,AN>*ISM 
SOME !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS 

#baa 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALAN ,BRIAN ,C>T] 

,TEXT 3 

,AB/RACT 

,?IS >TICLE CONSID]S TWO DIFF]5T1 YET RELAT$1 !ORETICAL 
APPROA*ES ?AT C\LD BE EMPLOY$ TO GR\ND ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XI/- 
,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 & ?US ( ! /ATE 9 G5]AL3 ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY 
,!ORY & ! ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY4 ,! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY APPE>S TO BE 
CONSI/5T ) SEV]AL ( ,BAKUN9'S CLAIMS AB\T ! /ATE4 ,H[EV]1 ! 
,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY MI<T1 9 FACT1 TURN \T TO BE NO LESS CONSI/5T ) ,BAKUN9'S 
CLAIMS ?AN ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY SEEMS 
NO LESS CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM ?AN ! 
,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY4 ,! >TICLE CONCLUDES BY CONSID]+ TWO POSSIBLE 
REF9EM5TS ?AT MI<T BE MADE TO ! ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY 

,I 

,AN>*I/S HAVE1 ON ! :OLE1 BE5 HI<LY CRITICAL ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y 
PRACTICE1 :I* HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 WILL+ TO EMPLOY C5TRALIZ$ & AU?ORIT>IAN 
MEANS 9 ORD] TO BR+ AB\T A PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 .<#a.> ,9 ITS WILL+NESS TO EMPLOY 
SU* MEANS1 ,M>XISM-,L59ISM1 ( C\RSE1 EXPLICITLY ASSUMES ?AT ?OSE MEANS WILL 
NOT ADV]SELY %APE ! =M TAK5 BY PO/-CAPITALISM--AN ASSUMPTION ?AT AN>*I/S 
HAVE CONSI/5TLY REJECT$4 ,! REASON ,M>XI/-,L59I/S >E SO SEEM+LY CAVALI] 
7AT LEA/ FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE7 9 !IR ATTITUDE TO PO/-REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL 
P[] IS !IR RELIANCE ON ,K>L ,M>X'S POLITICAL !ORY--9 P>TICUL>1 HIS !ORY ( ! 
/ATE4 ,BUT IF AN>*I/S >E TO PROVIDE A COG5T CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM1 !N 
!Y REQUIRE A COMPELL+ POLITICAL !ORY ( !IR [N 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ,M>XI/ 
!ORY 9 ORD] TO GR\ND ?AT CRITIQUE4 ,!Y ALSO REQUIRE A COG5T REASON = REJECT+ 
,M>X'S POLITICAL !ORY4 

,9 :AT FOLL[S1 ,I ADUMBRATE TWO DIFF]5T1 YET RELAT$1 POLITICAL !ORIES ?AT 
MAY SUFFICE TO JU/IFY ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y 
PRACTICE & ( ! /ATE 9 G5]AL3 ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY & ! ,QUADRUPLEX 
,!ORY4 ,9 ADDITION1 DUR+ ! C\RSE ( DISCUSS+ ?OSE !ORIES1 A REASON WILL 
EM]GE = REJECT+ ,M>X'S !ORY ( ! /ATE4 

,I,I 

,! MO/ FAM\S AN>*I/ CRITIC ( ,M>X IS1 )\T D\BT1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 .<#b.> ,SO 
ALL[ ME TO BEG9 BY NOT+ SOME ( ,BAKUN9'S >GUM5TS ?AT >E EI!R DIRECT OR 
IMPLI$ CRITICISMS ( ,M>X & HIS COLLABORATOR ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS--FELL[ 
REVOLUTION>Y FIGURES :OM ,BAKUN9 JUDG$ TO BE POT5TIALLY AU?ORIT>IAN1 C5TRALI/ 
& ELITI/--= ?OSE CRITICISMS CAN READILY BE DEPLOY$ TO T>GET ,M>XI/-,L59I/ 
REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 

,N[1 IT IS WOR? OBS]V+ FIR/ ( ALL ?AT1 AL?\< ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 %>$ A 
SIMIL> IDEAL ( AN EGALIT>IAN PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 !RE >E C]TA9LY GR\NDS = 
,BAKUN9'S SUSPICIONS REG>D+ ,M>X'S & ,5GELS' AU?ORIT>IANISM1 C5TRALISM 
& ELITISM1 ESPECIALLY REG>D+ ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION4 ,= 
EXAMPLE1 ) RESPECT TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 9 A DRAFT ( A LETT] ?AT ,5GELS WROTE 
TO ,C>LO ,T]ZA<I1 HE WRITES3 

,IF !RE HAD BE5 A LITTLE MORE AU?ORITY & C5TRALIZATION 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 IT W\LD 
HAVE TRIUMPH$ OV] ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,AFT] ! VICTORY WE CAN ORGANIZE \RSELVES AS WE LIKE1 
BUT = ! /RUGGLE IT SEEMS TO ME NECESS>Y TO COLLECT ALL \R =CES 9TO A S+LE B& & 
DIRECT !M ON ! SAME PO9T ( ATTACK4 ,& :5 PEOPLE TELL ME ?AT ?IS CANNOT BE DONE 
)\T AU?ORITY & C5TRALIZATION1 & ?AT !SE >E TWO ?+S TO BE CONDEMN$ \TRI<T1 
IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?OSE :O TALK LIKE ?IS EI!R DO NOT KN[ :AT A REVOLUTION IS1 OR >E 
REVOLUTION>IES 9 NAME ONLY4 .<#c.> 

,5GELS' LAM5T1 H]E1 = :AT HE CLE>LY P]CEIV$ TO BE A LACK ( AU?ORITY & 
C5TRALIZATION )9 ! C\RSE ( A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( 
SOCIETY ASSUMES1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT SU* AU?ORITY & C5TRALIZATION W\LD POSE NO 
SUB/ANTIAL POLITICAL PROBLEMS AFT] ! HOP$-= REVOLUTION4 ,BUT AS ,BAKUN9 
ACUTELY ASKS3 ',HAS IT EV] BE5 WITNESS$ 9 HI/ORY ?AT A POLITICAL BODY 4 4 4 
COMMITT$ SUICIDE1 OR SACRIFIC$ ! LEA/ ( ITS 9T]E/S & SO-CALL$ RI<TS = ! 
LOVE ( JU/ICE & LIB]TY8' .<#d.> ,9 %ORT1 CAN IT SAFELY BE ASSUM$ ?AT ?OSE 5JOY+ 
C5TRALIZ$ & AU?ORIT>IAN P[] WILL SIMPLY REL9QUI% IT8 

,MOREOV]1 ,M>X & ,5GELS PR(ESS$ ?AT !IR V>IETY ( SOCIALISM WAS 
SCI5TIFIC1 RA!R ?AN UTOPIAN4 .<#e.> ,UN=TUNATELY1 9 ,BAKUN9'S VIEW3 

,A SCI5TIFIC BODY TO :I* HAD BE5 CONFID$ ! GOV]NM5T ( SOCIETY W\LD SOON 5D BY 
DEVOT+ ITSELF NO LONG] TO SCI5CE AT ALL1 BUT TO QUITE ANO!R AFFAIR2 & ?AT AFFAIR1 AS 9 ! 
CASE ( ALL E/ABLI%$ P[]S1 W\LD BE ITS [N ET]NAL P]PETUATION BY R5D]+ ! SOCIETY 
CONFID$ TO ITS C>E EV] MORE /UPID & CONSEQU5TLY MORE 9 NE$ ( ITS GOV]NM5T & 
DIRECTION4 .<#f.> 

,YET1 AS ,M>X MAKES CLE> 9 HIS M>G9AL NOTES TO ,BAKUN9'S ,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y1 
! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS PR$ICT$ & ADVOCAT$1 
W\LD UTILIZE A =M ( C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5TAL P[]4 .<#g.> ,BAKUN91 9 CONTRA/1 
REG>DS ANY ASSUMPTION ?AT A C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T W\LD H& P[] TO ! 
MASSES AFT] A REVOLUTION AS ITSELF HI<LY UTOPIAN4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ,M>X QUITE CLE>LY BELIEV$ ?AT HE KNEW :]E ! 9T]E/S ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS LAY BETT] ?AN ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF1 = AS HE EXPLICITLY ADMITT$ 
9 #a#h#e3 

,I HAVE ALWAYS DEFI$ ! MOM5T>Y OP9IONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IF ! BE/ A P>TY CAN DO IS 
JU/ FAIL TO SEIZE P[]1 !N WE REPUDIATE IT4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT C\LD GA9 CONTROL ( ! 
GOV]NM5T ! MEASURES IT W\LD 9TRODUCE W\LD BE ?OSE ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & NOT 
?OSE APPROPRIATE TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,\R P>TY CAN ONLY GA9 P[] :5 ! SITUATION ALL[S 
IT TO PUT ITS [N MEASURES 9TO PRACTICE4 .<#h.> 

,GIV5 SU* SEEM+ ELITISM1 IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+1 !RE=E1 ?AT ,BAKUN9 %\LD 
OBS]VE3 

IT IS CLE> :Y ! DICTATORIAL REVOLUTIONI/S1 :O AIM TO OV]?R[ ! EXI/+ P[]S & 
SOCIAL /RUCTURES 9 ORD] TO ]ECT UPON !IR RU9S !IR [N DICTATOR%IP1 NEV] >E OR WILL BE 
! 5EMIES ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALWAYS WILL BE ! MO/ >D5T PROMOT]S ( 
! GOV]NM5T IDEA4 ,!Y >E ! 5EMIES ONLY ( CONTEMPOR>Y GOV]NM5TS1 BECAUSE !Y 
WI% TO REPLACE !M4 ,!Y >E ! 5EMIES ( ! PRES5T GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURE1 BECAUSE IT 
EXCLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ( !IR DICTATOR%IP4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !Y >E ! MO/ DEVOT$ 
FRI5DS ( GOV]NM5TAL P[]4 ,= IF ! REVOLUTION DE/ROY$ ?IS P[] BY ACTUALLY FREE+ 
! MASSES1 IT W\LD DEPRIVE ?IS PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY ( ANY HOPE TO H>NESS ! 
MASSES 9 ORD] TO MAKE !M ! B5EFICI>IES ( !IR [N GOV]NM5T POLICY4 .<#i.> 

,:AT IS MORE1 ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN93 

M5 :O W]E DEMOCRATS & REBELS ( ! R$DE/ V>IETY :5 !Y W]E A P>T ( ! MASS 
( GOV]N$ PEOPLE1 BECAME EXCE$+LY MOD]ATE :5 !Y ROSE TO P[]4 ,USUALLY !SE 
BACKSLID+S >E ATTRIBUT$ TO TREASON4 ,?AT1 H[EV]1 IS AN ]RONE\S IDEA2 !Y HAVE = !IR 
MA9 CAUSE ! *ANGE ( POSITION & P]SPECTIVE4 .<#a.> 

,H[EV]1 !RE IS AN ALT]NATIVE1 OR A SUPPLEM5T>Y1 EXPLANATION ?AT C\LD BE 
MOOT$ TO ACC\NT = ?IS PH5OM5ON4 ,HI]>*ICAL /ATE /RUCTURES MI<T BE 
SU* ?AT ONLY ?OSE :O >E1 AT LEA/ TO SOME DEGREE1 RU?LESS 9 !IR /RIV+ = 
POLITICAL P[] WILL EV5TUALLY SUCCE$ 9 ATTA9+ IT OR 9 RETA9+ ?AT P[]4 

,BUT :AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT = \R PRES5T CONC]N IS ?AT ,BAKUN9'S 
DISAGREEM5T ) ,M>X & ,5GELS WAS FUNDAM5TALLY !ORETICAL 9 NATURE4 
,M>X T5D$ TO R$UCE POLITICAL P[] TO ! P[] ( AN ECONOMIC CLASS--! 
DOM9ANT CLASS--:I* IS P>TLY :Y HE REF]R$ TO IT AS ! RUL+ CLASS4 .<#a#a.> 
,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,M>X CONFID5TLY DECL>ES ?AT 
'.<P.>OLITICAL P[]1 PROP]LY SO CALL$1 IS M]ELY ! ORGANIZ$ P[] ( ONE CLASS 
= OPPRESS+ ANO!R'1 .<#a#b.> !REBY D$UC+ ?AT 

.<I.>F ! PROLET>IAT DUR+ ITS CONTE/ ) ! B\RGEOISIE IS COMPELL$1 BY ! =CE ( 
CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO ORGANIZE ITSELF AS A CLASS1 IF1 BY MEANS ( A REVOLUTION1 IT MAKES ITSELF ! 
RUL+ CLASS1 &1 AS SU*1 SWEEPS AWAY BY =CE ! OLD CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 !N IT WILL1 
ALONG ) !SE CONDITIONS1 HAVE SWEPT AWAY ! CONDITIONS = ! EXI/5CE ( CLASS 
ANTAGONISMS & CLASSES G5]ALLY1 & WILL !REBY HAVE ABOLI%$ ITS [N SUPREMACY AS A 
CLASS4 .<#a#c.> 

,& FROM ?IS1 ,M>X CONCLUDES ?AT1 ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A COMMUNI/ 
ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 '.<I.>N PLACE ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ) ITS CLASSES & 
CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 WE %ALL HAVE AN ASSOCIATION1 9 :I* ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( 
EA* IS ! CONDITION = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL'4 .<#a#d.> ,9 A NUT%ELL1 ! CRUCIAL 
IMPLICATION ( ,M>X'S CONCEPTUALIZATION ( POLITICAL P[] IS ?AT ONCE AN EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC /RUCTURE HAS >IS51 ALL PROBLEMS ( POLITICAL P[] WILL 
VANI%4 .<#a#e.> 

,LAT]1 WE %ALL SEE ?AT !RE SEEMS TO BE HI/ORICAL EVID5CE = HOLD+ ,M>X'S 
!ORY ( ! /ATE TO BE WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE AT ?IS PO9T4 ,BAKUN91 CLE>LY1 VIEW$ 
ACT+ ON SU* A !ORETICAL PRESUMPTION AS BE+ FRAU<T ) DANG]2 = 
R$UC+ POLITICAL P[] TO ECONOMIC P[] IS TO DISREG>D ! HI<LY SIGNIFICANT 

& MALIGN 9FLU5CE ?AT ! /ATE CAN ASS]T4 ,AS HE WRITES3 

,TO SUPPORT HIS PROGRAM = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 ,M>X HAS A V]Y SPECIAL 
!ORY1 :I* IS BUT ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( .<HIS.> :OLE SY/EM4 ,HE HOLDS ?AT ! POLITICAL 
CONDITION ( EA* C\NTRY IS ALWAYS ! PRODUCT & ! FAI?FUL EXPRESSION ( ITS ECONOMIC 
SITUATION2 TO *ANGE ! =M] IT IS NECESS>Y ONLY TO TRANS=M ! LATT]4 ,!RE9 LIES ! 
:OLE SECRET ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION ACCORD+ TO ,M>X4 ,HE TAKES NO ACC\NT ( O!R FACTORS 
9 HI/ORY1 SU* AS ! EV]-PRES5T REACTION ( POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 & RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS 
ON ! ECONOMIC SITUATION4 ,HE SAYS3 ',POV]TY PRODUCES POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE'4 ,BUT HE 
DOES NOT ALL[ ?IS EXPRESSION TO BE TURN$ >\ND1 TO SAY3 ',POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE1 
REPRODUCES 9 ITS TURN1 & MA9TA9S POV]TY AS A CONDITION = ITS [N EXI/5CE2 SO ?AT TO 
DE/ROY POV]TY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE'6 ,& /RANGELY 5\<1 ,M>X1 :O 
=BIDS HIS DISCIPLES TO CONSID] POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE1 AS A REAL CAUSE ( POV]TY1 
COMM&S HIS DISCIPLES 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY TO CONSID] ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL 
P[] AS ! ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y PRELIM9>Y CONDITION = ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION4 .<#a#f.> 

,BAKUN9 IS C]TA9LY BE+ UN*>ITABLE 9 C>ICATUR+ ,M>X AS TAK+ NO ACC\NT 
( O!R HI/ORICAL FACTORS1 'SU* AS ! EV]-PRES5T REACTION ( POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 
& RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS ON ! ECONOMIC SITUATION'4 ,?IS NOT)/&+1 
,BAKUN9 (F]S A V]Y 9T]E/+ SUGGE/ION H]E1 NAMELY ?AT '.<P.>OLITICAL SLAV]Y1 
! ,/ATE1 REPRODUCES 4 4 4 & MA9TA9S POV]TY AS A CONDITION = ITS [N 
EXI/5CE'1 = SU* A CLAIM S\NDS V]Y MU* LIKE A FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION4 
,9 O!R WORDS1 ,BAKUN9 APPE>S TO BE >GU+ ?AT /ATES *OOSE ECONOMIC 
9EQUALITY BECAUSE IT S]VES !IR 9T]E/S--9 %ORT1 BECAUSE IT IS FUNCTIONAL = 
!M4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY 9T]E/+ 9S(> AS ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ DEF5D] ( 
,M>X'S !ORY ( HI/ORY--,G4 ,A4 ,COH5--F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO DEPLOY FUNCTIONAL 
EXPLANATIONS 9 ORD] TO PRES5T ,M>X'S !ORY 9 A NON-SELF-CONTRADICTORY =M4 .<#a#g.> 
,& GIV5 ?AT1 ) TODAY'S H9DSI<T1 WE CAN SEE H[ PRESCI5T W]E ,BAKUN9'S 
OBS]VATIONS REG>D+ ! C\RSE ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION1 IT W\LD SURELY BE 
ODD TO SEE NO M]IT :ATSOEV] 9 HIS POLITICAL !ORY4 

,I,I,I 

,9 ORD] TO DEVELOP ,BAKUN9'S SUGGE/ION FUR!R1 LET US DI/+UI% BETWE51 ON ! 
ONE H&1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CATEGORIES1 &1 ON ! O!R1 BETWE5 =CES1 & 
RELATIONS4 ,FROM ?IS PAIR ( DI/9CTIONS1 WE CAN D]IVE F\R COMPON5TS ( A MOD]N 
SOCIETY ?AT CAN BE COMB9$ TO =M A COMPLEX FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION4 ,! F\R 
COMPON5TS >E3 ! POLITICAL =CES1 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 ! ECONOMIC =CES1 & 
! ECONOMIC RELATIONS 7,TABLE #a74 ,! POLITICAL =CES & POLITICAL RELATIONS TOGE!R 
COMPRISE ! /ATE1 :]EAS ! ECONOMIC =CES & ECONOMIC RELATIONS TOGE!R 
COMPRISE :AT HAS1 S9CE ,HEGEL'S TIME1 BE5 TRADITIONALLY REF]R$ TO AS CIVIL SOCIETY4 

,TABLE #a4 ,! /ATE & CIVIL SOCIETY4 

  

,FOLL[+ ,COH5'S LEAD1 WE CAN DEF9E ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( A SOCIETY AS 
CONSI/+ ( ! SET ( ITS ECONOMIC RELATIONS2 & WE CAN SPECIFY ?OSE RELATIONS 
AS COMPRIS+ RELATIONS (1 OR RELATIONS PRESUPPOS+1 EFFECTIVE CONTROL OV] 
PRODUCTION4 ,SU* RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION CAN BE DEF9$ AS RELATIONS (1 OR AS 
RELATIONS ?AT PRESUPPOSE1 EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE 
ECONOMIC =CES--! =CES ( PRODUCTION--CAN BE DEF9$ AS COMPRIS+ 
ECONOMIC LABOR-P[] 7?AT CAPACITY :I* ! AG5TS ( PRODUCTION SUPPLY 9 
RETURN = WAGES7 & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7E4G4 TOOLS & MA*9]Y74 
,WE MI<T ALSO F9D IT ADVANTAGE\S TO GO BEYOND ! MAJORITY ( ,M>XI/ !ORI/S 
BY 9CLUD+ )9 ! SET ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?OSE RELATIONS (1 OR 
PRESUPPOS+1 EFFECTIVE CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC EX*ANGE4 .<#a#h.> 

,GIV5 ?AT1 AT LEA/ 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES1 ! ABILITY TO CONTROL EFFECTIVELY ! ECONOMIC =CES DEP5DS1 9 P>T1 ON ! ACCEPT$ LEGALITY ( ! ECONOMIC 
RELATIONS &1 P]HAPS EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ON ! ABILITY ( ! POLITICAL 
=CES TO PRES]VE !M1 CONTROL ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION REQUIRES RELATIONS 
(1 OR RELATIONS PRESUPPOS+1 POLITICAL P[]--9 %ORT1 POLITICAL RELATIONS4 
,WE MI<T !N DEF9E ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( A SOCIETY AS CONSI/+ ( ! SET ( 
ITS POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,& ! RELEVANT ASPECTS ( POLITICAL P[] MI<T BE >GU$ 
TO 9CLUDE3 ! P[] TO 9TRODUCE LEGISLATION1 ESPECIALLY LEGISLATION ?AT IS 
VIEW$ BY A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( PEOPLE AS LEGITIMATE2 ! P[] TO 5=CE ?AT 
LEGISLATION2 & ! P[] TO DEF5D ! POLITICAL COMMUNITY AGA9/ EXT]NAL 
?REATS4 .<#a#i.> 

,!SE POLITICAL RELATIONS >E EMBODI$ 9 ! V>I\S LEGAL & POLITICAL 
9/ITUTIONS ( A SOCIETY4 ,TO BE MORE SPECIFIC1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS COMPRISE 
RELATIONS (1 OR RELATIONS PRESUPPOS+1 EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( ! SOCIETY'S 'DEF5SIVE' 
=CES4 ,9 ! MOD]N /ATE1 !SE =CES ( 'DEF5SE' 7:I* >E USUALLY MORE 
(F5SIVE ?AN DEF5SIVE7 TAKE A CO]CIVE =M--SU* CO]CIVE =CES COMPRIS+ 
POLITICAL LABOR-P[] 7?AT CAPACITY :I* ! AG5TS ( CO]CION SUPPLY1 NAMELY 
! WORK (F]$ BY POLICEM5 & POLICEWOM51 MILIT>Y P]SONNEL1 ETC41 9 RETURN 
= WAGES7 & ! MEANS ( CO]CION 7E4G4 WEAPONRY & PRISONS74 ,& POLITICAL 
LABOR-P[] & ! MEANS ( CO]CION TOGE!R CON/ITUTE A SOCIETY'S POLITICAL =CES4 .<#b.> 

,BE=E FITT+ ! POLITICAL =CES1 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 ! ECONOMIC =CES & 
! ECONOMIC RELATIONS 9TO A COMPLEX FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION1 WE NE$ TO BE CLE> 
AB\T ! NATURE ( FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,COH51 .<#b#a.> FUNCTIONAL 
EXPLANATIONS >E A SUBSET ( CONSEQU5CE EXPLANATIONS2 & CONSEQU5CE EXPLANATIONS >E JU/IFI$ BY CONSEQU5CE LAWS4 ,CONSEQU5CE LAWS TAKE ! =M3 

7#a7 ,IF 7IF ,Y AT T#a 1 !N ,X AT T#b 71 !N ,Y AT T#c 1 

:]E ',X' & ',Y' >E TYPES ( EV5TS1 & :]E 'T#a ' IS SOME TIME NOT LAT] ?AN T#b1 
& :]E 'T#b' IS SOME TIME NOT LAT] ?AN TIME T#c 4 ,A CONSEQU5CE EXPLANATION SU* 
AS 

7#b7 B AT T#c BECAUSE 7A AT T#b BECAUSE B AT T#a71 

:]E 'B' IS A TOK5 ( TYPE ,Y1 & 'A' IS A TOK5 ( TYPE ,X1 IS JU/IFI$ BY 7#a74 ,& IF B 
IS FUNCTIONAL = A1 !N 7#b7 IS A FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION4 

,SO1 CONSID] ! FOLL[+ CONSEQU5CE LAW3 

7#c7 ,IF IT IS ! CASE ?AT IF PR$ATORS W]E TO DEVELOP BETT] CAM\FLAGE !N 
!Y W\LD BE ABLE TO HUNT BETT]1 !N !Y W\LD COME TO DEVELOP BETT] 
CAM\FLAGE4 

,?IS W\LD JU/IFY ! FOLL[+ CONSEQU5CE EXPLANATION3 

7#d7 ,TIG]S DEVELOP$ /RIPES BECAUSE !Y W]E BETT] HUNT]S AS A RESULT ( 
HAV+ /RIPES4 

,GIV5 ?AT HAV+ /RIPES ?AT PROVIDE BETT] CAM\FLAGE IS FUNCTIONAL = BETT] 
HUNT+1 7#d7 IS A FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION4 

,N[1 A CONSEQU5CE LAW SU* AS 7#c7 MI<T SEEM IMPLAUSIBLE ON ITS [N4 ,BUT ) 
! ADDITION ( SOME ELABORATION IT BECOMES EXTREMELY PLAUSIBLE4 ,= IF WE ADD A 
!ORY ( NATURAL SELECTION1 :]E ?OSE MO/ FITT$ TO SURVIVE )9 !IR 
5VIRONM5T >E ! ONES NATURALLY SELECT$1 AS WELL AS ADD+ A !ORY ( G5ETICS 
?AT ALL[S *ANCE V>IATION1 !N SOME?+ LIKE ! FOLL[+ /ORY CAN BE TOLD3 
,DUE TO *ANCE V>IATION1 TIG]S WILL HAVE SOME (FSPR+ ?AT >E BETT] CAM\FLAG$ 
?AN O!RS4 ,?OSE ) BETT] CAM\FLAGE WILL BE BETT] HUNT]S4 ,& ?OSE ?AT >E 
BETT] HUNT]S WILL1 BECAUSE ( COMPETITION = FOOD1 BE ! ONES ?AT T5D TO SURVIVE 
& HAVE (FSPR+1 SOME ( :OM1 DUE TO *ANCE V>IATION1 BE+ BETT] 
CAM\FLAG$ ?AN !IR P>5TS & SOME HAV+ POOR] CAM\FLAGE4 ,?OSE ) 
EV5 BETT] CAM\FLAGE ?AN !IR P>5TS WILL BE EV5 BETT] HUNT]S1 & SO ON4 ,9 
%ORT1 OV] TIME1 TIG]S WILL BECOME BETT] CAM\FLAG$ BECAUSE BETT] CAM\FLAGE 
IS FUNCTIONAL = BE+ A MORE SUCCESSFUL HUNT]4 

,SO1 N[ CONSID] ?IS COMPLEX CONSEQU5CE LAW3 

7#e7 ,IF IT IS ! CASE ?AT IF ! POLITICAL RELATIONS W]E TO SELECT ECONOMIC 
RELATIONS ?AT BETT] DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT BETT] DEVELOP ! 
POLITICAL =CES ?AT BETT] EMP[] ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 !N ?OSE 
ECONOMIC RELATIONS W\LD COME TO BE SELECT$4 

,?IS W\LD JU/IFY ! FOLL[+ CONSEQU5CE EXPLANATION3 

7#f7 ,A P>TICUL> SET ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS WAS SELECT$ BECAUSE ! POLITICAL 

RELATIONS W]E BETT] EMP[]$ AS A RESULT ( HAV+ SU* ECONOMIC 

RELATIONS4 

,GIV5 ?AT HAV+ ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT BETT] DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT 
BETT] DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES ?AT BETT] EMP[] ! POLITICAL RELATIONS IS 
FUNCTIONAL = ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 7#f7 IS A FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION4 
,MOREOV]1 7#e7 C\LD BE ELABORAT$ BY REF]5CE TO ! FACT ?AT /ATES ORD9>ILY 
EXI/ )9 A WORLD ( COMPET+ /ATES4 .<#b#b.> ,BECAUSE NOVEL WEAPONRY--A POLITICAL 
=CE--IS OCCASIONALLY 9V5T$1 ?OSE /ATES ?AT DEVELOP BETT] WEAPONRY WILL T5D 
TO BE ! ONES ?AT SURVIVE4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP BETT] WEAPONRY1 A MORE 
PRODUCTIVE ECONOMY IS REQUIR$4 ,H5CE1 ?OSE /ATES ?AT T5D TO SURVIVE WILL BE ONES 
:]E !IR POLITICAL RELATIONS SELECT$ ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT BETT] DEVELOP$ ! 
ECONOMIC =CES ?AT BETT] DEVELOP$ ! POLITICAL =CES4 ,! MOOT$ 
REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS FROM ONE EPO* TO ANO!R :]EBY POLITICAL RELATIONS SELECT 
NEW ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! POLITICAL 
=CES ?AT EMP[] ! POLITICAL RELATIONS IS REPRES5T$ 9 ,FIGURE #a4 ,FIGURE #a ALSO 
MODELS ! /ABILIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS BY ! POLITICAL RELATIONS )9 
AN EPO* BECAUSE1 9 DEVELOP+ ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT >E REQUIR$ TO 

DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES ?AT EMP[] ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 ?OSE ECONOMIC RELATIONS >E1 AT ?AT TIME1 FUNCTIONAL = ! POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,IT IS :5 ! 
PREVAIL+ ECONOMIC RELATIONS BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL = ! POLITICAL RELATIONS ?AT 
NEW ECONOMIC RELATIONS >E SELECT$4 ,BUT :ILE !Y REMA9 FUNCTIONAL = ! 
POLITICAL RELATIONS1 ! PREVAIL+ ECONOMIC RELATIONS >E /ABILIZ$4 

,FIGURE #a4 ,A ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,MODEL4 

  

,N[1 :5 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS DISPLAY POLITICAL 9EQUALITY1 AS !Y ORD9>ILY 
DO1 & :5 ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ALSO DISPLAY ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 AS !Y1 TOO1 
ORD9>ILY DO1 !N ?IS CAN BE HYP]BOLICALLY DESCRIB$ AS A CASE :]E '.<P.>OLITICAL 
SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE1 REPRODUCES 4 4 4 & MA9TA9S POV]TY AS A CONDITION = ITS [N 
EXI/5CE2 SO ?AT TO DE/ROY POV]TY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE'4 ,! 
COMPLEX FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURE #a C\LD ?US BE REG>D$ AS 
EXPLICAT+ ,BAKUN9'S V]Y 9T]E/+ SUGGE/ION4 ,& ! T]M9OLOGICAL 
CL>IFICATIONS SUPPLI$ ABOVE C\LD BE REG>D$ AS FILL+ 9 ! REQUISITE DETAIL TO 
MAKE ADEQUATE S5SE ( ! MODEL4 ,CALL ! POLITICAL !ORY ?US MODEL$--! 
!ORY1 ?AT IS1 :I* CLAIMS ?AT POLITICAL RELATIONS SELECT &_/OR /ABILIZE ECONOMIC 
RELATIONS ?AT DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES ?AT 
EMP[] ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 BECAUSE ?AT IS FUNCTIONAL = ! POLITICAL 
RELATIONS--'! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY'4 .<#b#c.> 

,I,V 

,BUT DOES ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY ACTUALLY PROVIDE A PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION ( 
EPO*AL TRANSITIONS8 ,WELL1 CONSID] ! TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM4 
,ROB]T ,BR5N] HAS PO9T$ TO ! GR[+ NE$ ( FEUDAL POLITICAL RELATIONS TO 
DEVELOP !IR POLITICAL =CES4 ,AS HE OBS]VES3 

,9 VIEW ( ! DIFFICULTY1 9 ! PRES5CE ( PRE-CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RELATIONS1 ( RAIS+ RETURNS 
FROM 9VE/M5T 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7VIA 9CREASES 9 PRODUCTIVE EFFICI5CY71 ! LORDS 
F\ND ?AT IF !Y WI%$ TO 9CREASE !IR 9COME1 !Y HAD LITTLE *OICE BUT TO DO SO BY 
R$I/RIBUT+ WEAL? & 9COME AWAY FROM !IR PEASANTS OR FROM O!R MEMB]S ( ! 
EXPLOIT+ CLASS4 ,?IS MEANT !Y HAD TO DEPLOY !IR RES\RCES T[>DS BUILD+ UP !IR 
MEANS ( CO]CION BY 9VE/M5T 9 MILIT>Y M5 & EQUIPM5T4 ,SPEAK+ BROADLY1 !Y 
W]E OBLIG$ TO 9VE/ 9 !IR POLITICO-MILIT>Y APP>ATUSES4 ,TO ! EXT5T !Y HAD TO DO ?IS 
EFFECTIVELY 5\< TO COMPETE ) O!R LORDS :O W]E DO+ ! SAME ?+1 !Y W\LD 
HAVE HAD TO MAXIMIZE BO? !IR MILIT>Y 9VE/M5TS & ! EFFICI5CY ( !SE 
9VE/M5TS4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE HAD1 9 FACT1 TO ATTEMPT1 CONT9UALLY & SY/EMATICALLY1 TO 
IMPROVE !IR ME?ODS ( W>4 ,9DE$1 WE CAN SAY ! DRIVE TO POLITICAL ACCUMULATION1 TO /ATE BUILD+1 IS ! PRE-CAPITALI/ ANALOG TO ! CAPITALI/ DRIVE TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL4 .<#b#d.> 

,& AS ,SAMUEL ,F9] WRITES3 

,MILIT>Y =CES CALL = M51 MAT]IALS1 &1 ONCE MONETIZATION HAS SET 91 = MONEY1 TOO4 
,TO EXTRACT !SE HAS (T5 BE5 V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,IT HAS BECOME EASI] & MORE G5]ALLY 
ACCEPTABLE AS ! C5TURIES HAVE ROLL$ ON 4 4 4 4 ,TROOPS EXTRACT ! TAXES OR ! =AGE OR ! 
C>TS1 & ?IS CONTRIBUTION KEEPS !M 9 BE+4 ,MORE TROOPS--MORE EXTRACTION--MORE 
TROOPS3 SO A CYCLE ( ?IS K9D C\LD GO ON WID5+ & DEEP5+4 .<#b#e.> 

,& WE MI<T CONJECTURE ?AT :5 ! /ATE'S CO]CIVE CAPACITY HAD BE5 
DEVELOP$ TO A SUFFICI5T DEGREE1 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SECURE ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT SUCCE$$ FEUDALISM4 ,MOREOV]1 
GIV5 ! GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITALISM1 IT W\LD BE MORE FUNCTIONAL = ! 
POLITICAL RELATIONS ?AN ! PREC$+ FEUDAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 .<#b#f.> 

,9 A SIMIL> VE91 ,SAMUEL ,HUNT+TON OBS]VES ) RESPECT TO ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY 
?AT 

.<T.>HE PREVAL5CE ( W> DIRECTLY PROMOT$ POLITICAL MOD]NIZATION4 ,COMPETITION =C$ ! 
MON>*S TO BUILD !IR MILIT>Y /R5G?4 ,! CREATION ( MILIT>Y /R5G? REQUIR$ NATIONAL 
UNITY1 ! SUPPRESSION ( REGIONAL & RELIGI\S DISSID5TS1 ! EXPANSION ( >MIES & 
BUREAUCRACIES1 & A MAJOR 9CREASE 9 /ATE REV5UES4 .<#b#g.> 

,9 A WORD3 ',W> IS ! GREAT /IMULUS TO /ATE BUILD+ 4 4 4 4 ,! NE$ = SECURITY 
& ! DESIRE = EXPANSION PROMPT$ ! MON>*S TO DEVELOP !IR MILIT>Y 
E/ABLI%M5TS1 & ! A*IEVEM5T ( ?IS GOAL REQUIR$ !M TO C5TRALIZE & TO 
RATIONALIZE !IR POLITICAL MA*9]Y'4 .<#b#h.> ,BUT ?IS REQUIR$ NEW ECONOMIC 
RELATIONS--MORE PRODUCTIVE ONES--9 ORD] ?AT /ATE REV5UES C\LD BE 9CREAS$4 
,SO1 AS ,HUNT+TON NOTES3 

,! C5TRALIZATION ( P[] WAS NECESS>Y TO SMA% ! OLD ORD]1 BREAK D[N ! PRIVILEGES 
& RE/RA9TS ( FEUDALISM1 & FREE ! WAY = ! RISE ( NEW SOCIAL GR\PS & ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( NEW ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES4 ,9 SOME DEGREE A CO9CID5CE ( 9T]E/ 4 4 4 
EXI/.<$.> BETWE5 ! ABSOLUTE MON>*S & ! RIS+ MIDDLE CLASSES4 .<#b#i.> 

,N[1 AS ! SELECTION & !N PRES]VATION ( NEW ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT (F]$ 
GREAT] REV5UE TO ! /ATE W\LD ALSO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( :I*EV] CLASS MO/ 
B5EFIT$ FROM ! NEW ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 !RE W\LD BE A CORRESPOND5CE ( 
9T]E/S BETWE5 :AT W\LD BECOME ! NEW DOM9ANT CLASS & ?OSE OCCUPY+ 
DOM9ANT POSITIONS )9 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,BUT ?AT W\LD NOT MAKE A DOM9ANT 
ECONOMIC CLASS A RUL+ CLASS4 ,RA!R1 ! CONT+5T CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 /ATE 
9T]E/S & ?OSE ( ANY DOM9ANT ECONOMIC CLASS IS ! REASON :Y ?AT CLASS HAS ! 
APPE>ANCE ( BE+ A RUL+ CLASS4 ,IMPORTANTLY1 ! FACT ?AT /ATES CAN ACT SO AS TO 
FACILITATE ! RISE ( A NEW CLASS ?AT BETT] S]VES /ATE 9T]E/S %[S ! NOTION ( A 
'RUL+ CLASS' TO BE MISGUID$4 

,BUT EV5 MORE 9T]E/+1 P]HAPS1 ?AN ! TRANSITION FROM PRE-CAPITALISM TO 
CAPITALISM IS ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO PO/-CAPITALISM4 ,RECALL ! !ORETICAL 
DISPUTE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN91 \TL9$ 9 ,SECTION ,I,I1 ABOVE4 ,5GELS 
*>ACT]IZES ! DISAGREEM5T AS FOLL[S3 

,BAKUN9 4 4 4 DOES NOT REG>D CAPITAL1 & H5CE ! CLASS ANTAGONISM BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & 
WAGE WORK]S :I* HAS >IS5 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 AS ! MA9 EVIL TO BE 
ABOLI%$1 BUT 9/EAD ! /ATE4 ,:ILE ! GREAT MASS ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC WORK]S HOLD 
\R VIEW ?AT /ATE P[] IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! ORGANIZATION ) :I* ! RUL+ CLASSES--L&[N]S & CAPITALI/S--HAVE PROVID$ !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO PROTECT !IR SOCIAL 
PRIVILEGES1 ,BAKUN9 MA9TA9S ?AT ! /ATE HAS CREAT$ CAPITAL1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ HAS HIS 
CAPITAL ONLY BY ! GRACE ( ! /ATE4 ,& S9CE ! /ATE IS ! *IEF EVIL1 ! /ATE ABOVE ALL 
MU/ BE ABOLI%$2 !N CAPITAL WILL GO TO HELL ( ITSELF4 ,WE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 SAY3 ABOLI% CAPITAL1 
! APPROPRIATION ( ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ! FEW1 & ! /ATE WILL FALL ( ITSELF4 ,! 
DIFF]5CE IS AN ESS5TIAL ONE3 ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE IS NONS5SE )\T A SOCIAL REVOLUTION BE=EH&2 ! ABOLITION ( CAPITAL IS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & 9VOLVES A *ANGE 9 ! :OLE 
MODE ( PRODUCTION4 .<#c.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS WILL O/5SIBLY 
SUFFICE = PROBLEMATIC POLITICAL RELATIONS TO DISAPPE>1 :I* IS PRECISELY :AT WE 
W\LD EXPECT ,5GELS TO >GUE1 GIV5 ! !ORETICAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & 
,M>X4 
,BUT ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( PROBLEMATIC POLITICAL RELATIONS FOLL[+ ! 
9TRODUCTION ( EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS IS C]TA9LY NOT :AT HAPP5$ 9 
! #aiag ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT BECAUSE EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS 
FAIL$ TO >ISE4 ,= !Y DID3 A =M ( EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS WAS 9TRODUC$ 
9 #aiag :5 ! WORK]S SET UP !IR [N FACTORY COMMITTEES4 ,BUT AFT] ,L59 
SEIZ$ P[] LATE ?AT YE>1 HE REPLAC$ ?OSE COMMITTEES ) 'ONE-MAN 
MANAGEM5T'4 ,& 9 #aiah HE EXPLA9$ :Y3 ',ALL \R EF=TS MU/ BE EX]T$ TO ! 
UTMO/ TO 4 4 4 BR+ AB\T AN ECONOMIC REVIVAL1 )\T :I* A REAL 9CREASE 9 \R 
C\NTRY'S DEF5SE POT5TIAL IS 9CONCEIVABLE'4 .<#c#a.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! POLITICAL 
RELATIONS SELECT$ 9EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS 7%AP$ BY ,L59'S P]SONAL 
ADMIRATION = ,TAYLORISM7 ?AT DEVELOP$ ! ECONOMIC =CES SO AS TO DEVELOP ! 
POLITICAL =CES1 BECAUSE ?AT WAS FUNCTIONAL = ! POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,BUT ?IS IS 
PRECISELY :AT ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY ASS]TS4 ,MOREOV]1 ALSO CONSI/5T ) ! 
,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY & :OLLY AT ODDS ) ,M>XI/ !ORY1 ! POLITICAL 
RELATIONS !MSELVES BECAME 9CREAS+LY AU?ORIT>IAN4 .<#c#b.> 

,IRONICALLY1 !N1 AN ACTUAL HI/ORICAL EV5T ?AT IS NE>-UNIV]SALLY REG>D$ AS A 
,M>XI/ REVOLUTION1 BY FRI5D & FOE ( ,M>XISM ALIKE1 SEEMS PAT5TLY TO CONTRADICT 
,M>X'S !ORY ( HI/ORY4 ,& ?IS CAN ONLY BE BECAUSE ( ,M>X'S 9ADEQUATE !ORY 
( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS F> FROM SURPRIS+1 !RE=E1 ?AT =M]LY COMMITT$ ,M>XI/S 
%\LD HAVE GIV5 UP ON !IR 'GR& !ORY' & EMBRAC$ PO/MOD]NISM4 ,BUT 
GIV5 ! EXPLANATORY P[] ( ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY1 ! RELATIVELY REC5T 
WIDESPREAD REJECTION ( !ORY BUILD+ WAS SURELY PREMATURE4 ,= ! HI/ORICAL 
EV5T ?AT HAS PROV$ SO TR\BL+ TO ,M>XI/ POLITICAL !ORY SIMULTANE\SLY 
PROVIDES CLE> CORROBORATION = AN ALT]NATIVE1 AN>*I/ !ORY4 

,V 

,BUT DOES AN>*ISM HAVE TO RELY ON A ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY IF ITS REJECTION ( 
,M>XI/-,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE IS TO BE ADEQUATELY GR\ND$8 ,AS WE HAVE 
SE51 IT SEEMS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ! POLITICAL RELATIONS SELECT ECONOMIC RELATIONS 
?AT DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES1 BECAUSE ?AT IS 
FUNCTIONAL = ! POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,BUT IT SEEMS1 9 PR9CIPLE1 POSSIBLE ?AT1 
SIMULTANE\SLY1 ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS DEVELOP ECONOMIC =CES ?AT BO? 
9CREASE RETURNS TO ?OSE DOM9ANT )9 ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS & DEVELOP ! 
POLITICAL =CES ?AT /ABILIZE ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 BECAUSE ?AT IS FUNCTIONAL = 
! ECONOMIC RELATIONS 9S(> AS !Y REQUIRE ?OSE P>TICUL> POLITICAL RELATIONS 
= SUPPORT4 ,SU* A !ORY W\LD 9CORPORATE TWO PR9CIPAL FUNCTIONAL 
EXPLANATIONS4 ,CALL A !ORY ?AT 9CORPORATES MORE ?AN ONE FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION 
A ',MULTIPLE-,EXPLANATORY ,!ORY' OR ',MULTIPLEX ,!ORY' = %ORT4 ,CALL A !ORY ?AT 9CORPORATES ONLY TWO FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS A ',DUPLEX ,!ORY'4 ,W\LD SU* 
A ,DUPLEX ,!ORY PROVIDE ADEQUATE GR\ND+ = ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( 
,M>XI/-,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE8 

,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT IT W\LD NOT4 ,= EV5 ?\< 9EGALIT>IAN POLITICAL 
RELATIONS MI<T BE ABLE TO SELECT 9EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT W]E 
FUNCTIONAL = ?OSE P>TICUL> POLITICAL RELATIONS1 IF EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS 
W]E ABLE TO SELECT POLITICAL RELATIONS ?AT W]E FUNCTIONAL = !M1 !N 
,M>XI/ -,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY MI<T BE JU/IFI$ AFT] ALL4 ,& ?IS IS 
BECAUSE EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS MI<T WELL SELECT EGALIT>IAN POLITICAL 
RELATIONS2 & !Y MI<T DO SO BECAUSE !Y MAY WELL NOT REQUIRE AU?ORIT>IAN 
POLITICAL RELATIONS TO /ABILIZE !M4 

,SO1 IF SU* A ,DUPLEX ,!ORY WILL NOT SUFFICE1 LET US CONSID] A DIFF]5T ,MULTIPLEX 
,!ORY1 = IT ALSO SEEMS1 9 PR9CIPLE1 POSSIBLE ?AT3 

! POLITICAL RELATIONS SELECT & /ABILIZE ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES1 BECAUSE ?AT IS FUNCTIONAL = ?OSE POLITICAL RELATIONS 7AS MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURE #a72 :ILE1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 

! POLITICAL =CES EMP[] POLITICAL RELATIONS ?AT SELECT & /ABILIZE ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES1 BECAUSE ?AT IS FUNCTIONAL = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?OSE POLITICAL =CES 7AS MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURE #b72 :ILE1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 

! ECONOMIC =CES DEVELOP POLITICAL =CES ?AT EMP[] POLITICAL RELATIONS 
?AT SELECT & /ABILIZE C]TA9 ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 BECAUSE ?AT IS FUNCTIONAL 
= ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC =CES 7AS MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURE #c72 
&1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 

! ECONOMIC RELATIONS DEVELOP ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! POLITICAL 
=CES ?AT EMP[] C]TA9 POLITICAL RELATIONS1 BECAUSE ?AT IS FUNCTIONAL = 
?OSE ECONOMIC RELATIONS 7AS MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURE #d74 

,FIGURE #b4 ,A MODEL EMPHASIZ+ ! EXPLANATORY ROLE ( ! POLITICAL =CES4 

  

,CALL SU* A ,MULTIPLEX ,!ORY CONTA9+ F\R FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS A 
',QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY'4 ,SU* A !ORY IS1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS EFFECTS1 MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURE 
#e1 AL?\< IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT IT IS BUILT \T ( ! F\R COMPLEX 
FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURES #a ?R\< #d4 ,W\LD SU* A 
,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY PROVIDE ADEQUATE GR\ND+ = ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( 
,M>XI/-,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE8 

,H]E ! ANSW] W\LD APPE> TO BE ,YES4 ,& ?IS IS BECAUSE1 :ILE ! 
ECONOMIC RELATIONS W\LD HAVE SOME P[] TO DEVELOP DIFF]5T ECONOMIC =CES1 
IF ?OSE P>TICUL> ECONOMIC =CES W]E DYSFUNCTIONAL EI!R = ! PRES5T 
POLITICAL =CES OR = ! PRES5T POLITICAL RELATIONS1 !N !Y W\LD RECEIVE 
SUPPORT FROM NEI!R 7AS REPRES5T$ 9 ,FIGURE #f74 ,H[EV]1 IF ! PRES5T POLITICAL 
RELATIONS W]E FUNCTIONAL = BO? ! PRES5T POLITICAL =CES & ! PRES5T 
ECONOMIC =CES1 !N !Y C\LD EXPECT SUPPORT FROM BO? 7AS REPRES5T$ 
,FIGURE #g74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS W\LD LIKELY HAVE MORE P[] TO TRANS=M ALT]$ ECONOMIC RELATIONS 9TO ?OSE MORE SUIT$ TO !IR REQUIREM5TS 
?AN ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS W\LD BE ( TRANS=M+ ! :OLE SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 .<#c#c.> 

,FIGURE #c4 ,A MODEL EMPHASIZ+ ! EXPLANATORY ROLE ( ! ECONOMIC =CES4 

  

,FIGURE #d4 ,A MODEL EMPHASIZ+ ! EXPLANATORY ROLE ( ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 

  

,FIGURE #e4 ,A ,QUADRUPLEX ,MODEL4 

  

,FIGURE #f4 ,UNSUPPORT$ ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 

  

,9 ADDITION1 IT W\LD TAKE A CONSID]ABLE P]IOD ( TIME = ! ECONOMIC 
RELATIONS TO DEVELOP & 9TRODUCE NEW ECONOMIC =CES1 :]EAS ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 BY 5ACT+ A *ANGE 9 LEGISLATION1 C\LD TRANS=M ! ECONOMIC 
RELATIONS RELATIVELY QUICKLY4 ,?IS1 TOO1 9DICATES ?AT ! POLITICAL RELATIONS W\LD 
BE MORE LIKELY TO TRANS=M EFFECTIVELY ANY ALT]$ ECONOMIC RELATIONS 9TO ONES 
?AT >E MORE SUIT$ TO ! NE$S ( ! POLITICAL RELATIONS ?AN ! ECONOMIC 
RELATIONS W\LD BE ( TRANS=M+ ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,?US1 SU* A ,QUADRUPLEX 
,!ORY PROVIDES CLE> GR\ND+ = ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ 
REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 GIV5 ?AT IF EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS FAIL TO PROVIDE 
SUFFICI5T SURPLUS TO F9ANCE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL =CES ?AT EMP[] 
! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 !N ! POLITICAL RELATIONS WILL EFFECTIVELY TRANS=M ?OSE 
ECONOMIC RELATIONS 9TO 9EGALIT>IAN ONES ?AT W\LD MORE LIKELY PROVIDE 
SUFFICI5T SURPLUS4 

,FIGURE #g4 ,MULTIPLY SUPPORT$ POLITICAL RELATIONS4 

  

,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ,BAKUN9 CAN NOT ONLY BE 9T]PRET$ AS WRIT+ 9 A 
MANN] ?AT IS1 TO SOME DEGREE1 CONSI/5T ) ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY BUT ALSO 
BE 9T]PRET$ AS WRIT+ 9 A MANN] ?AT IS1 TO SOME DEGREE1 CONSI/5T ) 
SOME?+ LIKE ! ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY4 ,= RECALL ?AT HE CLAIMS BO? ?AT 
'.<P.>OV]TY PRODUCES POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE' & ?AT ! '.<P.>OLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! 
,/ATE1 REPRODUCES 9 ITS TURN1 & MA9TA9S POV]TY AS A CONDITION = ITS [N 
EXI/5CE'4 .<#c#d.> 

,V,I 

,ALL ?IS NOT)/&+1 !RE IS A REF9EM5T ?AT C\LD BE MADE TO ! 
,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY ?AT W\LD 5ABLE IT TO PROVIDE EV5 /RONG] GR\ND+ = ! 
AN>*I/ REJECTION ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,?US F> WE HAVE 
ONLY CONSID]$ A V]SION ( ! ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY ?AT ACCORDS EQUAL WEI<T+ 
TO ! F\R COMPON5T FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS 7AS MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURES #a ?R\< #d7 
?AT COMB9E TO PRODUCE ! !ORY AS A :OLE 7:OSE EFFECTS >E MODEL$ 9 
,FIGURE #e74 ,BUT IF WE HAD REASON = ACCORD+ GREAT] WEI<T TO ! FUNCTIONAL 
EXPLANATION DEPLOY$ BY ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY 7NAMELY ?AT MODEL$ 9 
,FIGURE #a71 !N WE W\LD HAVE EV5 /RONG] REASON = EXPECT+ ! POLITICAL 
RELATIONS TO PLAY A REACTION>Y ROLE 9 REPLAC+ EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS ) 
9EGALIT>IAN ONES ?AT W]E MORE FUNCTIONAL = ! POLITICAL RELATIONS ?AN WE 
W\LD HAVE = EXPECT+ EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS TO SUCCE$ 9 
TRANS=M+ ! :OLE SOCIAL SY/EM 9TO A TRULY EGALIT>IAN ONE4 ,9 %ORT1 IT 
SEEMS1 9 PR9CIPLE1 POSSIBLE ?AT3 

! POLITICAL =CES T5D TO EMP[] POLITICAL RELATIONS ?AT SELECT & /ABILIZE 
ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES1 BECAUSE ?AT 
IS FUNCTIONAL = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?OSE POLITICAL =CES 7AS MODEL$ 9 
,FIGURE #b72 :ILE1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 

! ECONOMIC =CES T5D TO DEVELOP POLITICAL =CES ?AT EMP[] POLITICAL 
RELATIONS ?AT SELECT & /ABILIZE C]TA9 ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 BECAUSE ?AT IS 
FUNCTIONAL = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC =CES 7AS MODEL$ 9 
,FIGURE #c72 :ILE1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 

! ECONOMIC RELATIONS T5D TO DEVELOP ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! 
POLITICAL =CES ?AT EMP[] C]TA9 POLITICAL RELATIONS1 BECAUSE ?AT IS 
FUNCTIONAL = ?OSE ECONOMIC RELATIONS 7AS MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURE #d72 :ILE1 
SIMULTANE\SLY1 

! POLITICAL RELATIONS POSSESS ! GREATE/ EXPLANATORY P[] )9 ! 
SY/EM 9 SELECT+ & /ABILIZ+ ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT DEVELOP ! 
ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES1 BECAUSE ?AT IS FUNCTIONAL 
= ?OSE POLITICAL RELATIONS 7AS MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURE #a74 

,CALL SU* A COMPLEX ( FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS A ',WEI<T$ ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY'4 
7,SU* A !ORY IS R\<LY MODEL$ 9 ,FIGURE #h47 

,FIGURE #h4 ,A ,WEI<T$ ,QUADRUPLEX ,MODEL4 

  

,ONE >GUM5T ?AT MI<T BE M>%AL$ 9 SUPPORT ( A ,WEI<T$ ,QUADRUPLEX 
,!ORY IS AN >GUM5T ?AT ALSO SUPPORTS ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY !ORY--ONE :I* WE 
5C\NT]$ E>LI]1 & :I* CAN N[ BE DEVELOP$ FUR!R3 ,EV5 IF ?OSE HOLD+ 
DOM9ANT POSITIONS )9 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS W]E EXTREMELY CONS]VATIVE ) 
RESPECT TO ! ECONOMIC =CES1 !N1 GIV5 ?AT /ATES >E USUALLY 9 MILIT>Y 
COMPETITION ) O!R /ATES1 !Y WILL FACE CONSID]ABLE PRESSURE TO SELECT & !N 
/ABILIZE NEW ECONOMIC RELATIONS IF !Y W\LD BE OPTIMAL = PROVID+ ! /ATE 
) ! REV5UE IT NE$S TO REMA9 MILIT>ILY COMPETITIVE4 ,& ANY /ATE ?AT FAIL$ 
TO 9TRODUCE MORE PRODUCTIVE ECONOMIC RELATIONS W\LD FAIL TO SURVIVE AGA9/ A 
COMPETITOR /ATE ?AT HAD SUCCE$$ 9 9TRODUC+ ECONOMIC RELATIONS :I*1 AT ?AT 
P]IOD 9 HI/ORY1 W]E OPTIMAL = PROVID+ ! /ATE ) REV5UE4 

,H5CE1 WE CAN POSIT A ,D>W9IAN-/YLE EXPLANATION = POLITICAL RELATIONS 
SELECT+ ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! 
POLITICAL =CES NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ONLY ?OSE /ATES ?AT1 ULTIMATELY1 SUCCE$ 9 SO 
DO+ WILL EV5TUALLY SURVIVE 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ( COMPET+ /ATES BUT1 9 
ADDITION1 BECAUSE /ATES ?AT >E DEFEAT$ BY MORE MILIT>ILY SUCCESSFUL ONES CAN 
EXPECT TO HAVE !IR ECONOMIC RELATIONS TRANS=M$ BY ! POLITICAL RELATIONS ( 
! CONQU]+ /ATE 9TO ONES SIMIL> TO ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS SELECT$ & 
/ABILIZ$ BY ?AT /ATE4 ,AS ?IS IS AN \TCOME ?AT ANY /ATE WILL WANT TO AVOID AT ALL 
CO/1 EV5 ! MO/ CONS]VATIVE ( /ATE P]SONNEL WILL HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 
SELECT+ ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT >E AT LEA/ AS FUNCTIONAL = !IR MILIT>Y 
REQUIREM5TS AS ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( COMPETITOR /ATES >E = !IR POLITICAL 
RELATIONS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE MI<T ?9K ( ! FUNCTIONAL COMPON5T )9 A 
,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY ?AT ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY FOCUSES UPON EXCLUSIVELY AS 
DET]M9+ '9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE' ! %APE TAK5 BY MOD]N SOCIETIES4 

,BUT WE C\LD ALSO PROVIDE ,D>W9IAN-/YLE EXPLANATIONS = ! O!R ?REE 
COMPON5T FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS ( ! ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY4 ,= IF ! POLITICAL 
=CES DID NOT EMP[] ! RI<T K9D ( POLITICAL RELATIONS1 !N ECONOMIC RELATIONS 
?AT DEVELOP$ ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP$ ?OSE POLITICAL =CES W\LD NOT 
BE SELECT$ & /ABILIZ$4 ,& SU* POLITICAL =CES W\LD !N FAIL TO SURVIVE AS 
9DEP5D5T 5TITIES 9 A WORLD ( COMPET+ /ATES4 7,!Y MAY WELL 5D UP BE+ 
9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! POLITICAL =CES ( A CONQU]+ /ATE1 = EXAMPLE47 ,MOREOV]1 
IF ! ECONOMIC =CES DID NOT DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES ?AT EMP[]$ ! 
POLITICAL RELATIONS ?AT SELECT$ & /ABILIZ$ ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT W]E FUNCTIONAL 
= ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC =CES1 !N !Y W\LD NOT SURVIVE 9 SU* AN 
5VIRONM5T1 EI!R4 7,= EXAMPLE1 !Y MI<T BE REPLAC$ BY ECONOMIC =CES ?AT 
W]E COMPATIBLE ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( A CONQU]+ /ATE74 ,F9ALLY1 IF ! 
ECONOMIC RELATIONS DID NOT DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP$ ! POLITICAL 
=CES ?AT W]E CAPABLE ( EMP[]+ ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 !N ?OSE POLITICAL 
RELATIONS W\LD EQUALLY FAIL TO SURVIVE 9 A WORLD ( COMPET+ /ATES4 7,& !Y1 TOO1 
MI<T WELL BE TRANS=M$ BY A CONQU]+ /ATE 9TO ONES CAPABLE ( SELECT+ & 
/ABILIZ+ ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT W]E FUNCTIONAL = ?AT CONQU]+ /ATE74 
,?US1 ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT W\LD T5D TO SURVIVE >E ?OSE ?AT >E FUNCTIONAL 
= ! POLITICAL RELATIONS 9 A WORLD ( COMPET+ /ATES4 

,9 A NUT%ELL1 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS1 ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 ! ECONOMIC =CES 
& ! POLITICAL =CES ?AT SURVIVE WILL T5D TO BE ?OSE ?AT >E SU* ?AT1 9 ! 
LA/ 9/ANCE1 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS SELECT & /ABILIZE ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT 
DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES ?AT EMP[] ! 
POLITICAL RELATIONS4 

,V,I,I 

,9T]E/+LY1 JU/ AS /RONG A SUPPORT = ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ 
REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE C\LD BE PROVID$ BY A ,WEI<T$ ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY ?AT 
ACCORD$ ADDITIONAL WEI<T+ TO ! POLITICAL RELATIONS ONLY P]IODICALLY4 ,?IS 
W\LD BE ! CASE IF !RE W]E REASON TO ADD WEI<T+ TO ! POLITICAL RELATIONS AT 
TIMES ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION FROM ONE EPO* TO ANO!R1 = IT IS PRECISELY 9 
TIMES ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION ?AT ,M>X BELIEV$ ?AT EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC 
RELATIONS W\LD TRANS=M ! :OLE SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 .<#c#e.> ,IF1 DUR+ P]IODS ( 
REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION1 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS EX]CIS$ ! GREATE/ P[] )9 
! SY/EM 9 SELECT+ & /ABILIZ+ ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT DEVELOP ! 
ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES1 BECAUSE ?AT IS FUNCTIONAL = 
?OSE POLITICAL RELATIONS1 !N EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT W]E DYSFUNCTIONAL 
= ! POLITICAL RELATIONS W\LD BE UNLIKELY TO SURVIVE4 ,CALL SU* A COMPLEX ( 
FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS ?AT ACCORDS GREATE/ WEI<T TO ! POLITICAL RELATIONS DUR+ 
P]IODS ( EPO*AL TRANS=MATION A ',TEMPOR>ILY ,WEI<T$ ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY'4 
7,SU* A !ORY W\LD BE R\<LY REPRES5T$ BY SWIT*+ FROM ,FIGURE #e--R\<LY 
MODEL+ /ABLE HI/ORICAL EPO*S--TO ,FIGURE #h--R\<LY MODEL+ REVOLUTION>Y 
P]IODS--& BACK TO ,FIGURE #e ONCE ! NEW EPO* HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$47 

,N[1 !RE >E SEV]AL REASONS 9 FAVOR ( A ,TEMPOR>ILY ,WEI<T$ ,QUADRUPLEX 
,!ORY1 = ACCORD+ GREAT] WEI<T TO ! ROLE ( ! POLITICAL RELATIONS SEEMS MO/ 
APPROPRIATE AT TIMES ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION ?AN )9 A /ABLE EPO*4 ,:Y8 
,BECAUSE ( SOME ( ! WAYS 9 :I* REVOLUTIONS CAN BE ( IMM5SE SIGNIFICANCE 
NOT ONLY = ! SOCIETY ?AT IS REVOLUTIONIZ$ BUT ALSO = NEI<BOR+ /ATES4 

,FIR/1 IF A C\NTRY UND]GOES A POPUL> REVOLUTION1 !N IT MI<T SUCCUMB TO A 
REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR TO TRANS=M NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES 9 A SIMIL> FA%ION4 .<#c#f.> 
,& EV5 IF IT DID NOT1 A NEI<BOR+ /ATE MI<T V]Y WELL FE> ?AT A 
REVOLUTION>Y /ATE ON ITS BORD]S W\LD 9VADE 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M ! RE/ ( ! 
WORLD 9TO ITS [N IMAGE4 ,H5CE1 A REVOLUTION>Y /ATE1 SIMPLY BY ITS PRES5CE1 
PROVIDES REASON = NEI<BOR+ /ATES TO MILIT>IZE4 ,BUT ONCE ITS NEI<BORS 
MILIT>IZE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y /ATE WILL1 ITSELF1 FEEL ?REAT5$1 & IT1 TOO1 WILL FEEL 
COMPELL$ TO MILIT>IZE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL =CES WILL ?US BECOME 
ESPECIALLY CRUCIAL DUR+ TIMES ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION4 

,SECOND1 EV5 IF A /ATE DID NOT FE> AN ACTUAL MILIT>Y 9VASION FROM A 
NEI<BOR+ /ATE ?AT HAD UND]GONE A REVOLUTION1 IT MI<T WELL /ILL DREAD ?AT 
ITS REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS W\LD 9VADE ITS SOCIETY4 ,9 ORD] TO SAFEGU>D ITSELF 
FROM BE+ 9FECT$ BY ! IDEALS ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y NEI<BOR1 A /ATE MI<T 
>M 9SURG5TS )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY1 OR ASSI/ AN 9VASION BY EMIGRES1 
OR DIRECTLY 9VADE ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY4 .<#c#g.> ,?IS W\LD PROVOKE A REVOLUTION>Y 
/ATE TO DEVELOP ITS MILIT>Y CAPACITY4 ,AGA91 WE HAVE REASON TO HOLD ?AT ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL =CES WILL BECOME ESPECIALLY CRUCIAL DUR+ TIMES ( 
REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION4 

,?IRD1 ! C\RSE ( A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( A /ATE MI<T WELL LEAVE IT 
TEMPOR>ILY WEAK5$4 .<#c#h.> ,IF ?IS W]E ! CASE1 !N ?IS W\LD R5D] A 
REVOLUTION>Y /ATE A MORE ATTRACTIVE T>GET = 9VASION BY ITS NEI<BORS ?AN IT 
W\LD ORD9>ILY HAVE BE54 ,BUT ! FE> ( 9VASION BY OPPORTUNI/IC NEI<BOR+ 
/ATES W\LD COMPEL A TEMPOR>ILY WEAK5$ REVOLUTION>Y /ATE TO DEVELOP ITS 
MILIT>Y CAPACITY AS FA/ AS IT C\LD4 ,YET AGA91 WE HAVE REASON TO HOLD ?AT ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL =CES WILL BECOME ESPECIALLY CRUCIAL DUR+ TIMES ( 
REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION4 

,= REASONS SU* AS !SE1 REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATIONS >E LIKELY TO ACT AS A 
SPUR TO 9CREAS$ MILIT>IZATION1 BO? )9 & \TSIDE ! REVOLUTION>Y /ATE4 
,BUT ANY SU* NE$ TO DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES WILL REQUIRE ! DEVELOPM5T ( 
! ECONOMIC =CES4 ,BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC =CES REQUIRES 
ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT >E ESPECIALLY SUIT$ TO DEVELOP+ !M4 ,GIV5 A WIDELY 
P]CEIV$ NE$ TO DEVELOP ! POLITICAL =CES AT SU* MOM5T\S TIMES1 ?OSE 
LOCAT$ )9 ! POLITICAL =CES1 ! ECONOMIC =CES & ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS 
>E LIKELY TO BE UNUSUALLY SUPPORTIVE ( ! POLITICAL RELATIONS SELECT+ ECONOMIC 
RELATIONS ?AT DEVELOP ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT1 9 TURN1 DEVELOP ! POLITICAL 
=CES4 ,H5CE1 REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS MI<T WELL REQUIRE ?AT GREAT] WEI<T+ BE 
TEMPOR>ILY ACCORD$ TO ONE ( ! F\R COMPON5T FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATIONS 
COMPRIS+ ! ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY4 ,BUT ?AT P>TICUL> COMPON5T1 NAMELY ! 
ONE FOCUS$ UPON BY ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY1 IS PRECISELY ! ONE ?AT BE/ 
GR\NDS ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 

,V,I,I,I 

,WE CAN ?US SEE ?AT !RE >E AT LEA/ TWO RELAT$ POLITICAL !ORIES ?AT MI<T WELL 
PROVE TO BE 9DEP5D5TLY COMPELL+ & ?AT C\LD BE DEPLOY$ BY AN AN>*I/ 
TO GR\ND A COG5T CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM4 ,! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY 
P]=MS ?AT TASK WELL1 BUT SO1 TOO1 DOES ! ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY1 ESPECIALLY :5 
IT TAKES A WEI<T$ OR A TEMPOR>ILY WEI<T$ =M4 ,MOREOV]1 GIV5 ITS >GUABLY 
GREAT] EXPLANATORY P[]1 ! ,QUADRUPLEX ,!ORY MI<T WELL COME TO COMM& 
MORE WIDESPREAD ASS5T ?AN ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY4 

.<#a.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,V4 ,I4 ,L591 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 7,PEK+3 ,=EIGN ,LANGUAGES ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#e7 & ,V4 ,I4 ,L591 
,ONE ,/EP ,=W>D1 ,TWO ,/EPS ,BACK3 ,! ,CRISIS 9 ,\R ,P>TY 7,PEK+3 ,=EIGN ,LANGUAGES ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#f74 ,= A 
CRITIQUE1 SEE ,A4 ,C>T]1 ',M>XISM_/,L59ISM3 ! SCI5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT8' ,/UDIES 9 ,M>XISM1 #a 7#a#i#i#d71 
PP4 #a#b#e- #a#d#a4 ,ON :E!R OR NOT ,M>XISM-,L59ISM CON/ITUTES A DEVIATION FROM ! POLITICS ( ,M>X & 
,5GELS1 SEE ,A4 ,C>T]1 ',! REAL POLITICS ( ,K>L ,M>X & ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS'1 ,/UDIES 9 ,M>XISM1 #f 7#a#i#i#i71 
PP4 #a -#c4 

.<#b.> ,BAKUN9'S POLITICS DEVELOP$1 9 P>T1 9 RESPONSE TO ,M>X1 :ILE ,M>X'S POLITICAL ?\<T DEVELOP$1 9 P>T1 
AS A RESPONSE TO ! AN>*I/S ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 ,AS ,M>X'S CORRESPOND5CE 
) ,5GELS MAKES ABUNDANTLY CLE>1 HE HAD A P]SONAL ANTIPA?Y T[>DS ,BAKUN9 ?AT BORD]$ ON HATR$4 

.<#c.> ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS TO ,C>LO ,T]ZA<I1 DRAFT WRITT5 AFT] #f? ,JANU>Y #a#h#g#b1 9 ,K4 ,M>X & ,F4 ,5GELS1 
,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 ,VOL4 #dd 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#h#i71 P4 #b#i#c4 ,CLE>LY1 ,5GELS WAS NOT ALONE 9 
HOLD+ ?IS VIEW1 = ,M>X COMPLA9$ ?AT '.<T.>HE ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE SURR5D]$ ITS P[] TOO SOON1 TO 
MAKE WAY = ! ,COMMUNE'4 ,K>L ,M>X TO ,LUDWIG ,KUGELMANN1 #a#b? ,APRIL #a#h#g#a1 9 ,D4 ,MC,LELLAN 7,$47 
,K>L ,M>X3 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 #bND $N 7,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b71 P4 #f#d#a4 ,= ONE EXAMPLE ( 
,M>X'S AU?ORIT>IANISM1 C5TRALISM & ELITISM1 SEE ,K4 ,M>X1 ',ADDRESS TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE'1 
9 ,MC,LELLAN1 IBID41 ESPECIALLY PP4 #c#e- #c#a#a4 

.<#d.> ,M4 ,BAKUN91 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN93 ,SCI5TIFIC ,AN>*ISM1 $4 ,G4 ,P4 ,MAXIM(F 7,NEW ,YORK3 
,! ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d71 P4 #b#a#g4 

.<#e.> ,SEE ,K4 ,M>X & ,F4 ,5GELS1 ',! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O'1 9 ,MC,LELLAN1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #c1 ESPECIALLY PP4 #b#e#e- 
#b#e#f1 #b#f#h-#b#g4 ,ALSO SEE ,F4 ,5GELS1 ,ANTI-,DUHR+1 ,H]R ,EUG5 ,DUHR+'S ,REVOLUTION 9 ,SCI5CE 
7,PEK+3 ,=EIGN ,LANGUAGES ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#f74 

.<#f.> ,M4 ,BAKUN91 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#g71 PP4 #c#a-#c#b4 

.<#g.> ,SEE ,K4 ,M>X1 ',ON ,BAKUN9'S ,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y'1 9 ,MC,LELLAN1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #c4 

.<#h.> ,K4 ,M>X1 ',SPEE* TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE'1 9 ,MC,LELLAN1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #c1 P4 #c#b#g4 

.<#i.> ,M4 ,BAKUN91 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 $4 ,S4 ,DOLG(F 7,LONDON3 ,ALL5 & ,UNW91 #a#i#g#c71 P4 #c#b#i4 

.<#a.> ,BAKUN91 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #d1 P4 #b#a#h4 

.<#a#a.> ,& ?IS IS :Y ,M>X EMPHASIZES ?AT '.<T.>HE EXECUTIVE ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE IS BUT A COMMITTEE = MANAG+ 
! COMMON AFFAIRS ( ! :OLE B\RGEOISIE'4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #e1 P4 #b#d#g4 

.<#a#b.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 IBID41 P4 #b#f#b4 

.<#a#c.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 IBID4 ,H[EV]1 IT HAS TO BE NOT$ ?AT ,M>X'S VIEW UND]W5T AT LEA/ SOME REVISION LAT]4 
,SEE ',! EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE'1 9 ,MC,LELLAN1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #c4 

.<#a#d.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #e1 P4 #b#f#b4 

.<#a#e.> ,?US ! 5D IS /RIK+LY DIFF]5T FROM ! MEANS1 = AS ,M>X C\NSELS3 ',! WORK]S 4 4 4 MU/ NOT ONLY 
/RIVE = A S+LE & 9DIVISIBLE ,G]MAN REPUBLIC1 BUT ALSO )9 ?IS REPUBLIC = ! MO/ DET]M9$ 
C5TRALIZATION ( P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE AU?ORITY4 ,!Y MU/ NOT ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE MISGUID$ 
BY ! DEMOCRATIC TALK ( FRE$OM = ! COMMUNITIES1 ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ETC4'1 ,M>X1 ',ADDRESS TO ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE'1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #c1 P4 #c#a4 

.<#a#f.> ,BAKUN91 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #i1 PP4 #b#h#a-#b#h#b4 

.<#a#g.> ,SEE ,G4 ,A4 ,COH51 ,K>L ,M>X'S ,!ORY ( ,HI/ORY3 ,A ,DEF5SE 7,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#h71 PASSIM4 

.<#a#h.> ,:Y 9CLUDE CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC EX*ANGE AS WELL AS CONTROL ( PRODUCTION8 ,ONE REASON IS ?AT P]HAPS 
! MO/ IMPORTANT EXPLOITATION TODAY IS ?AT BETWE5 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD & ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,& ?AT DOES NOT 
SEEM TO BE ADEQUATELY !ORIZ$ 9 T]MS ( CONTROL ( PRODUCTION4 ,SEE ,A4 ,C>T]1 ',ANALYTICAL AN>*ISM3 
SOME CONCEPTUAL F\NDATIONS'1 ,POLITICAL ,!ORY1 #b#h7#b7 7#b71 PP4 #bc -#b#e#c1 H]E AT P4 #b#e#a1 N4 #i4 

.<#a#i.> ,C>T]1 IBID41 P4 #b#c#e4 

.<#b.> ,C>T]1 IBID41 PP4 #b#c#d-#b#c#e4 

.<#b#a.> ,SEE ,COH51 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #a#g1 ,*4 #i4 

.<#b#b.> ,SEE ,T4 ,SKOCPOL1 ,/ATES & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTIONS3 ,A ,COMP>ATIVE ,ANALYSIS ( ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA1 & ,*9A 
7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i71 PP4 #c- #c#b4 

.<#b#c.> ,= ! FULLE/ EXPLICATION & DEF5SE ( ! ,/ATE-,PRIMACY ,!ORY1 SEE ,A4 ,C>T]1 ,A ,RADICAL ,GRE5 ,POLITICAL ,!ORY 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#i#i74 

.<#b#d.> ,R4 ,BR5N]1 ',! SOCIAL BASIS ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T'1 9 ,J4 ,ROEM] 7,$47 ,ANALYTICAL ,M>XISM 
7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f71 PP4 #c#b- #c#c4 

.<#b#e.> ,S4 ,E4 ,F9]1 ',/ATE- & NATION-BUILD+ 9 ,EUROPE3 ! ROLE ( ! MILIT>Y'1 9 ,C4 ,TILLY 7,$47 ,! ,=MATION ( ,NATIONAL ,/ATES 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 7,PR9CETON1 ,N,J3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#e71 P4 #i#f4 ,ALSO SEE 
,I4 ,WALL]/E91 ,! ,MOD]N ,WORLD-,SY/EM3 ,CAPITALI/ ,AGRICULTURE & ! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,WORLD-,ECONOMY 9 ! ,SIXTE5? ,C5TURY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ACADEMIC ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#d71 P4 #c#e#f4 

.<#b#f.> ,& IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT ,M>X HIMSELF ACCEPTS ?AT ! /ATE1 DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 
'HELP$ TO HA/5 4 4 4 ! DECAY ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM'4 ,M>X1 ',! EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE'1 
9 ,MC,LELLAN1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #c1 P4 #c#d#e4 

.<#b#g.> ,S4 ,P4 ,HUNT+TON1 ,POLITICAL ,ORD] 9 ,*ANG+ ,SOCIETIES 7,NEW ,HAV51 ,C,T3 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#h71 
P4 #a#b#b4 

.<#b#h.> ,HUNT+TON1 IBID41 P4 #a#b#c4 

.<#b#i.> ,HUNT+TON1 IBID41 P4 #a#b#f4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$ ?AT V>I\S ,EUROPEAN MON>*IES BACK$ ! 
CITIES 7:]E CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC RELATIONS W]E DEVELOP+7 9 ORD] TO SUBV]T ! P[] ( FEUDAL LORDS4 
,PUT ANO!R WAY1 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS BACK$ A *ANGE 9 ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS BECAUSE IT WAS 9 !IR 
9T]E/S TO DO SO4 ,MOREOV]1 ,MI*AEL ,TAYLOR >GUES ?AT IT WAS /ATE ACTORS :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = 
SELECT+ NEW RELATIONS ( ECONOMIC CONTROL 9 ,FRANCE FROM ! #a#e? C5TURY & ?IS WAS DUE TO !IR NE$ TO 
OBTA9 9CREAS$ TAX REV5UE BECAUSE ( 'GEOPOLITICAL-MILIT>Y COMPETITION'4 ,SEE ,M4 ,TAYLOR1 ',/RUCTURE1 
CULTURE & ACTION 9 ! EXPLANATION ( SOCIAL *ANGE'1 ,POLITICS & ,SOCIETY1 #a#g7#b7 7#a#i#h#i71 PP4 #a#a#e- #a#f#b1 H]E 
AT PP4 #a#b#d-#a#b#f4 

.<#c.> ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS TO ,!ODOR ,CUNO1 #b#d? ,JANU>Y #ahgb 9 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #c1 PP4 #c#f-#c#g4 ,IT IS 
WOR? COMP>+ ,5GELS' REM>KS H]E ) ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T HE COAU?OR$ ) ,M>X3 ',! MAT]IAL 
LIFE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 :I* BY NO MEANS DEP5DS M]ELY ON !IR 0WILL01 !IR MODE ( PRODUCTION & =M ( 
9T]C\RSE1 :I* MUTUALLY DET]M9E EA* O!R--?IS IS ! REAL BASIS ( ! ,/ATE & REMA9S SO AT ALL ! 
/AGES AT :I* DIVISION ( LABOR & PRIVATE PROP]TY >E /ILL NECESS>Y1 QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! WILL ( 
9DIVIDUALS4 ,!SE ACTUAL RELATIONS >E 9 NO WAY CREAT$ BY ! ,/ATE P[]2 ON ! CONTR>Y !Y >E ! 
P[] CREAT+ IT'4 ,K4 ,M>X & ,F4 ,5GELS1 ',! ,G]MAN IDEOLOGY'1 9 ,MC,LELLAN1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #c1 P4 #b4 

.<#c#a.> ,V4 ,I4 ,L591 ,! ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#g71 P4 #f4 

.<#c#b.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,M4 ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a3 ,! ,/ATE & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 7,DETROIT1 ,M,I3 ,BLACK & ,R$1 #a#i#g#e74 

.<#c#c.> ,SEE ,A4 ,C>T]1 ',BEYOND PRIMACY3 ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM & RADICAL GRE5 POLITICAL !ORY'1 
,5VIRONM5TAL ,POLITICS1 #a#i7#f7 7#b#a71 PP4 #iea -#i#g#b4 

.<#c#d.> ,BAKUN91 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #i1 PP4 #bha -#b#h#b4 

.<#c#e.> ,ONE REASON :Y ,M>X PRESUM$ ?AT EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS W\LD SUCCE$ 9 
TRANS=M+ ! RE/ 
( SOCIETY IS HIS BELIEF ?AT '! :OLE ( HUMAN S]VITUDE IS 9VOLV$ 9 ! RELATIONS ( ! WORK] TO 
PRODUCTION1 & ALL RELATIONS ( S]VITUDE >E NO?+ BUT MODIFICATIONS & CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS RELATION'4 
,K4 ,M>X1 ',ECONOMIC & PHILOSOPHICAL MANUSCRIPTS'1 9 ,K4 ,M>X1 ,E>LY ,WRIT+S1 TRANS4 ,R4 ,LIV+/ONE & 
,G4 ,B5TON 7,H>MONDSWOR?3 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#e71 P4 #c#c#c4 ,PUT ANO!R WAY1 '! ECONOMICAL SUBJECTION ( 
! MAN ( LABOR TO ! MONOPOLIZ] ( ! MEANS ( LABOR1 ?AT IS1 ! S\RCES ( ALL LIFE1 LIES AT ! BOTTOM 
( S]VITUDE 9 ALL ITS =MS1 ( ALL SOCIAL MIS]Y1 M5TAL DEGRADATION1 & POLITICAL DEP5D5CE'4 ,K4 ,M>X1 
',PROVISIONAL RULES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL'1 9 ,K4 ,M>X1 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & ,AFT]1 $4 BY ,D4 ,F]NBA* 
7,H>MONDSWOR?3 ,P5GU91 #a#i#g#d71 P4 #h#b4 ,IT IS ALSO WOR? RECALL+ AT ?IS PO9T ,5GELS TO ,CUNO1 #b#d? ,JANU>Y 
#a#h#g#b1 OP4 CIT41 ,REF4 #c1 PP4 #c#f-#c#g4 

.<#c#f.> ,POSSIBLE EXAMPLES >E ! P]IODS ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,W>S & ! RISE ( FASCISM4 

.<#c#g.> ,C&IDATE EXAMPLES BE+ ,CUBA1 ,NIC>AGUA & ,GRANADA1 RESPECTIVELY4 

.<#c#h.> ,RUSSIA IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! #aiag ,REVOLUTION PRES5TS ITSELF AS AN OBVI\S EXAMPLE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,OCTOB] #a#a1 #baa 3 ,AN>*ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#h1 #bb 3 ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/