>*I/ ,ACTIVITY1 WE CAN BEG9 TO 9VE/IGATE O!R S\RCES1 ASK DIFF]5T K9DS ( QUE/IONS1 GA9 NEW 9SPIRATIONS4 7,GRE5WAY #b#a1 #g7 

,NA?AN ,JUN 7#b#a7 HAS >GU$ ?AT ! JO9T AN>*I/ EMPHASIS ON FRE$OM & EQUALITY MI<T 9/EAD BE RECOGNIZ$ 9 ONE HYBRID CONCEPT3 VITALITY4 

,BY LIFE1 MOREOV]1 WE DO NOT MEAN BIOLOGICAL LIFE BUT RA!R ! IMMAN5T PROCESSES ( *ANGE1 DEVELOPM5T & BECOM+ 9 T]MS ( :I* ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 9T] ALIA 7AMONG O!R ?+S7 DESCRIBE EXI/5CE4 444 ,9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL1 SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL1 ECOLOGICAL & GLOBAL1 GLOBAL & COSMIC--!RE >E JU/ SO MANY LEVELS ( ANALYSIS :I*1 IF !Y CAN BE SAID TO DIFF] AT ALL1 ONLY DIFF] 9 T]MS ( SCOPE4 7#e#f7 

,= US1 !N1 QUE]+ AN>*ISM IS ONE WAY1 OR RA!R MANY WAYS1 ( KEEP+ AN>*ISM VITAL BO? 9 ! S5SE ( NECESS>Y &1 P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANTLY1 9 ! S5SE ( LIV+1 *ANG+1 EVOLV+4 ,& SO TO ! LI/ ( AN>*I/ =EFA!RS1 WE ALSO ADD ! NAMES ( O!RS :O SEE A LIV+ WORLD 9 A LIV+ COSMOS :]E VITALITY IS A =CE TO BE HONOR$ & NURTUR$1 :]E DOM9ATION IS TO BE RECOGNIZ$1 UND]M9$1 OV]FL[$1 SUBV]T$1 & RELEAS$4 ,?IS LI/ MI<T 9CLUDE QUE] FIGURES SU* AS ,GLORIA ,ANZALDUA1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,/>HAWK1 ,JUDI? ,BUTL]1 ,*AIA ,HELL]1 ,JUDY ,GRE5WAY1 ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU91 ,M4 ,JACQUI ,ALEX&]1 ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT1 ,GILES ,DELEUZE1 & ,FELIX ,GUATT>I4 ,IT MI<T 9CLUDE US1 OR Y\4 

,! DIFF]5T LEVELS ( SCALE ,JUN DESCRIBES MI<T BE UND]/OOD AS FRACTAL4 ,:E!R POPUL> PO/] >T FROM ! #a#i#h'S 9 C]TA9 CULTURES OR 9 IMAGES ( NATURAL SY/EMS1 A FRACTAL IS A SELF-SIMIL> PATT]N4 ,ZOOM+ 9 OR \T1 A N>R[ FOCUS OR TAK+ 9 A WIDE VIEW1 ! PATT]N IS MORE OR LESS ! SAME4 ,CULTURES ( DOM9ATION CONTA9 FRACTALS ( VIOL5CE & VIOLATION4 ,AS FEM9I/S FAM\SLY NOT$ SO MANY YE>S AGO1 0,! P]SONAL IS POLITICAL0--\R P]SONAL LIVES MI<T F9D REFLECTIONS 9 L>G] RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION4 

,H[EV]1 O!R FRACTALS >E POSSIBLE4 ,9DE$1 !Y >E ESS5TIAL TO LIFE4 ,FROM ! NUM]\S1 RHIZOMATIC 9T]CONNECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NET1 ! BRA91 ! UND]GR\ND MYCELIAL NETWORKS ?AT SUPPORT ECOSY/EMS & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7,SULLIVAN #b#h7 TO ! %APES ( LUNGS & TREES1 UNFURL+ F]NS & SPIRALS ( WEA!R SY/EMS1 FRACTALS >E ! GEOMETRY ( LIFE4 ,9SPIR$ BY ?IS1 ,SIAN ,SULLIVAN 0AFFIRMS ! POSSIBILITY ( A PROLIF]ATION ( DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES 444 9 :I* PEOPLE P>TICIPATE & :I* PEOPLE SELF-ORGANIZE1 TOGE!R ) FO/]+ ! DYNAMIC FE$BACK POSSIBLE VIA CONNECTIVITY BETWE5 SCALES4 ,A FRACTAL DEMOCRACY1 9 O!R WORD0 7#b#e1 #c#hN#d#e2 SEE ALSO ,HECK]T #b#aB74 ,?IS DEMOCRACY IS NOT REPRES5TATIVE1 NOT 0P>TICIPATORY0 9 ITS DULLE/1 DRIE/ S5SE2 IT IS VITAL1 ALIVE4 ,FOLL[+ ,M4 ,JACQUI ,ALEX&] 7#b#e71 WE WI% TO QUE] AN>*ISM 7& AN>*I/ P$AGOGIES7 BY FOCUS+ NOT ON DOM9ATION1 BUT ON LIFE ITSELF3 

,(T5 ,I 9T5D$ MY TEA*+S TO S]VE AS A CONDUIT TO RADICALIZATION1 :I* ,I N[ UND]/& TO MEAN A C]TA9 IMPRISONM5T ?AT CONFLATES ! T]MS ( DOM9ATION ) ! ESS5CE ( LIFE4 ,SIMIL> TO ! WAYS 9 :I* DOM9ATION ALWAYS ALREADY CONF\NDS \R SEX ) ALL ( :O WE >E1 ! FOCUS ON RADICALIZATION ALWAYS TURNS \R ATT5TION TO DOM9ATION4 7#h7 

,9 O!R WORDS1 AN>*I/ P$AGOGY DOES NOT NECESS>ILY NE$ TO CONSI/ PRIM>ILY ( A CONT9U\S CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE1 CAPITALISM1 OR O!R PATT]NS ( HI]>*Y4 ,:AT >E ! EMOTIONAL EFFECTS ( VIEW+ ! WORLD PRIM>ILY ?R\< L5SES ( DOM9ATION8 7,?IS IS NOT A RHETORICAL QUE/ION1 BUT ONE = READ]S TO CONSID] ) ! AU?ORITY ( !IR [N EXP]I5CE47 ,9/EAD1 WE SUGGE/ AN EMPHASIS ON OBS]V+ ! WAYS 9 :I* LIFE CONT9U\SLY REFUSES TO CON=M TO CLAIMS ( AU?ORITY1 :E!R LEGAL1 MORAL1 OR SCI5TIFIC1 & NURTUR+ ?AT CAPACITY 9 \RSELVES & O!RS4 

,ANO!R WAY 9 :I* WE HOPE TO QUE] AN>*ISM IS TO CLE> ! 9SEP>ABILITY ( AN>*I/ CRITIQUES ( ! /ATE & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ DOM9ATION & QUE] CRITIQUES ( NORMATIVITY4 ,N[1 TO BE CLE>1 WE DO NOT WI% TO CON/RUCT A RIGID FIGURE ( AN>*ISM ?AT WE LIB]ATE ) \R QUE]NESS4 ,?IS W\LD BE TO FALL 9TO SOME SORT ( TRAP ( PROGRESS SU/A9$ ?R\< A C>ICATURE ( ! OLD1 ! E/ABLI%$ 7SEE ,COHN & ,WILB] #b#c1 = A CRITIQUE ( PO/-AN>*I/ C>ICATURES ( AN>*ISM1 & ,M>T9 #a#i#i#d1 = CRITIQUES ( QUE] C>ICATURES ( FEM99ITY74 ,RA!R1 WE AIM TO F9D ?AT :I* IS VITAL1 :I* IS SU/A9+ BO? 9 AN>*ISM & 9 O!R TRADITIONS 7,%ANNON & ,WILLIS #b#a74 ,& SO1 9 \R PROJECT ( NURTUR+ VITAL1 FRACTAL DEMOCRACY ?R\< P$AGOGY 9 ITS BROADE/ S5SE1 WE LOOK TO ! QUE] ALREADY EXI/+ 9 AN>*ISM1 TURN+ N[ TO A WOMAN :O MI<T BE CONSID]$ ONE ( ! E>LIE/ QUE] !ORI/S3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN4 

,QUE] !ORY1 LIKE AN>*ISM1 HAS BE5 CRITICIZ$ = PROMOT+ A RADICAL 9DIVIDUALITY1 EMPHASIZ+ TRANSGRESSION--! BREAK+ ( RULES OR BREAK+ FROM 7HET]ONORMATIVE7 ROLES--OV] ! PRACTICAL CON/RUCTION ( RADICAL ALT]NATIVES 7,EB]T #a#i#i#f2 ,GLICK #b74 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#i#f71 9 L9K+ NORMATIVITY1 CAPITALISM & ! /ATE1 MAKES CLE> ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 RADICAL1 VITAL 9DIVIDUALITY & A CON/RA9+ 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,9DIVIDUALITY IS NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! V>I\S IDEAS & CONCEPTS ( ,9DIVIDUALISM2 MU* LESS ) ?AT 0RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALISM0 :I* IS ONLY A MASK$ ATTEMPT TO REPRESS & DEFEAT ! 9DIVIDUAL & HIS 9DIVIDUALITY ,SO-CALL$ ,9DIVIDUALISM IS ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LAISSEZ FAIRE3 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES BY ! CLASSES BY MEANS ( LEGAL TRICK]Y1 SPIRITUAL DEBASEM5T & SY/EMATIC 9DOCTR9ATION ( ! S]VILE SPIRIT1 :I* PROCESS IS KN[N AS '$UCATION4' ,?AT CORRUPT & P]V]SE '9DIVIDUALISM' IS ! /RAIT-JACKET ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,IT HAS CONV]T$ LIFE 9TO A DEGRAD+ RACE = EXT]NALS1 = POSSESSION1 = SOCIAL PRE/IGE & SUPREMACY4 7#a#a#b7 

,WE MI<T EV5 GO FUR!R ) ,GOLDMAN & CALL = 9TRAP]SONAL FRACTAL DEMOCRACY4 ,9T]NAL DOM9ATION IS P>T ( ! FRACTAL PATT]N ( HI]>*Y & NORMATIVITY4 

.<,! ,MASS.> CL+S TO ITS MA/]S1 LOVES ! :IP1 & IS ! FIR/ TO CRY ,CRUCIFY6 ! MOM5T A PROTE/+ VOICE IS RAIS$ AGA9/ ! SACR$NESS ( CAPITALI/IC AU?ORITY OR ANY O!R DECAY$ 9/ITUTION4 ,YET H[ LONG W\LD AU?ORITY & PRIVATE PROP]TY EXI/1 IF NOT = ! WILL+NESS ( ! MASS TO BECOME SOLDI]S1 POLICEM51 JAIL]S1 & HANGM54 7,GOLDMAN #a#i#i#f1 #h#e7 

,FOLL[+ ,GOLDMAN1 QUE] AN>*I/ P$AGOGY IS ONE ?AT FULLY RECOGNIZES ! ATTRACTION ( CON=MITY1 ( AU?ORITY1 & ! APPEAL ( 0W\ND$ ATTA*M5TS0 7,BR[N #a#i#i#c1 #c#i#a74 ,IF /UD5TS1 COMRADES1 OR /RANG]S ON TRA9S LOOK TO US TO (F] AU?ORITY1 TO HAVE ! NEW RI<T ANSW]1 !N WE >E FAIL+ !M IF WE ATTEMPT TO GIVE IT4 ,9/EAD1 WE LOVE TO 9VITE QUE/ION+1 TO %>E 9SI<TFUL /ORIES ?AT MAY OR MAY NOT RESONATE1 TO MAKE SPACE TO RELEASE RES5TM5T & /ORIES ( P[]LESSNESS1 TO G5TLY /EP D[N FROM ANY P$E/AL OR SOAPBOX WE MAY NOTICE WE'VE F\ND \RSELVES UPON 7,LE ,GU9 #b#d2 ,SUISSA #b#a74 

,9TRAP]SONAL FRACTAL DEMOCRACY MEANS LE>N+ TO LI/5 TO ONESELF1 TO TAKE 9 ! (F]+S ( ?OSE :O MI<T TEA* & TO DISCOV] = !MSELVES :E!R & H[ ?OSE (F]+S MI<T HELP !M TO LIVE !IR LIVES4 ,LIKE CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*A-FEM9I/S & QUE]S1 ,H]B]T ,READ WROTE 9 #aidd ?AT LI/5+ TO ! BODYM9D & ! RHY?MS ( ECOSY/EMS >E A KEY P>T ( NURTUR+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/7IC7 CULTURES3 

! DEGREE ( POISE & CO-ORD9ATION 9 ! MUSCUL> SY/EM ( ! BODY IS AN >T :I* HAS NEV] YET BE5 DEF9$ & PRACTIC$4 ,H>MONY )9 ! FAMILY1 H>MONY )9 ! SOCIAL GR\P1 H>MONY )9 & AMONG NATIONS--!SE >E NO LESS PSY*O-PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 QUE/IONS ( PATT]N & PRACTICE1 ( ADJU/M5T TO ! NATURAL PROPORTIONS & CON=MITY TO NATURAL H>MONIES4 7,READ #b#i1 #b#a#c7 

,AS ONE ( US IS CURR5TLY TRA9+ TO TEA* YOGA1 WE >E NOT 9 AGREEM5T ?AT ?IS >T HAS NEV] BE5 PRACTIC$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE RECOGNIZE ?AT IT IS M9IMALLY PRACTIC$ )9 CULTURES ( DOM9ATION4 ,LOOK AT H[ Y\ HOLD Y\RSELF1 H[ O!RS MOVE !IR BODIES4 ,QUE]+ AN>*I/ P$AGOGY1 !N1 9CLUDES A RECOGNITION ( ! WAYS 9 :I* EMBODI$ PRACTICES ( FRE$OM--9CLUD+ YOGA1 TAI *I1 *I GUNG1 SOMA1 CONTACT IMPROVIZATION1 DANC+1 & MORE-->E AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS4 ,IF WE CAN'T DANCE1 IT'S NOT REALLY A REVOLUTION4 ,H]E WE SPEAK NOT JU/ ( ! BODYM9D1 BUT ALSO ( A RECOGNITION ( ! LIFE SPIRIT ?AT ANIMATES US ALL4 0,WE'RE SUPPOS$ TO =GET ?AT EV]Y CELL 9 \R BODIES1 EV]Y BONE & BIRD & WORM HAS SPIRIT 9 IT0 7,ANZALDUA #a#i#h#g1 #c#f74 ,SIMIL>LY1 0= ,GOLDMAN1 ! FACT ?AT EV5 DESPITE ALL ! EF=TS ( SOCIETY1 WE CAN 5JOY SEX & FALL 9 LOVE IS PRO( ( ! 9T]IOR LIFE =CE ?AT WE C>RY 9SIDE ( US0 7,MC,BRIDE #b#a#a1 #a#f#a74 ,= US1 QUE]+ AN>*ISM & AN>*I/ P$AGOGY CAN 9CLUDE HONOR+ 7SPIRITUAL7 PRACTICES ( C>E ( ! SELF 7,F\CAULT #a#i#h#f2 SEE ALSO ,F]GUSON #b#d2 ,LOIZID\ #b#a#a2 ,MC,:ORT] #b#d7 9T]TW9$ ) C>E = EA* O!R & C>E ( ! E>? ( :I* WE >E A P>T4 ,!SE1 TOO1 CAN BE ACTS ( REVOLUTION>Y LOVE4 

,QUE]+ ,AN>*I/ ,P$AGOGIES 

,P>T ( PO//RUCTURALI/1 QUE]1 & G5D] !ORIES' CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIAL !ORY >E CRITICISMS ( B9>Y ?9K+ & UND]/&+S ( \R WORLD7S74 ,QUE] & 7SOME7 G5D] !ORIES CRITIQUE ! B9>IES ( HET]O_/HOMO1 MAN_/WOMAN1 ETC4 7E4G41 SEE ,BUTL] #b#d2 ,HALP]9 #a#i#i#e2 ,S$GWICK #a#i#i2 ,QUE5 & ,S*IMEL #a#i#i#g2 ,W>N] #a#i#i#i74 ,WE CAN LIKEWISE APPLY ?IS PROJECT ( UNPACK+ & RELEAS+ BORD]S ( G5D] & SEXUALITY TO ! PROJECT ( DROPP+ ! WALLS >\ND ! ROLES ( TEA*] & /UD5T0 79 ! ACADEMIC WORLD & BEYOND74 ,9 FACT1 BREAK+ D[N ?IS FALSE B9>Y ( TEA*]_//UD5T IS A NECESS>Y ASPECT ( AN>*I/ $UCATION IF WE >E COMMITT$ TO NON-HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS & PRACTIC+ PREFIGURATIVE POLITICS4 ,= A CONSI/5T & E?ICAL PRACTICE1 WE NE$ TO ASSUME EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 \R CLASSROOMS 9 CONTRA/ TO ! HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS PROMOT$ ?R\< V>I\S ME*ANISMS BY ACADEMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,$UCATIONAL & P$AGOGICAL PHILOSOPH]S HAVE WRITT5 & SPOK5 AT L5G? AB\T ! B5EFITS ( ?IS 7E4G41 SEE ,DE,LEON #b#f1 #b#h1 #b#i1 #b#a2 ,>MAL9E #b#i2 ,DE,LEON & ,LOVE #b#i2 ,%UKAITIS #b#i2 ,KAHN #b#i2 ,SUISSA #b#a74 

,QUE] !ORY (F]S US NEW !ORETICAL BASES FROM :I* WE CAN DECON/RUCT ?OSE K9DS ( B9>Y UND]/&+S & CREATE A SOCIAL PRACTICE ?AT TRIES TO BLUR ?OSE DI/9CTIONS 9 REAL TIME4 ,JUDI? ,BUTL] HAS WRITT5 AT L5G? ON G5D] P]=MATIVITY--BY :I* %E MEANS ?AT G5D] IS NOT ONLY SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$1 BUT ?AT IT IS IT]ATIVE ( P>TICUL> NORMS SET 9 PLACE BY DOM9ANT & NORMATIVE CULTURAL /ATUS QUOS 7,BUTL] #a#i#i1 #a#i#i#g74 ,P]=MATIVITY DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ONE M]ELY P]=MS !IR G5D] 7OR O!R ID5TITIES7 9 ! SAME WAY AN ACTOR TAKES ON A ROLE4 ,?IS 9CORRECT 7YET (T5 MISUND]/OOD AS SU*7 NOTION W\LD ASSUME ?AT WE HAVE AG5CY ?AT ALL[S US TO *OOSE ANY G5D] WE DESIRE TO P]=M1 & ?IS1 = OBVI\S REASONS1 9VISIBILIZES ONE ( ! MORE IMPORTANT ANGLES ( ,BUTL]'S PO9T3 ?AT WE >E IT]AT+ AVAILABLE SOCIAL ROLES--WE >E PULL+ FROM ALREADY-CON/RUCT$ 7& 5=C$7 AVAILABLE G5D] ID5TITIES 7,BUTL] #a#i#i1 #a#i#i#g74 ,H] PO9T H]E IS MORE TO ILLU/RATE ?AT WE DON'T FREELY *OOSE ROLES TO P]=M2 RA!R1 WE >E CON/ITUT$ BY SU* ROLES1 & 9 \R IT]ATIONS 7\R REPETITIONS ( SU* ROLES 9 \R [N LOCALIZ$ CONTEXTS71 WE SIMULTANE\SLY BUTTRESS SU* CULTURAL NORMS--OR--WE *ALL5GE SU* ROLES BY \R /RATEGIC & UNFAI?FUL IT]ATIONS4 ,?IS IS :]E AN>*I/_/QUE] VITALITY COMES 94 ,9/EAD ( OB$I5TLY REPRODUC+ \R IDEA ( :AT A P>TICUL> ROLE %\LD BE1 WE MI<T PLAY ) :AT A ROLE C\LD BE4 

,IF WE LOOK AT ! ROLES ( TEA*] & /UD5T AS IT]ATIVE P]=MANCES 9 A SIMIL> LI<T AS ,BUTL]'S NOTION ( G5D] P]=MATIVITY1 WE CAN GET AN 9KL+ AS TO :]E WE CAN /RATEGICALLY *ALL5GE NORMATIVE ROLES SU* AS TEA*] & /UD5T & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,BUTL] !ORIZES ?AT BECAUSE G5D] IS P]=MATIVE & IT]ATIVE ( CULTURAL NORMS & /ATUS QUOS1 ?AT !SE ROLES SIMULTANE\SLY CON/ITUTE US AS SOCIAL BE+S 79 !SE P>TICUL> ROLES7 ALL ! :ILE CAG+ US )9 !IR P>TICUL> BORD]S4 ,! PLACE1 !N1 ?AT WE CAN LOOK TO SUBV]T !SE /ATUS QUOS & NORMS IS LOCAT$ )9 ! ACT ( IT]ATION ITSELF4 ,WE NE$ TO IT]ATE ROLES 7?AT >E SIMULTANE\SLY REIT]ATIVE7 TO BECOME A SOCIAL BE+--WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO DO AWAY ) 7RE7IT]ATIONS BECAUSE WE CANNOT ESCAPE ! WORLD ( DISC\RSE4 ,BUT :AT WE CAN DO1 AS ,BUTL] 7#a#i#i1 #a#i#i#g7 NOTES1 IS SUBV]T SU* /ATUS QUOS 7TEA*] & /UD5T7 BY IT]AT+ 9 A FRE%1 LIVELY WAY--BY IT]AT+ DIFF]5TLY4 ,?IS IS :]E ,BUTL] LOCATES \R AG5CY7IES7 )9 A DISCURSIVE SOCIETY 7REGIME74 ,WE MI<T UNCOV] ! G5EALOGIES ?AT HAVE CREAT$ 7& CONT9UE TO CREATE7 SOCIALLY VIABLE WAYS ( BE+ & RECOGNIZE H[ !Y 5C\RAGE OB$I5CE TO ! /ATUS QUO4 ,AS ,CLAUDIA ,W4 ,RUIT5B]G 7#b#g1 #b#f#e7 WRITES1 0,DISCURSIVE CON/ITUTION IS NOT DISCURSIVE DET]M9ISM40 ,?IS IS GREAT NEWS BECAUSE IT MEANS WE CAN BE UNFAI?FUL TO \R EXPECT$ REPETITIONS & BE SUBV]SIVE :5 WE P]=M ROLES SU* AS TEA*] &_/OR /UD5T2 7,BUTL] #a#i#i#g2 ,HECK]T #b#a#aA74 ,9/EAD1 WE MI<T BE FAI?FUL TO :AT IS ALIVE )9 US4 

,IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT :5 WE >E DREAM+ ( WAYS ?AT WE CAN DO ! ROLES ( TEA*] & /UD5T DIFF]5TLY1 ?AT AS IMPORTANT AS \R [N /RATEGIC & PLAYFUL IT]ATIONS ( /ATUS QUOS 7G5TLY ALL[+ = ! SUBV]SION ( HI]>*ICAL ROLES & CREAT+ NEW]1 FRE]1 & MORE FLUID ROLES7 >E1 ?OSE ( US 9 ! SITUATION WILL BR+ \R BODY-MEMORIES ( ROLES4 ,WE MI<T F9D \RSELVES ACT+ \T TEA*] OR /UD5T1 EV5 ?\< WE DIDN'T MEAN TO4 ,OR O!RS MI<T BE CAU<T UP 9 !IR [N EXPECTATIONS & NOT UND]/& ?AT IT'S POSSIBLE TO DO ?+S DIFF]5TLY4 ,FROM MY PA/ EXP]I5CES3 

,I WAS 9 A HI< S*OOL ONCE1 TEA*+ SEX $UCATION4 ,AS WE W5T >\ND ! CIRCLE 9TRODUC+ \RSELVES1 ,I CAME TO REALIZE ?AT ?REE ( ! Y\NG M5 W]E /ON$4 ',OH1 NO6' ,I ?\<T TO MYSELF4 ,AS ,I WAS EXPLA9+ H[ ?IS W\LD BE DIFF]5T FROM \R S*OOL USUALLY WAS1 ONE ( !M ASK$ ME TO SL[ D[N & REPEAT4 ,HE WAS CONFUS$1 & ,I DON'T ?9K IT WAS JU/ FROM CANNABIS4 ,?AT MI<T HAVE SIMPLY MADE HIM MORE HONE/ & LESS CONC]N$ AB\T APPE>+ CONFUS$4 ,I KNEW ?AT :AT ,I WAS DO+ WAS RADICALLY UNS*OOL-LIKE BECAUSE ,I HAD BE5 IT]AT+ MYSELF DIFF]5TLY = SOME YE>S4 ,BUT = !M1 IT WAS BR& NEW & ,I C\LDN'T SIMPLY TELL !M IT W\LD BE DIFF]5T4 ,:Y %\LD !Y BELIEVE ME AGA9/ ! WEI<T ( !IR EXP]I5CE8 ,I HAD TO %[ !M ?R\< MY PRACTICE & GIVE !M TIME TO ADJU/1 TO UND]/& ?AT ANO!R CLASSROOM WAS POSSIBLE4 ,I'M GRATEFUL TO ! Y\NG MAN = REM9D+ ME ( ?IS4 

,NORMS >E NOT 9DIVIDUALLY CREAT$ OR IT]AT$--!Y >E CO-CREAT$ OV] TIME4 ,:AT WE MEAN H]E IS ?AT !RE IS A 0CUMULATIVE P[] ( RELAT$ SPEE*1 WRIT+1 & O!R DISC\RSE0 7,RUIT5B]G #b#g1 #b#f#c74 ,ID5TITY CATEGORIES >E 0CUMULATIVELY PRODUC$0 BY SU* ?+S AS 0ADV]TIS+1 S*OOL TEXTS1 SITCOMS1 LEGAL DISC\RSE1 & SO ON0 7,RUIT5B]G #b#g1 #b#f#c74 ,AL?\< WE /ILL FEEL EXCIT$ AB\T SUBV]T+ ! /ATUS QUO ( SU* ROLES 9 SMALL PLACES SU* AS )9 \R [N CLASSROOMS--WE UND]/& \R LIVELY & SUBV]SIVE IT]ATIONS AS ONE /RATEGY AMONG MANY O!RS ?AT MI<T BE TAK5 UP TO TRULY *ANGE ! RELATION%IPS & CON/ITUTIONS ( ! ROLES ( TEA*] & /UD5T4 

,JOHN/ON & ,KL&]MANS SUGGE/ 0A P]=MATIVE VIEW ( CULTURE /RESSES ?AT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E NOT JU/ %AP$ BY CULTURE2 !Y ALSO %APE & RE%APE IT0 7#a#i#i#e1 #i74 ,IF WE BO? LIVE )9 DISCURSIVE REGIMES ?AT CON/ITUTE \R ID5TITIES1 & ALSO HAVE ACCESS TO A VITAL AG5CY ?AT ALL[S US TO IT]ATE ROLES & ID5TITIES DIFF]5TLY & SUBV]SIVELY1 :AT MI<T 7OR DOES7 ?IS LOOK LIKE 9 ! CLASSROOM8 ,:AT K9D ( BEHAVIOR CAN WE SEE :5 TEA*]S & /UD5TS IT]ATE !IR ROLES DIFF]5TLY1 FLUIDLY1 & PREFIGUR+ ! P>TICIPATORY & EGALIT>IAN 7& CREATIVE67 WORLD7S7 9 :I* WE WANT TO 7& C\LD7 LIVE8 

,RUIT5B]G 7#b#g1 #b#f#e-#b#f#f7 WRITES 0,$UCATORS MU/ CONCEIVE ( /UD5TS1 & /UD5TS !MSELVES1 NOT AS AUTONOM\S AG5TS1 NOR AS PASSIVE RECIPI5TS ( TRADITION1 BUT RA!R AS SUBJECTS :OSE ACTIONS & ID5TITIES BO? DEP5D ON1 & CAN MAKE *ANGES TO1 DISC\RSES ?AT PREC$E & EXCE$ !M40 ,WE >GUE ?AT TEA*]S1 !MSELVES1 MI<T WELL TAKE ?IS TO HE>T 9 CONSID]+ !IR [N ROLES AS SUBJECTS4 ,FROM MY EXP]I5CES3 

,AS A NEW GRADUATE /UD5T1 ,I AM SL[LY DISCOV]+ ! LITTLE WAYS ) :I* ,I CAN REORGANIZE ! PHYSICAL >*ITECTURE ( ! CLASSROOM ,I'M GIV54 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,I PREF] TO HAVE ! CLASSROOM SET UP AS A CIRCLE ( *AIRS RA!R ?AN A ROOM ?AT POSITIONS MYSELF AT ! FRONT ) ALL ! /UD5TS FAC+ ME4 ,H[EV]1 ,I ?9K IT'S MO/ LIKELY BETT] PRACTICE TO ACTUALLY ASK ! /UD5TS H[ !Y W\LD PREF] TO HAVE ! ROOM SET UP1 AL?\< ,I LIKE TO EXPLA9 ! REASONS :Y ,I PREF] ! CLASSROOM 9 ?IS WAY4 

,WE TAKE HE>T FROM A LONG TRADITION 9 CRITICAL P$AGOGY QUE/ION+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 TEA*]S & /UD5TS4 ,AS ,PAULO ,FREIRE 7#b7 WROTE1 0,$UCATION MU/ BEG9 ) ! SOLUTION ( ! TEA*]-/UD5T CONTRADICTION1 BY RECONCIL+ ! POLES ( ! CONTRADICTION SO ?AT BO? >E SIMULTANE\SLY /UD5TS & TEA*]S0 7#g#b74 ,& AS ,LUHMANN 7#a#i#i#h7 PO9TS \T1 UND]M9+ ?IS FALSE DI*OTOMY 9 CRITICAL P$AGOGY IS 9T]TW9$ ) ! QUE] PROJECT ( SUBV]T+ ! IMAG9>Y DIVISIONS ( HET]O_/HOMO & MAN_/WOMAN4 ,BECAUSE ! ROLE ( /UD5T & TEA*] >E EMBODI$ ROLES 7,%APIRO & ,%APIRO #b#b71 WE NE$ TO BE AW>E ( \R BODIES & H[ !Y >E BE+ RELAT$ TO EA* O!R2 TO LE>N H[ WE MI<T RELEASE ! PO/URES ( AU?ORITY OR SUBMISSION4 ,WE CAN BLUR ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ROLES ( TEA*] & /UD5T BY COMMITT+ \RSELVES TO LE>N+ FROM EA* O!R 9 A DYNAMIC & FLUID WAY4 ,H[ W\LD WE WANT CLASSROOMS TO FUNCTION 9 ! WORLDS WE DESIRE TO LIVE 98 ,WE W\LD LIKE TO SEE CLASSROOMS :]E P>TICIPANTS >E 9VIT$ TO HONOR !IR [N EXP]I5CE 7:ILE QUE/ION+ !IR /ORIES AB\T ?AT EXP]I5CE7 ABOVE & BEYOND IDEAS OR PRACTICES (F]$ BY TEA*]S4 ,?AT IS1 WE WANT TO SEE PRACTICES ( SELF-LOV+ 9 ! CLASSROOM4 ,WE ALSO VALUE ! OP5-HE>T$ HONE/Y ( TEA*]S :O >E ABLE TO TALK AB\T :AT !Y_/WE LE>N FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( WORK+ ) ?OSE LABEL$ /UD5TS4 ,:AT MUTUALITY EXI/S )\T ?AT ACKN[L$GM5T1 \T ( A DESIRE TO MA9TA9 CLE> ID5TITIES1 \T ( FE>8 ,AS BELL HOOKS 7#b7 HAS >GU$1 FE> & LOVE CANNOT OCCUPY ! SAME SPACE4 ,IF ! CLASSROOM CAN BE A SPACE ( LOVE1 SEP>ATIONS & HI]>*IES MI<T UNRAVEL1 CREAT+ SPACE = SOME?+ ,O!R4 0,! MEAN+S WE MAKE ALONGSIDE ?OSE WE LOVE1 P>TICUL>LY ACROSS L9ES ( DIFF]5CE1 ALL[ US TO REMAKE \R ASSUMPTIONS & WID5 \R VISION ( ! POLITICAL FIELD0 7,C>ILLO ,R[E #b#h1 #d#c74 ,! KEY = ! SO-CALL$ TEA*]1 !N1 IS TO LE>N TO RELEASE FE>1 TO BE PRES5T ) IT )\T GETT+ CAU<T UP 9 IT4 ,TO LET !MSELVES BE LOV+4 

,FROM ,RECRUITM5T TO ,CONNECTION 

#a.0 IS NOT 5\<1 RECRUIT1 RECRUIT1 RECRUIT6 7,SLOGAN FROM #a#i#iS ,U,S ,L,G,B,T ACTIVISM7 

,WE >E CONC]N$1 NOT+ ! EXT5T TO :I* AN>*I/ P$AGOGY1 OR SEXUAL POLITICS1 9VOLVES AN ATTEMPT TO GET O!RS TO AGREE ) A P>TICUL> IDEA1 A P>TICUL> V]SION ( POLITICS4 ,IRONICALLY1 ?IS ANTICAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY CAN FUNCTION 9 T]MS ?AT ,FREIRE 7#b7 CALLS A 0BANK+ MODEL0 ( $UCATION4 ,KN[L$GE IS REPRES5T$ AS AN OBJECT ( VALUE TO BE TRANSF]R$ FROM ONE M9D TO ANO!R4 ,! TEA*] ) ! RI<T ANSW]1 ! 0,MAN ) ,ANALYSIS0 7,MONTES9OS ,COLEMAN & ,BASSI #b#a#a1 #b#f71 ! ACTIVI/ RECRUIT]1 CAN ALL WORK TO SUPPORT A NEW NEXUS ( KN[L$GE_/P[]_/MORALITY RA!R ?AN RELEAS+ A CLAIM TO ANY ( ?OSE ?+S4 ,WE NOTICE1 ) COMPASSION1 ! FRU/RAT$ ACTIVI/ WANT+ O!RS TO %>E A C]TA9 ANALYSIS1 A C]TA9 PA91 A C]TA9 DESIRE = LIFE TO BE O!RWISE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE KN[ ?AT AN>*I/ P$AGOGIES CAN BE MU* RI*] ?AN ?IS4 

,UNLIKE ! .<SIC.> ,M>XI/ !ORY ( HI/ORY1 AN AN>*I/ MODEL ( HI/ORICAL TRANSITION REQUIRES LESS ANY SPECIFIC MAT]IAL CONDITION ?AN ! DISSEM9ATION ( ! IDEA ( AN>*Y ITSELF4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE FOLL[S FROM :AT HAS BE5 SAID E>LI]3 ,AN>*Y AS A PHILOSOPHY IS IMMAN5T 9 ! CIVIC ORI5TATIONS ( HUMANITY1 & AS A MODE ( ACTION IT RELIES ON ! CREATIVE NECESSITY ( HUMAN AG5CY1 & NOT SIMPLY ON OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS4 7,BAMYEH #b#i1 #a#i#f-#a#i#g74 

,LESS ?AN PROMOT+ ! IDEA ( AN>*Y ITSELF1 WE LOVE TO 9VITE \RSELVES & O!RS TO RECOGNIZE ! LIV$1 EMBODI$1 EMOTIONAL1 ]OTIC1 RELATIONAL EXP]I5CES ( ! FUNDAM5TAL AN>*Y ?AT ALREADY EXI/S4 ,= US1 ! PLAY+ 7)7 ! ROLE ( TEA*] 9VOLVES 9VIT+ \RSELVES & O!RS TO P]CEIVE ! WORLD ?R\< FRE% EYES1 TO NOTICE ! DISC\RSES >\ND & 9 US & TO NOT PUT TOO MU* EMPHASIS ON !M4 ,AS ! REM>KABLY PO//RUCTURALI/-S\ND+ ,BUDDHI/ TEA*]1 ,PEMA ,*ODRON1 PUTS IT1 0,!RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A TRUE /ORY0 7#b#c1 #a#g74 ,DISC\RSE MAY BE P]VASIVE & ID5TITY-%AP+2 ?AT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE MU/ BE TRAPP$ BY IT4 ,BY TELL+ DIFF]5T /ORIES1 BY RELAT+ DIFF]5TLY1 BY M$ITAT+ & LE>N+ TO LET GO ( /ORIES & TO ACCEPT UNC]TA9TY1 9 !SE WAYS WE CREATE A SPACI\SNESS = QUE]_/AN>*I/ LE>N+4 ,9 !SE WAYS1 WE ALL[ SPACE = LOVE & ANG]4 

,)9 ACADEMIA1 AFFECT IS SUBTLY BUT ASSIDU\SLY POLIC$4 ,CONTEMPT & CONDESC5SION >E ACCEPTABLE1 AS PR(ESSORS COMPETE = PLACES AT ! TOP ( ! 7MANUFACTUR$7 SC>CITY ECONOMY ( SM>TNESS4 ,H]O WOR%IP IS P]MISSIBLE 9 ! =M ( UNCRITICAL CITATION ( BROADLY C]TIFI$ AU?ORITIES4 ,PASSIVE AGGRESSION IS A P]VASIVE AFFECTIVE MODE1 ACT$ \T )9 ! B\ND>IES ( PR(ESSIONAL CIVILITY4 ,BUT PASSIONATE 5GAGEM5TS ?AT WE MI<T CALL LOVE1 OR REACTIONS TO UNFAIRNESS RECOGNIZABLE AS ANG]1 >E DEEPLY SUSPECT4 7,DUGGAN #b#a#a1 #a#d#g7 

,WE HAVE NOTIC$1 9 \R [N WAYS1 ?AT OP5-M9D$NESS IS 9T]TW9$ ) OP5-HE>T$NESS1 ) AN OP5+ ( BODIES4 ,WE 9VITE A QUE]+ ( AN>*I/ P$AGOGY BY EMPHASIZ+ ! ROLE ( LOVE 9 TEA*+1 LE>N+1 & LIV+4 ,WE 9VITE \RSELVES1 & \R READ]S1 TO NOTICE ! P]HAPS FAMILI> DIS_/COM=T 9 REIT]AT+ ! ROLE ( ! DRY S*OL> & TO G5TLY /RET* 9TO ! LIV+ $GE BETWE5 ! EASE ( ! KN[N & ! DISCOM=T ( OV]/RET*+4 ,:AT DOES IT FEEL LIKE TO PLAY ) ?AT $GE1 TO SIT ) IT1 TO NOTICE H[ IT MOVES1 TO FEEL ITS VITALITY8 ,CAN WE LE>N TO LOVE \R ANG] 5\< TO SET IT FREE1 RA!R ?AN HOLD+ TI<T TO ?AT MORALIZ+ P[]LESSNESS ( RESS5TIM5T 7,NIETZS*E #a#i#f#i78 ,& ! SAME = \R %AME1 SO ?AT WE NE$ NOT HOLD \RSELVES TI<TLY 9 ! NORMATIVE REIT]ATIONS ( 0PA?OLOGICAL %AME0 7,S*EFF #a#i#i78 ,LE>N+ TO BE FREE MEANS LE>N+ TO LOVE \RSELVES & ! EMOTIONS ?AT PASS ?R\< US2 NOT GRIPP+ ON TO ID5TITIES OR IDEOLOGIES4 

,\R QUE/ION1 !N1 IS NOT H[ WE GET O!R PEOPLE TO BECOME AN>*I/S4 ,IT IS1 RA!R1 H[ DO WE MAKE SPACE = VITALITY1 = LOVE8 

,H]E WE QUE] ANY DIVISION BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y ISMS1 = IT IS BO? ,M>XI/S SU* AS ,PAULO ,FREIRE & AN>*I/-FEM9I/S SU* AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU9 :O L9K LOVE & REVOLUTION 7SEE1 ,DAVIS #b#a#a2 ,FREIRE #a#i#h#e1 #b2 ,K9*ELOE #b#h2 ,ZAMBRANA-,ORTIZ #b#a#a74 ,= P$AGOGY TO BE REVOLUTION>Y1 !RE MU/ BE A LOV+ CONNECTION4 ,IT IS ?IS 0RADICAL LOVE0 ?AT ,FREIRE ADVOCAT$ & PRACTIC$1 9SPIR+ SO MANY ( HIS /UD5TS4 ,AS ,K9*ELOE 7#b#h7 REM>KS 

,LOVE IS ! BASIS ( AN $UCATION ?AT SEEKS JU/ICE1 EQUALITY & G5IUS4 ,IF CRITICIAL P$AGOGY IS NOT 9JECT$ ) A HEAL?Y DOSE ( :AT ,FREIRE CALLS 'RADICAL LOVE1' !N IT WILL OP]ATE ONLY AS A %AD[ ( :AT IT C\LD BE4 ,SU* A LOVE IS COMPASSIONATE1 ]OTIC1 CREATIVE1 S5SUAL & 9=M$4 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGY USES IT TO 9CREASE \R CAPACITY TO LOVE1 TO BR+ ! P[] ( LOVE TO \R EV]YDAY LIVES & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 TO RE?9K REASON 9 A HUMANE & 9T]CONNECT$ MANN]4 444 ,A CRITICAL KN[L$GE SEEKS TO CONNECT ) ! CORPOREAL & ! EMOTIONAL 9 A WAY ?AT UND]/&S AT MULTIPLE LEVELS & SEEKS TO ASSUAGE HUMAN SUFF]+4 7#i7 

,\R UND]/&+ ( LOVE DIFF]S ONLY 9 ?AT IT DOES NOT NECESS>ILY BEG9 NOR 5D ) ! HUMAN1 BUT A LOVE ( ALL BE+S & ! ECOSY/EMS ( :I* WE >E A P>T 7NEV] AP>T74 

,IT IS NOT BY TRY+ TO RECRUIT O!RS TO %>E ! SAME VIEWS1 TO OCCUPY ! SAME MORAL HI< GR\ND1 TO FEEL ! SAME PA91 TO SEE ! WORLD 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,IT IS NOT AB\T SAM5ESS4 ,AN>*I/ CALLS = SAM5ESS WORRY AS MU* AS ANY O!R4 ,! DESIRE = SAM5ESS1 = /&>DIZATION1 IS ! DESIRE ( ! /ATE_/NORMATIVITY4 ,FROM \R [N EXP]I5CES3 

,I WAS ON A TRA9 ?IS WEEK5D1 RETURN+ HOME FROM A GA!R+ ( AN>*IC $UCATORS HOP+ TO NURTURE 9TO EXI/5CE ALT]NATIVES TO UNIV]SITIES4 ,I MET A MAN 7) ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL EYES7 :O WAS 9T]E/$ 9 TALK+4 ,HE WAS CLE>LY F$ UP ) ! (FICIAL POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ',BUT1' HE SAID1 '\R OP9IONS DON'T MATT]4' ',:Y8' ,I ASK$ HIM4 ',Y\ HAVE TO TALK TO ! PEOPLE 9 P[]4 ,& !Y DON'T LI/5 ANYWAY4' ,HIS /OP >RIV$ BE=E ,I GOT TO TELL HIM ! REASON ,I WAS TALK+ TO HIM WAS BECAUSE HE WAS 9 P[]4 ,HE & ,I & EV]YONE >E P>T ( ! FRACTAL PATT]NS ( LIFE2 EA* ( US CAN RELATE DIFF]5TLY1 5ACT P[] DIFF]5TLY4 ,TALK+ TO EA* O!R1 TO /RANG]S ON TRA9S1 TO /UD5TS OR TEA*]S1 FRI5DS & FAMILY1 NEI<BORS & COLLEAGUES1 WE >E ALWAYS TALK+ TO ! PEOPLE 9 P[]4 ,IF ,I HAD SIMPLY TOLD HIM ?IS1 W\LD HE HAVE BELIEV$ ME8 

,TO LE>N TO SEE ! AN>*Y ( ! WORLD1 TO LE>N TO PRACTICE FRE$OM 9 EA* MOM5T1 REQUIRES PRACTICE4 ,IT B5EFITS FROM ROLE MODELS4 ,TO TEA* AN>*Y IS NOT TO EXPLA9 ! IDEA1 IT IS TO LIVE FREELY1 TO RELATE AS EQUALS1 TO BE VITAL4 ,IT IS TO CONNECT ) \RSELVES1 EA* O!R1 & ! E>? ( :I* WE >E A P>T4 ,IT IS TO BE G5TLE ) \RSELVES AS WE LE>N !SE SKILLS1 SO ?AT WE MI<T BE G5TLE ) O!RS AS !Y1 TOO1 LE>N4 ,IT IS TO RELEASE A HOLD ON LIV+ UP TO IDEALS ( ANY ID5TITY 7E4G41 HET]OSEXUAL1 S*OL>1 OR AN>*I/7 & ACCEPT+ \R IM_/P]FECTION4 0,9DE$ IT MAY BE ONLY BY RISK+ ! 9COH]5CE ( ID5TITY ?AT CONNECTION IS POSSIBLE0 7,BUTL] #a#i#i#c1 #a#a#c74 

,LOV+-,TEA*+ 

,?R\<\T ?IS >TICLE1 WE HAVE TRI$ TO ADD \R VOICES TO CONCEPTIONS ( AN>*I/ P$AGOGY & :AT IT MI<T MEAN = US TO DO AN>*I/ P$AGOGICAL PRACTICES4 ,WE HAVE >GU$ ?AT AN>*I/ TEA*]S & P$AGOGUES CAN TAKE A LOT FROM QUE] !ORY4 ,LIKEWISE1 AS WE SEE LE>N+ AS A TWO-WAY /REET ) NO FIX$ TEA*] & /UD5T1 WE ALSO ?9K ?AT QUE] !ORY CAN TAKE A LOT FROM AN>*ISM4 ,9DE$1 !SE PROJECTS HAVE BE5 NE> & DE> TO EA* ( \R HE>TS BO? 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY 7E4G41 SEE ,HECK]T #b#d1 #b#aA1 #b#a#aB2 ,%ANNON & ,WILLIS #b#a74 

,SPECIFICALLY1 WE ?9K ?AT AN>*I/ P$AGOGUES MI<T BORR[ FROM PO//RUCTURALI/ & QUE] UND]/&+S ( P[] AS DIFFUSE & DISP]S$ ?R\<\T SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE CAN UND]/& ?AT AN AN>*I/ E?IC1 OPPOS+ ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION1 CAN 9=M H[ WE LIVE \R LIVES4 ,RA!R ?AN SEE+ POLITICS AS SOME?+ \T !RE1 DONE TO AFFECT AB/RACT 9/ITUTIONS AS IF !Y >E ?+S ?AT CAN BE SMA%$1 WE CAN SEE H[ \R [N EV]YDAY ACTIONS CAN 9=M SOCIAL LIFE 9 A COMPLEX IT]ATIVE PROCESS ?AT PROVIDES ALT]NATIVES TO A BANAL1 VIOL5T1 & (T5 BOR+ /ATUS QUO4 ,& WE CAN ?9K ( P[] AS RESEMBL+ ANY NUMB] ( METAPHORS1 9CLUD+ A FRACTAL4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! FRACTAL1 WE CAN SEE ! P]SONAL 9 ! POLITICAL--! EV]YDAY 9 ! 9/ITUTIONAL--AS ! SMALL] FRAGM5TS MIRROR ! %APE ( ! L>G] :OLE 7& VICE V]SA74 

,SIMIL>LY1 WE MI<T BORR[ FROM QUE] !ORY'S 9SI/5CE ?AT B9>Y UND]/&+S ( ! WORLD ?AT REVOLVE >\ND B\ND$ & BORD]$ CATEGORIES SU* AS MAN_/WOMAN OR GAY_//RAI<T (T5 TIMES CON/RICT MORE ?AN !Y DESCRIBE4 ,) ?IS 9 M9D1 POSSIBILITIES >E CREAT$ ( VIEW+ /ATIC CONCEPTIONS ( TEA*] & /UD5T 9 MORE FLUID WAYS4 ,AS AN>*I/S1 IT BEHOOVES US TO GIVE UP \R ROLES AS TEA*]S & ACT AS C(ACILITATORS 9 ! CREATION ( FREE SPACES4 ,& WE CAN 5GAGE 9 P]=MATIVE ACTS ?AT TR\BLE ?OSE 7V]Y (T5 FALSE7 DIVISIONS BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S 7,BUTL] #b#d1 ,DAVIES #a#i#i#c1 ,ECK]T #b#a#a1 ,LORB] #b#e1 ,NI*OLAS #b#i74 

,& TR\BL+ ?OSE DIVISIONS ALL[S US TO CELEBRATE DIFF]5CE1 RA!R ?AN DESIRE SAM5ESS & NORMATIVITY4 ,! CREATION ( FREE SPACES1 COLLECTIVELY PRODUC$1 ALL[S = OP5 EXPLORATION--A CLASSROOM NOMADISM1 IF Y\ WILL--:]E WE MI<T EV5 BEG9 ! TASK ( QUE/ION+ :AT WE MEAN BY ! CLASSROOM & DE/ABILIZE IT AS ! PRIVILEG$ PLACE 9 LIFE = LE>N+4 ,RA!R ?AN CREAT+ AN>*I/S AS SU* ?R\< RECRUITM5T1 WE CAN 9/EAD FOCUS ON COCREAT+ AN>*Y 9 A DYNAMIC PROCESS :]E ACTION_/?\<T IS GIV5 MORE WEI<T ?AN RIGID POLITICAL ID5TITIES4 

,F9ALLY1 AS PEOPLE 9T]E/$ 9 ! POSSIBILITIES ( QUE]+ AN>*I/ P$AGOGY1 WE MI<T BREAK D[N ! WALL SEP>AT+ LOV+ FROM TEA*+4 ,9DE$1 9 MANY CONTEXTS 9 \R LIVES !RE HAS BE5 NO SEP>ATION BETWE5 !SE TWO ACTIVITIES AT ALL4 ,LOVE1 RA!R ?AN SOME?+ RES]V$ EI!R = FAMILY OR = SEX_/UALITY1 CAN ALSO EXI/ 9 A FIELD ( MULTIPLE POSSIBILITIES4 ,WE LOVE TEA*+ & LE>N+ ) LOVE4 ,LOVE FILLS \R PRACTICES ( AN>*Y4 ,& WRIT+ ?IS P>TICUL> PIECE HAS BE5 DONE ) LOVE3 = EA* O!R = TEA*+ & LE>N+1 = LIFE4 ,MAY WE ALL F9D WAYS TO 5ACT AN>*Y & CREATE TEMPOR>Y UTOPIAS ( LOV+1 LE>N+1 & TEA*+ N[ EV5 :ILE WE BUILD T[>D A FUTURE :]E ?OSE CREATIONS CAN LA/4 ,& AS WE DO1 MAY WE FALL 9 LOVE ) LIFE1 AGA9 & AGA9 & AGA94 

,REF]5CES 

,ALEX&]1 ,JACQUI ,M4 #b#e4 ,A ,P$AGOGIES ( ,CROSS+3 ,M$ITATIONS ON ,FEM9ISM1 ,SEXUAL ,POLITICS1 ,MEMORY1 & ! ,SACR$41 ,DURHAM1 ,N,C3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,ANZALDUA1 ,GLORIA4 #a#i#h#g4 ,BORD]L&S_/,LA ,FRONT]A1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,AUNT ,LUTE4 

,>MAL9E1 ,WILLIAM ,T4 #b#i4 0,?\<TS ON ,AN>*I/ ,P$AGOGY & ,EPI/EMOLOGY40 ,9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,READ] ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,AM/]1 ,R&ALL4 #a#c#f-#a#d#f4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 ET AL 

,AV]Y-,NATALE1 ,$W>D4 #b#a4 ',WE'RE ,H]E1 ,WE'RE ,QUE]1 ,WE'RE ,AN>*I/S'3 ,! ,NATURE ( ,ID5TIFICATION & ,SUBJECTIVITY ,AMONG ,BLACK ,BLOCS4 ,AN>*I/ ,DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,CULTURAL ,/UDIES1 #a3 #i#e-#a#a#e4 

,BAMYEH1 ,MOHAMM$4 #b#i4 ,AN>*Y AS ,ORD]3 ,! ,HI/ORY & ,FUTURE ( ,CIVIC ,HUMANITY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R[MAN @& ,LITTLEFIELD4 

,BR[N1 ,GAV94 #b#g4 ,MUT9\S ,]UPTIONS3 ,AUTONOM\S ,SPACES ( ,RADICAL ,QUE] ,ACTIVISM4 ,5VIRONM5T @& ,PLANN+ ,A1 #c#i3 #b#f#h#e-#b#f#i#h4 

,BR[N1 ,W5DY4 #a#i#i#c4 ,W\ND$ ,ATTA*M5TS4 ,POLITICAL ,!ORY1 #b#a3 #c#i-#d#a4 

,BUTL]1 ,JUDI?4 #a#i#i4 ,G5D] ,TR\BLE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,BUTL]1 ,JUDI?4 #a#i#i#c4 ,BODIES ?AT ,MATT]3 ,ON ,! ,DISCURSIVE ,LIMITS ( 0,SEX401 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,BUTL]1 ,JUDI?4 #a#i#i#g4 ,EXCITABLE ,SPEE*3 ,A ,POLITICS ( ! ,P]=MATIVE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,BUTL]1 ,JUDI?4 #b#d4 ,UNDO+ ,G5D]1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,C>ILLO ,R[E1 ,AIMEE4 #b#h4 ,P[] ,L9ES3 ,ON ! ,SUBJECT ( ,FEM9I/ ,ALLIANCES1 ,LONDON3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,*ODRON1 ,PEMA4 #b#b4 ,COM=TABLE ) ,UNC]TA9TY3 #ah ,TEA*+S ON ,CULTIVAT+ ,FE>LESSNESS & ,COMPASSION1 ,BO/ON3 ,%AMBHALA4 

,COHN1 ,JESSE & ,WILBUR1 ,%AWN4 #b#c4 0,:AT'S ,WRONG ) ,PO/AN>*ISM840 ,RETRIEV$ ,APRIL #f1 #baa FROM HTTP3_/_/!AN>*I/LIBR>Y4ORG_/,H,T,M,L_/,JESSE.-,COHN.-&.-,%AWN.-,WILBUR.-.-,:AT.-S.-,WRONG.-,).-,PO/AN>*ISM.-4HTML 

,DAVIES1 ,BRONWYN4 #a#i#i#c4 ,%>DS ( ,GLASS3 ,*ILDR5 ,READ+ & ,WRIT+ ,BEYOND ,G5D]$ ,ID5TITIES1 ,SYDNEY3 ,ALL5 & ,UNW94 

,DAVIS1 ,LAUR5CE4 #b#a#a4 0,LOVE & ,REVOLUTION 9 ,URSULA ,LE ,GU9'S ,F\R ,WAYS TO ,=GIV5ESS40 ,9 ,AN>*ISM @& ,SEXUALITY3 ,E?ICS1 ,RELATION%IPS & ,P[]1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE & ,CLEM9SON1 ,RI*>D4 #a#c-#a#c4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,DAY1 ,RI*>D ,J4 ,F4 #b#e4 ,GRAMSCI IS ,DEAD3 ,AN>*I/ ,CURR5TS 9 ! ,NEWE/ ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS1 ,TORONTO3 ,BETWE5 ! ,L9ES4 

,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM4 #b#f4 ,! ,TIME = ,ACTION IS ,N[6 ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY1 ,CRITICAL ,P$AGOGY1 & ,RADICAL ,POSSIBILITIES4 ,! ,J\RNAL = ,CRITICAL ,$UCATION ,POLICY ,/UDIES1 #d ,RETRIEV$ ,JULY #b#e1 FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4JCEPS4COM_/8PAGE,I,D"7>TICLE@&>TICLE,I,D"7#f#g 

,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM4 #b#h4 ,OH ,NO1 ,NOT ! ',A' ,WORD6 ,PROPOS+ AN ',AN>*ISM' = ,$UCATION4 ,$UCATIONAL ,/UDIES1 #d#d3 #a#b#b-#a#d#a4 

,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM4 #b#i4 0,SABOTAG+ ! ,SY/EM6 ,BR++ ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY 9TO ,SOCIAL ,/UDIES ,$UCATION40 ,9 ,NEW ,P]SPECTIVES ON ,AN>*ISM1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,JUN1 ,NA?AN4 #b#d#a-#b#e#d4 ,LANHAM1 ,M,D3 ,LEX+TON4 

,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM4 #b#a4 ,H[ ,DO ,I ,TELL A ,/ORY ,?AT ,HAS ,NOT ,BE5 ,TOLD3 ,AN>*ISM1 ,AUTOE?NOGRAPHY & ! ,MIDDLE ,GR\ND4 ,EQUITY @& ,EXCELL5CE 9 ,$UCATION1 #d#c3 #c#i#h-#d#a#c4 

,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM & ,KURT1 ,LOVE4 #b#i4 0,AN>*I/ ,!ORY AS ,RADICAL ,CRITIQUE3 ,*ALL5G+ ,HI]>*IES & ,DOM9ATION 9 ! ,SOCIAL & ',H>D' ,SCI5CES40 ,9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,READ] ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,AM/]1 ,R&ALL4 #a#e#i-#a#f#e4 ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 ET AL 

,DELEUZE1 ,GILLES & ,GUATT>I1 ,FELIX4 #a#i#h#g4 ,A ,?\S& ,PLATEAUS3 ,CAPITALISM & ,S*IZOPHR5IA1 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,DUGGAN1 ,L4 #b#a#a4 0,LOVE & ,ANG]3 ,SC5ES FROM A ,PASSIONATE ,C>E]40 ,G,L,Q4 #a#g7#a71 #a#d#e-#a#e#c 

,EB]T1 ,T]ESA4 #a#i#i#f4 ,LUDIC ,FEM9ISM & ,AFT]3 ,PO/MOD]NISM1 ,DESIRE & ,LABOR 9 ,LATE ,CAPITALISM1 ,ANN ,>BOR3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS4 

,ECK]T1 ,L5A4 #b#a#a4 0,PO/AN>*ISM & ! ,CONTRASEXUAL ,PRACTICES ( ! ,CYBORG 9 ,DILDOTOPIA OR ',! ,W> ON ! ,PHALLUS40 ,9 ,AN>*ISM @& ,SEXUALITY3 ,E?ICS1 ,RELATION%IPS & ,P[]1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE & ,CLEM9SON1 ,RI*>D4 #f#i-#i#b4 ,NEW ,YORK_/,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,F]GUSON1 ,KA?Y4 #b#d4 0,E4,G43 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,= ,EXAMPLE40 ,9 ,FEM9ISM & ! ,F9AL ,F\CAULT1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,TAYLOR1 ,DIANNA & ,V9TGES1 ,K>54 #b#h-#d4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS4 

,F\CAULT1 ,MI*EL4 #a#i#h4 ,P[]_/,KN[L$GE3 ,SELECT$ ,9T]VIEWS & ,O!R ,WRIT+S #a#i#g#b-#a#i#g#g1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON4 

,F\CAULT1 ,MI*EL4 #a#i#h#f4 ,! ,C>E ( ! ,SELF1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R&OM ,H\SE4 

,FRE$MAN1 ,C>L4 #b#h4 ,CONV]SATIONS ) ,URSULA ,K ,LE ,GU91 ,JACKSON3 ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS ( ,MISSISSIPPI4 

,FREIRE1 ,PAULO4 #a#i#h#e4 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,$UCATION3 ,CULTURE1 ,P[] & ,LIB]ATION1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,B]G9 @& ,G>VEY4 

,FREIRE1 ,PAULO4 #b4 ,P$AGOGY ( ! ,OPPRESS$1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CONT9UUM4 

,GLASB]G1 ,DAVITA & ,%ANNON1 ,D]IC4 #b#a#a4 ,POLITICAL ,SOCIOLOGY3 ,OPPRESSION1 ,RESI/ANCE1 & ! ,/ATE1 ,?\S& ,OAKS1 ,C,A3 ,=GE ,PRESS4 

,GLICK1 ,ELISA4 #b4 ,SEX ,POSITIVE3 ,FEM9ISM1 ,QUE] ,!ORY & ! ,POLITICS ( ,TRANSGRESSION4 ,FEM9I/ ,REVIEW1 #f#d3 #a#i-#d#e4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA & ,ALIX1 ,KATES ,%ULMAN4 #a#i#i#f4 ,R$ ,EMMA ,SPEAKS3 ,AN ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN ,READ]1 ,ATLANTIC ,HI<L&S1 ,N,J3 ,HUMANITIES ,PRESS4 

,GRE5WAY1 ,JUDY4 #b#h4 ,DESIRE1 ,DELI<T1 ,REGRET3 ,DISCOV]+ ,ELIZABE? ,GIBSON4 ,QUALITATIVE ,RESE>*1 #h3 #c#a#g-#c#b#d4 

,GRE5WAY1 ,JUDY4 #b#a4 0,! ,G5D] ,POLITICS ( ,AN>*I/ ,HI/ORY3 ,RE_/MEMB]+ ,WOM51 ,RE_/M9D+ ,M540 ,RETRIEV$ ,JULY #b#e1 #baa FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4JUDYGRE5WAY4ORG4UK_/DOCS_/,G5D]+,HI/ORY4DOC 

,HALP]91 ,DAVID4 #a#i#i#e4 ,SA9T ,F\CAULT3 ,T[>DS A ,GAY ,HAGIOGRAPHY1 ,OX=D1 ,U,K3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE4 #b#d4 0,SEXUALITY_/ID5TITY_/POLITICS40 ,9 ,*ANG+ ,AN>*ISM3 ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE 9 A ,GLOBAL ,AGE41 ,$IT$ BY3 ,PURKIS1 ,JONA?AN & ,B[51 ,JAMES4 #a#a-#a#a#f4 ,MAN*E/]3 ,MAN*E/] ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE4 #b#aA4 0,LOVE )\T ,BORD]S8 ,9TIMACY1 ,ID5TITY & ! ,/ATE ( ,COMPULSORY ,MONOGAMY40 ,9 ,UND]/&+ ,NON-,MONOGAMIES1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,B>K]1 ,MEG & ,LANGDRIDGE1 ,D>R54 #b#e#e-#b#f#f4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE4 #b#aB4 ,AN>*I/ ,ROOTS @& ,R\TES4 ,EUROPEAN ,J\RNAL ( ,ECOPSY*OLOGY1 #a3 #a#i-#c#f4 

,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE4 #b#a#aA4 0,ON ,AN>*ISM3 ,AN ,9T]VIEW ) ,JUDI? ,BUTL]40 ,9 ,AN>*ISM @& ,SEXUALITY3 ,E?ICS1 ,RELATION%IPS & ,P[]1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE & ,CLEM9SON1 ,RI*>D4 #i#c-#i#i4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE4 #b#a#aB4 0,FANTASIES ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,SEX ,$UCATOR40 ,9 ,AN>*ISM @& ,SEXUALITY3 ,E?ICS1 ,RELATION%IPS & ,P[]1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE & ,CLEM9SON1 ,RI*>D4 #a#e#d-#a#h4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,HECK]T1 ,JAMIE4 #b#a#a4 ,AN>*ISM @& ,SEXUALITY3 ,E?ICS1 ,RELATION%IPS & ,P[]1 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

HOOKS1 BELL4 #b4 ,ALL ,AB\T ,LOVE3 ,NEW ,VISIONS1 ,LONDON3 ,WOM5'S ,PRESS4 

,JEPPES51 ,S&RA4 #b#a4 ,QUE] ,AN>*I/ ,AUTONOM\S ,ZONES & ,PUBLICS3 ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,VOMIT+ ,AGA9/ ,HOMONORMATIVE ,CONSUM]ISM4 ,SEXUALITIES1 #a#c3 #d#f#c-#d#g#h4 

,JOHN/ON1 ,HANK & ,KL&]MANS1 ,B]T4 #a#i#i#e4 0,! ,CULTURAL ,ANALYSIS ( ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS40 ,9 ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS & ,CULTURE41 ,$IT$ BY3 ,JOHN/ON1 ,HANK & ,KL&]MANS1 ,B]T4 #c-#b#d4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,JONES1 ,/ACY ,HOLMAN & ,ADAMS1 ,TONY ,E4 #b#a4 0,AUTOE?NOGRAPHY IS A ,QUE] ,ME?OD40 ,9 ,QUE] ,ME?ODS & ,ME?ODOLOGIES3 ,9T]SECT+ ,QUE] ,!ORIES & ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE ,RESE>*1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,BR[NE1 ,KA? & ,NA%1 ,CA!R9E ,J4 #a#i#e-#b#a#d4 ,F>NHAM3 ,A%GATE4 

,JUN1 ,NA?AN4 #b#a4 0,AN>*I/ ,PHILOSOPHY3 ,PA/1 ,PROBLEMS & ,PROSPECTS40 ,9 ,AN>*ISM & ,MORAL ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,FRANKS1 ,B5JAM9 & ,WILSON1 ,MAT!W4 #d#e-#f#f4 ,BAS+/OKE3 ,PALGRAVE ,MACMILLAN4 

,KAHN1 ,RI*>D4 #b#i4 0,AN>*IC ,EPIME!ANISM3 ,! ,P$AGOGY ( ,IVAN ,ILLI*40 ,9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,READ] ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,AM/]1 ,R&ALL4 #a#b#e-#a#c#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 ET AL 

,K9*ELOE1 ,JOE ,L4 #b#h4 ,KN[L$GE & ,CRITICAL ,P$AGOGY3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION1 ,LONDON3 ,SPR+]4 

,KUHN1 ,GABRIEL4 #b#i4 0,AN>*ISM1 ,PO/MOD]NITY1 & ,PO//RUCTURALISM40 ,9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,READ] ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,AM/]1 ,R&ALL4 #a#h-#b#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 ET AL 

,LE ,GU91 ,URSULA ,K4 #b#d4 0,TELL+ IS ,LI/5+40 ,9 ,! ,WAVE 9 ! ,M9D3 ,TALKS & ,ESSAYS ON ! ,WRIT]1 ! ,READ] & ! ,IMAG9ATION1 #a#h#e-#b#e4 ,BO/ON3 ,%AMBHALA4 

,LOIZID\1 ,EL5A4 #b#a#a4 0,?IS IS ,:AT ,DEMOCRACY ,LOOKS ,LIKE40 ,9 ,H[ ,NOT TO ,BE ,GOV]N$3 ,READ+S & ,9T]PRETATIONS FROM A ,CRITICAL ,AN>*I/ ,LEFT1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,KLAUS51 ,JIMMY ,CASAS & ,M>TEL1 ,JAMES4 #a#f#g-#a#h#g4 ,PLYM\?3 ,LEX+TON ,BOOKS4 

,LORB]1 ,JUDI?4 #b#e4 ,BREAK+ ! ,B[LS3 ,DEG5D]+ & ,FEM9I/ ,*ANGE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,W4 ,W4 ,NORTON @& ,COMPANY4 

,LUHMANN1 ,SUSANNE4 #a#i#i#h4 0,QUE]+_/,QU]Y+ ,P$AGOGY8 ,OR1 ,P$AGOGY IS A ,PRETTY ,QUE] ,?+40 ,9 ,QUE] ,!ORY 9 ,$UCATION1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,P9>1 ,WILLIAM4 #a#d#a-#a#e#f4 ,MAHWAH1 ,N,J3 ,LAWR5CE ,]LBAUM ,ASSOCIATES4 

,M>T91 ,BIDDY4 #a#i#i#d4 0,SEXUALITIES )\T ,G5D]S & ,O!R ,QUE] ,UTOPIAS440 ,9 ,DIACRITICS ,VOL4 #b#d1 #a#d-#a#b#a4 7#c7 

,MAY1 ,TODD4 #a#i#h#i4 0,IS ,PO/-/RUCTURALI/ ,POLITICAL ,!ORY ,AN>*I/840 ,9 ,PHILOSOPHY & ,SOCIAL ,CRITICISM ,VOL4 #b1 #a#f#g-#a#h#b4 

,MAY1 ,TODD4 #a#i#i#d4 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PO//RUCTURALI/ ,AN>*ISM1 ,P>K3 ,P5NSYLVANIA ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,MAY1 ,TODD4 #b#i4 0,AN>*ISM FROM ,F\CAULT TO ,RANCI]E40 ,9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,READ] ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,AM/]1 ,R&ALL4 #a#a-#a#g4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 ET AL 

,MC,BRIDE1 ,KEALLY4 #b#a#a4 0,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ! ,P[] ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LOVE40 ,9 ,H[ ,NOT TO ,BE ,GOV]N$3 ,READ+S & ,9T]PRETATIONS FROM A ,CRITICAL ,AN>*I/ ,LEFT1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,KLAUS51 ,JIMMY ,CASAS & ,M>TEL1 ,JAMES4 #a#e#g-#a#f#e4 ,PLYM\?1 ,U,K3 ,LEX+TON4 

,MC,:ORT]1 ,LADELLE4 #b#d4 0,PRACTIC+1 ,PRACTIC+40 ,9 ,FEM9ISM & ! ,F9AL ,F\CAULT1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,TAYLOR1 ,DIANNA & ,V9TGES1 ,K>54 #a#d#c-#a#f#b4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS4 

,MONTES9OS ,COLEMAN1 ,L>A4 #b#a#a4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,FEM9I/ ,J\RNAL ( ,POLITICS ,S]5A ,A4 ,BASSI4 0,DECON/RUCT+ ,MILITANT ,MANHOOD40 #a#c7#b71 #b#d-#b#b#d4 

,NEWMAN1 ,SAUL4 #b#a4 ,FROM ,BAKUN9 TO ,LACAN3 ,ANTI-,AU?ORIT>IANISM & ! ,DISLOCATION ( ,P[]1 ,LANHAM1 ,M,D3 ,LEX+TON4 

,NEWMAN1 ,SAUL4 #b#g4 ,AN>*ISM1 ,PO//RUCTURALISM1 & ! ,FUTURE ( ,RADICAL ,POLITICS4 ,SUB,/ANCE1 #c#f3 #c-#a#i4 

,NI*OLAS1 ,LUCY4 #b#i4 ,A ,RADICAL ,QUE] ,UTOPIAN ,FUTURE3 ,A ,RECIPROCAL ,RELATION ,BEYOND ,SEXUAL ,DIFF]5CE4 ,?IRDSPACE3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,FEM9I/ ,!ORY @& ,CULTURE1 #h ,RETRIEV$ ,JULY #b#e1 #baa FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4?IRDSPACE4CA_/J\RNAL_/>TICLE_/VIEW,>TICLE_/LNI*OLAS_/#b#d#h 

,NIETZS*E1 ,FRI$RI*4 #a#i#f#i4 ,ON ! ,G5EALOGY ( ,MORALS1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,KAUFMANN1 ,W4 & ,HOLL+DALE1 ,P4 ,J4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE4 

,QUE51 ,C>OL & ,S*IMEL1 ,LAWR5CE4 #a#i#i#g4 ,POMOSEXUALS3 ,*ALL5G+ ,ASSUMPTIONS ,AB\T ,G5D] & ,SEXUALITY1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ,C,A3 ,CLEIS4 

,READ1 ,H]B]T4 #b#i4 0,H]B]T ,READ3 ,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION 7#a#i#d#d-#d#g740 ,9 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS1 ,VOLUME ,TWO3 ,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,NEW ,AN>*ISM 7#a#i#c#i-#a#i#g#g71 ,$IT$ BY3 ,GRAHAM1 ,ROB]T4 #b#a-#b#a#g4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,RIT*IE1 ,NEAL4 #b#h4 0,PR9CIPLES ( ,5GAGEM5T3 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,9FLU5CE ON ,QUE] ,Y\? ,CULTURES40 ,9 ,QUE] ,Y\? ,CULTURES1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,DRIV]1 ,SUSAN4 #b#f#a-#b#g#h4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS4 

,R\SSELLE1 ,DUANE & ,EVR51 ,SUREYYYA4 #b#a#a4 ,PO/-,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,READ]1 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO4 

,RUIT5B]G1 ,CLAUDIA ,W4 #b#g4 0,DISC\RSE1 ,!ATRICAL ,P]=MANCE1 ,AG5CY3 ,! ,ANALYTIC ,=CE ( ',P]=MATIVITY' 9 ,$UCATION40 ,9 ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,$UCATION1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,/5GEL1 ,B>B>A4 #b#f-#b#f#h4 ,URBANA1 ,I,L3 ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,$UCATION ,SOCIETY4 

,S*EFF1 ,?OMAS ,J4 #a#i#i4 ,MICROSOCIOLOGY3 ,DISC\RSE1 ,EMOTION1 & ,SOCIAL ,/RUCTURE1 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,S$GWICK1 ,EVE ,KOS(SKY4 #a#i#i4 ,! ,EPI/EMOLOGY ( ! ,CLOSET1 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,%ANNON1 ,D]IC & ,WILLIS1 ,ABBEY4 #b#a4 ,!ORETICAL ,POLYAMORY3 ,SOME ,?\<TS ON ,LOV+1 ,?9K+1 & ,QUE]+ ,AN>*ISM4 ,SEXUALITIES1 #d3 #d#c#c-#d#d#c4 

,%APIRO1 ,%]RY & ,%APIRO1 ,SVI4 #b#b4 ,BODY ,MOVEM5TS3 ,P$AGOGY1 ,POLITICS & ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,HAMPTON ,PRESS4 

,%UKAITIS1 ,/EVPH54 #b#i4 0,9FRAPOLITICS & ! ,NOMADIC ,$UCATIONAL ,MA*9E40 ,9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,READ] ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,AM/]1 ,R&ALL4 #a#f#f-#a#g#d4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 ET AL 

,SUISSA1 ,JUDI?4 #b#a4 ,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION3 ,A ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,P]SPECTIVE1 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,SULLIVAN1 ,SIAN4 #b#e4 ,AN ,O!R ,WORLD IS ,POSSIBLE8 ,ON ,REPRES5TATION1 ,RATIONALISM & ,ROMANTICISM 9 ,SOCIAL ,=UMS4 ,EPHEM]A1 #e3 #c#g-#c#i#b4 

,SULLIVAN1 ,SIAN4 #b#h4 0,CONCEPTUALIZ+ ,GLOCAL ,ORGANIZATION3 ,FROM ,RHIZOME TO ,E "7 MC#b 9 ,BECOM+ ,PO/-,HUMAN40 ,9 ,METAPHORS ( ,GLOBALIZATION3 ,MIRRORS1 ,MAGICIANS & ,MUT9IES1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,KORNPROB/1 ,M>KUS4 #a#d#i-#a#f#f4 ,BAS+/OKE1 ,HAMP%IRE3 ,PALGRAVE ,MACMILLAN4 ET AL4 ,H\NDMILLS 

,V5UESE1 ,MOHAM$ ,JEAN4 #b#a4 ,! ,BODY ( ! ,CONDEMN$1 ,SALLY 444 ,PA?S TO ,QUE]+ ,AN>CA-,ISLAM4 ,AN>*I/ ,DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,CULTURAL ,/UDIES1 #a3 #b#a#g-#b#c#i4 

,W>N]1 ,MI*AEL4 #a#i#i#i4 ,! ,TR\BLE ) ,NORMAL3 ,SEX1 ,POLITICS1 & ! ,E?ICS ( ,QUE] ,LIFE1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,W9DPASS+]1 ,GW5DOLYN4 #b#a4 ,QUE]+ AN>*ISM 9 PO/-#b#a ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 ,SEXUALITIES1 #a#c3 #d#i#e-#e#i4 

,ZAMBRANA-,ORTIZ1 ,NELLIE ,J4 #b#a#a4 ,P$AGOGY 9 7,E7,MOTION3 ,RE?9K+ ,SPACES & ,RELATIONS1 ,LONDON3 ,SPR+]4 

0,WE ,TEA* ,ALL ,HE>TS TO ,BREAK03 ,ON ! ,9COMPATIBILITY ( ,$UCATION ) ,S*OOL+ AT ,ALL ,LEVELS1 & ! ,R5EW$ ,NE$ = A ,DE-,S*OOL+ ( ,SOCIETY 

,*RI/IAN ,G>L& 

,AB/RACT 

',WE TEA* ALL HE>TS TO BREAK' WAS GRAFFITI SPRAY PA9T$ ON A S*OOL BUILD+ 9 ,LONDON'S ,NOTT+ ,HILL ,GATE 9 #a#i#f#h_/#f#i BY ! ,SITUATION/-9FLU5C$ GR\P ,K+ ,MOB CIT$ BY TWO =M] MEMB]S 9 ,PADD+TON ,BE> 7#a#i#h#h74 ',ONCE UPON A TIME !RE WAS A PLACE CALL$ ,NO?+ ,HILL ,GATE4' ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPT4 #c1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4REVOLTAGA9/PL5TY4COM_/9DEX4PHP_/REC5T_/#c#d->*IVELOCAL_/#a#b-ONCE-UPON-A-TIME-9-NOTT+-HILL 

,$UCATION IS = AN>*ISM1 & :AT CAN V]Y BROADLY BE T]M$ AUTONOMISM--?AT IS1 ! MANY DIFF]5T S*OOLS ( NON-,L59I/ ,M>XISM--( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE 9 CREAT+ A SOCIETY WOR?Y ( HUMANITY1 BUT ?IS IS NOT A SIMPLE =MULA ( C\NT]+ ! DOM9ANT MODE ( 9/ITUTIONAL 9DOCTR9ATION KN[N AS S*OOL+ ) LIB]T>IAN PROPAG&A1 ?\< ?AT MAY HAVE ITS PLACE4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( $UCATION CAN BE SAID TO BE 0AN-5D-9-ITSELF0 PREFIGUR+ FREE SOCIAL RELATIONS ( COMMUNITY & RECIPROCITY1 COMPRIS$ ( AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS CAPABLE ( COMPREH5D+ BO? !MSELVES & ! WORLD 9 :I* !Y LIVE4 ,SU* A PROCESS ( LE>N+ & ACQUIR+ KN[L$GE MU/ ALSO N\RI% 9TELLECT & O!R =MS ( 9TELLIG5CE1 JU/ AS 9TELLECT & O!R =MS ( 9TELLIG5CE N\RI% ! ACQUISITION ( KN[L$GE4 ,?IS PAP] WILL SEEK TO CRITICALLY EXPLORE SOME ( ! KEY ISSUES 9VOLV$ 9 AN AN>*O-,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( S*OOL+ & DEVELOP ! BASIS = :AT MI<T CON/ITUTE AN ALT]NATIVE VIEW ( $UCATION :I* C\LD BE SAID TO BE 9 RADICAL OPPOSITION TO SU* S*OOL+ AT ALL LEVELS4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,$UCATION IS = AN>*ISM1 & :AT CAN V]Y BROADLY BE T]M$ AUTONOMISM-- ?AT IS1 ! MANY DIFF]5T S*OOLS ( NON-,L59I/ ,M>XISM--( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE 9 CREAT+ A SOCIETY WOR?Y ( HUMANITY1 BUT ?IS IS NOT A SIMPLE =MULA ( C\NT]+ ! DOM9ANT MODE ( 9/ITUTIONAL 9DOCTR9ATION KN[N AS S*OOL+ ) LIB]T>IAN PROPAG&A1 ?\< ?AT MAY HAVE ITS PLACE4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( $UCATION CAN BE SAID TO BE AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 PREFIGUR+ FREE SOCIAL RELATIONS ( COMMUNITY & RECIPROCITY1 COMPRIS$ ( AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS CAPABLE ( COMPREH5D+ BO? !MSELVES & ! WORLD 9 :I* !Y LIVE4 ,SU* A PROCESS ( LE>N+ & ACQUIR+ KN[L$GE MU/ ALSO N\RI% 9TELLECT & O!R =MS ( 9TELLIG5CE1 JU/ AS 9TELLECT & O!R =MS ( 9TELLIG5CE N\RI% ! ACQUISITION ( KN[L$GE4 ,IT CAN REASONABLY BE SAID ?AT ?IS IS ! DIAMETRIC OPPOSITE ( S*OOL+ AT S*OOL-AGE LEVEL1 BUT ALSO 9CREAS+LY AT HI<] LEVEL TOO1 SPEAK+ H]E ( ! SU/A9$ ASSAULT ON UNIV]SITIES TO TURN !M 9TO PRODUCTION L9ES = ! SOCIAL FACTORY4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 :]E ,I AM BAS$1 ?IS IS ESPECIALLY ACUTE1 BUT MORE ON ! SITUATION FUR!R ON 9 ?IS >TICLE4 ,9DE$1 AS ,IVAN ,ILLI* NOT$1 0,= MO/ ! RI<T TO LE>N IS CONFUS$ ) ! OBLIGATION TO ATT5D S*OOL0 7#a#i#g#a1 #g74 ,9 \R GRIM CONTEMPOR>Y SETT+--BO? 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM & ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--?IS C\LD BE FUR!R QUALIFI$ BY ADD+1 0& 9 SOME CASES ATT5D--& AGREE TO SP5D ! RE/ ( !IR LIVES PAY+ =--UNIV]SITY40 

,BEG9N+ ) ! 9/ITUTION ( ! S*OOL1 ! %ORTCOM+S ( SU* AN EXP]I5CE >E 9/ANTLY APP>5T1 & ESPECIALLY = ANY AN>*O-AUTONOMI/ /&PO9T4 ,( C\RSE1 C]TA9 BASIC & V]Y NECESS>Y SKILLS1 BO? =MAL & MORE 9=MAL SOCIAL SKILLS1 MAY BE DEVELOP$ !RE1 BUT1 IT MU/ BE SAID1 ?IS IS L>GELY 9 SPITE (1 NOT ?ANKS TO1 SU* AN 5VIRONM5T1 :I* 9 ITS 9/ITUTIONAL AS = ITS SOCIAL =M1 IS FREQU5TLY A DIFFICULT &--GO+ BACK TO ! V]Y FIR/ YE>S--AN UNHAPPY & TRAUMATIC EXP]I5CE4 ,! /RAI<T=W>DLY AU?ORIT>IAN TRA9+ ( UNQUE/ION$ ACCEPTANCE & SUBMISSION IS CONTA9$ 9 ! V]Y FACT ( BE+ !RE1 OV] :I* ! /UD5T HAS NO *OICE1 BUT IS OBLIG$ NOT TO QUE/ION OR RISK BE+ LABEL$ A PROBLEM & FACE POSSIBLE EXPULSION ) ALL ! ATT5DANT ISSUES ( DEL9QU5CY4 ,! 9/ITUTIONAL =M ( :AT ! LATE ,PAUL ,GOODMAN 7#a#i#f#f7 CALL$ 0,COMPULSORY ,MIS-$UCATION0 IS ESPECIALLY UN=TUNATE1 BUT SO TOO IS ! CONT5T3 ! IMPOSITION ( >BITR>Y HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY EMBODI$ 9 ! TEA*] & OB$I5CE TO ! RULES :I* CIRCUMSCRIBE ?IS4 ,! ACTUAL SUBJECTS TO BE /UDI$ >E IMPOS$ TOP-D[N1 V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) ANY APPROXIMATION ( REAL LE>N+ 9 OR \TSIDE ( A CLASSROOM1 :I* IS A TWO-WAY PROCESS BETWE5 $UCATOR & LE>N]4 ,SIMIL>LY1 AS ,ILLI* & O!RS HAVE PREVI\SLY NOT$1 LE>N+ IS AN ONGO+ PROCESS NOT LIMIT$ TO 9/ITUTIONAL SETT+S4 

,! CURRICULA ( ANY TYPICAL SECOND>Y S*OOL--& ,I AM AW>E ?AT ,I AM DRAW+ ON ! P>TICUL> ,U,K EXP]I5CE H]E--IS L>GELY ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL1 ) A RANGE ( COMPULSORY SUBJECTS >BITR>ILY H&$ D[N TO ! /UD5T--VIA ! TEA*]--REG>DLESS ( !IR 9T]E/ OR APTITUDE1 FRAGM5TS ( :I* MU/ !N BE REGURGITAT$ 9 TE/S & EXAMS TO BE MEASUR$ 9 T]MS ( SUCCESS OR FAILURE1 DEP5D+ ON P]=MANCE4 ,?IS READYMADE /RATIFY+ ( S*OOL-AGE /UD5TS S]VES WELL ! 5D ( S*OOL-LEAV+ :I*1 ASIDE FROM ! RELATIVE JOY ( REA*+ ! 5D ( SU* AN EXP]I5CE1 IS TO PROVIDE CAPITALISM ) FRE% SLAVES4 ,9DE$1 ! FACT ?AT HYP]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES $UCATE !IR POPULATIONS = LONG]1 ALBEIT AT V]Y DIFF]5T LEVELS1 5CAPSULATES ! D\BLE-B9D ( CAPITALISM ITSELF3 ! MORE G5]AL WEAL? 9CREASES1 ! MORE WAYS MU/ BE F\ND TO LIMIT & 5CLOSE IT1 ?US REPRODUC+ ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION4 ,9 T]MS ( ! CULTURAL CAPITAL SPOK5 ( H]E1 ?IS CAN BE R5D]$ AS ! MORE $UCAT$ PEOPLE >E1 ! MORE MU/ ?IS $UCATION BECOME DEVALU$ & R5D]$ OBSOLETE 9 T]MS ( FITT+ !M 9TO EMPLOYM5T--SO F> AS !IR LABOR MAY BE NE$$ AT ALL4 ,IT MI<T WELL BE CONT5D$ ?AT ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION T[>D ! PRODUCTION ( A RES]VOIR ( LABOR ?AT S*OOL+ MAKES1 IS 9 (F]+ CON=MITY & S]VILITY2 & SECOND>ILY QUALIFICATIONS ( V>Y+ LEVELS4 ,= ! MAJORITY >E1 AFT] ALL1 TO BE DISCIPL9$ & SKILL$ = ! LABOR PROCESS3 SPECIFICALLY1 !IR SUBORD9ATE ROLE )9 IT4 

,! HI]>*ICAL & BUREAUCRATIC EXP]I5CE ( S*OOL+1 9 :I* ! CAPACITY TO ?9K CRITICALLY IS NOT ONLY TO BE DISC\RAG$1 BUT EXPUNG$ AT ALL CO/S1 HAS ITS BASIS 9 WID] CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ?US =M+ ! E>LY BASIS = ! COMPLIANT & DOCILE FUTURE WAGE LABOR] CAPABLE ONLY ( FOLL[+ 9/RUCTIONS GIV5 TO !M BY A BOSS1 & C>RY+ \T REPETITIVE & /&>DIZ$ TASKS4 ,9DE$1 ! CONT9UAL NE$ TO BE RESKILL+ 9 A FLEXIBLE & COMPETITIVE LABOR M>KET CAN BE OBS]V$ 9 MICRO-=M AT S*OOL 9 ! CONT9U\S COMPETITIVE TE/+ & ASSESSM5T & QUANTITATIVE MEASUREM5T ( RESULTS4 ,! MEANS & 5DS >E ! SAME H[EV]1 BUREAUCRATIC CLASSIFICATION1 MEASUREM5T1 & CONTROL1 ! BETT] TO BUREAUCRATICALLY CLASSIFY1 MEASURE1 & CONTROL 7NON7 9DIVIDUALS4 ,UND] LATE CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE--MORE & MORE ?R\< \TS\RC$ PRIVATE AG5CIES--TASKS ITSELF ) MA9TA9+ & REPRODUC+ DISCIPL9$ SUBJECTS1 ! 9/ITUTION ( ! S*OOL IS P]HAPS ! MO/ OBVI\S E>LY EXP]I5CE--\TSIDE ! FAMILY--( ?IS PROCESS4 

,S*OOL+ ! ,PROLET>IAT3 ,MASS ,PRODUCTION ,DEM&S A ,BETT] ,SKILL$ ,WORK=CE 

,?AT MASS-PRODUCTION 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY %\LD REQUIRE MASS-PRODUCTION ( SLI<TLY BETT] SKILL$ WORK]S1 IS ILLU/RATIVE ( ! TRAJECTORIES ( ,=DISM & ,TAYLORISM4 ,P>ALLEL TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 !RE WAS ALSO ! BELAT$ RECOGNITION BY ! /ATE ?AT A LIT]ATE & PRACTICALLY COMPET5T WORK=CE1 :OSE G5]AL $UCATION WAS IMPROV+1 WAS ALSO A LAT5T & POT5TIAL ?REAT TO ! SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO EXI/ AS SLAVES1 IF !Y W]E TO PHYSICALLY EXI/ AT ALL4 ,! RULE-B\ND DISCIPL9E 9CULCAT$ BY ! S*OOL S]V$ WELL ! FACTORY & PLANT 9 :I* 0LABOR IS EXT]NAL TO ! WORK]0 9 :I* ! LABOR ( ! WORK] 0DOES NOT AFFIRM 444 BUT D5IES1 .<& ! WORK]1 RA!R LIKE ! S*OOL-AGE /UD5T.> DOES NOT FEEL CONT5T BUT UNHAPPY40 ,M>X'S RECOGNITION 9 ! #ahdd ,MANUSCRIPTS 7.<#a#h#d#d.> #b#i7 ?AT ALI5ATION IS ALL-P]VASIVE UND] CAPITALISM & ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 CRY/ALLIZES WELL ! ESS5TIAL OBJECTIFICATION ( ! SUBJECT UND] !SE CONDITIONS :I* >E NOT & NEV] HAVE BE5 GIV51 BUT REMA9 A V]Y P>TICUL> ORD]+ ( SOCIETY4 

,! WORK] !RE=E ONLY FEELS HIMSELF \TSIDE HIS WORK1 & 9 HIS WORK FEELS \TSIDE HIMSELF4 ,HE IS AT HOME :5 HE IS NOT WORK+1 & :5 HE IS WORK+ HE IS NOT AT HOME4 ,HIS LABOR IS !RE=E NOT VOLUNT>Y1 BUT CO]C$2 IT'S =C$ LABOR4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT ! SATISFACTION ( A NE$2 IT IS M]ELY A MEANS TO SATISFY NE$S EXT]NAL TO IT4 7.<#a#h#d#d.> #b#i7 

,! WORK] :O 0ONLY FEELS .<H]SELF.>.<#a.> \TSIDE ( .<H].> WORK & 9 .<H].> WORK FEELS \TSIDE ( .<H]SELF.>0 7,M>X #a#h#d#d_/#b#i7 IS REALLY NOT ?AT DISSIMIL> TO ! HI<-S*OOL /UD5T :O ONLY FEELS HIMSELF ( H]SELF \TSIDE ( HI<-S*OOL3 BECOM+ !MSELVES1 LE>N+1 DEVELOP+1 & GR[+ \TSIDE ( ! /RICTURES ( ! 9/ITUTION4 ,! PREP>ATION = A LIFETIME ( ALI5ATION & ACCEPT+ ! RULES ( A GAME RIGG$ FROM ! />T1 BUT :I* ALL >E NONE!LESS OBLIG$ TO PLAY1 MAKES ! =C$ R\T9E ( SECOND>Y S*OOL ) ITS >BITR>Y TOP-D[N ORGANIZATION1 & EQUALLY >BITR>Y COMPULSION & CO]CION TO ACCEPT & SUBMIT TO ! $UCATION ?AT IS (F]$1 IS ! NATURAL PREP>ATION = SU* A FUTURE4 ,! S*OOL PRODUCES ALI5ATION ALMO/ AS EF=TLESSLY AS IT DOES 9 EXT+UI%+ CRITICAL OR CREATIVE ?\<T1 ) 5DLESS PRESCRIPTIVE SUBJECT MATT] ?AT1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 AM\NTS TO COPY+ (F A :ITEBO>D M]ELY TO REGURGITATE UND] TE/ OR EXAM CONDITIONS--ROTE LE>N+1 :I*1 IT NE$S TO BE REMEMB]$1 IS NOT LE>N+ AT ALL4 ,! FACT ?AT ! SUBJECT MATT] 9 QUE/ION REMA9S1 = MO/ ( SECOND>Y S*OOL1 SO VA/ & DISP>ATE1 & )\T ANY ATT5TION PAID TO ! /UD5T'S 9T]E/ OR APTITUDE1 IS1 ( C\RSE1 9DICATIVE ( ! LONG COMPULSORY TRIAL ?AT IS S*OOL+4 

,S9CE ! ADV5T ( CAPITALISM H[EV]1 !RE HAS ALSO BE5 ! WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE TO REAPPROPRIATE KN[L$GE4 ,?IS HAS TAK5 A NUMB] ( =MS1 FROM 9=MAL SOCIAL SETT+S & READ+ GR\PS TO MORE /RUCTUR$ /UDY GR\PS & =MAL $UCATIVE PROGRAMS SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM'S ,WORK]'S ,$UCATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION 7,W,E,A74.<#b.> ,SU* EF=TS HAVE FREQU5TLY OP5$ UP KN[L$GE NOT PREVI\SLY OP5 TO ?OSE 9VOLV$1 NOT TO M5TION FUR!R CATALYZ+ 9T]E/ & LE>N+ 9 MANY1 MANY 9DIVIDUALS4 ,BESIDES 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE READ+ & CRITICAL ABSORPTION ( KN[L$GE NOT READILY ACCESSIBLE--OR EV5 T\*$ ON--9 A S*OOL SETT+1 !SE EF=TS TO SELF-$UCATE ALSO DEVELOP & N\RI% 9TELLECT & A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD1 CREAT+ CRITICALLY WELL-9=M$ & $UCAT$ PEOPLE ) A FREQU5TLY ACUTE CRITIQUE ( EXI/+ SOCIETY1 & !IR SITUATION )9 IT4 ,9 EV]Y S5SE1 SU* REAPPROPRIATION ( KN[L$GE1 9VOLVES :AT ,ILLI* WAS AW>E ( AS ! NECESSITY ( ?OSE 9VOLV$ BE+ 0ABLE TO MEET >\ND A PROBLEM *OS5 & DEF9$ BY !IR [N 9ITIATIVE 444 :I* .<GIVES.> EA* .<WO.>MAN ! SAME OPPORTUNITY TO %>E .<H].> CURR5T CONC]N ) O!RS MOTIVAT$ 9 ! SAME CONC]N0 7#a#i#g#a1 #b#f74 ,9DE$1 SU* A PROCESS IS FULLY 9 KEEP+ ) AN AN>*O-AUTONOMI/ !ORY ( PREFIGURATION 9 :I* BO? MEANS 9=M 5DS & 5DS >E VISIBLE 9 ! MODE-(-DO+ ?AT IS ! MEANS1 A REFLEXIVE & TWO-WAY DYNAMIC4.<#c.>1.<#d.> 

,Y\ ,WANT ,ME TO ,WE> ,MORE ,FLAIR8 ,EMOTIONAL & ,AFFECTIVE ,LABOR & ,! ,MANUFACTURE ( 0,TRANSF]ABLE ,SKILLS0 = ,WORK 

,9 HYP]DEVELOP$ CONSUM] CAPITALISM1 MORE & MORE LABOR CAN BE SAID TO BE ( AN EMOTIONAL OR AFFECTIVE NATURE1 AT LEA/ 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES ?AT >E HYP]DEVELOP$ CONSUM] ECONOMIES4 ,AFFECTIVE OR EMOTIONAL LABOR DOES NOT OBVI\SLY PRODUCE ANY TANGIBLE PRODUCT1 BUT RELIES 9/EAD ON A MODE ( FLEXPOITATION1 9 :I* ! WORK]'S ATTITUDE IS SUITABLY FLEXIBLE T[>D BE+ EXPLOIT$2 = WAGE LABOR REMA9S AFT] ALL JU/ ?AT1 IT IS =C$ LABOR & IS NEV] UND]TAK5 FREELY1 BUT ?R\< 0! DULL COMPULSION ( ECONOMIC =CES0 7,M>X .<#a#h#f#g.> #a#i#i#i74 ,AS SU*1 ! PROVISION ( A WORK=CE ) CAN-DO ATTITUDES & APP>5TLY LIMITLESS 5?USIASM = ! JOB1 H[EV] S\L-DE/ROY+LY DISMAL1 IS 9CREAS+LY S]V$ BY FUR!R TRA9+ OR QUALIFICATIONS1 ?AT >E FREQU5TLY R5D]$ DEFUNCT BE=E !Y HAVE EV5 BE5 ACQUIR$1 AN OBVI\S EXAMPLE ( DE-SKILL+1 :AT ,BRAV]MAN PREVI\SLY ID5TIFI$ AS 0! DEGRADATION ( LABOR0 7,BRAV]MAN .<#a#i#g#d.> #a#i#i#i74 ,H[EV]1 NO LESS IMPORTANT = S]VICE 9DU/RIES AS = :ITE-COLL> JOBS 9VOLV+ ! PROCESS+ & H&L+ ( 9=MATION1 >E ?OSE QUALITIES ?AT PREC$E ! ALI5ATION ( S*OOL+ & WAGE SLAV]Y1 :I* ! M>KET SEEKS TO H>NESS TO SPECIFIC 9/RUM5TAL 5DS3 SOCIABILITY1 CONVIVIALITY1 RECOGNITION1 & GOOD HUMOR1 BE+ JU/ SOME ( !M1 ALL ( :I* >E EMBODI$1 ( C\RSE1 9 9DIVIDUALITY1 SOME?+ ?AT1 UND] LATE CAPITALISM1 IS AT ONCE D5I$ ! MORE IT IS EMPHASIZ$4 

,( KEY SIGNIFICANCE = ?OSE !ORIES ?AT SEEK TO DEVELOP A COH]5T CRITIQUE ( ?IS HYP]ALI5ATION IS ! FACT ?AT A C]TA9 =M ( SOCIAL CRITICISM SEEM+LY IGNORES ! NECESSITY = CAPITAL ( SUCCESSFULLY DISPOS+ ( ! PRODUCTS IT PRODUCES ?R\< CONSUMPTION1 :E!R !SE HAVE A MAT]IAL =M OR NOT4 ,IT W\LD APPE> TO BE ?AT A C]TA9 =M ( 7,PO/7-,M>XIAN CRITICISM.<#e.> SEEMS TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT WAGE LABOR DOES NOT NE$ TO BE PHYSICALLY PRODUC+ ANY MAT]IAL OBJECT TO /ILL BE PRODUCTIVE ( VALUE ?AT IS1 H[EV] MU* ?IS EMOTIONAL OR AFFECTIVE LABOR MAY APPE> IMMAT]IAL1 IT /ILL HAS A MAT]IAL BASIS 9 ! VALUE-=M2 FROM (F]+ S]VICES1 TO ! PROCESS+ ( 9=MATION1 TO ! PUR*ASE ( AN EXP]I5CE3 ,CONSUMPTION IS PR$ICAT$ ON PRODUCTION1 & PRODUCTION--AT LEA/ 9 HYP]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES--IS PR$ICAT$ ON CONSUMPTION4 ,IT REMA9S ! TASK ( ANY R5EW$ CRITICAL SOCIAL !ORY TO BE AW>E ( ?IS1 & TO CONSID] IT :5 ATTEMPT+ TO DEVELOP ! CRITIQUE ( ! WAGE RELATION & AB/RACT LABOR & H[ ?IS REMA9S PIVOTAL TO ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION ITSELF4 ,SU* AN UND]/&+ ( !SE RELATIONS REMA9S B\ND UP ) :AT CON/ITUTES KN[L$GE & :AT IS ITS SUB/ANCE & PURPOSE1 JU/ AS H[ !SE REMA9 9COMPATIBLE ) S*OOL+ AT ALL LEVELS4 

,9 T]MS ( H[ ! TRANSF]ABLE SKILLS \TL9$ H]E MAY BE SAID TO BE MANUFACTUR$ BY S*OOL+1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS F9DS ITS APO!OSIS 9 ! M>KET-FOCUS$ PRODUCTION L9E ?AT ,U,K & ,U,S UNIV]SITIES W\LD 9CREAS+LY APPE> TO HAVE BECOME1 & ! V]Y QUE/IONABLE NOTION ( KN[L$GE UND]/OOD 9 ITS FULLE/ & TRUE/ S5SE :I* !Y (F]4 ,?IS V]SION ( KN[L$GE IS1 ITSELF1 MU* MORE AB\T A RELATIVE UPW>D RESKILL+ = ! KN[L$GE ECONOMIES ( !SE C\NTRIES1 & HAS LITTLE TO DO ) $UCATION OR KN[L$GE = ITS [N SAKE4 ,H[EV]1 SU* AN 9/RUM5TAL GOAL ( TAK+ 9H]5T HUMAN QUALITIES & US+ !M 9 ALI5AT$ =M 9 ! S]VICE ( 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY1 IS AT ODDS ) LE>N+ OR ! EXPLORATION ( KN[L$GE = ITS [N SAKE1 & 9 ! COLLECTIVE OP5-5D$ EF=TS TO C\NT] ?IS1 WE F9D ! QUE/ION ( KN[L$GE1 ITSELF1 ?R[N BACK 9TO QUE/ION4 ,EQUIPP+ SECOND>Y S*OOL /UD5TS ) TRANSF]ABLE OR S(T SKILLS IS AN IMPORTANT P>T ( S*OOL+1 BUT IT IS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT = HI<] $UCATION1 & ! PRODUCTION ( GRADUATES4 ,H[EV]1 ! CONTE/ATION ( ?IS V]SION ( KN[L$GE IS1 EV]Y:]E1 APP>5T AT ,BRITI% UNIV]SITIES--,I AGA9 DRAW ON MY [N FIR/-H& EXP]I5CE--AS IS CONTE/ATION ( ! EFFECTS ?IS :OLESALE RE/RUCTUR+--FIR/ FELT ?R\< SAVAGE CUTS TO DEP>TM5TS1 ACADEMIC JOBS1 /UD5T NUMB]S1 & FUND+--IS HAV+1 :AT ?IS IS ACTUALLY AIM$ AT A*IEV+1 & = :OM4 ,=1 9 ! EF=T TO MAKE KN[L$GE AVAILABLE TO ALL1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO OBS]VE A REAPPROPRIATION ( DO+1 AN ESS5TIAL BASIS = ! QUALITATIVE & TRANS=MATIVE SOCIAL *ANGE DEM&$ BY AN>*ISM & AUTONOMISM4 

,COMMUNIZ+ ,KN[L$GE IS TO ,OV]:ELM ! ,LIMITS ( ITS ,5CLOSURE--,CONTE/+ ,KN[L$GE 9 ! ,U,K ,ACADEMY 

,TAK+ A MORE SPECIFIC EXAMPLE ( H[ WE CAN OBS]VE ! REAPPROPRIATION ( DO+1 !RE >E ! /RUGGLES TO DEVELOP KN[L$GE 9 ITS ORIG9AL S5SE AGA9/ ! IMP]ATIVES ?AT SEEK TO TURN ! UNIV]SITY 9TO A M>KET-FOCUS$ PRODUCTION L9E (F]+ VALUE = MONEY TO DEBT-9D5TUR$ /UD5T CONSUM]S1 & A PROP]LY BUREAUCRATIC1 HI]>*ICAL SY/EM ( QUANTIFICATION & MEASUREM5T 9 :I* ?OSE /RUGGL+ TO DO RESE>* & TEA* >E MADE TO JU/IFY !IR EXI/5CE AS A MATT] ( SURVIVAL--! FIR/ RULE ( ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION4 

,AL?\< IT HAD LONG BE5 ! AMBITION ( ,NEW ,LABOR.<#f.> 7,R,I,P7 TO CREATE ?IS HI<-SPE$ PRODUCTION L9E1 ! CURR5T 9CUMB5T GOV]NM5T'S DET]M9$ EF=TS TO BR+ IT AB\T1 & CREATE A MORE OP5LY 9/RUM5TAL UNIV]SITY /RATIFI$ ALONG L9ES ( USEFULNESS1 AT LEA/ BR+S 9TO %>P] FOCUS1 ! BATTLE OV] KN[L$GE ITSELF3 ,AB\T :AT8 ,:O =8 ,= :AT PURPOSE8 

,IT IS 9/RUCTIVE TO H]E DRAW ON MY [N EXP]I5CE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,G5]AL ,ELECTION ( #b#a1 AL?\< ! 9CUMB5T GOV]NM5T WAS NOT RETURN$1 AFT] ?IRTE5 YE>S 9 P[]1 NO P>TY EM]G$ ) A CLE> MAJORITY4 ,! ,CONS]VATIVE ,P>TY =M$ A COALITION GOV]NM5T ) ! ?IRD P>TY1 ! ,LIB]AL ,DEMOCRATS1 :O HAD NOT BE5 9 P[] S9CE !IR E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY MANIFE/ATION1 ?US 9 KEEP+ ) ! NATURE ( P>TY POLITICS1 ! OPPORTUNITY TO =M A COALITION & BE 9 GOV]NM5T ONE AGA91 WAS F> TOO GOOD TO MISS4 ,9 ! CURR5T DESP]ATE MEASURES BE+ UND]TAK5 BY DIFF]5T GOV]NM5TS ACROSS ,EUROPE TO %IFT ! BURD5 ( CAPITAL'S CRISIS ( PR(ITABILITY BACK ONTO !IR G5]AL POPULATIONS 9 ! =M ( SAVAGE CUTS & O!R BURD5SOME SOCIAL CO/S1 IT IS NOT HYP]BOLIC TO SAY ?AT ! ,U,K COALITION IS )\T EQUAL4 ,HI<] $UCATION1 AFT] A F> FROM SOCIALLY PROGRESSIVE /RATEGY UND] ! PREVI\S SUCCESSIVE 0,NEW ,LABOR0 ADM9I/RATIONS1 N[ FACES A CRISIS ! LIKE ( :I* HAS NOT BE5 SE5 BE=E4 

,! EXTREMELY %AKY ,CONS]VATIVE-,LIB]AL ,DEMOCRAT ,U,K COALITION GOV]NM5T HAS MOV$ SWIFTLY 9 IMPOS+ SEV]E AU/]ITY MEASURES 9 EV]Y >EA ( PUBLIC LIFE 9 ! %ORT TIME IT HAS HELD P[]4 ,AS WELL AS ACTUAL CUTS1 !RE IS ALSO--AS HAS ALREADY BE5 NOT$ H]E--! CONC]T$ EF=T TO %IFT SOCIAL CO/S BACK ONTO ! MAJORITY--A V]Y CLE> EXAMPLE BE+ ! DECISION TO SLA% C5TRAL GOV]NM5T FUND+ = UNIV]SITY TEA*+ BY #g#i.0 FROM ! CURR5T ,G,B,P#c4#i BILLION A YE> TO ,G,B,P#g MILLION A YE>4.<#g.> ,ACCORD+LY1 UNIV]SITIES WILL ALSO BE ABLE TO *>GE UP TO ,G,B,P#i1 PA 9 TUITION FEES TO MEET ! CO/3 ,DISS5T WAS EXPECT$ TO BE M9IMAL2 IT HAS BE5 QUITE ! OPPOSITE1 & IS1 AS MORE ?AN ONE SLOGAN HAS REPEAT$ 0AB\T MORE ?AN JU/ TUITION FEES10 BUT ALSO AGA9/ ! SU/A9$ EF=T TO MOVE UNIV]SITIES T[>D (F]+ A V]Y MU* MORE LIMIT$ RANGE ( DEGREE SUBJECTS1 & LIMIT+ RESE>* & TEA*+ TO :ATEV] CAN PROVE ITS M>KET WOR?4 

,9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS1 !RE IS ! EF=T TO REAPPROPRIATE DO+ BY R5EW+ ! VALUE ( LE>N+ AS CRITICAL & DYNAMIC1 ?US1 9 ?IS S5SE1 IT CAN BE SE5 AS ! REFUSAL ( ! FALSE *OICES ( ! M>KET1 IMPOS$ TOP-D[N BY UNIV]SITY MANAGEM5T EMBOLD5$ BY GOV]NM5T POLICY1 & TO SEE KN[L$GE AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 NOT TO S]VE /RAI<T=W>DLY 9/RUM5TAL 5DS3 MEET+ ! NE$S ( BUS9ESS1 ETC4 ,:AT HAS PREVI\SLY & CRITICALLY BE5 REF]R$ TO AS 0,! ,MC,DONALDIZATION ( ,H,E0 7,G>L& #b#h7 HAS MORE REC5TLY BE5 WELL EXPLOR$ BY O!RS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM AS ! 0,%[D[N AT ! SAUSAGE FACTORY0 7,GILLESPIE ET AL4 #b#a#a71 :I* NICELY CAPTURES ! NATURE ( ,BRITI% UNIV]SITIES 9 #b#a#a1 BUT ALSO ! WAVE ( /RUGGLES 9 & >\ND !M TO REAPPROPRIATE DO+2 ! /RUGGLE TO REAPPROPRIATE DO+ 9TO SOME?+ V]Y DIFF]5T & V]Y F> REMOV$ FROM :AT MO/ ,VICE-,*ANCELLORS >E AIM+ =3 9 EFFECT1 ! FA/E/ POSSIBLE PRODUCTION ( ALREADY M>KET-DISCIPL9$ GRADUATES READY TO /RUGGLE TO GET AHEAD 9 ! RAT-RACE4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ?IS SPECIFIC REAPPROPRIATION ( DO+ CAN BE SE5 AS ! COMMUNIZATION ( KN[L$GE1 9 :I* ALL IMPOS$ LIMITS TO ACQUIR+ & DEVELOP+ AN UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD >E BREA*$2 & 9 :I* ?\<T1 & ITS MANY DIFF]5T DISCIPL9>Y \TLETS1 >E 5DS 9 !MSELVES1 ONE MI<T EV5 TAKE ! ORIG9AL DEF9ITION ( PHILOSOPHY AS A MAXIM-- ! LOVE ( WISDOM4 ,SU* A DEF9ITION ( ?\<T & ITS LIMITLESS EXPLORATION IS ALSO TO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSE ! IMPOSITION ( VALUE1 ! IMP]ATIVES ( CAPITAL1 & KN[L$GE AS EXI/+ ONLY IF IT CAN BE ( USE TO !SE SAME 5DS4 ,! REAPPROPRIATION ( DO+ WAS VISIBLE 9 ! MASS /UD5T PROTE/S 9 ,LONDON 9 ,NOVEMB] & ,DECEMB] LA/ YE>1.<#h.> & IS VISIBLE ON CAMPUSES ACROSS ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM TODAY1 9 /RIKE ACTION BY /AFF & OCCUPATIONS BY /UD5TS & /AFF ALIKE--A RADICALLY DIFF]5T WAY-(-DO+ :I* IS BO? MEANS & 5D1 & RESI/S & OPPOSES ! IMP]ATIVES ( M>KET DISCIPL9E1 ( HI]>*ICAL P[]1 & /ATE-DET]M9$ WISDOM4 ,AS SU*1 ! AN>*O-AUTONOMI/ DEM& ?AT KN[L$GE & $UCATION BE FRE$ FROM ! FETT]S ( 9/RUM5TAL REASON & S*OOL+ AT ALL LEVELS1 AT A TIME 9 :I* !Y >E ?R[N 9TO V]Y REAL CRISIS1 BECOMES EV] MORE PRESCI5T4 

,NOTES 
,REF]5CES 

,BRAV]MAN1 ,H>RY4 .<#a#i#g#d.> #a#i#i#i4 ,LABOR & ,MONOPOLY ,CAPITALISM3 ,! ,DEGRADATION ( ,WORK 9 ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS4 

,FRANKS1 ,B5JAM94 #b#f4 ,REBEL ,ALLIANCES3 ,! ,MEANS & ,5DS ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,BRITI% ,AN>*ISMS1 ,$9BUR<1 ,U,K3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,G>L&1 ,*RI/IAN4 #b#h4 0,! ,MC,DONALDIZATION ( ,H,E3 ,NOTES ON ! ,U,K ,EXP]I5CE 9 ,FA/ ,CAPITALISM440 ,9 ,FA/ ,CAPITALISM #d ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4UTA4$U_/HUMA_/AGG]_/FA/CAPITALISM_/#d.-#a_/G>L&4HTML 

,G>N]1 ,RI*>D4 #b#a4 0,REBELLION ,FE>S AS ,TUITION ,FEES ,RISE TO ,G,B,P#i1440 ,9 ,! ,9DEP5D5T ,NOV4 #d4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW49DEP5D5T4CO4UK_/NEWS_/$UCATION_/$UCATION-NEWS_/REBELLION-FE>S-AS-TUITION-FEES-RISE-TO-#a#f#c#i-#b#a#b#d#e#h#h4HTML & ,NIGEL ,MORRIS 

,HOLL[AY1 ,JOHN1 ,MATAMOROS1 ,F]N&O & ,TIS*L]1 ,S]GIO4 #b#i4 ,NEGATIVITY & ,REVOLUTION3 ,ADORNO & ,POLITICAL ,ACTIVISM1 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,ILLI*1 ,IVAN4 #a#i#g#a4 ,DE-,S*OOL+ ,SOCIETY1 ,H>MONDSWOR?1 ,U,K3 ,P5GU94 

,GIDD5S1 ,AN?ONY4 .<#b.> #b#a#a4 ,! ,?IRD ,WAY1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,U,K3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

,GILLESPIE1 ,TOM1 ,PUSEY1 ,&RE1 ,RUSSELL1 ,B]TIE & ,SEALEY-,HUGG9S1 ,LEON4 #b#a#a4 0,%[D[N AT ! ,SAUSAGE ,FACTORY440 ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #baa FROM HTTP3_/_/WE>E!PAP]4ORG_/#b#a#a_/#d_/#c_/%[D[N-AT-!-SAUSAGE-FACTORY_/ 

,GOODMAN1 ,PAUL4 #a#i#f#f4 ,COMPULSORY ,MIS-,$UCATION & ! ,COMMUNITY ( ,S*OL>S ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R&OM ,H\SE4 

,M>X1 ,K>L4 .<#a#h#f#g.> #a#i#i#i4 ,CAPITAL ,VOL4 #a1 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4M>XI/S4ORG_/>*IVE_/M>X_/WORKS_/#a#h#f#g-C#a_/*#b#h4HTM 

,M>X1 ,K>L4 .<#a#h#d#d.> #b#i4 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #ahdd ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4M>XI/S4ORG_/>*IVE_/M>X_/WORKS_/#a#h#d#d_/MANUSCRIPTS_/LABOR4HTM 

,MC,SMI?1 ,&Y1 ,WRI<T1 ,RI*>D ,G>N] & ,GONSALVES1 ,REBECCA4 #b#a4 ,! ,NEW ,POLITICS -- ,/UD5T ,RIOT ,M>KS ,5D ( ,COALITION'S ,]A ( ,CONS5SUS4 ,! ,9DEP5D5T1 #aa ,NOV4 #a 

,SAVAGE1 ,MI*AEL4 #b#a4 ,UNIV]SITIES ,FACE ,CUTS ( ,G,B,P#dBN1 ,LEAK$ ,MEMO ,SAYS4 ,! ,9DEP5D5T1 #af ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW49DEP5D5T4CO4UK_/NEWS_/$UCATION_/$UCATION-NEWS_/UNIV]SITIES-FACE-CUTS-(-#a#f#c#dBN-LEAK$-MEMO-SAYS-#b#a#h#a#i#e4HTML4 ,OCT4 

,%EPH]D1 ,JESSICA4 #b#a#a4 ,RU% TO ,*>GE ,G,B,P#i1 ,FEES ,OP5S UP ,G,B,P#aBN ,GAP 9 ,UNIV]SITY ,FUND+4 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 #bh ,RETRIEV$ FROM $ITION HTTP3_/_/WWW4GU>DIAN4CO4UK_/$UCATION_/#b#a#a_/M>_/#b#g_/TUTION-FEES-UNIV]SITIES-GOV]NM5T-SP5D+1 ,M>* 

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,VASAG>1 ,JEEVAN & ,%EPH]D1 ,JESSICA4 #b#a#a4 ,UNIV]SITY ,ADMISSIONS ,C\LD ,CREATE ,TWO-,TI] ,SY/EM1 ,COMMITTEE ,W>NS4 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 #c ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4GU>DIAN4CO4UK_/$UCATION_/#b#a#a_/NOV_/#a_/UNIV]SITY-ADMISSION-TWO-TI]-SY/EM1 ,NOV4 

,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,MA!MATICS & ITS ,PLACE 9 ,AN>*I/ ,$UCATION 

,M>K ,WOLFMEY] 

,AB/RACT 

,?IS >TICLE RECLAIMS MA!MATICS FROM ! MEASURES ( PR(IT & CONTROL BY FIR/ PRES5T+ AN AN>*I/ ANALYSIS ( MA!MATICS' /ATUS QUO SOCIETAL USES & P$AGOGIC ACTIVITIES4 ,FROM ?IS ANALYSIS1 A VISION = AN AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION IS DEVELOP$1 AS WELL AS SUGGE/IONS = H[ GOV]NM5T S*OOL PRACTITION]S SYMPA!TIC TO AN>*ISM CAN 9S]T ?IS VISION 9TO !IR CURR5T WORK4 ,ASPECTS TO ?IS VISION 9CLUDE TEA*] AUTONOMY1 FRE$OM FROM HI]>*ICAL CURRICULUM /RUCTURE & MA? CLASS AS A NON-CO]CIVE1 HAPPY PLACE4 ,F9ALLY1 MA!MATICS IS >GU$ TO BE ESS5TIAL KN[L$GE = AN>*I/IC SOCIETY = ?REE POT5TIALITIES3 9 SOLV+ SOCIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ?R\< APPLICATION1 AS AN ANALYTIC TE*NOLOGY & = 9CREAS+ 9DIVIDUAL HAPP9ESS VIA ! ES!TIC DIM5SION4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,I AM SYMPA!TIC TO ! BAD REPUTATION MA!MATICS (T5 5DURES4 ,SOME ( SOCIETY'S WELL-KN[N USES ( MA!MATICS CL\D \R UND]/&+ ( ! KN[L$GE & ITS PLACE 9 A VISION>Y1 AN>*I/ SOCIETY2 SIMIL>LY1 ! /ATUS QUO P$AGOGY ( MA!MATICS $UCATION MI<T SUGGE/ ?AT MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE %\LD BE LEFT \T ( AN AN>*I/ $UCATION4 ,I DESCRIBE ?IS SITUATION ) A HEAVY HE>T1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ,I ALSO HAPP5 TO HAVE PASSION = MA!MATICS AS A KN[L$GE = MYSELF TO USE & 5JOY1 & AS SOME?+ ,I CAN %>E ) O!RS4 ,9 ?IS >TICLE1 ,I >GUE ?AT MA!MATICS F9DS A HOME 9 AN>*I/ $UCATION1 & AGA9 ?AT MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE IS NOT 9 CONFLICT ) AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,TO BEG91 ,I (F] A H&FUL ( EXAMPLES FROM SU* SOCIETAL USES & /ATUS QUO P$AGOGY ?AT WORK AGA9/ ?REE COMMONLY AGRE$ ON AN>*I/ VALUES3 COLLECTIVISM1 FRAT]NITY1 & FRE$OM FROM SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 ,!SE REPRES5TATIONS WILL GUIDE AN UND]/&+ = :AT AN>*I/ SOCIETY & $UCATION >E & >E NOT4 ,NEXT1 ! >TICLE DISCUSSES ! ROLE MA!MATICS CAN PLAY 9 AN>*I/ $UCATION & F9ALLY SOCIETY4 ,PUT ANO!R WAY1 ?IS >TICLE FIR/ PRES5TS AN AN>*I/ ANALYSIS ( CURR5T MA!MATICAL BEHAVIORS1 BO? P$AGOGIC & O!RWISE1 & !N DEVELOPS AN AN>*I/ MA!MATICS4 

,BE=E ,I PROCE$ ) ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 MA!MATICS_/MA!MATICAL BEHAVIORS & AN>*ISM1 ,I DESCRIBE BRIEFLY ! AN>*I/ !ORY ?AT 9=MS ?IS >TICLE4 ,ONE DEF9ITION DESCRIBES AN>*ISM AS 0A POLITICAL !ORY :I* AIMS TO CREATE A SOCIETY )9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS FREELY COOP]ATE TOGE!R AS EQUALS0 7,MC,KAY #b#h1 #a#i74 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,I AM HI<LI<T+ ?REE T5ETS RELAT$ TO ?IS DEF9ITION3 COLLECTIVISM1 FRAT]NITY1 & FRE$OM4 ,COLLECTIVISM D5OTES ! CURTAILM5T ( PROP]TY RI<TS1 ESPECIALLY AS !Y RELATE TO [N]%IP ( CAPITAL4 ,FRAT]NITY DESCRIBES AN 9CL9ATION = 9DIVIDUALS TO RECOGNIZE ! NE$S & DESIRES ( ALL O!R PEOPLE1 & ACCORD+LY TO ACT 9 ! SPIRIT ( MUTUAL AID4 ,FRE$OM 9DICATES A LACK ( CO]CIVE ACTIONS BY ANY P]SON1 GR\P1 OR SOCIAL 9/ITUTION ON ANY ONE P]SON1 AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY )9 ! B\ND>IES ( IMPOS+ ON ANO!R'S FRE$OM4 ,I REVIEW !SE AN>*I/ T5ETS :5 ,I DESCRIBE AN AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION1 BUT FIR/ ,I USE !M TO EXPOSE PROBLEMATIC MA!MATICAL ACTIVITIES 9 SOCIETY4 

,ANTIAN>*I/ ,MA!MATICAL ,ACTIVITIES 9 ,SOCIETY 

,AS MU* AS AN>*I/ !ORY PRES5TS POSSIBLE GOALS = SOCIETY TO WORK T[>D1 IT ALSO (F]S A FRAMEWORK ) :I* TO CRITIQUE 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS & ACTIVITIES 9 SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS SECTION1 ,I (F] A H&FUL ( MA!MATICAL ACTIVITIES ?AT1 :5 VIEW$ ?R\< AN AN>*I/ L5S1 CAN BE CONSID]$ = !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIETAL ILLS4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 ,I REVIEW ! ROLE ?AT MA!MATICS HAS PLAY$ 9 ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR1 OR ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 & W>F>E4 ,!SE MA!MATICAL ACTIVITIES HI<LI<T TWO T5ETS FROM AN>*I/ !ORY3 COLLECTIVISM & FRAT]NITY4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE REPRES5TATIONS CONC]NS ! SOCIETAL USE ( MA!MATICS = UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES4 ,APPLE 7#a#i#i#b1 #a#i#i#e7 SUGGE/S ?AT MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE IS (T5 UTILIZ$ = ITS 0TE*NICAL_/ADM9I/RATIVE0 RELEVANCE ?AT IS 0CONV]TIBLE ULTIMATELY 9TO PR(ITS0 7,APPLE #a#i#i#b1 #d#b74 ,! REC5T USE ( MA!MATICS BY NUM]\S ,WALL ,/REET H$GE FUNDS = GR&IOSE PR(ITS 7,PATT]SON #b#a7 DESCRIBES ?IS RELEVANCE QUITE ACCURATELY4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE WAS HI<LY REG>D$ = ITS ABILITY TO ANALYZE1 DISSECT1 & PR$ICT \TCOMES = CAPITALI/S SEEK+ TO TURN !IR MONEY 9TO MORE MONEY4 ,H[ ?IS ACTIVITY LEADS TO ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY RE/S 9ITIALLY1 ( C\RSE1 ON ,M>X'S 7#a#i#g#f7 CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM 9 :I* LABOR IS NOT PAID ! VALUE IT ADDS TO ! CAPITALI/4 ,H>VEY 7#b#e7 UPDAT$ ?IS EXPLOITATION 9 EXPLA9+ TODAY'S F9ANCIAL M>KETS3 0,! /RONG WAVE ( F9ANCIALIZATION ?AT SET 9 AFT] #aih HAS BE5 M>K$ BY ITS SPECULATIVE & PR$ATORY /YLE4 444 ,D]EGULATION ALL[$ ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM TO BECOME ONE ( ! MA9 C5T]S ( R$I/RIBUTIVE ACTIVITY ?R\< SPECULATION1 PR$ATION1 FRAUD1 & ?IEV]Y0 7#a#f#a74 ,SADLY1 MA!MATICS IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( SU* R$I/RIBUTIVE ACTIVITY4 

,ALSO 9DICAT+ ?IS RELEVANCE ( MA!MATICS TO PR(IT IS ! (T5-CIT$ CONNECTION BETWE5 MA!MATICS & ECONOMIC GR[?_/SECURITY_/SUP]IORITY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AS ,GUT/E9 7#b#f7 NOTES1 ! ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TEA*]S ( ,MA!MATICS' 7,N,C,T,M7 ,/&>DS #aihi FRAMES MA!MATICS $UCATION AS ONE MEANS TO CONT9UE ,U,S ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,G5]ALLY1 ECONOMIC GR[? IS UND]/OOD TO MEAN AN 9CREASE 9 ! GROSS DOME/IC PRODUCT 7,G,D,P71 :I* MEASURES GOODS & S]VICES \TPUT 7:ATEV] !SE MAY BE7 & DOES NOT NECESS>ILY 9DICATE BALANC$ 9COME OR DI/RIBUTION ( LEGITIMATE NE$S AMONG ! POPULATION4 ,TO ?IS PO9T1 ! LA/ QU>T] ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY SAW BO? A /EADILY 9CREAS+ ,G,D,P & A F\R P]C5T 9CREASE 7FROM TWO TO SIX7 9 ! %>E ( NATIONAL 9COME ( ! TOP ONE P]C5T ( 9COME E>N]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,H[EV]1 ! 0RATIO ( ! M$IAN COMP5SATION ( WORK]S TO ! SAL>IES ( ,C,E,OS 9CREAS$ FROM JU/ OV] #c TO #a 9 #aig TO NE>LY #e TO #a BY #b0 7,H>VEY #b#e1 #a#f-#a#g74 ,!RE=E1 MA!MATICS $UCATION & ) IT MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE >E RHETORICALLY L9K$ TO ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY 9 DOCUM5TS SU* AS ! ,N,C,T,M ,/&>DS4 

,BE=E CONT9U+ ) ! NEXT REPRES5TATION ( /ATUS QUO MA!MATICAL CONTRADICTIONS TO AN>*ISM1 ,I HI<LI<T ! FIR/ AN>*I/ VALUE ?AT HAS BE5 PRES5T$ BY ! CAPITALI/ USE ( MA!MATICS4 ,AMONG A V>IETY ( AN>*I/ !ORI/S1 MO/ AGREE ON AN ECONOMIC SY/EM ) COLLECTIVI/ PROP]TIES1 OR ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,:]EAS E>LY AN>*I/ !ORI/S LIKE ,PR\DHON DID NOT FULLY ASS]T ! NE$ TO ABOLI% PRIVATE [N]%IP & CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 ,BAKUN9 LAT] E/ABLI%$ ! AN>*I/ T5ET = A 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* TRANS=MS PRIVATE PROP]TY 9TO COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 444 ,ONLY '?OSE ?+S :I* >E TRULY = P]SONAL USE' W\LD REMA9 PRIVATE PROP]TY0 7,GEUR9 #a#i#g1 #e#f74 ,CURR5T SOCIETY WITNESSES MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE AS A P[]FUL TOOL = SOME PEOPLE TO TAKE FROM O!RS1 A PROGRAM REG>D$ TO BE ANTICOLLECTIVI/4 

,! NEXT REPRES5TATION ( MA!MATICS' ANTIAN>*I/ T5D5CIES COMES FROM ANO!R ( ITS 9FAM\S APPLICATIONS3 = MOD]N W>F>E4 ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ,U,S ,MILIT>Y (FICIALS CLAIM$ ?AT ! Y\NG M5 & WOM5 :O W]E 5LI/+ LACK$ ! MO/ BASIC ( SKILLS 9 MA? & ?IS W\LD GREATLY DET]M9E ! W>'S \TCOME4 ,TWO DOCUM5TS FROM HI/ORY PROVIDE A CLE> PICTURE ( ?IS1 ! FIR/ ( :I* BE+ A LETT] FROM ,L\IS ,BR$VOLD1 AN ACADEMIC1 TO ,CAPTA9 ,F4,U4 ,LAKE1 9 :I* HE ASKS = MORE 9=MATION REG>D+ ! 0DIFFICULTY 9 F9D+ /UD5TS 9 ,AM]ICAN COLLEGES O!R ?AN 5G9E]+ :O W]E SUFFICI5TLY PREP>$ 9 MA!MATICS TO MAKE !M AVAILABLE = TRA9+ = COMMISSIONS 9 ! ,NAVY0 7,G>RETT #a#i#i#a1 #a#i#a74 ,ADMIRAL ,C4 ,W4 ,NIMITZ'S RESPONSE ELABORATELY ANSW]S ?IS REQUE/1 MAK+ A NUMB] ( CLAIMS SO AS TO DEMON/RATE ! MILIT>Y'S NE$ = BACK-TO-BASICS MA? 9/RUCTION 9 PUBLIC S*OOLS3 0,A C>EFULLY PREP>$ SELECTIVE EXAM9ATION WAS GIV5 TO #d1#b 5T]+ FRE%MAN AT ! LEAD+ UNIV]SITIES1 #f#h.0 ( ! M5 444 W]E UNABLE TO PASS ! >I?METICAL REASON+ TE/20 0,ALMO/ #d.0 ( ! COLLEGE GRADUATES APPLY+ = COMMISSION+ HAD NOT 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR $UCATION TAK5 444 TRIGONOMETRY20 0,REQUIREM5TS .<= COMMISSION+.> HAD TO BE L[]$ 9 ! FIELD ( >I?METICAL ATTA9M5T10 & 0,MA!MATICS IS 444 NECESS>Y 9 FIRE CONTROL & 9 MANY O!R VITAL BRAN*ES ( ! NAVAL (FIC]'S PR(ESSION0 7,G>RETT #a#i#i#a1 #a#i#b-#a#i#d74 ,AS AU?ORS BEGAN TO CITE ! ,NIMITZ LETT]1 MORE MILIT>Y (FICIALS OP5LY CRITICIZ$ MA? $UCATION & CALL$ = *ANGE4 ,LETT]S1 WRITT5 BY MILIT>Y UNIV]SITY (FICIALS & DIRECT$ T[>D TEA*]S1 P>5TS1 & SUP]VISORS1 W]E PUBLI%$ 9 J\RNALS SU* AS ,NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,SECOND>Y ,S*OOL ,PR9CIPALS ,BULLET9 & ,MA!MATICS ,TEA*] 7,G>RETT #b#c1 #b#h#h74 

,?IS TR5D ( MILIT>Y 9T]E/ 9 MA? $UCATION CONT9UES TODAY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! DRAFT+ PROCESS = ! NEW DE FACTO ,U,S NATIONAL MA? /&>DS1 ! ,COMMON ,CORE ,/ATE ,/&>DS1 9CLUD$ F9ANCIAL SUPPORT FROM TWO L>GE-SCALE 5G9E]+ FIRMS :O HAPP5 TO PROVIDE WEAPONS TO A NUMB] ( NATIONS3 ,BOE+ & ,BATTELLE4 ,!SE FIRMS PROVID$ MONET>Y SUPPORT TO ,A*IEVE1 ,9C41 ! NOT-=-PR(IT :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NORS ,ASSOCIATION & ,*IEFS ( ,S*OOL ,/ATE ,(FIC]S = DRAFT+ NATIONAL /&>DS 7,A*IEVE1 ,9C4 #b#a74 ,!IR FUND+ SUGGE/S ?AT MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE IS NE$$ TO 5G9E] MILIT>Y PRODUCTS ?AT WILL BE PUR*AS$ BY NATIONS = W>F>E4 

,RELAT$ TO SOCIETY'S USE ( MA!MATICS = W>F>E1 ! KN[L$GE ALSO FALLS PREY TO SOCIETAL ATTEMPTS TO SUBJUGATE POPULATIONS4 ,G\LD'S ,MISMEASURE ( ,MAN 7#a#i#i#f7 REC\NTS ! ACTIVITIES ( MANY 9NOVATORS ( /ATI/ICAL ME?ODS :OSE PRIM>Y GOAL WAS TO SCI5TIFICALLY PROVE ,:ITE SUPREMACY4 ,!SE EF=TS CONT9UE 9 MOD]N TIMES & EXT5D TO 9CLUDE BO? CLASSI/ & RACI/ >GUM5TS1 NOTABLY ) ! MU* DISCUSS$ WORK ( ,H]RN/E9 & ,MURRAY 7#a#i#i#d74 ,ADVANC$ MA!MATICAL ?9K+ DOM9ATES ! P]SPECTIVES 9 ?IS & SIMIL> WORKS1 LEAV+ 9 ! M\?S ( ?OSE ) RADICAL SYMPA?IES A S\R TA/E VIS-A-VIS MA!MATICS4 

,! TR5D ?AT MA!MATICS AIDS 9 WEAPONS 5G9E]+ & SUBJUGATION ( POPULATIONS BR+S TO ! FRONT ! SECOND AGREEM5T AMONG AN>*I/S ?AT ,I HI<LI<T 9 ?IS >TICLE3 FRAT]NITY & MUTUAL AID4 ,SUISSA 7#b#a71 QUOT+ ,PATRICIA ,:ITE1 DESCRIBES FRAT]NITY AS AN ATTITUDE COMPRIS+ RESPECT = ALL PEOPLES' NE$S & 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! SELF-SATISFACTION ( O!RS1 OR O!RS' HAPP9ESS1 IS ( P>AM\NT CONC]N TO 9DIVIDUALS 9 AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,KROPOTK9'S 7#b#f7 MUTUAL AID1 D]IV$ FROM EVOLUTION>Y EVID5CE 9 HUMANS & O!R SPECIES1 PUTS =? B5EVOL5CE AS A PRIM>Y DET]M9ANT ( 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNITY SUCCESS4 ,AN>*I/S VIEW W>F>E AS ANTI!TICAL TO ! FRAT]NAL SPIRIT4 ,ANALYZES ( W> FROM AN>*O-PACIFICI/S1 SU* AS DE ,LIGT1 SUGGE/ ?AT >MIES & W>S BETWE5 NATIONS MA9TA9 ! RUL]S' P[] BY FACILITAT+ HO/ILITY AMONG ! WORK+ PEOPLE 7E4G41 DE ,LIGT #a#i#c#h74 ,SIMIL>LY1 EF=TS TO PROVE ONE P]SON'S WOR? OV] ANO!R 7OR 9DE$1 ! VALUE ( ONE 5TIRE GR\P AS GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ANO!R GR\P71 AS ! CASE ) ! USE ( MA!MATICS = PROV+ RACIAL 9F]IORITY1 CLE>LY CONFLICT ) FRAT]NITY AMONG P]SONS4 

,?US F>1 SOCIETAL USES = MA!MATICS HAVE EXPOS$ SOME WAYS ?AT MA!MATICAL ACTIVITIES WORK AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ VISION1 SPECIFICALLY COLLECTIVISM & FRAT]NITY4 ,!SE EXAMPLES DO NOT COMPRISE AN 5TIRE LI/ ( MA!MATICS' D>K SIDE1 BUT HAVE BE5 SELECT$ BECAUSE !Y >E P>TICUL>LY CONTR>Y TO AN>*ISM & >E POPUL> *OICES = EXPRESS+ A NEGATIVE VIEW ( MA!MATICS4 ,= N[1 ,I AB&ON ! SOCIETAL USES = ! WAYS ?AT P$AGOGIC BEHAVIORS SIMIL>LY DISMISS AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & P]HAPS FO/] ! NEGATIVITY MANY HOLD = MA!MATICS4 ,AS ) ! SOCIETAL USES1 ,I CONT9UE TO >TICULATE AN>*I/ T5ETS BY WAY ( !SE NEGATIVE P$AGOGIC ACTIVITIES4 

,ANTIAN>*I/ ,ACTIVITIES 9 ,MA9/REAM & ,M>XI/ ,MA? ,$UCATION 

,9 ! PREVI\S SECTION1 ,I \TL9$ TWO MA!MATICAL ACTIVITIES 9 SOCIETY ?AT CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIETAL ILLS1 :5 VIEW$ 9 ! LI<T ( AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,H]E1 ,I ATT5D TO TYPICAL ACTIVITIES & BEHAVIORS 9 MA? CLASSROOMS ?AT ALSO CAN BE CONSID]$ C\NT]AN>*I/4 ,AS BE=E1 ,I CONT9UE TO USE AN>*I/ !ORY AS A FRAMEWORK TO /UDY SOCIETY1 ?IS TIME MA? TEA*+ & LE>N+4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 ,I /UDY IDEAS FROM BO? MA9/REAM & ,M>XI/ MA? $UCATION )9 AN AN>*I/ CONTEXT4 ,MA9/REAM MA? $UCATION C\NT]S AN>*ISM'S NOTION ( FRAT]NITY1 ESPECIALLY AS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! PREVAL5CE ( ANXIETY 9 /UD5TS LE>N+ MA!MATICS4 ,BO? MA9/REAM & ,M>XI/ MA? $UCATION PRES5T AN ISSUE REG>D+ AN>*ISM'S T5ET ( FRE$OM1 BECAUSE EA* LACKS /UD5T &_/OR TEA*] AUTONOMY TO FULLY EXPLORE MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE4 

,BEG9N+ ) MA9/REAM MA? $UCATION ACTIVITIES1 ! FIR/ P$AGOGIC SITUATION IS P]HAPS BETT] DESCRIB$ AS A CONSEQU5CE ( P$AGOGIC ACTIVITIES1 BUT IS 9CLUD$ H]E = EXT5D+ ! >GUM5T ?AT MA!MATICS1 9 ?IS CASE MA? $UCATION1 C\NT]S ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE ( CONC]N = 9DIVIDUAL WELL BE+1 OR FRAT]NITY4 ,I AM TALK+ AB\T MA? ANXIETY4 ,?IS PH5OM5ON IS WELL DOCUM5T$ ACROSS CULTURAL CONTEXTS1 = EXAMPLE ,HO ET AL4 7#b71 & G5]ALLY IS TAK5 TO MEAN ! DOCUM5T$ EMOTIONAL RESPONSES 9 9DIVIDUALS :5 SUBJECT TO LE>N+ OR BE+ TE/$ ON MA!MATICS4 ,MA? CLASS IS (T5 AN UNHAPPY PLACE = MANY ( ITS /UD5TS2 FRAT]NITY DOES NOT SEEM TO EXI/ H]E4 ,! ATT5TION BY S*OL>S ON ITS COGNITIVE OR AFFECTIVE ASPECTS1 AS 9 ,HO ET AL4 7#b71 PLACES ! BLAME = ?IS EXP]I5CE ON ! /UD5TS1 RA!R ?AN ! SITUATION 9 :I* ! UNRE/ OCCURS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS NOT UNREASONABLE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS PH5OM5ON EXI/S = ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( MA? $UCATION1 SU* AS ! RU% TO LE>N ONE ASPECT ( MA!MATICS 9 ORD] TO MA/] ! NEXT1 OR RISK BE+ LEFT BEH9D4 

,9DE$1 ! CONC]N TO MA/] ONE IDEA BE=E MOV+ TO ! NEXT PRES5TS ANO!R ASPECT ( MA? $UCATION 9 CONTRA/ TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,CURRICULUM /RUCTURE 9 MA? $UCATION IS HI]>*ICAL1 :]EAS HI]>*Y & AN>*ISM >E ANTI!TICAL4 ,! 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,COMMON ,CORE ,/ATE ,/&>DS = ,MA!MATICS 7#b#a7 9CLUDES ! FOLL[+ QUOTE FROM ,S*MIDT & ,H\ANG3 0/&>DS & CURRICULA >E COH]5T IF !Y >E '>TICULAT$ OV] TIME AS A SEQU5CE ( TOPICS & P]=MANCES ?AT >E LOGICAL & REFLECT1 :]E APPROPRIATE1 ! SEQU5TIAL OR HI]>*ICAL NATURE ( ! DISCIPL9>Y CONT5T FROM :I* ! SUBJECT MATT] D]IVES'0 7#c74 ,! >GUM5T ?AT MA!MATICS LE>N+ SEQU5TIALLY BUILDS FROM ONE TOPIC TO ! NEXT %\LD BE FAMILI> TO ANYONE :O HAS COMPLET$ A /&>D MA? $UCATION PROGRAM4 ,AL?\< IT MAY BE TRUE ?AT SOME MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE DOES BUILD FROM SIMPL] TO MORE COMPLICAT$ IDEAS 9 A L9E> FA%ION1 IT IS AN EXTRAORD9>Y1 AL?\< COMMONPLACE1 IDEA ?AT ALL MA!MATICS & AN 9DIVIDUAL'S MA!MATICAL DEVELOPM5T WILL PROGRESS 9 ONE DIRECT FA%ION4 ,= 9/ANCE1 /UD5TS MU/ MA/] ! DIVISION ( FRACTIONS BE=E BEG9N+ TO SOLVE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS4 ,?IS P>TICUL> EXAMPLE IS *OS5 BECAUSE IT SIMPLY HAS NO MA!MATICAL LOGIC BEH9D IT3 ,DIVISION ( FRACTIONS IS NOT NECESS>Y = A /UD5T TO UND]/& H[ TO SOLVE AN ALGEBRAIC EQUATION4.<#i.> ,H[EV]1 WRIT]S ( ! CURRICULUM CONSI/5TLY CON/RUCT ?IS & O!R FALSE HI]>*IES AMONG ELEM5TS ( MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE ?AT FACILITATE A HI]>*Y ( /UD5TS4 ,C]TA9 /UD5TS CONT9UE TO MA/] EA* ( ! /EPS1 :]EAS O!RS :O MISS A P>TICUL> ONE >E DOOM$ TO MISS ALL ! RESULTANT KN[L$GE HI<] ALONG ?IS HI]>*Y4 ,LOCKH>T 7#b#i71 A PUBLI%$ MA!MATICIAN :O ALSO TEA*ES HI< S*OOL1 ALSO DISAGREES ) ! HI]>*Y 9 CURRICULUM4 ,HE CALLS IT ! 0'LADD] MY?'--! IDEA ?AT MA!MATICS CAN BE >RANG$ AS A SEQU5CE ( 'SUBJECTS' EA* BE+ 9 SOME WAY MORE ADVANC$0 7#e#f74 ,9/EAD1 HE FAVORS A V>IETY ( TOPICS_/9QUIRIES ?AT >ISE FROM TEA*] & /UD5T 9T]E/4 

,BEYOND ! CURRICULUM1 HI]>*Y ALSO EXI/S AMONG ! ADULTS 9VE/$ 9 P$AGOGIC ACTIVITIES4 ,MO/ CLE>LY ?IS IS SE5 ) ! ACT ( TEA*] COMPLIANCE ) /&>DS = CURRICULUM1 :I* NOTABLY DOES NOT OCCUR 9 HI<] $UCATION & HAPP5S LESS SO 9 O!R ,K-#a#b CONT5T >EAS4 ,TEA*]S >E EXPECT$ TO DEVELOP LESSONS ?AT WILL SATISFY CURRICUL> GOALS NOT DECID$ BY !M1 & MA!MATICS HAS MORE RIGID /&>DS ?AN O!R SUBJECT >EAS4 ,MA? TEA*]S >E CONSID]$ LESS ABLE TO MAKE SU* DECISIONS ?AN MA!MATICIANS & MA? $UCATORS4 ,9DE$1 A COMMON RESE>* AG5DA = MA? $UCATION IS ! 5DEAVOR TO PROVE :AT MA? TEA*]S DO NOT KN[4 ,RESE>* ON ?IS TOPIC COMES FROM SU* 9FLU5TIAL S*OL>S 9 MA? $UCATION AS ,MA 7#b71 :O S]V$ ON ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T'S ,NATIONAL ,MA? ,ADVISORY ,PANEL 9 #b#h4 ,CIT+ :ATEV] DEFICITS TEA*]S ( MA? MAY HAVE ASS]TS AU?ORITY OV] !M & RE9=CES ! NE$ = RIGOR\S CONTROL4 ,FROM ! AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 ?IS LACK ( AUTONOMY = TEA*]S MAY PO9T TO ! REASON ?AT ,MA & O!RS F9D TEA*] KN[L$GE DEFICITS4 

,(T5 REF]R$ TO AS ! DEF9+ FEATURE ( AN>*ISM IS ITS PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM FROM HI]>*Y4 ,BOOK*9 7#b#e7 WRITES ( HI]>*Y AS 0! DOM9ATION ( Y\NG BY ! OLD1 ( WOM5 BY M51 ( ONE E?NIC GR\P BY ANO!R1 ( 'MASSES' BY BUREAUCRATS :O PR(ESS TO SPEAK 9 !IR 'HI<] SOCIAL 9T]E/S1' ( C\NTRYSIDE BY T[N1 & 9 A MORE SUBTLE PSY*OLOGICAL S5SE1 ( BODY BY M9D1 ( SPIRIT BY A %ALL[ 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY1 & ( NATURE BY SOCIETY & TE*NOLOGY4 444 ,HI]>*Y IS NOT M]ELY A SOCIAL CONDITION2 IT IS ALSO A /ATE ( CONSCI\SNESS1 A S5SIBILITY T[>D PH5OM5A AT EV]Y LEVEL ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL EXP]I5CE0 7#f#h-#f#i74 ,AN>*ISM EXPOSES ! V>I\S SOCIAL PRACTICES ?AT SUBJECT PEOPLE 7& O!R LIV+ ?+S7 TO ! CONTROL ( O!R PEOPLE4 ,/ATUS QUO MA? $UCATION PRACTICE PROMOTES ,BOOK*9'S 0S5SIBILITY T[>D PH5OM5A0 9 ITS PRES5TATION ( CURRICULUM1 AS DESCRIB$ PREVI\SLY4 ,/UD5TS MOVE UP ! LADD] 9 A RACE-LIKE FA%ION ) 0SOME /UD5TS 'AHEAD' ( O!RS1 & P>5TS WORRY ?AT !IR *ILD IS 'FALL+ BEH9D'0 7,LOCKH>T #b#i1 #e#f74 ,ULTIMATELY1 /UD5TS >E RANK$ BY H[ HI< UP ! HI]>*Y ( KN[L$GE !Y CLIMB1 !REBY FUNCTION+ TO SORT PEOPLE 9TO ABOVE & BEL[4.<#a.> 

,/&+ AGA9/ HI]>*ICAL PRACTICES 9 SOCIETY HI<LI<TS ONE MAJOR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,AL?\< ,M>XISM EXPOSES ECONOMIC HI]>*IES & SEEKS TO REPLACE !SE ) ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 ! PROJECT TO ]ADICATE O!R HI]>*IES IS NOT CONSID]$1 & :AT IS MORE1 ,M>XISM ASS]TS ! NE$ = A HI]>*Y 9 ! $UCATIONAL PROCESS ?AT WILL MOVE SOCIETY T[>D EQUALITY4 ,M>XI/ $UCATION RELIES ON AN 5LI<T5$ ELITE :O HOLD :AT !Y CONSID] AN OBJECTIVE TRU? = H[ SOCIETY CURR5TLY FUNCTIONS & H[ SOCIETY WILL BE TRANS=M$4 ,IT 0IS SE5 AS PRIM>ILY ! MEANS BY :I* ! PROLET>IAN VANGU>D IS TO BE $UCAT$ TO TRUE 7CLASS7 CONSCI\SNESS4 ,ONCE ! REVOLUTION IS OV]1 IT SEEMS1 !RE WILL BE NO ROLE = $UCATION40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN>*I/ $UCATION 0IS AIM$ NOT AT BR++ AB\T A FIX$ 5D-PO9T1 BUT AT MA9TA9+ AN ONGO+ PROCESS ( CREATIVE EXP]IM5TATION0 7,SUISSA #b#a1 #c#i74 

,GUT/E9 7#b#f7 REPRES5TS ! ,M>XI/ $UCATIONAL P]SPECTIVE 9 ! CONTEXT ( MA!MATICS $UCATION1 :5 HE DRAWS UPON ,FREIRE'S CRITICAL P$AGOGY = EXAMPLE4 ,HIS GOAL ( 0LIB]ATION FROM OPPRESSION0 7#b#b7 UTILIZES A P$AGOGY COMPRIS+ 0TEA*+ MA!MATICS = SOCIAL JU/ICE0 7#b#i74 ,ASPECTS TO ! P$AGOGY 9CLUDE 7A7 0READ+ ! WORLD ) MA!MATICS0 7#b#f71 OR LOOK+ AT RACIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY ) MA!MATICAL ANALYZES1 7B7 0WRIT+ ! WORLD ) MA!MATICS0 7#b#f-#b#g71 OR SEE+ ! P[] 9 MA!MATICS = SOCIAL *ANGE1 7C7 0DEVELOP+ POSITIVE CULTURAL & SOCIAL ID5TITIES0 7#b#h-#b#i71 OR LE>N+ BO? ! LANGUAGE_/CULTURE ( P[] & P]SONAL LANGUAGE_/CULTURE 7AS 9 ,DELPIT #a#i#i#e71 7D7 0READ+ ! MA!MATICAL WORD0 & 0SUCCE$+ 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE10 7#b#i-#c7 OR LE>N+ ! /&>DIZ$ MA!MATICS CURRICULUM TO P]=M WELL ON TE/S & 7E7 0*ANG+ ONE'S ORI5TATION TO MA!MATICS10 7#c-#c#a71 OR APPRECIAT+ MA!MATICAL P[] AS BO? ITS DOM9ANT ROLE 9 SOCIETY & ITS CAPACITY TO *ANGE ! WORLD4 ,GUT/E9 US$ !SE OBJECTIVES TO DEVELOP SEV]AL CLASSROOM PRACTICES1 & HE DISCUSSES !IR SUCCESS 9 HIS [N CLASSROOM4 

,AN>*ISM HAS A LOT TO SAY AB\T ,GUT/E9'S 7#b#f7 APPROA*4 ,9 HIS PROJECT1 HE 5VISIONS AN 5LI<T5$ LEAD] :O DESIGNS AN $UCATION = SPECIFIC GOALS4 ,AL?\< AU?ORITY IS NOT NECESS>ILY 9 CONFLICT ) ASPECTS ( AN>*I/ $UCATION OR *ILD-RE>+1 ,GUT/E9'S PRESCRIB$ EXP]I5CES = HIS /UD5TS REMOVE ! AN>*I/ PROCESS ( CREATIVE EXP]IM5TATION FROM ! $UCATIONAL PROCESS4 ,GUT/E9 CONTROLS HIS /UD5TS' USE ( MA!MATICS2 !Y >E EXPECT$ TO LE>N & KN[ MA!MATICS PRIM>ILY = ITS CAPACITY TO CRITIQUE RACIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY 9/EAD ( O!R POSSIBILITIES RELEVANT TO BO? ITS NATURE & APPLICATION4 ,FROM ! AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 ,GUT/E9'S ACTIVITY CAN PROVOKE RESI/ANCE FROM AT LEA/ SOME /UD5TS & CAN P]HAPS DEVELOP NEGATIVE RELATION%IPS ) MA!MATICS &_/OR SOCIAL JU/ICE 9 SOME 9DIVIDUALS1 AN \TCOME CONTR>Y TO ,GUT/E9'S GOALS4 ,! LIMIT$ VIEW ( MA!MATICS USE RESONATES ) ,SUISSA'S SECOND NOTE ON ,M>XI/ $UCATION1 ?AT 0ONCE ! REVOLUTION IS OV]1 IT SEEMS1 !RE WILL BE NO ROLE = $UCATION10 OR 9 ?IS CASE1 NO USE = MA!MATICS 7,SUISSA #b#a1 #c#i74 ,IF /UD5TS >E 9DOCTR9AT$ TO VIEW MA!MATICS AS PRIM>ILY USEFUL = ANALYZ+ OPPRESSION & = PLAY+ ! P[] GAME1 !N ONCE !Y A*IEVE ! GOAL ( LIB]ATION1 !Y MAY NOT UND]/& ! CONT9U$ USE = MA!MATICS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 BY ADOPT+ ! TRADITIONAL HI]>*ICAL MA? CURRICULUM1 ,GUT/E9'S PROJECT CONT9UES TO PROMOTE HI]>*IES & FAILS TO CRITIQUE SU* AU?ORITY E/ABLI%$ \TSIDE ! CLASSROOM WALLS4 ,AS ! TEA*]1 HE ACCEPTS ! AU?ORITY TO :I* HE IS SUBJECT$1 & ?IS ACCEPTANCE1 ALONG ) ! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTUR+ ( ! KN[L$GE TO BE LE>N$1 9DOCTR9ATES /UD5TS 9 HI]>*ICAL PH5OM5A DESCRIB$ E>LI]4 

,TO BE SURE1 ,GUT/E9 IS TO BE APPLAUD$ BY AN>*I/S = HIS EXCELL5T WORK DEVELOP+ SOCIAL JU/ICE LESSONS = ! MA!MATICS CLASSROOM4 ,HE HAS C]TA9LY TAK5 SOCIETY TO TASK = ITS PROBLEMATIC RELATION%IP ) MA!MATICS1 :I* ,I HAVE SUGGE/$ BY ! EXAMPLES ,I 9CLUD$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS >TICLE4 ,H[EV]1 ! LACK ( /UD5T AUTONOMY 9 HIS P$AGOGY IS1 9DE$1 TOO SIGNIFICANT = ?OSE ( US ) AN>*I/ SYMPA?IES4 ,SUISSA 7#b#a7 DISCUSSES !SE ISSUES MORE G5]ALLY 9 \TL9+ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM & 9 H] >TICULATION ( A PHILOSOPHY ( AN>*I/ $UCATION4 ,%E REM9DS US ?AT AN>*ISM IS ! POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT DISCUSSES BO? 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & SOCIAL EQUALITY4 ,9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM MU/ BE ( EQUALLY P>AM\NT CONC]N1 YET ONE 9DIVIDUAL'S FRE$OM CANNOT TAKE AWAY ANO!R'S1 H5CE ! /AUN* OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 9DIVIDUALS >E TO BE O!RWISE FREE TO GOV]N !MSELVES4 

,9 ! $UCATIONAL CONTEXT1 ?IS DANCE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALITY & EQUALITY EXI/S1 AS WELL4 ,TOL/OY1 A RELIGI\S AN>*I/1 PUT ! WORDS 0,COME & ,GO ,FREELY0 ABOVE ! DOORS ( HIS EXP]IM5TAL S*OOL AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA 7,TOL/OY #b1 #a74 ,H[EV]1 ,GUT/E9'S /UD5TS DO NOT GET ! *ANCE TO *OOSE :E!R !Y WANT TO LE>N BO? ! MA!MATICS HE IS TEA*+ & ! SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 :I* HE IS TEA*+ IT4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,GUT/E9'S EF=TS DO EMBRACE ONE ASPECT ( AN>*I/ $UCATION4 ,SUISSA 7#b#a7 >GUES ?AT AN>*I/ $UCATION DOES NOT REFRA9 FROM 0! V]Y ATTEMPT BY $UCATORS TO PASS ON ANY SUB/ANTIAL BELIEFS OR MORAL PR9CIPLES TO *ILDR50 7#i#h74 ,SO ,GUT/E9'S WORK PROP]LY ADDRESSES ?IS ASPECT TO AN>*I/ $UCATION1 BUT ,I >GUE DOES SO ) TOO MU* AU?ORITY & TOO LITTLE FRAT]NITY4 ,HE SUGGE/S ! MA? CLASSROOM'S PRIM>Y FUNCTION AS LIB]ATORY P$AGOGY1 YET ?IS LIMITS /UD5T EXPOSURE TO MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE4 ,9 TURN1 /UD5TS HAVE LESS POT5TIAL TO GA9 A V>IETY ( MA? KN[L$GE &1 AS ,I >GUE LAT]1 PRECLUDES SOME /UD5TS FROM DEVELOP+ A HAPPY1 SELF-FULFILL+ RELATION%IP ) MA!MATICS4 

,DEF9+ ,AN>*I/ ,MA? ,$UCATION 

,9 ! PREVI\S SECTION1 ,I CONSID]$ ! ELEM5TS ( ,M>XI/ MA? $UCATION ?AT EMBRACE AN>*I/ T5ETS & ?OSE ?AT DO NOT4 ,M>XI/ MA? $UCATION 9CLUDES EXPOSURE TO AN>*I/ MORALS ( EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY1 BUT DOES SO AT ! EXP5SE ( /UD5T AUTONOMY4 ,:AT !N1 W\LD AN AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION LOOK LIKE8 ,FIR/1 9 TAK+ A CUE FROM ,GOLDMAN ?AT $UCATION 0MU/ 9SI/ UPON ! FREE GR[? & DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9NATE =CES & T5D5CIES ( ! *ILD0 7QUOT$ 9 ,SUISSA #b#a1 #g#g71 NO /UD5T %\LD BE =C$ TO LE>N MA!MATICS AS HAPP5S 9 BO? MA9/REAM & ,M>XI/ P$AGOGY4 ,AN E>NE/ EF=T TO DEVELOP SU* 9NATE =CES1 H[EV]1 REQUIRES AN>*I/ $UCATORS TO PRES5T MA!MATICS 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS & COMPRISE ITS V>I\S BEHAVIORAL =MS SO ?AT /UD5TS CAN DET]M9E IF !Y W\LD LIKE TO ACQUIRE ! KN[L$GE4 ,! T]M MA!MATICS CAPTURES A WIDE V>IETY ( COGNITIVE & PHYSICAL BEHAVIORS1 ?REE ( :I* >E MA!MATICS AS ! >T ( AB/RACT REASON+1 MA!MATICS AS AB/RACT & AUTOMATIC PROC$URES1 & MA!MATICS AS AN APPLI$ SCI5CE4 ,BE=E DETAIL+ !IR DIFF]5CES1 ,I WANT TO PRES5T TWO CAVEATS3 7A7 ,NONE ( !SE >E SUGGE/$ TO BE MORE AU!NTIC MA!MATICS ?AN ! O!R2 EA* IS MA!MATICS1 & 7B7 !SE CONCEPTIONS DO CONTA9 COMMON ELEM5TS1 ?US 9T]ACT+ & 9T]SECT+ ) EA*4 

,EA* ( ! ?REE BEHAVIORS AGREE ?AT MA!MATICS CAN CONSID] A V>IETY ( TOPICS 7E4G41 NUMB]S1 GEOMETRIC FIGURES7 BUT EA* REQUIRES A DIFF]5T TYPE ( EF=T :5 UND]TAK5 BY AN 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! MA!MATICAL >5A COMMONLY CALL$ NUMB] !ORY1 MA!MATICS AS AB/RACT PROC$URES TAKES PLACE :5 SOME FRI5DS :O >E \T TO D9N] ADD UP !IR TAB & DIVIDE IT BY ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO DET]M9E H[ MU* EA* P]SON MU/ PAY2 MA!MATICS AS ! >T ( AB/RACT REASON+ TAKES PLACE :5 AN 5?USIA/IC /UD5T TAK+ AN ELEM5T>Y NUMB] !ORY C\RSE ATTEMPTS TO PROVE ?AT EV]Y 9TEG] GREAT] ?AN #a CAN BE WRITT5 UNIQUELY AS A PRODUCT ( PRIMES 7CALL$ ! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,!OREM ( ,>I?METIC72 & MA!MATICS AS AN APPLI$ SCI5CE TAKES PLACE :5 A TEAM ( COMPUT] SCI5TI/S MI<T USE MODUL> >I?METIC & L>GE PRIME NUMB]S TO DEVELOP A PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSY/EM TO USE :5 NE$$ TO KEEP DIGITAL 9=MATION PRIVATE EV5 :5 9T]CEPT$ BY A ?IRD P>TY4 ,9 ! FIR/ EXAMPLE1 ! P>TY IS 9DE$ APPLY+ >I?METIC TO A SITUATION1 BUT ,I HESITATE TO SAY ?AT ?IS IS MA!MATICS AS APPLI$ SCI5CE4 ,! APPLICATION IS AUTOMATIC )\T CONSCI\S REF]5CE TO MA!MATICAL PROP]TIES OR !OREMS1 :]EAS COMPUT] SCI5TI/S >E ACTIVELY WORK+ ) MA!MATICAL PROP]TIES & !OREMS TO DEVELOP NEW APPLICATIONS4 

,!SE ?REE BEHAVIORS >E NOT 9T5D$ TO CAPTURE ALL ( MA!MATICS BUT DO EXHIBIT ITS V>IETY4 ,AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION W\LD ALL[ /UD5TS TO BE EXPOS$ TO ! V>IETY ( MA!MATICS1 TO SEE :E!R C]TA9 ASPECTS >E MORE 9T]E/+ = AN 9DIVIDUAL ?AN O!RS4 ,/UD5TS & TEA*]S >E FREE TO *OOSE AMONG ! MA!MATICAL BEHAVIORS ?AT >E MO/ 9T]E/+ TO !M1 POSSIBLY RESOLV+ = !MSELVES ! 0,MA? ,W>0 7,S*O5FELD #b#d1 #b#e#c-#b#e#d7 DEBATE OV] SKILLS V]SUS CONCEPTS4 ,?IS DEBATE HAS FOCUS$ LITTLE ON :E!R SOME /UD5TS PREF] LE>N+ MA!MATICAL SKILLS & ALGORI?MS BY ROTE1 :]EAS O!RS PREF] PROV+ MA!MATICAL IDEAS4 ,I W\LD BE SURPRIS$ IF O!R EXP]I5C$ TEA*]S W\LD DISAGREE ) MY OBS]VATION ?AT /UD5TS1 9DE$1 (T5 FAVOR ONE ( ! MA!MATICAL BEHAVIORS OV] ANO!R4 ,DIFF]5T FROM ! MA? W>S1 AN>*I/ $UCATION W\LD PLACE NO COMP>ATIVE VALUATION ON ONE MA!MATICAL BEHAVIOR OV] ! O!R4 

,LOCKH>T 7#b#i7 COMM5TS ON :AT HE P]CEIVES AS A SAD OMISSION ( ! AB/RACT REASON+ BEHAVIOR 9 TODAY'S S*OOLS4 ,MO/ /UD5TS DO NOT GET A *ANCE TO KN[ ?AT MA!MATICS CAN BE 0DREAMY & POETIC02 0RADICAL1 SUBV]SIVE1 & PSY*$ELIC02 & A DISCIPL9E ?AT ALL[S 0FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION0 7#b#c74 ,LOCKH>T PRES5TS MA!MATICS AS AN >T1 & 9 ?IS S5SE MA!MATICS $UCATION WILL1 = SOME /UD5TS1 BE APPRECIAT$ = ITS ES!TIC QUALITIES BECAUSE ! >TI/ 7MA!MATICIAN7 PLAYS 9 COMPLETELY IMAG9$ WORLDS4 ,?IS RESONATES ) ,M>CUSE'S 7#a#i#g#h7 ASS]TION ?AT 0>T BREAKS OP5 A DIM5SION 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S1 NATURE1 & ?+S NO LONG] /& UND] ! LAW ( ! E/ABLI%$ REALITY PR9CIPLE4 444 ,! AUTONOMY ( >T REFLECTS ! UNFRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! UNFREE SOCIETY0 7#g#b74 ,BO? TRADITIONAL & ,M>XI/ APPROA*ES TO MA? $UCATION LACK ?IS AUTONOMY ( >T BY 9/EAD CONTROLL+ /UD5T MA!MATICAL BEHAVIORS2 AU?ORITY *OOSES :I* BEHAVIORS >E FAVOR$ 7USUALLY AB/RACT PROC$URES & APPLICATIONS7 & LIMITS !SE BEHAVIORS TO ONLY SPECIFIC AV5UES ( 9QUIRY4 ,9 AN AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION PROGRAM1 ! >T ( AB/RACT REASON+ W\LD BE ONE AV5UE = /UD5TS TO EXPLORE 9 MA!MATICS4 

,9 AN AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION PRACTICE1 FRE$OM FROM HI]>*Y W\LD 9CLUDE A TEA*]'S CAPACITY TO *OOSE H] [N PA? = ! CLASS EXP]I5CE4 ,ASPECTS ( A MORAL $UCATION1 SU* AS ?OSE 9 ,GUT/E9 7#b#f71 AS WELL AS ! ES!TIC DIM5SION W\LD PROBABLY BE A P>T ( H] ?9K+4 ,H[EV]1 5D GOALS W\LD NOT NECESS>ILY BE DET]M9$ 9 ADVANCE1 AL?\< !Y C\LD1 DEP5D+ ON H] P>TICUL> DISPOSITION & P$AGOGIC APPROA*4 ,= ?OSE :O >E WORRI$ AB\T ACC\NTABILITY TO COV] MAT]IAL1 AN AN>*I/ $UCATION MI<T 9CLUDE ADVANC$ ME?ODS ( ACC\NTABILITY VIA GR\P DECISION MAK+1 SUBJECT+ ONE TEA*]'S P]=MANCE TO REVIEW BY O!R MA? TEA*]S & ! /UD5TS & P>5TS ?AT >E 9VOLV$4 

,SUISSA 7#b#a7 MAKES ! IMPORTANT PO9T ?AT P]SPECTIVES ON AN>*I/ $UCATION (T5 CL\D :AT $UCATION WILL LOOK LIKE )9 A /ATE SOCIETY ?AT HOPES TO BECOME /ATELESS V]SUS AN $UCATION 9 AN ALREADY /ATELESS SOCIETY4 ,SO F> ,I HAVE P]HAPS DESCRIB$ ! AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION 9 A /ATELESS SOCIETY1 SO ,I'D LIKE TO SUGGE/ H[ ASPECTS ( ?IS VISION C\LD BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO CURR5T TEA*] PRACTICE4 

,CURR5T MA? TEA*]S ) AN>*I/ SYMPA?IES CAN /ILL EXP]IM5T ) AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION DESPITE WORK+ )9 A /ATE-RUN $UCATION SY/EM4 ,DE,LEON 7#b#h7 SUGGE/S DIRECT ACTION & SABOTAGE AS USEFUL ACTIVITIES = AN>*I/ TEA*]S4 ,AN>*I/ MA? TEA*]S %\LD FIR/ ASS]T !IR P]SONAL KN[L$GE ( MA!MATICS & !N WORK TOGE!R TO DEVELOP ALT]NATIVE PROGRAMS ?AT 5GAGE FRE$OM ( CURRICULUM SUPPORT$ BY A COMMUNITY ( ACC\NTABILITY4 ,SPECIFIC TO ! CURRICULUM1 ! CURR5T SY/EM M&ATES ?AT ALL /UD5TS BE SUBJECT TO MA!MATICS $UCATION4 ,AN>*I/ MA? TEA*]S CAN AT ! LEA/ RECOGNIZE ?AT SOME /UD5TS WILL APPRECIATE SOME MA!MATICAL BEHAVIORS MORE ?AN O!RS & /RIVE TO DET]M9E & EMPHASIZE !SE = !IR P>TICUL> /UD5TS4 ,AN>*I/ MA? TEA*]S CAN ALSO AVOID ANY ACTIVITIES ?AT CAUSE /UD5TS UNRE/1 DEEMPHASIZ+ ! COMPETITIVE =CES AT PLAY GIV5 ! HI]>*ICAL CURRICULUM /RUCTURE4 ,MA? CLASS %\LD BE A HAPPY PLACE4 

,MA!MATICS' ,ROLE 9 ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIETY 

,I BEGAN ?IS >TICLE \TL9+ SEV]AL SOCIETAL USES ( MA!MATICS ?AT WORK AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ VISION4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! >TICLE !N DESCRIB$ ! WAYS ?AT MA? $UCATION IS NOT1 & !N C\LD BE1 AN>*I/4 ,I CONCLUDE BY SUGGE/+ ! WOR? ( AN AN>*I/ MA? $UCATION VIA A RETURN TO ITS SOCIETAL USE1 ?IS TIME )9 ! AN>*I/ VISION4 ,BY PRES5T+ ! CONFLU5CE ( AN>*ISM ) MA!MATICS1 ,I /RIVE TO RECLAIM IT FROM ITS ASSOCIATIONS ) 9EQUALITY1 MILIT>ISM1 & UNHAPP9ESS4 

,TO CONCLUDE1 ,I BRIEFLY DESCRIBE ?REE ASPECTS ( MA!MATICAL BEHAVIORS ?AT HAVE A PLACE 9 ! AN>*I/ VISION3 ITS USE AS AN ANALYTIC TE*NOLOGY = MA9T5ANCE ( EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY1 ITS ABILITY TO SOLVE TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ PROBLEMS1 & ! ES!TIC QUALITY ?AT CAN 9CREASE HUMAN HAPP9ESS4 ,AS AN ANALYTIC TE*NOLOGY1 V>I\S BRAN*ES ( MA!MATICS CAN WORK TO KEEP EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY 9 *ECK4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,M>X'S 7#a#i#g#f7 CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM IS GREATLY AID$ BY HIS USE ( ALGEBRA TO G5]ATE SU* AB/RACT CONCEPTS AS ! RATE ( EXPLOITATION1 EXPRESS$ AS ! RATIO ( SURPLUS LABOR TO NECESS>Y LABOR4 ,PROP] /ATI/ICAL ME?ODS & ANALYZES CAN ALSO AID 9 EF=TS ( EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY1 ?R\<1 = EXAMPLE1 PROP] SAMPL+ ME?ODS & UTILIZ+ !ORIES REG>D+ SAMPL+ DI/RIBUTIONS TO G5]ATE ACCURATE CONFID5CE 9T]VALS4 ,SECOND1 IT SEEMS TRIVIAL TO COMM5T ON OR PROVIDE EXAMPLES ( ! APPLICATION ( MA!MATICS = TE*NOLOGY1 BUT IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT 9 ! AN>*I/ VISION SOCIETY WILL HAVE NO NE$ = TE*NOLOGY ?AT EXPLOITS OR H>MS PEOPLE OR NATURE4 ,9/EAD1 AS ,S*UMA*] 7#a#i#g#c7 SUGGE/S1 TE*NOLOGY WILL BE 5JOY$ BY ALL TO 0LI<T5 ! BURD5 ( WORK MAN .<SIC.> HAS TO C>RY 9 ORD] TO /AY ALIVE & DEVELOP HIS POT5TIAL10 NOT 9CREASE \R WORK AS TE*NOLOGY (T5 DOES TODAY 7#a#d#h-#a#d#i74 ,F9ALLY1 SOME PEOPLE F9D HAPP9ESS 9 ! ES!TIC EXP]I5CE ( MA!MATICS4 ,LOCKH>T'S 7#b#i7 PASSIONATE >GUM5TS ON MA!MATICS & MA? $UCATION 9DICATE HIS 5JOYM5T ) ?IS KN[L$GE2 = ,LOCKH>T & O!RS \T !RE1 MA!MATICS IS AN >T =M ?AT CAN BE 5JOY$ & W\LD ?US F9D A PLACE 9 AN>*I/ SOCIETY M]ELY = 9CREAS+ HAPP9ESS & ! FRAT]NAL SPIRIT4 

,NOTES 
,REF]5CES 

,A*IEVE1 ,9C4 #b#a4 ,CONTRIBUTORS ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4A*IEVE4ORG_/,CONTRIBUTORS 

,APPLE1 ,MI*AEL4 #a#i#i#b4 ,DO ! ,/&>DS ,GO ,F> ,5\<8 ,P[]1 ,POLICY & ,PRACTICE 9 ,MA!MATICS ,$UCATION440 ,J\RNAL = ,RESE>* 9 ,MA? ,$UCATION1 #b#c3 #d#a#b-#d#c#a4 

,APPLE1 ,MI*AEL4 #a#i#i#e4 ,$UCATION & ,P[]1 #bND1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,BOOK*91 ,MURRAY4 #b#e4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM3 ,! ,EM]G5CE & ,DISSOLUTION ( ,HI]>*Y1 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,B[LES1 ,SAMUEL & ,G9TIS1 ,H]B]T4 #a#i#g#f4 ,S*OOL+ 9 ,CAPITALI/ ,AM]ICA3 ,$UCATIONAL ,RE=M & ! ,CONTRADICTIONS ( ,ECONOMIC ,LIFE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,BASIC ,BOOKS4 

,COMMON ,CORE ,/ATE ,/&>DS ,9ITIATIVE4 #b#a4 ,COMMON ,CORE ,/ATE ,/&>DS = ,MA!MATICS ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4CORE/&>DS4ORG_/ 

DE ,LIGT1 ,B>T4 #a#i#c#h4 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,VIOL5CE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,E4 ,P4 ,DUTTON4 

,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM4 #b#h4 ,OH ,NO1 ,NOT ! ',A' ,WORD3 ,PROPOS+ AN ',AN>*ISM' = ,$UCATION4 ,$UCATIONAL ,/UDIES1 #d#d3 #a#b#b-#a#d#a4 

,DELPIT1 ,LISA4 #a#i#i#e4 ,O!R ,PEOPLE'S ,*ILDR51 ,NEW ,YORK,! ,NEW ,PRESS 

,G>RETT1 ,ALAN4 #a#i#i#a4 ,SECOND>Y ,S*OOL ,MA!MATICS ,CURRICULUM ,RHETORIC ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ,AU/93 ,PH,D DIS41 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TEXAS4 

,G>RETT1 ,ALAN ,W4 #b#c4 ,TEA*+ ) ',FANF>E & ,MILIT>Y ,GLAM\R'3 ,S*OOL ,MA!MATICS1 ! ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T1 & ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,$UCATIONAL ,=UM1 #f#g3 #b#b#e-#c#d4 

,GEUR91 ,DANIEL4 #a#i#g4 ,AN>*ISM1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS4 

,G\LD1 ,/EPH5 ,J4 #a#i#i#f4 ,! ,MISMEASURE ( ,MAN1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,NORTON4 

,GUT/E91 ,]IC4 #b#f4 ,READ+ & ,WRIT+ ! ,WORLD ,) ,MA!MATICS3 ,T[>D A ,P$AGOGY = ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,H>VEY1 ,DAVID4 #b#e4 ,A ,BRIEF ,HI/ORY ( ,NEOLIB]ALISM1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,H]RN/E91 ,RI*>D ,J4 & ,MURRAY1 ,*>LES4 #a#i#i#f4 ,! ,BELL ,CURVE3 ,9TELLIG5CE & ,CLASS ,/RUCTURE 9 ,AM]ICAN ,LIFE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREE ,PRESS4 

,HO1 ,HSIU-,ZU1 ,S5TURK1 ,D5IZ1 ,LAM1 ,AMY ,G41 ,ZIMM]1 ,JULES ,M41 ,HONG1 ,SEHEE1 ,OKAMOTO1 ,YUK>I1 ,*IU1 ,S\-,YUNG1 ,NAKAZAW1 ,YASUO & ,WANG1 ,*ANG-,PEI4 #b4 ,! ,AFFECTIVE & ,COGNITIVE ,DIM5SIONS ( ,MA? ,ANXIETY3 ,A ,CROSS-,NATIONAL ,/UDY4 ,J\RNAL = ,RESE>* 9 ,MA!MATICS ,$UCATION1 #c#a3 #c#f#b-#b#g#i4 

,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 #b#f4 ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION1 ,M9EOLA1 ,N,Y3 ,DOV]4 

,LOCKH>T1 ,PAUL4 #b#i4 ,A ,MA!MATICIAN'S ,LAM5T1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,BELLEVUE ,LIT]>Y ,PRESS4 

,MA1 ,LIP+4 #b4 ,KN[+ & ,TEA*+ ,ELEM5T>Y ,MA!MATICS3 ,TEA*]S' ,UND]/&+ ( ,FUNDAM5TAL ,MA!MATICS 9 ,*9A & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,$UCATIONAL ,/UDIES 9 ,MA!MATICS1 #d#b3 #a#b-#a#f4 

,M>CUSE1 ,H]B]T4 #a#i#g#h4 ,! ,ES!TIC ,DIM5SION3 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,M>XI/ ,ES!TICS1 ,BO/ON1 ,M,A3 ,BEACON4 

,M>X1 ,K>L4 #a#i#g#f4 ,CAPITAL1 ,VOL4 #a1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,P5GU94 

,MC,KAY1 ,IA94 #b#h4 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q1 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TEA*]S ( ,MA!MATICS4 #a#i#h#i4 ,CURRICULUM & ,EVALUATION ,/&>DS = ,S*OOL ,MA!MATICS ,RE/ON ,V,A ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TEA*]S ( ,MA!MATICS4 

,PATT]SON1 ,SCOTT4 #b#a4 ,! ,QUANTS3 ,H[ A ,NEW ,BRE$ ( ,MA? ,:IZZES ,CONQU]$ ,WALL ,/REET & ,NE>LY ,DE/ROY$ ,IT1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CR[N4 

,S*UMA*]1 ,]N/ ,FRI$RI*4 #a#i#g#c4 ,SMALL IS ,BEAUTIFUL3 ,ECONOMICS ,AS ,IF ,PEOPLE ,MATT]$1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] & ,R[4 

,S*O5FELD1 ,ALAN4 #b#d4 ,! ,MA? ,W>S4 ,$UCATIONAL ,POLICY1 #a#i#h3 #b#e#c-#b#h#f4 

,SUISSA1 ,JUDI?4 #b#a4 ,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION3 ,A ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,P]SPECTIVE1 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,TOL/OY1 ,LEO4 #b4 ,TOL/OY AS ,TEA*]3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY'S ,WRIT+S ON ,$UCATION1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,BLAISDELL1 ,BOB4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,TEA*]S @& ,WRIT]S ,COLLABORATIVE4 

0,LOVE & ,RAGE0 9 ! ,CLASSROOM3 ,PLANT+ ! ,SE$S ( ,COMMUNITY ,EMP[]M5T 

,KURT ,LOVE 

,AB/RACT 

,AL?\< NO ONE UNIFI$ AN>*I/ !ORY EXI/S1 $UCATIONAL APPROA*ES CAN BE TAK5 TO SUPPORT ! FULL LIB]ATION ( ! SELF & ! CON/RUCTION ( AN 9T]CONNECT$ COMMUNITY ?AT /RIVES TO RID ITSELF ( ECO-SOCIOCULTURAL OPPRESSIONS4 ,AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGICAL APPROA* C\LD BE ONE ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 A LOVE_/RAGE UNIT ( ANALYSIS OCCURR+ ALONG A SPECTRUM ( V>I\S TYPES ( ACTIONS & CONTRIBUTIONS )9 A COMMUNITY4 ,AN>*ISM AS A VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE IS A /]EOTYPICAL VIEW ?AT HAS P]HAPS L$ TO ITS [N E>LY DEMISE AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 ,AN>*ISM ?AT EMBRACES ADAPTATION ?R\< MORE 9CLUSIVE =MS ( RESI/ANCE1 9CLUD+ A RECON/RUCTION = ! ,K-#a#b CLASSROOM CONTEXT1 IS ONE ?AT /&S A *ANCE 9 EVOLV+ A SOCIETY T[>D LOVE1 JU/ICE1 & EMP[]M5T4 ,?IS >TICLE EXPLORES ?OSE POSSIBILITIES AIM+ = ACCESSIBILITY :ILE /ILL HONOR+ CORE AN>*I/ CALLS = /RONG1 LOCALIZ$ DEMOCRATIC P>TICIPATION & DECISION-MAK+ \TSIDE ( P]MAN5T HI]>*IES4 

,AN>*ISMS3 ,A ,BRIEF ,OV]VIEW 

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#f#i71 (T5 LABEL$ ! ,AN>*I/ ,QUE5 & ! ,HI< ,PRIE/ESS ( ,AN>*ISM1 DESCRIB$ AN>*ISM AS 0! PHILOSOPHY ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON LIB]TY UNRE/RICT$ BY MAN-MADE LAW2 ! !ORY ?AT ALL =MS ( GOV]NM5T RE/ ON VIOL5CE1 & >E !RE=E WRONG & H>MFUL1 AS WELL AS UNNECESS>Y0 7#e74 ,AN>*ISM PO9TS DIRECTLY AT GOV]NM5T AS ! S\RCE ( VIOL5CE 9 ! =M ( W>S1 SOCIAL OPPRESSION1 & ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION4 ,PET] ,B]KMAN 7#b#a7 ADD$3 

,TO SUPPORT1 DEF5D1 & P]PETUATE !SE UNJU/ & T]RIBLE CONDITIONS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO HAVE POLICE1 PRISONS1 LAWS1 & GOV]NM5T4 ,= ! DIS9H]IT$ >E NOT CONT5T TO =EV] />VE 9 ! MID/ ( PL5TY1 & ! EXPLOIT$ >E BEG9N+ TO CRY \T AGA9/ !IR CRUEL BONDAGE4 7#b#g7 

,GOV]NM5TS ( ALL K9DS PRODUCE VIOL5CE & OPPRESSION T[>D PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O >E VULN]ABLE1 SU* AS WOM51 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 & PEOPLE LIV+ ) POV]TY4 ,GOV]NM5T EXAC]BATES !IR VULN]ABILITIES & PLACES HEAVI] BURD5S ON !M4 ,C]TA9LY1 :5 ,GOLDMAN ORIG9ALLY WROTE ?OSE WORDS 9 #a#i#a1 %E ALSO 9CLUD$ CRITIQUES ( ! COLLUSION BETWE5 GOV]NM5T & BUS9ESSES4 ,%E WAS ONE ( ! MANY VOICES DEM&+ EI<T-H\R WORKDAYS RA!R ?AN ! /&>D TWELVE-H\R WORKDAYS4 ,EV5 ?\< MU* WAS DONE TO /&>DIZE WORK+ CONDITIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 CURR5T GLOBAL PRACTICES ( TRANSCONT95TAL BUS9ESSES 7(T5 ) HEADQU>T]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES7 ?AT 5?RALL$ WORK]S AT V]Y L[ WAGES & = TWELVE- TO SIXTE5-H\R WORKDAYS 9 FREE TRADE ZONES4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI 7#b7 >GU$ ?AT GOV]NM5TS & C\NTRIES HAVE ESS5TIALLY DISSOLV$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY1 GIV+ WAY TO ! RISE ( ! GLOBAL CORPORATE EMPIRE ?AT SET !IR [N POLITICAL AG5DAS & POLICIES BECAUSE ( !IR ABILITIES TO MANIPULATE GOV]NM5TS4 ,AN>*I/S & AN>*I/ !ORY MORE CLE>LY ID5TIFY GOV]NM5TS & CORPORATIONS AT LEA/ AS EQUAL P>TN]S AS S\RCES ( VIOL5CE & SOCIOECOLOGICAL OPPRESSION4 

,A CORE COMMON PR9CIPLE 9 ALL =MS ( AN>*I/ !ORY IS ! FULLY LIB]AT$ 9DIVIDUAL ?AT VOLUNT>Y P>TICIPATES 9 LOCAL1 ACTIVE COMMUNAL GR\PS ?AT >E FULLY DEMOCRATIC 9 OP]ATION4 ,9 ?IS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 H] OR HIS P>TICIPATION IS COMPLETELY VOLUNT>Y1 SO IF AN 9DIVIDUAL FEELS RE/RICT$ HE OR %E MAY FREELY LEAVE ! COLLECTIVE :5EV] HE OR %E *OOSES4 ,AN>*I/ !ORI/S HAVE G5]ALLY CATEGORIZ$ !SE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS OR COLLECTIVES 9TO F\R DIFF]5T TYPES3 MUTUALISM 7BOTTOM-UP1 SMALL COMMUNES & WORK]S COOP]ATIVES EV5TUALLY =M+ L>G] F$]ATIONS71 COLLECTIVI/ AN>*ISM OR AN>*O-COMMUNISM 7WORK]S 9 SMALL VOLUNT>Y GR\PS HAVE ALL MAT]IAL GOODS NECESS>Y FROM A COMMON S\RCE71 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM 7FOCUS+ LESS ON A COMMON GR\P & MORE ON ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 ,JACK] #a#i#f#h71 & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 7USE ( F$]AT$1 DEC5TRALIZ$ LABOR C\NCILS AS ! PRIM>Y SOCIAL UNIT ?AT >E 9VOLV$ 9 ALL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS2 ,*OMSKY #b#e2 ,ROCK] #b#d74 

,E>LY VIEWS ( AN>*ISM 9 ! MID TO LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY (T5 W]E F\ND$ 9 SOME NAIVETE1 ESPECIALLY 9 H[ SCI5CE W\LD PLAY A ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( AN>*I/ COMMUNITIES & PRACTICES4 ,A COMMON ASPECT ( MANY E>LY AN>*I/S WAS ! BELIEF 9 A SOCIETY ?AT W\LD ULTIMATELY BECOME MORE PEACEFUL & 5LI<T5$ IF IT 9CORPORAT$ ! EM]G+ ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( SCI5CE4 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#i#i#e71 :O WAS 9 FAVOR ( COLLECTIVI/ AN>*ISM1 >GU$3 

,! ,AN>*I/S CONCEIVE A SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL ! MUTUAL RELATIONS ( ITS MEMB]S >E REGULAT$1 NOT BY LAWS1 NOT BY AU?ORITIES1 :E!R SELF-IMPOS$ OR ELECT$1 BUT BY MUTUAL AGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! MEMB]S ( ?AT SOCIETY1 & BY A SUM ( SOCIAL CU/OMS & HABITS--NOT PETRIFI$ BY LAW1 R\T9E1 OR SUP]/ITION1 BUT 444 /IMULAT$ BY ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE1 9V5TION & ! /EADY GR[? ( HI<] IDEALS4 7#e#i7 

,KROPOTK91 :O ALSO E*O$ O!R RADICAL SOCIAL RE=M]S SU* AS ,K>L ,M>X & ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS1 WROTE !SE WORDS DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,S9CE !N1 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY HAVE BE5 9CREAS+LY CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION AS ADDITIONAL S\RCES ( OPPRESSION 7,DE,LEON & ,LOVE #b#i2 ,H>AWAY #a#i#i#g2 ,WE9/E9 #b#d7 ) ! DROPP+ ( NUCLE> BOMBS 9 ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI1 9CREAS$ LEVELS ( PH>MACEUTICALS 9 MA9/REAM FOODS1 COMMON PRACTICES ( MANIPULAT+ ! G5ETICS ( PLANTS1 UNE?ICAL EXP]IM5TATION US+ P>TICIPANTS ( SOCIALLY VULN]ABLE POPULATIONS 7E4G41 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 PRISON]S1 IMPOV]I%$ PEOPLES1 ETC471 & 9CREAS$ MILIT>IZATION US+ UNMANN$ >M$ PLANES OR DRONES ?AT >E SEEM+LY *ANG+ ! M9DSET AGA9 AB\T ! CO/ ( W>4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ,PAUL ,FEY]AB& 7#a#i#i#c7 >GU$ ?AT NO /RICT SCI5TIFIC ME?OD OR L9E> PROGRESSION EXI/S 9 SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,SCI5TIFIC RESE>* HAS 9CREAS+LY ALIGN$ ) ! AG5DAS ( CORPORATIONS1 GOV]NM5TS1 & MILIT>IES 7SOME ( ! L>GE/ S\RCES ( FUND+ = SCI5TIFIC RESE>*7 FUR!R EXAC]BAT+ VULN]ABLE PEOPLES & NATURE4 ,SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY MAY C]TA9LY PROVIDE SOME B5EFITS TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOME AN>*I/ COMMUNITIES1 BUT AN>*I/S NO LONG] TURN TO !M AS WAYS TO GAUGE ! DIRECTION ( AN>*I/ !ORIES & PRACTICE4 ,! K9D ( SALVATION ) :I* ,KROPOTK9 & E>LY AN>*I/S W]E HOPEFUL HAS C]TA9LY NOT EM]G$1 & CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S RECOGNIZE ?AT4 

,AN>*I/ !ORI/S & RESE>*]S HAVE ALSO ID5TIFI$ V>I\S 9/ITUTIONAL PROCESSES DESIGN$ TO PROMOTE SOCIAL HEGEMONY TO PROMOTE SOCIAL CONTROL = ! B5EFIT ( ! WEAL?Y4 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY HAS BE5 A LEAD+ REC5T VOICE 9 ANALYZ+ PRACTICES ( CORPORATIONS 7#a#i#i#i71 S*OOLS 7#b71 M$IA 7#a#i#h#i1 #a#i#i#g1 #b#a71 & GOV]NM5TS 7#a#i#i#b1 #b#f7 ?AT PRODUCE WIDESPREAD OPPRESSION :ILE HEGEMONICALLY GA9+ SUPPORT FROM ! V]Y PEOPLE :O (T5 SUFF] FROM ?OSE =MS ( OPPRESSION4 ,AN>*I/ !ORI/S HAVE DONE A GREAT DEAL TO PO9T \T ! S\RCES ( SOCIAL CONTROL1 DOM9ATION ( SUBORD9AT$ GR\PS1 & SUPPRESSION ( FREE?9K+4 ,ACTIVI/ AN>*I/S1 AN>*I/ $UCATORS1 AS WELL AS !ORI/S HAVE DISCUSS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( FREE+ \RSELVES FROM !SE RE/RICTIVE & M5TALLY IMPRISON+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AN>*I/S ( V>I\S BACKGR\NDS1 OCCUPATIONS1 SOCIAL /ATUSES1 & E?NICITIES HAVE (T5 DRAWN \R ATT5TION TO ! DIRECT ACTIONS1 SABOTAG+1 & V>I\S RADICAL ALT]NATIVES TO UND]M9E OR REMOVE \RSELVES FROM ! GRIP ( ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E ! S\RCES ( HEGEMONY1 SUFF]+1 & DOM9ATION4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 ! LOVE_/RAGE DUALITY HAS COME TO SYMBOLIZE ! FRAMEWORK = AN>*I/ !ORIES & PRACTICES4 ,?IS >TICLE DISCUSSES & CONTEXTUALIZES ! POT5TIAL RELATION%IPS ) $UCATION TO FREE \RSELVES FROM ! OPPRESSIVE EXP]I5CES CREAT$ BY ! 9/ITUTIONAL PRACTICES ( S*OOL+4 

0,RAGE0 & ! ,DEMON/RATION ( A ,JU/ ,SOCIETY 

,AN>*I/S EMBRACE A WORLD :]E NO C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 NO CULT-(-P]SONALITY LEAD]S1 & NO REPLACEM5T VIA CAPITALISM1 RELIGION1 DOGMA OR IDEOLOGY CAN OP]ATE AS ! DOM9ANT M9DSET4 ,NO CONSUM] CULTURE1 NO RELIGI\SLY ROOT$ M9DSET1 NO MILIT>IES1 NO COLONIZATION1 NO EXPLOITATION ( HUMANS OR NATURE1 NO POV]TY1 NO CULTURAL DOM9ATION VIA S*OOL+1 NO MORE POLICE BRUTALITY1 & NO SUPPRESSION ( FRE$OM >E (T5 COMMON GOALS ( AN>*I/S4 ,! MA9 GOAL IS ELIM9ATION ( HEGEMONIC S\RCES SU* AS ! /ATE1 C5TRALIZ$ M$IA1 C5TRALIZ$ CORPORATE P[]1 & ANY 9/ITUTION ?AT P]PETUATES ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL DIVISIONS4 ,?IS IS RAGE4 ,AN>*I/S >E (T5 KN[N & QUITE (T5 /]EOTYP$ = ?IS P>T ( ! LOVE_/RAGE P>TN]%IP4 ,A /]EOTYPE ?AT P]SI/S IS ! IMAGE ( ! VIOL5T PROTE/]1 MASK$1 & WILL+ TO USE =CE AGA9/ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATE1 :E!R !Y >E W9D[S ( GOV]NM5T BUILD+ OR A MASS ( POLICE (FIC]S DRESS$ 9 9TIMIDAT+ RIOT GE> 7NAM$ APPROPRIATELY AS !Y >E (T5 US$ AS A WAY TO ELEVATE EMOTIONS & 9CITE RIOTS7 >M$ ) RUBB] BULLETS1 TAS]S1 PEPP] SPRAY1 TE> GAS1 & ATTACK DOGS4 

,?IS IS RAGE1 BUT IT IS A RAGE =M$ BY LOVE = SOCIAL JU/ICE1 PROTECTION ( ! E>?1 & NURTURANCE = ALL4 ,IT IS ANG] ?AT WE /ILL LIVE 9 A SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY CAPITALI/S :O ESS5TIALLY GOV]N ! WORLD AFFECT+ ! MO/ VULN]ABLE ( PEOPLES & DE/ROY+ ! E>?1 ! HOME = ALL HUMANS & NONHUMANS ALL = !IR [N P]SONAL ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?4 ,IT IS L>GELY MISUND]/OOD1 TAK5 \T ( CONTEXT1 M>G9ALIZ$1 DEMONIZ$1 & VILIFI$ BY PEOPLE :O >E F> REMOV$ FROM ! C\NT]-HEGEMONIC DIALOGUE & ACTION4 ,RAGE IS SE5 AS UGLY1 UNNECESS>Y1 JUV5ILE1 & IRRATIONAL2 YET1 IT IS ROOT$ 9 NURTUR+ BEAUTY1 SU/A9ABILITY1 9T]G5]ATIONAL WISDOM1 & LONG-T]M HEAL? = ! ,E>? & ITS GUE/S4 ,?IS IS ANG]1 ACTION1 & LOVE COMB9$4 ,RAGE IS A D>+ TO *ANGE AN UNJU/ SOCIETY RI<T N[1 NOT 9 A FEW YE>S1 A C\PLE ( DECADES1 OR :5 A CONSCI\S EVOLUTION OCCURS4 ,RAGE IS ! DESIRE TO IMM$IATELY >RE/ ! 9T]WOV51 POISON\S ROOTS ( PRACTICES1 IDEOLOGIES1 & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT PROMOTE EXCESSIVE DEA?1 VIOL5CE BORN ( LIFETIMES ( POV]TY1 & FE/]+ IGNORANCE ROOT$ 9 SOCIAL PRIVILEGE ?AT CONT9UALLY CREATES POLICY = ! W9N]S1 :ILE FUR!R EXAC]BAT+ ! LOS]S4 ,RAGE IS ! =M ( LOVE ?AT AN>*I/S EMBRACE & 5ACT TO 5D OPPRESSION IMM$IATELY & HOPEFULLY4 ,RAGE IS US$ SO ?AT OPPRESSION CAN BE /OPP$ = JU/ A MOM5T1 AN H\R1 A DAY1 OR MU* LONG] JU/ SO ?AT ! RE/ ( US CAN SEE ?AT ?IS POSSIBILITY TRULY EXI/S & BETT] WORLD IS POSSIBLE RI<T N[4 ,RAGE IS DELIB]ATE1 (T5 ORGANIZ$1 & PREM$ITAT$ ) ! PURPOSE ( %ORT-CIRCUIT+ 5TR5*$ ?9K+4 

,H[EV]1 RAGE LIVES NOT ONLY 9 ! CR[DS & SMOKE ( ! /]EOTYP$ PROTE/]S US+ DIRECT ACTION4 ,IT IS SOMETIMES A SUDD5 %OCK & O!R TIMES A QUIET1 %IFT+ *ANGE OV] TIME4 ,RAGE IS 9 ! ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS :O WORK TO BR+ ATT5TION TO ! IMM$IACY ( ONGO+ HUNG] 9 LOCAL COMMUNITIES4 ,IT EXI/S ?R\< ACTIONS LIKE ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS OR COMMUNITY G>D5]S :O TAKE OV] A PO/9DU/RIAL WA/EL& TO BR+ BACK NUTRITION & N\RI%$ SPIRITS4 ,RAGE IS A GR\P :O GA!RS AT ,WALM>T TO P]=M 0,:IRLM>T0 7FROM ! 0,BUY ,NO?+ ,DAY--,BUY ,NO?+ ,*RI/MAS0 CAMPAIGN PROMOT$ BY ,ADBU/]S MAGAZ9E7 =M+ A C>AVAN ( EMPTY C>RIAGES CLOGG+ UP AISLES1 P]HAPS WE>+ SIGNS ON !IR %IRTS LIKE 0,:AT W\LD ,JESUS BUY80 DUR+ ,BLACK ,FRIDAY4 ,RAGE IS ! ACTIONS ( LOCAVORES1 VEGANS1 & VEGET>IANS :O *OOSE TO RESI/ ! DOM9ATION ( ANIMALS VIA FACTORY-F>M+ OR ! EF=TS ( ! ,ANIMAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT :O WORK TO 5D ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ANIMALS BY HUMANS4 

,H[EV]1 RAGE IS NOT UNIDIM5SIONAL1 TRAPP$ 9 A DESCRIPTION ( BE+ DIRECTLY CONFRONTATIONAL T[>D ! ID5TIFI$ AGGRESSORS :O >E ! S\RCES ( OPPRESSION4 ,KAHN 7#b#i7 >GU$ ?AT AN>*ISM C\LD BE SE5 ?R\< ! WORK ( ,IVAN ,ILLI* US+ ! METAPHOR ( ! ,GREEK MY?OLOGICAL BRO!RS1 ,PROME!US 7:O REPRES5TS =E?\<T7 & ,EPIME!US 7:O REPRES5TS AFT]?\<T74 ,PROME!US IS (T5 SE5 AS A H]O FIGURE :O /OLE FIRE FROM ! GODS & BR\<T IT TO HUMANS & SUFF]$ AN ET]NITY ( PUNI%M5T BECAUSE ( HIS DEFIANCE4 ,AN>*I/ PRACTICES >E (T5 ,PROME!AN1 AIM$ OV]TLY AT A S\RCE ( OPPRESSION TO DISRUPT IT4 ,KAHN >GU$ ?AT AN>*ISM \<T TO BE CONSID]$ AS A SOCIAL !ORY ?AT CAN BE GR\ND$ 9 EPIME?IANISM1 RA!R ?AN A ,PROME!AN APPROA* ?AT MI<T BE LIK5$ TO A H]O 9FLICT+ H] OR HIS WAY ON A COMMUNITY4 ,EPIME!US DIFF]$ FROM ,PROME!US BECAUSE HE GAVE AWAY ALL ( HIS GIFTS BE=E REA*+ ! HUMANS1 & IS (T5 SE5 AS ?\<TLESS & HELPLESS4 ,H[EV]1 ,KAHN >GU$ ?AT PATRI>*AL CULTURAL VIEWS DOM9AT$ 9 ! 9T]PRETATION & *>ACT]IZATION ( BO? BRO!RS4 ,SE5 9 A DIFF]5T LI<T1 ,PROME!US1 :O SUFF]$ FROM ! LACK ( AFT]?\<T1 IS 9 ET]NAL PUNI%M5T = HIS ACTIVISM BUT ,EPIME!US1 :O GAVE FREELY )\T CONDITION1 DEMON/RAT$ A LEVEL ( COMPASSION & EMPA!TIC ACTION ?AT C\LD ALSO BE REFLECTIVE ( AN>*ISM4 ,RAGE 9 ! S5SE ( ! AFT]?\<T MI<T BE SE5 LESS AS AB\T ANG] OR PROACTIVE 7OR REACTIVE7 ACTIONS1 BUT MORE AB\T CULTIVAT+ 9T]CONNECTIONS )9 COMMUNITY GR\ND$ 9 A PASSION = NURTURANCE1 SU/A9ABILITY1 & PEACE4 ,TO GIVE UNCONDITIONALLY CREATES NO HI]>*Y1 ELITISM1 OR DOM9ATION ( ONE GR\P OV] ANO!R4 ,AN ,EPIME!AN RAGE MI<T BE ONE ?AT 5ACTS NURTUR5CE & RECIPROCITY ?AT CAN TOPPLE P[]-DRIV51 TOP-HEAVY1 HI]>*ICAL BUREAUCRACIES ?AT ULTIMATELY PRODUCE WIDESPREAD OPPRESSION4 ,H[EV]1 BO? ,PROME!AN & ,EPIME!AN =MS ( AN>*I/ ACTION CAN RESULT 9 DIS>M+ CONC5TRAT$ =MS ( SOCIAL P[]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A SMALL-SCALE ,PROME!AN APPROA* MI<T BE TO %OPLIFT FOOD FROM A CORPORATE *A9 ( GROC]Y /ORES2 A SMALL-SCALE ,EPIME!AN APPROA* MI<T BE TO CREATE A COMMUNITY G>D54 ,BO? ACTIONS DISRUPT ! P[] ( COMM]CIAL FOOD SUP]M>KETS ?AT PRIM>ILY SELL POOR QUALITY1 MASS-M>KET$ FOODS ?AT HAVE BE5 HI/ORICALLY TI$ TO BO? ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION VIA AGRI-CORPORATIONS1 COMPROMIS+ WORK]'S RI<TS & SAFETY1 & 9HUMANE CONDITIONS T[>D NONHUMAN ANIMALS4 ,SABOTAGE & DIRECT ACTION MAY BE ROOT$ 9 A PROME!AN AN>*ISM & AN UNANN\NC$ DISCONNECTION FROM A CULTURAL CONSUM]I/IC M9DSET MI<T REPRES5T AN ,EPIME!AN AN>*ISM4 ,BO? =MS >E LOCAT$ UND] ! UMBRELLA ( AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE1 & BO? >E VALUABLE APPROA*ES4 ,AS AN>*I/S1 WE ALWAYS HAVE *OICES 9 H[ WE 5GAGE 9 ASPECTS ( AN>*ISM4 ,9 T]MS ( RAGE1 PASSION = A *ANGE 9 REALITY CAN BE ROOT$ 9 BO? PA?S TOGE!R OR 9DEP5D5TLY1 & AS 9DIVIDUALS1 WE MAY BE C5T]$ MORE CONSCI\SLY & CONSI/5TLY 9 ONE PA?4 

,PROME!AN & ,EPIME!AN APPROA*ES DO NOT HAVE TO EXI/ 9 A B9>Y SO ?AT WE >E LEFT ONLY ) ! OPTION ( *OOS+ ONE 9 EXCLUSION ( ! O!R4 ,BO? >E PRES5T AS A SPECTRUM )9 US1 & WE 9EVITABLY TAP 9TO BO? 9 \R PRACTICES4 ,9 MY [N WORK1 ! P>T ( ME ?AT IS PROME!AN NE$S TO BE AW>E & ACTIVELY SEEK \T PATRI>*AL ASPECTS ?AT MI<T BE PRES5T1 & C]TA9LY TEA*]S :O 5GAGE 9 A FULLY PROME!AN APPROA* MAY BE CREAT+ V]Y NEGATIVE LE>N+ EXP]I5CES = !IR /UD5TS1 NO MATT] H[ WELL 9T5D$4 ,AS A TEA*] $UCATOR :O PRES5TS TRANS=MATIVE $UCATION AS GREATLY B5EFICIAL = ,K-#a#b /UD5TS & ASKS PRES]VICE TEA*]S TO CREATE LESSONS & UNITS ROOT$ 9 SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL JU/ICE1 ,I RUN ! RISK ( ALI5AT+ SOME 7OR POSSIBLY ALL7 ( MY /UD5TS BECAUSE ,I =CE !M TO OP]ATE 9 ! WORLDVIEW ?AT ,I CON/RUCT 9 ! C\RSE4 ,AS A ,:ITE1 /RAI<T1 MIDDLE-CLASS MALE PR(ESSOR :O HAS UNAVOIDABLE AU?ORITY 9 ! CLASSROOM1 MY CON/RUCTIONS MAY BE 7& PROBABLY >E7 LIMIT$ EV5 AS ,I DO ! BE/ ( MY ABILITY TO BE 9CLUSIVE & RESPONSIVE4 ,MY ,PROME!US NE$S TO BE A BETT] LI/5] ( 5]GETIC FL[ & COMMUNAL RELATION%IPS & PRACTICES1 & MY ,EPIME!US CAN TAKE A CUE FROM MY ,PROME!US & 5GAGE 9 ,FREIREAN DIALOGUE TO OP5LY OPPOSE SOCIAL 9JU/ICES4 ,=E?\<T & AFT]?\<T ALONG A SPECTRUM & 9 P>TN]%IP MAY 9DE$ PROVIDE GREAT /R5G? = AN>*I/S AS !Y 9VE/IGATE !IR CON/RUCTIONS ( RAGE & H[ IT MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 V>I\S CONTEXTS4 

0,LOVE0 & ! ,CON/RUCTION ( ! 0,FULLY ,LIB]AT$ ,SELF0 

,SIMPLY ID5TIFY+ OPPRESSIVE S\RCES1 RESI/+ PRACTICES ( DOM9ANCE1 & REJECT+ P]MAN5T HI]>*IES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE =M$ BY ! P]PETUATION ( A /ATE OR A CORPORATE S]FDOM1 IS NOT A COMPLETE PICTURE ( AN>*I/ !ORY4 

,LOVE IS AN 9TEGRAL & C5TRAL COMPON5T ( AN>*I/ !ORY & ACTION1 & YET1 O!R ?AN ITS PRES5CE 9 ! PHRASE 0LOVE & RAGE0 7OR 9 ! >GUM5TS MADE AB\T 0FREE LOVE071 IT IS A WORD ?AT IS R>ELY US$4 ,?AT SAID1 LOVE IS A CONCEPT ?AT IS PRES5T 9 ! >GUM5TS ( AN>*I/ !ORY1 & IT IS /RONGLY L9K$ TO ! CONCEPT ( ! LIB]AT$1 :OLE SELF & EV5 ONE'S S\L4 

,AT ! CORE IS A C5TRAL BELIEF ?AT ALL PEOPLE HAVE ! RI<T TO EXP]I5CE UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM 7BE ?AT IT H>MS NONE7 & BE A VOICE AMONG VOICES 9 SOCIAL & COMMUNAL DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,ROCK] 7#b#d7 /AT$3 

,= ! AN>*I/1 FRE$OM IS NOT AN AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT1 BUT ! VITAL CONCRETE POSSIBILITY = EV]Y HUMAN BE+ TO BR+ TO FULL DEVELOPM5T ALL ! P[]S1 CAPACITIES1 & TAL5TS ) :I* NATURE HAS 5D[$ HIM1 & TURN !M TO SOCIAL ACC\NT4 7#c#a7 

,PHILOSOPH] ,GEORG ,HEGEL >GU$ ?AT ! HI/ORY ( PEOPLE IS ! EVOLUTION ( A CONSCI\SNESS ( FRE$OM4 ,LOVE1 AS A CONCEPT 9 G5]AL1 COMES 9 MANY =MS 9 MANY DIFF]5T CONTEXTS ) MANY DIFF]5T DEF9ITIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ! K9D ( LOVE ?AT IS (T5 DESCRIB$ 9 AN>*I/ !ORY IS A LOVE BAS$ ON UNCORRUPT$1 PURE FRE$OM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 LOVE IS DEMON/RAT$ ?R\< TWO CORE AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUALS & FRE$OM ( SMALL COMMUNAL1 MUTUALI/IC GR\PS1 BECAUSE TO LIVE 9 AN AN>*I/IC SOCIETY REQUIRES ?AT WE DEEPLY LOVE ONE ANO!R :ILE HONOR+ \R DIFF]5CES1 APPROA*ES1 WAYS ( LIV+1 CULTURES1 SPIRITUALITIES1 & SEXUALITIES4 ,?US1 WE >E EVOLV+ T[>D A /ATE ( BO? FRE$OM & PEACEFUL MUTUALISM1 & LOVE IS LOCAT$1 IF NOT DEF9$1 9 ! PRACTICES ( MUTUALISM & FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 0,A ,NEW ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE10 AN >TICLE ?AT ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN PUBLI%$ 9 ,MO!R ,E>? 9 ,JULY ( #a#i#i1 %E /AT$3 

,WE HOLD !SE TRU?S TO BE SELF-EVID5T3 ?AT ALL HUMAN BE+S1 IRRESPECTIVE ( RACE1 COLOR1 OR SEX1 >E BORN ) ! EQUAL RI<T TO %>E AT ! TABLE ( LIFE2 ?AT TO SECURE ?IS RI<T1 !RE MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ AMONG M5 .<SIC.> ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL FRE$OM2 WE HOLD FUR!R ?AT GOV]NM5T EXI/S BUT TO MA9TA9 SPECIAL PRIVILEGE & PROP]TY RI<TS2 ?AT IT CO]CES MAN 9TO SUBMISSION & !RE=E ROBS HIM ( DIGNITY1 SELF-RESPECT1 & LIFE4 7N4P47 

,LOVE1 AL?\< NOT SPECIFICALLY NAM$1 IS EXPRESS$ 9 ,GOLDMAN'S DECL>ATION AS IT FOCUSES ON ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM TOP-D[N OPPRESS+ =CES4 ,?IS IS A LOVE ( UNFETT]$ LIV+ ?AT IS TOTALLY AWAKE ) EYES WIDE OP5 & FULLY EMP[]$ VOICES = P]SONAL & COMMUNAL LIB]TIES & JU/ICE4 ,?IS IS A FI]CE & UNAPOLOGETIC LOVE ?AT DOES NOT COMPROMISE = ! SAKE ( MIDDLE GR\ND :5 IT COMES TO ALL PEOPLES LIV+ 9 A BALANC$ & JU/ SOCIETY4 ,:5 9TIMATELY P>TN]$ ) A PASSIONATE1 AN>*I/IC RAGE1 ?IS IS A LOVE ?AT DEM&S *ANGE N[ BECAUSE TOTAL LIB]ATION IS ! FULLE/ EXPRESSION ( LOVE )9 A GR\P ( PEOPLE4 

,RELIGION1 ,SPIRITUALITY1 & ! 0,FULLY ,LIB]AT$ ,SELF0 

,ORGANIZ$ RELIGION ALSO PRES5TS A B>RI] TO BE+ FULLY LIB]AT$1 ACCORD+ TO MANY AN>*I/S4 ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#f#i7 ACKN[L$G$ A SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! S\L & RELIGION4 ,RELIGION IS 0! DOM9ION ( ! HUMAN M9D10 7#e#c7 :ILE %E >GU$ = AN ,EM]SONIAN S\L ?AT IS ACTIVE & ABLE TO 5VISION TRU? 9 A LIV+ SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,ALL ORGANIZ$ RELIGIONS1 ACCORD+ TO ,GOLDMAN1 >E CREAT$ & MA9TA9$ = ! PURPOSE ( LIMIT+ ! MASSES & CREAT+ SOCIAL ORD] AS DICTAT$ BY GOV]NM5TS & CAPITALI/S4 ,GOLDMAN >GU$ ?AT AN>*ISM IS ! ONLY PHILOSOPHY ?AT PROTECTS ! S\L 9 ITS FULLE/ & FREE/ POT5TIAL4 ,H[EV]1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7:O ,GOLDMAN WAS 9FLU5C$ BY7 ADMIR$ ! WORK ( ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 :I* 9CLUD$ A /RONG ,*RI/IAN DISC\RSE CONNECT+ RELIGION ) FRE$OM & LIB]ATION1 AS WELL AS PASSIVITY 7,JACK] #a#i#f#h74 

,AL?\< ?IS DIALOGUE (T5 SEEMS TO /ALL AT ?IS PO9T1 ,I (F] AN EXPLANATION BAS$ ON MY P]SONAL EXP]I5CES ?AT MI<T RECONCILE !SE DISCORDANT POSITIONS1 AS WELL AS /AY+ )9 AN AN>*I/ VIEW ( ! FULLY LIB]AT$ SELF4 ,AS SOMEONE :O CONSID]S HIMSELF SPIRITUAL1 BUT NOT RELIGI\S1 ,I CAN DI/+UI% BETWE5 RITUAL & DOGMA4 ,RITUAL CAN BE DESIGN$ TO SUPPORT SOMEONE 9 EXP]I5C+ !IR DEEP]1 SPIRITUAL SELF4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,I DRAW MY SPIRITUAL 5]GIES FROM PAGAN & ,E>?-BAS$ PRACTICES4 ,:5 ,I M$ITATE US+ A C&LE FLAME1 LOOK TO C]TA9 SYMBOLS OR IMAGES ( GODS & GODDESSES1 OR P]=M RITUALI/IC PRACTICES LIKE US+ BURN+ SAGE TO CLEANSE MY SPIRITUAL SELF1 ,I *OOSE TO DO SO BECAUSE ?OSE >E PRACTICES ?AT HELP ME %IFT MY CONSCI\SNESS FROM MY PHYSICAL_/M5TAL_/EMOTIONAL BODY TO MY SPIRITUAL BODY4 ,I ALSO PRACTICE & TEA* ,REIKI1 SO ,I USE DIFF]5T SYMBOLS 9 MY HEAL+ WORK TO FOCUS 9T5TION4 ,H[EV]1 !SE RITUALS DO NOT RE/RICT ME4 ,!Y >E KEYS ?AT HELP ME RECONNECT ) A P>T ( MYSELF TO UND]/& 9T]CONNECT$NESS1 NURTURANCE1 SUPPORT1 & GUIDANCE4 ,I AM EMP[]$ ?R\< !SE RITUALS BECAUSE !Y ALL[ ME TO MOVE 9TO A SPACE ?AT IS NOT MUNDANE & R\T9E4 ,YET1 NONE ( ?IS IS DOGMA4 ,MY SPIRITUAL PRACTICES >E ROOT$ 9 9T5TION & A FRE$OM TO PRACTICE H[EV] ,I DEEM APPROPRIATE1 AS LONG AS NO H>M COMES ( IT4 

,M>X 7#a#i#g#g7 CALL$ ORGANIZ$ RELIGION ! 0OPIUM ( ! PEOPLE0 7#a#c#a71 & TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ,I CONCUR BECAUSE MANY PRACTICES ( V>I\S ORGANIZ$ RELIGIONS 7SU* AS HI]>*IES ( RELIGI\S LEAD]%IP1 SEXISM1 RACISM1 POLITICS1 EXCLUSIVITY1 BE+ CON/ANTLY DESCRIB$ AS A P]SON 9 DEFICIT1 & OBLIGATORY & RIGID RITUALI/IC PRACTICES7 CAN BE QUITE IMPRISON+4 ,BO? ,M>X & ,GOLDMAN HAVE SET UP A B9>Y ?AT EMPHASIZES ONLY ?OSE ASPECTS4 ,I SUSPECT ?AT ,GOLDMAN W\LD AT LEA/ BE MORE NUANC$ BECAUSE %E ADVOCAT$ = ! ,EM]SONIAN S\L4 ,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT PO9T BECAUSE TEA*]S HAVE OPPORTUNITIES TO WORK ) !IR /UD5TS US+ ES!TICS1 M$ITATION1 & ACTIVITIES ?AT BR+ AB\T PIQUE EXP]I5CES1 SIMULTANE\SLY BUILD+ UP RESI/ANCE T[>D A HYP]CONSUM]I/IC CULTURE ?AT TIES SOCIAL P[] TO PR(IT4 ,TO SIMPLY DISMISS RELIGION 7:I* = SOME ALSO MEANS DISMISS+ !IR SPIRITUAL SELF7 CAN UND]M9E ! PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM ?AT ONE MAY USE TO DEF9E !IR [N LIB]AT$ SELF4 ,AGA91 IT %\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ?IS IS A LIB]AT$ SELF )\T H>M TO O!RS4 ,AL?\< ,I AGREE QUITE EMPHATICALLY ) ,GOLDMAN 9 H] ASSESSM5T ( ORGANIZ$ RELIGIONS (T5 BE+ RE/RICTIVE & OPPRESSIVE1 A SPACE MU/ BE MADE = ?OSE :O USE ORGANIZ$ RELIGION TO CONNECT ) ONE'S SPIRITUAL SELF 7OR FULFILLM5T = ONE'S S\L74 ,?AT DOES NOT REL9QUI% RELIGIONS FROM !IR OPPRESSIVE PRACTICES1 BUT IT DOES ACKN[L$GE AN IMPORTANT NUANC$ RELATION%IP ?AT WE CAN USE = GR[?4 ,NOT DO+ SO CAN BE JU/ AS 9TRUSIVE & HYPOCRITICAL4 ,AN>*I/ !ORY 7OR ANY IDEOLOGY7 %\LD NOT BECOME DOGMATIC OR RELIGI\S 9 ITS APPROA* TO CREATE AN UNDAMAG+ FRE$OM4 ,IF AN>*ISM IS AT LEA/ P>TLY ROOT$ 9 ASPECTS ( LOVE1 !N FRE$OM )\T H>M NE$S TO BE PRES5T 9 ALL ASPECTS ( LIV+4 ,ADVOCAT+ COMPLETELY AGA9/ ALL ASPECTS ( RELIGION DOES NOT ALL[ = ! K9D ( FRE$OM ?AT MANY AN>*I/S >E FI<T+ =1 BUT ID5TIFY+ & RAG+ AGA9/ ?OSE ASPECTS ?AT CREATE P]MAN5T HI]>*IES ROOT$ 9 P[]1 PRIVILEGE1 & 9JU/ICES 7AS IS DONE 9 V>I\S O!R CONTEXTS LIKE GOV]NM5T1 CORPORATIONS1 S*OOLS1 ETC47 IS CONSI/5T ) AN>*I/ !ORIES & POSITIONS4 

,AN>*I/S >GUE ?AT !IRS IS A BATTLE = ! OP]ATIONAL EXI/5CE ( LOVE 9 COMMUNITY1 AMONG RELATION%IPS1 & 9T]CONNECT$ BETWE5 EA* O!R4 ,EXI/5TIALI/ PHILOSOPH]1 ,M>T9 ,BUB] 7#a#i#h#g7 DESCRIB$ \R RELATION%IPS ) EA* O!R & ! ,E>? AS FITT+ 9TO EI!R ,I--?\ OR ,I--IT CATEGORIES4 ,I--?\ RELATION%IPS EMPHASIZE ! CON/RUCTIONS ( 9T]CONNECTION2 ,I--IT RELATION%IPS A ROOT$ 9 O!R+ & PRACTICES ( OBJECTIFICATION4 ,*RI/IAN DE ,QU9CEY 7#b#e7 >GU$ ?AT WE >E =M$ 5TIRELY BY \R RELATION%IPS 9DICAT+ ?AT ! TYPES ( RELATION%IPS 9 :I* WE 5GAGE & EMPHASIZE >E :AT MAKE \R P]CEPTIONS ( REALITY4 ,AN>*ISM FOCUSES HEAVILY ON UND]/&+ ONE'S RELATION%IPS ) COMMUNITY & =M+ LIB]AT$ 9DIVIDUALS & COMMUNITIES SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#f#i7 >GU$ ?AT ! ,/ATE1 [N]%IP ( PROP]TY1 & ORGANIZ$ RELIGION >E WAYS 9 :I* OPPRESSION IS P]PETUAT$ 9 A SOCIETY1 & 9 ?IS LI<T1 !SE >E 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ,I-IT RELATION%IPS ?AT OBJECTIFY & 0O!R0 ! G5]AL MASSES4 

,LOCAT+ AN>*ISM 9 A CURR5T1 CAPITALI/IC CONTEXT CAN PROVIDE WAYS = AN>*ISM TO BE MORE !ORETICALLY RESPONSIVE & AGILE4 ,TODAY'S AN>*ISM 9 ,WE/]NIZ$1 CAPITALI/IC1 M$IA-SATURAT$ DISCURSIVE PHYSICAL & VIRTUAL L&SCAPES LOOKS DIFF]5T ?AN FROM A C5TURY AGO4 ,9 ?IS AGE ( HYP]CONSUM]ISM & ! AVALAN*E ( MESSAGES FROM ADV]TIS+ & POPUL> M$IA1 ! SELF IS BE+ RECON/RUCT$ & IMPRISON$ AS A RESULT ( ! HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ =MS ( MASS M$IA4 ,!RE IS A RECON/RUCTION ( ! ECOLOGY ( \R M9DS 7,LASN & ,:ITE #b#a74 ,E>LY AN>*I/S MAY HAVE >GU$ AGA9/ A WORLD :]E GOV]NM5T & CAPITALI/S HAD A FIRM CONTROL OV] SOCIETY2 H[EV]1 IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT !Y 5VISION$ ONE :]E M$IA1 AS A TOOL ( CAPITALI/S1 W\LD BECOME SO P]VASIVE ?AT ITS EFFECTS W\LD DISABLE PEOPLE'S CONNECTIONS FROM ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?IS DISASSOCIATION ( HUMANS FROM NATURE HAS BE5 A LONG-T]M PROCESS SUPPORT$ BY RELIGIONS LIKE ,*RI/IANITY ?AT W>N$ ITS FOLL[]S TO BEW>E ( ! =E/ :]E ,SATAN RESIDES4 ,! CONSCI\S & DELIB]ATE EF=TS ( ! DOM9ANT ELITES ( BUS9ESS1 POLITICS1 & RELIGION TO P]SUADE ! MASSES TO LOOK TO AN AN?ROPOC5TRIC UNIV]SE :]E ONLY SOME *OS5 FEW HUMANS HAD ! KN[L$GE1 SKILL1 & SOCIAL LEAD]%IP TO SAVE US FROM ! EVILS ( ! E>?1 ! PRIMITIVE ASPECTS ( NATURE1 & ! DANG]S ( A WILD ,MO!R ,E>? 7,M]*ANT #a#i#h74 ,\R M9DS HAVE C]TA9LY BECOME COLLECTIVELY 5SN>$ BY ! PROMISES ( TE*NOLOGY & ! TRIUMPHS ( MAN4 ,\R M9DS >E N[ HELD HO/AGE 9 A SELF-REPEAT+1 UNREL5T+ PATT]N ( %ORT-T]M VIEWS ( ECONOMICS & HI/ORY1 FOCUS+ ON PR(ITS1 AN ANNUAL TRADITION ( ! MORAL & SPIRITUAL TY+ TOGE!R ( RETAIL PUR*ASES & ! PRAIS+ ( A NEWBORN PR9CE ( PEACE1 & ! 9ABILITY TO CONNECT ) ! BALANC+ 5]GIES ( NATURE4 ,WE REMA9 LODG$ 9 A PSY*IC 7& SPIRITUAL7 PRISON ?AT IS CREAT+ MORE DEPRESSION1 ANXIETIES & M5TAL ILLNESSES ?AN WE HAVE EV] SE5 BE=E4 ,BY #b#b1 ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS PR$ICTS ?AT M5TAL DISEASES WILL \TNUMB] HE>T DISEASES 7,LASN & ,:ITE #b#a74 ,! LIB]AT$ SELF & ! LIB]AT$ COMMUNITY >E 9 A /ATE ( DECAY DUE 9 L>GE P>T TO ! DESIRES ( ! DOM9ANT ELITES :O COLLECTIVELY ACT AS \R COLONIZ]S1 T]RORI/S1 & DRUG LORDS BECAUSE ( !IR GRE$4 

,5D+ ,\R ,IMPRISONM5T ,US+ ,LOVE_/,RAGE 

,= ! AN>*I/1 LOVE & RAGE ACT AS ONE 9T]WOV5 UNIT WORK+ SIMULTANE\SLY TO CONFRONT OPPRESSION 9 ALL =MS :ILE DEVELOP+ A FULLY LIB]AT$ SELF & COMMUNITY ( PEACE & JU/ICE4 ,RAGE 7ACTIONS ?AT DEMON/RATE ! POSSIBILITY ( REMOV+ 9JU/ICE FROM A SOCIETY RI<T N[7 IS 9EXTRICABLY C\PL$ ) LOVE 7! 9T]WOV5 FULLY LIB]AT$ SELF & COMMUNITY74 ,LOVE_/RAGE IS ! COLLECTIVE MOVEM5T ( AN>*Y4 

,AN>*I/S ALSO ACKN[L$GE ! P[] ( A %IFT 9 CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! PRES5T4 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN /AT$1 0,SUPPOSE Y\ HAD ! REVOLUTION Y\ >E TALK+ & DREAM+ AB\T4 ,SUPPOSE Y\R SIDE WON1 & Y\ HAD ! K9D ( SOCIETY Y\ WANT$4 ,H[ W\LD Y\ LIVE1 Y\ P]SONALLY1 9 ?AT SOCIETY8 ,/>T LIV+ ?AT WAY N[6 ,:ATEV] Y\ W\LD DO !N1 DO IT N[0 7QUOT$ 9 ,E/EVA #b#g1 N4P474 ,GOODMAN'S PROPOSITION IS ! P5ULTIMATE =M ( AN>*I/ DIRECT ACTION1 & ! CONCEPT ( SIMPLY LIV+ ONE'S LIFE 9 ! WAY ONE SEES REG>DLESS ( ! IMM$IATE OR EXT5D$ SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT FOLL[S AN ,EPIME!AN APPROA*4 ,DISRUPT+ & SABOTAG+ S\RCES ( OPPRESSION1 >GUABLY ! MO/ VISIBLE 7& /]EOTYP$7 =MS ( AN>*ISM1 >E COMMON =MS ( DIRECT ACTION ?AT MI<T %OCK A GR\P OR SY/EM MOM5T>ILY 7JU/ AS ,MO!R ,NATURE DOES ) /ORMS ?AT >RE/ PHYSICAL TRANSPORTATION1 %UT D[N ELECTRICAL GRIDS1 & REM9D SOME ( US ( \R CONNECTION TO NATURE71 BUT ! NORM$1 HEGEMONIC PRACTICES SOON RETURN4 

,?IS PROCESS ( RETURN+ TO ! NORM$1 HEGEMONIC PRACTICES MAY EV5 BE A CONSEQU5CE ( \R [N BIOLOGICAL DESIGNS4 ,\R BRA9S =M SYNAPSES & NETWORKS BAS$ ON ! ACTIVITIES & ?\<TS ?AT WE REPEAT MO/ (T54 ,WE MAY TAKE A MOM5T ( REPRIEVE TO 5VISION A NEW REALITY1 BUT )\T CON/ANT SUPPORT1 \R ?\<TS & ACTIONS SLIDE 9TO OLD WAYS1 AS WE >E DESIGN$ TO DO4 ,FROM A BIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 WE >E GOOD AT DO+ :AT WE CON/ANTLY DO1 & MU/ MAKE GREAT EF=TS TO UNDO A NEURAL NETWORK ?AT HAS BE5 CON/RUCT$ = CONV5I5CE SO ?AT WE DO NOT HAVE TO /RUGGLE EV]Y TIME ) AN ACTION OR ?\<T AS IF IT WAS \R FIR/ TIME4 ,\R BRA9S RECONFIGURE NETWORKS TO HELP US IMPROVE \R ACCURACY & RELIABILITY1 BUT ?IS MAKES = A DISPROPORTIONATE BURD5 :5 !RE IS A NE$ TO *ANGE \R SKILL SET & UNLE>N :AT HAS BECOME REPETITI\S & NORM$4 ,WE >E EFFECTIVELY DESIGN$ TO REMA9 5TR5*$ 9 A ?\<T OR ACTION4 ,?IS CONDITION IS A M5TAL_/EMOTIONAL MOM5TUM4 ,DOM9ANT ELITES :O SEE ! MASSES AS A RES\RCE = !IR WEAL? & MILIT>Y PROTECTION >E HAPPY TO 5C\RAGE A M5TAL_/EMOTIONAL MOM5TUM ?AT IS ACCOMPLI%$ L>GELY BY 5ORM\S AM\NTS ( POSITIVE RE9=CEM5T ?R\< A CONSUM] CULTURE & BL9D PATRIOTISM4 ,! MA9/REAM M5TAL_/EMOTIONAL MOM5TUM IS ONE ( HEGEMONY1 WORKS AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES1 & EMBOLD5S ?OSE 9 POSITIONS ( P[] TO VIEW !MSELVES AS MORALLY JU/ & SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE4 ,DESPITE \R T5D5CY T[>D A M5TAL_/EMOTIONAL MOM5TUM1 WE HAVE POT5TIAL = A RECON/RUCTION ( NEURAL PATT]NS CALL$ NEUROPLA/ICITY4 ,WE CAN A*IEVE A NEW P>ADIGM ( LIV+ BECAUSE WE HAVE ?IS ABILITY TO *ANGE1 BUT IT SEEMS TO REQUIRE A SIGNIFICANT M$ICAL PROC$URE TO 9ITIATE MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! M5TAL_/EMOTIONAL MOM5TUM4 ,AN>*I/S USE LOVE_/RAGE LIKE AN ELECTRICAL DIS*>GE FROM A C>DIAC DEFIBRILLATOR TO R$IRECT1 DISRUPT1 & %OCK ! M5TAL & EMOTIONAL MOM5TUM ( ! MASSES1 AS WELL AS PU% BACK ON ! OPPRESSIVE ACTIONS ( ! DOM9ANT ELITES4 ,LOVE_/RAGE IS A SOCIAL REM$Y ?AT CAN 9DIVIDUALLY & COMMUNALLY R$ESIGN \R VIEWS ( REALITY4 

,! NEURAL CON/RUCTION ( \R BRA9S %\LD NOT BE SE5 AS ! ONLY EXPLANATION = :Y WE >E (T5 RELUCTANT TO MOVE 9TO A NEW FRAME ( ?9K+ & SEE+ \R REALITIES4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 WE HAVE ADOPT$ WAYS ( LIV+ SIMPLY BECAUSE WE W]E TAU<T ?R\< A HEAVY SOCIALIZ+ =CE TO DO SO FROM A V]Y E>LY AGE4 ,\R M9DS & EMOTIONS >E NOT 5TIRELY \R [N BECAUSE !Y >E COOPT$ BY ?OSE :O SEE US AS SOME?+ TO PR(IT FROM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE >E KIDNAPP$ & HELD = RANSOM4 ,WE >E MU* LIKE ! KIDNAPP$ VICTIM :O BECOMES RELIANT UPON & ALIGN$ ) IDEOLOGIES & PRACTICES ( ! KIDNAPP]4 ,CAPITALI/S1 CONSUM] CULTURE1 GOV]NM5T1 & ORGANIZ$ RELIGIONS HOLD \R M9DS1 SPIRITS1 & BODIES HO/AGE4 ,YET1 SO MANY ( US HAVE GR[N COM=TABLE ) ?AT RELATION%IP4 ,WE RATIONALIZE ?AT HAV+ A HOME = SOME ( US1 A JOB = SOME ( US1 ACCESS TO 9NUM]ABLE PLEASURES = CONSUMPTION1 & OPPORTUNITIES TO VOTE = POLITICAL LEAD]S GIVES US ! S5SE ( FRE$OM ?AT WE CRAVE4 ,H[EV]1 AN>*I/S %[ ?AT \R KIDNAPP]S HAVE 9FILTRAT$ \R M9DS & SPIRITS TO ?9K LIKE !M & FI<T = !IR CAUSES4 ,LOVE_/RAGE HELPS US SEE \RSELVES AS IMPRISON$1 SOME?+ WE >E QUICK TO IGNORE BECAUSE IT IS SO PA9FUL TO ACKN[L$GE1 AS WELL AS ! CAUSES & S\RCES ( ?AT IMPRISONM5T4 ,LOVE_/RAGE IS BO? \R MIRROR = DEEP REFLECTION & A KEY TO FREE US FROM IMPRISONM5T4 

,LOVE_/RAGE ASKS US TO %IFT \R CONSCI\SNESS SO ?AT WE >E NOT LIMIT$ BY SOCIETAL IDEOLOGIES & PRACTICES1 BUT ALSO BY \R [N P]CEPTIONS4 ,LOVE_/RAGE IS A KEY ?AT EMP[]S US TO SAY1 0,WE >E N[ FREE60 & UNLOCK ! %ACKLES ON \R WRI/S4 ,IF WE DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT WE CAN BE FREE & EMP[]$1 !N WE REMA9 IMPRISON$ BY ! KIDNAPP]4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ?\<1 WE DO ! WORK ( ! KIDNAPP] TO \RSELVES4 ,WE LIMIT \R [N FRE$OMS BY HEGEMONICALLY SUPPORT+ & EMBOLD5+ ! KIDNAPP]S4 ,/>HAWK 7#a#i#h#b7 >GU$ ?AT \R 9T]NALIZ$ DOM9ATION IS A PRIM>Y OB/ACLE FROM KEEP+ US CONSCI\S & PRES5T 9 ! SPACES ?AT WE CAN LIVE 91 NOT ! SPACES ?AT WE MI<T LIVE 94 ,WE >E EMP[]$ IF WE WANT TO BE1 WE >E FREE IF WE ?9K WE >E1 & WE >E FULL ( LOVE & LIFE IF WE KN[ IT TO BE SO4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !RE >E NOT SOCIAL P[] /RUCTURES ?AT CREATE HEGEMONY1 OPPRESSION1 & SUFF]+4 ,WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES IF WE >E ABLE TO PRODUCE ! K9D ( LIV$ EXP]I5CES ?AT WE WANT IF WE >E UNABLE TO OV]COME \R [N 9T]NALIZ$ FEEL+S ( BE+ LIMIT$4 ,EMP[]M5T1 & ULTIMATELY A FULLY LIB]AT$ SELF >E H]E N[1 BUT WE >E NOT ABLE TO A*IEVE /ATES ( FULL LIB]ATION IF WE SUPPRESS \RSELVES1 ESPECIALLY 9 COMB9ATION ) SOCIALLY OPPRESSIVE PRACTICES4 

,TO ACCOMPLI% A SIGNIFICANT MOVEM5T T[>D CREAT+ A FULLY LIB]AT$ SELF1 PHILOSOPH] ,K5 ,WILB] DESCRIB$ ! PROCESSES ?AT ONE 5ACTS4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ! SELF IS A SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ CONCEPT ?AT IS COCON/RUCT$ AS WE LE>N LANGUAGE4 ,WE MOVE FROM A BODY-SELF TO A M5TAL-SELF AS \R UND]/&+ ( LANGUAGE & MEAN+ PROGRESSES ?R\< E>LY *ILDHOOD 7,WILB] #a#i#h#a74 ,A MOVEM5T ( A SELF ?AT IS HEGEMONICALLY =M$ ?R\< 9/ITUTIONS LIKE FAMILY1 M$IA1 S*OOLS1 RELIGION1 ETC4 TO A RECON/RUCT$ FULLY LIB]AT$ SELF IS A PROCESS ?AT REQUIRES 9SURRECTION RA!R ?AN REVOLUTION 7,MC,WILLIAMS #a#i#h#e74 ,9SURRECTION IS A PROCESS ( FALL+ (F2 REVOLUTION IS A PROCESS ( TURN+ OR ROLL+4 ,?US3 

,9 DISCUSS+ V>I\S ME?ODS ?R\< :I* HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS EVOLVES TO HI<] =MS1 ,WILB] 7#a#i#h#c7 DREW A SIMIL> DI/9CTION BETWE5 *ANGES ( =M )9 ! SAME LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS 7'TRANSLATION'7 & EVOLUTION TO A HI<] LEVEL 7'TRANS=MATION'74 ,= G5U9E TRANS=MATION TO OCCUR1 !RE MU/ BE A 'DY+ ( ! SELF' AT ! CURR5T LEVEL1 A 'P]SONAL 9SURRECTION' 9 :I* ALL =MS ( SELF /RUCTURE AT ?AT LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION >E 0OV]?R[N0 9 ORD] TO BE TRANSC5D$4 7,MC,WILLIAMS #a#i#h#e1 N4P47 

,! FULLY LIB]AT$ SELF1 ONE ?AT IS BAS$ 9 ,BUB]'S ,I--?\ RELATION%IPS1 CANNOT COEXI/ ) ! SELF ?AT HAS BE5 CON/RUCT$ ?R\< ! ,I--IT RELATION%IPS ?AT AN>*I/S RAGE AGA9/4 ,TO =M ! FULLY LIB]AT$ ,I--?\ SELF1 WE MU/ RAGE AGA9/ \R [N SELF 9 ! =M ( AN 9SURRECTION1 CAUS+ \R ,I--IT SELF TO DIE (F & BE FULLY REPLAC$4 ,ULTIMATELY1 TEA*]S :O 5GAGE ) AN>*I/ P$AGOGIES W\LD BE SUPPORT+ /UD5TS 9 !IR PROCESSES ( BECOM+ FULLY LIB]AT$ ?R\< ! DY+ (F ( ! SELVES ?AT >E TI$ TO TODAY'S =MS ( BODILY1 M5TAL1 EMOTIONAL1 & SPIRITUAL IMPRISONM5T4 ,AS WAS DONE ) AN>*I/ $UCATORS OV] ! LA/ C5TURY1 TEA*]S W\LD NE$ TO DO TWO OV]>*+ ACTIONS :]EV] !IR CLASSROOM IS LOCAT$3 7A7 BE DEEPLY KN[L$GEABLE ( ! CURR5T =MS ( SOCIALLY CREAT$ =MS ( IMPRISONM5T1 & 7B7 WORK T[>D A FULL LIB]ATION ( ! SELF FROM ! CURR5T =MS ( IMPRISONM5T4 

,$UCATION & ,AN>*ISM 

,AN>*I/S HAVE VIEW$ $UCATION AS A CRUCIAL POT5TIAL 9 %IFT+ MA9/REAM UND]/&+S ( HI/ORY & ULTIMATELY HAV+ A LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS ?AT W\LD SUPPORT ! MASSES 9 /EPP+ AWAY FROM ! TYRANNY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 7#b#a7 WROTE 9 ! ,APRIL #aih ISSUE ( ,MO!R ,E>?3 

,! 5LI<T5M5T ( ! MASSES AS TO ! EVILS ( GOV]NM5T1 ! AWAK5+ ( ! PUBLIC CONSCI5CE TO A CLE> UND]/&+ ( JU/ICE & EQUITY--!SE >E ! =CES :I* WILL ABOLI% ALL =MS ( BONDAGE1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMICAL1 & SOCIAL1 REPLAC+ PRES5T 9/ITUTIONS BY FREE COOP]ATION & ! SOLID>ITY ( COMMUNAL EF=T4 7#b#h7 

,S*OOLS CAN BE SITES = EXPLORATIONS & 9VE/IGATIONS ( HEGEMONY1 9DOCTR9ATION ( IDEOLOGIES ( ! DOM9ANT ELITES1 & PRACTICES ?AT P]PETUATE SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL 9JU/ICES4 ,) ?OSE LE>N+ EXP]I5CES PRES5T 9 ! CLASSROOM1 5LI<T5M5T ( ! MASSES BECOMES MORE POSSIBLE4 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#f#i7 >GU$ ?AT S*OOLS >E SITES = SOCIAL *ANGE BECAUSE /UD5TS >E NOT YET CLOS$ TO A DIV]SITY ( VIEWPO9TS4 ,%E WROTE3 

,! *ILD1 H[EV]1 HAS NO TRADITIONS TO OV]COME4 ,ITS M9D IS NOT BURD5$ ) SET IDEAS1 ITS HE>T HAS NOT GR[N COLD ) CLASS & CA/E DI/9CTIONS4 ,! *ILD IS TO ! TEA*] :AT CLAY IS TO ! SCULPTOR4 ,:E!R ! WORLD WILL RECEIVE A WORK ( >T OR A WRET*$ IMITATION1 DEP5DS TO A L>GE EXT5T ON ! CREATIVE P[] ( ! TEA*]4 7#a#d#h7 

,GOLDMAN %[$ ?AT TEA*]S >E ! C5T]PIECES ( ! S*OOL+ PROCESS HAV+ ! MO/ IMPACT ON ! =MATION ( A /UD5T'S ?9K+ PROCESSES4 

,IF WE FOLL[ ?IS ?9K+ FUR!R BACK1 WE \<T TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT TEA*] PREP>ATION PROGRAMS BECOME 9TEGRAL BIR?+ GR\NDS = H[ TEA*]S DEVELOP !IR P$AGOGIES & PRACTICES4 ,IF TEA*] $UCATION PROGRAMS HEGEMONICALLY OP]ATE REQUIR+ !IR PRES]VICE TEA*]S TO APPROA* TEA*+ L>GELY AS AN ACT TO GET /UD5TS TO PASS /&>DIZ$ TE/S1 !N ! TEA*] PREP>ATION PROGRAM IS C]TA9LY IMPLICAT$4 ,H[EV]1 IT SEEMS ?AT !RE MAY BE A BIGG] CULPRIT 9VOLV$ 9 /E]+ TEA*]S T[>D TOP-D[N1 BANK+ ME?ODS ?AT ASK /UD5TS TO REPEAT RA!R ?AN REFLECT & MEMORIZE RA!R ?AN CRITICALLY EXAM9E 7,FREIRE #a#i#g74 ,DAVIS & ,SUM>A 7#a#i#i#g7 %[$ ?AT TEA*]S1 ESPECIALLY :5 !Y >E UNAW>E1 MAY BE GREATLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! CULTURE & CLIMATE ( ! S*OOL 9 :I* !Y TEA*4 ,IF ! CLIMATE & CULTURE ( A S*OOL1 9 ADDITION TO ! TE*NICAL & BUREAUCRATIC CONTROLS1 >E CONSI/5TLY AIM$ AT A COMMON T>GET SU* AS PASS+ A /&>DIZ$ TE/1 TEA*]S >E PRESSUR$ TO %APE !IR PRACTICES 9 ALIGNM5T ) ?OSE CUES 7,IRW9 #a#i#i#f2 ,LOVE #b#h1 #b#i74 

,$UCATION REMA9S A CONT9UAL S\RCE ( HEGEMONY4 ,S*OOLS >E UND] ! TI<T GRIP ( $UCATIONAL POLICIES LIKE 0,NO ,*ILD ,LEFT ,BEH9D0 & 0,RACE TO ! ,TOP0 ?AT ULTIMATELY N>R[ LE>N+ EXP]I5CES TO ROTE MEMORIZATION & DECONTEXTUALIZ$ 9=MATION 7,RAVIT* #b#a74 ,S*OOL+ HAS BECOME AN EMOTIONALLY NEGATIVE EXP]I5CE 7AS WELL AS FUR!R UNDEMOCRATIC & FRAU<T ) HEGEMONIC DISC\RSE7 = P>5TS1 /UD5TS1 TEA*]S1 & ADM9I/RATORS ALIKE BECAUSE ( !SE $UCATIONAL POLICIES & ! RE%AP+ ( LE>N+ EXP]I5CES AS TEA*+ TO ! TE/4 ,9 #a#i#h1 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] 7#b#a7 WROTE1 0,GOV]NM5TS HAVE EV] BE5 C>EFUL TO HOLD A HI< H& OV] ! $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y KN[ BETT] ?AN ANYONE ELSE1 ?AT !IR P[] IS BAS$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ON ! S*OOL4 ,H5CE1 !Y MONOPOLIZE IT MORE & MORE0 7#b#e#h74 ,F]R]'S WORDS CONT9UE TO BE RELEVANT OV] #a YE>S LAT]4 ,US+ ! >GUM5T ( FAIL+ S*OOLS1 ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T HAS CREAT$ VIA CRISIS-LAD5 LANGUAGE MAJOR 9-ROADS TO OV]SEE S*OOLS NATIONALLY4 ,/ATE & LOCAL BO>DS ( $UCATION HAVE DONE LITTLE TO QUE/ION ! DISC\RSE ( ! F$]AL M&ATE TO HAVE ALL S*OOLS BE PASS+ /&>DIZ$ TE/S1 ! HALLM>K = GAUG+ A SUCCESSFUL LE>N+ EXP]I5CE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,CONNECTICUT PASS$ A LAW 9 #ba ?AT M&ATES PASS+ ! #a? GRADE /ATEWIDE EXAM AS A CONDITION = HI< S*OOL GRADUATION4 ,?IS WILL BECOME M&ATORY BY #bah = ALL /UD5TS 9 ! /ATE4 ,CONS]VATIVE1 NEOCONS]VATIVE1 & NEOLIB]AL IDEOLOGIES HAVE EFFECTIVELY COLONIZ$ PUBLIC S*OOLS ?R\< US+ GLOBAL COMPETITION & ! NATION'S GROSS DOME/IC PRODUCT AS ! RATIONALE = ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T'S 9FILTRATION AT ! CLASSROOM LEVEL4 ,AN>*I/ P$AGOGY (F]S C\NT]-HEGEMONIC PA?S = /UD5TS & TEA*]S = MEAN+FUL1 COMMUNITY-BAS$ LE>N+ ?AT CAN RISE AGA9/ ?IS 9CREAS+ WAVE ( C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL ( $UCATION & ! TYRANNY ( ! TE/4 

,\T ( ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY & ,9TO ,PRACTICE3 ,*ALL5G+ ! ,/RUCTURES ( ,=MAL ,S*OOL+ 

,9 ITS PURE/ =M1 9 ! CONTEXT ( $UCATION AN>*I/ !ORY W\LD LEAD TO DES*OOL+_/UNS*OOL+ PRACTICES4 ,IVAN ,ILLI* WAS A PROM95T $UCATIONAL VOICE :O >GU$ ?AT LE>N+ IS A PROCESS ?AT IS NOT LIMIT$ TO ! PHYSICAL /RUCTURE ( A S*OOL BUILD+4 ,ILLI* 7#a#i#g#a7 >GU$ ?AT MU* ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT LE>N+ TAKES PLACE \TSIDE ( ! S*OOL & 9 ONE'S [N COMMUNITY4 ,ILLI* SEEM+LY TOOK ON ! ,EPIME!AN APPROA*ES )9 HIS ADVOCACY = $UCATION TO BECOME MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ & RELOCAT$ )9 A MORE CONVIVIAL SOCIETY 7,KAHN #b#i74 ,ILLI* 7#b#h7 >GU$ ?AT S*OOL+ WAS F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLES & P]CEPTIONS ( SC>CITY1 CONTEXTUALIZ+ $UCATION AS A CONSUMABLE ECONOMIC COMMODITY :I* !N ALL[$ = ! TRANSMITT+ ( $UCATION 9 A TOP-D[N =MAT ?AT ULTIMATELY HEGEMONICALLY P]PETUAT$ SOCIAL /RATIFICATION4 ,9 TODAY'S CONTEXT1 S*OOL+ AS SC>CITY IS 9 ! =M ( ?REATS AB\T :I* /UD5TS WILL USE S*OOL+ 9 ORD] TO ASC]TA9 HI<-PAY+1 HI<-/ATUS C>E]S4 ,IF $UCATION WAS F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ABUNDANCE1 !N LE>N]S >E CON/ANTLY IMM]S$ 9 $UCATION )\T ! FE> ( NOT HAV+ ACCESS4 ,AN>*I/ $UCATORS KN[ ?AT KN[L$GE & $UCATION IS NOT ISOLAT$ TO ! CLASSROOM UND] ! EXCLUSIVE GUIDANCE ( A TEA*]4 ,!Y DO NOT HOLD $UCATION HO/AGE OR ?REAT5 /UD5TS ) IT4 ,KN[L$GE IS NOT A COMMODITY = CONSUMPTION1 BUT RA!R A CULTURAL COMMONS ?AT IS ACCESSIBLE TO ALL4 

,DES*OOL]S1 UNS*OOL]S1 FREES*OOL]S1 & HOMES*OOL]S ALL *ALL5GE NOTIONS ?AT MEAN+FUL LE>N+ IS EXCLUSIVE TO ! /RUCTURES & OP]ATIONS ( TRADITIONAL PUBLIC S*OOL+ & POT5TIALLY (F] SPACES = A FULLY LIB]AT$ $UCATIONAL EXP]I5CE ?AT EXPLORES LOVE_/RAGE RELATION%IPS & ACTIONS1 :E!R ,PROME!AN OR ,EPIME!AN OR BO?4 ,FROM A PURELY /RUCTURAL P]SPECTIVE1 !SE =MS ( LE>N+ 7:I* >E /ILL GR\ND$ A WIDE RANGE ( IDEOLOGIES & C]TA9LY NOT LIMIT$ TO A LEFTI/ POLITICAL ORI5TATION7 ALL REPOSITION P>5TS1 /UD5TS1 & TEA*]S ) P[] TO MAKE DECISIONS AB\T CURRICULUM DEVELOPM5T1 PHILOSOPHY ( TEA*+_/LE>N+1 & MAK+ LE>N+ EXP]I5CES ?AT >E MORE ALIGN$ ) VALUES1 MORALS1 & WORLDVIEWS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ALL :O P>TICIPATE 9 !SE =MS ( LE>N+ >E *OOS+ TO 9CORPORATE LOVE_/RAGE RELATION%IPS OR SEEK \T FULLY LIB]AT$ SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 ECOLOGICAL1 & SPIRITUAL SELVES4 ,C]TA9LY1 !RE IS POT5TIAL 9 EA* ONE ( !SE LE>N+ CONTEXTS TO 9CREASE TOP-D[N CONTROL1 N>R[ DISC\RSE1 & P]PETUATE ONE IDEOLOGICALLY DOM9ANT =M ( ?9K+ & CON/RUCT+ A VIEW ( REALITY4 ,ILLI* 7#b#h7 >GU$ AGA9/ ?IS =M ( 5TR5*$ ?9K+ & VIEW+ ( H[ TO CON/RUCT A DES*OOL$ $UCATION3 

,IF PEOPLE >E S]I\SLY TO ?9K AB\T DES*OOL+ !IR LIVES1 & NOT JU/ ESCAPE FROM ! CORROSIVE EFFECTS ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+1 !Y C\LD DO NO BETT] ?AN TO DEVELOP ! HABIT ( SETT+ A M5TAL QUE/ION M>K BESIDE ALL DISC\RSE ON Y\NG PEOPLE'S '$UCATIONAL NE$S' OR 'LE>N+ NE$S1' OR AB\T !IR NE$ = A 'PREP>ATION = LIFE4' ,I W\LD LIKE !M TO REFLECT ON ! HI/ORICITY ( !SE V]Y IDEAS4 7V7 

,9 O!R WORDS1 AN AN>*I/ $UCATION W\LD NOT BE ONE ?AT IS ONLY *ALL5GES =MAL S*OOL+ ON A /RUCTURAL LEVEL4 ,! P$AGOGY \<T TO BE ONE ?AT SUPPORTS & PRIORITIZES CRITICAL QUE/ION+1 DEEP 9VE/IGATIONS1 & *ALL5G+ ( /ATUS QUO & HEGEMONIC ?9K+4 

,\T ( ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY & ,9TO ,PRACTICE3 ,*ALL5G+ ! ,CURRICULA & ,P$AGOGIES ( ,=MAL ,S*OOL+ 

0,I WILL TEA* !M ONLY ! SIMPLE TRU?4 ,I WILL NOT RAM A DOGMA 9TO !IR HEADS4 ,I WILL N[ CONCEAL FROM !M ONE IOTA ( FACT4 ,I WILL TEA* !M NOT :AT TO ?9K BUT H[ TO ?9K40 7,FRANCISCO ,F]R]1 QUOT$ 9 ,AVRI* #b#f1 #a#i7 

,=MAL S*OOL+ HAS CREAT$ A CLIMATE :]E ! OP]ATIONS & SY/EMS ( ! 9/ITUTION ( S*OOL >E CONFLAT$ ) A MEAN+FUL PROCESS ( LE>N+4 ,ILLI* 7#a#i#g#a7 >GU$ ?AT /UD5TS SEE ! PASS+ FROM ONE GRADE TO ANO!R & ATTA9+ A DIPLOMA AS LE>N+4 ,9 TURN1 /UD5TS !N SEE MUNDANE JOBS & UNREW>D+ WORK AS BE+ PRODUCTIVE4 

,AN $UCATION :]E ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY >E FULLY LIB]AT$1 FREE FROM SOCIAL OPPRESSION1 CULTURAL SUBORD9ATION1 & ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE >E ! PRIM>Y GOALS ( A CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ $UCATION4 ,/UD5TS DO NOT ANSW] TO A C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY1 /ATE TE/S1 OR A PRE-DET]M9$ AG5DA BY A TEA*]4 ,LE>N+ EXP]I5CES W\LD NOT BE FOCUS$ ON FULFILL+ AN AG5DA CREAT$ BY TOP-D[N1 /&>DIZ$ EXAMS :]E ! ONE RI<T ANSW] IS ! T>GET4 ,PRIM>Y EMPHASIS W\LD NOT BE ON MA/]+ A KN[L$GE SET ( A DOM9ANT MONOCULTURE1 ESPECIALLY ONE CREAT$ ?R\< CAPITALISM1 ,EUROC5TRISM1 PATRI>*Y1 COLONIZATION1 & HET]OSEXISM4 

,FRANCISCO ,F]R]-,GU>DIA'S WORK ) ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA 9 ,B>CELONA1 ,SPA9 WAS A KEY />T+ PO9T = AN>*I/ $UCATORS GLOBALLY4 ,F]R]1 :O WAS >RE/$ & EXECUT$ BY ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T ) PRESSURE FROM ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* TO DO SO 7,AVRI* #b#f2 ,F]R]-,GU>DIA #a#i#a#c2 ,GOLDMAN #a#i#f#i7 9 #a#i#i1 CREAT$ HIS S*OOL TO RESI/ ! VIEWS ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* ?AT W]E P]PETUAT$ 9 =MAL S*OOLS4 ,WRITT5 9 ! MISSION ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 ,F]R] 7#a#i#a#c7 /AT$1 0.<,!.> RATIONAL ME?OD ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES WILL BE SUB/ITUT$ = ! OLD DOGMATIC TEA*+0 7#b74 ,F]R]-,GU>DIA 7#a#i#a#c7 >GU$ ?AT CREAT+ A S*OOL :]E /UD5TS HAD ! FRE$OM TO PURSUE V>I\S WAYS ( ?9K+1 9VE/IGATE =MS ( SY/EMATIC & IDEOLOGIC OPPRESSION W]E 

! MO/ EFFECTIVE PROTE/ & ! MO/ PROMIS+ =M ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION CONSI/ 9 GIV+ ! OPPRESS$1 ! DIS9H]IT$1 & ALL :O >E CONSCI\S ( A DEM& = JU/ICE1 AS MU* TRU? AS !Y CAN RECEIVE1 TRU/+ ?AT IT WILL DIRECT !IR 5]GIES 9 ! GREAT WORK ( ! REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY4 7#b7 

,! CURRICULUM ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WAS TO PROVIDE A SPACE = Y\NG PEOPLE TO DEVELOP SKILLS = CRITICALLY ANALYZ+ !IR IMM$IATE COMMUNITIES & POLITICS & P[] /RUCTURES ( !IR C\NTRY4 ,9 #a#i#a1 :5 ,F]R] BEGAN TO CREATE ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA 9 ,B>CELONA1 !RE WAS A GREAT DEAL ( FOCUS ON IMPROV+ $UCATION1 MAK+ IT LESS GOV]N$ BY ! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY1 & 9CREAS+ ! NUMB]S ( S*OOLS 7ONLY #a_/#c ( ,SPANI% VILLAGES EV5 HAD S*OOLS2 ,AVRI* #b#f74 ,F]R] SAW ?IS AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO />T A S*OOL ?AT W\LD SUPPORT FRE$OM & *ALL5GE ! ANTIQUAT$ P[] /RUCTURE ?AT MANY ,SPANI% HAD ALREADY BE5 QUE/ION+4 ,CLE>LY1 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T1 UND] PRESSURE FROM ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 SAW ?IS AS A MEAN+FUL ?REAT AGA9/ !IR P[] /RUCTURES & NAM$ ,F]R] AS A VIOL5T RADICAL4 

,F]R] WANT$ A *ANGE NOT ONLY 9 CONT5T1 BUT ALSO 9 P$AGOGY4 ,9 ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA1 /UD5TS W]E EXPOS$ TO A PHRASE US$ AS ! !ME = ! S*OOL3 0,FRE$OM 9 ,$UCATION0 7,AVRI* #b#f1 #g74 ,/UD5TS W\LD NOT ONLY LE>N >T1 CRAFTS1 SCI5CE1 MA?1 & READ+1 BUT !Y W\LD BE 9VOLV$ 9 PHILOSOPHICAL DISCUSSIONS AB\T P[]1 CO]CION1 & JU/ICE4 ,/UD5TS W]E NOT ASK$ TO 5GAGE 9 ROTE MEMORIZATION1 BUT W]E SUPPORT$ TO 9VE/IGATE1 QUE/ION1 & CREATIVE ?9K+4 

,ANTICO]CIVE & ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN1 IT /RESS$ ! DIGNITY & ! RI<TS ( ! *ILD1 5C\RAG+ W>M?1 LOVE1 & AFFECTION 9 PLACE ( CON=MITY & REGIM5TATION4 ,AMONG ! KEY WORDS ( VOCABUL>Y W]E 'FRE$OM1' 'SPONTANEITY1' 'CREATIVITY1' '9DIVIDUALITY1' & 'SELF-REALIZATION4' 7,AVRI* #b#f1 #g7 

,MU* LIKE MANY CRITICAL $UCATORS TODAY1 ,F]R] >GU$ ?AT LIB]ATION CANNOT COME 9 ! =M ( IGNORANCE4 ,FRE$OM MEANT CREAT+ AN $UCATIONAL PROCESS ?AT SUPPORT$ FREE ?9K+ & 9VE/IGAT+ PRACTICES ( ?OSE 9 P[]4 ,DRAW+ FROM ,BAKUN9 & ,GODW91 ,F]R] >GU$ = TEA*+ PROCESSES ?AT EMPHASIZ$ SELF-LE>N+1 FOLL[$ ! NE$S & DESIRES ( ! /UD5TS1 & BE+ ABLE TO IMPROVISE & EXP]IM5T BAS$ ON ! /UD5TS *OS5 PA? = LE>N+ 7,AVRI* #b#f74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,F]R] & $UCATIONAL AN>*I/S ( HIS TIME LIKE ,TOL/OY1 ,KROPOTK91 ,BAKUN91 ,GOLDMAN1 ,B]KMAN1 & ,GODW91 =MAL S*OOLS HAD DEVELOP$ A /RONG PRACTICE ( CREAT+ SIL5CE1 DOCILITY1 FRU/RATION1 & SUFF]+ UND] A SY/EM ( PUNI%M5T & REW>DS4 ,! AN>*I/ S*OOL MOVEM5T EM]G$ 9 ORD] TO RESI/ ?OSE PRACTICES & CREATE LE>N+ EXP]I5CES ?AT W]E JOYFUL1 9DIVIDUALIZ$1 & DEEPLY FULFILL+ = ! 9DIVIDUAL LE>N] 7,AVRI* #b#f74 

,DESPITE ,F]R]'S /ATE- & *UR*-SPONSOR$ EXECUTION 9 #a#i#i1 ,F]R] BECAME A M>TYR1 & ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL PROVID$ 9SPIRATION = O!R ,MOD]N ,S*OOLS ?AT W\LD =M ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 AS WELL AS = ! #bb S*OOLS 7& #ab ADDITIONAL S*OOLS ?AT %>$ SIMIL> PHILOSOPHIES & PRACTICES7 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM ! #aia ?R\< #aif 7,AVRI* #b#f74 ,! LONGE/ RUNN+ ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WAS ! ,F]R] ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,/ELTON 7,PISCATAWAY ,T[N%IP71 ,NEW ,J]SEY RUNN+ FROM #aiae TILL #aiec 7,AVRI* #b#f74 

,AN ,AN>*I/ ,P$AGOGY 9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,U,S ,S*OOLS 

,AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGY %\LD NOT BE CONFLAT$ ) ! CONTEMPOR>Y V]SIONS ( :AT IS G5]ALLY DESCRIB$ AS CRITICAL P$AGOGY4 ,AL?\< !RE >E SOME /RONG SIMIL> 9T]E/S 9 PROMOT+ & WORK+ = SOCIAL JU/ICE1 AN>*I/ !ORIES & PHILOSOPHIES GOES BEYOND CRITICAL P$AGOGICAL APPROA*ES SU* AS ,FREIRIAN DIALOGUE1 G5]ATIVE !MES1 & DIALECTICS4 ,?AT IS ALSO NOT TO SAY ?AT AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGY W\LD NOT %>E COMMONALITIES ) FEM9I/1 ECOJU/ICE1 9DIG5\S1 OR QUE] P$AGOGIES4 ,! SIGNIFY+ DIFF]5CE W\LD BE ?AT AN>*I/ $UCATORS W\LD CONTEXTUALIZE !SE >GUM5TS 9 A SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 ECOLOGICAL1 & SPIRITUAL CONTEXT ( TOTAL LIB]ATION & ANTI-/ATE1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN P]SPECTIVES & 9 A LOVE_/RAGE DUALITY4 ,AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGY W\LD NOT ONLY BR+ 9 = CONSID]ATION1 BUT W\LD EMPHASIZE A WIDE RANGE ( ,PROME!AN ?R\< ,EPIME!AN ACTIONS DRIV5 BY ! 9T]WOV5 DUALITY ( LOVE_/RAGE ?AT *ALL5GE ! EXI/5CE ( A HI]>*ICAL GOV]NM5T1 A =MAL S*OOL+ PROCESS1 & ANY C5TRALIZ$ =M ( CONTROLL+ $UCATION4 

,AT ! CORE ( AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGICAL APPROA* IS A DYNAMISM )9 ! LOVE_/RAGE UNIT4 ,AN AN>*I/ LE>N+ EXP]I5CE IS ONE ?AT />TS 9 /UD5TS' HOME COMMUNITIES ) AU!NTIC 9VE/IGATIONS RELATION%IPS & T5SIONS ?AT >E PRES5T 7& HI/ORICALLY =M$71 C\PL$ ) PROVID+ CONTRIBUTIONS ALONG A ,PROME!AN-,EPIME!AN CONT9UUM4 ,!RE IS A REAL 9TIMACY ?AT /UD5TS W\LD EXPLORE LOOK+ V]Y CLOSELY AT ! COMPLEX RELATION%IPS )9 !IR HOME COMMUNITIES & ! MANY 9T]SECTIONS ) A GLOBAL COMMUNITY4 ,AN>*I/ LE>N+ EXP]I5CES 9 ,K-#a#b SETT+S W\LD POSITION COMMUNITY ISSUES1 HI/ORIES1 & MEMB]S AT ! C5T]4 ,/UD5TS C\LD SP5D :OLE YE>S ID5TIFY+ & DESCRIB+ SPECIFIC RELATION%IPS AMONG ACTUAL MEMB]S & GR\PS 9 !IR HOMET[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & MUNICIPALITIES4 ,!Y C\LD 9VE/IGATE ! IMPACTS ( A BIG BOX RETAIL /ORE1 FLU% \T HEGEMONIC PRACTICES ALONG ) T5SIONS DIFF]5T COMMUNITY MEMB]S EXP]I5CE AS P>T ( ! IMPACT1 & SEEK \T DEEP] UND]/&+S ( V>I\S =MS ( RESI/ANCE 9CLUD+ PRACTICES ?AT >E MOVEM5TS T[>D ECO-SOCIOCULTURAL BALANCE4 ,/UD5TS CAN ID5TIFY ASPECTS ( LOVE_/RAGE ?AT >E PRES5T 9 ?OSE PRACTICES TO ID5TIFY ADDITIONAL ACTIONS = CONSID]ATION )9 ! COMMUNITY4 

,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,$UCATORS3 ,CONNECT+ TO ,ECOLOGY 

,CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ $UCATORS MI<T F9D MEAN+ 9 ! CORE >GUM5TS ( ECOJU/ICE !ORIES & P$AGOGIES4 ,E>LY AN>*I/ $UCATOR PIONE]S SU* AS ,PAUL ,ROB9 ADVOCAT$ = \TDOOR $UCATION & LE>N+ ?AT WAS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO NATURE 7,AVRI* #b#f74 ,9 ! TE*NO-CONSUM] CULTURE ?AT DOM9ATES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ONE'S AW>5ESS ( CONNECTION TO ! ,E>? IS (T5 M9IMAL4 ,JU/ AS /UD5TS W\LD HAVE ! FRE$OM TO EXPLORE !IR SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & SPIRITUAL ID5TITIES 9 CONNECTION ) LE>N+1 !Y W\LD ALSO HAVE ! FRE$OM TO EXPLORE !IR ECOLOGICAL ID5TITIES4 ,H>AWAY 7#a#i#i#g7 >GU$ ?AT NATURE & CULTURE >E NOT SEP>ATE FROM EA* O!R AS IS (T5 CONSID]$ 9 MA9/REAM ?9K+1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ?OSE :O P>TICIPATE 9 CULTURES :]E CAPITALISM & TE*NOLOGY DOM9ATE ONE'S LIV$ EXP]I5CES4 ,WE USE CULTURAL VALUES ( CAPITALISM & SCI5CE TO DI/ANCE \RSELVES FROM NATURE1 :I* 9 TURN *ANGES \R CONSCI\SNESS ) NATURE4 ,WE TREAT NATURE AS \T !RE1 OBJECTIFI$1 & ME*ANI/IC RA!R ?AN SEE+ \RSELVES1 \R ?\<TS1 & \R PRACTICES AS BE+ ROOT$ & MANIFE/$ 9 \R RELATION%IPS ) NATURE4 ,WE TREAT NATURE AS AN OBJECT TO DOM9ATE1 CONTROL1 OR AT BE/1 MANAGE ?R\< /EW>D%IP1 RA!R ?AN HAV+ DEEP] 9T]CONNECTIONS :]EBY WE >E ALSO ASPECTS ( NATURE ) A CONSCI\SNESS REFLECTIVE ( ?OSE 9T]CONNECT$ RELATION%IPS4 ,! TE*NO-CONSUM] CONSCI\SNESS DOM9ANT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ONE ?AT POSITIONS HUMANS AS SEP>ATE OV]SE]S ( NATURE P]PETUAT+ PRACTICES ( DOM9ANCE1 SUBORD9ATION1 & DE/RUCTION ( ! ,E>? & ITS 9HABITANTS4 

,AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGY LOCAT$ 9 A TE*NO-CONSUM] CULTURE W\LD BE AN APPROA* ?AT ASKS /UD5TS TO EXPLORE !IR ECOLOGICAL SELVES4 ,/UD5TS W\LD BE GREAT LI/5]S ( NATURE4 ,/>HAWK 7#b#d7 DESCRIB$ A PRACTICE CALL$ 0E>?-WALK+0 7#e#c7 :]EBY WE EXPLORE ! MY?OLOGICAL & PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCES ( ! LOCAL1 NATURAL >EA4 ,KN[+ ! MY?OS ( A LOCAL1 NATURAL >EA LOCATES US DEEP] 9 ! 9T]CONNECT$ NATURECULTURE RELATION%IPS & ALL[S US TO OP]ATE 9 NATURE 7NOT SEP>ATE7 9 \R M9DSETS4 ,WE >E NO LONG] ALI5S TO A LOCATION4 ,MY?OLOGY & DEEP] UND]/&+S ( ! ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 FUNGI1 & MICROBES ( ! >EA HELP US TO BE P>T ( ! CO-CREAT$ /ORY ( NATURE 9 ?AT LOCATION4 ,?IS W\LD BE P>T ( ! DEEP] LI/5+ ?AT AN>*I/ P$AGOGY W\LD 9CORPORATE & W\LD ADD TO ! CON/RUCTION ( ! FULLY LIB]AT$ 9DIVIDUAL ) COMMUNITY4 

,/UD5TS W\LD BE ABLE TO FREELY & AU!NTICALLY EXPLORE1 9VE/IGATE1 9TUITIVELY REFLECT1 >TI/ICALLY CREATE 9 CONNECTION ) !IR HOME COMMUNITIES & ! V>I\S 9T]SECTIONS ) GLOBAL COMMUNITIES4 ,COMMUNITY W\LD BE SE5 NOT AS AN AN?ROPOC5TRIC HUMAN COLLECTIVE1 BUT MORE 9CLUSIVE & BALANC$ ) NATURE AS FULLY PRES5T )9 & >\ND US4 ,/UD5TS W\LD BE WELL-V]S$ 9 !IR SOCIAL CULTURAL & ECOLOGICAL ID5TITIES1 ABLE TO ID5TIFY HEGEMONIC PROCESSES 7AS WELL AS BE+ ABLE TO DISRUPT !M71 & HAVE WELL-TUN$ ABILITIES TO LI/5 TO !IR ECO-SOCIOCULTURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,H[EV]1 ?R\< AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGICAL APPROA*1 /UD5TS MI<T ANALYZE P[] IMBALANCES1 /ATE-SPONSOR$ ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION1 & SOCIAL OPPRESSIONS ROOT$ 9 A TOP-HEAVY SOCIAL P[] /RUCTURE ?AT SEGREGATES1 M>G9ALIZES1 PR(ITS FROM1 & EV5 KILLS ?OSE :O >E POV]TY-/RICK51 MALN\RI%$1 & DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/4 ,9VE/IGAT+ POT5TIAL = A /ATELESS SOCIETY1 ,PROME!AN & ,EPIME!AN ACTIONS1 & EXPLOR+ LOVE_/RAGE DUALITIES W\LD BE EMPHASIZ$4 

,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,$UCATORS3 ,CONNECT+ TO ,SPIRITUALITY 

,ROOT$ 9 ONE'S FULL LIB]ATION IS AN ASPECT ?AT IS (T5 IGNOR$ OR AVOID$ BECAUSE ( ! POSSIBILITY ( ULTIMATELY BECOM+ A S\RCE ( OPPRESSION4 ,H[EV]1 ONE'S SPIRITUALITY AS SEP>ATE FROM H]_/HIS LE>N+ CAN BE JU/ AS OPPRESSIVE & LACK+4 ,AN $UCATIONAL EXP]I5CE ROOT$ 9 DEEP LOVE W\LD BE ONE ?AT ALL[S /UD5TS TO CONNECT NOT ONLY !IR SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & ECOLOGICAL ID5TITIES ) !IR LE>N+1 BUT ALSO !IR SPIRITUALITIES4 ,BE+ 9CLUSIVE ( /UD5TS' SPIRITUALITIES IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT %\LD BE FE>$ OR AVOID$ AS TEA*]S4 ,A /UD5T'S 9DIVIDUAL SPIRITUALITY IS V]Y MU* A P>T ( !IR LE>N+ PROCESS4 ,WE >E NOT TEA*+ TO \R :OLE SELVES :5 WE OMIT ! PRES5CE ( \R 9DIVIDUAL SPIRITUALITIES4 ,?IS %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) DOGMA OR DOCTR9E4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SEP>ATION ( *UR* & /ATE HAS SEEM+LY HAD A MU* WID] EFFECT 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,SPIRITUALITY HAS BE5 CONFLAT$ ) RELIGION1 & HAS ?USLY MEANT ?AT LE>N+ NE$S TO BE DEVOID ( SPIRIT1 5]GY1 & FULFILLM5T4 ,AS /AT$ E>LI]1 ,I >GU$ ?AT SPIRITUALITY & RELIGION >E NOT ! SAME ?+1 & SPIRITUALITY CAN BE PRES5T 9 ! CLASS )\T RELIGI\S DOGMA4 ,JU/ AS WE ADVOCATE = MULTICULTURALISM 9 CLASSROOMS1 SIMIL>LY WE \<T SUPPORT MULTISPIRITUALISM 9 \R P$AGOGICAL APPROA*ES & LE>N+ EXP]I5CES4 ,RELIGION1 AL?\< IT CAN HAVE SPIRITUALITY 9CLUD$1 ALSO 9CLUDES POLITICAL1 BUREAUCRATIC1 & SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS ?AT CAN BE DEEPLY PROBLEMATIC VIA HEGEMONIC DISC\RSE & OPPRESSIVE PRACTICES4 ,CLE>LY1 !SE >E NOT ACCEPTABLE1 NOR %\LD BE PRES5T 9 ANY $UCATIONAL EXP]I5CE4 ,H[EV]1 BE+ FULLY LIB]AT$ MEANS HAV+ ! FRE$OM TO CONNECT ONE'S SPIRITUALITY TO LE>N+4 ,JU/ AS TEA*]S SUPPORT /UD5TS 9 MORE DEEPLY KN[+ !IR [N CULTURES1 TEA*]S CAN SUPPORT /UD5TS 9 EXPLOR+ !IR SPIRITUALITIES 9 CONNECTION ) CONT5T BE+ EXPLOR$4 ,?IS ALSO MEANS ?AT /UD5TS W\LD HAVE ! FRE$OM NOT TO 9CLUDE A SPIRITUALITY 9 !IR LE>N+ EXP]I5CES %\LD !Y *OOSE ?AT4 

,AN>*I/ $UCATORS W\LD NOT PROCLAIM ?AT ONE SPIRITUALITY EXI/S = ALL /UD5TS1 & FOLL[ UP ) A N>R[ DISC\RSE ( H[ TO HOLI/ICALLY CONNECT ) LE>N+4 ,JU/ AS ,F]R] SUGGE/$ ) /UD5TS DET]M9+ !IR PA? = LE>N+1 /UD5TS W\LD MAKE ?OSE *OICES 9DIVIDUALLY & HAVE A LIFELONG J\RNEY ( HOLI/IC LE>N+4 ,= SOME /UD5TS M$ITATION WILL BE AN EMPHASIS1 = O!RS1 YOGA1 QI GONG1 TAI *I1 OR TANTRA1 = O!RS1 COMMUN+ ) NATURE-BAS$ SPIRITUALITIES1 O!RS MI<T FOCUS ON V>I\S O!R METAPHYSICAL PA?S ( ?9K+ ?R\<\T !IR YE>S ( $UCATION1 & /ILL O!RS MI<T BE GR\ND$ 9 AN A!ISM1 HUMANISM1 OR AGNO/ICISM4 ,AN AN>*I/ $UCATOR W\LD M]ELY BE A SUPPORTIVE PRES5CE 9 ! /UD5T'S LE>N+ EXP]I5CE KN[+ ?AT NO B\ND>IES ( ?\<T WILL EXI/4 

,EXAMPLE ( ,AN>*I/ ,TEA*+_/,LE>N+ 9 ! ,PUBLIC ,S*OOL ,CLASSROOM 

,5ACT+ AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGY 9 A PUBLIC S*OOL CLASSROOM WILL 9EVITABLY PRES5T S]I\S *ALL5GES 9 ! CURR5T CLIMATE ( HI<-/AKES TE/+ & $UCATIONAL POLICIES ?AT CONT9UALLY PRESSURE TEA*]S TO TEA* & /UD5TS TO LE>N 9 TOP-D[N1 DECONTEXTUALIZ$ WAYS4 ,TEA*]S >E LIKELY TO FACE PRESSURES FROM !IR ADM9I/RATORS1 COLLEAGUES1 P>5TS1 & EV5 /UD5TS 7:O ALSO FEEL A GREAT PRESSURE TO PASS /&>DIZ$ TE/S7 TO FOLL[ A MORE TRADITIONAL PA? 9 !IR PRACTICES4 ,TEA*]S >E ALSO UNLIKELY TO F9D SUPPORT FROM COMMON TEA*+ RES\RCES CONNECT$ TO CLASSROOM CURRICULA4 ,?AT SAID1 TEA*]S W\LD HAVE TO BE V]Y SAVVY 9 ! WAYS ?AT !Y APPROA* 9CLUD+ AN>*I/ P$AGOGIES IF !Y W]E 9CL9$ TO DO SO4 ,TEA*]S MI<T HAVE TO ?9K AB\T DO+ ?IS K9D ( WORK ALONG A SPECTRUM1 RA!R ?AN PURSU+ AN AN>*I/ P$AOGOGY TO ITS FULLE/ EXT5T4 ,:AT FOLL[S IS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ A PUBLIC S*OOL TEA*] MI<T BEG9 TO DELICATELY EXPLORE AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGY ?R\< ISSUES ( FOOD SECURITY AS ! CONTEXT = LE>N+4 

,IF /UD5TS W]E 9VE/IGAT+ LOCAL ISSUES ( FOOD SECURITY P]HAPS 9 A HEAL?1 SOCIAL /UDIES1 ,5GLI%1 MA? OR SCI5CE CLASS1 !Y MI<T 9VE/IGATE ID5TIFY NE$ PRES5T 9 !IR COMMUNITY & WORK ALREADY BE+ DONE 7IF ANY7 TO CONNECT ?OSE :O SUFF] FROM FOOD 9ACCESSIBILITY ) FOOD WA/E S\RCES 7LIKE LOCAL GROC]Y /ORES1 BAK]IES1 ETC474 ,AS P>T ( !IR EXPLORATION ( LOVE_/RAGE1 /UD5TS W\LD IMAG9E A COMMUNITY FREE ( 9ACCESSIBILITY TO FOOD & ACTIONS !Y CAN TAKE TO MAKE ?AT A REALITY4 ,!Y W\LD ALSO 9VE/IGATE S\RCES ( ! 9JU/ICE & PRACTICES ?AT HEGEMONICALLY P]PETUATE IT SU* AS M>KET-BAS$ ?9K+1 HYP]-CONSUM]ISM 9 RELATION%IP TO RATES ( OBESITY1 ! COMMON PRACTICE ( =-PR(IT FOOD CORPORATIONS RELY+ UPON & PRODUC+ ADDICTIVE M9DSETS & PRACTICES VIA ADV]TIS+ & 9CLUSION ( ADDITIVE *EMICALS LIKE CAFFE9E1 & /ATE-SPONSOR$ AGRICULTURAL FUND+ & SUBSIDIES 9CLUD+ PRACTICES ) ! WIDESPREAD USE ( *EMICALS LIKE HI<-FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP4 ,AS P>T ( !IR EXPLORATION ( BO? ,PROME!AN & ,EPIME!AN LOVE_/RAGE1 /UD5TS MI<T SEEK \T S\RCES ( FOOD WA/E ?AT >E ACCEPTABLE = 0R$I/RIBUTION0 & MAKE ?AT FOOD IMM$IATELY AVAILABLE TO ?OSE :O NE$ IT 7,PROME!AN7 SIMIL> TO A ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS PROCESS BY SIMPLY MAK+ ! FOOD & GIV+ IT AWAY ON ! /REETS ( !IR COMMUNITY4 ,!Y MI<T ALSO WORK ) COMMUNITY MEMB]S TO CREATE COMMUNITY G>D5S 7,EPIME!AN7 & MAKE SURE ?AT !RE >E WAYS TO SUPPORT ALL :O NE$ IT HAVE ACCESS TO SE$S & SOIL4 ,!SE EXAMPLES >E NOT FOCUS$ ON IMPROV+ ! CURR5T POLITICAL SY/EM OR MAK+ BETT] POLICY4 ,! FOCUS IS NOT ON MAK+ *ANGES TO ! CURR5T SY/EM ) IT /ILL 9TACT4 ,! FOCUS IS TO SIMPLY CREATE ! WORLD RI<T N[ ?AT WE WANT TO LIVE 91 GIV5 ?AT DO+ ?OSE ACTIONS DOES NOT FUR!R G5]ATE HEGEMONIC ?9K+ OR CREATE MORE BURD5 = ?OSE :O ALREADY DISPROPORTIONATELY EXP]I5CE OPPRESSION4 

,9 !SE EXAMPLES1 ONE CAN 5VISION CURRICUL> CONNECTIONS TO V>I\S CONT5T >EAS AS !Y >E TRADITIONALLY /RUCTUR$ 7SU* AS SOCIAL /UDIES1 ,5GLI%1 HEAL?1 MA?1 & SCI5CE71 :I* MI<T BE :AT MAKES A TEA*] ABLE TO DO ?IS K9D ( TEA*+1 BUT IDEALLY1 ?IS W\LD BE ONLY SO ?AT TEA*]S CAN MAKE TRANSITIONS \T ( ! CURR5T TE/-DRIV5 CULTURE ( TEA*+ T[>D A CONTEXT ( LE>N+ ?AT MOVES T[>D ACTION 9 A COMMUNITY4 ,AGA91 ?IS IS NOT A LE>N+ EXP]I5CE DONE TO S]VE ! PURPOSE ( GETT+ /UD5TS TO PASS A /ATE-IMPOS$ /&>DIZ$ EXAM4 ,CLE>LY1 ?AT W\LD TURN T[>D A LIB]AL_/PROGRESSIVE P$AGOGICAL APPROA*1 :I* W\LD S]VE A MU* DIFF]5T SET ( VALUES ) A DIFF]5T PURPOSE ( $UCATION4 ,?IS IS NOT AB\T S]V+ DICTAT$ TOP-D[N1 TE*NICAL & BUREAUCRATIC CONTROLS4 ,/UD5TS W\LD BE 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS LE>N+ EXP]I5CE NOT = A GRADE & NOT TO %[ MA/]Y ON A DECONTEXTUALIZ$ EXAM4 ,A LESSON LIKE ?IS ?AT EMPHASIZES AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGICAL APPROA* HAS ! PURPOSE ( OP]ATIONALIZ+ LOVE_/RAGE1 OP5+ OPPORTUNITIES = CRITICALLY REFLECTIVE LI/5+1 & P>TICIPAT+ 9 /R5G!N+ ONE'S COMMUNITY4 ,AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGY IS ONE ?AT (F]S /UD5TS AU!NTIC EXP]I5CES 9 9VE/IGAT+ CURR5T & HI/ORICAL ISSUES PRES5T 9 COMMUNITY ?AT LIMIT LIB]ATION & HEGEMONICALLY PRODUCE 9JU/ICES4 ,! MA9 T>GETS >E TO SUPPORT LE>N]S 9 BECOM+ MORE KN[L$GEABLE & 9VOLV$ 9 COMMUNITY1 AS WELL AS PROVID+ CONTEXTS & EXP]I5CES = /UD5TS TO REFLECT ON !IR [N EMP[]M5T1 CONSCI\SNESS1 & M9DSETS4 

,CONCLUSION 

,LOVE_/RAGE HAPP5S ALONG A CONT9UUM ( ,PROME!AN & ,EPIME!AN PA?S4 ,!RE IS NO ONE AN>*ISM1 SO !RE IS NO ONE PRESCRIPTIVE APPROA* TO TEA*+ US+ AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGY4 ,LOVE_/RAGE & ,PROME!AN_/,EPIME!AN FRAMES M]ELY PROVIDE H]M5EUTIC TOOLS = ANALYZ+ ! EXT5T TO :I* AN>*I/ APPROA*ES & EXP]I5CES ( ! TEA*+ & LE>N+ >E PRES5T4 ,AN>*I/ P$AGOGIES CAN PROVIDE /UD5TS ) AN $UCATION ?AT EMP[]S !M TO DEEPLY 9VE/IGATE P[] IMBALANCES1 SOCIAL 9JU/ICES1 & DE/RUCTIVE RELATION%IPS & PRACTICES ) NATURE4 ,AN>*I/ P$AGOGIES (F] A HOPE ?AT IS G5U9E BECAUSE IT CAN BE A CALL+ TO OP]ATE NOT FROM A PLACE ( FE>1 BUT FROM LOVE1 NOT ) AN $UCATION BAS$ ON SC>CITY1 BUT RA!R ON ABUNDANCE1 & NOT ) A BL9D+ IGNORANCE1 BUT ) A S5SE ( CL>ITY & PURPOSE ?AT WE >E SEEK+ & LEADS US TO MAKE ! K9D ( *ANGE WE DESIRE = \R 9DIVIDUAL LIVES & \R COMMUNITIES4 

,REF]5CES 

,AVRI*1 ,PAUL4 #b#f4 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T3 ,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,B]KMAN1 ,ALEX&]4 #b#a4 0,VIOL5CE & ,AN>*ISM40 ,9 ,AN>*Y6 ,AN ,AN?OLOGY ( ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN'S ,MO!R ,E>?1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,GLASSGOLD1 ,PET]4 #b#f-#b#i4 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C3 ,C\NT]PO9T4 

,BUB]1 ,M>T94 #a#i#h#g4 ,I & ,?\1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLLI]4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 #a#i#h#i4 ,NECESS>Y ,ILLUSIONS3 ,?\<T ,CONTROL 9 ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETIES1 ,BO/ON1 ,M,A3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 #a#i#i#b4 ,DET]R+ ,DEMOCRACY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,HILL & ,WANG4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 #a#i#i#g4 ,M$IA ,CONTROL3 ,! ,SPECTACUL> ,A*IEVEM5TS ( ,PROPAG&A1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,SEV5 ,/ORIES ,PRESS4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 #a#i#i#i4 ,PR(IT OV] ,PEOPLE3 ,NEOLIB]ALISM & ,GLOBAL ,ORD]1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,SEV5 ,/ORIES4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 #b4 ,*OMSKY ON ,MIS$UCATION1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R[MAN @& ,LITTLEFIELD4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 #b#a4 ,PROPAG&A & ! ,PUBLIC ,M9D3 ,CONV]SATIONS ) ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 #b#e4 ,*OMSKY ON ,AN>*ISM1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,PATEMAN1 ,B>RY4 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 #b#f4 ,FAIL$ ,/ATES3 ,! ,ABUSE ( ,P[] & ! ,ASSAULT ON ,DEMOCRACY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,METROPOLITAN ,BOOKS_/,H5RY ,HOLT4 

,DAVIS1 ,BRANT & ,SUM>A1 ,D5NIS ,J4 #a#i#i#g4 ,COGNITION1 ,COMPLEXITY1 & ,TEA*] ,$UCATION4 ,H>V>D ,$UCATIONAL ,REVIEW1 #f#g3 #a#e-#a#b#e4 

DE ,QU9CEY1 ,*RI/IAN4 #b#e4 ,RADICAL ,KN[+3 ,UND]/&+ ,CONSCI\SNESS ,?R\< ,RELATION%IP1 ,RO*E/]1 ,V,T3 ,P>K ,/REET ,PRESS4 

,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM & ,LOVE1 ,KURT4 #b#i4 0,AN>*I/ ,!ORY AS ,RADICAL ,CRITIQUE3 ,*ALL5G+ ,HI]>*IES & ,DOM9ATION 9 ! ,SOCIAL & ',H>D' ,SCI5CES40 ,9 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,R&ALL1 ,AM/]1 ,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM1 ,F]N&EZ1 ,LUIS ,A41 ,NOCELLA1 ,AN?ONY ,J4 & ,%ANNON1 ,D]IC4 #a#e#i-#a#f#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,E/EVA1 ,GU/AVO4 #b#g4 0,RECLAIM+ ,\R ,FRE$OM TO ,LE>N40 ,YES6 ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4YESMAGAZ9E4ORG_/ISSUES_/LIB]ATE-Y\R-SPACE_/RECLAIM+-\R-FRE$OM-TO-LE>N 

,F]R]-,GU>DIA1 ,FRANCISCO4 #a#i#a#c4 ,! ,ORIG9 & ,IDEALS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,JOSEPH1 ,MC,CABE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,G4 ,P4 ,PUTNAM'S ,SONS_/,KNICK]BOCK] ,PRESS4 

,F]R]1 ,FRANCISO4 #b#a4 0,L',ECOLE ,R5OVEE40 ,9 ,AN>*Y6 ,AN ,AN?OLOGY ( ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN'S ,MO!R ,E>?1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,GLASSGOLD1 ,PET]4 #b#e#g-#b#f#d4 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C3 ,C\NT]PO9T4 

,FEY]AB5D1 ,PAUL4 #a#i#i#c4 ,AGA9/ ,ME?OD1 #cRD $41 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V]SO4 

,FREIRE1 ,PAULO4 #a#i#g4 ,P$AGOGY ( ! ,OPPRESS$1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CONT9UUM4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA4 #a#i#i4 ,A ,NEW ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE4 ,MO!R ,E>?1 #e ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/UCBLIBR>Y#c4B]KELEY4$U_/,GOLDMAN_/,WRIT+S_/,ESSAYS_/9DEP5D5CE4HTML 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA4 #a#i#f#i4 ,AN>*ISM & ,O!R ,ESSAYS1 ,PORT ,WA%+TON1 ,N,Y3 ,K5NIKAT ,PRESS4 

,H>AWAY1 ,DONNA ,J4 #a#i#i#g4 ,MODE/.-,WITNESS@a,SECOND.-,MILL5NIUM4,FEMALEMAN.-,MEETS.-,ONCOM\SE3 ,FEM9ISM & ,TE*NOSCI5CE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,H>DT1 ,MI*AEL & ,NEGRI1 ,ANTONIO4 #b4 ,EMPIRE1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,ILLI*1 ,IVAN4 #a#i#g#a4 ,DES*OOL+ ,SOCIETY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,R[4 

,ILLI*1 ,IVAN4 #b#h4 0,=EWORD40 ,9 ,EV]Y:]E ,ALL ! ,TIME3 ,A ,NEW ,DES*OOL+ ,READ]1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,H]N1 ,MATT4 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,IRW91 ,JUDI? ,W4 #a#i#i#f4 ,EMP[]+ ,\RSELVES & ,TRANS=M+ ,S*OOLS3 ,$UCATORS ,MAK+ A ,DIFF]5CE1 ,ALBANY3 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS4 

,JACK]1 ,COR9NE4 #a#i#f#h4 ,! ,BLACK ,FLAG ( ,AN>*Y3 ,ANTI/ATISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,*>LES ,SCRIBN]'S ,SONS4 

,KAHN1 ,RI*>D4 #b#i4 ,CRITICAL ,P$AGOGY ,TAK+ ! ,ILLI* ,TURN4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,J\RNAL ( ,ILLI* ,/UDIES1 #a3 #c#g-#d#i4 ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/IVAN-ILLI*4ORG_/J\RNAL_/9DEX4PHP_/,I,J,I,S_/>TICLE_/VIEW_/#g_/#i 

,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 #a#i#i#e4 ,EVOLUTION & ,5VIRONM5T1 ,MONTREAL1 ,QUEBEC3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,LASN1 ,KALLE & ,:ITE1 ,MICAH4 #b#a4 ,ECOLOGY ( ! ,M9D4 ,ADBU/]S#i1 ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPT4 #b#i1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4ADBU/]S4ORG_/MAGAZ9E_/#i_/ECOLOGY-M9D4HTML 

,LOVE1 ,KURT ,A4 #b#h4 0,CASE ,/UDIES ( ,FIR/-,YE> ,CRITICAL ,SCI5CE ,TEA*]S40 ,DOCTORAL ,DISS]TATION1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CONNECTICUT4 

,LOVE1 ,KURT ,A4 ,FIR/-,YE> ,TRANS=MATIVE ,TEA*]S ,RESPOND+ TO ,HEGEMONIC ,PRESSURES 9 ,!IR ,S*OOLS4 ,PAP] PRES5T$ AT ! ,ANNUAL ,MEET+ ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,$UCATIONAL ,RESE>* ,ASSOCIATION4 ,SAN ,DIEGO4 ,APRIL #a#b-#a#g1 #bi 

,M>X1 ,K>L4 ,CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL'S ',PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI<T4' ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,JOSEPH ,O',MALLEY & ,ANNETTE ,JOL94 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,MC,WILLIAMS1 ,SP5C] ,A4 ,ON ,BECOM+ A ,P]SONAL ,AN>*I/4 ,PAP] PRES5T$ AT ! ,SIX? ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ON ,P]SONAL ,CON/RUCT ,PSY*OLOGY4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,5GL&4 ,NATIONAL ,C5T] = ,$UCATION ,/ATI/ICS4 #b#d4 

,M]*ANT1 ,C>OLYN4 ,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ,C,A3 ,H>P] @& ,R[4 

,RAVIT*1 ,DIANE4 #b#a4 ,! ,DEA? & ,LIFE ( ! ,GREAT ,AM]ICAN ,S*OOL ,SY/EM3 ,H[ ,TE/+ & ,*OICE ,>E ,UND]M9+ ,$UCATION1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,BASIC ,BOOKS4 

,ROCK]1 ,RUDOLF4 #b#d4 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM3 ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE1 #f? $41 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,/>HAWK1 ,R4 #a#i#h#b4 ,DREAM+ ! ,D>K3 ,MAGIC1 ,SEX & ,POLITICS1 ,BO/ON1 ,M,A3 ,BEACON ,PRESS4 

,WE9/E91 ,MAT!W4 #b#d4 ,REV]S+ ! ,OBJECTIVITY3 ,ADD+ ,GU9EA ,PIG ,P$AGOGIES4 ,SCI5CE ,$UCATION1 #h#h3 #b#d#h-#b#f#b4 

,WILB]1 ,K54 #a#i#h#a4 ,UP FROM ,$53 ,A ,TRANSP]SONAL ,VIEW ( ,HUMAN ,DEVELOPM5T1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,AN*OR ,PRESS_/,D\BL$AY4 

,WILB]1 ,K54 #a#i#h#c4 ,EYE TO ,EYE1 ,BO/ON1 ,M,A3 ,%AMBHALA4 

,AN>*I/1 ,NEOLIB]AL1 @& ,DEMOCRATIC ,DECISION-,MAK+3 ,DEEP5+ ! ,JOY 9 ,LE>N+ & ,TEA*+ 

,FELECIA ,M4 ,BRISCOE 

,AB/RACT 

,US+ A CRITICAL PO/MOD]N FRAMEWORK1 ?IS >TICLE ANALYZES ! RELATION%IP ( ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES ( AN>*ISM & NEOLIB]ALISM TO ?AT ( DEEP DEMOCRACY4 ,AN>*I/ PROCESSES >E F\ND TO %>E COMMON CORE PR9CIPALS ) DEEP DEMOCRACY2 BUT NEOLIB]AL PROCESSES >E F\ND TO BE ANTI!TICAL TO DEEP DEMOCRACY4 ,TO 9CREASE ! JOY 9 LE>N+ & TEA*+1 BAS$ UPON ?IS ANALYSIS1 PRACTICAL AN>*I/ GUIDEL9ES = S*OOL DECISION-MAK+ >E SUGGE/$4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,Y\ EV] BE5 9 A PLACE1 :]E EV]YBODY IS REAL DEPRESS$1 BUT !Y DON'T REALLY KN[ IT4 ,IT IS :]E ! T$I\S & MUNDANE >E WOR%IP$4 444 ,! LEA/ BIT ( CREATIVITY & 9SPIRATION HAS BE5 EXCIS$4 ,PEOPLE RULE ?R\< FE> & 9TIMIDATION4 ,! /AFF IS TREAT$ LIKE *ILDR54 ,PEOPLE WOND] :AT IS WRONG ) \R KIDS4 ,WE >5'T DO+ !M ANY FAVORS1 EXCEPT MAK+ !M SICK ( S*OOL4 ,WE HAVE TE/$ !M TO DEA?4 ,:5 WE >5'T TE/+ !M1 WE >E PRE-TE/+ !M OR TEA*+ !M TE/ /RATEGIES4 ,RI*MOND WOR%IPS AT ! ALT> ( /&>DIZ$ TE/+4 ,!RE IS NO ROOM = H]ETICS OR NONBELIEV]S4.<#a#a.> 

,9 ! OP5+ QUOTE1 ,>T] ,JACKSON 7P]SONAL COMMUNICATION #b#h7 DESCRIBES HIS EXP]I5CE TEA*+ ?IRD GRADE 9 AN URBAN S*OOL4 ,EXCIT$ & PASSIONATE AS A BEG9N+ TEA*]1 ) EA* PASS+ YE>1 HE BECAME 9CREAS+LY DISC\RAG$4 ,HIS EXP]I5CE IS NOT AN ANOMALY 7,PESAV5TO-,CONWAY #b#h74 ,H[ HAS ! JOY ?AT LE>N+ & TEA*+ C\LD (F] /UD5TS & TEA*]S TURN$ 9TO 9TOL]ABLE T$IUM8 ,WRIT]S FROM A V>IETY ( ]AS & FIELDS 7E4G4 ,/EV5 ,%UKAITIS #bi OR ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN #aig 9 AN>*ISM2 ,JOHN ,DEWEY #aiaf OR ,WALT ,:ITMAN #aiei 9 DEMOCRACY2 & ,PAULO ,FREIRE #aig OR ,ALI/AIR ,P5NYCOOK #ba 9 CRITICAL !ORY7 ALL CLAIM ?AT SU* FEEL+S EM]GE :5 PEOPLE >E D5I$ ! OPPORTUNITY ( ACT+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N JUDGM5T1 WILL1 & 9T]E/S--9 O!R WORDS1 :5 PEOPLE >E D5I$ AUTONOMY & DO NOT DIRECTLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! DECISIONS ?AT %APE !IR LIVES4 ,! P[] RELATIONS ( A SOCIETY AFFECT ITS DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES1 ! DEGREE TO :I* A P]SON P>TICIPATES 9 ?AT PROCESS1 & ?US ! TYPE ( DECISIONS MADE4 

,! P[] RELATIONS ( A DEMOCRACY >E AFFECT$ BY ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EMS AS WELL AS ITS DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY4 ,TO BE A DEMOCRACY1 A POLITICAL SY/EM MU/ 9CLUDE ALL CITIZ5S BY SOME MEANS 9 ! SOCIAL DECISION-MAK+1 BUT ! MANN] 9 :I* A P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL P>TICIPATES DEP5DS UPON ! TYPE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY >E DIFF]5T ?AN ?OSE ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! ECONOMIC SY/EM ( A DEMOCRACY ALSO AFFECTS ! DEGREE ( P>TICIPATION ?AT DIFF]5T 9DIVIDUALS HAVE 9 SOCIAL DECISION-MAK+4 ,9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! DEGREE TO :I* SOMEONE P>TICIPATES 9 SOCIAL DECISION-MAK+ IS L>GELY DEP5D5T UPON ONE'S ECONOMIC /ATUS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 RUNN+ = /ATE OR NATIONAL (FICE G5]ALLY REQUIRES AN EXP5SIVE ADV]TIS+ CAMPAIGN TO BE SUCCESSFUL2 ?US1 ONLY ?OSE ) ACCESS TO SUB/ANTIAL MONEY >E LIKELY TO RUN = !SE (FICES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGIES ( A DEMOCRACY ALSO AFFECT ! PROCESSES & TYPES ( DECISIONS MADE4 ,IDEOLOGIES BO? MAKE S5SE ( ! WORLD & PO9T TO ! TYPE ( ACTIONS NE$$4 ,?US1 IDEOLOGIES ACT POSITIVELY & NEGATIVELY1 9DUC+ SOME ACTIONS & SUBJECTIVITIES1 BUT 9HIBIT+ O!RS 7,F\CAULT #a#i#hA1 #a#i#hB74 ,9 ?IS >TICLE1 ,I EXAM9E NEOLIB]AL & AN>*I/ IDEOLOGIES & !IR RELATION%IPS TO $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+ 9 A DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS EXAM9ATION 9DICATES ?AT ! P[] RELATION%IPS FO/]$ BY A NEOLIB]AL IDEOLOGY FIT ) ?OSE ( SUP]FICIAL1 =MAL DEMOCRACY1 YET ! P[] RELATION%IPS FO/]$ BY AN AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY FIT ) ?OSE ( DEEP DEMOCRACY4 ,I !N PROPOSE GUIDEL9ES = $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+ BAS$ UPON ?IS EXAM9ATION4 

,A CRITICAL PO/MOD]NISM FRAMES ! ANALYSIS4 ,= ! ANALYSIS ( ! P[] RELATIONS & !IR EFFECTS1 ,I USE ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT'S 7#a#i#hA1 #a#i#hB7 IDEAS ON H[ P[] RELATIONS ACT TO 9DUCE C]TA9 TYPES ( SUBJECTIVITIES1 DECISIONS1 & ?US ACTIONS1 :ILE PROSCRIB+ O!RS4 ,ALI/AIR ,P5NYCOOK'S 7#b#a7 DESCRIPTION ( CRITICAL PO/MOD]NISM IS PROBLEMATIZ+3 09SI/.<+.> ON ! NOTION ( CRITICAL AS 5GAG+ ) ! QUE/IONS ( P[] & 9EQUALITY1 BUT 444 .<REJECTS.> ANY POSSIBILITY ( CRITICAL DI/ANCE OR OBJECTIVITY0 7#d74 ,A PO/MOD]N CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE 

RAISE.<S.> QUE/IONS AB\T ! LIMITS ( ITS [N KN[+ .<BUT ALSO OP]ATES.> ) SOME SORT ( VISION ( :AT IS PREF]ABLE4 ,P]HAPS ! NOTION ( PREF]R$ FUTURES (F]S US A SLI<TLY MORE RE/RA9$ & PLURAL VIEW ( :]E WE MI<T WANT TO HEAD4 ,SU* PREF]R$ FUTURES1 H[EV]1 NE$ TO BE GR\ND$ 9 E?ICAL >GUM5TS = :Y ALT]NATIVE POSSIBILITIES MAY BE BETT]4 7#h7.<#a#b.> 

,9 ?IS >TICLE1 ! PREF]R$ FUTURE IS ONE ?AT FO/]S ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEEP DEMOCRACY & IS GR\ND$ 9 AN E?ICAL >GUM5T = AMELIORAT+ ! CURR5T OPPRESSIVE T$IUM EXP]I5C$ BY /UD5TS & TEA*]S1 ALL[+ ! 9H]5T JOY ( LE>N+ & TEA*+ TO EM]GE4 ,BY 9H]5T JOY1 ,I MEAN ! 9N] DEEP SATISFACTION A P]SON FEELS :5 !Y HAVE LE>N$ SOME?+ ?AT !Y WI%$ TO LE>N & ! SIMIL> SATISFACTION TEA*]S FEEL :5 !Y HAVE SUCCESSFULLY TAU<T SOME?+ ( WOR? TO !IR /UD5TS4 ,H[EV]1 MY CLAIM IS (F]$ ) RADICAL UNC]TA9TY4 ,BY RADICAL UNC]TA9TY ,I MEAN ?AT ! PREF]R$ FUTURE DESCRIB$ IS NOT DEF9ITIVE1 BUT RA!R A />T+ PO9T1 OP5 TO *ALL5GE1 *ANGE1 & REF9EM5T4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,P5NYCOOK 7#b#a7 >GUES ?AT PO/MOD]N CRITICAL !ORY %\LD BE1 0AN E?ICS ( COMPASSION & A MODEL ( HOPE & POSSIBILITY0 7#i74 ,?US1 AL?\< AN>*I/ !ORY OCCUPIES A SPACE BETWE5 NIHILISM 7E4G41 ,KAHN #b#i7 & HOPE 7E4G41 ,%UKAITIS #b#i71 ,I AN*OR MY ANALYSIS 9 HOPE & POSSIBILITY4 

,9 ?IS ANALYSIS1 ,I FIR/ BRIEFLY DESCRIBE NEOLIB]ALISM & ITS GR[+ 9FLU5CE4 ,SECOND1 ,I DI/+UI% ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SUP]FICIAL & DEEP DEMOCRACY1 5D+ ) A SUMM>Y ( ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( DEEP DEMOCRACY4 ,?IRD1 ,I \TL9E IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 AN>*ISM & NEOLIB]ALISM4 ,F\R?1 ,I DEL9EATE CORE PR9CIPALS %>$ BY AN>*ISM & DEEP DEMOCRACY1 L9K+ ! PRODUCTIVE & PROSCRIPTIVE ASPECTS ( !SE CORE PR9CIPLES TO HUMAN WELLBE+4 ,FIF?1 ,I DEL9EATE NEOLIB]ALISM'S ANTI!TICAL RELATION%IP TO DEEP DEMOCRACY1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY 0,NO ,*ILD ,LEFT ,BEH9D0 7,N,C,L,B74 ,F9ALLY1 BAS$ UPON ?IS EXAM9ATION1 ,I SUGGE/ GUIDEL9ES = $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+ TO DEEP5 DEMOCRACY & ALL[ = GREAT] JOY 9 LE>N+ & TEA*+4 

,NEOLIB]ALISM 

,RIFE ) PHRASES SU* AS FREE *OICE1 9DIVIDUALISM1 COMPETITION1 & FRE$OM1 NEOLIB]ALISM DEEMPHASIZES OR REJECTS POSITIVE GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION1 FOCUS+ 9/EAD ON A*IEV+ PROGRESS & EV5 SOCIAL JU/ICE BY 5C\RAG+ FREE-M>KET ME?ODS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 NEOLIB]ALISM ASS]TS ?AT ! DIV9E H& ( ! M>KET IS BE/ ABLE TO DET]M9E OPTIMAL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL POLICIES ON A NATIONAL & GLOBAL SCALE4 ,CREAT$ AS A FRAMEWORK = ECONOMIC POLICY1 NEOLIB]ALISM HAS GR[N TO 9FLU5CE MO/ SOCIAL DECISION-MAK+1 ! TYPES ( *OICES & !RE=E ACTIONS TAK52 ?US ACT+ TO CREATE ! REALITY IT PURPORTS TO DESCRIBE 7,CL>KE #b#d74 ,NEOLIB]ALISM DESCRIBES & /RUCTURES SOCIETY AS A WEB ( SOCIAL RELATIONS M$IAT$ BY M>KET EX*ANGE4.<#a#c.> ,S9CE ! #a#i#gS1 ACCORD+ TO ,MI*AEL ,APPLE 7#a#i#i#i71 NEOLIB]ALISM HAS GA9$ ASC5DANCY & BECOME HEGEMONIC 9CREAS+LY ABLE TO 0W9 ! BATTLE OV] COMMON S5SE0 7#e74 ,! HEGEMONIC SWAY ( NEOLIB]ALISM IS FELT DEEPLY 9 S*OOLS4 ,HILL & ,BOXLEY 7#b#i7 DESCRIBE NEOLIB]ALISM'S EFFECTS UPON ! ,U,S S*OOL+ SY/EM3 

,! NEOLIB]AL PROJECT = $UCATION IS P>T ( ! BIGG] PICTURE ( ! NEOLIB]AL PROJECT ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,M>KETS 9 $UCATION WORLDWIDE1 COMB9$ ) SO-CALL$ 0P>5TAL *OICE0 ( A DIV]SE RANGE ( S*OOLS1 >E ONLY ONE SMALL P>T ( ! $UCATION /RATEGY ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ) ITS ,BUS9ESS ,AG5DA = ,$UCATION .<:AT IT REQUIRES $UCATION TO DO.> & ITS ,BUS9ESS ,AG5DA 9 ,$UCATION .<H[ IT PLANS TO MAKE MONEY \T ( $UCATION.>4 7#b#h-#b#i2 ITALICS 9 ORIG9AL7 

,! PRIVATIZATION ( S*OOLS 7,HILL & ,BOXLEY #b#i7 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( S*OOLS AS A M>KET = TE/+ PRODUCTS.<#a#d.> >E EXAMPLES ( M>KETS 9 $UCATION4 ,AL?\< NEOLIB]AL IDEOLOGY 9 !ORY ES*EWS GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION1 IT NEV]!LESS CO]CES DECISION-MAK+ ?R\< SURVEILLANCE TE*NIQUES 7E4G4 ! M&AT$ TE/+ 9 ,N,C,L,B74.<#a#e.> ,ALONG ) ! GR[? ( NEOLIB]ALISM HAS BE5 A CORRESPOND+ GLOBAL EXPANSION ( 9EQUALITY4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#gS1 ! 9EQUALITY ( WEAL? HAS 9T5SIFI$1 BO? )9 & BETWE5 NATION /ATES4.<#a#f.> ,DUR+ ?IS SAME TIME-P]IOD1 DEMOCRACY BECAME ! DOM9ANT =M ( GOV]NM5T ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

,DEMOCRACY & ,9EQUALITY8 

,PRESUM$ BY MANY TO BE ! MO/ EGALIT>IAN =M ( GOV]NM5T1 H[ IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT 9EQUALITIES >E 9CREAS+ ALONG ) DEMOCRACY8 ,SOME ANALY/S 7E4G41 ,GIR\X #b#b7 CLAIM ?AT ! CORRESPOND+ 9CREASES 9 DEMOCRACY & 9EQUALITY >E UNRELAT$4 ,RA!R1 !Y CLAIM IT IS ! 9CREAS+ GLOBAL DOM9ANCE ( TRANSNATIONAL CAPITALISM PRODUC+ ! GR[+ 9EQUALITIES1 NOT ! 9CREASE 9 DEMOCRACIES4 ,?IS >GUM5T IS T5ABLE BECAUSE TRANSNATIONAL CAPITALISM HAS ALSO 9T5SIFI$ DUR+ ?IS SAME P]IOD4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,HILL & ,BOXLEY'S 7#b#i7 DESCRIPTION ( NEOLIB]AL 9FLU5CES OV] S*OOL+ SUGGE/S ?AT NEOLIB]ALISM IS ! (FSPR+ ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 DE ,OLIV] 7#b#h7 REVEALS ?AT VANGU>D DEMOCRACIES1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY & BY WAY ( A V>IETY ( IMP]IALI/ PROJECTS1 HAVE ALL CREAT$ GREAT] 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 9EQUALITIES 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?2 ?US1 HE CLAIMS ?AT DEMOCRACY ITSELF LEADS TO GREAT] 9EQUALITIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,ANCI5T ,GREECE & ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM DUR+ ! #a#hS1 ! ADV5T ( DEMOCRACY SIGNAL$ A DECREASE 9 ! EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? )9 ! NATION /ATES1 BUT EV5 MORE SO BETWE5 NATION /ATES1 PRIM>ILY DUE TO ! COLONIAL RELATION%IPS !Y E/ABLI%$ ) ! C\NTRIES !Y ANNEX$ TO !IR DEMOCRATIC EMPIRES4 ,IF DE ,OLIV] 7#b#h7 IS CORRECT1 !N DEMOCRACY CAN NO LONG] BE REG>D$ AS A MEANS TO EQUITABLE P[] RELATIONS4 

,JUDI? ,GRE5'S 7#a#i#i#i7 TR5*ANT ANALYSIS ( ! DIFF]5T TYPES ( DEMOCRACY PROVIDES AN ALT]NATIVE EXPLANATION4 ,%E DESCRIBES AN >RAY ( POSSIBLE & EXI/+ DEMOCRACIES1 EA* PROVID+ DIFF]5T P>TICIPATORY OPPORTUNITIES & EFFECTS4 ,P]T95T TO ! PRES5T TOPIC >E H] DESCRIPTIONS ( DEEP DEMOCRACY & SUP]FICIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* %E CALLS =MAL DEMOCRACY4.<#a#g.> ,=MAL DEMOCRACIES LIMIT MO/ CITIZ5S' P>TICIPATION TO VOT+ FROM A GIV5 LI/ ( OPTIONS DEVELOP$ BY AN ELITE SUBSET ( ! ELECTORATE4 ,GRE5 7#a#i#i#i7 NOTES ?AT1 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 A NATION WIDELY REG>D$ AS DEMOCRACY'S WORLD HI/ORIC MODEL1 SUGGE/S ?AT A PURELY =MAL DEMOCRACY IS IDEOLOGICALLY HOLL[ & OP]ATIONALLY SUBV]TIBLE0 7IV7 & ?US1 IS CONDUCIVE TO A NUMB] ( SOCIAL PA?OLOGIES 9CLUD+ POV]TY & A M>KET MOTIVAT$ HYP] CONSUM]ISM FO/]$ BY A MASS M$IA4 ,BUT1 DEMOCRACIES NE$ NOT REMA9 PURELY =MAL4 

,SOCIETIES1 9CLUD+ DEMOCRACIES1 >E DYNAMIC & *ANG+4 ,!RE >E PO9TS 9 TIME :5 *ANGE IS DRAMATIC4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 R\<LY BETWE5 #ahh & #a#i#b1 ) ! CLOS+ ( ! FRONTI]1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & O!R C\NTRIES UND]W5T RAPID PROCESSES ( DEMOGRAPHIC TRANS=MATION4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 MANY DIFF]5T FUTURES BECAME POSSIBLE4 ,AS PEOPLE /RUGGL$ TO DEVELOP RELATIONS & PROCESS APPROPRIATE TO ! NEW CONTEXT1 OP5 CONFLICT OV] EM]G5T POSSIBILITIES OCCURR$4 ,CONFLICT OCCURR$ >\ND IDEAS SU* AS3 HI]>*ICAL V]SUS DIRECT P>TICIPATION AS A WAY ( ORGANIZ+ SOCIETAL PROCESSES2 ! DEGREE ( 9CLUSIV5ESS 9 DECISION-MAK+2 & ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? PRODUC$ BY 9DU/RIES4 ,AN>*ISM.<#a#h.> & DEEP DEMOCRACY.<#a#i.> W]E TWO ( ! MANY VIABLE IDEOLOGICAL ALT]NATIVES = GUID+ SOCIAL DECISION-MAK+4 ,BO? IDEOLOGIES ADVOCAT$ FULL1 DIRECT1 & MORE 9CLUSIVE P>TICIPATION1 AS WELL AS A MORE EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?4 ,H[EV]1 HI]>*IES1 SMALL] GR\PS ( EXP]T DECISION-MAK]S = ! MASSES1 & AN UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? CONT9U$ & EV5 9T5SIFI$--ALL ( :I* >E SYMPTOMATIC ( A SUP]FICIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! /RUGGLE HAS NOT 5D$.<#b.> BUT1 AL?\< SOME ASPECTS ( AN>*ISM & DEEP DEMOCRACY HAVE P]IODICALLY EM]G$1 DEMOCRATIC RELATIONS )9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES L>GELY HAVE REMA9$ =MAL & !RE=E SUP]FICIAL4 ,GRE5'S 7#a#i#i#i7 ANALYSIS 9DICATES ?AT A =MAL DEMOCRACY IS SUBV]TIBLE & CONDUCIVE TO NEOLIB]AL M>KET IDEOLOGIES4 ,DEEP DEMOCRACY1 H[EV]1 IS LESS OP5 TO SUBV]SION DUE TO ITS ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS 7AS DETAIL$ LAT]74 

,G>RISON & ,S*NEID] 7#b#h71 DRAW+ FROM ,WALT ,:ITMAN'S CONCEPTION ( A SPIRITUAL DEMOCRACY1 SUMM>IZE ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( DEEP DEMOCRACY3 

,EV]YONE IS EQUALLY MORAL & HAS ! RI<T TO ACTUALIZE :ATEV] P[]S HE OR %E HAS TO MAKE A CONTRIBUTION4 ,SECONDLY 444 EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS UNIQUE & %\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO EX]CISE HIS OR H] CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ADHESION1 BY :I* HE MEANT LOVE1 .<C>E1 & RESPECT ( O!RS.>40 7#a#a-#a#b7 

,= ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f71 !SE ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS >E FUNDAM5TALLY DEP5D5T UPON A FAIRLY EQUAL SPREAD ( WEAL? & AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION.<#b#a.> 7DESCRIB$ LAT]71 BAS$ ON AN UND]/&+ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY >E NOT B9>IES1 BUT RA!R 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO ONE ANO!R4 ,IF DEEP DEMOCRACY REPRES5TS A PREF]R$ FUTURE1 H[ DO WE PROGRESS 9 ?AT DIRECTION8 ,FROM ,F\CAULT'S 7#a#i#hA1 #a#i#hB7 P]SPECTIVE1 ! V>I\S ASPECTS ( DEEP DEMOCRACY >E MUTUALLY DEP5D5T UPON EA* O!R & IT IS DIFFICULT = ONE ASPECT TO EM]GE ALL BY ITSELF2 H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME1 *ANG+ ONE ASPECT ( CURR5T P[] RELATIONS WILL AFFECT O!R ASPECTS DUE TO !IR CONNECT$NESS4.<#b#b.> ,I >GUE ?AT S*OOLS >E A PROMIS+ BEG9N+ PO9T4 ,S*OOLS >E *>G$ ) 9CULCAT+ APPROPRIATE KN[L$GE & SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 9 *ILDR5 7,DEWEY #a#i#a#f74 ,?US1 S*OOLS >E KEY TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEEP DEMOCRACY4 

,DIFF]5CES 9 ,AN>*I/ & ,NEOLIB]AL ,IDEOLOGICAL ,FRAMEWORKS 

,BO? NEOLIB]ALISM & AN>*ISM CLAIM TO BE BAS$ UPON CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM1 FREE *OICE1 & 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,?US1 IT MAY BE DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E H[ AN>*ISM C\LD BE CONDUCIVE TO DEEP DEMOCRACY BUT NEOLIB]ALISM OPPOSES IT4 ,H[EV]1 AN>*ISM & NEOLIB]ALISM 9T]PRET FREE *OICE1 FRE$OM1 & 9DIVIDUALISM DIFF]5TLY1 DUE TO !IR DIFF]5T IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS & ! RELATIVE EMPHASIS ?AT NEOLIB]ALISM & AN>*ISM PLACE ON COOP]ATION V]SUS COMPETITION4.<#b#c.> 

,!RE >E F\R ASPECTS ( ! IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ( AN>*ISM ?AT SET ! P>AMET]S = ITS 9T]PRETATION ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 FRE$OM1 & FREE-*OICE4 ,!SE F\R ASPECTS >E3 ! IMPORTANCE ( JOY & CREATIVITY1 ! RELATION%IP ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO SOCIETY1 ! UNIQU5ESS ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 & ! NE$ = EQUAL P[] RELATIONS4 ,AN>*ISM SEEKS TO CREATE A GREAT] POSSIBILITY = JOY 9 ! WORLD = EA* & EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 & ?US = SOCIETY4 ,AN>*ISM'S PREMISE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY >E 9EXTRICABLY L9K$ PROMOTES A PRO-SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETAL WELL-BE+ CANNOT BE SEP>AT$4 ,!RE=E1 AN>*ISM OPPOSES ADVANC+ ONE 9DIVIDUAL'S 9T]E/ AT ! EXP5SE ( ANO!R'S4 ,?US1 AN>*ISM FO/]S A COOP]ATIVE APPROA* TO SOCIAL DECISION-MAK+4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT PEOPLE %\LD CREATIVELY DEVELOP !IR UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALISM1 RA!R ?AN SELECT+ FROM ! SET ( MASS-PRODUC$ 9DIVIDUALISM PRODUC$ BY ! M>KET4 ,?IS 9DIVIDUALISM IS MU* LIKE :AT ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f7 ADVOCATES 9 ! FRE$OM TO FULLY DEVELOP ONE'S UNIQUE POT5TIAL4 ,= AN>*ISM1 FRE$OM & FREE *OICE >E BAS$ ON ! PREMISE ( APPROXIMATELY EQUAL P[] 7E4G41 RES\RCES1 WEAL?1 & /ATUS7 = EV]YONE4 ,FROM ?IS EQUAL POSITION+ ( P[]1 NO ONE P]SON OR GR\P IS POSITION$ TO SET \T ! OPTIONS FROM :I* O!RS MU/ *OOSE1 & EA* P]SON 9 ! SOCIETY HAS FULL OPPORTUNITY TO P>TICIPATE 9 DECISION-MAK+ ?AT AFFECTS !M4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 A NEOLIB]AL FRAMEWORK BASES ! CONCEPTS ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 FRE$OM1 & FREE *OICE UPON M>KET ME*ANISMS1 :I* MEANS ?AT ! DEGREE ( FRE$OM & FREE *OICE >E BAS$ UPON :AT ! M>KET (F]S 7E4G41 :O IS RUNN+ = (FICE OR :I* TEXTBOOKS >E SELECT$ BY ! /ATE7 & :AT ONE CAN AF=D 7H[ MU* MONEY OR P[] ONE HAS74 ,?IS CONJUNCTION1 9 EFFECT1 MAKES EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBLE = ! *OICES !Y MAKE1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT MANY DO NOT HAVE ! MEANS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !IR FREE *OICES4 ,?US1 FROM A NEOLIB]AL P]SPECTIVE1 ?OSE :O F9D !MSELVES 9 UNDESIRABLE CIRCUM/ANCES 9 \R M>KET-BAS$ WORLD HAVE ONLY !MSELVES TO BLAME4.<#b#d.> ,! NEOLIB]AL V]SION ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 ?US1 IS ANTISOCIAL4 ,IT IS ANTISOCIAL BECAUSE !RE IS AN 9DIFF]5CE TO H[ ! RE/ ( SOCIETY IS AFFECT$ BY ONE'S EF=TS TO COMPETE SUCCESSFULLY4 ,AT BE/1 PEOPLE FEEL FREE TO PURSUE !IR [N 9T]E/ )\T C>E = O!RS1 BAS$ ON ! BELIEF ?AT SOMEH[ ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SELFI% PURSUIT ( ONE'S [N 9T]E/S WILL ULTIMATELY B5EFIT SOCIETY & ?AT EV]Y?+ CAN BE R$UC$ TO A PRICE4 ,LIKEWISE1 NEOLIB]ALISM R>ELY TAKES 9TO ACC\NT LONG-T]M DAMAGES4.<#b#e.> ,?IS TYPE ( ANTISOCIAL 9DIVIDUALISM P]PETUATES ! IDEA ?AT BE+ PURELY SELF-9T]E/$ & COMPET+ = 9DIVIDUAL SUCCESS WILL MAGICALLY TAKE C>E ( ALL SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 9 SPITE ( CONSID]ABLE EVID5CE TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,BECAUSE ( ! A=EM5TION$ IDEOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES 7AMONG O!RS71 ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( DEEP DEMOCRACY >E %>$ ) AN>*ISM1 BUT NEOLIB]ALISM IS ANTI!TICAL TO DEEP DEMOCRACY4 

,AN>*ISM & ,DEEP ,DEMOCRACY 

,DEEP DEMOCRACY EMPHASIZES AUTONOMY BY RECOGNIZ+ ! EQUAL MORAL RI<T ( ALL TO ACTUALIZE !IR POT5TIALS & BY RECOGNIZ+ ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS UNIQUE1 HAV+ ! RI<T TO EX]CISE HIS OR H] CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,O!R CORE *>ACT]I/ICS ( DEEP DEMOCRACY 9CLUDE LOVE1 C>E1 & RESPECT ( O!RS2 A FAIRLY EQUAL SPREAD ( WEAL?2 & AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION BETWE5 PEOPLE BAS$ ON ! UND]/&+ ?AT :AT H>MS OR B5EFITS ONE P]SON LIKEWISE H>MS OR B5EFITS ! RE/ ( SOCIETY.<#b#f.> &1 !RE=E1 TAKES 9TO CONSID]ATION O!RS' 9T]E/S1 DESIRES1 & GOALS4.<#b#g.> ,FUR!RMORE1 !SE CORE *>ACT]I/ICS >E 9T]DEP5D5T4 ,I DRAW UPON DIV]SE SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & PSY*OLOGICAL RESE>* & !ORY TO >GUE ?AT !SE COMMON CORE *>ACT]I/ICS1 %>$ 9 BO? AN>*ISM & DEMOCRACY1 >E B5EFICIAL TO BO? ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY4.<#b#h.> ,LIKE DEEP DEMOCRACY1 AN>*ISM ADVOCATES3 

A MORE EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES2 

EA* P]SON DIRECTLY P>TICIPATES 9 DECISIONS AFFECT+ H] OR HIS LIFE 7AUTONOMY72 

AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION2 

CELEBRAT+ ! JOYFUL EX]CISE ( EA* P]SON'S UNIQUE CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY2 & 

LOVE1 RESPECT1 & C>+ ( O!RS4 

,P>ALLEL+ ?IS ORD]1 EA* ( !SE PO9TS IS DISCUSS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ SECTIONS4 

,A ,MORE ,EQUAL ,DI/RIBUTION ( ,RES\RCES 

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN DESCRIBES AN>*ISM AS 0AN ORD] ?AT WILL GU>ANTEE TO EV]Y HUMAN BE+ FREE ACCESS TO ! E>? & FULL 5JOYM5T ( ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE0 7#a#i#g1 #f#h74 ,ROCK] 7#a#i#c#h7 DESCRIBES ! EFFECTS ( ACUTE 9EQUALITY 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES3 

,\R PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 LEAD+ TO A MI<TY ACCUMULATION ( SOCIAL WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY & TO A CONT9U\S IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE 444 SACRIFIC$ ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMAN SOCIETY TO ! PRIVATE 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUALS & ?US SY/EMATICALLY UND]M9$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & MAN .<SIC.>4 ,PEOPLE =GOT ?AT 9DU/RY IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 BUT %\LD BE ONLY A MEANS TO 9SURE TO MAN HIS MAT]IAL SUBSI/5CE & TO MAKE ACCESSIBLE TO HIM ! BLESS+S ( A HI<] 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE4 ,:]E 9DU/RY IS EV]Y?+ & MAN IS NO?+ BEG9S ! REALM ( RU?LESS ECONOMIC DESPOTISM :OSE WORK+S >E NO LESS DISA/R\S ?AN POLITICAL DESPOTISM4 7#b7.<#b#i.> 

,AL?\< ,ROCK] WROTE 9 #a#i#c#h1 ! POL>IZATION ( WEAL?.<#c.> & ! ELEVATION ( 9DU/RY 7OR BUS9ESS_/CORPORATE 9T]E/S7 OV] HUMAN 9T]E/S REMA9 TRUE4.<#c#a.> ,AN EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( ECONOMIC P[] OR RES\RCES IS FUNDAM5TAL TO EQUALIZ+ P[] RELATION%IPS4 ,ONE AN>*I/1 ,FOTOP\LOS 7#b#h71 DESCRIBES ?IS NECESS>Y 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY 444 AS ! AU?ORITY ( ! PEOPLE DEMOS 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 IMPLY+ ! EXI/5CE ( ECONOMIC EQUALITY 9 ! S5SE ( AN EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( ECONOMIC P[]0 7#d#d#b74 ,)\T EQUAL P[] RELATIONS BR\<T AB\T BY A FAIRLY EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 ! 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY ADVOCAT$ BY DEEP DEMOCRACY & AN>*ISM CANNOT BE OP]ATIONALIZ$4 

,EA* ,P]SON ,DIRECTLY ,P>TICIPATES 9 ,DECISIONS ,AFFECT+ ,H] OR ,HIS ,LIFE 7,AUTONOMY7 

,AN>*ISM'S & DEEP DEMOCRACY'S CALL = A MORE EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES HELPS TO CREATE ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = AUTONOMY4 ,P]HAPS ! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT F\NDATION ( AN>*I/ ?\<T IS AUTONOMY1 AS DESCRIB$ BY ,ANNA ,GOLDMAN 7#b#a73 

.<,AN>*ISM IS.> BAS$ 9 ! UND]/&+ ?AT WE >E BE/ QUALIFI$ TO MAKE DECISIONS AB\T \R [N LIVES4 ,AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT WE MU/ ALL CONTROL \R [N LIVES1 MAK+ DECISIONS COLLECTIVELY AB\T MATT]S1 :I* AFFECT US4 ,AN>*I/S BELIEVE & 5GAGE 9 DIRECT ACTION4 7P>A #g7 

,SEV]AL S*OL>S HAVE ANALYZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( AUTONOMY TO HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,AL?\< ,PAULO ,FREIRE 7#a#i#g7 DOES NOT DESCRIBE HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/1 HIS ANALYSIS ( AUTONOMY 9 REG>DS TO DET]M9+ ONE'S [N ?\<TS & ACTIONS IS (T5 QUOT$ BY AN>*I/S SU* AS ,SPR+ 7#b#h74 ,FREIRE 7#a#i#g7 DISCUSSES ! DEA? ?AT OCCURS )\T AUTONOMY3 

,OV]:ELM+ CONTROL--IS NECROPHILIC2 IT IS N\RI%$ BY LOVE ( DEA?1 NOT LIFE4 ,BAS$ ON A ME*ANI/IC1 /ATIC1 NATURALI/IC1 SPATIALIZ$ VIEW ( CONSCI\SNESS2 IT TRANS=MS /UD5TS 9TO RECEIV+ OBJECTS4 ,IT ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL ?9K+ & ACTION1 LEADS M5 TO ADJU/ TO ! WORLD1 & 9HIBITS !IR CREATIVE P[]4 7#f#d7 

,FREIRE'S DESCRIPTION ( OV]:ELM+ CONTROL RESONATES ) ,MR4 ,JACKSON'S DESCRIPTION ( HIS EXP]I5CE 9 AN URBAN S*OOL1 ) /UD5TS BE+ 0TE/$ TO DEA?0 UND] ! CURR5T POLICIES4 ,A NUMB] ( S*OL>S.<#c#b.> NOTE ?AT )\T EQUAL P[] RELATION%IPS1 !RE IS LITTLE AUTONOMY2 )\T AUTONOMY1 AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4 

,AU!NTIC ,COMMUNICATION 

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,MAX ,BAG9SKY 7#a#i#g7 DESCRIBE ! IMPORTANCE ( MUTUAL UND]/&+3 

,! PROBLEM ?AT CONFRONTS US TODAY1 & :I* ! NE>E/ FUTURE IS TO SOLVE1 IS H[ TO BE ONE'S SELF & YET 9 ON5ESS ) O!RS1 TO FEEL DEEPLY ) ALL HUMAN BE+S & /ILL RETA9 ONE'S [N *>ACT]I/IC QUALITIES4 ,?IS SEEMS TO ME TO BE ! BASIS UPON :I* ! MASS & ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! TRUE DEMOCRAT & ! TRUE 9DIVIDUALITY1 MAN & WOMAN1 CAN MEET )\T ANTAGONISM & OPPOSITION4 ,! MOTTO %\LD NOT BE3 ,=GIVE ONE ANO!R2 RA!R1 ,UND]/& ONE ANO!R4 7#g#g7 

,UND]/&+ ONE ANO!R REQUIRES AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION--TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT O!RS' WELL-BE+1 DESIR$ 5DS1 & ES*EW+ PURPOSEFUL DECEIT4 ,IT ALSO MEANS RECOGNIZ+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! QUALITY ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL'S LIFE & ?AT ( O!R 9DIVIDUALS1 AS WELL AS ?AT :AT DAMAGES ONE 9DIVIDUAL OR ONE GR\P DAMAGES EV]YONE 9 SOCIETY4 ,?IS AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE IS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO SEV]AL SOCIAL !ORIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,KANT 7.<#a#g#h#e.>#a#h#g#i7 9CORPORATES ?IS PR9CIPAL 9TO HIS CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f7 NOTES ! 9TR9SIC RELATION%IP ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY & ! FALSITY ( PRIVILEG+ ONE OV] ! O!R4 ,UND]/&+ ?AT RELATION%IP REVEALS ! IMPORTANCE ( CONSID]+ EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S DESIRES1 WANTS1 & AIMS 9 DECISION-MAK+ ?AT AFFECTS !M4 ,?IS UND]/&+ GOES BEYOND ! TOL]ATION OR M]E ACCEPTANCE ( ANO!R'S 9DIVIDUALITY 9TO CELEBRAT+ ! JOYFUL EX]CISE ( ?AT UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALITY4 

,CELEBRAT+ ! ,JOYFUL ,EX]CISE ( ,EA* ,P]SON'S ,CREATIVE ,9DIVIDUALITY 

,%UKAITIS 7#b#i71 AN AN>*I/1 DESCRIBES PEOPLE :OSE AUTONOMY HAS BE5 EXCIS$ AS ZOMBIES & EXTOLS ! IMPORTANCE ( IMAG9ATION & JOYFUL EXPLORATION3 

0,! TASK IS TO EXPLORE ! CON/RUCTION ( IMAG9AL MA*9ES1 COMPRIS+ ! SOCIALLY & HI/ORICALLY EMB$D$ MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! RADICAL IMAG9ATION4 ,IMAG9ATION AS A COMPOSITE ( \R CAPACITIES TO AFFECT & BE AFFECT$ BY ! WORLD0 7#a#e72 & 0,ONE W\LD NOT WANT TO AB&ON ! 9QUISITIV5ESS & JOY ( 'UNCOV]+' SOME?+ PRECI\S0 7#a74 

,! DE>? ( JOY & CREATIVITY ?AT ,MR4 ,JACKSON LAM5TS IS AT LEA/ 9 P>T DUE TO ! LACK ( CONTROL OV] !IR LIVES EXP]I5C$ BY /UD5TS & TEA*]S 9 S*OOLS4 ,= ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g7 %UCK+ (F ?IS ZOMBIHOOD DRAMATICALLY *ANGES ! NATURE ( ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE1 9CLUD+ WORK3 0,AN>*ISM AIMS TO /RIP LABOR ( ITS DEAD5+1 DULL+ ASPECT1 ( ITS GLOOM & COMPULSION4 ,IT AIMS TO MAKE WORK AN 9/RUM5T ( JOY1 ( /R5G?1 ( COLOR1 ( REAL H>MONY1 SO ?AT ! POORE/ SORT ( A MAN %\LD F9D 9 WORK BO? RECREATION & HOPE0 7#f#h74 ,AN>*I/S1 LIKE ,GOLDMAN1 CLAIM ?AT AUTONOM\S PEOPLE >E CREATIVE & F9D JOY 9 !IR WORK1 9CLUD+ LE>N+ & TEA*+4 ,IGNOR+ /UD5TS' & TEA*]S' UNIQUE ABILITIES1 9T]E/S1 & WILL D5IES ! CREATIVE EXPRESSION ( !IR UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALISM1 :I* DAMAGES ! 9DIVIDUAL &1 !RE=E1 ! SOCIAL4 ,CO]C+ PEOPLE TO CON=M TO ANO!RS' WILL KILLS !IR CREATIVITY4 ,9 SQUEL*+ ! CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY SOCIETY LOSES ! DIV]SITY ?AT SU* UNIQUE CONTRIBUTIONS W\LD BR+ TO IT4 ,) A LOSS ( DIV]SITY1 SOCIETY LOSES ITS ABILITY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OR ADAPT TO NEW CONDITIONS4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f7 NOT$ ?AT S*OOLS FAIL 9 !IR AIM TO $UCATE = A DEMOCRACY :5 0:AT IS DI/9CTIVELY 9DIVIDUAL 9 A Y\NG P]SON IS BRU%$ ASIDE0 7#a74 ,9/EAD1 CLAIM$ ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f71 /UD5TS LE>N TO IGNORE !IR [N JUDGM5T & CON=M M9DLESSLY TO AU?ORITY2 UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 ! KN[L$GE /UD5TS LE>N IS DEAD & 9]T1 USELESS 9 MAK+ LIFE DECISIONS4 ,ALL[+ /UD5TS TO LE>N1 BAS$ UPON !IR UNIQUE 9T]E/S & ABILITIES1 P]MITS ! EX]CISE ( 9DIVIDUAL CREATIVITY1 :ILE DEMON/RAT+ & MODEL+ LOVE1 C>E1 & RESPECT = /UD5TS4 

,PROMOT+ ,LOVE1 ,C>E1 & ,RESPECT ( ,O!RS 

,! PRO-SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALISM ( AN>*ISM IS CONC]N$ ) ! WELL-BE+ ( O!RS4 ,BO? AN>*ISM & DEEP DEMOCRACY PROMOTE LOVE1 C>E1 & RESPECT ( O!RS OR PRO-SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALISM 9 TWO WAYS4 ,FIR/ BO? ADVOCATE ?AT SOCIAL PROCESSES & 9T]ACTIONS TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! GOALS1 DESIRES1 & WANTS ( ALL ( ?OSE AFFECT$4 ,M>T9 ,BUB] 7#a#i#c#g7 REF]R$ TO SU* SOCIAL RELATION%IPS AS ,I*-DU 7,I-?\7 RELATION%IPS4 ,9TR9SIC TO AN ,I-?\ RELATION%IP IS RESPECT & C>E4 ,BUB] 7#a#i#c#g71 ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f71 & ,FREIRE 7#a#i#g7 ALL DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! ORI5TATION APPROPRIATE TO P]SON-P]SON 7,I-?\7 RELATION%IPS & ?AT APPROPRIATE TO HUMAN-OBJECT 7,I-IT7 RELATION%IPS4 ,:5 9T]ACT+ 9 AN ,I-IT RELATION%IP1 ONE M]ELY USES OR MANIPULATES ! OBJECT = ONE'S [N PURPOSES & HAS NO CONC]N = ! 9T]E/S1 DESIRES1 OR GOALS ( ! OBJECT4 ,TO TREAT SOMEONE AS AN OBJECT IS DEHUMANIZ+ & OPPRESSIVE--! OPPOSITE ( LOV+4 ,:5 9T]ACT+ 9 AN ,I-?\ RELATION%IP1 ONE ALWAYS TAKES 9TO CONSID]ATION ! DESIRES1 9T]E/S1 & GOALS ( ! O!R P]SON4 ,BUB] 7#a#i#c#g7 PO9TS \T ?AT MA9TA9+ ! ,I-?\ RELATION%IP IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT 9 ! TEA*]-/UD5T RELATION%IP4 

,SECOND1 TREAT+ O!RS ) LOVE1 RESPECT1 & C>E BECOMES BO? LOGICAL & COMMON-S5SICAL TO AN>*I/S1 :O CLE>LY >TICULATE ! 9T]DEP5D5T NATURE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY4 ,BO? ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f7 & ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g7 MA9TA9 ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SOCIETY >E NOT SEP>ATE PH5OM5ON 7ALSO 9 KEEP+ ) PO/MOD]N ?\<T.<#c#c.>71 BUT RA!R ASPECTS ( ! SAME PH5OM5ON4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g71 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SOCIAL %\LD BE UND]/OOD1 

AS CLOSELY RELAT$ & TRULY H>MONI\S1 IF ONLY PLAC$ 9 PROP] 5VIRONM5T3 444 BECAUSE EA* WAS BL9D TO ! VALUE & IMPORTANCE ( ! O!R4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL 9/9CTS1 --! ONE A MO/ POT5T FACTOR = 9DIVIDUAL 5DEAVOR1 = GR[?1 ASPIRATION1 SELF-REALIZATION2 ! O!R AN EQUALLY POT5T FACTOR = MUTUAL HELPFULNESS & SOCIAL WELLBE+4 444 ,!RE IS NO CONFLICT BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SOCIAL 9/9CTS1 ANY MORE ?AN !RE IS BETWE5 ! HE>T & ! LUNGS3 444 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS ! HE>T ( SOCIETY1 CONS]V+ ! ESS5CE ( SOCIAL LIFE2 SOCIETY IS ! LUNGS1 :I* >E DI/RIBUT+ ! ELEM5T TO KEEP ! LIFE ESS5CE--?AT IS1 ! 9DIVIDUAL--PURE & /RONG4 7#d-#e7 

,FROM AN AN>*I/ VIEWPO9T !N1 SOCIETY \<T TO BE PROMOT+ ! LOVE1 C>E1 & RESPECT ( ALL2 PROCESSES & RELATIONS \<T TO BE L>GELY COOP]ATIVE RA!R ?AN COMPETITIVE4 

,9 SUM1 BO? AN>*ISM & DEEP DEMOCRACY EMPHASIZE AUTONOMY BY RECOGNIZ+ ! EQUAL RI<T ( ALL TO ACTUALIZE !IR POT5TIAL & ABILITIES1 CELEBRAT+ ! RI<T ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL TO EX]CISE HIS OR H] CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 BO? AN>*ISM & DEEP DEMOCRACY ESP\SE LOVE1 C>E1 & RESPECT ( O!RS2 A MORE EQUAL SPREAD ( WEAL?2 & AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION4 ,V]Y FEW ( !SE IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES CURR5TLY GUIDE $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+ TODAY4 ,9/EAD1 NEOLIB]ALISM DOM9ATES AS A GLOBAL IDEOLOGY4 

,NEOLIB]ALISM IS ,ANTI!TICAL TO ! ,ESS5TIAL ,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ,DEEP ,DEMOCRACY 

,AN ESPECIALLY P[]FUL EXAMPLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( NEOLIB]AL POLICY AFFECT+ $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+ IS ! REC5T ,N,C,L,B LEGISLATION2 !RE=E1 ,I FOCUS ON ,N,C,L,B AS AN EXEMPL> ( NEOLIB]AL $UCATIONAL POLICY4 ,9 !ORY1 ,N,C,L,B PROVIDES A PROCESS :]EBY GOOD S*OOLS 7LIKE GOOD BUS9ESSES7 GA9 MORE /UD5TS 7CU/OM]S7 & MORE MONEY1 & POOR S*OOLS LOSE /UD5TS & MONEY4 ,P>5TS1 NO LONG] FETT]$ TO A P>TICUL> S*OOL BY GOV]NM5TAL REGULATIONS1 O/5SIBLY >E FREE TO MOVE !IR *ILD \T ( !IR FAIL+ OLD S*OOL & *OOSE A MORE SUCCESSFUL S*OOL = !IR *ILD TO ATT5D4.<#c#d.> ,OV] TIME1 ! LOSS ( /UD5TS & FUNDS1 & EV5TUALLY /ATE DECREES1 =CE BAD S*OOLS TO GO \T ( BUS9ESS4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! S*OOL'S MANAGEM5T & P]SONNEL >E REPLAC$ BY MORE COMPETITIVE PEOPLE1 OR ! :OLE S*OOL CAN BE REPLAC$ BY A PRIVATE =-PR(IT $UCATIONAL BUS9ESS4 ,( NOTE1 AL?\< ,N,C,L,B M&ATES A M>KETPLACE TYPE ( DECISION-MAK+ )9 $UCATION1 IT DOES SO ONLY BY 9DUC+ /ATES TO FUR!R R$UCE ! AUTONOMY ( S*OOLS1 TEA*]S1 & /UD5TS4 ,AS EXPLA9$ 9 ! FOLL[+1 ,N,C,L,B OPPOSES ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEEP DEMOCRACY BECAUSE IT3 

P]PETUATES D\BLE-SPEAK & OBFUSCAT+ COMMUNICATION2 

REFUTES AN EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES = $UCATION2 

R$UCES EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO EQUAL TREATM5T_/\TCOME 7/&>DIZATION72 

ABROGATES ! AUTONOMY ( /UD5TS1 TEA*]S1 & P>5TS2 

OPPOSES /UD5TS' UNIQUE EX]CISE ( CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY2 & 

9HIBITS ! DEVELOPM5T ( LOVE1 RESPECT & C>+ ( O!RS4 

,D\BLE-,SPEAK & ,OBFUSCAT+ ,COMMUNICATION 

,!RE >E MANY EXAMPLES ( OBFUSCAT+ LANGUAGE 9 ,N,C,L,B4 ,ONE GL>+ EXAMPLE ( D\BLE-SPEAK IS ! 9=MAL TITLE ( ! LAW ITSELF3 0,NO ,*ILD ,LEFT ,BEH9D40 ,SU* A TITLE W\LD SEEM TO CLAIM ?AT EV]Y *ILD %\LD BE GIV5 AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO A*IEVE ACADEMICALLY1 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ,N,C,L,B EXPLICITLY ADVOCATES ?AT3 0,ALL *ILDR5 %ALL MEET ! *ALL5G+ /ATE /UD5T ACADEMIC A*IEVEM5T /&>DS40.<#c#e.> ,A SEEM+LY 9TEGRAL P>T ( 5ABL+ ALL *ILDR5 TO MEET *ALL5G+ ACADEMIC A*IEVEM5T /&>DS W\LD BE TO PROVIDE MORE RES\RCES = ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 HI/ORICALLY DISADVANTAG$1 BUT AT ! M9IMUM1 TO 5SURE EQUAL RES\RCES = ALL E?NIC & ECONOMIC GR\PS4 ,YET1 ,N,C,L,B EXPLICITLY ELIM9ATES ?IS AS AN 9T]PRETATION ( ! LAW3 0,NO?+ 9 ?IS TITLE %ALL BE CON/RU$ TO M&ATE EQUALIZ$ SP5D+ P] PUPIL = A ,/ATE1 LOCAL $UCATIONAL AG5CY1 OR S*OOL40.<#c#f.> ,YET1 ,KOZOL 7#b#e7 %[S ?AT S*OOLS PRIM>ILY S]V+ *ILDR5 :O HAVE BE5 HI/ORICALLY1 & >E CURR5TLY1 DISADVANTAG$ BY SOCIETY 7E4G41 M9ORITY & L[-9COME /UD5TS7 >E 9 G5]AL1 PROVID$ ) ! FEWE/ RES\RCES TO TEA* !IR /UD5TS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ONE ( ! L>GE/ CITIES 9 ,TEXAS1 ! ?REE ( ! L[E/-9COME S*OOL DI/RICTS AV]AG$ #i#f.0 M9ORITY /UD5TS1 BUT ! ?REE HI<E/-9COME S*OOL DI/RICTS AV]AG$ #c#a.0 M9ORITY /UD5TS 7,BRISCOE & DE ,OLIV] =?COM+74 ,?US1 BO? ! MONIK] & ADVOCACY CLAIMS ( ,N,C,L,B >E EXAMPLES ( D\BLE-SPEAK4 

,REFUTES AN ,EQUAL ,DI/RIBUTION ( ,$UCATIONAL ,RES\RCES 

,AS PREVI\SLY NOT$1 ,N,C,L,B EXPLICITLY ELIM9ATES EQUAL ALLOCATION ( $UCATIONAL RES\RCES AS A POSSIBLE 9T]PRETATION ( ! LAW4 ,SU* AN EXPLICIT D5IAL IMPLIES ?AT MANY PEOPLE READ+ ! LAW MI<T REASONABLY 9T]PRET IT TO MEAN ?AT EQUAL FUND+ W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO PROVIDE ALL *ILDR5 AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO A*IEVE4 ,D5Y+ AN EQUAL SPREAD ( RES\RCES IS ANTI!TICAL TO DEEP DEMOCRACY4 

,ABROGATES ! ,AUTONOMY ( ,/UD5TS1 ,P>5TS1 & ,TEA*]S 

,! F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 ?R\< ITS DISP5S+ OR )HOLD+ ( MONEY1 CO]CES /ATES 9TO ADOPT+ P>TICUL> CURRICUL> EMPHASES1 /&>DIZ$ TE/+1 & ! TIMEL9E ( BO? CURRICULUM & TE/S4 ,& UND] ! CURR5T HI]>*Y ( S*OOL+1 />T+ ) /UD5TS & TEA*]S 444 UP TO /ATE BO>DS ( $UCATION >E 5ME%$ 9 A HI]>*Y ( L9K$ MA/]-S]VANT RELATION%IPS1 ) ?OSE AT ! BOTTOM HAV+ ! LEA/ AM\NT ( AUTONOMY4 ,N,C,L,B'S CO]CIVE POLICIES LEAVE /ATES ) LITTLE *OICE 7GIV5 ! DIRE CONDITION ( /ATE BUDGETS7 BUT TO FUR!R USURP DI/RICTS1' S*OOLS1' TEA*]S1' P>5TS1' & /UD5TS' AUTONOMY 9 DET]M9+ ! RELATIVE EMPHASES 9 !IR CURRICULUM AS WELL AS !IR MODE ( TE/+ & TE/+ TIMEL9ES4 ,S*OOLS1 TEA*]S1 & /UD5TS >E REQUIR$ TO PROCE$ AT A UNI=M /&>DIZ$ S*$ULE & DO NOT HAVE ! OPTION ( CON=M+ ! CURRICULUM TO /UD5TS' 9T]E/S OR /R5G?S4 ,NEL ,NODD+S 7#a#i#i#b7 & ,JOHN ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f7 DESCRIBE JU/ TWO ( ! MANY POSSIBLE DIFF]5T WAYS ?AT S*OOL+ C\LD CON=M TO /UD5TS' 9T]E/S4 ,9/EAD1 !Y MU/ PROCE$ 9 A LOCK/EP MANN]4 ,?IS UNI=MITY OCCURS1 9 P>T1 BECAUSE ,N,C,L,B R$UCES EQUITY OR EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO A /&>DIZATION ( TREATM5T & \TCOME4 

,P]HAPS ,N,C,L,B'S MO/ 9VIDI\S SUBV]SION ( AUTONOMY IS ?AT AL?\< IT ESP\SES 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 ,N,C,L,B PREMISES ?IS AUTONOMY OR FREE *OICE UPON M>KET ME*ANISMS1 :I* PRIVILEGE ! *OICE-MAK+ ( ?OSE ) MORE MONEY OV] ?OSE ) LESS MONEY4 ,?IS SUBV]SION HOLDS S*OOLS1 TEA*]S1 /UD5TS1 & P>5TS RESPONSIBLE = !IR *OICES1 BAS$ UPON ?IS SEEM+LY (F]+ AUTONOMY4 ,9 REALITY1 ,N,C,L,B CO]CES *OICES = ?OSE ) LITTLE ACCESS TO RES\RCES1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME 9DUC+ BLAME = ?OSE =C$ *OICES4 ,SU* SUBV]SION C\NT]S DEEP DEMOCRACY'S & AN>*ISM'S M&ATE = REAL AUTONOMY = /UD5TS1 P>5TS1 TEA*]S1 & S*OOLS4 

,N,C,L,B ,OPPOSES ,/UD5TS' ,UNIQUE ,EX]CISE ( ,CREATIVE ,9DIVIDUALITY 

,RELAT$ TO ,N,C,L,B'S ABROGATION ( AUTONOMY IS ITS OPPOSITION TO EX]CISE CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,P>T ( DEEP DEMOCRACY IS ! RECOGNITION ?AT EA* P]SON IS UNIQUE & %\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO EX]CISE H] OR HIS CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,) ,N,C,L,B /RONG->M+ /ATES TO EMPHASIZE A P>TICUL> P>T ( ! CURRICULUM 9 A LOCK/EP MANN] 7BAS$ UPON A M&AT$ TE/+ TIMEL9E = ALL /UD5TS71 ! TEA*] IS UNABLE TO CREATE A LE>N+ 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* /UD5TS CAN APPLY !IR P>TICUL> /R5G?S OR DEVELOP ACADEMIC SKILLS 9 ! SEQU5CE ?AT BE/ FITS ?AT /UD5T'S 9T]E/S & ABILITIES4 ,F9ALLY1 UND] ,N,C,L,B1 ! DISREG>D ( A /UD5T'S UNIQUE EX]CISE ( CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY OCCURS ) MORE 9T5SITY 9 S*OOLS ?AT S]VE ECONOMICALLY UND]PRIVILEG$ & M9ORITY /UD5TS1 AS >T1 MUSIC1 & O!R CREATIVE >TS >E EXPUNG$ FROM ! S*OOL CURRICULUM TO IMPROVE /&>DIZ$ TE/ SCORES 7,BRISCOE #b#h74 ,! LOSS ( !SE OPPORTUNITIES ACTS TO CREATE SUBJECTIVITIES ( COMPLIANCE1 AS ,FREIRE 7#a#i#g7 PUT IT1 ! CURTAILM5T ( !IR REALITIES4 ,?R\< ?IS PROCESS1 ,N,C,L,B 5C\RAGES ! DEVELOPM5T ( CITIZ5S :O P>TICIPATE ONLY AS VOT]S1 *OOS+ FROM A SLATE ( PRE-SELECT$ C&IDATES4 

,N,C,L,B ,9HIBITS ! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,LOVE1 ,RESPECT & ,C>E ( ,O!RS 

,9HIBITION ( LOVE1 RESPECT1 & C>E ( O!RS IS SE5 9 ! TREATM5T ( /UD5TS & FACULTY1 AS WELL AS 9 ! TYPE ( SUBJECTIVITIES & ACTIONS ,N,C,L,B 9DUCES 9 S*OOL MEMB]S4 ,AS PREVI\SLY /AT$1 ,N,C,L,B M&ATES A LOCK/EP CURRICULUM & TE/+ TIMEL9E ) NO CONC]N = ! 9DIVIDUAL /UD5T'S 9T]E/S1 DESIRES1 OR ABILITIES4 ,FREIRE 7#a#i#g7 CLAIMS ?AT ?IS REGIME DEAD5S ! S\L & M9D ( A P]SON1 SUIT+ ?AT P]SON = SUBJUGATION4 ,SU* DEHUMANIZATION ( /UD5TS IS ! OPPOSITE ( LOV+1 C>+1 & RESPECT &1 FUR!RMORE1 9DUCES /UD5TS TO TREAT O!RS AS OBJECTS 7,F\CAULT #a#i#hA74 ,NOT ONLY DO ,N,C,L,B POLICIES 9HIBIT ! DEVELOPM5T ( LOVE1 C>E1 & RESPECT AMONG /UD5TS1 !Y ALSO 9HIBIT SU* DEVELOPM5T 9 $UCATORS 9 ?REE WAYS3 7A7 AS DESCRIB$ BY ,BUB] 7#a#i#c#g71 ,N,C,L,B POLICIES TREAT TEA*]S AS OBJECTS 9 ITS 9SI/5CE ?AT !Y FOLL[ A LOCK/EP CURRICULUM = EV]Y /UD5T REG>DLESS ( TEA*]S' JUDGM5TS2 7B7 BY DEM&+ ?AT TEA*]S TREAT !IR /UD5TS AS OBJECTS2 & 7C7 BY FO/]+ AN ANTISOCIAL 9DIVIDUALISM AMONG ! S*OOL $UCATORS4 ,AS VON ,HUMBOLDT 7#a#i#h#e7 PO9TS \T1 TREAT+ ANO!R P]SON AS AN OBJECT OR SLAVE DAMAGES ! P]PETRATOR AS MU* AS ! VICTIM1 9 P>T BY DEVELOP+ AN 9DIFF]5CE OR BL9DNESS TO O!RS' SUFF]+4 ,F9ALLY1 ?R\< ITS ANTISOCIAL COMPETITIVE 9DIVIDUALISM1 ,N,C,L,B FO/]S A CLIMATE ( MI/RU/ & DISREG>D ( O!RS AMONG S*OOLS & FACULTY1 RA!R ?AN ONE ( MUTUAL C>E & RESPECT4 ,?IS ANALYSIS ( ,N,C,L,B ILLU/RATES ! ANTI!TICAL RELATION%IP NEOLIB]AL POLICIES HAVE TO ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( DEEP DEMOCRACY & TO HUMAN WELL-BE+4 ,AN>*I/ GUIDEL9ES (F] AN ATTRACTIVE ALT]NATIVE TO ! CURR5T NEOLIB]AL POLICIES GUID+ $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+4 

,AN ,AN>*I/ ,GUIDE = ,$UCATIONAL ,DECISION-,MAK+ 

,MO/ AN>*I/S MA9TA9 ?AT ,U,S S*OOLS1 LIKE ! RE/ ( ! /ATE & NATIONAL POLITICAL SY/EM1 HAVE BECOME SUBV]T$ 9TO S]VIC+ ! 9T]E/S & DESIRES ( ! CORPORATE ELITE1 AS SE5 9 ,GOLDMAN & ,BAG9SKY'S 7#a#i#g7 *>ACT]IZATION ( S*OOLS3 0,! S*OOL1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R 9/ITUTION1 IS A V]ITABLE B>RACK1 :]E ! HUMAN M9D IS DRILL$ & MANIPULAT$ 9TO SUBMISSION TO V>I\S SOCIAL & MORAL SPOOKS1 & ?US FITT$ TO CONT9UE \R SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION0 7#g74 ,UND] ! CURR5T IDEOLOGICAL HEGEMONY ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 ?IS *>ACT]IZATION REMA9S TRUE4 ,?US1 SOME AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,ILLI* 7#a#i#g#a71 SUGGE/ DISE/ABLI%+ S*OOLS COMPLETELY & LETT+ CITIZ5S $UCATE !MSELVES AS !Y WI%4 ,SU* EF=TS1 !Y SAY1 WILL ELIM9ATE PUBLIC S*OOLS' CONDITION+ ( /UD5TS = ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /ATUS QUO4 ,H[EV]1 ELIM9AT+ FREE ACCESS TO AN $UCATION W\LD SET US BACK HI/ORICALLY TO :5 ! MAJORITY ( CITIZ5S SIMPLY W5T UN$UCAT$1 AS !Y C\LD NOT AF=D TO PAY = TEA*]S & ! ACC\T]M5TS ( LE>N+1 R5D]+ !M EV5 MORE VULN]ABLE TO ! PROBLEMATIC CONDITION+ ( AN 9CREAS+LY UBIQUIT\S MASS M$IA4 ,?US1 MY VIEW ( ! /ATE'S ROLE 9 $UCATION FOLL[S ,NOAM ,*OMSKY'S CLAIM ?AT 0ABOLI%+ ! /ATE IS NOT A REALI/IC /RATEGY AT ?IS TIME0 7#b#a71.<#c#g.> & ,BUCK'S 7#b#i7 SUGGE/ION ?AT PROGRESS T[>D AN>*ISM PROCE$ PIECEMEAL4 ,MY PRES5TATION ( AN>*I/ GUIDEL9ES IS COMPOS$ ( TWO P>TS3 ,FIR/1 ,I SKET* AN AN>*I/ MODEL ( $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+1 SUGGE/+ IT BE 9/ITUT$ ?R\< F$]AL LEGISLATION ?AT W\LD (F] FUNDS ONLY TO ?OSE /ATES ?AT ADOPT !SE GUIDEL9ES4 ,!SE GUIDEL9ES >E NOT (F]$ AS ! DEF9ITIVE1 F9AL1 OR ONLY AN>*I/IC WAY 9 :I* TO MAKE $UCATIONAL DECISIONS4 ,O!RS CAN IMPROVE UPON !M1 EI!R G5]ALLY OR BAS$ UPON SPECIFIC CONTEXTUAL CONDITIONS4 ,H[EV]1 !Y DO PROVIDE A />T+ PO9T BY PROVID+ PRACTICAL SUGGE/IONS AB\T H[ S*OOLS MI<T S]VE /UD5TS' & P>5TS' 9T]E/1 RA!R ?AN ! ELITE4.<#c#h.> ,SECOND1 ,I ADDRESS SOME CONC]NS ?AT MI<T >ISE OV] ! GUIDEL9ES4 

,AN>*I/ ,$UCATIONAL ,DECISION-,MAK+ ,GUIDEL9ES 

,! GUIDEL9ES >E SIMPLE4 ,! /ATE WILL PROVIDE EQUAL MONEY 7P] /UD5T7 = ALL NONPR(IT PUBLIC S*OOLS )9 ?AT /ATE & ALL PUBLIC S*OOL TEA*] SAL>IES WILL BE PAID FROM ! SAME /ATE SAL>Y S*$ULE4 ,! S*OOL CON/ITU5TS 7P>5TS & /UD5TS MO/ GEOGRAPHICALLY NE> A GIV5 S*OOL & ! TEA*]S ( ?AT S*OOL7 TOGE!R DECIDE UPON ! WAY ! S*OOL IS RUN1 :I* 9CLUDES TEA*+ ME?ODS1 CURRICULUM1 H\RS1 TEA*] HIR+1 ADEQUACY ( TEA*+1 & ! PUR*ASE ( $UCATIONAL SUPPLIES & S]VICES4 ,IF S*OOL CON/ITU5TS F9D SOMEONE'S TEA*+ TO BE 9ADEQUATE1 !Y ALSO DET]M9E H[ TO ADDRESS ?IS 9ADEQUACY4 ,9 ANY P>TICUL> S*OOL1 ALL *ILDR5 WILL HAVE EQUITABLE ACCESS TO TEA*]S1 SUPPLIES1 & S]VICES PROVID$ BY ! S*OOL--TEA*]S PROVIDE ADVICE1 BUT A /UD5T MAY ATT5D ANY CLASS (F]$ BY !IR S*OOL ?AT !Y & !IR P>5TS WI%4 ,S*OOL CON/ITU5TS ALSO MONITOR TO 5SURE ?AT !IR S*OOL FUND+ EQUALS ?AT ( O!R S*OOLS1 APPEAL+ TO ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T IF !Y F9D A LACK ( EQUAL FUND+ ( !IR S*OOL OR EQUITABLE ACCESS )9 !IR S*OOL4 ,BECAUSE ! TEA*]S1 /UD5TS1 & P>5TS WILL BE MAK+ ! DECISIONS REG>D+ ! CURRICULUM1 BUDGET+1 & ME?OD ( S*OOL+1 !RE IS NO MORE =MALIZ$ /RUCTURAL HI]>*Y &1 !RE=E1 NO NE$ = A LEAD] TO CO]CE TEA*]S & /UD5TS 9TO P>TICUL> ACTIONS4 ,NON$UCATIONAL DUTIES LEFT TO BE CONSID]$ 9CLUDE BOOKKEEP+ & ORGANIZ+ ! USE & MA9T5ANCE ( RES\RCES4 ,S*OOL CON/ITU5TS ALSO DECIDE H[ TO H&LE ?IS4 ,AMONG ! SEV]AL POSSIBILITIES >E HAV+ TEA*]S &_/OR P>5TS ROTATE 9TO ?IS POSITION ON A SEME/] BASIS1 ) P>5TS BE+ PAID OR TEA*]S BE+ RELIEV$ ( !IR TEA*+ DUTIES4 ,/UD5TS & TEA*]S C\LD BE RESPONSIBLE = ! CLEAN+ & M9OR MA9T5ANCE ( ! FACILITIES ?AT !Y USE4 ,= MAJOR REPAIRS1 IF A /UD5T1 P>5T1 OR TEA*] KN[S H[ TO DO ! REPAIR1 !Y MAY DO SO = :ATEV] RECOMP5SE IS DECID$ AS FAIR OR A PR(ESSIONAL C\LD BE HIR$4 

,!RE >E TWO F9AL PROVISOS4 ,FIR/1 AS DISCUSS$ LAT]1 S*OOLS >E LIMIT$ TO #c /UD5TS 7SMALL S*OOL CONCEPTS C\LD BE US$ = L>GE S*OOL BUILD+S AS ! CON/ITU5TS ( EA* SMALL S*OOL RETA9$ DECISION-MAK+ RI<TS OV] !IR S*OOL74 ,SECOND1 AL?\< S*OOL+ IS NOT COMPULSORY1 !RE IS NO AGE LIMIT TO ATT5D+ PUBLIC S*OOLS )\T CO/4 ,! PRIM>Y REASON S*OOL+ %\LD NOT BE COMPULSORY IS TO RETA9 ! AUTONOMY ( /UD5TS & P>5TS2 ?US1 ! DECISION-MAK+ ( :E!R OR NOT TO ATT5D S*OOL %\LD BE !IRS4 ,IF ?OSE :O *OOSE NOT TO ATT5D S*OOL BUT TO EXP]I5CE ! WORLD %\LD ULTIMATELY DECIDE ?AT AN $UCATION IS IMPORTANT1 !Y W\LD /ILL HAVE FREE ACCESS TO ! PUBLIC S*OOL4 ,H[EV]1 SOME CONC]NS MI<T >ISE OV] SU* SIMPLE GUIDEL9ES3 ,CAN WE REALLY TRU/ TEA*]S 7POSSIBLY LAZY OR 9COMPET5T71 P>5TS 7NOT EXP]TS71 & *ILDR5 7POSSIBLY PLEASURE-ORI5T$1 %ORT-SI<T$1 & IGNORANT7 TO MAKE ! BE/ $UCATIONAL DECISIONS8 ,:Y LIMIT ! NUMB] ( /UD5TS TO #c OR LESS8 ,:AT AB\T PREVI\S FAIL$ ATTEMPTS AT 9TEGRAT+ P>5TS 9TO ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES ( S*OOLS8 ,IF ALL ( !SE SMALL S*OOLS >E DO+ !IR [N ?+1 :AT WILL HOLD SOCIETY TOGE!R8 ,EA* ( !SE POSSIBLE CONC]NS IS DISCUSS$ 9 ! ORD] PRES5T$ PREVI\SLY4 

,/UD5TS1 ,P>5TS1 & ,TEA*]S1 AS ,$UCATIONAL ,DECISION-,MAK]S 

,AS PREVI\SLY 9DICAT$1 AUTONOMY IS P]HAPS ! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECT ( AN>*ISM & DEEP DEMOCRACY4.<#c#i.> ,JOYFULLY EX]CIS+ CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY 5TAILS /UD5T & TEA*] AUTONOMY 9 MAK+ DECISIONS AB\T :AT $UCATION W\LD LOOK LIKE4 ,/UD5TS W\LD NOT DICTATE :AT ! TEA*] %\LD DO1 NOR W\LD TEA*]S DICTATE :AT /UD5TS %\LD DO2 !Y W\LD COME TO A CONS5SUS AB\T ! /UD5TS' CURRICULUM4 ,AL?\< O!RS 7TEA*]S1 P>5TS1 OR FRI5DS7 CAN %>E !IR OBS]VATIONS1 IDEAS1 & ADVICE1 ! /UD5T %\LD ULTIMATELY DEF9E HIS OR H] POT5TIAL & ABILITIES4 ,BECAUSE *ILDR5 LACK SOME ( ! KN[L$GE ?AT ADULTS HAVE1 P>5TS %\LD ALSO BE ADVOCATES = !IR *ILDR5 9 T]MS ( !IR $UCATION4 ,!IR PRIM>Y 9PUT W\LD BE 9 ! HIR+ ( TEA*]S4 ,FROM ?AT PO9T1 P>5TS W\LD BE ADVISORY1 LEAV+ ! DAY-TO-DAY $UCATIONAL DECISIONS TO BE MADE JO9TLY BY TEA*]S & /UD5TS4 

,BUB] 7#a#i#c#g7 DESCRIBES ! ,I-?\ RELATION%IP BETWE5 /UD5T & TEA*] 9 :I* DAILY DECISIONS AB\T LE>N+ >E MADE BAS$ UPON BO? P>TIES' DESIR$ 5DS1 ) NEI!R ! /UD5T'S NOR ! TEA*]'S DESIRE ECLIPS+ ! O!RS4 ,9 FACT1 ,BUB] EMPHASIZES ?AT TEA*]S ASSUME ! ROLE ( /UD5TS :5 !Y LE>N FROM ! *ILDR5 ) :OM !Y WORK4 ,LE>N+ IS FUN4 ,JO9T DISCOV]Y IS FUN 7,%UKAITIS #b#i74 ,BO? *ILDR5 & ADULTS SP5D MANY H\RS LE>N+ ?+S ?AT !Y WI% TO LE>N 7SU* AS NEW VIDEO GAMES7 )\T ! SPECT] ( A TE/ TO DRIVE !M4 ,RESPECT+ /UD5T & TEA*] AUTONOMY 9 MAK+ ! DECISIONS AB\T LE>N+ WILL HELP PUT ! EXCITEM5T & JOY BACK 9TO LE>N+ & TEA*+4.<#d.> ,JO9TLY DEVELOP+ !IR CURRICULUM ) TEA*]S1 RA!R ?AN JU/ LE>N+ :AT IS M&AT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 9DUCES /UD5TS TO DEVELOP ! HABIT ( EX]CIS+ !IR AUTONOMY.<#d#a.> & ?US TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DECISION-MAK+ ( AN>*I/IC DEEP DEMOCRACY4 ,/UD5TS & TEA*]S %>E A RELATION%IP MU* LIKE C\NSELORS & ?OSE BE+ C\NSEL$4 ,RESE>*.<#d#b.> 9DICATES ?AT C\NSELOR & C\NSELEE BELIEF 9 :AT !Y >E DO+ IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 :E!R C\NSEL+ B5EFITS ! C\NSELEE4 ,!RE=E1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT MORE & BETT] LE>N+ WILL TAKE PLACE IF TEA*]S & /UD5TS BELIEVE 9 :AT !Y >E DO+1 RA!R ?AN M]ELY DO+ :AT !Y >E TOLD4 

,CAN WE TRU/ TEA*]S1 P>5TS1 & *ILDR5 TO MAKE ! BE/ S*OOL+ DECISIONS8 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#bS !RE WAS AN $UCATIONAL %IFT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO HAV+ EXP]TS MAKE DECISIONS1 RA!R ?AN P>5TS OR TEA*]S 7,TYACK & ,CUBAN #a#i#i#e74 ,TEA*]S W]E1 & /ILL >E1 (T5 P]CEIV$ AS BE+ LAZY OR 9COMPET5T 7,WEBB1 ,BRISCOE1 & ,MUSSMAN #b#i74 ,P>5TS1 ESPECIALLY POOR & M9ORITY P>5TS1 >E (T5 CON/RUCT$ AS DEFICIT 7,BRISCOE & DE ,OLIV] =?COM+7 & UNTRU/WOR?Y4 ,/UD5TS SELDOM HAVE BE5 TRU/$ TO MAKE GOOD $UCATIONAL DECISIONS4 ,:Y %\LD WE BEG9 TRU/+ !M N[8 ,! ANSW] IS SIMPLE4 ,AUTONOMY OR ! ABILITY TO MAKE DECISIONS CONC]N+ Y\R [N $UCATION IS AN ESS5TIAL +R$I5T = HUMAN DIGNITY1 WELL-BE+ 7,FREIRE #a#i#g71 & MOTIVATION4.<#d#c.> ,FUR!RMORE1 BAS$ UPON ! $UCATIONAL JUDGM5T ( EXP]TS1 TOO MANY POOR & M9ORITY /UD5TS >E L>GELY LE>N+ ?AT !Y >E FAILURES & /UPID 7,MC,K5ZIE #b#i74 ,) ! CURR5T DRILL+1 TE/+1 & O!R S*OOL REGIMES 9 PLACE1 /UD5TS >E 9DUC$ TO REG>D LE>N+ AS BOR+ & HUMILIAT+4 ,M9ORITY M51 ESPECIALLY ?OSE FROM ! L[] 9COME BRACKETS1 >E (T5 *ANNEL$ 9TO PRISON BY ACADEMIC & DISCIPL9>Y PRACTICES 7,GREGORY1 ,SKIBA1 & ,NOGU]A #b#a74 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E H[ P>5TS1 TEA*]S1 & /UD5TS C\LD DO A WORSE JOB 9 MAK+ !SE DECISIONS ?AN ! EXP]TS4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETAL B5EFITS W>RANT PLAC+ $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+ 9TO ! H&S ( ?OSE DIRECTLY CONC]N$4.<#d#d.> 

,BUT :AT IF /UD5TS & TEA*]S GO( (F 9/EAD ( WORK+8 ,GO(+ (F MAY BE ONE ( ! BE/ WAYS ( LE>N+4 ,C\NTLESS TREATISES FROM ,R\SSEAU 7.<#a#g#f#b.>#a#i#g#i7 TO ,SMI? & ,PELLIGR9I 7#b#h7 HAVE BE5 WRITT5 AB\T H[ MU* LE>N+ OCCURS ?R\< PLAY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 MAK+ !SE DECISIONS 9 CONJUNCTION ) TEA*]S MAY EXPOSE /UD5TS TO A :OLE NEW V>IETY ( PLAY ?AN :AT !Y MI<T NORMALLY 5GAGE 94 ,ADDITIONALLY1 9 ! E>LY #a#iS1 !RE WAS A G5]AL CONS5SUS ?AT ! TE*NOLOGY ( MASS PRODUCTION W\LD PROVIDE MORE LEISURE TIME = ! MASSES4 ,H[EV]1 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGY HAS NOT OP5$ UP MORE FREE TIME4 ,9/EAD1 !RE >E MORE UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S & ?OSE 9 ! WORK=CE G5]ALLY WORK LONG] H\RS & >E EXPECT$ TO PRODUCE MORE4.<#d#e.> ,F9ALLY1 IF MORE PEOPLE WORK$ 7BUT WORK$ FEW] H\RS7 & PLAY$ MORE1 MAYBE SOCIETY W\LD NO LONG] BE GRIPP$ BY A S5SE ( MEAN+LESSNESS 7,HAVEL #a#i#i#d74 ,IF WORK BECAME PLAY1 ?R\< WORK] AUTONOMY1 FEW] ANTIDEPRESSANTS MAY BE REQUIR$4 

,:Y ,LIMIT ! ,S*OOL TO #c 9 ! ,GEOGRAPHIC ,>EA8 

,AL?\< ?IS LATT] GUIDEL9E IS NOT EXPLICITLY P>T ( AN>*ISM OR DEEP DEMOCRACY1 ,I 9CLUDE IT = A NUMB] ( REASONS ?AT RELATE TO LOVE1 C>E1 & RESPECT ( O!RS & DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+4 ,SIMMEL'S 7.<#a#i#c.> #a#i#e7 SOCIAL !ORY DESCRIB$ ! K9D ( ALI5ATION & ANOMIE ?AT OCCURS :5 A GR\P GR[S TOO L>GE4 ,9 ADDITION TO SOCIAL !ORY1 PSY*OLOGICAL RESE>* HAS SIMIL> F9D+S4 ,DUNB>'S 7#a#i#i#b7 RESE>* SUGGE/S ?AT \R BRA9S T5D TO LIMIT US TO KN[+1 UND]/&+1 & ?US C>+ AB\T NO MORE ?AN #a#e-#c 9DIVIDUALS4.<#d#f.> ,O!R PSY*OLOGICAL /UDIES 7,DEMASIO #a#i#i#d7 %[ ?AT ! FUR!R AWAY PEOPLE >E FROM \R DECISIONS OR ACTIONS1 ?AT IS1 AS PEOPLE BECOME MORE AB/RACT TO US1 ! MORE 9DIFF]5T WE >E TO ! SUFF]+ WE CAUSE !M BY \R DECISIONS4 ,F9ALLY1 ! MORE PEOPLE :O TAKE P>T 9 A DECISION 7VOT+ = LOCAL VS4 NATIONAL POLITICAL POSITIONS71 ! LESS IMPACT EA* P]SON HAS ON ?AT DECISION4 ,!RE=E1 SMALL] IS BETT] 9 T]MS ( DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 GR\P-DECISION MAK+ ?AT TAKES 9TO ACC\NT ! NE$S1 9T]E/S1 & WELLBE+ ( ALL GR\P MEMB]S4.<#d#g.> 

,FAIL$ ,ATTEMPTS AT ,9TEGRAT+ ,P>5TS ,9TO ,S*OOL ,DECISION-,MAK+ 

,F9ALLY1 :AT AB\T E>LI] FAIL$ ATTEMPTS AT 9TEGRAT+ P>5TS1 TEA*]S1 & SOMETIMES /UD5TS 9TO ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES ( S*OOLS8.<#d#h.> ,FIR/1 NOT ALL ATTEMPTS FAIL$ 7E4G41 ,SOME* #b#b74 ,!RE IS CONSID]ABLE RESE>* ?AT SUGGE/S 9TEGRAT+ P>5TAL P]SPECTIVES 9TO S*OOLS RESULTS 9 MU* HI<] ACADEMIC A*IEVEM5T1 ESPECIALLY = M9ORITY /UD5TS 7,GONZALEZ1 ,MOLL1 & ,AMANTI #b#e74 ,RESE>* 9VE/IGAT+ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 %>$ DECISION-MAK+ ATTEMPTS ?AT FAIL$ & ?OSE ?AT W]E SUCCE$+ SUGGE/S ?AT ! AN>*I/ GUIDEL9ES PRES5T$ H]E 9CORPORATE IMPORTANT ASPECTS ?AT W]E L9K$ ) SUCCESS & AVOID MANY ( ! ASPECTS ?AT LEAD TO FAILURE4 ,ASPECTS ?AT W]E RELAT$ TO SUCCESS 9CLUD$ 0G5U9E AU?ORITY OV] BUDGET1 P]SONNEL1 & CURRICULUM 444 ADEQUATE 9=MATION TO MAKE 9=M$ DECISIONS AB\T /UD5T P]=MANCE1 P>5T & COMMUNITY SATISFACTION0 & DECISION-MAK+ ?AT 9CORPORAT$ ALL S*OOL CON/ITU5TS4.<#d#i.> ,! MO/ CONSI/5TLY REPORT$ ASPECT ?AT WAS L9K$ TO SUCCESS ( 9TEGRAT+ TEA*]S & P>5TS 9TO S*OOL DECISION-MAK+ WAS ?AT !Y HAD AUTONOMY--OR ! G5U9E AU?ORITY TO MAKE DECISIONS4.<#e.> ,ELEM5TS F\ND TO BE L9K$ TO FAILURE 9CLUD$ OV]WORK & FRU/RATION ( TEA*]S AS !Y ATTEMPT$ TO BO? TEA* & MAKE S*OOL-WIDE DECISIONS 7?IS WAS ! MO/ COMMONLY REPORT$ ELEM5T L9K$ TO FAILURE72.<#e#a.> TOO MU* CONFLICT 7,G]ACI #a#i#i#e72 9ADEQUATE KN[L$GE OR UND]/&+ ( ISSUES2.<#e#b.> & ! DIFFICULTY FAC$ BY ! PR9CIPAL 9 M$IAT+ DEM&S ( ! S*OOL DI/RICT ) ?OSE FROM ! TEA*]S & P>5TS 7E4G41 ,G]ACI #a#i#i#e74 

,H[EV]1 ! CONTEXT 9 :I* 9TEGRATION ( P>5TS1 TEA*]S1 & /UD5TS1 AS SUGGE/$ 9 ?IS >TICLE1 IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM E>LI] ATTEMPTS 9 TWO IMPORTANT WAYS3 ! DEGREE ( AUTONOMY GRANT$ TO S*OOL CON/ITU5TS & ! NUMB] ( /UD5TS 9 A S*OOL4 ,! /RONGE/ ELEM5T 9 !SE AN>*I/ GUIDEL9ES IS ?AT TEA*]S1 /UD5TS1 & P>5TS DO HAVE TRUE AUTONOMY4 ,!Y >E FRE$ FROM A HI]>*Y ( CONTROL EXCEPT = ! ONE REGULATION1 5=C$ BY ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 ?AT !Y PROVIDE EQUITABLE ACCESS TO ALL /UD5TS 9 !IR S*OOLS4 ,AS ?IS TYPE ( AUTONOMY WAS ! MO/ (T5 REPEAT$ ELEM5T RELAT$ TO SUCCESS OR FAILURE ( %>$ DECISION-MAK+1 IT BODES WELL ?AT AUTONOMY IS AN ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( !SE AN>*I/ GUIDEL9ES4 ,9 ADDITION1 RESE>* WAS G5]ALLY DONE ON S*OOLS :OSE /UD5T POPULATION WAS MU* GREAT] ?AN #c4.<#e#c.> ,P>5TS & TEA*]S >E MORE LIKELY TO FEEL OV]:ELM$1 OV]WORK$1 & FRU/RAT$ BY ISSUES ?AT COME ) S*OOLS :OSE /UD5T POPULATION F> EXCE$S #c1 BECAUSE ) FEW] /UD5TS1 !RE >E LIKELY TO BE FEW] ISSUES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 A S*OOL ( #c1 /UD5TS' DECISIONS >E EASI] TO MAKE & ! EFFECTS ( ?OSE DECISIONS >E EASI] TO TRACK4 ,F9ALLY1 RESE>* WAS PRIM>ILY CONDUCT$ 9 A CONTEXT :]E CON/ITU5TS W]E EXPECT$ TO HELP MAKE DECISIONS1 :ILE EMB$D$ 9 A HI]>*Y REA*+ FROM ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T TO /ATE1 TO /ATE BO>DS1 TO DI/RICT BO>DS1 TO LOCAL S*OOLS4 ,?IS HI]>*Y WAS REPLETE ) CODES1 REGULATIONS1 & O!R LIMITS UPON DECISION-MAK+ 7,WYLIE #a#i#i#e74 ,ELIM9AT+ ! BUREAUCRATIC HI]>*Y ( REGULATIONS1 CODES1 ETC41 & ISSUES EMANAT+ FROM A MULTITUDE ( HI]>*ICAL LEVELS MEANS ?AT TEA*]S1 P>5TS1 & /UD5TS PRIM>ILY NE$ TO HAVE KN[L$GE & UND]/& LOCAL ISSUES4 ,UND] ! SUGGE/$ AN>*I/IC GUIDEL9ES P>5TS WILL NOT BE EMB$D$ 9 A HI]>*Y NOR F5C$ 9 BY A NUMB] ( HI]>*ICAL REGULATIONS4 

,CONFLICT WILL OCCUR :5 PEOPLE HAVE DIFF]5T IDEAS1 9T]E/S1 & DESIRES4 ,9 ! PA/1 ?IS CONFLICT HAS BE5 AVOID$ BY SIMPLY LEAV+ TEA*]S & P>5TS ) !IR UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALITIES \T ( DECISION-MAK+4 ,UND\BT$LY1 CONFLICT WILL OCCUR & IT WILL TAKE TIME TO SORT ?R\< & COME TO DECISIONS4 ,H[EV]1 CONFLICT ) OP5 & AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION IS MU* HEAL?I] ?AN ! ORD]L9ESS ?AT OCCURS UND] CONDITIONS ( EXTREME CONTROL 7,FREIRE #a#i#g71 AS DESCRIB$ E>LI] BY ,MR4 ,JACKSON4 

,S*OOLS >E ',DO+ ,!IR ,[N ,?+'3 ,H[ ,WILL ,SOCIETY ,HOLD ,TOGE!R8 

,LOGICALLY1 SOCIETY WILL HOLD TOGE!R & SURVIVE1 BECAUSE IT WILL BE MORE ADAPTABLE TO *ANGES 9 TE*NOLOGY & ! 5VIRONM5T & BECAUSE ( ! DIV]SITY ( KN[L$GES & EPI/EMOLOGIES 9H]5T 9 A NUMB] ( SMALL S*OOLS & GR\PS DO+ !IR [N ?+4 ,DIV]SITY /R5G!NS ! SURVIVABILITY & ADAPTABILITY ( A SPECIES & %\LD AID 9 ?AT ( A SOCIETY4 ,9 ADDITION1 RA!R ?AN BE+ PASSIVE SPECTATORS 9 SOCIETAL & MILIT>Y ACTIONS ( !IR NATION1 /UD5TS WILL BE SOCIALIZ$ TO BE CRITICAL & !N TO DIRECTLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! DECISIONS MADE BY !IR C\NTRY4 ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f7 MA9TA9S ?AT = A DEMOCRACY TO IMPROVE ITSELF1 /UD5TS MU/ BELIEVE !Y HAVE ! ABILITY TO AFFECT SOCIETY & ! WILL TO DO SO4 ,SMALL S*OOLS 9 :I* /UD5TS1 TEA*]S1 & P>5TS MAKE $UCATIONAL DECISIONS PRODUCE DIV]SITY & SOCIALIZE /UD5TS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DECISION-MAK+ ?AT AFFECTS !IR LIVES4 

,A FUR!R CONC]N RELAT$ TO S*OOLS DO+ !IR [N ?+1 MI<T BE ?AT SU* AUTONOMY GRANTS ! FRE$OM ?AT RACI/S1 SEXI/S1 & O!RS WILL USE TO TURN BACK ! CLOCK TO RACIAL- & G5D]-BAS$ AP>!ID1 EXCLUSION1 & OPPRESSION 9 PREVI\SLY PRACTIC$ 9 S*OOLS4 ,NO D\BT1 RACIAL AP>!ID OR OPPRESSION MAY OCCUR 9 SOME S*OOLS 7AS IT DOES N[74.<#e#d.> ,H[EV]1 ANY CON/ITU5T ( ! S*OOL HAS ! RI<T & OPPORTUNITY TO APPEAL TO ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T IF ANYONE 9 ! S*OOL IS D5I$ EQUAL ACCESS4 ,CURR5TLY1 ?IS IS ! ONLY REC\RSE ?AT /UD5TS HAVE IF !Y >E EXCLUD$ OR EXP]I5CE OPPRESSION BAS$ UPON RACE4 ,?US1 ! GREAT] AUTONOMY (F]$ BY !SE GUIDEL9ES IS UNLIKELY TO RESULT 9 WORSE AP>!ID OR OPPRESSION4 ,9 ADDITION1 IF EXCLUSION OR OPPRESSION ( A /UD5T W]E OCCURR+1 IT W\LD BE MU* MORE EVID5T 9 A SMALL S*OOL ( #c4 ,FUR!RMORE1 EV5 IF 7BAS$ UPON ! COMPOSITION ( ! NEI<BORHOOD7 ! #c /UD5TS 9 A S*OOL >E PRIM>ILY ( A S+LE E?NICITY_/RACE1 SU* SEGREGAT$ S*OOLS EXI/ TODAY1 SOMETIMES )9 ! SAME S*OOL 7,OAKES #a#i#h#e74 ,?IS CURR5T DE FACTO SEGREGATION 9 S*OOLS--0,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN & ,LAT9O /UD5TS PRES5TLY ATT5D S*OOLS ?AT >E ?REE-F\R?S M9ORITY & #d P]C5T >E 9 9T5SELY SEGREGAT$ S*OOLS0 7,ZAMUDIO1 ,RUSSELL1 ,RIOS1 & ,BRIDGEMAN #b#a#a1 #d#d7--IS (T5 ACCOMPANI$ BY A DE>? ( MONEY = L[-9COME & M9ORITY /UD5TS4 ,?US1 ALL[+ S*OOL CON/ITU5TS TO DO !IR [N ?+ IS UNLIKELY TO MAKE RACIAL OR G5D] AP>!ID & OPPRESSION WORSE ?AN ! CURR5T SITUATION4 ,H[EV]1 (F]+ /UD5TS & TEA*]S GREAT] AUTONOMY 9 DET]M9+ :AT & H[ !Y LE>N IS LIKELY TO BE F> MORE MOTIVATIONAL TO BO? /UD5TS & TEA*]S ?AN ! CURR5T T$IUM ( S*OOLS CAUS$ BY LOCK/EP LE>N+1 AS DESCRIB$ E>LI] BY ,MR4 ,JACKSON4 

,I HAVE ADDRESS$ SOME ( ! CONC]NS1 :I* MAY >ISE 9 REG>DS TO ! IMPLEM5TATION ( AN>*I/ GUIDEL9ES = $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+4 ,UND\BT$LY1 !RE >E O!R CONC]NS1 BUT = PRAGMATIC REASONS1 ,I LEAVE ?OSE = FUTURE DEBATE4 

,CONCLUSION 

,9 SUM1 ?IS >TICLE HAS DESCRIB$ ! NEGATIVE SOCIAL & $UCATIONAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT IS G5]AT$ BY ! 9CREAS+ IMPLEM5TATION ( NEOLIB]AL POLICIES1 :I* P]PETUATE ! PRACTICES ( SUP]FICIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,H[EV]1 ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES ( NEOLIB]AL POLICIES OPPOSE ! PRACTICE ( DEEP DEMOCRACY BY3 P]PETUAT+ D\BLE-SPEAK2 REFUT+ AN EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( $UCATIONAL RES\RCES2 ABROGAT+ ! AUTONOMY ( S*OOL CON/ITU5TS2 D5Y+ /UD5TS & TEA*]S ! OPPORTUNITY TO EX]CISE !IR CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY2 & 9HIBIT+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( LOVE1 RESPECT1 & C>+ = O!RS4 ,!SE POLICIES TOGE!R TREAT HUMANS AS OBJECTS1 CREAT+ A RECIPE = 9HUMANE T$IUM & ALI5ATION4 ,9 CONTRA/1 AN>*I/ POLICIES PROMOTE DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES ?AT ACT TO DEEP5 DEMOCRACY & ! JOY ( TEA*+ & LE>N+4 ,AN>*ISM PROMOTES AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION2 ESP\SES A FAIRLY EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( P[] ?AT ALL[S = ! EX]CISE ( REAL AUTONOMY2 ADVOCATES ! JOYFUL EX]CISE ( /UD5TS' & TEA*]S' CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALITY2 & PROMOTES ! LOVE1 C>E1 & RESPECT ( O!RS4 ,! SUGGE/$ AN>*I/ GUIDEL9ES = $UCATIONAL DECISION-MAK+ >E DESIGN$ TO MAKE A PREF]R$ FUTURE MORE POSSIBLE--A PREF]R$ FUTURE BAS$ UPON IMPROV+ ! WELL-BE+ ( /UD5TS & TEA*]S1 & EV5TUALLY SOCIETY4 ,CONSID]ATION ( ?IS PREF]R$ FUTURE ALL[S A MORE POSITIVE 9T]PRETATION ( ,! ,SECOND ,COM+3 

,?+S FALL AP>T2 ! C5T] CANNOT HOLD2 

,M]E AN>*Y IS LOOS$ UPON ! WORLD24444 

,! BE/ LACK ALL CONVICTION1 :ILE ! WOR/ 

,>E FULL ( PASSIONATE 9T5SITY4 7,YEATS #a#i#h#i1 #a#h#g7 

,! C5T] %\LD NOT CONTROL ! P]IPH]Y1 BUT RA!R %\LD FALL AP>T 9TO A =M ( DECISION-MAK+ ?AT IS MORE EQUALLY DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ALL CONC]N$4 ,M]E AN>*Y LOOS5S ! *A9S ?AT PREV5T PEOPLE FROM ACT+ AUTONOM\SLY4 ,IT IS BETT] TO LACK CONVICTION SO ?AT ONE CONSID]S :AT O!RS HAVE TO SAY ?AN TO BE SO FULL ( PASSIONATE 9T5SITY ?AT ONE IGNORES O!RS' 9T]E/S1 DESIRES1 & NE$S4 ,P]HAPS ?IS TYPE ( IGNORANCE IS :AT TURNS ! BE/ 9TO ! WOR/4 ,?IS IS BUT A />T+ PO9T1 (F]+ EXCIT+ *ALL5GES & OPPORTUNITIES = FUR!R RESE>* & FLEXIBLE APPLICATION BAS$ UPON ! CONTEXT ( S*OOL+4 

,NOTES 
,REF]5CES 

,ALLPORT1 ,GORDON ,W4 #a#i#e#d4 ,! ,NATURE ( ,PREJUDICE1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,ADDISON-,WESLEY4 

,AM/]1 ,R&ALL1 ,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM1 ,F]N&EZ1 ,LUIS1 ,NOCELLA1 ,AN?ONY & ,%ANNON1 ,D]IC4 #b#i4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,ANYON1 ,JEAN4 #a#i#i#h4 ,RANK ,DISCRIM9ATIONS3 ,CRITICAL ,/UDIES ( ,S*OOL+ & ! ,MA9/REAM 9 ,$UCATIONAL ,RESE>*4 ,$UCATIONAL ,RESE>*]1 #c#a#c3 #c#b-#c#c4 

,APPLE1 ,MI*AEL4 #a#i#i#i4 ,FRI]E1 ,NEOLIB]ALISM & ,$UCATION4 ,DISC\RSE ,/UDIES 9 ! ,CULTURAL ,POLITICS ( ,$UCATION1 #b#a3 #e-#b4 

,BRAV]MAN1 ,H>RY4 #a#i#g#d4 ,LABOR & ,MONOPOLY ,CAPITAL3 ,! ,DEGRADATION ( ,WORK 9 ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS4 

,BRISCOE1 ,FELECIA4 #b#h4 0,DISCIPL9E40 ,9 ,KN[L$GE & ,P[] 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,ECONOMY 7#bND $471 ,$IT$ BY3 ,GABB>D1 ,DAVID4 #a#i#i-#b#g4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,LAWR5CE ,]LBAUM ,ASSOCIATES4 

,BRISCOE1 ,FELECIA & DE,OLIV]1 ,MIGUEL4 ,=?COM+4 ,! ,DISC\RSE ( ,S*OOL ,LEAD]S 9 ! ,CONTEXT ( ,N,C,L,B'S ,M>KETPLACE ,M&ATES3 ,! ,CON/RUCTION ( ,DEFICIT ,M9ORITY & ,L[ ,9COME ,ID5TITIES4 ,CRITICAL ,9QUIRY 9 ,LANGUAGE ,/UDIES1 

,BUB]1 ,M>T94 #a#i#c#g4 ,I & ,?\1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,SMI?1 ,RONALD ,G4 ,$9BUR<1 ,SCOTL&3 ,T @& ,T ,CL>K4 

,BUCK1 ,]IC4 #b#i4 0,! ,FL[ ( ,EXP]I5C+ 9 ,AN>*IC ,ECONOMIES40 ,9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,ABRAHAM1 ,R&ALL ,AM/]1 ,DE,LEON1 ,LUIS ,F]N&EZ1 ,NOCELLA1 ,AN?ONY & ,%ANNON1 ,D]IC4 #e#g-#g4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 #b#a4 0',ABOLI%+ ! ,/ATE' ,NOT A ,/RATEGY40 .<,VIDEO.>4 ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPT4 #b#d1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4Y\TUBE4COM_/WAT*8V"7,PIQ,P,C,RTZ,O,BW 

,CONWAY1 ,JAMES & ,CALZI1 ,FRANK4 #a#i#i#e4 ,! ,D>K ,SIDE ( ,%>$ ,DECISION ,MAK+4 ,$UCATIONAL ,LEAD]%IP1 #e#c3 #d#e-#e4 

,CL>KE1 ,JOHN4 #b#d4 ,DISSOLV+ ! ,PUBLIC ,REALM8 ,! ,LOGICS & ,LIMITS ( ,NEO-LIB]ALISM4 ,J\RNAL ( ,SOCIAL ,POLICY1 #c#c3 #b#g-#d#h4 

,DEMASIO1 ,ANTONIO4 #a#i#i#d4 ,DESC>TES ,]ROR3 ,EMOTION1 ,REASON1 & ! ,HUMAN ,BRA91 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P],COLL9S ,PUBLI%]S4 

DE ,OLIV]1 ,MIGUEL4 #b#h4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,MAT]IALISM3 ,! ,>TICULATION ( ,WORLD ,P[] 9 ,DEMOCRACY'S ,]A ( ,TRIUMPH4 ,J\RNAL ( ,P[]1 #a3 #c#e#e-#c#h#c4 

,DEWEY1 ,JOHN4 #a#i#a#f4 ,DEMOCRACY & ,$UCATION3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,$UCATION1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MACMILLAN4 

,DUNB>1 ,ROB94 #a#i#i#b4 ,NEOCORTEX ,SIZE AS A ,CON/RA9T ON ,GR\P ,SIZE 9 ,PRIMATES4 ,J\RNAL ( ,HUMAN ,EVOLUTION1 #b#b#f3 #d#f#i-#d#i#c4 

,FIREBAU<1 ,GL54 #b#c4 ,! ,NEW ,GEOGRAPHY ( ,GLOBAL ,9COME ,9EQUALITY1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,FOTOP\LOS1 ,TAKIS4 #b#h4 0,9CLUSIVE ,DEMOCRACY40 ,9 ,KN[L$GE & ,P[] 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,ECONOMY 7#bND $471 ,$IT$ BY3 ,GABB>D1 ,DAVID4 #d#c#e-#d#d#h4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,LAWR5CE ,]LBAUM ,ASSOCIATES4 

,F\CAULT1 ,MI*EL4 #a#i#hA4 ,P[]_/,KN[L$GE3 ,SELECT$ ,9T]VIEWS & ,O!R ,WRIT+S1 #a#i#g#b-#a#i#g#g1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,COL91 ,GORDON1 ,COL91 ,GORDON1 ,M>%ALL1 ,LEO1 ,MEPHAM1 ,JOHN & ,SOP]1 ,KATE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS4 

,F\CAULT1 ,MI*EL4 #a#i#hB4 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ,SEXUALITY3 ,VOL4 ,I1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,HURLEY1 ,ROB]T4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS4 ,TRANSLAT$ BY 

,FRI]E1 ,PAULO4 #a#i#g4 ,P$AGOGY ( ! ,OPPRESS$1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H]D] & ,H]D]4 

,GAILBRAI?1 ,JAMES ,K4 & ,HALE1 ,TRAVIS4 #b#e4 0,)9-,/ATE ,9COME ,9EQUALITY & ! ,PRESID5TIAL ,VOTE #a#i#i#b-#b#d3 ,A ,FIR/ ,LOOK AT ! ,EVID5CE40 ,U,T,I,P ,WORK+ ,PAP] #b#i4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/UTIP4GOV4UTEXAS4$U_/PAP]S4HTML 

,G>RISON1 ,JAMES & ,S*NEID]1 ,S&RA4 #b#h4 0,DEMOCRACY40 ,9 ,KN[L$GE & ,P[] 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,ECONOMY1 ,$ITION ,I,I1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,GABB>D1 ,DAVID4 #e-#a#b4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,LAWR5CE ,]LBAUM ,ASSOCIATES4 

,G]ACI1 ,BILL4 #a#i#i#e4 ,LOCAL ,DECISION ,MAK+3 ,A ,REPORT FROM ! ,TR5*ES4 ,$UCATIONAL ,LEAD]%IP1 #e#c3 #e-#e#c4 

,GIR\X1 ,H5RY4 #b#b4 ,NEOLIB]ALISM1 ,CORPORATE ,CULTURE1 & ! ,PROMISE ( ,HI<] ,$UCATION3 ,! ,UNIV]SITY AS A ,DEMOCRATIC ,PUBLIC ,SPH]E4 ,H>V>D ,$UCATIONAL ,REVIEW1 #g#b#d3 #d#b#e-#d#f#c4 

,GLEASON1 ,SONIA1 ,DONOHUE1 ,NICK & ,LEAD]1 ,G]ALD ,C4 #a#i#i#e4 ,BO/ON ,REVISITS ,S*OOL-,BAS$ ,MANAGEM5T4 ,$UCATIONAL ,LEAD]%IP1 #e#c3 #b#d-#b#h4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,ANNA4 #b#a4 ,AN>*ISM3 ,:AT ,IS ,IT84 ,AN>*IA3 ,AN ,EXCESS ( ,PASSION = ,LIB]TY1 ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPT4 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/AN>*IA4WORDPRESS4COM_/#b#g_/#d_/#c_/AN>*ISM-:AT-IS-IT_/ 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA4 #a#i#g4 ,AN>*ISM & ,O!R ,ESSAYS1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MO!R ,E>?4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA & ,BAG9SKY1 ,MAX4 #a#i#g4 0,REPORT ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,CONDITIONS40 ,9 ,AN>*ISM & ,O!R ,ESSAYS1 #d#g-#e#b4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MO!R ,E>?4 

,GONZALEZ1 ,NORMA1 ,MOLL1 ,LUIS ,C4 & ,AMANTI1 ,CA?Y4 #b#e4 ,FUNDS ( ,KN[L$GE3 ,!ORIZ+ ,PRACTICES 9 ,H\SEHOLDS1 ,COMMUNITIES & ,CLASSROOMS1 ,MAHWAH1 ,N,J3 ,LAWR5CE ,]LBAUM ,ASSOCIATES4 

,GRE51 ,JUDI?4 #a#i#i#i4 ,DEEP ,DEMOCRACY3 ,COMMUNITY1 ,DIV]SITY1 & ,TRANS=MATION1 ,LANHAM1 ,M,D3 ,R[AN @& ,LITTLEFIELD4 

,GRE5BURG1 ,G>Y4 #b#a4 ,! ,W> ON ,UNHAPP9ESS4 ,H>P]S ,MAGAZ9E1 #c#b#a3 #b#g-#c#e4 

,GREGORY1 ,ANNE1 ,SKIBA1 ,RUSSELL ,J4 & ,NOGU]A1 ,P$RO ,A4 #b#a4 ,! ,A*IEVEM5T ,GAP & ! ,DISCIPL9E ,GAP3 ,TWO ,SIDES ( ! ,SAME ,CO984 ,$UCATIONAL ,RESE>*]1 #c#i3 #e#i-#f#h4 

,HAB]MAS1 ,JURG54 #a#i#f#h4 ,KN[L$GE & ,HUMAN ,9T]E/S1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,%APIRO1 ,JAY4 ,BO/ON3 ,BEACON4 

,HAVEL1 ,VACLAV4 #a#i#i#d4 ,! ,NE$ = ,TRANSC5D5CE 9 ! ,PO/MOD]N ,WORLD ,SPEE* GIV5 AT ,9DEP5D5CE ,HALL1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,JULY #d1 #a#i#i#d4 ,RETRIEV$ ,SEPT4 #b#d1 #b#a#a1 FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4WORLDTRANS4ORG_/:OLE_/HAVELSPEE*4HTML 

,HILL1 ,DAVE4 #b#i4 ,CONTE/+ ,NEOLIB]AL ,$UCATION3 ,PUBLIC ,RESI/ANCE & ,COLLECTIVE ,ADVANCE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,HILL1 ,DAVE & ,BOXLEY1 ,SIMON4 #b#i4 0,CRITICAL ,$UCATION = ,ECONOMIC1 ,5VIRONM5TAL1 & ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE40 ,9 ,CONTE/+ ,NEOLIB]AL ,$UCATION3 ,PUBLIC ,RESI/ANCE & ,COLLECTIVE ,ADVANCE1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,HILL1 ,DAVE4 #b#h-#f4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

HOOKS1 BELL4 #a#i#i#d4 ,TEA*+ TO ,TRANSGRESS3 ,$UCATION AS ! ,PRACTICE ( ,FRE$OM1 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,ILLI*1 ,IVAN4 #a#i#g#a4 ,DES*OOL+ ,SOCIETY1 ,LONDON3 ,CALD]S @& ,BOY]S4 

,KAHN1 ,RI*>D4 #b#i4 0,AN>*IC ,EPIME!ANISM3 ,! ,P$AGOGY ( ,IVAN ,ILLI*40 ,9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,ABRAHAM1 ,R&ALL ,AM/]1 ,DE,LEON1 ,LUIS ,F]N&EZ1 ,NOCELLA1 ,AN?ONY & ,%ANNON1 ,D]IC4 #a#b#e-#a#c#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,KANT1 ,IMMANUEL4 .<#a#g#h#e.> #a#h#g#i4 ,! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,PR9CIPLES ( ! ,METAPHYSIC ( ,E?ICS1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,MAN!Y-,ZORN1 ,OTTO4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,LONDON3 ,D4 ,APPLETON-,C5TURY4 

,KOZOL1 ,JOHNA?ON4 #b#e4 ,! ,%AME ( ! ,NATION3 ,! ,RE/ORATION ( ,AP>!ID ,S*OOL+ 9 ,AM]ICA1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CR[N4 

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,BOOK ,REVIEWS 

,A ,REVIEW ( 0,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY0 

,$IT$ BY ,R&ALL ,AM/]1 ,ABRAHAM ,DE,LEON1 ,LUIS ,A4 ,F]N&EZ1 ,AN?ONY ,J4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I1 & ,D]IC ,%ANNON4 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE1 #b#i4 XVI2 #cah PP4 @s#a#e#e42 @s#d#i4#i#e PAP] 

,REVIEW$ BY ,]9 ,E4 ,DORAN 

,UPON OP5+ ?IS READ]1 A NOVICE TO AN>*I/ /UDIES %\LD COMPLETELY AB&ON :AT !Y ?9K !Y KN[ AB\T :AT ! T]M AN>*ISM REALLY MEANS4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ,I AM NOT AN AN>*I/1 NOR HAD ,I READ ANY AN>*I/ TEXTS PREVI\S TO PICK+ UP ?IS READ]4 ,! WORD AN>*I/ BR\<T UP IMAGES ( ! ,HAYM>KET ,SQU>E ,RIOT ( #ahgg & ! *AOS ?AT 5SU$ :5 A T]RORI/1 PRESUMABLY AN AN>*I/1 ?REW A BOMB 9TO AN AN>*I/ PROTE/ 7E4G41 SEE ,C>NES & ,G>RATY #b#h74 ,A REF]5CE 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ! 0,HAYM>KET ,M>TYRS0 /RUCK ME AT ONCE AS A %OCK1 & CURIOSITY PROVOK$ ME TO EXPLORE ALT]NATIVE HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS4 ,IT APPE>S ?AT AN>*ISM CON/RUCTS MEAN+ VA/LY DIFF]5T ?AN :AT WE >E TAU<T IS TRUE OR REAL4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,I CONSID]$ ! T]M AN>*ISM SYNONYM\S ) VIOL5CE & *AOS BE=E DIV+ 9TO ?IS VOLUME4 

,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES 7H]EAFT]1 ,C,A,S7 ATTEMPTS TO CAPTURE ! GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM & ITS RELATION%IP TO & ANTAGONISMS ) ! ACADEMY4 ,! ACADEMY H]E IS BROADLY DEF9$ AS 9/ITUTIONS ( HI<] $UCATION :]E RESE>* & TEA*+ IS CONDUCT$ BY T5URE & T5URE-TRACK FACULTY4 ,NOTABLY1 ?IRTY ( ! ?IRTY-F\R CONTRIBUTORS TO ?IS VOLUME HELD SU* POSITIONS AT HI<] $UCATION 9/ITUTIONS GLOBALLY4 ,FROM ! FIR/ FEW PAGES1 ! $ITORS TRY TO DIS5TANGLE AN>*ISM'S P]CEIV$ RELATION%IP ) VIOL5CE & *AOS1 & AL?\< NOT EXPLICITLY (F]+ ONE UNI=M DEF9ITION ( ! WORD1 GIVE AN OV]VIEW ( :AT ! T]M MEANS BROADLY4 ,! $ITORS (F] A HI/ORICAL OV]VIEW ( ! SUBJECT BEG9N+ ) ,LAO-,TSU ?R\< ! HEADL9E-GRABB+ 0,BATTLE ( ,SEATTLE0 9 #a#i#i#i4 ,! CONTRIBUT+ AU?ORS ( ! >TICLES COME FROM A DIV]SE GR\P ( FIELDS ?R\<\T ! SOCIAL SCI5CES1 HUMANITIES1 & $UCATION4 

,! >TICLES ( ,C,A,S REVOLVE >\ND SEV]AL C5TRAL !MES3 ,FIR/1 H[ CAN AN>*ISM EXI/ )9 ! ACADEMY :5 IT IS SO CRITICAL OR FLAT \T REJECTS ! ACADEMY ITSELF1 ! /ATE1 & O!R SOCIAL /RUCTURES8 ,!RE >E PROPOSALS ?R\<\T ! VOLUME ?AT SUGGE/ ?AT ONE CAN CONDUCT RESE>* & TEA* 9 A WAY ?AT IS TRULY REPRES5TATIVE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! AU?ORS ALSO CONTEMPLATE ! AN>*I/'S PLACE BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ACADEMY4 ,P]HAPS MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! QUE/ION OV] :E!R ! POSITIONS ( AN>*I/ & ACADEMIC >E MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE OR CAN !Y COEXI/ 9 ONE P]SON IS REFLECT$ UPON4 ,ALEJ&RO DE ,ACO/A DECL>$ 9 HIS *APT]1 0,AN>*Y CAN'T BE TAU<T60 7#b#g74 ,IF ,ACO/A'S CLAIM HAS M]IT1 :AT DOES A BEG9N] HAVE TO GA9 FROM :AT ! SUBTITLE PROMISES3 AN 9TRODUCTORY AN?OLOGY ( AN>*Y 9 ! ACADEMY8 

,P>T ONE IS FOCUS$ ON CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ !ORY1 P>TICUL>LY AN>*Y'S RELATION%IP ) O!R S*OOLS ( ?\<T4 ,TODD ,MAY CONSID]S ! RELATION%IP ( AN>*I/ ?\<T & ,FR5* PHILOSOPHY1 P>TICUL>LY ! WORKS ( ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT & ,JACQUES ,RANCI]E2 ,GABRIEL ,KUHN DISCUSSES ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*Y & PO/MOD]NITY & PO//RUCTURALISM4 ,JOEL ,OLS5 DETA*ES AN>*I/ ?\<T AWAY FROM ! CU/OM>Y FOCUS ON ! WORK+ CLASS & MAKES ! COMPELL+ >GUM5T ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD LOOK TO ,AM]ICAN RACIAL HI/ORY1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 = 9SPIRATION4 ,MU* POLITICAL !ORY HAS BE5 D$ICAT$ TO ! /RATIFICATION ( SOCIETY ACCORD+ TO CLASS1 & YET AN>*I/S HAVE FAIL$ TO ADEQUATELY ADDRESS RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION & EXPLOITATION & ! C5TRAL ROLES !SE HAVE PLAY$ 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,BY OMITT+ RACE1 AN>*I/S IGNORE 0,:ITE SUPREMACY1 :I* HAS %AP$ NE>LY EV]Y O!R =M ( OPPRESSION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9CLUD+ CLASS1 G5D]1 RELIGION1 & ! /ATE0 7#c#g74 ,OLS5 (F]S ANO!R L5S TO EXAM9E1 & BY DO+ SO1 TO CRITIQUE A MORE COMPLETE PICTURE ( DOM9ATION 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 

,! SECOND P>T ( ! BOOK DEALS ) AN>*I/ RESE>*]S' ME?ODOLOGIES & :E!R !RE IS A DI/9CTLY AN>*I/ APPROA* TO CONDUCT+ RESE>*4 ,JEFF ,F]RELL IS EASILY ! MO/ ANTAGONI/IC ( ! AU?ORS 9 ! SECTION1 CRITIQU+ ! WAY ?AT ACADEMICS CONDUCT !IR RESE>* & H[ !Y TRA9 GRADUATE /UD5TS4 ,F]RELL GIVES ! EXAMPLE ( ,9/ITUTIONAL ,REVIEW ,BO>D & ! WAYS 9 :I* ORIG9AL RESE>* CAN BE QUA%$ 9 ! NAME ( 9/ITUTIONAL RISK9ESS4 ,F]RELL'S TONE IS SOMETIMES MOCK+ & CONDESC5D+1 & HE AB&ONS ALL =MS ( TRADITIONAL RESE>* ME?ODOLOGY BE=E MAK+ ! CASE = E?NOGRAPHIC FIELD RESE>*4 ,! /RONGE/ PO9T ( ,F]RELL'S >TICLE IS ! OV]ALL REM9D] ?AT RESE>* SUBJECTS %\LD NOT BE R$UC$ TO /ATI/ICAL REPRES5TATIONS OR LANGUAGE ?AT SEP>ATES ! /UDY FROM ITS SUBJECTS2 9 ESS5CE HE DECON/RUCTS ! DEHUMANIZ+ NATURE ( S*OL>LY RESE>*4 ,AS ,F]RELL PUTS IT1 0,AB/RACT & OBTUSE1 ?IS SORT ( LANGUAGE IS ALSO REVEAL+1 ILLUM9AT+ A SET ( L+UI/IC PRACTICES ?AT SY/EMATICALLY SUCK ! LIFE FROM ?OSE !Y DESCRIBE0 7#g#i74 ,F]RELL SETS ! TONE = O!R AU?ORS :O TALK AB\T ! ROLE ( ! RESE>*] AS BO? ACADEMIC & AN>*I/4 

,SECTION ?REE DISCUSSES P$AGOGY & V>I\S AN>*I/ APPROA*ES TO BO? LE>N+ & TEA*+ ?AT CAN HELP TEA*]S & /UD5TS RESI/ TRADITIONAL =MS ( COMPULSORY /ATE $UCATION4 ,WILLIAM ,T4 ,>MAL9E DISCUSSES ! DOM9ANT =CES AT PLAY 9 $UCATION TODAY & H[ TO RESI/ !SE =CES4 ,P]HAPS ONE ( HIS BE/ >GUM5TS IS ! REM9D] ?AT EV]YONE 9 ! CLASSROOM CAN BE TEA*] & /UD5T4 ,>MAL9E SUGGE/S ?AT GRASSROOTS RESI/ANCE CAN BE EFFECTIVE 9 ALL[+ = REFLEXIVE ACTIVITY AMONG TEA*]S & /UD5TS4 ,9 ADDITION1 TEA*]S CAN E/ABLI% DEMOCRATIC CLASSROOMS ?AT GIVE /UD5TS A PLACE = P>TICIPATION & EXPRESSION4 ,MAXWELL ,S*NUR] & ,LAURA ,K4 ,HAHN (F] AN ALT]NATIVE WAY ( PRES5T+ AN>*I/ !ORY BY EMB$D+ ?AT !ORY 9TO %ORT /ORIES4 ,?IS APPROA*1 ! AU?ORS >GUE1 (F]S MORE REFLECTION & ACCESSIBILITY TO /UD5TS ( AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,!SE /ORIES1 :I* !Y PROVIDE EXAMPLES ( 9 ! =M ( %ORT VIGNETTES1 >E SIMIL> TO ! %ORT /ORIES & NOVELS ( ,FR5* PHILOSOPH]S SU* AS ,JEAN-,PAUL ,S>TRE & ,SIMONE DE ,BEAUVOIR :O BL5D$ !IR EXI/5TIALI/ PHILOSOPHY & FICTION4.<#e#e.> ,! PO9T ( ?IS APPROA*1 AS ! AU?ORS >GUE1 IS TO BREAK ?R\< ! 0LIMITATIONS ( CONV5TIONAL LESSON-PLANS0 & TO 0CRAFT SOME?+ ?AT WAS ACCESSIBLE TO NON-UNIV]SITY AUDI5CES0 7#a#d#g74 ,) !SE /ORIES1 ,S*NUR] & ,HAHN CREATE >TIFACTS = USE BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ACADEMY4 

,! NEXT SECTION1 ,PRAXIS1 COV]S >GUABLY ! MO/ DIV]SE ( TOPICS4 ,! *APT] DISCUSSES H[ !ORY CAN GUIDE PRACTICE1 OR AS ! $ITORS PUT IT1 0A /AG+ GR\ND = CRITICAL SELF-REFLECTION0 7#a#h#a74 ,/EV5 ,BE/ DESCRIBES ! HI/ORICAL F\NDATIONS ( ! ANIMAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T & ! SIMIL>ITIES 9 ! DISC\RSES ( AN>*ISM & ANIMAL LIB]ATION4 ,AS ,BE/ /ATES1 0,! PROJECT TO EMANCIPATE ANIMALS1 9 O!R WORDS1 IS 9TEGRALLY RELAT$ TO ! /RUGGLE TO EMANCIPATE HUMANS & ! BATTLE = A VIABLE NATURAL WORLD0 7#a#i#e74 ,ANIMAL LIB]ATIONI/S1 AN>*I/S1 & SIMIL> GR\PS >E ALL CONC]N$ ) DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION1 & ,/EV5 ,BE/ MAKES ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 !M & H[ !Y CAN LE>N FROM EA* O!R4 

,C>OL9E ,KALTEFLEIT] CONT9UES ! SECTION ON PRAXIS ) ANO!R FEMALE-C5T]$ >TICLE ?AT DEMON/RATES H[ SUBCULTURES CAN BE USEFUL RESE>* SUBJECTS = AN>*I/ ACADEMICS4 ,H] SUBJECT IS ,RIOT ,GRRRL1 :I* %E DESCRIBES AS 0A PRO-GIRL MOVEM5T ?AT CAME ( AGE 9 ! E>LY #a#i#iS 9 RESPONSE TO A MALE-DOM9AT$ ,AM]ICAN ,PUNK MUSIC SC5E0 7#b#b#d74 ,RIOT ,GRRRL IS A GRASSROOTS MOVEM5T ?AT SPREAD >\ND ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & EMP[]S WOM5 TO GET ANGRY & BECOME P>T ( ! DIALOGUE4 ,KALTEFLEIT] CALLS !IR APPROA* 0DO-IT-Y\RSELF RESI/ANCE0 7#b#b#i7 & %[S H[ !ORY CAN BE PUT TO PRACTICE \TSIDE ( ! ACADEMY & )\T ! HELP ( S*OL>S4 ,KALTEFLEIT]'S ,RIOT ,GRRRLS >E A /RONG EXAMPLE ( H[ AN>*I/ S*OL>S CAN LE>N AB\T AN>*ISM \TSIDE ! ACADEMY4 

,AN>*I/S >E UND\BT$LY CONC]N$ AB\T ! FUTURE & ! MOVEM5T'S PLACE 9 IT4 ,! FIF? & F9AL SECTION ( ?IS AN?OLOGY FOCUSES ON ! QUE/ION1 0,:]E DO WE GO FROM H]E80 ,URI ,GORDON DEMON/RATES LITTLE D\BT ?AT CURR5T TR5DS 9DICATE ! COLLAPSE ( 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY AS WE KN[ IT4 ,PET] ,SEYF]? EXAM9ES H[ UTOPIAN & DY/OPIAN LIT]ATURE CAN BE USEFUL 9 ! CONCEPTUALIZ+ ! FUTURE = AN>*I/S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 F9D+ NONHI]>*ICAL ALT]NATIVES TO 5SURE IMPORTANT RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 A PO//ATE WORLD4 ,SEYF]? CONCLUDES ?AT BO? ! WRIT+ & READ+ ( !SE WORKS CAN SP>K 9SPIRATION & 5GAGEM5T BETWE5 ! AU?ORS & READ]S ( !SE TEXTS4 

,?IS VOLUME IS NOT )\T ITS %ORTFALLS4 ,! $ITORS FRANKLY ADMIT ?AT !Y >E ALL M5 & HAD NO FEMALE P>TICIPATION 9 ! $IT+ ( ?IS BOOK4 ,AL?\< !Y C\LD HAVE 9CLUD$ A FEMALE $ITOR 7& !Y SAY !Y CONSID]$ IT71 !Y 0DIDN'T WANT TO DEG5]ATE 9TO TOK5ISM OR PATRONIZATION 9 ! PROCESS0 7#f74 ,DESPITE ! PLURALITY ( MALE AU?ORS1 FEMALE VOICES HAVE MADE IT 9TO ! VOLUME AS CONTRIBUT+ AU?ORS1 =TUNATELY4 ,M>?A ,ACKELSB]G1 ! AU?OR ( A SEM9AL WORK ON WOM5 AN>*I/S DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 CONTRIBUT$ A PH5OM5AL REFLECTION ON ! 9T]SECTION ( H] MANY ID5TITIES-AN>*I/1 FEM9I/1 ACADEMIC1 & FOLL[] ( ,JUDAISM1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,ACKELSB]G REM9DS READ]S ?AT EV]Y P>TICIPANT 9 AN>*ISM1 S*OL>S & RESE>* SUBJECTS ALIKE1 COME FROM DIV]SE BACKGR\NDS ?AT 9FLU5CE & %APE !IR EXP]I5CES4 ,ACKELSB]G /ATES AN IMPORTANT LESSON = AN>*I/S ON DIV]SITY3 0,9 FACT1 ! SOCIETY ,I ?9K WE MU/ /RIVE = IS ONE ?AT W\LD NOT ATTEMPT TO MA9TA9 A FALSE S5SE ( UNITY :I* COMES FROM ! D5IAL ( DIFF]5CE0 7#b#f#g74 ,?IS MEANS ?AT HUMAN DIV]SITY & DIFF]5CE %\LD NOT BE /IFL$ OR HIDD52 9/EAD1 IT %\LD BE ACKN[L$G$ & UTILIZ$ 9 A MEAN+FUL WAY4 

,EMILY ,GA>D] CONSID]$ AN AN>*I/ APPROA* TO RE/ORATIVE JU/ICE SPECIFICALLY APPLI$ TO VIOL5CE AGA9/ WOM54 ,GA>D]'S RE/ORATIVE JU/ICE 9TRODUCES A ME?OD TO ADDRESS VIOL5CE AGA9/ WOM5 )\T /ATE 9T]V5TION OR P>TICIPATION4 ,!SE ME?ODS >E P]HAPS SIMIL> TO PROGRAMS SU* AS ! ,TRU? & ,RECONCILIATION ,COMMISSION 7,T,R,C7 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA FOLL[+ ! 5D ( AP>!ID1 AN EXAMPLE ?AT 9CLUDES /ATE CRIMES AGA9/ ITS CITIZ5S4 ,AL?\< NOT A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( AN>*I/ RE/ORATIVE JU/ICE1 ! ,T,R,C REPRES5TS A L>GE-SCALE MOVEM5T T[>D RECONCILIATION & REBUILD+ ( SOCIETY4 ,!SE WOM5 (F] SUGGE/IONS = AN>*I/ S*OL>S ?AT TRANSC5D G5D] L9ES4 

,ONE ( MY MA9 *ALL5GES 9 READ+ ?IS VOLUME AS A BEG9N] 9 ! FIELD ( AN>*I/ /UDIES WAS A LACK ( 9TRODUCTION TO AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,! AU?ORS ASSUME ?AT ! READ] HAS AT LEA/ A RUDIM5T>Y KN[L$GE ( ! !ORY1 ITS T]MS 7I4E41 MUTUAL AID71 & ITS CONTEMPOR>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,EV5 ! T]M AN>*ISM IS NOT EXPLICITLY DEF9$2 ! AU?ORS (F] A HI/ORICAL SKET* ( AN>*ISM1 AS WELL AS SOME COMMON D5OM9ATORS4 ,?IS LACK ( DEF9ITION MAY BE ONE ( ! /R5G?S ( AN>*I/ !ORY & IS BE/ EXPLA9$ BY ,WILLIAM ,T4 ,>MAL9E4 ,HE WRITES ?AT DEF9+ AN>*ISM 0W\LD BE A CLAIM TO P[]--! P[] TO DEF9E ! WORLD & FUTURE ( O!RS )\T !IR P>TICIPATION & CONS5T0 7#a#c#g74 ,9 A S5SE1 ?IS CAPTURES MY UND]/&+ ( ONE FEATURE ( AN>*ISM--AN AW>5ESS ( 9DIVIDUAL VOICES & CONTRIBUTIONS4 

,DESPITE !SE %ORTFALLS1 ! TRUE VALUE ( ?IS VOLUME IS ITS 9T]DISCIPL9>Y NATURE ( ! DISCUSSIONS4 ,!RE >E ME?ODOLOGIES & LESSONS 9TRODUC$ BY ! AU?ORS ?AT CAN BE EXT5D$ TO A MYRIAD ( FIELDS4 ,DESPITE ! D]ISION ?AT ,JEFF ,F]RELL HAS = MO/ ACADEMIC RESE>* ME?ODOLOGIES1 HE SETS =? AN IMPORTANT REM9D] ( ! RESPONSIBILITY RESE>*]S HAVE TO REMA9 COMPASSIONATE T[>D RESE>* SUBJECTS4 ,OV]ALL1 ?IS VOLUME (F]S EXCELL5T LESSONS = RESE>*]S1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE :O >E NEW TO ! FIELD ( AN>*I/ /UDIES4 ,?IS VOLUME W\LD DO WELL COMB9$ ) SOME CLASSIC AN>*I/ TEXTS SU* AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN OR ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY (F]S READ]S A *ANCE TO RECONSID] :AT !Y ?9K !Y KN[ AB\T AN>*ISM & TO DEVELOP H[ !Y DEF9E ! T]M = !MSELVES4 ,! EMPHASIS ON HUMAN DIGNITY & AG5CY (F]S A USEFUL REM9D] = ANY S*OL> WORK+ ) HUMAN SUBJECTS4 

,NOTES 
,REF]5CES 

 ,C>NES1 ,M>K ,C4 & ,G>RATY1 ,JOHN ,A4 #b#h4 ,AM]ICAN ,DE/9Y3 ,N>RATIVE ( A ,NATION1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PE>SON ,LONGMAN4 

 ,%ELBY1 ,K>54 #b#f4 0,BEAUVOIR & ,E?ICAL ,RESPONSIBILITY40 ,9 ,SIMONE DE ,BEAUVOIR'S ,POLITICAL ,?9K+1 ,$IT$ BY3 ,M>SO1 ,LORI ,JO & ,MOYNA<1 ,PATRICIA4 #i#b-#a#h4 ,URBANA3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS4 

,A ,REVIEW ( 0,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION3 ,A ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,P]SPECTIVE0 

,JUDI? ,SUISSA1 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,P,M ,PRESS1 #b#a4 #ahd PP4 @s#a#i4#i#e 7PAP]BACK7 @s#a4 7EBOOK7 

,REVIEW$ BY ,JOHN ,LUP9ACCI 

,9 REC5T DECADES1 EF=TS TO RE?9K $UCATION HAVE RESULT$ 9 ! REPRODUCTION ( AU?ORIT>IAN VALUE HI]>*IES ?AT HAVE BECOME DANG]\SLY NORMALIZ$ 9 TODAY'S SOCIETY4 ,S*OOL+1 ESPECIALLY 9/ITUTIONS ( HI<] $UCATION & TEA*] PREP>ATION PROGRAMS1 >E 9CREAS+LY NEOLIB]AL TRA9+ GR\NDS4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS HELP TO MANUFACTURE ILLUSIONS ( ISOLAT$ CONSUM] SELF-ID5TITIES1 FROM :I* AN ONSLAU<T ( 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL 9JU/ICES EM]GE AS A T\T$ FACET ( A NEW NORMAL4 ,?IS REVIEW ADDRESSES H[ AN>*ISM PROVIDES A DIV]SE >RAY ( NECESS>Y CRITICAL & E?ICAL 9T]RUPTIONS ?AT HAVE RI* HI/ORIES ( ID5TIFY+ & RESI/+ LIMITS TO DOM9ANT UND]/&+S & H[ AN>*ISM %AP$ ! EF=TS ( RADICAL $UCATORS AS !Y WORK 9 SOLID>ITY TO U%] 9 ! MANY ROLES ( DIRECT ACTION 9 TEA*] $UCATION4 

,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION3 ,A ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,P]SPECTIVE1 BY ,JUDI? ,SUISSA1 CONTRIBUTES A CONCISE OV]VIEW ( AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY'S 9H]5T1 YET (T5 OV]LOOK$1 ROLE 9 $UCATIONAL DISC\RSES4 ,! BOOK IS A WELL-COMPOS$ N>RATIVE & USEFUL TEXT = 9TRODUC+ ! HI/ORICAL SOCIO-POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ( AN>*ISM4 ,SUISSA FOCUSES ON H[ ! SOCIAL AN>*I/ VIEW EM]GES FROM N9ETE5? C5TURY AN>*I/S TO (F] 9SI<T ON H[ AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVES ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY 9T]RUPT AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,?R\< H] EXAM9ATION ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/S LIKE ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 & ,KROPOTK91 & MORE CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S LIKE ,*OMSKY & ,BOOK*91 ,SUISSA >TICULATES A /RONG CONNECTION BETWE5 ! LACK ( CONSID]ATION ( AN>*ISM 9 ! FIELD ( $UCATION & COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ?AT SEEM TO DOM9ATE S*OL>LY ATTEMPTS TO ID5TIFY ! IMPORTANCE ( AN>*I/ !ORY 9 $UCATIONAL RE=M4 ,DRAW+ ON RESE>* FROM BO? PRIM>Y & SECOND>Y S\RCES1 %E PRES5TS /RONG S*OL>%IP ?AT TAKES ! READ] ?R\< ! PHILOSOPHICAL DISCUSSIONS ESS5TIAL TO UND]/&+ AN>*IC EXP]IM5TS 9 $UCATION :ILE %E SIMULTANE\SLY EXPOSES ! (T5 SIL5C$ OR IGNOR$ HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ 5GAGEM5T ) $UCATION4 ,SUSSIA PRES5TS DIV]SE CASE /UDIES ( AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS ?AT (F] A V>IETY ( ALT]NATIVES TO ! MONOCULTURE MON/] ( S*OOL+4 ,) EA* CASE /UDY1 %E CONNECTS ! IMPORTANCE ( AN>*I/ !ORY ) ! CRITICAL & E?ICAL CONTEXT ( ACT+ TO DIRECTLY EXPOSE1 UND]M9E1 9T]RUPT1 & EV5 DE/ROY SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY4 

,TO SET ! BACKDROP = FILL+ SU* A TALL ORD]1 ,SUISSA LAYS \T A SURVEY ( AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY ?AT 9TRODUCES ! READ] TO A SPECTRUM ( AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVES FROM 9DIVIDUALI/ TO SOCIALI/4 ,?R\< 9TRODUC+ !SE P]SPECTIVES1 %E ID5TIFIES FIVE MA9 V>IANTS--0MUTUALISM1 F$]ALISM1 COLLECTIVISM1 COMMUNISM1 & SYNDICALISM0 7#a#a74 ,! FIR/ *APT]S ( ! BOOK >E ESS5TIAL1 AS !Y SET UP A F\NDATION FROM :I* ,SUSSIA IS ABLE TO UNFOLD A /RONG CASE = AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTIONS 9 CURR5T DISCUSSIONS ON $UCATION4 ,?R\< A RIVET+ N>RATIVE ?AT EM]GES FROM /RONG RESE>*1 ,SUISSA NOT ONLY EXPOSES READ]S TO ! CRITICAL F\NDATIONS ( AN>*ISM1 BUT %E ALSO PRES5TS /RONG PR(ILES ( AN>*ISM AS 9SEP>ABLE FROM GREAT S5SIBILITY1 COMPASSION1 & A D$ICATION TO ! PURSUIT ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 

,SUSSIA'S WORK REM9DS US ?AT AN>*ISM NOT ONLY EM]G$ AS RESI/ANCE TO UNJU/ AU?ORITIES GOV]N+ H[ WE RELATE TO EA* O!R & ! MORE-?AN-HUMAN WORLD1 BUT ALSO H[ AN>*ISM GETS (T5 PORTRAY$ BY SO-CALL$ RADICALS AS 9H]5TLY DE/RUCTIVE1 :I* CREATES TREM5D\S OP5+S = CRITICAL !ORY REPRODUCTIVE ( ! AU?ORIT>IANISM WE >E SO HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY TODAY4 ,AL?\< ,SUSSIA DOES NOT GO EXPLICITLY 9TO ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,M>XI/ RE=M & AN>*I/ PROJECTS1 ! BOOK PROVIDES A /RONG F\NDATION = H[ ?OSE DI/9CTIONS 9FLU5CE $UCATION4 ,H[EV]1 :AT /&S \T 9 ! TEXT IS H[ AN>*IC DISS5T HAS ALWAYS WORK$ 9 DIV]SE WAYS TO RECLAIM H[ WE IMAG9E ! WORLD4 ,READ+ ?IS TEXT1 IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO IGNORE ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( AN>*ISM TO ! FIELD ( $UCATIONAL /UDIES & TO GO )\T ASK+ CRITICAL & E?ICAL QUE/IONS REG>D+ :Y WE TEA*4 

,ASK+ !SE QUE/IONS1 ,I TURN MY ATT5TION TO ! GIFT ( BE+--! GIFT ( ! PLANET1 ! L&1 ! WAT]1 ! ANIMALS1 ! PLANTS1 ! GIFT ( EA* O!R1 & ! GIFT ( \R ABILITIES TO PLAN & PREP>E ) ! CAPACITY ( COHABITAT+ 9 :AT SOME CALL UTOPIAN1 BUT AN>*I/S IMAG9E AS COMMUNITIES4 ,DIV]SE1 LOCAL1 & FREE FROM AU?ORIT>IAN RULE 9 AN>*I/ CONCEPTS ( COMMUNITIES1 WE ALL %>E ! GIFT & RESPONSIBILITY ( BELONG+4 ,NO MATT] H[ BURI$ B5EA? CONCRETE & CONCEPTS1 HUMAN CULTURES REMA9 ( & ) ! RELATION%IPS ( MUTUALISM ?AT SUPPORT !IR EXI/5CE4 ,WE >E ALIVE & 9 RELATION%IP TO ! L& & ALL ?AT DWELL AMONG US & 9 DEA? WE %ALL REMA9 AS A P>T ( ?AT COMMUNITY 9 MEMORY & 9 PHYSICAL EX*ANGE AS WE DECOMPOSE CONT9U+ ! COOP]ATION4 ,DESPITE H[ \R EYES & 9/ITUTIONALLY SOCIALIZ$ M9DS TELL US TO 9DIVIDUALIZE \R HUMAN NATURE OV] REMEMB]+1 \R BE+ A P>T ( COMPLEX SET ( RELATION%IPS IS ALWAYS !RE4 ,?R\< AN>*I/ UND]/&+S ?AT ! HUMAN POT5TIAL TO IGNORE ?IS GIFT 9 PURSUIT ( FALSE ILLUSIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL EXI/5CE CAN BE OV]COME BY ! FACT ?AT WE HAVE AN EV5 GREAT] POT5TIAL TO RECOGNIZE & CELEBRATE ! P[] ( MUTUAL AID & COOP]ATION--TO CELEBRATE \R EXI/5CE AS A P>T ( A DIV]SE SY/EMS ?AT DOESN'T NE$ AU?ORITY TO 5SURE SURVIVAL4 ,AN>*ISM (F]S IMAG9ATIVE OPPORTUNITIES = US 9 $UCATION TO ACT ) GREAT C\RAGE AS WE BOLDLY RECONCEPTUALIZE $UCATIONAL SPACES ?AT 5GAGE US 9 ! RECOV]Y ( \R ABILITY TO SEE BO? :AT IS CURR5TLY PROBLEMATIC AB\T $UCATION1 AS WELL AS GUIDE US ?R\< A RECOGNITION ( ! %>$ ABUNDANCE ( ! B\NDLESS1 PRICELESS GIFT ( BELONG+ TO A SET ( RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON MUTUALISM4 

,SUISSA'S A/UTE PHILOSOPHICAL RESE>*1 A BEAUTIFULLY WRITT5 & HI<LY DISCIPL9$ N>RATIVE1 PRES5TS A VALUABLE 9TRODUCTION TO AN>*ISM4 ,I F\ND ! BOOK TO BE ( EXCEPTIONAL USE AS A TEXT = /UD5TS & COLLEAGUES :O HAVE EI!R DISMISS$ AN>*ISM ?R\< MISCONCEPTIONS OR HAVE NEV] BE5 =MALLY 9TRODUC$4 ,SUSSIA'S BOOK HELPS TO 9ITIATE CONV]SATIONS AMONG CRITICAL S*OL>S TO 9CLUDE :AT ,DELEON 7#b#h7 REF]S TO1 9 0,OH ,NO ,NOT ! ,A-WORD6 ,PROPOS+ AN ,AN>*ISM = ,$UCATION10 AS WAYS AN>*ISM CAN COMPLIM5T RADICAL P$AGOGIES !ORIZ+ $UCATION & CLASSROOM PRACTICES4 ,DE,LEON 7#b#h7 WRITES3 

AN>*I/ !ORY ADDS TO ?IS TRADITION MORE SALI5T EXAMPLES ( PRAXIS & RESI/ANCE1 A FUNDAM5TAL CRITIQUE ( HI]>*ICAL SY/EMS LIKE ! ,/ATE1 & QUE/IONS1 MORE RADICALLY1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( CAPITALISM & ! RELATION%IP TO !SE ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL SY/EMS4 7#a#b#d7 

,SUSSIA'S WORK HELPS DEMY/IFY AN>*ISM & MAKE WAY = CRITICAL & E?ICAL DISCUSSIONS REG>D+ :Y $UCATIONAL S*OL>S W\LD BE RESI/ANT TO TEA*+ & LE>N+ !IR AN>*I/ ANCE/RY4 ,TRAC+ AN>*I/ HI/ORY IS BY NO MEANS AN EASY TASK AS MO/ ( ! MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO ALL ACC\NTS ( AN>*ISM >E (T5 SITUAT$ 9 ! SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT 9 :I* ! GREAT AN>*I/S W]E SPEAK+1 WRIT+1 & WORK+ 9 SOLID>ITY TO RESI/ AU?ORITY4 ,SUSSIA1 A /RONG E?ICAL S*OL>1 SP5DS EXT5D$ TIME 9 ?IS TEXT ADDRESS+ H[ MISCONCEPTIONS MADE AB\T AN>*ISM EM]GE FROM G5]ALIZATIONS ?AT AN>*I/ !ORY OR EV5 SOCIAL AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY CAN BE R$UC$ 9TO ONE S+LE MODEL4 ,AL?\< ?IS IS (T5 A PO9T ( CONT5TION 9 A CULTURE %AP$ & DISCIPL9$ TO LOCATE A S+LE EXPLANATION1 ! TEXT 9TRODUCES TO READ]S ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 AN>*I/ VALUES & DOM9ANT ,WE/]N CULTURE4 ,SUSSIA H&LES POT5TIAL FRU/RATION & CONFUSION BY ASSUR+ READ]S ?AT AL?\< !RE EXI/S NO ONE SOCIAL AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 !RE >E SOME G5]AL UNIFY+ PO9TS4 ,%E EXPLA9S ?AT ALL AN>*I/S %>E A 0REJECTION ( ! /ATE & ITS 9/ITUTIONS0 & ! IDEA ?AT AN>*I/S DO NOT PROPOSE A S+LE 0BLUEPR9T = ! FUTURE SOCIETY0 7#a#d74 

,! /RUCTURE ( ! BOOK 5SURES ?AT A READ] ) LITTLE OR NO BACKGR\ND 9 AN>*I/ !ORY WILL ACQUIRE A F\NDATION FROM :I* TO CONTEXTUALIZE ,SUSSIA'S EXAMPLES ( AN>*IC PROJECTS LIKE ,! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA1 ,B>CELONA2 ,! ,F]R] ,S*OOL1 ,NEW ,YORK2 & ,! ,WALD5 ,C5T] & ,S*OOL1 ,B]KELEY4 ,?IS BOOK IS A PH5OM5AL 9TRODUCTION TO AN>*ISM & ITS IMPORTANCE TO ! FIELD ( $UCATIONAL /UDIES4 ,SUSSIA1 ) GREAT PRECISION1 WORKS ?\<TFULLY ?R\< SOME CLE>LY >TICULAT$ T5SIONS BETWE5 DOM9ANT CRITICAL $UCATIONAL RE=M & AN>*I/ EXP]IM5TS4 ,%E EXPLA9S H[ CLAIMS ( AN>*ISM AS UTOPIAN1 TOO FOCUS$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL1 OR PRIMITIVE & SAVAGE DO NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT AN>*ISM HAS MU* TO (F] $UCATION4 ,TO S]I\SLY EXPLORE ! POT5TIAL ( $UCATION ?AT IS SITUATIONAL1 LOCAL1 & SUPPORTIVE ( LIV+ SY/EMS REQUIRES ! CONSID]ATION ( AN>*ISM AS SOME?+ COMPLETELY DIFF]5T & OPPOS$ TO MANY ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURAL NORMS ?AT HAVE BE5 SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ TO GOV]N H[ WE1 AS SUBJECTS ( ,MOD]NITY1 MAKE MEAN+4 

,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION3 ,A ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,P]SPECTIVE (F]S AN 9TRODUCTION TO UND]/&+ H[ AN>*I/S & AN>*I/ !ORY CONTRIBUTE TO EV]-EVOLV+ & ADAPT+ P]SPECTIVES ?R\< :I* WE CAN LE>N TO SUPPORT & VALUE CONCEPTS LIKE COMMUNITY1 MUTUAL AID1 DIV]SITY1 & SOLID>ITY4 ,9 TODAY'S NEOLIB]AL 9/ITUTIONS1 AN AG5DA TO 5CLOSE ! LA/ VE/IGES ( PUBLIC SPACE WORKS ?R\< $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT REPRODUCE A LIMIT$ SET ( PRACTICES DISCIPL9$ BY MOD]N DISC\RSES1 TO MANUFACTURE A S5SE ( 9SECURITY & 9/ABILITY & ]ODE SOLID>ITY4 ,! IMPACTS ( AU?ORIT>IAN TOP-D[N POLICY (T5 RESULT 9 RESI/ANCE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! =M ( $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS1 :I* CREATES ! OPPORTUNITY TO COMMIT TO UND]/&+ $UCATION AS SITUATIONAL1 LOCAL1 & 9 SUPPORT ( LIV+ SY/EMS4 ,SUSSIA REM9DS US ?AT AN>*I/S $UCATE 9 WAYS ?AT 5GAGE P>TICIPANTS 9 ADDRESS+ ! ASSUMPTIONS ?AT HAVE L$ TO AN ]OSION ( SOLID>ITY4 ,LE>N+ ?AT AN>*ISM ISN'T ANY?+ GOES1 BUT ?AT IT IS A WAY ( LIV+ ?R\< CRITICAL & E?ICAL DEC5TRALIZ$ DECISION MAK+1 HELPS US TO /& FIRMLY1 & 9 SOLID>ITY ) O!RS4 ,AN>*ISM REAFFIRMS ?AT IMAG9ATION & 9T]RUPTIONS TO AU?ORITY >E NECESS>Y TO UND]/& & *ANGE ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ?AT CREATE ! ILLUSIONS ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,REF]5CE 

,DE,LEON1 ,ABRAHAM4 #b#h4 ,OH ,NO1 ,NOT ! ',A' ,WORD6 ,T[>DS AN ,AN>*ISM = ,$UCATION4 ,$UCATIONAL ,/UDIES1 #d#d3 #a#b#b-#a#d#a4 

,TIME ,EXPOSURE 

,EUG5E ,F4 ,PROV5ZO ,JR4 

 ,G]MAN PO/] TITL$ ,AN>*IE I/ ,HELF] D] ,REAKTION UND ,HUNG]SNOT4 ,CREAT$ BY ,WALT] ,S*NACK5B]G 7#a#h#h-#a#i#f#a7 & PUBLI%$ 9 ,MUNI* BY ,KUN/AN/ALT ,O4 ,CONSEE1 #a#i#a#h4 ,C\RTESY ( ! ,LIBR>Y ( ,CONGRESS4 

,! SUBJECT ( AN>*Y WAS A FREQU5T TOPIC ( POLITICAL ILLU/RATORS & C>TOONI/S ?R\<\T ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 C>TOONS W>N+ AB\T ! ?REAT ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL AN>*Y W]E FREQU5TLY 9CLUD$ 9 ILLU/RAT$ MAGAZ9ES SU* AS ,H>P]'S ,ILLU/RAT$ ,WEEKLY & ,PUCK4 ,TYPICAL IS ! C>ICATURE ( ! AN>*I/ AS A BE>D$1 ILL-KEMPT1 BOMB-?R[+ REVOLUTION>Y4 

,?IS TRADITION ( ! AN>*I/ AS A BOMB-?R[+ REVOLUTION>Y WAS NOT JU/ LIMIT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BUT WAS ALSO POPUL> 9 ,EUROPE4 ,9 ! #aiah ,G]MAN POLITICAL PO/] %[N H]E1 AN ANGEL IS %[N /&+ 9 FRONT ( A CR[D ( CIVILIANS & ,G]MAN SOLDI]S4 ,%E IS HOLD+ AN OLIVE BRAN* & A SCROLL ) ! WORDS 0,NATIONAL 444 AMLUNG40 ,! ANGEL1 :O IS CALL+ = PEACE & NATIONAL RECONCILIATION1 IS *ALL5G$ BY AN AN>*I/ ) A KNIFE1 :O IS AB\T TO ?R[ A LIT BOMB4 ,! TITLE ( ! PO/]1 0,AN>*IE I/ ,HELF] D] ,REAKTION UND ,HUNG]SNOT10 IS TRANSLAT$ AS 0,AN>*Y IS ! HELP] ( REACTION & FAM9E40 

,ADDITIONAL 9=MATION CAN BE F\ND AT ! 0,TIME ,EXPOSURES0 ,WEB SITE3 ,TIME ,EXPOSURES3 ,VISUAL ,EXPLORATIONS 9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN ,$UCATION HTTP3_/_/WWW4$UCATION4MIAMI4$U_/EP_/,TIME ,EXPOSURES_/ 

.<#a.> ,! USE ( ! FEM99E H]SELF H]E1 IS DELIB]ATE3 ,! ORIG9AL TEXT1 ( C\RSE1 USES ! MASCUL9E HIMSELF1 & ! REV]SAL AIMS AT TWO SUBV]SIVE USES1 FIR/LY ! OBVI\S BASIC R$RESS ?AT WOM5 COMPRISE HALF ! POPULATION ( ! WORLD1 YET HAVE ALWAYS HAD A SUBORD9ATE /ATUS ASCRIB$ TO !M1 & SECOND1 RECOGNITION ALSO1 ?AT G5D]-FUCK+1 9 :I* TRADITIONAL & ACCEPT$ G5D] ROLES >E UND]M9$ & SUBV]T$1 IS F> CLOS] TO ! SEXUAL EQUALITY ( G5D] BL9DNESS ?AN 9/ITUTIONAL ID5TITY POLITICS C\LD EV] (F]1 TAK5 TO MEAN ! REFUSAL ( AN ASCRIB$ ROLE & ID5TITY1 AS MU* AS ANY POSITIVE NOTION ( ONE1 I4E41 ! DEF9ITION ( A SUBJECT BAS$ PRIM>ILY ON ! SEX !Y HAPP5 TO BE4 ,AN AW>5ESS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y SETT+ ?AT ,M>X 7& MORE ?AN A C5TURY LAT]1 ,ILLI*71 W]E WRIT+ 91 IS PRES5T1 H[EV]1 & NEI!R AU?OR CAN BE BLAM$ = !IR PREF]R$ USE ( ! MASCUL9E4 

.<#b.> HTTP3_/_/WWW4WEA4ORG4UK_/ 

.<#c.> ,= A DETAIL$ PHILOSOPHICAL EXPLORATION ( PREFIGURATION1 SEE ,FRANKS 7#b#f71 ESPECIALLY ,*APT] #b3 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,E?IC & ,*APT] #c3 ,AG5TS ( ,*ANGE4 

.<#d.> 0,Y\ WANT ME TO WE> MORE FLAIR80 IS A L9E FROM ! FILM ,(FICE ,SPACE4 ,DIRECT$ BY ,MIKE ,JUDGE4 ,LOS ,ANGELES1 ,C,A3 ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY ,FOX1 #a#i#i#i4 ,! L9E IS SPOK5 BY ! *>ACT] ,JOANNA 7,J5NIF] ,ANNI/ON7 :O WORKS AS A WAITRESS 9 A !ME-RE/AURANT 9 :I* /AFF >E REQUIR$ TO :]E A REQUISITE AM\NT ( /&>DIZ$ FLAIR--BADGES & ! LIKE TO EMPHASIZE !IR 9DIVIDUALITY & KOOK9ESS1 TO %[ ?AT ! JOB DOES NOT REQUIRE /&>DIZATION ( !M--AFFECTIVE OR EMOTIONAL LABOR1 A SIMULATION ( :AT REMA9S 9COMPATIBLE ) ! MAT]IAL S]VITUDE ( ! WAGE RELATION4 ,JOANNA IS ASK$ BY H] MANAG] :Y %E IS NOT WE>+ MORE1 & SAYS ?AT %E IS1 9 FACT1 WE>+ ! REQUIR$ AM\NT1 & ASKS IF HE W\LD LIKE H] TO WE> MORE1 TO :I* HE RESPONDS1 0,:AT DO Y\ ?9K IT SAYS AB\T SOMEONE :O ONLY DOES ! B>E M9IMUM80 

.<#e.> ,! SPECIFIC ?9K]S MEANT H]E >E PRIM>ILY ,MI*AEL ,H>DT & ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI1 ,PAULO ,VIRNO1 & ,FRANCO ',BIFFO' ,B]>DI4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S ?\<T IS ( IMM5SE IMPORTANCE & IS1 ITSELF1 A V]Y SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO REWORK+ & RE5]GIZ+ CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 BUT NOT IS NOT )\T MAJOR FLAWS4 ,= A NUANC$ & QUALIFI$ CRITIQUE FROM ! SAME SIDE' SEE ,HOLL[AY1 ,MATAMOROS1 & ,TIS*L] 7#b#i74 

.<#f.> ,?IS REBR&+ ( ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY WAS C5T]$ ON ,TONY ,BLAIR1 & F\ND A PO/IDEOLOGICAL TURN 9 ,AN?ONY ,GIDD5S' 7.<#b.> #b#a#a7 CONCEPT ( ! ,! ,?IRD ,WAY4 

.<#g.> ,SAVAGE 7#b#a71 ,G>N] & ,MORRIS 7#b#a1 ,VASAG> & ,%EPH]D 7#b#a71 ,%EPH]D 7#b#a#a74 

.<#h.> ,JEEVAN ,VASAG>1 ,PAUL ,LEWIS1 & ,NI*OLAS ,WATT1 0,?IS IS JU/ ! BEG9N+10 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 ,NOV4 #a#a1 #b#a2 ,&Y ,MC,SMI?1 ,RI*>D ,G>N]1 ,WRI<T1 & ,REBECCA ,GONSALVES1 0,! ,NEW ,POLITICS -- ,/UD5T ,RIOT ,M>KS ,5D ( ,COALITION'S ,]A ( ,CONS5SUS10 ,! ,9DEP5D5T1 ,NOV4 #a#a1 #b#a4 

.<#i.> ,TO BE SURE1 ! /UD5T C\LD NOT SOLVE AN EQUATION REQUIR+ DIVISION ( FRACTIONS )\T KN[+ DIVISION ( FRACTIONS1 BUT !Y C\LD SOLVE A HO/ ( EQUATIONS ?AT DOES NOT REQUIRE DIVISION ( FRACTIONS4 

.<#a.> ,! ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL HAVE EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO CLIMB UP ! HI]>*Y IS ESS5TIAL TO ITS ACCEPTANCE BY 9DIVIDUALS1 YET EQUAL OPPORTUNITY HAS BE5 DISPUT$ BY ! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUES ( S*OOL+ 7E4G41 ,B[LES & ,G9TIS1 #a#i#g#f74 

.<#a#a.> ,>T] ,JACKSON1 PUBLIC S*OOL TEA*]1 E-MAIL$ ! AU?OR ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#f1 #b#h4 ,MR4 ,JACKSON WAS A =M] /UD5T ( M9E :O HAD REMA9$ 9 COMMUNICATION ) ME OV] ! YE>S1 DESCRIB+ HIS TEA*+ & $UCATIONAL EXP]I5CES4 

.<#a#b.> ,?IS *>ACT]IZATION ( CRITICAL PO/MOD]NISM FITS ) AN>*ISM4 ,SEE = EXAMPLE1 A NUMB] ( DISCUSSIONS ( AN>*ISM'S RELATION%IP ) POSSIBLE & PREF]R$ FUTURES 9 ,R&ALL ,AM/] ET AL4 7#b#i74 

.<#a#c.> ,= A FULL] DESCRIPTION ( NEOLIB]ALISM & ITS PRODUCTIVE EFFECTS SEE ,CL>KE 7#b#d7 OR ,DAVE ,HILL 7#b#i74 

.<#a#d.> ,= A DESCRIPTION ( ! EXPANSION ( ! TE/+ M>KET & ITS EFFECTS ( FUR!R N>R[+ ! TYPES ( KN[L$GE TAU<T 9 S*OOLS SEE ,FELECIA ,BRISCOE 7#b#h74 

.<#a#e.> ,SEE ,TAYLOR ,WEBB1 ,FELECIA ,BRISCOE1 & ,M>K ,MUSSMAN 7#b#i71 = A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( ! CO]CIVE SURVEILLANCE TE*NIQUES F\ND 9 NEOLIB]ALISM AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ,N,C,L,B4 

.<#a#f.> ,SEE = EXAMPLE1 ,FIREBAU< 7#b#c7 OR ,GAILBRAI? & ,HALE 7#b#e74 

.<#a#g.> ,O!R DEMOCRATIC TYPOLOGIES 9CLUDE %ALL[1 WEAK1 ETC4 

.<#a#h.> ,E4G41 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g7 OR ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#i#i74 

.<#a#i.> ,E4G41 ,WALT ,:ITMAN 7#a#i#e#i7 & ,JOHN ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f74 

.<#b.> ,SEE ,/EV5 ,%UKAITIS'S ,IMAG9AL ,MA*9ES 7#b#i7 = MORE AB\T H[ !SE TYPES ( DECISIONS >E CON/ANTLY BE+ REMADE ) ! POSSIBILITY ( A MORE AN>*IC DECISION OCCURR+ & ?AT HOPE IS A NECESS>Y +R$I5T = SU* TRANS=MATIVE *ANGES TO OCCUR4 

.<#b#a.> ,FROM A PO/MOD]N P]SPECTIVE1 REALITY IS SOCIAL CON/RUCTION & WORDS LIKE AU!NTIC CAN AT BE/1 BE M]ELY CONT+5T4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ?IS1 ,I LAT] PROVIDE A DEF9ITION ( AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION AS DESCRIB$ BY POLITICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL !ORI/S4 

.<#b#b.> ,FUR!RMORE1 MANY AN>*I/S SU* AS ,BUCK 7#b#i7 ADVOCATE A PIECEMEAL TRANS=MATION4 

.<#b#c.> ,LAT] 9 ! SECTIONS ANALYZ+ ! RELATION%IPS ( NEOLIB]ALISM & AN>*ISM TO DEEP DEMOCRACY1 EA* ( ! ASS]TIONS 9 ?IS SECTION >E DISCUSS$ 9 DETAIL4 

.<#b#d.> ,SEE ,BRISCOE & DE ,OLIV] 7=?COM+7 = A DETAIL$ DESCRIPTION ( ! IMAG9>Y 0FREE *OICE0 (F]$ BY NEOLIB]ALISM4 

.<#b#e.> ,& :5 NEOLIB]ALISM DOES1 ITS RESPONSE IS M>KET-BAS$1 SU* AS ! ,KYOTO AGREEM5T 9 :I* WEAL?Y 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES BUY ! RI<T TO A L>GE C>BON FOOTPR9T FROM C\NTRIES :O >E NOT FULLY 9DU/RIALIZ$4 ,AL?\< NOT FULLY 9DU/RIALIZ$ MAY S\ND DEFICIT 9 COMP>ISON TO FULLY 9DU/RIALIZ$1 9 REALITY IT IS NOT4 ,FULLY 9DU/RIALIZ$ 9DICATES A DISPROPORTIONATE USE ( GLOBAL RES\RCES & A DISPROPORTIONATE AM\NT ( POLLUTION4 ,AT ?IS PO9T 9 TIME1 A FULLY 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY IS ONE ?AT USES F> MORE ?AN ITS %>E ( RES\RCES & POLLUTES F> MORE ?AN ITS C\NT]P>TS ?AT >E NOT FULLY 9DU/RIALIZ$4 

.<#b#f.> ,BY H>M1 ,I MEAN ! K9D ( H>M ?AT RESULTS 9 ! DEHUMANIZATION OR ALI5ATION ( A P]SON AS DESCRIB$ BY ,PAULO ,FREIRE 7#a#i#g7 9 ,P$AGOGY ( ! ,OPPRESS$ OR ! K9DS ( SUFF]+ DESCRIB$ BY ,P5NYCOOK 7#b#a7 9 ,CRITICAL ,APPLI$ ,L+UI/ICS4 ,BY B5EFIT1 ,I REF] TO ! SORT ( B5EFIT ?AT ALL[S = ! FULL] EXPRESSION ( A P]SON'S HUMANITY AS DESCRIB$ BY ,FREIRE 9 ,P$AGOGY ( ! ,OPPRESS$ OR ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f7 9 ,DEMOCRACY & ,$UCATION4 

.<#b#g.> ,= A FULL] DISCUSSION ( AU!NTIC COMMUNICATION1 SEE ,GRE5 7#a#i#i#i7 OR ,WALT ,:ITMAN 7#a#i#e#i74 

.<#b#h.> ,FROM A PO/MOD]N P]SPECTIVE1 RESE>* & !ORY >E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO CURR5T P[] RELATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS ALWAYS RESI/ANCE & P]HAPS ! !ORIES & RESE>* F9D+S CIT$ 9 ?IS >TICLE >E PO9TS ( RESI/ANCE4 ,SEE ,F\CAULT 7#a#i#hA74 

.<#b#i.> ,BECAUSE ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM3 ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE WAS WRITT5 9 #a#i#c#h1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE TWO ?+S4 ,M9ORITIES 9 ?IS CONTEXT DOES NOT REF] TO ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 HI/ORICALLY OPPRESS$1 BUT RA!R TO ! SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O OV]:ELM+ B5EFIT FROM ! CURR5T ECONOMIC SY/EM TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! MASSES4 ,ALSO1 ! LANGUAGE US$ H]E IS PATRI>*AL 9 ?AT ! MASCUL9E PRON\N IS US$ TO REF] TO ALL ( HUMANK9D4 ,I RESI/ LANGUAGE ?AT PROMOTES SEXISM & !RE=E PO9T TO IT1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS WAS CONSID]$ CORRECT ESSAY /YLE 9 ! TIME P]IOD4 

.<#c.> ,SEE ,WOLFF 7#b#g74 

.<#c#a.> ,9 CONSID]ATION ( ! $UCATION ( M9ORITIES1 ,BLACK AU?ORS SU* AS ,VANESSA ,SIDDLE-,WALK] 7#a#i#i#f7 OR BELL HOOKS 7#a#i#i#d71 BAS$ UPON !IR RESE>*1 >GUE ?AT ! $UCATION PRIOR TO DESEGREGATION ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS WAS TAU<T BY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS :O 9CULCAT$ HI<] EXPECTATIONS 9 /UD5TS ?AN ?AT 9CULCAT$ 9 M9ORITIES BY MO/ ( ! TEA*]S 9 DESEGREGAT$ URBAN S*OOLS ( TODAY2 ! PROBLEM WASN'T SEGREGATION P] SE1 BUT ACCESS TO RES\RCES4 ,AT LEA/1 M9ORITIES OR L[-9COME /UD5TS W]E NOT BE+ 0S*OOL$0 9TO DEFICIT ID5TITIES1 9CLUD+ L[ EXPECTATIONS ( !MSELVES4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,IVAN ,ILLI* 7#a#i#g#a72 ,PAULO ,FREIRE 7#a#i#g7 OR1 MORE REC5TLY1 ,JEAN ,ANYON 7#a#i#i#h7 & ,T>A ,J4 ,YASSO 7#b#f74 

.<#c#b.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,GORDON ,W4 ,ALLPORT 7.<#a#i#e#d.> #a#i#f#h71 ,HAB]MAS 7#a#i#f#h7 OR VON ,HUMBOLDT 7#a#i#h#e74 

.<#c#c.> ,SEE = EXAMPLE1 ,F\CAULT 7#a#i#hA74 

.<#c#d.> ,9 REALITY1 A L>GE NUMB] ( /UD5TS DO NOT HAVE ! OPTION ( GO+ TO A P>TICUL> S*OOL 9 !IR S*OOL DI/RICT1 BUT >E /UCK 9 A S*OOL1 :I* HAS N[ BE5 LABEL$ AS FAIL+4 ,SEE ,ROSLYN ,>L9 ,MICKELSON & ,/EPHANIE ,S\?WORT 7#b#e7 = MORE ON ?IS4 

.<#c#e.> ,N,C,L,BA1 ,PUBLIC ,LAW #a#g-#a#a1 ! ,NO ,*ILD ,LEFT ,BEH9D ,ACT ( #b#a1 ,P>T ,I1 SEC4 #aic 7A77#b74 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4$4GOV_/POLICY_/ELSEC_/LEG_/ESEA#b_/PG#a#h4HTML4 

.<#c#f.> ,N,C,L,BB1 ,PUBLIC ,LAW #a#g-#a#a1 ! ,NO ,*ILD ,LEFT ,BEH9D ,ACT ( #b#a1 ,P>T ,I1 SEC #a#i#f4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4$4GOV_/POLICY_/ELSEC_/LEG_/ESEA#b_/PG#b4HTML4 

.<#c#g.> ,SEE ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 7#b#a714 

.<#c#h.> ,AS DESCRIB$ 9 SEV]AL ANALYZES 7E4G41 ,BRISCOE @& DE ,OLIV]1 =?COM+7 NEOLIB]ALISM HAS R$EF9$ ! PUBLIC GOOD AS ?AT :I* S]VICES ! 9T]E/ ( ! CORPORATE ELITE4 

.<#c#i.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,ANNA ,GOLDMAN 7#b#a74 

.<#d.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,FRI]E 7#a#i#g7 OR ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g74 

.<#d#a.> ,SEE ,F\CAULT 7#a#i#hA7 = A DESCRIPTION ( H[ P[] AFFECTS SUBJECTIVITIES4 

.<#d#b.> ,SEE = EXAMPLE1 ,G>Y ,GRE5BURG 7#b#a74 

.<#d#c.> ,SEE ,DEWEY 7#a#i#a#f7 = A !ORETICAL GR\ND+ ON :Y AUTONOMY LEADS TO MOTIVATION & AN EXAMPLE ( EMPIRICAL WORK+ SUPPORT+ ! RELATION%IP ( AUTONOMY & MOTIVATION BY ,NI*OLS 7#b#f74 

.<#d#d.> ,9 ADDITION1 )\T ! TRUANCY APP>ATUS1 MORE MONEY IS AVAILABLE = $UCATION4 

.<#d#e.> ,SEE = EXAMPLE1 ,BRAV]MAN 7#a#i#g#d7 OR1 MORE REC5TLY1 ,S*AAL 7#b#a74 

.<#d#f.> ,FUR!RMORE1 ! LESS AUTONOMY 7OR CONTROL7 A P]SON HAS1 ! MORE DEBILITAT+ ! EFFECTS ( GR\P SIZE2 0,BO? 5VIRONM5TAL /RESS & CR[D+ ANNOYANCE >E SIGNIFICANTLY RELAT$ TO P]SONAL CONTROL0 7,S*MIDT #aihc #b#b#i74 

.<#d#g.> ,FUR!RMORE1 SMALL] S*OOLS G5]ALLY PRODUCE HI<] A*IEVEM5T RATES4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,MC,MILL5 ET AL4 7#b74 

.<#d#h.> ,REF]R$ TO V>I\SLY AS S*OOL-BAS$ MANAGEM5T1 E4G41 ,GLEASON1 ,DONOHUE1 & ,LEAD] 7#a#i#i#e72 P>TICIPATIVE MANAGEM5T1 E4G41 ,SOME* 7#b#b72 OR SITE-BAS$ MANAGEM5T1 E4G41 ,WYLIE 7#a#i#i#e74 

.<#d#i.> ,ODD5 & ,WOHL/ETT] 7#a#i#i#e74 ,LIKEWISE1 ,CONWAY & ,CALZI 7#a#i#i#e71 AS WELL AS ,G]ACI 7#a#i#i#e71 F\ND ?AT LACK ( G5U9E AU?ORITY TO MAKE DECISIONS WAS L9K$ TO ! FAILURE ( %>$ DECISION-MAK+4 

.<#e.> ,ODD5 & ,WOHL/ETT] 7#a#i#i#e72 ,CONWAY & ,CALZI 7#a#i#i#e72 & ,G]ACI 7#a#i#i#e7 ALL NOT$ ?AT LACK ( G5U9E AU?ORITY TO MAKE DECISIONS WAS L9K$ TO ! FAILURE ( %>$ DECISION-MAK+4 

.<#e#a.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,S&]S 7#b#a71 ,WYLIE 7#a#i#i#e71 OR ,G]ACI 7#a#i#i#e74 

.<#e#b.> -- 

.<#e#c.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,GLEASON ET AL4 7#a#i#i#e71 ,G]ACI 7#a#i#i#e71 ,CONWAY & ,CALZI 7#a#i#i#e71 OR ,SOME* 7#b#b74 

.<#e#d.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,OAKES 7#a#i#h#e7 = RESE>* %[+ H[ ! UBIQUIT\S PRACTICE ( TRACK+ ACTS TO EXCLUDE M9ORITY & L[-9COME /UD5TS FROM ! UPP] ACADEMIC TRACKS 9 S*OOLS1 CREAT+ A SORT ( AP>!ID4 

.<#e#e.> ,>GUABLY ! TWO BE/ EXAMPLES ( !SE EXI/5TIAL NOVELS >E ,S>TRE'S ,NAUSEA & ,BEAUVOIR'S ,! ,BLOOD ( ,O!RS4 ,= AN ANALYSIS ( ,BEAUVOIR'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY WOV5 9TO ,! ,BLOOD ( ,O!RS1 SEE ,%ELBY 7#b#f74 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bba 3 0,AN>*ISM 444 IS A LIV+ =CE )9 \R LIFE 4440 ,AN>*ISM1 ,$UCATION & ,ALT]NATIVE ,POSSIBILITIES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 0,AN>*ISM 444 IS A LIV+ =CE )9 \R LIFE 4440 ,AN>*ISM1 ,$UCATION & ,ALT]NATIVE ,POSSIBILITIES -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/