,>E ,PRISONS ,OBSOLETE8 

#bc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANGELA ,YVONNE ,DAVIS 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a4 ,9TRODUCTION3 ,PRISON ,RE=M OR ,PRISON ,ABOLITION8 

,9 MO/ P>TS ( ! WORLD1 IT IS TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT :OEV] IS CONVICT$ ( A S]I\S CRIME WILL BE S5T TO PRISON4 ,9 SOME C\NTRIES-9CLUD+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES-:]E CAPITAL PUNI%M5T HAS NOT YET BE5 ABOLI%$1 A SMALL BUT SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( PEOPLE >E S5T5C$ TO DEA? = :AT >E CONSID]$ ESPECIALLY GRAVE CRIMES4 ,MANY PEOPLE >E FAMILI> ) ! CAMPAIGN TO ABOLI% ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,9 FACT1 IT HAS ALREADY BE5 ABOLI%$ 9 MO/ C\NTRIES4 ,EV5 ! /AUN*E/ ADVOCATES ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T ACKN[L$GE ! FACT ?AT ! DEA? P5ALTY FACES S]I\S *ALL5GES4 ,FEW PEOPLE F9D LIFE )\T ! DEA? P5ALTY DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! PRISON IS CONSID]$ AN 9EVITABLE & P]MAN5T FEATURE ( \R SOCIAL LIVES4 ,MO/ PEOPLE >E QUITE SURPRIS$ TO HE> ?AT ! PRISON ABOLITION MOVEM5T ALSO HAS A LONG HI/ORY-ONE ?AT DATES BACK TO ! HI/ORICAL APPE>ANCE ( ! PRISON AS ! MA9 =M ( PUNI%M5T4 ,9 FACT1 ! MO/ NATURAL REACTION IS TO ASSUME ?AT PRISON ACTIVI/S-EV5 ?OSE :O CONSCI\SLY REF] TO !MSELVES AS 0ANTI-PRISON ACTIVI/S0- >E SIMPLY TRY+ TO AMELIORATE PRISON CONDITIONS OR P]HAPS TO RE=M ! PRISON 9 MORE FUNDAM5TAL WAYS4 ,9 MO/ CIRCLES PRISON ABOLITION IS SIMPLY UN?9KABLE & IMPLAUSIBLE4 ,PRISON ABOLITIONI/S >E DIS-MISS$ AS UTOPIANS & IDEALI/S :OSE IDEAS >E AT BE/ UNREALI/IC & IMPRACTICABLE1 &1 AT WOR/1 MY/IFY+ & FOOLI%4 ,?IS IS A MEASURE ( H[ DIFFICULT IT IS TO 5VISION A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT DOES NOT RELY ON ! ?REAT ( SEQUE/]+ PEOPLE 9 DREADFUL PLEAS DESIGN$ TO SEP>ATE !M FROM !IR COMMUNITIES & FAMILIES4 ,! PRISON IS CONSID]$ SO 0NATURAL0 ?AT IT IS EXTREMELY H>D TO IMAG9E LIFE )\T IT4 

,IT IS MY HOPE ?AT ?IS BOOK WILL 5C\RAGE READ]S TO QUE/ION !IR [N ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! PRISON4 ,MANY PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! DEA? P5ALTY IS AN \TMOD$ =M ( PUNI%M5T ?AT VIOLATES BASIC PR9CIPLES ( HUMAN RI<TS4 ,IT IS TIME1 ,I BELIEVE1 TO 5C\RAGE SIMIL> CONV]SATIONS AB\T ! PRISON4 ,DUR+ MY [N C>E] AS AN ANTI-PRISON ACTIVI/ ,I HAVE SE5 ! POPULATION ( U4S4 PRISONS 9CREASE ) SU* RAPIDITY ?AT MANY PEOPLE 9 BLACK1 ,LAT9O1 & ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITIES N[ HAVE A F> GREAT] *ANCE ( GO+ TO PRISON ?AN ( GETT+ A DEC5T $UCATION4 ,:5 MANY Y\NG PEOPLE DECIDE TO JO9 ! MILIT>Y S]VICE 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! 9EVITABILITY ( A /9T 9 PRISON1 IT %\LD CAUSE US TO WOND] :E!R WE %\LD NOT TRY TO 9TRODUCE BETT] ALT]NATIVES4 

,! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! PRISON HAS BECOME AN OBSOLETE 9/ITUTION HAS BECOME ESPECIALLY URG5T 9 LI<T ( ! FACT ?AT MORE ?AN TWO MILLION PEOPLE 7\T ( A WORLD TOTAL ( N9E MILLION7 N[ 9HABIT ,U4,S4 PRISONS1 JAILS1 Y\? FACILITIES1 & IMMIGRANT DET5TION C5T]S4 ,>E WE WILL+ TO RELEGATE EV] L>G] NUMB]S ( PEOPLE FROM RACIALLY OPPRESS$ COMMUNITIES TO AN ISOLAT$ EXI/5CE M>K$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES1 VIOL5CE1 DISEASE1 & TE*NOLOGIES ( SECLUSION ?AT PRODUCE SEV]E M5TAL 9/ABILITY8 ,ACCORD+ TO A REC5T /UDY1 !RE MAY BE TWICE AS MANY PEOPLE SUFF]+ FROM M5TAL ILLNESS :O >E 9 JAILS & PRISONS ?AN !RE >E 9 ALL PSY*IATRIC HOSPITALS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES COMB9$4 

,:5 ,I FIR/ BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ANTIPRISON ACTIVISM DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#fS1 ,I WAS A/\ND$ TO LE>N ?AT !RE W]E !N CLOSE TO TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE 9 PRISON4 ,HAD ANYONE TOLD ME ?AT 9 ?REE DECADES T5 TIMES AS MANY PEOPLE W\LD BE LOCK$ AWAY 9 CAGES1 ,I W\LD HAVE BE5 ABSOLUTELY 9CR$UL\S4 ,I IMAG9E ?AT ,I W\LD HAVE RESPOND$ SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 0,AS RACI/ & UNDEMOCRATIC AS ?IS C\NTRY MAY BE .<REMEMB]1 DUR+ ?AT P]IOD1 ! DEM&S ( ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS MOVEM5T HAD NOT YET BE5 CONSOLIDAT$.>1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T WILL BE ABLE TO LOCK UP SO MANY PEOPLE )\T PRODUC+ P[]FUL PUBLIC RESI/ANCE4 ,NO1 ?IS WILL NEV] HAPP51 NOT UNLESS ?IS C\NTRY PLUNGES 9TO FASCISM40 ,?AT MI<T HAVE BE5 MY REACTION ?IRTY YE>S AGO4 ,! REALITY IS ?AT WE W]E CALL$ UPON TO 9AUGURATE ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY BY ACCEPT+ ! FACT ?AT TWO MILLION GR\P L>G] ?AN ! POPULATION ( MANY C\NTRIES->E LIV+ !IR LIVES 9 PLACES LIKE ,S+ ,S+1 ,LEAV5WOR?1 ,SAN ,QU5T91 & ,ALD]SON ,F$]AL ,RE=MATORY = ,WOM54 ,! GRAVITY ( !SE NUMB]S BECOMES EV5 MORE APP>5T :5 WE CONSID] ?AT ! ,U4,S4 POPULATION 9 G5]AL IS LESS ?AN FIVE P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S TOTAL1 :]EAS MORE ?AN TW5TY P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S COMB9$ PRISON POPULATION CAN BE CLAIM$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ,ELLIOTT ,CURRIE'S WORDS1 0.<T.>HE PRISON HAS BECOME A LOOM+ PRES5CE 9 \R SOCIETY TO AN EXT5T UNP>ALLEL$ 9 \R HI/ORY OR ?AT ( ANY O!R 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,%ORT ( MAJOR W>S1 MASS 9C>C]ATION HAS BE5 ! MO/ ?OR\<LY IMPLEM5T$ GOV]NM5T SOCIAL PROGRAM ( \R TIME4 

,9 ?9K+ AB\T ! POSSIBLE OBSOLESC5CE ( ! PRISON1 WE %\LD ASK H[ IT IS ?AT SO MANY PEOPLE C\LD 5D UP 9 PRISON )\T MAJOR DEBATES REG>D+ ! EFFICACY ( 9C>C]ATION4 ,:5 ! DRIVE TO PRODUCE MORE PRISONS & 9C>C]ATE EV] L>G] NUMB]S ( PEOPLE OCCURR$ 9 ! #a#i#hS DUR+ :AT IS KN[N AS ! ,REAGAN ]A1 POLITICIANS >GU$ ?AT 0T\< ON CRIME0 /ANCES-9CLUD+ C]TA9 IMPRISONM5T & LONG] S5T5CES-W\LD KEEP COMMUNITIES FREE ( CRIME4 ,H[EV]1 ! ( MASS 9C>C]ATION DUR+ ?AT P]IOD HAD LITTLE OR NO EFFECT ON (FICIAL CRIME RATES4 ,9 FACT1 ! MO/ OBVI\S PATT]N WAS ?AT L>G] PRISON POPULATIONS L$ NOT TO SAF] COMMUNITIES1 BUT1 RA!R1 TO EV5 L>G] PRISON POPULATIONS4 ,EA* NEW PRISON SPAWN$ YET ANO!R NEW PRISON4 ,& AS ! ,U4,S4 PRISON SY/EM EXP&$1 SO DID CORPORATE 9VOLVEM5T 9 CON/RUCTION1 PROVISION ( GOODS & S]VICES1 & USE ( LABOR4 ,BECAUSE ( ! EXT5T TO :I* PRISON BUILD+ & OP]ATION BEGAN TO ATTRACT VA/ AM\NTS ( CAPITAL-FROM ! CON/RUCTION 9DU/RY TO FOOD & HEAL? C>E PROVISION-9 A WAY ?AT RECALL$ ! EM]G5CE ( ! MILIT>Y 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX1 WE BEGAN TO REF] TO A 0PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX04 ,CONSID] ! CASE ( ,CALI=NIA1 :OSE L&SCAPE HAS BE5 ?OR\<LY PRISONIZ$ OV] ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S4 ,! FIR/ /ATE PRISON 9 ,CALI=NIA WAS ,SAN ,QU5T91 :I* OP5$ 9 #a#h#e#b4#d ,FOLSOM1 ANO!R WELL-KN[N 9/ITUTION1 OP5$ 9 #a#h#h4 ,BETWE5 #ahh & #a#i#c#c1 :5 A FACILITY = WOM5 WAS OP5$ 9 ,TEHA*API1 !RE WAS NOT A S+LE NEW PRISON CON/RUCT$4 ,9 #a#i#e#b1 ! ,CALI=NIA ,9/ITUTION = ,WOM5 OP5$ & ,TEHA*API BECAME A NEW PRISON = M54 ,9 ALL1 BETWE5 #aheb & #a#i#e#e1 N9E PRISONS W]E CON/RUCT$ 9 ,CALI=NIA4 ,BETWE5 #aifb & #a#i#f#e1 TWO CAMPS W]E E/ABLI%$1 ALONG ) ! ,CALI=NIA ,REHABILITATION ,C5T]4 ,NOT A S+LE PRISON OP5$ DUR+ ! SECOND HALF ( ! SIXTIES1 NOR DUR+ ! 5TIRE DECADE ( ! #a#i#gS4 

,H[EV]1 A MASSIVE PROJECT ( PRISON CON/RUCTION WAS 9ITIAT$ DUR+ ! #a#i#hS-?AT IS1 DUR+ ! YE>S ( ! ,REAGAN PRESID5CY4 ,N9E PRISONS1 9CLUD+ ! ,NOR!RN ,CALI=NIA ,FACILITY = ,WOM51 W]E OP5$ BETWE5 #aihd & #a#i#h#i4 ,RECALL ?AT IT HAD TAK5 MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ YE>S TO BUILD ! FIR/ N9E ,CALI=NIA PRISONS4 ,9 LESS ?AN A S+LE DECADE1 ! NUMB] ( ,CALI=NIA PRISONS D\BL$4 ,& DUR+ ! #a#i#iS1 TWELVE NEW PRISONS W]E OP5$1 9CLUD+ TWO MORE = WOM54 ,9 #aiie ! ,VALLEY ,/ATE ,PRISON = ,WOM5 WAS OP5$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ITS MISSION /ATEM5T1 IT 0PROVIDES #a1#i#h WOM5'S B$S = ,CALI=NIA'S OV]CR[D$ PRISON SY/EM40 ,H[EV]1 9 #b#b1 !RE W]E #c1#e#g PRISON]S & ! O!R TWO WOM5'S PRISONS W]E EQUALLY OV]CR[D$4 ,!RE >E N[ ?IRTY-?REE PRISONS1 ?IRTY-EI<T CAMPS1 SIXTE5 COMMUNITY CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES1 & FIVE T9Y PRISON] MO!R FACILITIES 9 ,CALI=NIA4 ,9 #bb !RE W]E #a#e#g1#i#g#i PEOPLE 9C>C]AT$ 9 !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 9CLUD+ APPROXIMATELY TW5TY ?\S& PEOPLE :OM ! /ATE HOLDS = IMMIGRATION VIOLATIONS4 ,! RACIAL COMPOSITION ( ?IS PRISON POPULATION IS REVEAL+4 ,LAT9OS1 :O >E N[ 9 ! MAJORITY1 ACC\NT = #c#e4#b P]C5T ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS #c P]C5T2 & :ITE PRISON]S #b#i4#b P]C5T4#f ,!RE >E N[ MORE WOM5 9 PRISON 9 ! /ATE ( ,CALI=NIA ?AN !RE W]E 9 ! 5TIRE C\NTRY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,9 FACT1 ,CALI=NIA CAN CLAIM ! L>GE/ WOM5'S PRISON 9 ! WORLD1 ,VALLEY ,/ATE ,PRISON = ,WOM51 ) ITS MORE ?AN ?IRTY-FIVE HUNDR$ 9HABITANTS4 ,LOCAT$ 9 ! SAME T[N AS ,VALLEY ,/ATE & LIT]ALLY ACROSS ! /REET IS ! SECOND-L>GE/ WOM5'S PRISON 9 ! WORLD ,C5TRAL ,CALI=NIA ,WOM5'S ,FACILITY-:OSE POPULATION 9 #bb ALSO HOV]$ >\ND ?IRTY-FIVE HUNDR$4 ,IF Y\ LOOK AT A MAP ( ,CALI=NIA DEPICT+ ! LOCATION ( ! ?IRTY-?REE /ATE PRISONS1 Y\ WILL SEE ?AT ! ONLY >EA ?AT IS NOT HEAVILY POPULAT$ BY PRISONS IS ! >EA NOR? ( ,SACRAM5TO4 ,/ILL1 !RE >E TWO PRISONS 9 ! T[N ( ,SUSANVILLE1 & ,PELICAN ,BAY1 ONE ( ! /ATE'S NOTORI\S SUP]-MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONS1 IS NE> ! ,OREGON BORD]4 ,CALI=NIA >TI/ ,S&[ ,BIRLE WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! COLONIZ+ ( ! L&SCAPE BY PRISONS TO PRODUCE A S]IES ( ?IRTY-?REE L&SCAPE PA9T+S ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS & !IR SURR\ND+S4 ,!Y >E COLLECT$ 9 HIS BOOK ,9C>C]AT$3 ,VISIONS ( ,CALI=NIA 9 ! ,TW5TY-FIR/ ,C5TURY4 

,I PRES5T ?IS BRIEF N>RATIVE ( ! PRISONIZATION ( ! ,CALI=NIA L&SCAPE 9 ORD] TO ALL[ READ]S TO GRASP H[ EASY IT WAS TO PRODUCE A MASSIVE SY/EM ( 9C>C]ATION ) ! IMPLICIT CONS5T ( ! PUBLIC4 ,:Y W]E PEOPLE SO QUICK TO ASSUME ?AT LOCK+ AWAY AN 9CREAS+LY L>GE PROPORTION ( ! ,U4,S4 POPULATION W\LD HELP ?OSE :O LIVE 9 ! FREE WORLD FEEL SAF] & MORE SECURE8 ,?IS QUE/ION CAN BE =MULAT$ 9 MORE G5]AL T]MS4 ,:Y DO PRISONS T5D TO MAKE PEOPLE ?9K ?AT !IR [N RI<TS & LIB]TIES >E MORE SECURE ?AN !Y W\LD BE IF PRISONS DID NOT EXI/8 ,:AT O!R REASONS MI<T !RE HAVE BE5 = ! RAPIDITY ) :I* PRISONS BEGAN TO COLONIZE ! ,CALI=NIA L&SCAPE8 

,GEOGRAPH] ,RU? ,GILMORE DESCRIBES ! EXPANSION ( PRISONS 9 ,CALI=NIA AS 0A GEOGRAPHICAL SOLUTION TO SOCIA-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS40#i ,H] ANALYSIS ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX 9 ,CALI=NIA DESCRIBES !SE DEVELOPM5TS AS A RESPONSE TO SURPLUSES ( CAPITAL1 L&1 LABOR1 & /ATE CAPACITY4 ,CALI=NIA'S NEW PRISONS >E SIT$ ON DEVALU$ RURAL L&1 MO/1 9 FACT ON =M]LY IRRIGAT$ AGRICULTURAL ACRES 4 4 4 ,! ,/ATE B\<T L& SOLD BY BIG L&[N]S4 ,& ! ,/ATE ASSUR$ ! SMALL1 DEPRESS$ T[NS N[ %AD[$ BY PRISONS ?AT ! NEW1 RECESSION-PRO(1 NONPOLLUT+ 9DU/RY W\LD JUMP-/>T LOCAL R$EVELOPM5T4 ,BUT1 AS ,GILMORE PO9TS \T1 NEI!R ! JOBS NOR ! MORE G5]AL ECONOMIC REVITALIZATION PROMIS$ BY PRISONS HAS OCCURR$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?IS PROMISE ( PROGRESS HELPS US TO UND]/& :Y ! LEGISLATURE & ,CALI=NIA'S VOT]S DECID$ TO APPROVE ! CON/RUCTION ( ALL !SE NEW PRISONS4 ,PEOPLE WANT$ TO BELIEVE ?AT PRISONS W\LD NOT ONLY R$UCE CRIME1 !Y W\LD ALSO PROVIDE JOBS & /IMULATE ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 \T-(-!-WAY PLACES4 

,AT BOTTOM1 !RE IS ONE FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION3 ,:Y DO WE TAKE PRISON = GRANT$8 ,:ILE A RELATIVELY SMALL PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION HAS EV] DIRECTLY EXP]I5C$ LIFE 9SIDE PRISON1 ?IS IS NOT TRUE 9 POOR BLACK & ,LAT9O COMMUNITIES4 ,NEI!R IS IT TRUE = ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS OR = C]TA9 ,ASIAN-,AM]ICAN COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT EV5 AMONG ?OSE PEOPLE :O MU/ REGRETTABLY ACCEPT PRISON S5T5CES-ESPECIALLY Y\NG PEOPLE-AS AN ORD9>Y DIM5SION ( COMMUNITY LIFE1 IT IS H>DLY ACCEPTABLE TO 5GAGE 9 S]I\S PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS AB\T PRISON LIFE OR RADICAL ALT]NATIVES TO PRISON4 ,IT IS AS IF PRISON W]E AN 9EVITABLE FACT ( LIFE1 LIKE BIR? & DEA?4 

,ON ! :OLE1 PEOPLE T5D TO TAKE PRISONS = GRANT$4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E LIFE )\T !M4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE IS RELUCTANCE TO FACE ! REALITIES HIDD5 )9 !M1 A FE> ( ?9K+ AB\T :AT HAPP5S 9SIDE !M4 ,?US1 ! PRISON IS PRES5T 9 \R LIVES &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS ABS5T FROM \R LIVES4 ,TO ?9K AB\T ?IS SIMULTANE\S PRES5CE & ABS5CE IS TO BEG9 TO ACKN[L$GE ! P>T PLAY$ BY IDEOLOGY 9 %AP+ ! WAY WE 9T]ACT ) \R SOCIAL SURR\ND+S4 ,WE TAKE PRISONS = GRANT$ BUT >E (T5 AFRAID TO FACE ! REALITIES !Y PRODUCE4 ,AFT] ALL1 NO ONE WANTS TO GO TO PRISON4 ,BECAUSE IT W\LD BE TOO AGONIZ+ TO COPE ) ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ANYONE1 9CLUD+ \RSELVES1 C\LD BECOME A PRISON]1 WE T5D TO ?9K ( ! PRISON AS DISCONNECT$ FROM \R [N LIVES4 ,?IS IS EV5 TRUE = SOME ( US1 WOM5 AS WELL AS M51 :O HAVE ALREADY EXP]I5C$ IMPRISONM5T4 ,WE ?US ?9K AB\T IMPRISONM5T AS A FATE RES]V$ = O!RS1 A FATE RES]V$ = ! 0EVILDO]S10 TO USE A T]M REC5TLY POPUL>IZ$ BY ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%4 ,BECAUSE ( ! P]SI/5T P[] ( RACISM1 0CRIM9ALS0 & 0EVILDO]S0 >E1 9 ! COLLECTIVE IMAG9ATION1 FANTASIZ$ AS PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,! PRISON !RE=E FUNCTIONS IDEOLOGICALLY AS AN AB/RACT SITE 9TO :I* UNDESIRABLES >E DEPOSIT$1 RELIEV+ US ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ?9K+ AB\T ! REAL ISSUES AFFLICT+ ?OSE COMMUNITIES FROM :I* PRISON]S >E DRAWN 9 SU* DISPROPORTIONATE NUMB]S4 ,?IS IS ! IDEOLOGICAL WORK ?AT ! PRISON P]=MS-IT RELIEVES US ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( S]I\SLY 5GAG+ ) ! PROBLEMS ( \R SOCIETY1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE PRODUC$ BY RACISM &1 9CREAS+LY1 GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,:AT1 = EXAMPLE1 DO WE MISS IF WE TRY TO ?9K AB\T PRISON EXPANSION )\T ADDRESS+ L>G] ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5TS8 ,WE LIVE 9 AN ]A ( MIGRAT+ CORPORATIONS4 ,9 ORD] TO ESCAPE ORGANIZ$ LABOR 9 ?IS C\NTRY-& ?US HI<] WAGES1 B5EFITS1 & SO ON-CORPORATIONS ROAM ! WORLD 9 SE>* ( NATIONS PROVID+ *EAP LABOR POOLS4 ,?IS CORPORATE MIGRATION ?US LEAVES 5TIRE COMMUNITIES 9 %AMBLES4 ,HUGE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE LOSE JOBS & PROSPECTS = FUTURE JOBS4 ,BECAUSE ! ECONOMIC BASE ( !SE COMMUNITIES IS DE/ROY$1 $UCATION & O!R SURVIV+ SOCIAL S]VICES >E PR(\NDLY AFFECT$4 ,?IS PROCESS TURNS ! M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 :O LIVE 9 !SE DAMAG$ COMMUNITIES 9TO P]FECT C&IDATES = PRISON4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 CORPORATIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! PUNI%M5T 9DU/RY REAP PR(ITS FROM ! SY/EM ?AT MANAGES PRISON]S & ACQUIRE A CLE> /AKE 9 ! CONT9U$ GR[? ( PRISON POPULATIONS4 ,PUT SIMPLY1 ?IS IS ! ]A ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 ,! PRISON HAS BECOME A BLACK HOLE 9TO :I* ! DETRITUS ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM IS DEPOSIT$4 ,MASS IMPRISONM5T G5]ATES PR(ITS AS IT DEV\RS SOCIAL WEAL?1 & ?US IT T5DS TO REPRODUCE ! V]Y CONDITIONS ?AT LEAD PEOPLE TO PRISON4 ,!RE >E ?US REAL & (T5 QUITE COMPLICAT$ CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! DE-9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY-A PROCESS ?AT REA*$ ITS PEAK DUR+ ! #a#i#hS-& ! RISE ( MASS IMPRISONM5T1 :I* ALSO BEGAN TO SPIRAL DUR+ ! ,REAGAN-,BU% ]A4 ,H[EV]1 ! DEM& = MORE PRISONS WAS REPRES5T$ TO ! PUBLIC 9 SIMPLI/IC T]MS4 ,MORE PRISONS W]E NE$$ BECAUSE !RE WAS MORE CRIME4 ,YET MANY S*OL>S HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT BY ! TIME ! PRISON CON/RUCTION BOOM BEGAN1 (FICIAL CRIME /ATI/ICS W]E ALREADY FALL+4 ,MOREOV]1 DRACONIAN DRUG LAWS W]E BE+ 5ACT$1 & 0?REE-/RIKES0 PROVISIONS W]E ON ! AG5DAS ( MANY /ATES4 

,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! PROLIF]ATION ( PRISONS & ! RISE ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX1 IT MI<T BE HELPFUL TO ?9K FUR!R AB\T ! REASONS WE SO EASILY TAKE PRISONS = GRANT$4 ,9 ,CALI=NIA1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ALMO/ TWO-?IRDS ( EXI/+ PRISONS W]E OP5$ DUR+ ! EI<TIES & N9ETIES4 ,:Y WAS !RE NO GREAT \TCRY8 ,:Y WAS !RE SU* AN OBVI\S LEVEL ( COM=T ) ! PROSPECT ( MANY NEW PRISONS8 ,A P>TIAL ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION HAS TO DO ) ! WAY WE CONSUME M$IA IMAGES ( ?C PRISON1 EV5 AS ! REALITIES ( IMPRISONM5T >E HIDD5 FROM ALMO/ ALL :O HAVE NOT HAD ! MIS=TUNE ( DO+ TIME4 ,CULTURAL CRITIC ,G9A ,D5T HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT \R S5SE ( FAMILI>ITY ) ! PRISON COMES 9 P>T FROM REPRES5TATIONS ( PRISONS 9 FILM & O!R VISUAL M$IA4 ,! HI/ORY ( VISUALITY L9K$ TO ! PRISON IS ALSO A MA9 RE9=CEM5T ( ! 9/ITUTION ( ! PRISON AS A NATURALIZ$ P>T ( \R SOCIAL L&SCAPE4 ,! HI/ORY ( FILM HAS ALWAYS BE5 W$D$ TO ! REPRES5TATION ( 9C>C]ATION4 ,?OMAS ,$ISON'S FIR/ FILMS 7DAT+ BACK TO ! #aia RE5ACTM5T PRES5T$ AS NEWSREEL1 ,EXECUTION ( ,CZOLGOSZ ) 9CLUD$ FOOTAGE ( ! D>KE/ RECESSES ( ! PRISON74 ,?US1 ! PRISON IS W$D$ TO \R EXP]I5CE ( VISUALITY1 CREAT+ ALSO A S5SE ( ITS P]MAN5CE AS AN 9/ITUTION4 ,WE ALSO HAVE A CON/ANT FL[ ( ,HOLLYWOOD PRISON FILMS4 ,SOME ( ! MO/ WELL KN[N PRISON FILMS >E3 ,I ,LIVE1 ,PAPILLON1 ,COOL ,H& ,LUKE1 & ,ESCAPE FROM ,ALCATRAZ4 ,IT ALSO BE>S M5TION+ ?AT TELEVISION PROGRAMM+ HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY SATURAT$ ) IMAGES ( PRISONS4 ,SOME REC5T DOCUM5T>IES 9CLUDE ! ,A@&,E S]IES ,! ,BIG ,H\SE1 :I* CONSI/S ( PROGRAMS ON ,SAN ,QU5T91 ,ALCATRAZ1 ,LEAV5WOR?1 & ,ALD]SON ,F$]AL ,RE=MATORY = ,WOM54 ,! LONG-RUNN+ ,H,B,O PROGRAM ,OZ HAS MANAG$ TO P]SUADE MANY VIEW]S ?AT !Y KN[ EXACTLY :AT GOES ON 9 MALE MAXIMUM-SECURITY PRISONS4 ,BUT EV5 ?OSE :O DO NOT CONSCI\SLY DECIDE TO WAT* A DOCUM5T>Y OR DRAMATIC PROGRAM ON ! TOPIC ( PRISONS 9EVITABLY CONSUME PRISON IMAGES1 :E!R !Y *OOSE TO OR NOT1 BY ! SIMPLE FACT ( WAT*+ MOVIES OR ,T,V4 ,IT IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO AVOID CONSUM+ IMAGES ( PRISON4 ,9 #a#i#i#g1 ,I WAS MYSELF QUITE A/ONI%$ TO F9D1 :5 ,I 9T]VIEW$ WOM5 9 ?REE ,CUBAN PRISONS1 ?AT MO/ ( !M N>RAT$ !IR PRIOR AW>5ESS ( PRISONS-?AT IS1 BE=E !Y W]E ACTUALLY 9C>C]AT$-AS COM+ FROM ! MANY ,HOLLYWOOD FILMS !Y HAD SE54 ,! PRISON IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT FEATURES ( \R IMAGE 5VIRONM5T4 ,?IS HAS CAUS$ US TO TAKE ! EXI/5CE ( PRISONS = GRANT$4 ,! PRISON HAS BECOME A KEY +R$I5T ( \R COMMON S5SE4 ,IT IS !RE1 ALL >\ND US4 ,WE DO NOT QUE/ION :E!R IT %\LD EXI/4 ,IT HAS BECOME SO MU* A P>T ( \R LIVES ?AT IT REQUIRES A GREAT FEAT ( ! IMAG9ATION TO 5VISION LIFE BEYOND ! PRISON4 

,?IS IS NOT TO DISMISS ! PR(\ND *ANGES ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ 9 ! WAY PUBLIC CONV]SATIONS AB\T ! PRISON >E CONDUCT$4 ,T5 YE>S AGO1 EV5 AS ! DRIVE TO EXP& ! PRISON SY/EM REA*$ ITS Z5I?1 !RE W]E V]Y FEW CRITIQUES ( ?IS PROCESS AVAILABLE TO ! PUBLIC4 ,9 FACT ,I MO/ PEOPLE HAD NO IDEA AB\T ! IMM5SITY ( ?IS EXPANSION4 ,?IS WAS ! P]IOD DUR+ :I* 9T]NAL *ANGES-9 P>T ?R\< ! APPLICATION ( NEW TE*NOLOGIES-L$ ! ,U4,S4 PRISON SY/EM 9 A MU* MORE REPRESSIVE DIRECTION4 ,:]EAS PREVI\S CLASSIFICATIONS HAD BE5 CONF9$ TO L[1 M$IUM1 & MAXIMUM SECURITY1 A NEW CATEGORY WAS 9V5T$-?AT ( ! SUP]-MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISON1 OR ! SUP]MAX4 ,! TURN T[>D 9CREAS$ REPRESSION 9 A PRISON SY/EM1 DI/+UI%$ FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ITS HI/ORY BY ITS REPRESSIVE REGIMES1 CAUS$ SOME J\RNALI/S PUBLIC 9TELLECTUALS & PROGRESSIVE AG5CIES TO OPPOSE ! GR[+ RELIANCE ON PRISONS TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT >E ACTUALLY EXAC]BAT$ BY MASS 9C>C]ATION4 

,9 #a#i#i1 ! ,WA%+TON-BAS$ ,S5T5C+ ,PROJECT PUBLI%$ A /UDY ( ,U4,S4 POPULATIONS 9 PRISON & JAIL1 & ON P>OLE & PROBATION1 :I* CONCLUD$ ?AT ONE 9 F\R BLACK M5 BETWE5 ! AGES ( TW5TY & TW5TY-N9E W]E AMONG !SE NUMB]S4#a#b ,FIVE YE>S LAT]1 A SECOND /UDY REVEAL$ ?AT ?IS P]C5TAGE HAD SO>$ TO ALMO/ ONE 9 ?REE 7#c#b4#b P]C5T74 ,MOREOV]1 MORE ?AN ONE 9 T5 ,LAT9O M5 9 ?IS SAME AGE RANGE W]E 9 JAIL OR PRISON1 OR ON PROBATION OR P>OLE4 ,! SECOND /UDY ALSO REVEAL$ ?AT ! GR\P EXP]I5C+ ! GREATE/ 9CREASE WAS BLACK WOM51 :OSE IMPRISONM5T 9CREAS$ BY SEV5TY-EI<T P]C5T4#a#c ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,BUREAU ( ,TU/ICE ,/ATI/ICS1 ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS AS A :OLE N[ REPRES5T ! MAJORITY ( /ATE & F$]AL PRISON]S1 ) A TOTAL ( #h#c1#d BLACK 9MATES-#a#a#h1#f MORE ?AN ! TOTAL NUMB] ( :ITE 9MATES4#a#d ,DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#iS MAJOR >TICLES ON PRISON EXPANSION APPE>$ 9 ,NEWSWEEK1 ,H>P]'S1 ,EM]GE1 & ,ATLANTIC ,MON?LY4 ,EV5 ,COL9 ,P[ELL RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( ! RIS+ NUMB] ( BLACK M5 9 PRISON :5 HE SPOKE AT ! #b ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION1 :I* DECL>$ ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU% ITS PRESID5TIAL C&IDATE4 

,OV] ! LA/ FEW YE>S ! PREVI\S ABS5CE ( CRITICAL POSITIONS ON PRISON EXPANSION 9 ! POLITICAL >5A HAS GIV5 WAY TO PROPOSALS = PRISON RE=M4 ,:ILE PUBLIC DISC\RSE HAS BECOME MORE FLEXIBLE1 ! EMPHASIS IS ALMO/ 9EVITABLY ON G5]AT+ ! *ANGES ?AT WILL PRODUCE A BETT] PRISON SY/EM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! 9CREAS$ FLEXIBILITY ?AT HAS ALL[$ = CRITICAL DISCUSSION ( ! PROBLEMS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! EXPANSION ( PRISONS ALSO RE/RICTS ?IS DISCUSSION TO ! QUE/ION ( PRISON RE=M4 

,AS IMPORTANT AS SOME RE=MS MAY BE-! ELIM9ATION ( SEXUAL ABUSE & M$ICAL NEGLECT 9 WOM5'S PRISON1 = EXAMPLE-FRAMEWORKS ?AT RELY EXCLUSIVELY ON RE=MS HELP TO PRODUCE ! /ULTIFY+ IDEA ?AT NO?+ LIES BEYOND ! PRISON4 ,DEBATES AB\T /RATEGIES ( DEC>C]ATION1 :I* %\LD BE ! FOCAL PO9T ( \R CONV]SATIONS ON ! PRISON CRISIS1 T5D TO BE M>G9ALIZ$ :5 RE=M TAKES ! C5T] /AGE4 ,! MO/ IMM$IATE QUE/ION TODAY IS H[ TO PREV5T ! FUR!R EXPANSION ( PRISON POPULATIONS & H[ TO BR+ AS MANY IMPRISON$ WOM5 & M5 AS POSSIBLE BACK 9TO :AT PRISON]S CALL LI! FREE WORLD40 ,H[ CAN WE MOVE TO DECRIM9ALIZE DRUG USE & ! TRADE 9 SEXUAL S]VICES8 ,H[ CAN WE TAKE S]I\SLY /RATEGIES ( RE/ORATIVE RA!R ?AN EXCLUSIVELY PUNITIVE JU/ICE8 ,EFFECTIVE ALT]NATIVES 9VOLVE BO? TRANS=MATION ( ! TE*NIQUES = ADDRESS+ 0CRIME0 & ( ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ?AT TRACK SO MANY *ILDR5 FROM POOR COMMUNITIES1 & ESPECIALLY COMMUNITIES ( COLOR1 9TO ! JUV5ILE SY/EM & !N ON TO PRISON4 ,! MO/ DIFFICULT & URG5T *ALL5GE TODAY IS ?AT ( CREATIVELY EXPLOR+ NEW T]RA9S ( JU/ICE1 :]E ! PRISON NO LONG] S]VES AS \R MAJOR AN*OR4 

,*APT] #b4 ,SLAV]Y1 ,CIVIL ,RI<TS1 & ,ABOLITIONI/ ,P]SPECTIVES ,T[>D ,PRISON 

,IF ,ADVOCATES ( 9C>C]ATION44 4 HOP$ ?AT ! P5IT5TI>Y W\LD REHABILITATE ITS 9MATES4 ,:]EAS PHILOSOPH]S P]CEIV$ A CEASELESS /ATE ( W> BETWE5 *ATTEL SLAVES & !IR MA/]S1 CRIM9OLOGI/S HOP$ TO NEGOTIATE A PEACE TREATY ( SORTS )9 ! PRISON WALLS4 ,YET H]E9 LURK$ A P>ADOX3 IF ! P5IT5TI>Y'S 9T]NAL REGIME RESEMBL$ ?AT ( ! PLANTATION SO CLOSELY ?AT ! TWO W]E (T5 LOOSELY EQUAT$1 H[ C\LD ! PRISON POSSIBLY FUNCTION TO REHABILITATE CRIM9ALS80 -,ADAM ,JAY ,HIRS* 

,! PRISON IS NOT ! ONLY 9/ITUTION ?AT HAS POS$ COMPLEX *ALL5GES TO ! PEOPLE :O HAVE LIV$ ) IT & HAVE BECOME SO 9UR$ TO ITS PRES5CE ?AT !Y C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( SOCIETY )\T IT4 ,)9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! SY/EM ( SLAV]Y IMM$IATELY COMES TO M9D4 ,AL?\< AS E>LY AS ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION ANTISLAV]Y ADVOCATES PROMOT$ ! ELIM9ATION ( ,AFRICAN BONDAGE1 IT TOOK ALMO/ A C5TURY TO A*IEVE ! ABOLITION ( ! 0PECULI> 9/ITUTION40 ,:ITE ANTISLAV]Y ABOLITIONI/S SU* AS ,JOHN ,BR[N & ,WILLIAM ,LLOYD ,G>RISON W]E REPRES5T$ 9 ! DOM9ANT M$IA ( ! P]IOD AS EXTREMI/S & FANATICS4 ,:5 ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS EMB>K$ ON HIS C>E] AS AN ANTISLAV]Y ORATOR1 :ITE PEOPLE-EV5 ?OSE :O W]E PASSIONATE ABOLITIONI/S-REFUS$ TO BELIEVE ?AT A BLACK SLAVE C\LD DISPLAY SU* 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! BELIEF 9 ! P]MAN5CE ( SLAV]Y WAS SO WIDESPREAD ?AT EV5 :ITE ABOLITIONI/S F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E BLACK PEOPLE AS EQUALS4 

,IT TOOK A LONG & VIOL5T CIVIL W> 9 ORD] TO LEGALLY DISE/ABLI% ! 0PECULI> 9/ITUTION4 ,I,I ,EV5 ?\< ! ,?IRTE5? ,AM5DM5T TO ! U4S4 ,CON/ITUTION \TLAW$ 9VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE1 :ITE SUPREMACY CONT9U$ TO BE EMBRAC$ BY VA/ NUMB]S ( PEOPLE & BECAME DEEPLY 9SCRIB$ 9 NEW 9/ITUTIONS4 ,ONE ( !SE PO/-SLAV]Y 9/ITUTIONS WAS LYN*+1 :I* WAS WIDELY ACCEPT$ = MANY DECADES !REAFT]4 ,?ANKS TO ! WORK ( FIGURES SU* AS ,IDA ,B4 ,WELLS1 AN ANTILYN*+ CAMPAIGN WAS GRADUALLY LEGITIMIZ$ DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! ,N,A,A,C,P1 AN ORGANIZATION ?AT CONT9UES TO CONDUCT LEGAL *ALL5GES AGA9/ DISCRIM9ATION1 EVOLV$ FROM !SE EF=TS TO ABOLI% LYN*+4 

,SEGREGATION RUL$ ! ,S\? UNTIL IT WAS \TLAW$ A C5TURY AFT] ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y4 ,MANY PEOPLE :O LIV$ UND] ,JIM ,CR[ C\LD NOT 5VISION A LEGAL SY/EM DEF9$ BY RACIAL EQUALITY4 ,:5 ! GOV]NOR ( ,ALABAMA P]SONALLY ATTEMPT$ TO PREV5T ,>?UR9E ,LUCY FROM 5ROLL+ 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ALABAMA1 HIS /ANCE REPRES5T$ ! 9ABILITY TO IMAG9E BLACK & :ITE PEOPLE EV] PEACEABLY LIV+ & /UDY+ TOGE!R4 0,SEGREGATION TODAY1 SEGREGATION TOMORR[1 SEGREGATION =EV]0 >E ! MO/ WELL KN[N WORDS ( ?IS POLITICIAN1 :O WAS =C$ TO REPUDIATE !M SOME YE>S LAT] :5 SEGREGATION HAD PROV$ F> MORE VULN]ABLE ?AN HE C\LD HAVE IMAG9$4 

,AL?\< GOV]NM5T1 CORPORATIONS1 & ! DOM9ANT M$IA TRY TO REPRES5T RACISM AS AN UN=TUNATE AB]RATION ( ! PA/ ?AT HAS BE5 RELEGAT$ TO ! GRAVEY>D ( U4S4 HI/ORY1 IT CONT9UES TO PR(\NDLY 9FLU5CE CONTEMPOR>Y /RUCTURES1 ATTITUDES1 & BEHAVIORS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ANYONE :O W\LD D>E TO CALL = ! RE9TRODUCTION ( SLAV]Y1 ! ORGANIZATION ( LYN* MOBS1 OR ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( LEGAL SEGREGATION W\LD BE SUMM>ILY DISMISS$4 ,BUT IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! ANCE/ORS ( MANY ( TODAY'S MO/ >D5T LIB]ALS C\LD NOT HAVE IMAG9$ LIFE )\T SLAV]Y1 LIFE )\T LYN*+1 OR LIFE )\T SEGREGATION4 ,! #ba ,WORLD ,CONF]5CE ,AGA9/ ,RACISM1 ,RACIAL ,DISCRIM9ATION1 ,X5OPHOBIA1 & ,RELAT$ ,9TOL]ANCES HELD 9 ,DURBAN1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 DIVULG$ ! IMM5SITY ( ! GLOBAL TASK ( ELIM9AT+ RACISM4 ,!RE MAY BE MANY DISAGREEM5TS REG>D+ :AT C\NTS AS RACISM & :AT >E ! MO/ EFFECTIVE /RATEGIES TO ELIM9ATE IT4 ,H[EV]1 ESPECIALLY ) ! D[NFALL ( ! AP>!ID REGIME 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 !RE IS A GLOBAL CONS5SUS ?AT RACISM %\LD NOT DEF9E ! FUTURE ( ! PLANET4 

,I HAVE REF]R$ TO !SE HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES ( EF=TS TO DISMANTLE RACI/ 9/ITUTIONS BECAUSE !Y HAVE CONSID]ABLE RELEVANCE TO \R DISCUSSION ( PRISONS & PRISON ABOLITION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT SLAV]Y1 LYN*+1 & SEGREGATION ACQUIR$ SU* A /ALW>T IDEOLOGICAL QUALITY ?AT MANY1 IF NOT MO/1 C\LD NOT =ESEE !IR DECL9E & COLLAPSE4 ,SLAV]Y1 LYN*+1 & SEGREGATION >E C]TA9LY COMPELL+ EXAMPLES ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT1 LIKE ! PRISON1 W]E ONCE CONSID]$ TO BE AS EV]LA/+ AS ! SUN4 ,YET1 9 ! CASE ( ALL ?REE EXAMPLES1 WE CAN PO9T TO MOVEM5TS ?AT ASSUM$ ! RADICAL /ANCE ( ANN\NC+ ! OBSOLESC5CE ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT MAY HELP US GA9 P]SPECTIVE ON ! PRISON IF WE TRY TO IMAG9E H[ /RANGE & DISCOM=T+ ! DEBATES AB\T ! OBSOLESC5CE ( SLAV]Y MU/ HAVE BE5 TO ?OSE :O TOOK ! 0PECULI> 9/ITUTION0 = GRANT$-& ESPECIALLY TO ?OSE :O REAP$ DIRECT B5EFITS FROM ?IS DREADFUL SY/EM ( RACI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,& EV5 ?\< !RE WAS WIDESPREAD RESI/ANCE AMONG BLACK SLAVES1 !RE W]E EV5 SOME AMONG !M :O ASSUM$ ?AT !Y & !IR PROG5Y W\LD BE ALWAYS SUBJECT$ TO ! TYRANNY ( SLAV]Y4 

,I HAVE 9TRODUC$ ?REE ABOLITION CAMPAIGNS ?AT W]E EV5TUALLY MORE OR LESS SUCCESSFUL TO MAKE ! PO9T ?AT SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES TRANS=M & POPUL> ATTITUDES %IFT1 9 P>T 9 RESPONSE TO ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,BUT ,I HAVE ALSO EVOK$ !SE HI/ORICAL CAMPAIGNS BECAUSE !Y ALL T>GET$ SOME EXPRESSION ( RACISM4 ,U4 ,S4 *ATTEL SLAV]Y WAS A SY/EM ( =C$ LABOR ?AT RELI$ ON RACI/ IDEAS & BELIEFS TO JU/IFY ! RELEGATION ( PEOPLE ( ,AFRICAN DESC5T TO ! LEGAL /ATUS ( PROP]TY4 ,LYN*+ WAS AN EXTRALEGAL 9/ITUTION ?AT SURR5D]$ ?\S&S ( ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN LIVES TO ! VIOL5CE ( RU?LESS RACI/ MOBS4 ,UND] SEGREGATION1 BLACK PEOPLE W]E LEGALLY DECL>$ SECOND-CLASS CITIZ5S1 = :OM VOT+1 JOB1 $UCATION1 & H\S+ RI<TS W]E DRA/ICALLY CURTAIL$1 IF !Y W]E AVAILABLE AT ALL4 

,:AT IS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 !SE HI/ORICALEXPRESSIONS ( RACISM & ! ROLE ( ! PRISON SY/EM TODAY8 ,EXPLOR+SU* CONNECTIONS MAY (F] US A DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVE ON ! CURR5T /ATE ( ! PUNI%M5T 9DU/RY4 ,IF WE >E ALREADY P]SUAD$ ?AT RACISM %\LD NOT BE ALL[$ TO DEF9E ! PLANET'S FUTURE & IF WE CAN SUCCESSFULLY >GUE ?AT PRISONS >E RACI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 ?IS MAY LEAD US TO TAKE S]I\SLY! PROSPECT ( DECL>+ PRISONS OBSOLETE4 

,= ! MOM5T ,I AM CONC5TRAT+ ON ! HI/ORY ( ANTIBLACK RACISM 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! PO9T ?AT ! PRISON REVEALS CONGEAL$ =MS ( ANTIBLACK RACISM ?AT OP]ATE 9 CL&E/9E WAYS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y >E R>ELY RECOGNIZ$ AS RACI/4 ,BUT !RE >E O!R RACIALIZ$ HI/ORIES ?AT HAVE AFFECT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,U4 ,S4 PUNI%M5T SY/EM AS WELL-! HI/ORIES ( ,LAT9OS1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS1 & ,ASIAN-,AM]ICANS4 ,!SE RACISMS ALSO CONGEAL & COMB9E 9 ! PRISON4 ,BECAUSE WE >E SO ACCU/OM$ TO TALK+ AB\T RACE 9 T]MS ( BLACK & :ITE1 WE (T5 FAIL TO RECOGNIZE & CONTE/ EXPRESSIONS ( RACISM ?AT T>GET PEOPLE ( COLOR :O >E NOT BLACK4 ,CONSID] ! MASS >RE/S & DET5TION ( PEOPLE ( ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N1 ,S\? ,ASIAN1 OR ,MUSLIM H]ITAGE 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #ba ATTACKS ON ! ,P5TAGON & ,WORLD ,TRADE ,C5T]4 

,?IS LEADS US TO TWO IMPORTANT QUE/IONS3 ,>E PRISONS RACI/ 9/ITUTIONS8 ,IS RACISM SO DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 9 ! 9/ITUTION ( ! PRISON ?AT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO ELIM9ATE ONE )\T ELIM9AT+ ! O!R8 ,!SE >E QUE/IONS ?AT WE %\LD KEEP 9 M9D AS WE EXAM9E ! HI/ORICAL L9KS BETWE5 ,U4,S4 SLAV]Y & ! E>LY P5IT5TI>Y SY/EM4 ,! P5IT5TI>Y AS AN 9/ITUTION ?AT SIMULTANE\SLY PUNI%$ & REHABILITAT$ ITS 9HABITANTS WAS A NEW SY/EM ( PUNI%M5T ?AT FIR/ MADE ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >\ND ! TIME ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS NEW SY/EM WAS BAS$ ON ! REPLACEM5T ( CAPITAL & CORPORAL PUNI%M5T BY 9C>C]ATION4 

,IMPRISONM5T ITSELF WAS NEW NEI!R TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES NOR TO ! WORLD1 BUT UNTIL ! CREATION ( ?IS NEW 9/ITUTION CALL$ ! P5IT5TI>Y1 IT S]V$ AS A PRELUDE TO PUNI%M5T4 ,PEOPLE :O W]E TO BE SUBJECT$ TO SOME =M ( CORPORAL PUNI%M5T W]E DETA9$ 9 PRISON UNTIL ! EXECUTION ( ! PUNI%M5T4 ,) ! P5IT5TI>Y1 9C>C]ATION BECAME ! PUNI%M5T ITSELF4 ,AS IS 9DICAT$ 9 ! DESIGNATION 0P5IT5TI>Y10 IMPRISONM5T WAS REG>D$ AS REHABILITATIVE & ! P5IT5TI>Y PRISON WAS DEVIS$ TO PROVIDE CONVICTS ) ! CONDITIONS = REFLECT+ ON !IR CRIMES &1 ?R\< P5IT5CE1 = RE%AP+ !IR HABITS & EV5 !IR S\LS4 ,AL?\< SOME ANTISLAV]Y ADVOCATES SPOKE \T AGA9/ ?IS NEW SY/EM ( PUNI%M5T DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 ! P5IT5TI>Y WAS G5]ALLY VIEW$ AS A PROGRESSIVE RE=M1 L9K$ TO ! L>G] CAMPAIGN = ! RI<TS ( CITIZ5S4 

,9 MANY WAYS1 ! P5IT5TI>Y WAS A VA/ IMPROVEM5T OV] ! MANY =MS ( CAPITAL & CORPORAL PUNI%M5T 9H]IT$ FROM ! ,5GLI%4 ,H[EV]1 ! CONT5TION ?AT PRISON]S W\LD REFA%ION !MSELVES IF ONLY GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO REFLECT & LABOR 9 SOLITUDE & SIL5CE DISREG>D$ ! IMPACT ( AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES ( LIV+ & WORK4 ,9DE$1 !RE W]E SIGNIFICANT SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 SLAV]Y & ! P5IT5TI>Y PRISON4 ,HI/ORIAN ,ADAM ,JAY ,HIRS* HAS PO9T$ \T3 

,ONE MAY P]CEIVE 9 ! P5IT5TI>Y MANY REFLECTIONS ( *ATTEL SLAV]Y AS IT WAS PRACTIC$ 9 ! ,S\?4 ,BO? 9/ITUTIONS SUBORD9AT$ !IR SUBJECTS TO ! WILL ( O!RS4 ,LIKE ,S\!RN SLAVES1 PRISON 9MATES FOLL[$ A DAILY R\T9E SPECIFI$ BY !IR SUP]IORS4 ,BO? 9/ITUTIONS R$UC$ !IR SUBJECTS TO DEP5D5CE ON O!RS = ! SUPPLY ( BASIC HUMAN S]VICES SU* AS FOOD & %ELT]4 ,BO? ISOLAT$ !IR SUBJECTS FROM ! G5]AL POPULATION BY CONF9+ !M TO A FIX$ HABITAT4 ,& BO? FREQU5TLY CO]C$ !IR SUBJECTS TO WORK1 (T5 = LONG] H\RS & = LESS COMP5SATION ?AN FREE LABOR]S4 

,AS ,HIRS* HAS OBS]V$1 BO? 9/ITUTIONS DEPLOY$ SIMIL> =MS ( PUNI%M5T1 & PRISON REGULATIONS W]E1 9 FACT1 V]Y SIMIL> TO ! ,SLAVE ,CODES-! LAWS ?AT DEPRIV$ 5SLAV$ HUMAN BE+S ( VIRTUALLY ALL RI<TS4 ,MOREOV]1 BO? PRISON]S & SLAVES W]E CONSID]$ TO HAVE PRON\NC$ PROCLIVITIES TO CRIME4 ,PEOPLE S5T5C$ TO ! P5IT5TI>Y 9 ! ,NOR?1 :ITE & BLACK ALIKE1 W]E POPUL>LY REPRES5T$ AS HAV+ A /RONG K9%IP TO 5SLAV$ BLACK PEOPLE4 

,! IDEOLOGIES GOV]N+ SLAV]Y & ?OSE GOV]N+ PUNI%M5T W]E PR(\NDLY L9K$ DUR+ ! E>LIE/ P]IOD ( ,U4,S4 HI/ORY4 ,:ILE FREE PEOPLE C\LD BE LEGALLY S5T5C$ TO PUNI%M5T BY H>D LABOR1 SU* A S5T5CE W\LD 9 NO WAY *ANGE ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ALREADY EXP]I5C$ BY SLAVES4 ,?US1 AS ,HIRS* FUR!R REVEALS1 ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON1 :O SUPPORT$ ! S5T5C+ ( CONVICT$ PEOPLE TO H>D LABOR ON ROAD & WAT] PROJECTS1 ALSO PO9T$ \T ?AT HE W\LD EXCLUDE SLAVES FROM ?IS SORT ( PUNI%M5T4 ,S9CE SLAVES ALREADY H>D LABOR1 S5T5C+ !M TO P5AL LABOR W\LD NOT M>K A DIFF]5CE 9 !IR CONDITION4 ,JEFF]SON SUGGE/$ BANI%M5T TO O!R C\NTRIES 9/EAD4 

,P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,UNIT$ RACE HAS ALWAYS PLAY$ A C5TRAL ROLE 9 CON/RUCT+ PRESUMPTIONS ( CRIM9ALITY4 ,AFT] ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y1 =M] SLAVE /ATES PASS$ NEW LEGISLATION REVIS+ ! ,SLAVE ,CODES 9 ORD] TO REGULATE ! BEHAVIOR ( FREE BLACKS 9 WAYS SIMIL> TO ?OSE ?AT HAD EXI/$ DUR+ SLAV]Y4 ,! NEW ,BLACK ,CODES PROSCRIB$ A RANGE ( ACTIONS-SU* AS VAGRANCY1 ABS5CE FROM WORK1 BREA* ( JOB CONTRACTS1 ! POSSESSION ( FIRE>MS1 & 9SULT+ GE/URES OR ACTS-?AT W]E CRIM9ALIZ$ ONLY :5 ! P]SON *>G$ WAS BLACK4 ,) ! PASSAGE ( ! ,?IRTE5? ,AM5DM5T TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 SLAV]Y & 9VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE W]E PUTATIVELY ABOLI%$4 ,H[EV]1 !RE WAS A SIGNIFICANT EXCEPTION4 ,9 ! WORD+ ( ! AM5DM5T1 SLAV]Y & 9VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE W]E ABOLI%$ 0EXCEPT AS A PUNI%M5T = CRIME1 :]E( ! P>TY %ALL HAVE BE5 DULY CONVICT$4,I,I ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,BLACK ,CODES1 !RE W]E CRIMES DEF9$ BY /ATE LAW = :I* ONLY BLACK PEOPLE C\LD BE 0DULY CONVICT$40 ,?US1 =M] SLAVES1 :O HAD REC5TLY BE5 EXTRICAT$ FROM A CONDITION ( H>D LABOR = LIFE1 C\LD BE LEGALLY S5T5C$ TO P5AL S]VITUDE4 

,9 ! IMM$IATE AFT]MA? ( SLAV]Y1 ! S\!RN /ATES HA/5$ TO DEVELOP A CRIM9AL JU/ICE SY/EM ?AT C\LD LEGALLY RE/RICT ! POSSIBILITIES ( FRE$OM = NEWLY RELEAS$ SLAVES4 ,BLACK PEOPLE BECAME ! PRIME T>GETS ( A DEVELOP+ CONVICT LEASE SY/EM1 REF]R$ TO BY MANY AS A RE9C>NATION ( SLAV]Y4 ,! ,MISSISSIPPI ,BLACK ,CODES1 = EXAMPLE1 DECL>$ VAGRANT ANYONE :O WAS GUILTY ( !FT1 HAD RUN AWAY .<FROM A JOB1 APP>5TLY.>1 WAS DRUNK1 WAS WANTON 9 CONDUCT OR SPEE*1 HAD NEGLECT$ JOB OR FAMILY1 H&L$ MONEY C>ELESSLY1 & 4 4 4 ALL O!R IDLE & DISORD]LY P]SONS4 0#a#i ,?US1 VAGRANCY WAS COD$ AS A BLACK CRIME1 ONE PUNI%ABLE BY 9C>C]ATION & =C$ LABOR1 SOMETIMES ON ! V]Y PLANTATIONS ?AT PREVI\SLY HAD ?RIV$ ON SLAVE LABOR4 

,M>Y ,ELL5 ,CURT9'S /UDY ( ,ALABAMA PRISON]S DUR+ ! DECADES FOLL[+ EMANCIPATION DISCLOSES ?AT BE=E ! F\R HUNDR$ ?\S& BLACK SLAVES 9 ?AT /ATE W]E SET FREE1 N9ETY-N9E P]C5T ( PRISON]S 9 ,ALABAMA'S P5IT5TI>IES W]E :ITE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! %IFTS PROVOK$ BY ! 9/ITUTION ( ! ,BLACK ,CODES1 )9 A %ORT P]IOD ( TIME1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ,ALABAMA'S CONVICTS W]E BLACK4#bO ,%E FUR!R OBS]VES3 

,AL?\< ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,ALABAMA'S ANTEBELLUM W]E :ITE1 ! POPUL> P]CEPTION WAS ?AT ! ,S\?'S TRUE CRIM9ALS W]E ITS BLACK SLAVES4 ,9 ! #a#h#gS ! GR[+ NUMB] ( BLACK PRISON]S 9 ! ,S\? FUR!R BUTTRESS$ ! BELIEF ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS W]E 9H]5TLY CRIM9AL &1 9 P>TICUL>1 PRONE TO L>C5Y4 

,9 #a#h#h#c1 ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS HAD ALREADY WRITT5 AB\T ! ,S\?'S T5D5CY TO 0IMPUTE CRIME TO COLOR40#b#b ,:5 A P>TICUL>LY EGREGI\S CRIME WAS COMMITT$1 HE NOT$1 NOT ONLY WAS GUILT FREQU5TLY ASSIGN$ TO A BLACK P]SON REG>DLESS ( ! P]PETRATOR'S RACE1 BUT :ITE M5 SOMETIMES S\<T TO ESCAPE PUNI%M5T BY DISGUIS+ !MSELVES AS BLACK4 ,D\GLASS W\LD LAT] REC\NT ONE SU* 9CID5T ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,GRANG] ,C\NTY1 ,T5NESSEE1 9 :I* A MAN :O APPE>$ TO BE BLACK WAS %OT :ILE COMMITT+ A ROBB]Y4 ,! W\ND$ MAN1 H[EV]1 WAS DISCOV]$ TO BE A RESPECTABLE :ITE CITIZ5 :O HAD COLOR$ HIS FACE BLACK4 ,! ABOVE EXAMPLE FROM ,D\GLASS DEMON/RATES H[ :IT5ESS1 9 ! WORDS ( LEGAL S*OL> ,*]YL ,H>RIS1 OP]ATES AS PROP]TY4#b#c ,ACCORD+ TO ,H>RIS1 ! FACT ?AT :ITE ID5TITY WAS POSSESS$ AS PROP]TY MEANT ?AT RI<TS1 LIB]- & SELF-ID5TITY W]E AFFIRM$ = :ITE PEOPLE1 :ILE BE+ D5I$ TO BLACK PEOPLE4 ,! LATT]'S ONLY ACCESS TO :IT5ESS WAS ?R\< 0PASS+40 ,D\GLASS'S COMM5TS 9DICATE H[ ?IS PROP]TY 9T]E/ 9 :IT5ESS WAS EASILY REV]S$ 9 S*EMES TO D5Y BLACK PEOPLE !IR RI<TS TO DUE PROCESS4 ,9T]E/+LY1 CASES SIMIL> TO ! ONE ,D\GLASS DISCUSSES ABOVE EM]G$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DUR+ ! #a#i#iS3 9 ,BO/ON1 ,*>LES ,/U>T MURD]$ HIS PREGNANT WIFE & ATTEMPT$ TO BLAME AN ANONYM\S BLACK MAN1 & 9 ,UNION1 ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 ,SUSAN ,SMI? KILL$ H] *ILDR5 & CLAIM$ !Y HAD BE5 ABDUCT$ BY A BLACK C>JACK]4 ,! RACIALIZATION ( CRIME-! T5D5CY TO 0IMPUTE CRIME TO COLOR10 TO USE ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS'S WORDS-DID NOT WI!R AWAY AS ! C\NTRY BECAME 9CREAS+LY REMOV$ FROM SLAV]Y4 ,PRO( ?AT CRIME CONT9UES TO BE IMPUT$ TO COLOR RESIDES 9 ! MANY EVOCATIONS ( 0RACIAL PR(IL+0 9 \R TIME4 ,?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO BE T>GET$ BY ! POLICE = NO O!R REASON ?AN ! COLOR ( ONE'S SK9 IS NOT M]E SPECULATION4 ,POLICE DEP>TM5TS 9 MAJOR URBAN >EAS HAVE ADMITT$ ! EXI/5CE ( =MAL PROC$URES DESIGN$ TO MAXIMIZE ! NUMB]S ( ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS & ,LAT9OS >RE/$ EV5 9 ! ABS5CE ( PROBABLE CAUSE4 ,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,SEPTEMB] #aa ATTACKS1 VA/ NUMB]S ( PEOPLE ( ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N & ,S\? ,ASIAN H]ITAGE W]E >RE/$ & DETA9$ BY ! POLICE AG5CY KN[N 
AS ,IMMIGRATION & ,NATURALIZATION ,S]VICES 7,9,S74 ,! ,9,S IS ! F$]AL AG5CY ?AT CLAIMS ! L>GE/ NUMB] ( >M$ AG5TS1 EV5 MORE ?AN ! ,F,B,J4 ,DUR+ ! PO/-SLAV]Y ]A1 AS BLACK PEOPLE W]E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO S\!RN P5AL SY/EMS--& AS ! P5AL SY/EM BECAME A SY/EM ( P5AL S]VITUDE-! PUNI%M5TS ASSOCIAT$ ) SLAV]Y BECAME FUR!R 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! P5AL SY/EM4 0,:IPP+10 AS ,MAT!W ,MANC9I HAS OBS]V$1 0WAS ! PREEM95T =M ( PUNI%M5T UND] 
SLAV]Y & ! LA%1 ALONG ) ! *A91 BECAME ! V]Y EMBLEM ( S]VITUDE = SLAVES & PRISON]S4 ,AS 9DICAT$ ABOVE1 BLACK PEOPLE W]E IMPRISON$ UND] ! LAWS ASSEMBL$ 9 ! V>I\S ,BLACK ,CODES ( ! S\!RN /ATES1 :I*1 BECAUSE !Y W]E RE->TICULATIONS ( ! ,SLAVE ,CODES1 
T5D$ TO RACIALIZE P5ALITY & L9K IT CLOSELY ) PREVI\S REGIMES ( SLAV]Y4 ,! EXPANSION ( ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM & ! C\NTY *A9 GANG MEANT ?AT ! ANTEBELLUM CRIM9AL JU/ICE SY/EM1 :I* FOCUS$ F> MORE 9T5SELY ON BLACK PEOPLE ?AN ON :ITES1 DEF9$ S\!RN CRIM9AL 
JU/ICE L>GELY AS A MEANS ( CONTROLL+ BLACK LABOR4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MANC9I3 ,AMONG ! MULTIF>I\S DEBILITAT+ LEGACIES ( SLAV]Y WAS ! CONVICTION ?AT BLACKS C\LD ONLY LABOR 9 A C]TA9 WAY-! WAY EXP]I5CE HAD %[N !M TO HAVE LABOR$ 9 ! PA/3 9 GANGS1 SUBJECT$ TO CON/ANT SUP]VISION1 & UND] ! DISCIPL9E ( ! LA%4 ,S9CE !SE W]E ! REQUISITES ( SLAV]Y1 & S9CE SLAVES W]E BLACKS1 ,S\!RN :ITES ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY CONCLUD$ ?AT BLACKS C\LD NOT WORK UNLESS SUBJECT$ TO SU* 9T5SE SURVEILLANCE & DISCIPL9E4 

,S*OL>S :O HAVE /UDI$ ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM PO9T \T ?AT 9 MANY IMPORTANT RESPECTS1 CONVICT LEAS+ WAS F> WORSE?AN SLAV]Y1 AN 9SI<T?AT CAN BE GLEAN$ FROM TITLES SU* AS ,ONE ,DIES1 ,GET ,ANO!R 7BY ,MANC9I71 ,WORSE ,?AN ,SLAV]Y 7,DAVID ,O%9SKY'S WORK ON ,P>*MAN ,PRISON71#b#g & ,TWICE ! ,WORK (,FREE ,LABOR 7,ALEX ,LI*T5/E9'S EXAM9ATION ( ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( CONVICT LEAS+74#b#h ,SLAVE [N]S MAY HAVE BE5 CONC]N$ = ! SURVIVAL ( 9DIVIDUAL SLAVES1 :O1 AFT] ALL1 REPRES5T$ SIGNIFICANT 9VE/M5TS4 ,CONVICTS1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E LEAS$ NOT AS 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT AS A GR\P1 & !Y C\LD BE WORK$ LIT]ALLY TO DEA? )\T AFFECT+ ! PR(ITABILITY ( A CONVICT CREW4 

,ACCORD+ TO DESCRIPTIONS BY CONTEMPOR>IES1 ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* LEAS$ CONVICTS & C\NTY *A9 GANGS LIV$ W]E F> WORSE ?AN ?OSE UND] :I* BLACK PEOPLE HAD LIV$ AS SLAVES4 ,! RECORDS ( ,MISSISSIPPI PLANTATIONS 9 ! ,YAZOO ,DELTA DUR+ ! LATE #a#h#hS 9DICATE ?AT 

! PRISON]S ATE & SLEPT ON B>E GR\ND1 )\T BLANKETS OR MATTRESSES1 & (T5 )\T CLO!S4 ,!Y W]E PUNI%$ =0SL[ HOE+0 7T5 LA%ES71 0SORRY PLANT+0 7FIVE LA%ES71 &0BE+ LI<T ) COTTON0 7FIVE LA%ES74 ,SOME :O ATTEMPT$ TO ESCAPE W]E :IPP$ 0TILL ! BLOOD RAN D[N !IR LEGS02 O!RS HAD A METAL SPUR RIVET$ TO !IR FEET4 ,CONVICTS DROPP$ FROM EXHAU/ION1 PNEUMONIA1 MAL>IA1 FRO/BITE1 CONSUMPTION1 SUN/ROKE1 DYS5T]Y1 GUN%OT W\NDS1 & POISON+ 7! CON/ANT RUBB+ ( *A9S & LEG IRONS AGA9/ B>E FLE%74 

,! APPALL+ TREATM5T TO :I* CONVICTS W]E SUBJECT$ UND] ! LEASE SY/EM RECAPITULAT$ & FUR!R EXT5D$ ! REGIMES ( SLAV]Y4 ,IF1 AS ,ADAM ,TAY ,HIRS* CONT5DS1 ! E>LY 9C>NATIONS ( ! ,U4,S4 P5IT5TI>Y 9 ! ,NOR? T5D$ TO MIRROR ! 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y 9 MANY IMPORTANT RESPECTS1 ! PO/-,CIVIL ,W> EVOLUTION ( ! PUNI%M5T SY/EM WAS 9 V]Y LIT]AL WAYS ! CONT9UATION ( A SLAVE SY/EM1 :I* WAS NO LONG] LEGAL 9 ! 0FREE0 WORLD4 ,! POPULATION ( CONVICTS1 :OSE RACIAL COMPOSITION WAS DRAMATICALLY TRANS=M$ BY ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y1 C\LD BE SUBJECT$ TO SU* 9T5SE EXPLOITATION & TO SU* HORR5D\S MODES ( PUNI%M5T PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y CONT9U$ TO BE P]CEIV$ AS SLAVES4 

,HI/ORIAN ,M>Y ,ANN ,CURT9 HAS OBS]V$ ?AT MANY S*OL>S :O HAVE ACKN[L$G$ ! DEEPLY 5TR5*$ RACISM ( ! PO/-,CIVIL ,W> /RUCTURES ( PUNI%M5T 9! ,S\? HAVE FAIL$ TO ID5TIFY !EXT5T TO :I* RACISM COLOR$ COMMONS5SE UND]/&+S ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES SURR\ND+ ! :OLESALE CRIM9ALIZATION ( BLACK COMMUNITIES4 ,EV5 ANTIRACI/ HI/ORIANS1 %E CONT5DS1 DO NOT GO F> 5\< 9 EXAM9+ ! WAYS 9 :I* BLACK PEOPLE W]E MADE 9TO CRIM9ALS4 ,!Y PO9T \T-& ?IS1 %E SAYS1 IS 9DE$ P>TIALLY TRUE-?AT 9 ! AFT]MA?( EMANCIPATION1 L>GE NUMB]S ( BLACK PEOPLE W]E =C$ BY !IR NEW SOCIAL SITUATION TO /EAL 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,IT WAS ! TRANS=MATION ( PETTY ?IEV]Y 9TO A FELONY ?AT RELEGAT$ SUB/ANTIAL NUMB]S ( BLACK PEOPLE TO !09VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE0 LEGALIZ$ BY ! ,?IRTE5? ,AM5DM5T4 ,:AT ,CURT9 SUGGE/S IS ?AT !SE 
*>GES ( !FT W]E FREQU5TLY FABRICAT$ \TRI<T4 ,!Y 0ALSO S]V$ AS SUBT]FUGE = POLITICAL REV5GE4 ,AFT] EMANCIPATION ! C\RTROOM BECAME AN IDEAL PLACE TO EXACT RACIAL RETRIBUTION04 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! WORK ( ! CRIM9AL JU/ICE SY/EM WAS 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO ! EXTRALEGAL WORK ( LYN*+4 ,ALEX ,LI*T5/E91 :OSE /UDY FOCUSES ON ! ROLE ( ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM 9 =G+ A NEW LABOR =CE = ! ,S\?1 ID5TIFIES ! LEASE SY/EM1 ALONG ) ! NEW ,JIM ,CR[ LAWS1 AS ! C5TRAL 9/ITUTION 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A RACIAL /ATE4 

,NEW ,S\? CAPITALI/S 9 ,GEORGIA & ELSE:]E W]E ABLE TO USE ! /ATE TO RECRUIT & DISCIPL9E A CONVICT LABOR =CE1 & ?US W]E ABLE TO DEVELOP !IR /ATES' RES\RCES )\T CREAT+ A WAGE LABOR =CE1 & )\T UND]M9+ PLANT]S' CONTROL ( BLACK LABOR4 ,9 FACT1 QUITE ! OPPOSITE3 ! P5AL SY/EM C\LD BE US$ AS A P[]FUL SANCTION AGA9/ RURAL BLACKS :O *ALL5G$ ! RACIAL ORD] UPON :I* AGRICULTURAL LABOR CONTROL RELI$4 

,LI*T5/E9 DISCLOSES1 = EXAMPLE1 ! EXT5T TO :I* ! BUILD+ ( ,GEORGIA RAILROADS DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY RELI$ ON BLACK CONVICT LABOR4 ,HE FUR!R REM9DS US ?AT AS WE DRIVE D[N ! MO/ FAM\S /REET 9 ,ATLANTA ,PEA*TREE ,/REET-WE RIDE ON ! BACKS ( CONVICTS3 0,! R5[N$ ,PEA*TREE ,/REET & ! RE/ ( ,ATLANTA'S WELL PAV$ ROADS & MOD]N TRANSPORTATION 9FRA/RUCTURE1 :I* HELP$ CEM5T ITS PLACE AS ! COMM]CIAL HUB ( ! MOD]N ,S\?1 W]E ORIG9ALLY LAID BY CONVICTS04 

,LI*T5/E9'S MAJOR >GUM5T IS ?AT ! CONVICT LEASE WAS NOT AN IRRATIONAL REGRESSION2 IT WAS NOT PRIM>ILY A ?R[BACK TO PRE-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS A MO/ EFFICI5T & MO/ RATIONAL DEPLOYM5T ( RACI/ /RATEGIES TO SWIFTLY A*IEVE 9DU/RIALIZATION 9 ! ,S\?4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 HE >GUES1 0CONVICT LABOR WAS 9 MANY WAYS 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! REGION'S FIR/ T5TATIVE1 AMBIVAL5T1 /EPS T[>D MOD]NITY4 

,?OSE ( US :O HAVE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO VISIT N9ETE5?-C5TURY MANSIONS ?AT W]E ORIG9ALLY CON/RUCT$ ON SLAVE PLANTATIONS >E R>ELY CONT5T ) AN ES!TIC APPRAISAL ( !SE /RUCTURES1 NO MATT] H[ BEAUTIFUL !Y MAY BE4 ,SUFFICI5T VISUAL IMAG]Y ( TOIL+ BLACK SLAVES CIRCULATE 5\< 9 \R 5VIRONM5T = US TO IMAG9E ! BRUTALITY ?AT HIDES JU/ B5EA? ! SURFACE ( !SE WONDR\S MANSIONS4 ,WE HAVE LE>N$ H[ TO RECOGNIZE ! ROLE ( SLAVE LABOR1 AS WELL AS ! RACISM IT EMBODI$4 ,BUT BLACK CONVICT LABOR REMA9S A HIDD5 DIM5SION ( \R HI/ORY4 ,IT IS EXTREMELY UNSETTL+ TO ?9K ( MOD]N1 9DU/RIALIZ$ URBAN >EAS AS HAV+ BE5 ORIG9ALLY PRODUC$ UND] ! RACI/ LABOR CONDITIONS ( P5AL S]VITUDE ?AT >E (T5 DESCRIB$ BY HI/ORIANS AS EV5 WORSE ?AN SLAV]Y4 

,I GREW UP 9 ! CITY ( ,BIRM+HAM1 ,ALABAMA4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS M9ES-COAL & IRON ORE-& ITS /EEL MILLS ?AT REMA9$ ACTIVE UNTIL ! DE-9DU/RIALIZATION PROCESS ( ! #a#i#hS1 IT WAS WIDELY KN[N AS 0! ,PITTSBUR< ( ! ,S\?4 0 ,! FA!RS ( MANY ( MY FRI5DS WORK$ 9 !SE M9ES & MILLS4 ,IT IS ONLY REC5TLY ?AT ,I HAVE LE>N$ ?AT ! BLACK M9]S & /EELWORK]S ,I KNEW DUR+ MY *ILDHOOD 9H]IT$ !IR PLACE 9 ,BIRM+HAM'S 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T FROM BLACK CONVICTS =C$ TO DO ?IS WORK UND] ! LEASE SY/EM4 ,AS ,CURT9 OBS]VES3 

,MANY EX-PRISON]S BECAME M9]S BECAUSE ,ALABAMA US$ PRISON LABOR EXT5SIVELY 9 ITS COAL M9ES4 ,BY #ahhh ALL ( ,ALABAMA'S ABLE MALE PRISON]S W]E LEAS$ TO TWO MAJOR M9+ COMPANIES3 ! ,T5NESSEE ,COAL & ,IRON ,COMPANY 7,T,C,I7 & ,SLOSS ,IRON & ,/EEL ,COMPANY4 ,= A *>GE ( UP TO @s#a#h4#e P] MON? P] MAN1 !SE CORPORATIONS 0LEAS$10 OR R5T$ PRISON LABOR]S & WORK$ !M 9 COAL M9ES4 

,LE>N+ AB\T ?IS LITTLE-ACKN[L$G$ DIM5SION ( BLACK & LABOR HI/ORY HAS CAUS$ ME TO REEVALUATE MY [N *ILDHOOD EXP]I5CES4 

,ONE ( ! MANY RUSES RACISM A*IEVES IS ! VIRTUAL ]ASURE ( HI/ORICAL CONTRIBUTIONS BY PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,H]E WE HAVE A P5AL SY/EM ?AT WAS RACI/ 9 MANY RESPECTS-DISCRIM9ATORY >RE/S & S5T5CES1 CONDITIONS ( WORK1 MODES ( PUNI%M5T-TOGE!R ) ! RACI/ ]ASURE ( ! SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY BLACK CONVICTS AS A RESULT ( RACI/ CO]CION4 ,JU/ AS IT IS DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E H[ MU* IS [$ TO CONVICTS RELEGAT$ TO P5AL S]VITUDE DUR+ ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES1 WE F9D IT DIFFICULT TODAY TO FEEL A CONNECTION ) ! PRISON]S :O PRODUCE A RIS+ NUMB] ( COMMODITIES ?AT WE TAKE = GRANT$ 9 \R DAILY LIVES4 ,9 ! /ATE ( ,CALI=NIA1 PUBLIC COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES >E PROVID$ ) FURNITURE PRODUC$ BY PRISON]S1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( :OM >E ,LAT9O & BLACK4 

,!RE >E ASPECTS ( \R HI/ORY ?AT WE NE$ TO 9T]ROGATE & RE?9K1 ! RECOGNITION ( :I* MAY HELP US TO ADOPT MORE COMPLICAT$1 CRITICAL PO/URES T[>D ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE4 ,I HAVE FOCUS$ ON ! WORK ( A FEW S*OL>S :OSE WORK URGES US TO RAISE QUE/IONS AB\T ! PA/1 PRES5T1 & FUTURE4 ,CURT91 = EXAMPLE1 IS NOT SIMPLY CONT5T ) (F]+ US ! POSSIBILITY ( REEXAM9+ ! PLACE ( M9+ & /EELWORK 9 ! LIVES ( BLACK PEOPLE 9 ,ALABAMA4 ,%E ALSO USES H] RESE>* TO URGE US TO ?9K AB\T ! UNCANNY P>ALLELS BETWE5 ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & PRISON PRIVATIZATION 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/4 

,9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 COAL COMPANIES WI%$ TO KEEP !IR SKILL$ PRISON LABOR]S = AS LONG AS !Y C\LD1 LEAD+ TO D5IALS ( 0%ORT TIME04 ,TODAY1 A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T ECONOMIC 9C5TIVE CAN LEAD TO SIMIL> CONSEQU5CES4 ,C,C,A .<,CORRECTIONS ,CORPORATION ( ,AM]ICA.> IS PAID P] PRISON]4 ,IF ! SUPPLY DRIES UP1 OR TOO MANY >E RELEAS$ TOO E>LY1 !IR PR(ITS >E AFFECT$4 
,LONG] PRISON T]MS MEAN GREAT] PR(ITS1 BUT ! L>G] PO9T IS ?AT ! PR(IT MOTIVE PROMOTES ! EXPANSION ( IMPRISONM5T4 

,! P]SI/5CE ( ! PRISON AS ! MA9 =M ( PUNI%M5T1 ) ITS RACI/ & SEXI/ DIM5SIONS1 HAS CREAT$ ?IS HI/ORICAL CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! N9ETE5?- & E>LYTW5TIE?-C5TURY CONVICT LEASE SY/EM & ! PRIVATIZ$ PRISON BUS9ESS TODAY4 ,:ILE ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM WAS LEGALLY ABOLI%$1 ITS /RUCTURES ( EXPLOITATION HAVE REEM]G$ 9 ! PATT]NS ( PRIVATIZATION1 &1 MORE G5]ALLY1 9 ! WIDE-RANG+ CORPORATIZATION ( PUNI%M5T ?AT HAS PRODUC$ A PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 ,IF ! PRISON CONT9UES TO DOM9ATE ! L&SCAPE ( PUNI%M5T ?R\<\T ?IS C5TURY & 9TO ! NEXT1 :AT MI<T AWAIT COM+ G5]ATIONS ( IMPOV]I%$ ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS1 ,LAT9OS1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS1 & ,ASIAN-,AM]ICANS8 ,GIV5 ! P>ALLELS BETWE5 ! PRISON & SLAV]Y1 A PRODUCTIVE EX]CISE MI<T CONSI/ 9 SPECULAT+ AB\T :AT ! PRES5T MI<T LOOK LIKE IF SLAV]Y OR ITS SUCCESSOR1 ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM1 HAD NOT BE5 ABOLI%$4 

,TO BE SURE1 ,I AM NOT SUGGE/+ ?AT ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y & ! LEASE SY/EM HAS PRODUC$ AN ]A ( EQUALITY & JU/ICE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 RACISM SURREPTITI\SLY DEF9ES SOCIAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES 9 WAYS ?AT >E DIFFICULT TO ID5TIFY & ?US >E MU* MORE DAMAG+4 ,9 SOME /ATES1 = EXAMPLE1 MORE ?AN ONE-?IRD ( BLACK M5 HAVE BE5 LABEL$ FELONS4 ,9 ,ALABAMA & ,FLORIDA1 ONCE A FELON1 ALWAYS A FELON1 :I* 5TAILS ! LOSS ( /ATUS AS A RI<TS-BE>+ CITIZ54 ,ONE ( ! GRAVE CONSEQU5CES ( ! P[]FUL REA* ( ! PRISON WAS ! #b 7SELECTION ( ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU% AS PRESID5T4 ,IF ONLY ! BLACK M5 & WOM5 D5I$ ! RI<T TO VOTE BECAUSE ( AN ACTUAL OR PRESUM$ FELONY RECORD HAD BE5 ALL[$ TO CA/ !IR BALLOTS1 ,BU% W\LD NOT BE 9 ! ,:ITE ,H\SE TODAY4 ,& P]HAPS WE W\LD NOT BE DEAL+ ) ! AWFUL CO/S ( ! ,W> ON ,T]RORISM DECL>$ DUR+ ! FIR/ YE> ( HIS ADM9I/RATION4 ,IF NOT = HIS ELECTION1 ! PEOPLE ( ,IRAQ MI<T NOT HAVE SUFF]$ DEA?1 DE/RUCTION1 & 5VIRONM5TAL POISON+ BY U4S4 MILIT>Y =CES4 

,AS APPALL+ AS ! CURR5T POLITICAL SITUATION MAY BE1 IMAG9E :AT \R LIVES MI<T HAVE BECOME IF WE W]E /ILL GRAPPL+ ) ! 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y-OR ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM OR RACIAL SEGREGATION4 ,BUT WE DO NOT HAVE TO SPECULATE AB\T LIV+ ) ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! PRISON4 ,!RE IS MORE ?AN 5\< EVID5CE 9 ! LIVES ( M5 & WOM5 :O HAVE BE5 CLAIM$ BY EV] MORE REPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS & :O >E D5I$ ACCESS TO !IR FAMILIES1 !IR COMMUNITIES1 TO $UCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES1 TO PRODUCTIVE & CREATIVE WORK1 TO PHYSICAL & M5TAL RECREATION4 ,& !RE IS EV5 MORE COMPELL+ EVID5CE AB\T ! DAMAGE WR\<T BY ! EXPANSION ( ! PRISON SY/EM 9 ! S*OOLS LOCAT$ 9 POOR COMMUNITIES ( COLOR ?AT REPLICATE ! /RUCTURES & REGIMES ( ! PRISON4 ,:5 *ILDR5 ATT5D S*OOLS ?AT PLACE A GREAT] VALUE ON DISCIPL9E & SECURITY ?AN ON KN[L$GE & 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T1 !Y >E ATT5D+ PREP S*OOLS = PRISON4 ,IF ?IS IS ! PR$ICAM5T WE FACE TODAY1 :AT MI<T ! FUTURE HOLD IF ! PRISON SY/EM ACQUIRES AN EV5 GREAT] PRES5CE 9 \R SOCIETY8 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ANTISLAV]Y ACTIVI/S 9SI/$ ?AT AS LONG AS SLAV]Y CONT9U$1 ! FUTURE ( DEMOCRACY WAS BLEAK 9DE$4 ,9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 ANTIPRISON ACTIVI/S 9SI/ ?AT A FUNDAM5TAL REQUIREM5T = ! REVITALIZATION ( DEMOCRACY IS ! LONG-OV]DUE ABOLITION ( ! PRISON SY/EM4 

,*APT] #c4 ,IMPRISONM5T & ,RE=M 

0,ONE %\LD RECALL ?AT ! MOVEM5T = RE=M+ ! PRISONS1 = CONTROLL+ !IR FUNCTION+ IS NOT A REC5T PH5OM5ON4 ,IT DOES NOT EV5 SEEM TO HAVE ORIG9AT$ 9 A RECOGNITION ( FAILURE4 ,PRISON 'RE=M' IS VIRTUALLY CONTEMPOR>Y ) ! PRISON ITSELF3 IT CON/ITUTES1 AS IT W]E1 ITS PROGRAM40 - ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT 

,IT IS IRONIC ?AT ! PRISON ITSELF WAS A PRODUCT ( CONC]T$ EF=TS BY RE=M]S TO CREATE A BETT] SY/EM ( PUNI%M5T4 ,IF ! WORDS 0PRISON RE=M0 SO EASILY SLIP FROM \R LIPS1 IT IS BECAUSE 0PRISON0 & 0RE=M0 HAVE BE5 9EXTRICABLY L9K$ S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! USE ( IMPRISONM5T AS ! MA9 MEANS ( PUNI%+ ?OSE :O VIOLATE SOCIAL NORMS4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY 9DICAT$1 ! ORIG9S ( ! PRISON >E ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION & !RE=E ) ! RESI/ANCE TO ! COLONIAL P[] ( ,5GL&4 ,TODAY ?IS SEEMS IRONIC1 BUT 9C>C]ATION )9 A P5IT5TI>Y WAS ASSUM$ TO BE HUMANE-AT LEA/ F> MORE HUMANE ?AN ! CAPITAL & CORPORAL PUNI%M5T 9H]IT$ FROM ,5GL& & O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 ,F\CAULT OP5S HIS /UDY1 ,DISCIPL9E & ,PUNI%3 ,! ,BIR? ( ! ,PRISON1 ) A DESCRIPTION ( A #ageg EXECUTION 9 ,P>IS4 ,! MAN :O WAS PUT TO DEA? WAS FIR/ =C$ TO UND]GO A S]IES ( =MIDABLE TORTURES ORD]$ BY ! C\RT4 ,R$-HOT P9C]S W]E US$ TO BURN AWAY ! FLE% FROM HIS LIMBS1 & MOLT5 LEAD1 BOIL+ OIL1 BURN+ RES91 & O!R SUB/ANCES W]E MELT$ TOGE!R & P\R$ ONTO ! W\NDS4 ,F9ALLY1 HE WAS DRAWN & QU>T]$1 HIS BODY BURN$1 & ! A%ES TOSS$ 9TO ! W9D4 ,UND] ,5GLI% COMMON LAW1 A CONVICTION = SODOMY L$ TO ! PUNI%M5T ( BE+ BURI$ ALIVE1 & CONVICT$ H]ETICS ALSO W]E BURN$ ALIVE4 0,! CRIME ( TREASON BY A FEMALE WAS PUNI%$ 9ITIALLY UND] ! COMMON LAW BY BURN+ ALIVE ! DEF5DANT4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! YE> #agi ?IS ME?OD WAS HALT$ & ! PUNI%M5T BECAME /RANGULATION & BURN+ ( ! CORPSE4 

,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN RE=M]S SET \T TO 5D MACABRE P5ALTIES SU* AS ?IS1 AS WELL AS O!R =MS ( CORPORAL PUNI%M5T SU* AS ! /OCKS & PILLORIES1 :IPP+S1 BR&+S1 & AMPUTATIONS4 ,PRIOR TO ! APPE>ANCE ( PUNITIVE 9C>C]ATION1 SU* PUNI%M5T WAS DESIGN$ TO HAVE ITS MO/ PR(\ND EFFECT NOT SO MU* ON ! P]SON PUNI%$ AS ON ! CR[D ( SPECTATORS4 ,PUNI%M5T WAS1 9 ESS5CE1 PUBLIC SPECTACLE4 ,RE=M]S SU* AS ,JOHN ,H[>D 9 ,5GL& & ,B5JAM9 ,RU% 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA >GU$ ?AT PUNI%M5T-IF C>RI$ \T 9 ISOLATION1 BEH9D ! WALLS ( ! PRISON-W\LD CEASE TO BE REV5GE & W\LD ACTUALLY RE=M ?OSE :O HAD BROK5 ! LAW4 

,IT %\LD ALSO BE PO9T$ \T ?AT PUNI%M5?AS NOT BE5 )\T ITS G5D]$ DIM5SIONS4 ,WOM5 W]E (T5 PUNI%$ )9 ! DOME/IC DOMA91 & 9/RUM5TS ( TORTURE W]E SOMETIMES IMPORT$ BY AU?ORITIES 9TO ! H\SEHOLD4 ,9 SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ,BRITA91 WOM5 :OSE HUSB&S ID5TIFI$ !M AS QU>RELSOME & UN-ACCEPT+ ( MALE DOM9ANCE W]E PUNI%$ BY MEANS ( A GOSSIP'S BRIDLE1 OR ILBRANKS10 A HEADPIECE ) A *A9 ATTA*$ & AN IRON BIT ?AT WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! WOMAN'S M\?4 ,AL?\< ! BRANK+ ( WOM5 WAS (T5 L9K$ TO A PUBLIC P>ADE1 ?IS CONTRAPTION WAS SOMETIMES HOOK$ TO A WALL ( ! H\SE1 :]E ! PUNI%$ WOMAN REMA9$ UNTIL H] HUSB& DECID$ TO RELEASE H]4 ,I M5TION !SE =MS ( PUNI%M5T 9FLICT$ ON WOM5 BECAUSE1 LIKE ! PUNI%M5T 9FLICT$ ON SLAVES1 !Y W]E R>ELY TAK5 UP BY PRISON RE=M]S4 

,O!R MODES ( PUNI%M5T ?AT PR$AT$ ! RISE ( ! PRISON 9CLUDE BANI%M5T1 =C$ LABOR 9 GALLEYS1 TRANSPORTATION1 & APPROPRIATION ( ! ACCUS$'S PROP]TY4 ,! PUNITIVE TRANSPORTATION ( L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE FROM ,5GL&1 = EXAMPLE1 FACILITAT$ ! 9ITIAL COLONIZATION ( ,AU/RALIA4 ,TRANSPORT$ ,5GLI% CONVICTS ALSO SETTL$ ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN COLONY ( ,GEORGIA4 ,DUR+ ! E>LY #a#gS1 ONE 9 EI<T TRANSPORT$ CONVICTS W]E WOM51 & ! WORK !Y W]E =C$ TO P]=M (T5 CONSI/$ ( PRO/ITUTION4 

,IMPRISONM5T WAS NOT EMPLOY$ AS A PR9CIPAL MODE ( PUNI%M5T UNTIL ! EI<TE5? C5TURY 9 ,EUROPE & ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,& ,EUROPEAN PRISON SY/EMS W]E 9/ITUT$ 9 ,ASIA & ,AFRICA AS AN IMPORTANT COMPON5T ( COLONIAL RULE4 ,9 ,9DIA1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,5GLI% PRISON SY/EM WAS 9TRODUC$ DUR+ ! SECOND HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 :5 JAILS W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 ! REGIONS ( ,CALCUTTA & ,MADRAS4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 ! P5IT5TI>Y MOVEM5T AGA9/ CAPITAL & O!R CORPORAL PUNI%M5TS REFLECT$ NEW 9TELLECTUAL T5D5CIES ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 ACTIVI/ 9T]V5TIONS BY ,PROTE/ANT RE=M]S1 & /RUCTURAL TRANS=MATIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! RISE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,9 ,MILAN 9 #a#g#f#d1 ,CES>E ,BECC>IA PUBLI%$ HIS ,ESSAY ON ,CRIMES & ,PUNI%M5TS1 :I* WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY NOTIONS ( EQUALITY ADVANC$ BY ! PHILOSOPHIES-ESPECIALLY ,VOLTAIRE1 ,R\SSEAU1 & ,MONTESQUIEU4 ,BECC>IA >GU$ ?AT PUNI%M5T %\LD NEV] BE A PRIVATE MATT]1 NOR %\LD IT BE >BITR>ILY VIOL5T2 RA!R1 IT %\LD BE PUBLIC1 SWIFT1 & AS L5I5T AS POSSIBLE4 ,HE REVEAL$ ! CONTRADICTION ( :AT WAS !N A DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( IMPRISONM5T-! FACT ?AT IT WAS G5]ALLY IMPOS$ PRIOR TO ! DEF5DANT'S GUILT OR 9NOC5CE BE+ DECID$4 

,H[EV]1 9C>C]ATION ITSELF EV5TUALLY BECAME ! P5ALTY1 BR++ AB\T A DI/9CTION BETWE5 IMPRISONM5T AS PUNI%M5T & PRETRIAL DET5TION OR DET5TION UNTIL ! 9FLICTION ( PUNI%M5T4 ,! PROCESS ?R\< :I* IMPRISONM5T DEVELOP$ 9TO ! PRIM>Y MODE ( /ATE 9FLICT$ PUNI%M5T WAS V]Y MU* RELAT$ TO ! RISE ( CAPITALISM & TO ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEW SET ( IDEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS4 ,!SE NEW CONDITIONS REFLECT$ ! RISE ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS ! SOCIAL CLASS :OSE 9T]E/S & ASPIRATIONS FUR!R$ NEW SCI5TIFIC1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 CULTURAL1 & POPUL> IDEAS4 ,IT IS ?US IMPORTANT TO GRASP ! FACT ?AT ! PRISON AS WE KN[ IT TODAY DID NOT MAKE ITS APPE>ANCE ON ! HI/ORICAL /AGE AS ! SUP]IOR =M ( PUNI%M5T = ALL TIMES4 ,IT WAS SIMPLY-?\< WE %\LD NOT UND]E/IMATE ! COMPLEXITY ( ?IS PROCESS-:AT MADE MO/ S5SE AT A P>TICUL> MOM5T 9 HI/ORY4 ,WE %\LD !RE=E QUE/ION :E!R A SY/EM ?AT WAS 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO A P>TICUL> SET ( HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT PREVAIL$ DUR+ ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES CAN LAY ABSOLUTE CLAIM ON ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY4 

,IT MAY BE IMPORTANT AT ?IS PO9T 9 \R EXAM9ATION TO ACKN[L$GE ! RADICAL %IFT 9 ! SOCIAL P]CEPTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! IDEAS ( ?AT ]A4 ,) ! RISE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! 9DIVIDUAL CAME TO BE REG>D$ AS A BE>] ( =MAL RI<TS & LIB]TIES4 ,! NOTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS & LIB]TIES WAS EV5TUALLY MEMORIALIZ$ 9 ! ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION4 0,LIB]TE1 ,EGALITE1 ,FRAT]NITE0 FROM ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & 0,WE HOLD !SE TRU?S TO BE SELF-EVID5T3 ALL M5 >E CREAT$ EQUAL 4 4 4 FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION W]E NEW & RADICAL IDEAS1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E NOT EXT5D$ TO WOM51 WORK]S1 ,AFRICANS6 & ,9DIANS4 ,BE=E ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! SANCTITY ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS1 IMPRISONM5T C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 UND]/OOD AS PUNI%M5T4 ,IF ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS NOT P]CEIV$ AS POSSESS+ 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS & LIB]TIES1 !N ! ALI5ATION ( ?OSE RI<TS & LIB]TIES BY REMOVAL FROM SOCIETY TO A SPACE TYRANNICALLY GOV]N$ BY ! /ATE W\LD NOT HAVE MADE S5SE4 ,BANI%M5T BEYOND ! GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS ( ! T[N MAY HAVE MADE S5SE1 BUT NOT ! ALT]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S LEGAL /ATUS ?R\< IMPOSITION ( A PRISON S5T5CE4 

,MOREOV]1 ! PRISON S5T5CE1 :I* IS ALWAYS COMPUT$ 9 T]MS ( TIME1 IS RELAT$ TO AB/RACT QUANTIFICATION1 EVOK+ ! RISE ( SCI5CE & :AT IS (T5 REF]R$ TO AS ! ,AGE ( ,REASON4 ,WE %\LD KEEP 9 M9D ?AT ?IS WAS PRECISELY ! HI/ORICAL P]IOD :5 ! VALUE ( LABOR BEGAN TO BE CALCULAT$ 9 T]MS ( TIME & !RE=E COMP5SAT$ 9 ANO!R QUANTIFIABLE WAY1 BY MONEY4 ,! COMPUTABILITY ( /ATE PUNI%M5T 9 T]MS ( MON?S1 YE>S-RESONATES ) ! ROLE ( LABOR-TIME AS ! BASIS = COMPUT+ ! VALUE ( CAPITALI/ COMMODITIES4 ,M>XI/ !ORI/S ( PUNI%M5T HAVE NOT$ ?AT PRECISELY ! HI/ORICAL P]IOD DUR+ :I* ! COMMODITY =M >OSE IS ! ]A DUR+ :I* P5IT5TI>Y S5T5CES EM]G$ AS ! PRIM>Y =M ( PUNI%M5T4 

,TODAY1 ! GR[+ SOCIAL MOVEM5T CONTE/+ ! SUPREMACY ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM A MOVEM5T ?AT DIRECTLY *ALL5GES ! RULE ( ! HUMAN1 ANIMAL1 & PLANT POPULATIONS1 AS WELL AS ITS NATURAL RES\RCES-BY CORPORATIONS ?AT >E PRIM>ILY 9T]E/$ 9 ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( EV] MORE PR(ITABLE COMMODITIES4 ,?IS IS A *ALL5GE TO ! SUPREMACY ( ! COMMODITY =M1 A RIS+ RESI/ANCE TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y T5D5CY TO COMMODIFY EV]Y ASPECT ( PLANET>Y EXI/5CE4 ,! QUE/ION WE MI<T CONSID] IS :E!R ?IS NEW RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION %\LD ALSO 9CORPORATE RESI/ANCE TO ! PRISON4 

,?US F> ,I HAVE L>GELY US$ G5D]-NEUTRAL LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRISON & ITS RE=M]S4 ,BUT CONVICTS PUNI%$ BY IMPRISONM5T 9 EM]G5T P5IT5TI>Y SY/EMS W]E PRIM>ILY MALE4 ,?IS REFLECT$ ! DEEPLY G5D]-BIAS$ /RUCTURE ( LEGAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC RI<TS4 ,S9CE WOM5 W]E L>GELY D5I$ PUBLIC /ATUS AS RI<TS-BE>+ 9DIVIDUALS1 !Y C\LD NOT BE EASILY PUNI%$ BY ! DEPRIVATION ( SU* RI<TS ?R\< IMPRISONM5T4#d#c ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( M>RI$ WOM51 :O HAD NO /&+ BE=E ! LAW4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,5GLI% COMMON LAW1 M>RIAGE RESULT$ 9 A /ATE ( 0CIVIL DEA?10 AS SYMBOLIZ$ BY ! WIFE'S ASSUMPTION ( ! HUSB&'S NAME4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 %E T5D$ TO BE PUNI%$ = REVOLT+ AGA9/ H] DOME/IC DUTIES RA!R ?AN = FAILURE 9 H] MEAG] PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,! RELEGATION ( :ITE WOM5 TO DOME/IC ECONOMIES PREV5T$ !M FROM PLAY+ A CANT ROLE 9 ! EM]G5T COMMODITY REALM4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY TRUE S9CE WAGE LABOR WAS TYPICALLY G5D]$ AS MALE & RACIALIZ$ AS :ITE4 ,IT IS NOT =TUIT\S ?AT DOME/IC CORPORAL PUNI%M5T = WOM5 SURVIV$ LONGAFT]!SE MODES ( PUNI%M5T HAD BECOME OBSOLETE = 7:ITE7 M54 ,! P]SI/5CE ( DOME/IC VIOL5CE PA9FULLY ATTE/S TO !SE HI/ORICAL MODES ( G5D]$ PUNI%M5T4 

,SOME S*OL>S HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! WORD 0P5IT5TI>Y0 MAY HAVE BE5 US$ FIR/ 9 CONNECTION ) PLANS \TL9$ 9 ,5GL& 9 #ageh TO H\SE 0P5IT5T PRO/ITUTES4_/,I ,9 #a#g#g#g1 ,JOHN ,H[>D1 ! LEAD+ ,PROTE/ANT PROPON5T ( P5AL RE=M 9 ,5GL&1 PUBLI%$ ,! ,/ATE ( ! ,PRISONS1#d#d 9 :I* HE CONCEPTUALIZ$ IMPRISONM5T AS AN OCCASION = RELIGI\S SELF-REFLECTION & SELF-RE=M4 ,BETWE5 #a<g & #a#g#i#a1 ! UTILIT>IAN PHILOSOPH] ,J]EMY ,B5?AM PUBLI%$ HIS LETT]S ON A PRISON MODEL HE CALL$ ! PANOPTICON4 ,B5?AM CLAIM$ ?AT CRIM9ALS C\LD ONLY 9T]NALIZE PRODUCTIVE LABOR HABITS IF !Y W]E UND] CON/ANT SURVEILLANCE4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS PANOPTICON MODEL1 PRISON]S W]E TO BE H\S$ 9 S+LE CELLS ON CIRCUL> TI]S1 ALL FAC+ A MULTILEVEL GU>D T[]4 ,BY MEANS ( BL9DS & A COMPLICAT$ PLAY ( LI<T & D>KNESS1 ! PRISON]S-:O W\LD NOT SEE EA* O!R AT ALL-W\LD BE UNABLE TO SEE ! W>D54 ,FROM HIS VANTAGE PO9T1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! W>D5 W\LD BE ABLE TO SEE ALL ( ! PRISON]S4 ,H[EV]-& ?IS WAS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ASPECT ( ,B5?AM'S MAMMO? PANOPTICON-BECAUSE EA* 9DIVIDUAL PRISON] W\LD NEV] BE ABLE TO DET]M9E :]E ! W>D5'S GAZE WAS FOCUS$1 EA* PRISON] W\LD BE COMPELL$ TO ACT1 ?AT IS1 WORK1 AS IF HE 
W]E BE+ WAT*$ AT ALL TIMES4 ,IF WE COMB9E ,H[>D'S EMPHASIS ON DISCIPL9$ SELF REFLECTION ) ,B5?AM'S IDEAS REG>D+ ! TE*NOLOGY ( 9T]NALIZATION DESIGN$ TO MAKE SURVEILLANCE & DISCIPL9E ! PURVIEW ( ! 9DIVIDUAL PRISON]1 WE CAN BEG9 TO SEE H[ SU* A CONCEPTION ( ! PRISON HAD F>-REA*+ IMPLICATIONS4 ,! CONDITIONS ( POSSIBILITY = ?IS NEW =M ( PUNI%M5T W]E /RONGLY AN*OR$ 9 A HI/ORICAL ]A DUR+ :I* ! WORK+ CLASS NE$$ TO BE CON/ITUT$ AS AN >MY ( SELF-DISCIPL9$ 9DIVIDUALS CAPABLE ( P]=M+ ! REQUISITE 9DU/RIAL LABOR = A DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,JOHN ,H[>D'S IDEAS W]E 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! ,P5IT5TI>Y ,ACT ( #a#g#i#i1 :I* OP5$ ! WAY = ! MOD]N PRISON4 ,:ILE ,J]EMY ,B5?AM'S IDEAS 9FLU5C$ 
! DEVELOPM5T ( ! FIR/ NATIONAL ,5GLI% P5IT5TI>Y1 LOCAT$ 9 ,MILLBANK & OP5$ 9 #ah #a#f1 ! FIR/ FULL-FL$G$ EF=T TO CREATE A PANOPTICON PRISON WAS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! ,WE/]N ,/ATE ,P5IT5TI>Y 9 ,PITTSBUR<1 BAS$ ON A REVIS$ >*ITECTURAL MODEL ( ! PANOPTICON1 OP5$ 9 #a#h#b#f4 ,BUT ! P5IT5TI>Y HAD ALREADY MADE ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,P5NSYLVANIA'S ,WALNUT ,/REET ,JAIL H\S$ ! FIR/ /ATE P5IT5TI>Y 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :5 A PORTION ( ! JAIL WAS CONV]T$ 9 #agi FROM A DET5TION FACILITY TO AN 9/ITUTION H\S+ CONVICTS :OSE PRISON S5T5CES SIMULTANE\SLY BECAME PUNI%M5T & OCCASIONS = P5IT5CE & RE=M4 ,WALNUT ,/REET'S AU/]E REGIME-TOTAL ISOLATION 9 S+LE CELLS :]E PRISON]S LIV$1 ATE1 WORK$1 READ ! ,BIBLE 7IF1 9DE$1 !Y W]E LIT]ATE71 & SUPPOS$LY REFLECT$ & REP5T$-CAME TO BE KN[N AS ! ,P5NSYLVANIA SY/EM4 ,?IS REGIME W\LD CON/ITUTE ONE ( ?AT ]A'S TWO MAJOR MODELS ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,AL?\< ! O!R MODEL1 DEVELOP$ 9 ,AUBURN1 ,NEW ,YORK1 WAS VIEW$ AS A RIVAL TO ! ,P5NSYLVANIA SY/EM1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS ( ! TWO MODELS DID NOT DIFF] SUB/ANTIVELY4 ,! ,P5NSYLVANIA MODEL1 :I* EV5TUALLY CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 ! ,EA/]N ,/ATE ,P5IT5TI>Y 9 ,*]RY ,HILL-! PLANS = :I* W]E APPROV$ 9 #a#h#b#a-EMPHASIZ$ TOTAL ISOLATION1 SIL5CE1 & SOLITUDE1 :]EAS ! ,AUBURN MODEL CALL$ = SOLIT>Y CELLS BUT LABOR 9 COMMON4 ,?IS MODE ( PRISON LABOR1 :I* WAS CALL$ CONGREGATE1 WAS SUPPOS$ TO UNFOLD 9 TOTAL SIL5CE4 ,PRISON]S W]E ALL[$ TO BE ) EA* O!R AS !Y WORK$1 BUT ONLY UND] CONDITION ( SIL5CE4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS MORE EFFICI5T LABOR PRACTICES1 ,AUBURN EV5TUALLY BECAME ! DOM9ANT MODEL1 BO? = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE4 ,:Y W\LD EI<TE5?- & N9ETE5?-C5TURY RE=M]S BECOME SO 9VE/$ 9 CREAT+ CONDITIONS ( PUNI%M5T BAS$ ON SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T8 ,TODAY1 ASIDE FROM DEA?1 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T-NEXT TO TORTURE1 OR AS A =M ( TORTURE-IS CONSID]$ ! WOR/ =M ( PUNI%M5T IMAG9ABLE4 ,!N1 H[EV]1 IT WAS ASSUM$ TO HAVE AN EMANCIPATORY EFFECT4 ,! BODY WAS PLAC$ 9 CONDITIONS ( SOLITUDE 9 ORD] TO ALL[ ! S\L TO FL\RI%4 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT MO/ ( ! RE=M]S ( ?AT ]A W]E DEEPLY RELIGI\S & !RE=E SAW ! >*ITECTURE & ( ! P5IT5TI>Y AS EMULAT+ ! >*ITECTURE & REGIMES ( MONA/IC LIFE4 ,/ILL1 OBS]V]S ( ! NEW P5IT5TI>Y SAW1 E>LY ON1 ! REAL POT5TIAL = 9SANITY 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T4 ,9 AN (T5-QUOT$ PASSAGE ( HIS ,AM]ICAN ,NOTES1 ,*>LES ,DICK5S PREFAC$ A DESCRIPTION ( HIS #ahdb VISIT TO ,EA/]N ,P5IT5TI>Y ) ! OBS]VATION ?AT 0! SY/EM H]E IS RIGID1 /RICT1 & HOPELESS SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T4 ,I BELIEVE IT1 9 ITS EFFECTS1 TO BE CRUEL & WRONG40 

,9 ITS 9T5TION ,I AM WELL CONV9C$ ?AT IT IS K9D1 HUMANE1 & MEANT = RE=MATION2 BUT ,I AM P]SUAD$ ?AT ?OSE :O DEVIS$ ?IS SY/EM ( ,PRISON ,DISCIPL9E1 & ?OSE B5EVOL5T G5TLEM5 :O C>RY IT 9TO EXECUTION1 DO NOT KN[ :AT IT IS ?AT !Y >E DO+4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT V]Y FEW M5 >E CAPABLE ( E/IMAT+ ! IMM5SE AM\NT ( TORTURE & AGONY ?AT ?IS DREADFUL PUNI%M5T1 PROLONG$ = YE>S1 9FLICTS UPON ! SUFF]]S 4 4 4 ,I AM ONLY ! MORE CONV9C$ ?AT !RE IS A DEP? ( T]RIBLE 5DURANCE 9 IT :I* NONE BUT ! SUFF]]S !MSELVES CAN FA?OM1 & :I* NO MAN HAS A RI<T TO 9FLICT UPON HIS FELL[-CREATURE4 ,I HOLD ?IS SL[ & DAILY TAMP]+ ) ! MY/]IES ( ! BRA9 TO BE IMMEASURABLY WORSE ?AN ANY TORTURE ( ! BODY 4 4 4BECAUSE ITS W\NDS >E NOT UPON ! SURFACE1 & IT EXTORTS FEW CRIES ?AT HUMAN E>S CAN HE>2 !RE=E ,I ! MORE D5\NCE IT1 AS A SECRET PUNI%M5T :I* SLUMB]+ HUMANITY IS NOT R\S$ UP TO /AY4 ,UNLIKE O!R ,EUROPEANS SU* AS ,ALEXIS DE ,TOCQUEVILLE & ,GU/AVE DE ,BEAUMONT1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT SU* PUNI%M5T W\LD RESULT 9 MORAL R5EWAL & ?US MOLD CONVICTS 9TO BETT] CITIZ5S1 ,DICK5S WAS ( ! OP9ION ?AT 0.<T.>HOSE :O HAVE UND]GONE ?IS PUNI%M5T ,M,U,/ PASS 9TO SOCIETY AGA9 MORALLY UNHEAL?Y & DISEAS$40#d#h ,?IS E>LY CRITIQUE ( ! P5IT5TI>Y & ITS REGIME ( SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T TR\BLES ! NOTION ?AT IMPRISONM5T IS ! MO/ SUITABLE =M ( PUNI%M5T = A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY4 

,! CURR5T CON/RUCTION & EXPANSION ( /ATE & F$]AL SUP]-MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONS1 :OSE PUTATIVE PURPOSE IS TO ADDRESS DISCIPL9>Y PROBLEMS )9 ! P5AL SY/EM1 DRAWS UPON ! HI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( ! P5IT5TI>Y1 !N CONSID]$ ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE =M ( PUNI%M5T4 ,TODAY ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS & ,LAT9OS >E VA/LY OV]REPRES5T$ 9 !SE SUP]MAX PRISONS & CONTROL UNITS1 ! FIR/ ( :I* EM]G$ :5 F$]AL CORRECTIONAL AU?ORITIES TO S5D PRISON]S H\S$ ?R\<\T ! SY/EM :OM !Y DEEM$ TO BE 0DANG]\S0 TO ! F$]AL PRISON 9 ,M>ION1 ,ILL9OIS4 ,9 #a#i#h#c6 ! 5TIRE PRISON WAS 0LOCK$ D[N1'6 :I* MEANT ?AT PRISON]S W]E CONF9$ TO !IR CELLS TW5TY-?REE H\RS A DAY4 ,?IS LOCKD[N BECAME P]MAN5T1 ?US FURNI%+ ! G5]AL MODEL = ! CONTROL UNIT & SUP]MAX PRISON4 ,TODAY1 !RE >E APPROXIMATELY SUP]-MAXIMUM SECURITY F$]AL & /ATE PRISONS LOCAT$ 9 ?IRTY-SIX /ATES & MANY MORE SUP]MAX UNITS 9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y /ATE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,A DESCRIPTION ( SUP]MAXES 9 A #aiig ,HUMAN ,RI<TS ,WAT* REPORT S\NDS *ILL+LY LIKE ,DICK5S'S DESCRIPTION ( ,EA/]N ,/ATE ,P5IT5TI>Y4 ,:AT IS DIFF]5T1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ALL REF]5CES TO 9DIVIDUAL REHABILITATION HAVE DISAPPE>$4 

,9MATES 9 SUP]-MAXIMUM SECURITY FACILITIES >E USUALLY HELD 9 S+LE CELL LOCK-D[N1 COMMONLY REF]R$ TO AS SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T 4 4 4 .<,C.>ONGREGATE ACTIVITIES ) O!R PRISON]S >E USUALLY PROHIBIT$2 O!R PRISON]S CANNOT EV5 BE SE5 FROM AN 9MATE'S CELL2 COMMUNICATION ) O!R PRISON]S IS PROHIBIT$ OR DIFFICULT 7CONSI/+1 = ( %\T+ FROM CELL TO CELL72 VISIT+ & TELEPHONE PRIVILEGES >E LIMIT$4 ,! NEW G5]ATION ( SUP]-MAXIMUM SECURITY FACILITIES ALSO RELY ON /ATE-(-!->T TE*NOLOGY = MONITOR+ & CONTROLL+ PRISON] CONDUCT & MOVEM5T1 UTILIZ+1 = EXAMPLE1 VIDEO MONITORS & REMOTE CONTROLL$ ELECTRONIC DOORS4 0,!SE PRISONS REPRES5T ! APPLICATION ( SOPHI/ICAT$1 MOD]N TE*NOLOGY D$ICAT$ TO ! TASK ( SOCIAL CONTROL1 & !Y ISOLATE1 REGULATE & SURVEIL MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN ANY?+ ?AT HAS PREC$$ !M04 

,I HAVE HI<LI<T$ ! SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! E>LY ,U4,S4 P5IT5TI>Y-) ITS ASPIRATIONS T[>D 9DIVIDUAL REHABIL4 ITATION-& ! REPRESSIVE SUP]MAXES ( \R ]A AS A REM9D] ( ! MUTABILITY ( HI/ORY4 ,:AT WAS ONCE REG>D$ AS PROGRESSIVE & EV5 REVOLUTION>Y REPRES5TS TODAY ! M>RIAGE ( TE*NOLOGICAL SUP]IORITY & POLITICAL BACKW>DNESS4 ,NO ONE-NOT EV5 ! MO/ >D5T DEF5D]S ( ! SUP]MAX-W\LD TRY TO >GUE TODAY ?AT ABSOLUTE SEGREGATION1 9CLUD+ S5SORY DEPRIVATION1 IS RE/ORATIVE & HEAL+4 ,! PREVAIL+ JU/IFICATION = ! SUP]MAX IS ?AT ! HORRORS IT CREATES >E ! P]FECT COMPLEM5T = ! HOR4 R,HY+ P]SONALITIES DEEM$ ! WOR/ ( ! WOR/ BY ! PRISON SY/EM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !RE IS NO PRET5SE ?AT RI<TS >E RESPECT$1 !RE IS NO CONC]N = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 !RE IS NO S5SE ?AT M5 & WOM5 9C>C]AT$ 9 SUP]- 
MAXES DES]VE ANY?+ APPROA*+ RESPECT & COM=T4 ,ACCORD+ TO A #aiii REPORT ISSU$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,9/ITUTE ( ,CORRECTIONS1 G5]ALLY1 ! OV]ALL CON/ITUTIONALITY ( !SE .<SUP]MAX.> PROGRAMS REMA9S UNCLE>4 ,AS L>G] NUMB]S ( 9MATES ) A GREAT] ( *>ACT]I/ICS1 BACKGR\NDS1 & BEHAVIORS >E 9C>C]AT$ 9 !SE FACILITIES1 ! LIKELIHOOD ( LEGAL *ALL5GE IS 9CREAS$4 

,DUR+ ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 ABSOLUTE SOLITUDE & /RICT REGIM5TATION ( ! PRISON]'S EV]Y ACTION W]E VIEW$ AS /RATEGIES = TRANS=M+ HABITS & E?ICS4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! IDEA ?AT IMPRISONM5T %\LD BE ! MA9 =M ( PUNI%M5T REFLECT$ A BELIEF 9 ! POT5TIAL ( :ITE MANK9D = PROGRESS1 NOT ONLY 9 SCI5CE & 9DU/RY1 BUT AT ! LEVEL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MEMB] ( SOCIETY AS WELL4 ,PRISON RE=M]S MIRROR$ ,5LI<T5M5T ASSUMPTIONS ( PROGRESS 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN-OR TO BE MORE PRECISE1 :ITE ,WE/]N-SOCIETY4 ,9 HIS #aihg /UDY 
,FICTION & ! ,>*ITECTURE ( ,5GL&1 ,JOHN ,B5D] PROPOSES ! V]Y 9TRIGU+ >GUM5T ?AT ! EM]G5T LIT]>Y G5RE ( ! NOVEL FUR!R$ A DISC\RSE ( PROGRESS & 9DIVIDUAL TRANS=MATION ?AT 5C\RAG$ ATTITUDES T[>D PUNI%M5T TO ,!SE ATTITUDES1 HE SUGGE/S1 H]ALD$ ! CONCEPTION & CON/RUCTION ( P5IT5TI>Y PRISONS DUR+ ! LATT] P>T ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY AS A RE=M SUIT$ TO ! CAPACITIES ( ?OSE :O W]E DEEM$ HUMAN4 

,RE=M]S :O CALL$ = ! IMPOSITION ( P5IT5TI>Y >*ITECTURE & REGIMES ON ! !N EXI/+ /RUCTURE ( ! PRISON AIM$ !IR CRITIQUES AT ! PRISONS ?AT W]E PRIM>ILY US$ = PURPOSES ( PRETRIAL DET5TION OR AS AN ALT]NATIVE PUNI%M5T = ?OSE :O W]E UNABLE TO PAY F9ES EXACT$ BY ! C\RTS4 ,JOHN ,H[>D1 ! MO/ WELL KN[N ( !SE RE=M]S1 WAS :AT Y\ MI<T TODAY CALL A PRISON ACTIVI/4 ,BEG9N+ 9 #a#g#g#c1 AT ! AGE ( =TY-SEV51 HE 9ITIAT$ A S]IES ( VISITS ?AT TOOK HIM 0TO EV]Y 9/ITUTION = ! POOR 9 ,EUROPE 4 4 4 .<A CAMPAIGN.> :I* CO/ HIM HIS =TUNE & F9ALLY HIS LIFE 9 A TYPHUS W> ( ! ,RUSSIAN >MY AT ,*]SON 9 #a#g#i#a4 ,AT ! CONCLUSION ( HIS FIR/ TRIP ABROAD1 HE SUCCESSFULLY RAN = ! (FICE ( %]IFF 9 ,B$=D%IRE4 ,AS %]IFF HE 9VE/IGAT$ ! PRISONS UND] HIS [N JURISDICTION & LAT] 0SET \T TO VISIT EV]Y PRISON 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES TO DOCUM5T ! EVILS HE HAD FIR/ OBS]V$ AT ,B$=D04 

,B5D] >GUES ?AT ! NOVEL HELP$ FACILITATE !SE CAMPAIGNS TO TRANS=M ! OLD PRISONS-:I* W]E FIL?Y & 9 DIS>RAY1 & :I* ?RIV$ ON ! BRIB]Y ( ! W>D5S-9TO WELL-ORD]$ REHABILITATIVE P5IT5TI>IES4 ,HE %[S ?AT NOVELS SU* AS ,MOLL ,FL&]S & ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE EMPHASIZ$ 0! P[] ( CONF9EM5T TO RE%APE P]SONALITY0 & POPUL>IZ$ SOME ( ! IDEAS ?AT MOV$ RE=M]S TO ACTION4 ,AS ,B5D] PO9TS \T1 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY RE=M]S CRITICIZ$ ! OLD PRISONS = !IR *AOS1 !IR LACK ( ORGANIZATION & CLASSIFICATION1 = ! EASY CIRCULATION ( ALCOHOL & PRO/ITUTION !Y P]MITT$1 & = ! PREVAL5CE ( CONTAGION & DISEASE4 

,! RE=M]S1 PRIM>ILY ,PROTE/ANT1 AMONG :OM ,QUAK]S W]E ESPECIALLY DOM9ANT1 C\*$ !IR IDEAS 9 L>GE P>T 9 RELIGI\S FRAMEWORKS4 ,?\< ,JOHN ,H[>D WAS NOT HIMSELF A ,QUAK]-HE WAS AN 9DEP5D5T ,PROTE/ANT-NEV]!LESS .<H.>E WAS DRAWN TO ,QUAK] ASCETICISM & ADOPT$ ! DRESS 0( A PLA9 ,FRI5D40 ,HIS [N BR& ( PIETY WAS /RONGLY REM9ISC5T ( ! ,QUAK] TRADITIONS ( SIL5T PRAY]1 0SUFF]+0 9TROSPECTION1 & FAI? 9 ! ILLUM9+ P[] ( ,GOD'S LI<T4 ,QUAK]S1 = !IR P>T1 W]E B\ND TO BE DRAWN TO ! IDEA ( IMPRISONM5T AS A PURGATORY1 AS A =C$ )DRAWAL FROM ! DI/RACTIONS ( ! S5SES 9TO SIL5T & SOLIT>Y CONFRONTATION ) ! SELF4 ,H[>D CONCEIV$ ( A CONVICT'S PROCESS ( RE=MATION 9 T]MS SIMIL> TO ! SPIRITUAL AWAK5+ ( A BELIEV] AT A ,QUAK] MEET+4 

,H[EV]1 ACCORD+ TO ,MI*AEL ,IGNATIEFF1 ,H[>D'S CONTRIBUTIONS DID NOT SO MU* RESIDE 9 ! RELIGIOSITY ( HIS RE=M EF=TS4 ,! ORIG9ALITY ( ,H[>D'S 9DICTM5T LIES 9 ITS 0SCI5TIFIC10 NOT 9 ITS MORAL *>ACT]4 ,ELECT$ A ,FELL[ ( ! ,ROYAL ,SOCIETY 9 #agef & AU?OR ( SEV]AL SCI5TIFIC PAP]S ON CLIMATIC V>IATIONS 9 ,B$=D%IRE1 ,H[>D WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ PHILAN?ROPI/S TO ATTEMPT A SY/EMATIC /ATI/ICAL DESCRIPTION ( A SOCIAL PROBLEM4 

,LIKEWISE1 ,B5D]'S ANALYSIS ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! NOVEL & ! P5IT5TI>Y EMPHASIZES ! EXT5T TO :I* ! PHILOSOPHICAL UND]P9N+S ( ! PRISON RE=M]'S CAMPAIGNS E*O$ ! MAT]IALISM & UTILIT>IANISM ( ! ,5GLI% ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,! CAMPAIGN TO RE=M ! PRISONS WAS A PROJECT TO IMPOSE ORD]1 CLASSIFICATION1 CLEANL9ESS1 GOOD WORK HABITS1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,HE >GUES ?AT PEOPLE DETA9$ )9 ! OLD PRISONS W]E NOT SEV]ELY RE/RICT$-!Y SOMETIMES EV5 5JOY$ ! FRE$OM TO MOVE 9 & \T ( ! PRISON4 ,!Y W]E NOT COMPELL$ TO WORK &1 DEP5D+ ON !IR [N RES\RCES1 C\LD EAT & DR9K AS !Y WI%$4 ,EV5 SEX WAS SOMETIMES AVAILABLE6 AS PRO/ITUTES W]E SOMETIMES ALL[$ TEMPOR>Y 5TRANCE 9TO ! PRISONS4 ,H[>D & O!R RE=M]S CALL$ = ! IMPOSITION ( RIGID RULES ?AT W\LD 05=CE SOLITUDE & P5IT5CE1 CLEANL9ESS & WORK04 ,! NEW P5IT5TI>IES1 ACCORD+ TO ,B5D]1 0SUPPLANT+ BO? ! OLD PRISONS & H\SES ( CORRECTION6 EXPLICITLY REA*$ T[>D 4 4 4 ?REE GOALS3 MA9T5ANCE ( ORD] )9 A L>GELY URBAN LABOR =CE1 SALVATION ( ! S\L1 & RATIONALIZATION ( P]SONALITY40,HE >GUES ?AT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT WAS N>RATIVELY ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! NOVEL4 ,IT ORD]$ & CLASSIFI$ SOCIAL LIFE1 IT REPRES5T$ 9DIVIDUALS AS CONSCI\S ( !IR SURR\ND+S & AS SELF-AW>E & SELF-FA%ION+4 ,B5D] ?US SEES A K9%IP BETWE5 TWO MAJOR DEVELOPM5TS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY-! RISE ( ! NOVEL 9 ! CULTURAL SPH]E & ! RISE ( ! P5IT5TI>Y 9 ! SOCIO-LEGAL SPH]E4 ,IF ! NOVEL AS A CULTURAL =M HELP$ TO PRODUCE ! P5IT5TI>Y1 !N PRISON RE=M]S MU/ HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ! IDEAS G5]AT$ BY & ?R\< ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY NOVEL4 

,LIT]ATURE HAS CONT9U$ TO PLAY A ROLE 9 CAMPAIGNS >\ND ! PRISON4 ,DUR+ ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 PRISON WRIT+1 9 P>TICUL>6 HAS P]IODICALLY EXP]I5C$ WAVES ( POPUL>ITY4 ,! PUBLIC RECOGNITION ( PRISON WRIT+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS HI/ORICALLY CO9CID$ ) ! 9FLU5CE ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS CALL+ = PRISON RE=M &_/OR ABOLITION4 ,ROB]T ,BURNS'S ,I ,AM A ,FUGITIVE FROM A ,GEORGIA ,*A9 & ! #aicb ,HOLLYWOOD FILM UPON :I* IT WAS BAS$1 PLAY$ A C5TRAL ROLE 9 ! CAMPAIGN TO ABOLI% ! *A9 GANG4 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#gS1 :I* W]E M>K$ BY 9T5SE ORGANIZ+ )91 \TSIDE1 & ACROSS PRISON WALLS1 NUM]\S WORKS AU?OR$ BY PRISON]S FOLL[$ ! #aig PUBLICA-TION ( ,GEORGE ,JACKSON'S ,SOL$AD ,BRO!R & ! AN?OLOGY ,I CO$IT$ ) ,BETT9A ,AP!K]1 ,IF ,!Y ,COME 9 ! ,MORN+4 ,:ILE MANY PRISON WRIT]S DUR+ ?AT ]A HAD DISCOV]$ ! EMANCIPATORY POT5TIAL ( WRIT+ ON !IR [N1 RELY+ EI!R ON ! $UCATION !Y HAD RECEIV$ PRIOR TO !IR IMPRISONM5T OR ON !IR T5ACI\S EF=TS AT SELF-$UCATION1 O!RS PURSU$ !IR WRIT+ AS A DIRECT RESULT ( ! EXPANSION ( PRISON $UCATIONAL PROGRAMS DUR+ ?AT ]A4 
,MUMIA ,ABU-,JAMAL1 :O HAS *ALL5G$ ! CONTEMPOR>Y DISMANTL+ ( PRISON $UCATION PROGRAMS1 ASKS 9 ,DEA? ,R[1 :AT SOCIETAL 9T]E/ IS S]V$ BY PRISON]S :O REMA9 ILLIT]ATE8 ,:AT SOCIAL B5EFIT IS !RE 9 IGNORANCE8 ,H[ >E PEOPLE CORRECT$ :ILE IMPRISON$ IF !IR $UCATION IS \TLAW$8 ,:O PR(ITS 7O!R ?AN ! PRISON E/ABLI%M5T ITSELF7 FROM /UPID PRISON]S8 

,A PRACTIC+ J\RNALI/ BE=E HIS >RE/ 9 #aihb ON *>GES ( KILL+ ,PHILADELPHIA POLICEMAN ,DANIEL ,FAULKN]1 ,ABU ,JAMAL HAS REGUL>LY PRODUC$ >TICLES ON CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 FOCUS+ ESPECIALLY ON ITS RACIAL & CLASS DISPROPORTIONS4 ,HIS IDEAS HAVE HELP$ TO L9K CRITIQUES ( ! DEA? P5ALTY ) ! MORE G5]AL *ALL5GES TO ! EXP&+ ,U4,S4 PRISON SY/EM & >E P>TICUL>LY HELPFUL TO ACTIVI/S :O SEEK TO ASSOCIATE DEA? P5ALTY ABOLITIONISM ) PRISON ABOLITIONISM4 ,HIS PRISON WRIT+S HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 BO? POPUL> & S*OL>LY J\RNALS 7SU* AS ,! ,NATION & ,YALE ,LAW ,T\RNAI7 AS WELL AS 9 ?REE COLLECTIONS1 ,LIVE FROM ,DEA? ,R[1 ,DEA? ,BLOSSOMS1 & ,ALL ,?+S ,C5SOR$4 ,ABU-,JAMAL & MANY O!R PRISON WRIT]S HAVE /RONGLY CRITICIZ$ ! PROHIBITION ( ,PELL ,GRANTS = PRISON]S1 :I* WAS 5ACT$ 9 ! #aiid CRIME BILL1 AS 9DICATIVE ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y PATT]N ( DISMANTL+ $UCATIONAL PROGRAMS BEH9D B>S4 ,AS CREATIVE WRIT+ C\RSES = PRISON]S W]E DEFUND$1 VIRTUALLY EV]Y LIT]>Y J\RNAL PUBLI%+ PRISON]S' WRIT+ EV5TUALLY COLLAPS$4 ,( ! SCORES ( MAGAZ9ES & NEWSPAP]S PRODUC$ BEH9D WALLS1 ONLY ! ,ANGOLITE AT ,L\ISIANA'S ,ANGOLA ,PRISON & ,PRISON ,LEGAL ,NEWS AT ,WA%+TON ,/ATE ,PRISON REMA94 ,:AT ?IS MEANS IS ?AT PRECISELY AT A TIME ( CONSOLIDAT+ A SIGNIFICANT WRIT+ CULTURE BEH9D B>S1 REPRESSIVE /RATEGIES >E BE+ DEPLOY$ TO DISSUADE PRISON]S FROM $UCAT+ !MSELVES4 

,IF ! PUBLICATION ( ,MALCOLM ,X'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY M>KS A PIVOTAL MOM5T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRISON LIT]ATURE & A MOM5T ( VA/ PROMISE = PRISON]S :O TRY TO MAKE $UCATION A MAJOR DIM5SION ( !IR TIME BEH9D B>S1 CONTEMPOR>Y PRISON PRACTICES >E SY/EMATICALLY DA%+ ?OSE HOPES4 ,9 ! #a#i#eS1 ,MALCOLM'S PRISON $UCATION WAS A DRAMATIC EXAMPLE ( PRISON]S' ABILITY TO TURN !IR 9C>C]ATION 9TO A TRANS=MATIVE EXP]I5CE4 ,) NO AVAILABLE MEANS ( ORGANIZ+ HIS QUE/ = KN[L$GE1 HE PROCE$$ TO READ A DICTION>Y1 COPY+ EA* WORD 9 HIS [N H&4 ,BY ! TIME HE C\LD IMM]SE HIMSELF 9 READ+1 HE NOT$1 0MON?S PASS$ )\T MY EV5 ?9K+ AB\T BE+ IMPRISON$4 ,9 FACT1 UP TO !N1 ,I NEV] HAD BE5 SO TRULY FREE 9 MY LIFE40,!N1 ACCORD+ TO ,MALCOLM1 PRISON]S :O DEMON/RAT$ AN UNUSUAL 9T]E/ 9 READ+ W]E ASSUM$ TO HAVE EMB>K$ UPON A J\RNEY ( SELF-REHABILITATION & W]E FREQU5TLY ALL[$ SPECIAL PRIVILEGES-SU* AS *ECK+ \T MORE ?AN ! MAXIMUM NUMB] ( BOOKS4 ,EV5 SO1 9 ORD] TO PURSUE ?IS SELF-$UCATION1 ,MALCOLM HAD TO WORK AGA9/ ! PRISON REGIME-HE (T5 READ ON HIS CELL FLOOR1 LONG AFT] LI<TS-\T1 BY ! GL[ ( ! CORRIDOR LI<T1 TAK+ C>E TO RETURN TO B$ EA* H\R = ! TWO M9UTES DUR+ :I* ! GU>D M>*$ PA/ HIS CELL4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y DISE/ABLI%M5T ( WRIT+ & O!R PRISON $UCATIONAL PROGRAMS IS 9DICATIVE ( ! (FICIAL DISREG>D TODAY = REHABILITATIVE /RATEGIES1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ?AT 5C\RAGE 9DIVIDUAL PRISON]S TO ACQUIRE AUTONOMY ( ! M9D4 ,! DOCUM5T>Y FILM ,! ,LA/ ,GRADUATION DESCRIBES ! ROLE PRISON]S PLAY$ 9 E/ABLI%+ A F\R-YE> COLLEGE PROGRAM AT ,NEW ,YORK'S ,GRE5HAV5 ,PRISON &1 TW5TY-TWO YE>S LAT]1 ! (FICIAL DECISION TO DISMANTLE IT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,$DIE ,ELLIS1 :O SP5T TW5TY-FIVE YE>S 9 PRISON & IS CURR5TLY A WELL-KN[N LEAD] ( ! ANTIPRISON MOVEM5T1 0,AS A RESULT ( ,ATTICA1 COLLEGE PROGRAMS CAME 9TO ! PRISONS4 

,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! #aiga PRISON] REBELLION AT ,ATTICA & ! GOV]NM5T-SPONSOR$ MASSACRE1 PUBLIC OP9ION BEGAN TO FAVOR PRISON RE=M4 ,=TY-?REE ,ATTICA PRISON]S & ELEV5 GU>DS & CIVILIANS W]E KILL$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 :O HAD BE5 ORD]$ TO RETAKE ! PRISON BY ,GOV]NOR ,NELSON ,ROCKEFELL]4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! PRISON REBELLION HAD BE5 V]Y SPECIFIC AB\T !IR DEM&S4 ,9 !IR 0PRACTICAL DEM&S0 !Y EXPRESS$ CONC]NS AB\T DIET1 IMPROVEM5T 9 ! QUALITY ( GU>DS1 MORE REALI/IC REHABILITATION PROGRAMS1 & BETT] $UCATION PROGRAMS4 ,!Y ALSO WANT$ RELIGI\S FRE$OM1 FRE$OM TO 5GAGE 9 POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 & AN 5D TO C5SOR%IP-ALL ( :I* !Y SAW AS 9DISP5SABLE TO !IR $UCATIONAL NE$S4 ,AS ,$DIE ,ELLIS OBS]VES 9 ,! ,LA/ ,GRADUATION1 

,PRISON]S V]Y E>LY RECOGNIZ$ ! FACT ?AT !Y NE$$ TO BE BETT] $UCAT$1 ?AT ! MORE $UCATION !Y HAD1 ! BETT] !Y W\LD BE ABLE TO DEAL ) !MSELVES & !IR PROBLEMS1 ! PROBLEMS ( ! PRISONS & ! PROBLEMS ( ! COMMUNITIES FROM :I* MO/ ( !M CAME4 

,LATEEF ,ISLAM1 ANO!R =M] PRISON] FEATUR$ 9 ?IS DOCUM5T>Y1 SAID1 0,WE HELD CLASSES BE=E ! CAME4 ,WE TAU<T EA* O!R1 & SOMETIMES UND] P5ALTY ( A BEAT-UP40 

,AFT] ! ,ATTICA ,REBELLION1 MORE ?AN FIVE HUNDR$ PRISON]S W]E TRANSF]R$TO ,GRE5HAV51 9CLUD+ SOME (! LEAD]S :O CONT9U$ TO PRESS = $UCATIONALPROGRAMS4 ,AS A DIRECT RESULT ( !IR DEM&S1 ,M>I/ ,COLLEGE1 A ,NEW ,YORK /ATE COLLEGE NE> ,GRE5HAV51 BEGAN TO (F] COLLEGE-LEVEL C\RSES 9 #aigc & EV5TUALLY E/ABLI%$ ! 9FRA/RUCTURE = AN ON-SITE F\R-YE> COLLEGE PROGRAM4 ,! PROGRAM ?RIV$ = TW5TY-TWO YE>S4 ,SOME ( ! MANY PRISON]S :O E>N$ !IR DEGREES AT ,GRE5HAV5 PURSU$ PO/GRADUATE /UDIES AFT] !IR RELEASE4 ,AS ! DOCUM5T>Y P[]FULLY DEMON/RATES1 ! PROGRAM PRODUC$ D$ICAT$ M5 :O LEFT PRISON & (F]$ !IR NEWLY ACQUIR$ KN[L$GE & SKILLS TO !IR COMMUNITIES ON ! \TSIDE4 

,9 #a#i#i#d1 CONSI/5T ) ! G5]AL PATT]N ( CREAT+ MORE PRISONS & MORE REPRESSION )9 ALL PRISONS1 ,CONGRESS TOOK UP ! QUE/ION ( )DRAW+ COLLEGE FUND+ = 9MATES4 ,! CONGRESSIONAL DEBATE CONCLUD$ ) A DECISION TO ADD AN AM5DM5T TO ! #aiid CRIME BILL ?AT ELIM9AT$ ALL ,PELL ,GRANTS = PRISON]S1 ?US EFFECTIVELY DEFUND+ ALL HI<] $UCATIONAL PROGRAMS4 ,AFT] TW5TY TWO YE>S1 ,M>I/ ,COLLEGE WAS COMPELL$ TO T]M9ATE ITS PROGRAM AT ,GRE5HAV5 ,PRISON4 ,?US1 ! DOCUM5T>Y REVOLVES >\ND ! V]Y LA/ GRADUATION C]EMONY ON ,JULY ,I,S1 #a#i#i#e1 & ! POIGNANT PROCESS ( REMOV+ ! BOOKS ?AT1 9 MANY WAYS1 SYMBOLIZ$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( FRE$OM4 ,OR1 AS ONE ( ! ,M>I/ PR(ESSORS SAID1 0,!Y SEE BOOKS AS FULL ( GOLD40 ,! PRISON] :O = MANY YE>S HAD S]V$ AS A CL]K = ! COLLEGE SADLY REFLECT$1 AS BOOKS W]E BE+ MOV$1 ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ LEFT TO DO 9 PRISON-EXCEPT P]HAPS BODYBUILD+4 ,BUT1 HE ASK$1 0:AT'S ! USE ( BUILD+ Y\R BODY IF Y\ CAN'T BUILD Y\R M9D80 ,IRONICALLY1 NOT LONG AFT] $UCATIONAL PROGRAMS W]E DISE/ABLI%$1 WEI<TS & BODYBUILD+ EQUIPM5T W]E ALSO REMOV$ FROM MO/ ,U4,S4 PRISONS4 

,*APT] #d4 ,H[ ,G5D] ,/RUCTURES ,! ,PRISON ,SY/EM 

0,I HAVE BE5 TOLD ?AT ,I WILL NEV] LEAVE PRISON IF ,I CONT9UE TO FI<T ! SY/EM4 ,MY ANSW] IS ?AT ONE MU/ BE ALIVE 9 ORD] TO LEAVE PRISON1 & \R CURR5T /&>D ( M$ICAL C>E IS TANTAM\NT TO A DEA? S5T5CE4 ,!RE=E1 ,I HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO CONT9UE 4 4 4 ,CONDITIONS )9 ! 9/ITUTION CONT9UALLY RE-9VOKE MEMORIES ( VIOL5CE & OPPRESSION1 (T5 ) DEVA/AT+ RESULTS4 ,UNLIKE O!R 9C>C]AT$ WOM5 :O HAVE COME =W>D TO REVEAL !IR IMPRESSIONS ( PRISON1 ,I DO NOT FEEL 'SAF]' H]E BECAUSE '! ABUSE HAS /OPP$4' ,IT HAS NOT /OPP$4 ,IT HAS %IFT$ %APE & PAC$ ITSELF DIFF]5TLY1 BUT IT IS AS 9SIDI\S & P]VASIVE 9 PRISON AS EV] IT WAS 9 ! WORLD ,I KN[ \TSIDE !SE WALLS4 ,:AT HAS CEAS$ IS MY IGNORANCE ( ! FACTS CONC]N+ ABUSE-& MY WILL+NESS TO TOL]ATE IT 9 SIL5CE40 - ,M>CIA ,BUNNY 

,OV] ! LA/ FIVE YE>S1 ! PRISON SY/EM HAS RECEIV$ F> MORE ATT5TION BY ! M$IA ?AN AT ANY TIME S9CE ! P]IOD FOLL[+ ! #aiga ,ATTICA ,REBELLION4 ,H[EV]1 ) A FEW IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS1 WOM5 HAVE BE5 LEFT \T ( ! PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS AB\T ! EXPANSION ( ! U4S4 PRISON SY/EM4 ,I AM NOT SUGGE/+ ?AT SIMPLY BR++ WOM5 9TO ! EXI/+ CONV]SATIONS ON JAILS & PRISONS WILL DEEP5 \R ANALYSIS ( /ATE PUNI%M5T & FUR!R ! PROJECT ( PRISON ABOLITION4 ,ADDRESS+ ISSUES ?AT >E SPECIFIC TO WOM5'S PRISONS IS ( VITAL IMPORTANCE1 BUT IT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT TO %IFT ! WAY WE ?9K AB\T ! PRISON SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,C]TA9LY WOM5'S PRISON PRACTICES >E G5D]$1 BUT SO1 TOO1 >E M5'S PRISON PRACTICES4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT M5'S 9/ITUTIONS CON/ITUTE ! NORM & WOM5'S 9/ITUTIONS >E M>G9AL IS1 9 A S5SE1 TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! V]Y NORMALIZATION ( PRISONS ?AT AN ABOLITIONI/ APPROA* SEEKS TO CONTE/4 ,?US1 ! TITLE ( ?IS *APT] IS NOT 0,WOM5 & ! ,PRISON ,SY/EM10 BUT RA!R 0,H[ ,G5D] ,/RUCTURES ! ,PRISON ,SY/EM40 ,MOREOV]1 S*OL>S & ACTIVI/S :O >E 9VOLV$ 9 FEM9I/ PROJECTS %\LD NOT CONSID] ! /RUCTURE ( /ATE PUNI%M5T AS M>G9AL TO !IR WORK4 ,=W>DLOOK+ RESE>* & ORGANIZ+ /RATEGIES %\LD RECOGNIZE ?AT ! DEEPLY G5D]$ *>ACT] ( PUNI%M5T BO? REFLECTS & FUR!R 5TR5*ES ! G5D]$ /RUCTURE ( ! L>G] SOCIETY4 

,WOM5 PRISON]S HAVE PRODUC$ A SMALL BUT IMPRESSIVE BODY ( LIT]ATURE ?AT HAS ILLUM9AT$ SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS ( ! ORGANIZATION ( PUNI%M5T ?AT W\LD HAVE O!RWISE REMA9$ UNACKN[L$G$4 ,ASSATA ,%AKUR'S MEMOIRS1 = EXAMPLE1 REVEAL ! DANG]\S 9T]SECTIONS ( RACISM1 MALE DOM9ATION1 & /ATE /RATEGIES ( POLITICAL REPRESSION4 ,9 #aigg %E WAS CONVICT$ ON *>GES ( MURD] & ASSAULT 9 CONNECTION ) A #aigc 9CID5T ?AT LEFT ONE ,NEW ,J]SEY /ATE TROOP] DEAD & ANO!R W\ND$4 ,%E & H] COMPANION1 ,ZAYD ,%AKUR1 :O WAS KILL$ DUR+ ! %OOT\T1 W]E ! T>GETS ( :AT WE N[ NAME RACIAL PR(IL+ & W]E /OPP$ BY /ATE TROOP]S UND] ! PRETEXT ( A BROK5 TAILLI<T4 ,AT ! TIME ,ASSATA ,%AKUR1 KN[N !N AS ,JOANNE ,*ESIM>D1 WAS UND]GR\ND & HAD BE5 ANO9T$ BY ! POLICE & ! M$IA AS ! 0,S\L ( ! ,BLACK ,LIB]ATION 
,>MY40 ,BY H] #aigg CONVICTION1 %E EI!R HAD BE5 ACQUITT$ OR HAD *>GES DISMISS$ 9 SIX O!R CASES-UPON ! BASIS ( :I* %E HAD BE5 DECL>$ A FUGITIVE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,H] ATTORNEY1 ,L5NOX ,H9DS1 HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT S9CE IT WAS PROV5 ?AT ,ASSATA ,%AKUR DID NOT H&LE ! GUN ) :I* ! /ATE TROOP]S W]E %OT1 H] M]E PRES5CE 9 ! AUTOMOBILE1 AGA9/ ! BACKDROP ( ! M$IA DEMONIZATION TO :I* %E WAS SUBJECT$1 CON/ITUT$ ! BASIS ( H] CONVICTION4 ,9 ! =EWORD TO ,%AKUR'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY ,H9DS WRITES3 

,9 ! HI/ORY ( ,NEW ,J]SEY1 NO WOMAN PRETRIAL DETA9EE OR PRISON] HAS EV] BE5 TREAT$ AS %E WAS1 CONT9U\SLY CONF9$ 9 A M5'S PRISON1 UND] TW5TY-F\R-H\R SURVEILLANCE ( H] MO/ 9TIMATE FUNCTIONS1 )\T 9TELLECTUAL SU/5ANCE1 ADEQUATE M$ICAL ATT5TION1 & EX]CISE1 & )\T ! COMPANY ( O!R WOM5 = ALL ! YE>S %E WAS 9 !IR CU/ODY4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,ASSATA ,%AKUR'S /ATUS AS A BLACK POLITICAL PRISON] ACCUS$ ( KILL+ A /ATE TROOP] CAUS$ H] TO BE S+L$ \T BY ! AU?ORITIES = UNUSUALLY CRUEL TREATM5T4 ,H[EV]1 H] [N ACC\NT EMPHASIZES ! EXT5T TO :I* H] 9DIVIDUAL EXP]I5CES REFLECT$ ?OSE ( O!R IMPRISON$ WOM51 ESPECIALLY BLACK & ,PU]TO ,RICAN WOM54 ,H] DESCRIPTION ( ! /RIP SE>*1 :I* FOCUSES ON ! 9T]NAL EXAM9ATION ( BODY CAVITIES1 IS ESPECIALLY REVEAL+3 ,JOAN ,BIRD & ,AF5I ,%AKUR .<MEMB]S ( ! ,BLACK ,PAN!R ,P>TY.> HAD TOLD ME AB\T IT AFT] !Y HAD BE5 BAIL$ \T 9 ! ,PAN!R #ba TRIAL4 ,:5 !Y HAD TOLD ME1 ,I WAS HORRIFI$4 0,Y\ MEAN !Y REALLY PUT !IR H&S 9SIDE Y\1 TO SE>* Y\80 ,I HAD ASK$4 0,UH-HUH10 !Y ANSW]$4 ,EV]Y WOMAN :O HAS EV] BE5 ON ! ROCK1 OR 9 ! OLD H\SE ( DET5TION1 CAN TELL Y\ AB\T IT4 ,! WOM5 CALL IT 0GETT+ !0 OR1 MORE VULG>LY1 0GETT+ FUCK$40,:AT HAPP5S IF Y\ REFUSE80 ,I HAD ASK$ ,AF5I4 0,!Y LOCK Y\ 9 ! HOLE & !Y DON'T LET Y\ \T UNTIL Y\ CONS5T TO BE SE>*$ 9T]NALLY40 

,I ?\<T AB\T REFUS+1 BUT ,I SURE AS HELL DIDN'T WANT TO BE 9 ! HOLE4 ,I HAD HAD 5\< ( SOLIT>Y4 ,! 09T]NAL SE>*0 WAS AS HUMILIAT+ & DISGU/+ AS IT S\ND$4 ,Y\ SIT ON ! $GE ( ?IS TABLE & ! NURSE HOLDS Y\R LEGS OP5 & /ICKS A F+] 9 Y\R VAG9A & MOVES IT >\ND4 ,%E HAS A PLA/IC GLOVE ON4 ,SOME ( !M TRY TO PUT ONE F+] 9 Y\R & ANO!R ONE UP Y\R RECTUM AT ! SAME TIME4 

,I HAVE QUOT$ ?IS PASSAGE SO EXT5SIVELY BECAUSE IT EXPOSES AN EV]YDAY R\T9E 9 WOM5'S PRISONS ?AT V]GES ON SEXUAL ASSAULT AS MU* AS IT IS TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,HAV+ BE5 IMPRISON$ 9 ! ,WOM5'S ,H\SE ( ,DET5TION TO :I* ,JOAN ,BIRD & ,AF5I ,%AKUR REF]1 ,I CAN P]SONALLY AFFIRM ! V]ACITY ( !IR CLAIMS4 ,OV] ?IRTY YE>S AFT] ,BIRD & ,AF5I ,%AKUR W]E RELEAS$ & AFT] ,I MYSELF SP5T SEV]AL MON?S 9 ! ,WOM5'S ,H\SE ( ,DET5TION1 ?IS ISSUE ( ! /RIP SE>* IS /ILL V]Y MU* ON ! FRONT BURN] ( WOM5'S PRISON ACTIVISM4 ,9 #ba ,SI/]S ,9SIDE1 AN ,AU/RALIAN SUPPORT ORGANIZATION = WOM5 PRISON]S1 LAUN*$ A NATIONAL CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! /RIP SE>*1 ! SLOGAN ( :I* WAS 0,/OP ,/ATE ,SEXUAL ,ASSAULT-0 ,ASSATA ,%AKUR'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY PROVIDES AN ABUNDANCE ( 9SI<TS AB\T ! G5D]+ ( /ATE PUNI%M5T & REVEALS ! EXT5T TO :I* WOM5'S PRISONS HAVE HELD ON TO OPPRESSIVE PATRI>*AL PRACTICES ?AT >E CONSID]$ OBSOLETE 9 ! 0FREE WORLD04 ,%E SP5T SIX YE>S 9 SEV]AL JAILS & PRISONS BE=E ESCAP+ 9 #aigi & RECEIV+ POLITICAL ASYLUM BY ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,CUBA 9 #a#i#h#d1 :]E %E LIVES TODAY4 ,ELIZABE? ,GURLEY ,FLYNN WROTE AN E>LI] ACC\NT ( LIFE 9 A WOM5S PRISON1 ,! ,ALD]SON ,/ORY3 ,MY AS A ,POLITICAL 
,PRISON]4 ,AT ! HEI<T ( ! ,MC,C>?Y ]A1 ,FLYML1 A LABOR ACTIVI/ & ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]1 WAS CONVICT$ UND] ! ,SMI? ,ACT & S]V$ TWO YE>S 9 ,ALD]SON ,F$]AL ,RE=MATORY = ,WOM5 FROM #aiee TO #a#i#e#g4 ,FOLL[+ ! DOM9ANT MODEL = WOM5'S PRISONS DUR+ ?AT P]IOD1 ,ALD]SON'S REGIMES W]E BAS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT 0CRIM9AL0 WOM5 C\LD BE REHABILITAT$ BY ASSIMILAT+ CORRECT WOMANLY BEHAVIORS-?AT IS1 BY BECOM+ EXP]TS 9 DOME/ICITY-ESPECIALLY COOK+1 CLEAN+1 & SEW+4 ,( C\RSE1 TRA9+ DESIGN$ TO PRODUCE BETT] WIVES & MO!RS AMONG MIDDLE-CLASS :ITE WOM5 EFFECTIVELY PRODUC$ SKILL$ DOME/IC S]VANTS AMONG BLACK & POOR WOM54 ,FLYNN'S BOOK PROVIDES VIVID DESCRIPTIONS ( !SE EV]YDAY REGIMES4 ,H] AUTOBIOGRAPHY IS LOCAT$ 9 A TRADITION ( PRISON WRIT+ BY POLITICAL PRISON]S ?AT ALSO 9CLUDES WOM5 ( ?IS ]A4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT+S BY WOM5 POLITICAL PRISON]S TODAY 9CLUDE POEMS & %ORT /ORIES BY ,]ICKA ,HUGG9S & ,SUSAN ,ROS5B]G1 ANALYZES ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX BY ,L9DA ,EVANS1 & CURRICULA = ,H,I,V_/,A,I,D,S $UCATION 9 WOM5'S PRISONS BY ,KA?Y ,B\D9 & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,B$=D ,HILLS ,A,C,E COLLECTIVE4 

,DESPITE ! AVAILABILITY ( P]CEPTIVE PORTRAYALS ( LIFE 9 WOM5'S PRISONS1 IT HAS BE5 EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO P]SUADE ! PUBLIC-& EV51 ON OCCASION1 TO P]SUADE PRISON ACTIVI/S :O >E PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) ! PLI<T ( MALE PRISON]S-( ! C5TRALITY ( G5D] TO AN UND]/&+ ( /ATE PUNI%M5T4 ,AL?\< M5 CON/ITUTE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PRISON]S 9 ! WORLD1 IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( ! OP]ATION ( /ATE PUNI%M5T >E MISS$ IF IT IS ASSUM$ ?AT WOM5 >E M>G9AL & ?US UNDES]V+ ( ATT5TION4 ,! MO/ FREQU5T JU/IFICATION = ! 9ATT5TION TO WOM5 PRISON]S & TO ! P>TICUL> ISSUES SURR\ND+ WOM5'S IMPRISONM5T IS ! RELATIVELY SMALL PROPORTION ( WOM5 AMONG 9C>C]AT$ POPULATIONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,9 MO/ C\NTRIES1 ! P]C5TAGE ( WOM5 AMONG PRISON POPULATIONS HOV]S >\ND FIVE ,H[EV]1 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL %IFTS ( ! #a#i#hS-! GLOBALIZATION ( ECONOMIC M>KETS1 ! DE-9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ,U4,S4 ECONOMY1 ! DISMANTL+ ( SU* SOCIAL S]VICE PROGRAMS AS ,AID TO ,FAMILIES ( ,DEP5D5T ,*ILDR51 &1 ( C\RSE1 ! PRISON CON/RUCTION BOOM-PRODUC$ A SIGNIFICANT ACCEL]ATION 9 ! RATE ( WOM5'S IMPRISONM5T BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 FACT1 WOM5 REMA9 TODAY ! FA/E/-GR[+ SECTOR ( ! ,U4,S4 PRISON POPULATION4 ,?IS REC5T RISE 9 ! RATE ( WOM5'S IMPRISONM5T PO9TS DIRECTLY TO ! ECONOMIC CONTEXT ?AT PRODUC$ ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX & ?AT HAS HAD A DEVA/AT+ IMPACT ON M5 & WOM5 ALIKE4 

,IT IS FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y EXPANSION ( PRISONS1 BO? 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 ?AT WE %\LD EXAM9E SOME ( ! HI/ORICAL & IDEOLOGICAL ASPECTS ( /ATE PUNI%M5T IMPOS$ ON WOM54 ,S9CE ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 :51 AS WE HAVE SE51 IMPRISONM5T BEGAN TO EM]GE AS ! DOM9ANT =M ( PUNI%M5T1 CONVICT$ WOM5 HAVE BE5 REPRES5T$ AS ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM !IR MALE C\NT]P>TS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT M5 :O COMMIT ! K9DS ( TRANSGRESSIONS ?AT >E REG>D$ AS PUNI%ABLE BY ! /ATE >E LABEL$ AS SOCIAL DEVIANTS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 MASCUL9E CRIM9ALITY HAS ALWAYS BE5 DEEM$ MORE 0NORMAL0 ?AN FEM99E CRIM9ALITY4 ,!RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 A T5D5CY TO REG>D ?OSE WOM5 :O HAVE BE5 PUBLICLY PUNI%$ BY ! /ATE = !IR MISBEHAVIORS AS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE AB]RANT & F> MORE ?REAT5+ TO SOCIETY ?AN !IR NUM]\S MALE C\NT]P>TS4 

,9 SEEK+ TO UND]/& ?IS G5D]$ DIFF]5CE 9 ! P]CEPTION ( PRISON]S1 IT %\LD BE KEPT 9 M9D ?AT AS ! PRISON EM]G$ & EVOLV$ AS ! MAJOR =M ( PUBLIC PUNI%M5T1 WOM5 CONT9U$ TO BE R\T9ELY SUBJECT$ TO =MS ( PUNI%M5T ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 ACKN[L$G$ AS SU*4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WOM5 HAVE BE5 9C>C]AT$ 9 PSY*IATRIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 GREAT]PROPORTIONS ?AN 9 PRISONS4#g#i ,/UDIES 9DICAT+ ?AT WOM5 HAVE BE5 EV5 MORE LIKELY TO 5D UP 9 M5TAL FACILITIES ?AN M5 SUGGE/ ?AT :ILE JAILS & PRISONS HAVE BE5 DOM9ANT 9/ITUTIONS = ! CONTROL ( M51 M5TAL 9/ITUTIONS HAVE S]V$ A SIMIL> PURPOSE = WOM54 ,?AT DCVIANT M5 HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ AS CRIM9AL1 :ILE DEVIANT WOM5 HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ AS 9SANE4 ,REGIMES ?AT REFLECT ?IS ASSL,UNPTION CONT9UE TO 9=M ! WOM5'S PRISON4 ,PSY*IATRIC DRUGS CONT9UE TO BE DI/RIBUT$ F> MORE EXT5SIVELY TO IMPRISON$ WOM5 ?AN TO !IR MALE C\NT]P>TS4 ,A ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN WOMAN 9C>C]AT$ 9 ! ,WOM5'S ,CORRECTIONAL ,C5T] 9 ,MONTANA RELAT$ H] ) PSY*OTROPIC DRUGS TO SOCIOLOGI/ ,LUANA ,ROSS3 ,HALDOL IS A DRUG !Y :O CAN'T COPE ) LOCKUP4 ,IT MAKES Y\ FEEL DEAD1 P>ALYZ$4 ,& !N ,I />T$ GETT+ SIDE EFFECTS FROM ,HALDOL4 ,I WANT$ TO FI<T ANYBODY1 ANY ( ! (FIC]S4 ,I WAS SCREAM+ AT !M & TELL+ !M TO GET \T ( MY FACE1 SO ! DOCTOR SAID1 0,WE CAN'T HAVE ?AT40 ,&1 !Y PUT ME ON ,TRANX5E4 ,I DON'T TAKE PILLS2 ,I NEV] HAD TR\BLE SLEEP+ UNTIL ,I GOT H]E4 ,N[ ,I'M SUPPOS$ TO SEE .<! C\NSELOR.> AGA9 BECAUSE ( MY DREAMS4 ,IF Y\ GOT A PROBLEM1 !Y'RE NOT GO+ TO TAKE C>E ( IT4 ,!Y'RE GO+ TO PUT Y\ ON DRUGS SO !Y CAN CONTROL Y\4 

,PRIOR TO ! EM]G5CE ( ! P5IT5TI>Y & ?US ( ! NOTION ( PUNI%M5T AS 0DO+ TIME10 ! USE ( CONF9EM5T TO CONTROL BEGG>S1 ?IEVES1 & ! 9SANE DID NOT NECESS>ILY DI/+UI% AMONG !SE CATEGORIES ( DEVIANCY4 ,AT ?IS PHASE 9 ! HI/ORY ( PUNI%M5T-PRIOR TO ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONS-! CLASSIFICATION PROCESS ?R\< :I* CRIM9ALITY IS DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM POV]TY & M5TAL ILLNESS HAD NOT YET DEVELOP$4 ,AS ! DISC\RSE ON CRIM9ALITY & ! CORRESPOND+ 9/ITUTIONS TO CONTROL IT DI/+UI%$ ! 0CRIM9AL0 FROM ! 09SANE' ! G5D]$ DI/9CTION TOOK HOLD & CONT9U$ TO /RUCTURE P5AL POLICIES4 ,G5D]$ AS FEMALE1 ?IS CATEGORY ( 9SANITY WAS HI<LY SEXUALIZ$4 ,:5 WE CONSID] ! IMPACT ( CLASS & RACE WE CAN SAY ?AT = :ITE & AFFLU5T WOM51 ?IS EQUALIZATION T5DS TO S]VE AS EVID5CE = EMOTIONAL & M5TAL BUT = BLACK & POOR WOM51 IT HAS PO9T$ TO CRIM9ALITY4 

,IT %\LD ALSO BE KEPT 9 M9D ?AT UNTIL ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( BLACK WOM5 W]E SUBJECT TO REGIMES ( PUNI%M5T ?AT DIFF]$ SIGNIFICANTLY FROM ?OSE EXP]I5C$ BY :ITE WOM54 ,AS SLAVES1 !Y W]E DIRECTLY & (T5 BRUTALLY DISCIPL9$ = CONDUCT CONSID]$ P]FECTLY NORMAL 9 A CONTEXT ( FRE$OM4 ,SLAVE PUNI%M5T WAS VISIBLY G5D]$-SPECIAL P5ALTIES1 W]E1 = EXAMPLE1 RES]V$ = PREGNANT WOM5 UNABLE TO REA* ! QUOTAS ?AT DET]M9$ H[ LONG & H[ FA/ !Y %\LD WORK4 ,9 ! SLAVE N>RATIVE ( ,MOSES ,GR&Y1 AN ESPECIALLY BRUTAL =M ( :IPP+ IS DESCRIB$ 9 :I* ! WOMAN WAS REQUIR$ TO LIE ON ! GR\ND ) H] /OMA* POSITION$ 9 A HOLE1 :OSE PURPOSE WAS TO SAFEGU>D ! FETUS 7CONCEIV$ AS FUTURE SLAVE LABOR74 ,IF WE EXP& \R DEF9ITION ( PUNI%M5T UND] SLAV]Y1 WE CAN SAY ?AT ! CO]C$ SEXUAL RELATIONS BETWE5 SLAVE & MA/] CON/ITUT$ A P5ALTY EXACT$ ON WOM51 IF ONLY = ! SALE REASON ?AT !Y W]E SLAVES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! DEVIANCE ( ! SLAVE MA/] WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ! SLAVE WOMAN1 :OM HE VICTIMIZ$4 ,LIKEWISE1 SEXUAL ABUSE BY PRISON GU>DS IS TRANSLAT$ 9TO HYP]-SEXUALITY ( WOM5 PRISON]S4 ,! NOTION ?AT 0FEMALE DEVIANCE0 ALWAYS HAS A SEXUAL DIM5SION P]SI/S 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ]A1 & ?IS 9T]SECTION ( CRIM9ALITY & SEXUALITY CONT9UES TO BE RACIALIZ$4 ,?US1 :ITE WOM5 LABEL$ AS 0CRIM9ALS0 >E MORE CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) BLACKNESS ?AN !IR 0NORMAL0 C\NT]P>TS4 ,PRIOR TO ! EM]G5CE ( ! PRISON AS ! MAJOR =M ( PUBLIC PUNI%M5T1 IT WAS TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT VIOLATORS ( ! LAW W\LD BE SUBJECT$ TO CORPORAL & FREQU5TLY CAPITAL P5ALTIES4 ,:AT IS NOT G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ IS ! CONNECTION BETWE5 /ATE-9FLICT$ CORPORAL PUNI%M5T & ! PHYSICAL ASSAULTS ON WOM5 9 DOME/IC SPACES4 ,?IS =M ( BODILY DISCIPL9E HAS CONT9U$ TO BE R\T9ELY MET$ \T TO WOM5 9 ! CONTEXT ( 9TIMATE RELATION%IPS1 BUT IT IS R>ELY UND]/OOD TO BE RELAT$ TO /ATE PUNI%M5T4 ,QUAK] RE=M]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES-ESPECIALLY ! ,PHILADELPHIA ,SOCIETY = ,ALLEVIAT+ ! ,MIS]IES ( ,PUBLIC ,PRISONS1 F\ND$ 9 #a#g#h#g-PLAY$ A PIVOTAL ROLE 9 CAMPAIGNS TO SUB/ITUTE IMPRISONM5T = CORPORAL PUNI%M5T4 ,FOLL[+ 9 ! TRADITION E/ABLI%$ BY ,ELIZABE? ,FRY 9 ,5GL&1 ,QUAK]S W]E ALSO RESPONSIBLE = EXT5D$ CRUSADES TO 9/ITUTE SEP>ATE PRISONS = WOM54 ,GIV5 ! PRACTICE ( 9C>C]AT+ CRIM9ALIZ$ WOM5 9 M5'S PRISONS1 ! DEM& = SEP>ATE WOM5'S PRISONS WAS VIEW$ AS QUITE RADICAL DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,FRY =MULAT$ PR9CIPLES GOV]N-PRISON RE=M = WOM5 9 H] #ahbg WORK1 ,OBS]VATIONS 9 ,VISIT+1 ,SUP]9T5D5CE & ,GOV]NM5T ( ,FEMALE ,PRISON]S1 :I* W]E TAK5 UP 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BY WOM5 SU* AS ,JOSEPH9E ,%AW ,L[ELL & ,ABBY ,HOPP] ,GIBBONS4 ,9 ! #a#h#gS1 ,L[ELL & ,GIBBONS HELP$ TO LEAD ! CAMPAIGN 9 ,NEW ,YORK = SEP>ATE PRISONS = WOM54,PREVAIL+ ATTITUDES T[>D WOM5 CONVICTS DIFF]$ FROM ?OSE T[>D M5 CONVICTS1 :O W]E ASSUM$ TO HAVE =FEIT$ RI<TS & LIB]TIES ?AT WOM5 G5]ALLY C\LD NOT CLAIM EV5 9 ! 0FREE WORLD04 ,I ,AL?\< SOME WOM5 W>EH\S$ 9 P5IT5TI>IES1 ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF WAS G5D]$ AS MALE1 = BY & L>GE NO P>TICUL> >RANGEM5TS W]E MADE TO ACCOMMODATE S5T5C$ WOM54 ,! WOM5 :O S]V$ 9 P5AL 9/ITUTIONS BETWE5 #ahb & #ahg W]E NOT SUBJECT TO ! PRISON RE=M EXP]I5C$ BY MALE 9MATES4 ,(FICIALS EMPLOY$ ISOLATION1 SIL5CE1 & H>D LABOR TO REHABILITATE MALE PRISON]S4 ,! LACK ( ACCOMMODATIONS = FEMALE 9MATES MADE ISOLATION & SIL5CE IMPOSSIBLE = !M & PRODUCTIVE LABOR WAS NOT CONSID]$ AN IMPORTANT P>T ( !IR R\T9E4 ,! NEGLECT ( FEMALE PRISON]S1 H[EV]1 WAS R>ELY B5EVOL5T4 ,RA!R1 A PATT]N ( OV]CR[D+1 H>% TREATM5T1 & SEXUAL ABUSE RECURR$ ?R\<\T PRISON HI/ORIES4 

,MALE PUNI%M5T WAS L9K$ IDEOLOGICALLY TO P5IT5CE & RE=M4 ,! V]Y =FEITURE ( RI<TS & LIB]TIES IMPLI$ ?AT SELF-REFLECTION1 RELIGI\S /UDY1 & WORK1 MALE CONVICTS C\LD A*IEVE R$EMPTION & C\LD RECOV] !SE RI<TS & LIB]TIES4 ,H[EV]1 S9CE WOM5 W]E NOT ACKN[L$G$ AS SECURELY 9 POSSESSION ( !SE RI<TS1 !Y W]E NOT ELIGIBLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS PROCESS ( R$EMPTION4 

,ACCORD+ TO DOM9ANT VIEWS1 WOM5 CONVICTS W]E IRREVOCABLY FALL5 WOM51 ) NO POSSIBILITY ( SALVATION4 ,IF MALE CRIM9ALS W]E CONSID]$ TO BE PUBLIC 9DIVIDUALS :O HAD SIMPLY VIOLAT$ ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 FEMALE CRIM9ALS W]E SE5 AS HAV+ TRANSGRESS$ FUNDAM5TAL MORAL PR9CIPLES ( WOMANHOOD4 ,! :O1 FOLL[+ ,ELIZABE? ,FRY1 >GU$ ?AT WOM5 W]E CAPABLE ( R$EMPTION1 DID NOT REALLY CONTE/ !SE IDEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS AB\T WOM5_/S PLACE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y DID NOT QUE/ION ! V]Y NOTION ( 0FALL5 WOM540 ,RA!R1 !Y SIMPLY OPPOS$ ! IDEA ?AT 0FALL5 WOM50 C\LD NOT BE SAV$4 ,!Y C\LD BE SAV$_/ ! RE=M]S CONT5D$1 & T[>D ?AT 5D !Y ADVOCAT$ SEP>ATE P5AL FACILITIES & A SPECIFICALLY FEMALE APPROA* TO PUNI%M5T4 ,!IR APPROA* CALL$ = >*ITECTURAL MODELS ?AT REPLAC$ CELLS ) COTTAGES & 0ROOMS0 9 A WAY ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO 9FUSE DOME/ICITY 9TO PRISON LIFE4 ,?IS MODEL FACILITAT$ A REGIME DEVIS$ TO RE9TEGRATE CRIM9ALIZ$ WOM5 9TO ! DOME/IC LIFE ( WIFE & MO!R4 ,!Y DID NOT_/ H[EV]1 ACKN[L$GE ! CLASS & RACE UND]P9N+S ( ?IS REGIME4 ,TRA9+ ?AT WAS1 ON ! SURFACE1 DESIGN$ TO PRODUCE GOOD WIVES & MO!RS 9 EFFECT /E]$ POOR WOM5 7& ESPECIALLY BLACK WOM57 9TO 0FREE WORLD0 JOBS 9 DOME/IC S]VICE4 ,9/EAD ( /AY-AT-HOME SKILL$ WIVES & MO!RS1 MANY WOM5 PRISON]S W\LD BECOME MAIDS1 COOKS1 & WA%]WOM5 = MORE AFFLU5T WOM54 ,A FEMALE CU/ODIAL /AFF1 ! RE=M]S ALSO >GU$1 W\LD M9IMIZE ! SEXUAL TEMPTATIONS1 :I* !Y BELIEV$ W]E (T5 AT ! ROOT ( FEMALE CRIM9ALITY4 

,:5 ! RE=M MOVEM5T CALL+ = SEP>ATE PRISONS = WOM5 EM]G$ 9 ,5GL& & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,ELIZABE? ,FRY1 ,JOSEPH9E ,%AW1 & O!R ADVOCATES >GU$ AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%$ IDEA ?AT CRIM9AL WOM5 W]E BEYOND ! REA* ( MORAL REHABILITATION4 ,LIKE MALE CONVICTS1 :O PRESUMABLY C\LD BE 0CORRECT$0 BY RIGOR\S PRISON REGIMES1 FEMALE CONVICTS1 !Y SUGGE/$_/ C\LD ALSO BE MOLD$ 9TO MORAL BE+S BY DIFF]5TLY G5D]$ IMPRISONM5T REGIMES4 ,>*ITECTURAL *ANGES1 DOME/IC REGIMES1 & AN ALL-FEMALE CU/ODIAL /AFF W]E IMPLEM5T$ 9 ! RE=MATORY PROGRAM PROPOS$ BY RE=M]S1#h#b & EV5TUALLY WOM5'S PRISONS BECAME AS /RONGLY AN*OR$ TO ! SOCIAL L&SCAPE AS M5'S PRISONS1 BUT EV5 MORE 9VISIBLE4 ,!IR GREAT] 9VISIBILITY WAS AS MU* A REFLECTION ( ! WAY WOM5_/S DOME/IC DUTIES UND] PATRI>*Y W]E ASSUM$ TO BE NORMAL1 NATURAL_/ & CONSEQU5TLY 9VISIBLE AS IT WAS ( ! RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB]S ( WOM5 9C>C]AT$ 9 !SE NEW 9/ITUTIONS4 

,TW5TY-ONE YE>S AFT] ! FIR/ ,5GLI% RE=MATORY = WOM5 WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#e#c1 ! FIR/ ,U4,S4 RE=MATORY = WOM5 WAS OP5$ 9 ,9DIANA4 ,! AIM WAS TO TRA9 ! PRISON]S 9 ! 0IMPORTANT0 FEMALE ROLE ( DOME/ICITY4 ,?US AN IMPORTANT ROLE ( ! RE=M MOVEM5T 9 WOM5'S PRISONS WAS TO 5C\RAGE & +RA9 0APPROPRIATE0 G5D] ROLES1 SU* AS VOCATIONAL TRA9+ 9 COOK+1 SEW+ & CLEAN+4 ,TO ACCOMMODATE !SE GOALS1 ! RE=MATORY COTTAGES W]E USUALLY DESIGN$ ) KIT*5S1 LIV+ ROOMS1 & EV5 SOME NURS]IES = PRISON]S ) 9FANTS4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS FEM9IZ$ PUBLIC PUNI%M5T DID NOT AFFECT ALL WOM5 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,:5 BLACK & ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN WOM5 W]E IMPRISON$ 9 RE=MATORIES1 !Y (T5 W]E SEGREGAT$ FROM :ITE WOM54 ,MOREOV]1 !Y T5D$ TO BE DISPROPORTIONATELY S5T5C$ TO M5'S PRISONS4 ,9 ! S\!RN /ATES 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 BLACK WOM5 5DUR$ ! CRUELTIES ( ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM UNMITIGAT$ BY ! FEM9IZATION ( PUNI%M5T NEI!R !IR S5T5CES NOR ! LABOR !Y W]E COMPELL$ TO DO W]E LESS5$ BY VIRTUE ( !IR G5D]4 ,AS ! ,U4,S4 PRISON SY/EM EVOLV$ DUR+ ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 FEM9IZ$ MODES ( PUNI%M5T-! COTTAGE SY/EM DOME/IC TRA9+1 & SO ON-W]E DESIGN$ IDEOLOGICALLY TO RE=M :ITE WOM51 RELEGAT+ WOM5 ( COLOR 9 L>GE P>T TO REALMS ( PUBLIC PUNI%M5T ?AT MADE NO PRET5SE ( (F]+ !M FEM99ITY4 

,MOREOV] AS ,LUCIA ,Z$N] HAS PO9T$ \T S5T5C+ PRACTICES = WOM5 )9 ! RE=MATORY SY/EM (T5 REQUIR$ WOM5 ( ALL RACIAL BACKGR\NDS TO DO MORE TIME ?AN M5 = SIMIL> (F5SES4 0,?IS DIFF]5TIAL WAS JU/IFI$ ON ! BASIS ?AT WOM5 W]E S5T TO RE=MATORIES NOT TO BE PUNI%$ 9 PROPORTION TO ! S]I\SNESS ( !IR (F5SE BUT TO BE RE=M$ & RETRA9$1 A PROCESS ?AT1 IT WAS >GU$1 REQUIR$ TIME4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,Z$N] PO9TS \T1 ?IS T5D5CY TO S5D WOM5 TO PRISON = LONG] T]MS ?AN M5 WAS ACCEL]AT$ BY ! EUG5ICS MOVEM5T1 0:I* S\<T TO HAVE 'G5ETICALLY 9F]IOR' WOM5 REMOV$ FROM SOCIAL CIRCULATION = AS MANY ( !IR *ILDBE>+ YE>S AS POSSIBLE04 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 WOM5'S PRISONS HAVE BEGUN TO LOOK MORE LIKE !IR MALE C\NT]P>TS P>TICUL>LY FACILITIES CON/RUCT$ 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ]A ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 ,AS CORPORATE 9VOLVEM5T 9 PUNI%M5T EXP&S 9 WAYS ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 UNIMAG9ABLE JU/ TWO DECADES AGO1 ! PRISONS PRESUM$ GOAL ( REHABILITATION HAS BE5 ?OR\<LY DISPLAC$ BY 9CAPACITATION AS ! MAJOR OBJECTIVE ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 N[ ?AT ! POPULATION ( ,U4,S4 PRISONS & JAILS HAS SURPASS$ TWO MILLION PEOPLE1 ! RATE ( 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB]S ( WOM5 PRISON]S HAS EXCE$$ ?AT ( M54 ,AS CRIM9OLOGI/ ,ELLIOT ,CURRIE HAS PO9T$ \T1 = MO/ ( ! P]IOD AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! FEMALE 9C>C]ATION RATE HOV]$ AT >\ND #h P] #a1,O,O,O IT DID NOT REA* D\BLE DIGITS UNTIL #a#i#g#g4 ,TODAY IT IS #ea P] #a1 4 4 4 ,AT ! CURR5T RATES !RE WILL BE MORE WOM5 9 ,AM]ICAN PRISONS 9 ! YE> #ba ?AN !RE W]E 9MATES ( BO? SEXES 9 #a#i#g4 ,:5 WE COMB9E ! EFFECTS ( RACE & G5D]1 ! NATURE ( !SE %IFTS 9 ! PRISON POPULATION IS EV5 CLE>]4 ,! PRISON 9C>C]ATION RATE = BLACK WOM5 TODAY EXCE$S ?AT = :ITE M5 AS REC5TLY AS #a#i#h4 

,LUANA ,ROSS'S /UDY ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN WOM5 9C>C]AT$ 9 ! ,WOM5'S ,CORRECTIONAL ,C5T] 9 ,MONTANA >GUES ?AT 0PRISONS1 AS EMPLOY$ BY ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SY/EM1 OP]ATE TO KEEP ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS 9 A COLONIAL SITUATION4 ,%E PO9TS \T ?AT ,NATIVE PEOPLE >E VA/LY OV]REPRES5T$ 9 ! C\NTRY'S F$]AL & /ATE PRISONS4 ,9 ,MONTANA1 :]E %E DID H] RESE>*1 !Y CON/ITUTE #f P]C5T ( ! G5]AL POPULATION1 BUT #g4#c P]C5T ( ! IMPRISON$ POPULATION4 ,NATIVE WOM5 >E EV5 MORE DISPROPORTIONATELY PRES5T 9 ,MONTANA'S PRISON SY/EM4 CON/ITUTE #be P]C5T ( ALL WOM5 IMPRISON$ BY ! /ATE4 ,?IRTY YE>S AGO1 >\ND ! TIME ( ! ,ATTICA UPRIS+ & ! MURD] ( ,GEORGE ,JACKSON AT ,SAN ,QU5T9 RADICAL OPPOSITION TO ! PRISON SY/EM ID5TIFI$ IT AS A PR9CIPAL SITE ( /ATE VIOL5CE & REPRESSION4 ,9 P>T AS A REACTION TO ! 9VISIBILITY ( WOM5 PRISON]S 9 ?IS MOVEM5T & 9 P>T AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! RIS+ WOM5'S LIB]ATION MOVEM5T1 SPECIFIC CAMPAIGNS DEVELOP$ 9 DEF5SE ( ! RI<TS ( WOM5 PRISON]S4 ,MANY ( !SE CAMPAIGNS PUT =?-& CONT9UE TO ADVANCE-RADICAL CRITIQUES ( /ATE REPRESSION & VIOL5CE4 ,)9 ! CORRECTIONAL COMMUNITY1 H[EV]1 FEM9ISM HAS BE5 9FLU5C$ L>GELY BY LIB]AL CON/RUCTIONS ( G5D] EQUALITY4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY RE=M MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS GR\ND$ 9 AN IDEOLOGY ( G5D] DIFF]5CE1 LATE-TW5TIE?-C5TURY 0RE=MS0 HAVE RELI$ ON A 0SEP>ATE BUT EQUAL0 MODEL4 ,?IS 0SEP>ATE BUT EQUAL0 APPROA* (T5 HAS BE5 APPLI$ UNCRITICALLY1 IRONICALLY RESULT+ 9 DEM&S = MORE REPRESSIVE CONDITIONS 9 ORD] TO R5D] WOM5'S FACILITIES 0EQUAL0 TO M5'S4 ,A CLE> EXAMPLE ( ?IS CAN BE DISCOV]$ 9 A MEMOIR1 ,! ,W>D5 ,WORE ,P9K1 WRITT5 BY A =M] W>D5 ( ,HURON ,VALLEY ,WOM5'S ,PRISON 9 ,MI*IGAN4 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#hS1 ! AU?OR1 ,TEKLA ,MILL]1 ADVOCAT$ A *ANGE 9 POLICIES )9 ! ,MI*IGAN CORRECTIONAL SY/EM ?AT W\LD RESULT 9 WOM5 PRISON]S BE+ TREAT$ ! SAME AS M5 PRISON]S4 ,) NO TRACE ( IRONY1 %E *>ACT]IZES AS 0FEM9I/0 H] [N FI<T = 0G5D] EQUALITY0 BETWE5 MALE & FEMALE PRISON]S & = EQUALITY BETWE5 MALE & FEMALE 9/ITUTIONS ( 9C>C]ATION4 ,ONE ( !SE CAMPAIGNS FOCUSES ON ! UNEQUAL ALLOCATION ( WEAPONS1 :I* %E S\<T TO REM$Y3 

,>S5ALS 9 M5'S PRISONS >E L>GE ROOMS ) %ELVES ( %OTGUNS1 RIFLES1 H& GUNS1 AMMUNITION1 GAS CANI/]S1 & RIOT EQUIPM5T 4 4 4 ,HURON ,VALLEY ,WOM5'S >S5AL WAS A SMALL1 FIVE FEET BY TWO FEET CLOSET ?AT HELD TWO RIFLES1 EI<T %OTGUNS1 TWO BULLHORNS1 FIVE H&GUNS1 F\R GAS CANI/]S1 & TW5TY SETS ( RE/RA9TS4,IT DOES NOT OCCUR TO H] ?AT A MORE PRODUCTIVE V]SION ( FEM9ISM W\LD ALSO QUE/ION ! ORGANIZATION ( /ATE PUNI%M5T = M5 AS WELL &1 9 MY OP9ION1 W\LD S]I\SLY CONSID] ! PROPOSITION ?AT ! 9/ITUTION AS A :OLE G5D]$ AS IT IS-CALLS = ! K9D ( CRITIQUE ?AT MI<T LEAD US TO CONSID] ITS ABOLITION4 

,MILL] ALSO DESCRIBES ! CASE ( AN ATTEMPT$ ESCAPE BY A WOMAN PRISON]4 ,! PRISON] CLIMB$ OV] ! RAZOR RIBBON BUT WAS CAPTUR$ AFT] %E JUMP$ TO ! GR\ND ON ! O!R SIDE4 ,?IS ESCAPE ATTEMPT OCCASION$ A DEBATE AB\T ! DISP>ATE TREATM5T ( M5 & WOM5 ESCAPEES4 ,MILL]'S POSITION WAS ?AT GU>DS %\LD BE 9/RUCT$ TO %OOT AT WOM5 JU/ AS !Y W]E 9/RUCT$ TO %OOT AT M54 ,%E >GU$ ?AT P>ITY = WOM5 & M5 PRISON]S %\LD CONSI/ 9 !IR EQUAL RI<T TO BE FIR$ UPON BY GU>DS4 ,! \TCOME ( ! DEBATE1 ,MILL] OBS]V$1 WAS ?AT ESCAP+ WOM5 PRISON]S 9 M$IUM OR HI<] .<SECURITY.> PRISONS >E TREAT$ ! SAME WAY AS M54 ,A W>N+ %OT IS FIR$4 ,IF ! PRISON] FAILS TO HALT & IS OV] ! F5CE1 AN (FIC] IS ALL[$ TO %OOT TO 9JURE4 ,IF ! (FIC]'S LIFE IS 9 DANG]1 ! (FIC] CAN %OOT TO KILL4 

,P>ADOXICALLY1 DEM&S = P>ITY ) M5'S PRISONS1 9/EAD ( CREAT+ GREAT] $UCATIONAL1 VOCATIONAL1 & HEAL? OPPORTUNITIES = WOM5 PRISON]S1 (T5 HAVE L$ TO MORE REPRESSIVE CONDITIONS = WOM54 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY A CONSEQU5CE ( DEPLOY+ LIB]AL-?AT IS1 =MALI/IC- 
NOTIONS ( EQUALITY1 BUT (1 MORE DANG]\S1 ALL[+ MALE PRISONS TO FUNCTION AS ! PUNI%M5T NORM4 ,MILL] PO9TS \T ?AT %E ATTEMPT$ TO PREV5T A FEMALE PRISON]1 :OM %E *>ACT]IZES AS A 0MURD]]0 S]V+ A LONG T]M1 FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 GRADUATION C]EMONIES AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN BECAUSE MALE MURD]]S W]E NOT GIV5 SU* PRIVILEGES4 7,( C\RSE1 %E DOES NOT 9DICATE ! NATURE ( ! WOMAN'S MURD] *>GES-:E!R1 = 9/ANCE1 %E WAS CONVICT$ ( KILL+ AN ABUSIVE P>TN]1 AS IS ! CASE = A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( WOM5 CONVICT$ ( MURD]74 ,AL?\< ,MILL] DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 PREV5T+ ! 9MATE FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! COMM5CEM5T1 9 ADDITION TO H] CAP & G[N1 ! PRISON] WAS MADE TO WE> LEG *A9S & H&CUFFS DUR+ ! C]EMONY4 ,?IS IS 9DE$ A BIZ>RE EXAMPLE ( FEM9I/ DEM&S = EQUALITY )9 ! PRISON SY/EM4 

,A WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ EXAMPLE ( ! USE ( REPRESSIVE P>APH]NALIA HI/ORICALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! TREATM5T ( MALE PRISON]S TO CREATE 0EQUALITY0 = FEMALE PRISON]S WAS ! #aiif DECISION BY ,ALABAMA'S PRISON COMMISSION] TO E/ABLI% WOM5'S *A9 GANGS4 ,AFT] ,ALABAMA BECAME ! FIR/ /ATE TO RE9/ITUTE *A9 GANGS 9 #a#i#i#e1 !N ,/ATE ,CORRECTIONS ,COMMISSION] ,RON ,JONES ANN\NC$ ! FOLL[+ YE> ?AT WOM5 W\LD BE %ACKL$ :ILE !Y CUT GRASS1 PICK$ UP TRA%1 OR WORK$ A VEGETABLE G>D5 AT ,JULIA ,TUTWIL] ,/ATE ,PRISON = ,WOM54 ,?IS ATTEMPT TO 9/ITUTE *A9 GANGS = WOM5 WAS 9 P>T A RESPONSE TO LAWSUITS BY MALE PRISON]S1 :O *>G$ ?AT MALE *A9 GA9S DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/ M5 BY VIRTUE ( !IR G5D]4#i#b ,H[EV]1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ,JONES'S ANN\NCEM5T1 ,GOV]NOR ,FOB ,JAMES1 :O OBVI\SLY WAS PRESSUR$ TO PREV5T ,ALABAMA FROM ACQUIR+ ! DUBI\S DI/9CTION ( BE+ ! ONLY ,U4,S4 /ATE TO HAVE EQUAL- OPPORTUNITY *A9 GANGS1 FIR$ HIM4 

,%ORTLY AFT] ,ALABAMA'S EMB>RASS+ FLIRTATION ) ! POSSIBILITY ( *A9 GANGS = WOM51 ,%]IFF ,JOE ,>PAIO ( ,M>ICOPO ,C\NTY1 ,>IZONA-REPRES5T$ 9 ! M$IA AS 0! T\<E/ %]IFF 9 ,AM]ICA0-HELD A PRESS CONF]5CE TO ANN\NCE ?AT BECAUSE HE WAS 0AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY 9C>C]ATOR10 HE WAS E/ABLI%+ ! C\NTRY'S FIR/ FEMALE *A9 GANG4 ,:5 ! PLAN WAS IMPLEM5T$1 NEWSPAP]S ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY C>RI$ A PHOTOGRAPH ( *A9$ WOM5 CLEAN+ ,PH5IX'S /REETS4 ,EV5 ?\< ?IS MAY HAVE BE5 A PUBLICITY /UNT DESIGN$ TO BOL/] ! FAME ( ,%]IFF ,>PAIO1 ! FACT ?AT ?IS WOM5'S *A9 GANG EM]G$ AGA9/ ! BACKDROP ( A G5]ALIZ$ 9CREASE 9 ! REPRESSION 9FLICT$ ON WOM5 PRISON]S IS C]TA9LY CAUSE = AL>M4 ,WOM5'S PRISONS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY 9CREAS+LY 9CLUDE SECTIONS KN[N AS SECURITY H\S+ UNITS4 ,! REGIMES ( SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T & S5SORY DEPRIVATION 9 ! SECURITY H\S+ UNIT 7,%,U7 9 !SE SECTIONS )9 WOM5'S PRISONS >E SMALL] V]SIONS ( ! RAPIDLY PROLIF]AT+ SUP]-MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONS4 ,S9CE ! POPULATION ( WOM5 9 PRISON N[ CONSI/S ( A MAJORITY ( WOM5 ( COLOR1 ! HI/ORICAL RESONANCES ( SLAV]Y1 COLONIZATION1 & G5OCIDE %\LD NOT BE MISS$ 9 !SE IMAGES ( WOM5 9 *A9S & %ACKLES4 

,AS ! LEVEL ( REPRESSION 9 WOM5'S PRISONS 9CREASES1 &1 P>ADOXICALLY1 AS ! 9FLU5CE ( DOME/IC PRISON REGIMES REC$ES1 SEXUAL ABUSE-:I*1 LIKE DOME/IC VIOL5CE1 IS YET ANO!R DIM5SION ( ! PRIVATIZ$ PUNI%M5T ( WOM5-HAS BECOME AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ COMPON5T ( PUNI%M5T BEH9D PRISON WALLS4 ,AL?\< GU>D-ON-PRISON] SEXUAL ABUSE IS NOT SANCTION$ AS SU*1 ! WIDESPREAD L5I5CY ) :I* (F5D+ (FIC]S >E TREAT$ SUGGE/S ?AT = WOM51 PRISON IS A SPACE 9 :I* ! ?REAT ( SEXUALIZ$ VIOL5CE ?AT LOOMS 9 ! L>G] SOCIE-TY IS EFFECTIVELY SANCTION$ AS A R\T9E ASPECT ( ! L&SCAPE ( PUNI%M5T BEH9D PRISON WALLS4 

,ACCORD+ TO A #aiif ,HUMAN ,RI<TS ,WAT* REPORT ON ! SEXUAL ABUSE ( WOM5 9 ,U4,S4 PRISONS3 
,\R F9D+S 9DICATE ?AT BE+ A WOMAN PRISON] 9 ,U4,S4 /ATE PRISONS CAN BE A T]RIFY+ EXP]I5CE4 ,IF Y\ >E SEXUALLY ABUS$1 Y\ CANNOT ESCAPE FROM Y\R ABUS]4 ,GRIEVANCE OR 9VE/IGATORY PROC$URES1 :]E !Y EXI/1 >E (T5 9EFFCCTUAL1 & CORRECTIONAL EMPLOYES CONT9UE TO 5GAGE 9 ABUSE BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE !Y WILL R>ELY BE HELD ACC\NTABLE1 ADM9I/RATIVELY OR CRIM9ALLY4 ,FEW PEOPLE \TSIDE ! PRISON WALLS KN[ :AT IS GO+ ON OR C>E IF !Y DO KN[4 ,FEW] /ILL DO ANY?+ TO ADDRESS ! PROBLEM4 

,! FOLL[+ EXC]PT FROM ! SUMM>Y ( ?IS REPORT1 5TITL$ ,ALL ,TOO ,FAMILI>3 ,SEXUAL ,ABUSE ( ,WOM5 9 ,U4,S4 ,/ATE ,PRISONS1 REVEALS ! EXT5T TO :I* WOM5'S PRISON 5VIRONM5TS >E VIOL5TLY SEXUALIZ$1 ?US RECAPITULAT+ ! FAMILI> VIOL5CE ?AT *>ACT]IZES MANY WOM5'S PRIVATE LIVES3 

,WE F\ND ?AT MALE CORRECTIONAL EMPLOYES HAVE VAG9ALLY1 ANALLY1 & ORALLY RAP$ FEMALE PRISON]S & SEXUALLY ASSAULT$ & ABUS$ !M4 ,WE F\ND ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( COMMITT+ SU* GROSS MISCONDUCT1 MALE (FIC]S HAVE NOT ONLY US$ ACTUAL OR ?REAT5$ PHYSICAL =CE1 BUT HAVE ALSO US$ !IR NE> TOTAL AU?ORITY TO PROVIDE OR D5Y GOODS & PRIVILEGES TO FEMALE PRISON]S TO COMPEL !M TO HAVE SEX OR1 9 O!R CASES1 TO REW>D !M = HAV+-DONE SO4 ,9 O!R CASES1 MALE (FIC]S HAVE VIOLAT$ !IR MO/ BASIC PR(ESSIONAL DUTY & 5GAG$ 9 SEXUAL CONTACT ) FEMALE PRISON]S ABS5T ! USE ( ?REAT ( =CE OR ANY MAT]IAL EX*ANGE4 ,9 ADDITION TO 5GAG+ 9 SEXUAL RELATIONS ) PRISON]S1 MALE (FIC]S HAVE US$ M&ATORY PAT-FRISKS OR ROOM SE>*ES TO GROPE WOM5'S BREA/S1 BUTTOCKS1 & VAG9AL >EAS & TO VIEW !M 9APPROPRIATELY :ILE 9 A /ATE ( UNDRESS+ ! H\S+ OR BA?ROOM >EAS4 ,MALE CORRECTIONAL (FIC]S & /AFF HAVE ALSO 5GAG$ 9 REGUL> V]BAL DEGRADATION & H>ASSM5T ( FEMALE PRISON]S1 ?US CONTRIBUT+ TO A CU/ODIAL 5VIRONM5T 9 ! /ATE PRISONS = WOM5 ?AT IS (T5 HI<LY SEXUALIZ$ & EXCESSIVELY HO/ILE4 

,! VIOL5T SEXUALIZATION ( PRISON LIFE )9 WOM5'S 9/ITUTIONS RAISES A NUMB] ( ISSUES ?AT MAY HELP US DEVELOP FUR!R \R CRITIQUE ( ! PRISON SY/EM4 ,IDEOLOGIES ( SEXUALITY-& P>TICUL>LY ! 9T]SECTION ( RACE & SEXUALITY-HAVE HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT ON ! REPRES5TATIONS ( & TREATM5T RECEIV$ BY WOM5 ( COLOR BO? )9 & \TSIDE PRISON4 ,( C\RSE1 BLACK & ,LAT9O M5 EXP]I5CE A P]IL\S CONT9UITY 9 ! WAY !Y >E TREAT$ 9 S*OOL1 :]E !Y >E DISCIPL9$ AS POT5TIAL CRIM9ALS2 9 ! /REETS1 :]E !Y >E SUBJECT$ TO RACIAL PR(IL+ BY ! POLICE2 & 9 PRISON1 :]E !Y >E W>EH\S$ & DEPRIV$ ( VIRTUALLY ALL ( !IR RI<TS4 ,= WOM51 ! CONT9UITY ( TREATM5T FROM ! FREE WORLD TO ! UNIV]SE ( ! PRISON IS EV5 MORE COMPLICAT$1 S9CE !Y ALSO CONFRONT =MS ( VIOL5CE 9 PRISON ?AT !Y HAVE CONFRONT$ 9 !IR HOMES & 9TIMATE RELATION%IPS4 ,! CRIM9ALIZATION ( BLACK & ,LAT9A WOM5 9CLUDES P]SI/+ IMAGES ( HYP]SEXUALITY ?AT S]VE TO JU/IFY SEXUAL ASSAULTS AGA9/ !M BA? 9 & \TSIDE ( PRISON4 ,SU* IMAGES W]E VIVIDLY R5D]$ 9 A ,NI<TL9E TELEVISION S]IES FILM$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiii AN LOCATION AT ,CALI=NIA'S ,VALLEY ,/ATE ,PRISON = ,WOM54 ,MANY ( ! WOM5 9T]VIEW$ BY ,T$ ,KAPPEL COMPLA9$ ?AT !Y RECEIV$ FREQU5T & UNNECESS>Y PELVIC EXAM9ATIONS1 9CLUD+ :5 !Y VISIT$ ! DOCTOR ) SU* R\T9E ILLNESSES AS COLDS4 ,9 AN ATTEMPT TO JU/IFY !SE EXAM9ATIONS1 ! *IEF M$ICAL (FIC] EXPLA9$ ?AT WOM5 PRISON]S HAD R>E OPPORTUNITIES = 0MALE CONTACT10 & ?AT !Y !RE=E WELCOM$ !SE SUP]FLU\S GYNECOLOGICAL EXAMS4 ,AL?\< ?IS (FIC] WAS EV5TUALLY REMOV$ FROM HIS POSITION AS A RESULT ( !SE COMM5TS1 HIS REASSIGNM5T DID LITTLE TO ALT] ! P]VASIVE VULN]ABILITY ( IMPRISON$ WOM5 TO SEXUAL ABUSE4 ,/UDIES AN FEMALE PRISONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD 9DICATE ?AT SEXUAL ABUSE IS AN ABID+1 ?\< UNACKN[L$G$1 =M ( PUNI%M5T TO :I* WOM51 :O HAVE ! MIS=TUNE ( BE+ S5T TO PRISON1 >E SUBJECT$4 ,?IS IS ONE ASPECT ( LIFE 9 PRISON ?AT WOM5 CAN EXPECT TO 
5C\NT]1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 REG>DLESS ( ! WRITT5 POLICIES ?AT GOV]N ! 9/ITUTION4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#i#h1 ,RADHIKA ,COOM>ASWAMY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,SPECIAL ,RAPPORTEUR = ,VIOL5CE ,AGA9/ ,WOM51 VISIT$ F$]AL & /ATE PRISONS AS WELL AS ,IMMIGRATION & ,NATURALIZATION DET5TION 
FACILITIES 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,CONNECTICUT1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ,M9NESOTA1 ,GEORGIA1 & ,CALI=NIA4 ,%E WAS REFUS$ P]MISSION TO VISIT WOM5'S PRISONS 9 ,MI*IGAN1 :]E S]I\S ALLEGATIONS ( SEXUAL ABUSE W]E P5D+4 ,9 ! AFT]MA? ( H] VISITS1 ,COOM>ASWAMY ANN\NC$ ?AT SEXUAL MISCONDUCT BY PRISON /AFF IS WIDESPREAD 9 ,AM]ICAN WOM5'S PRISONS4 ,?IS CL&E/9E 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( SEXUAL ABUSE VIOLATES ONE ( ! GUID+ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS' ,/&>D ,M9IMUM ,RULES = ! ,TREATM5T ( ,PRISON]S1 A ,U,N 9/RUM5T FIR/ ADOPT$ 9 #aiee & US$ AS A GUIDEL9E BY MANY GOV]NM5TS TO A*IEVE :AT IS KN[N AS 0GOOD PRISON PRACTICE40 ,H[EV]1 ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T HAS DONE LITTLE TO PUBLICIZE !SE RULES & IT IS PROBABLY ! CASE ?AT MA/ CORRECTIONAL P]SONNEL HAVE NEV] HE>D ( !SE ,U,N /&>DS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,/&>D ,M9IMUM ,RULES1 ,IMPRISONM5T & O!R MEASURES :I* RESULT 9 CUTT+ (F AN (F5D] FROM ! \TSIDE WORLD >E AFFLICTIVE BY ! V]Y FACT ( TAK+ FROM ! P]SON ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION HY DEPRIV+ HIM ( HIS LIB]TY4 ,!RE=E ! PRISON SY/EM %ALL NOT1 EXCEPT AS 9CID5TAL TO JU/IFIABLE SEGREGATION OR ! MA9T5ANCE ( DISCIPL9E1 AGGRAVATE ! SUFF]+ 9H]5T 9 SU* A SITUATION8#g 

,SEXUAL ABUSE IS SURREPTITI\SLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ONE ( ! MA/ HABITUAL ASPECTS ( WOM5'S IMPRISONM5T1 ! /RIP SE>*4 ,AS ACTIVI/S & PRISON]S !MSELVES HAVE PA9T$ \T1 ! /ATE ITSELF IS DIRECTLY IMPLICAT$ 9 ?IS R\T9IZATION ( SEXUAL ABUSE1 BA? 9 P]MITT+ SU* CONDITIONS ?AT R5D] WOM5 VULN]ABLE TO EXPLICIT SEXUAL CO]CION C>RI$ \T BY GU>DS & O!R PRISON /AFF & BY 9CORPORAT+ 9TO R\T9E POLICY SU* PRACTICES AS ! /RIP SE>* & BODY CAVITY SE>*4 ,AU/RALIAN LAWY]_/ACTIVI/ ,AM&A ,GEORGE HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT .<T.>HE ACKN[L$GM5T ?AT SEXUAL ASSAULT DOES OCCUR 9 9/ITUTIONS = PEOPLE ) 9TELLECTUAL DISABILITIES1 PRISONS1 PSY*IATRIC HOSPITALS1 Y\? TRA9+ C5T]S & POLICE /ATIONS1 USUALLY C5T]S >\ND ! CRIM9AL ACTS ( RAPE & SEXUAL ASSAULT BY 9DIVIDUALS EMPLOY$ 9 ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!SE (F5SES1 ?\< !Y >E R>ELY REPORT$1 >E CLE>LY UND]/OOD AS BE+ 0CRIMES0 = :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL & NOT ! /ATE IS RESPONSIBLE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AS ! /ATE DEPLORES 0UNLAWFUL0 SEXUAL ASSAULTS BY ITS EMPLOYES1 IT ACTUALLY USES SEXUAL ASSAULT AS A MEANS ( CONTROL4 

,9 ,VICTORIA1 PRISON & POLICE (FIC]S >E VE/$ ) ! P[] & RESPONSIBILITY TO DO ACTS :I*1 IF DONE \TSIDE ( WORK H\RS1 W\LD BE CRIMES ( SEXUAL ASSAULT4 ,IF A P]SON DOES NOT CONS5T TO BE+ /RIPP$ NAK$ BY !SE (FIC]S1 =CE CAN LAWFULLY BE US$ TO DO IT 4 4 4 ,!SE LEGAL /RIP SE>*ES >E1 9 ! AU?OR'S VIEW1 SEXUAL ASSAULTS )9 ! DEF9ITION ( 9DEC5T ASSAULT 9 ! 7,VIC7 AS AM5D$ 9 SECTION #c#i4 

,AT A ,NOVEMB] #ba CONF]5CE ON WOM5 9 PRISON HELD BY ! ,BRISBANE-BAS$ ORGANIZATION ,SI/]S ,9SIDE1 ,AM&A ,GEORGE DESCRIB$ AN ACTION P]=M$ BE=E A NATIONAL GA!R+ ( CORRECTIONAL P]SONNEL WORK+ 9 WOM5'S PRISONS4 ,SEV]AL WOM5 SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! /AGE &1 SOME PLAY+ GU>DS1 O!RS PLAY+ ! ROLES ( PRISON]S1 DRAMATIZ$ A /RIP SE>*4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GEORGE1 ! GA!R+ WAS SO REPULS$ BY ?IS 5ACTM5T ( A PRACTICE ?AT OCCURS R\T9ELY 9 WOM5'S PRISONS EV]Y:]E ?AT MANY ( ! P>TICIPANTS FELT COMPELL$ TO DISASSOCIATE !MSELVES FROM SU* PRACTICES1 9SI/+ ?AT ?IS WAS NOT :AT !Y DID4 ,SOME ( ! GU>DS1 ,GEORGE SAID1 SIMPLY CRI$ UPON WAT*+ REPRES5TATIONS ( !IR [N ACTIONS \TSIDE ! PRISON CONTEXT4 ,:AT !Y MU/ HAVE REALIZ$ IS ?AT 0)\T ! UNI=M1 )\T ! P[] ( ! /ATE1 .<! /RIP SE>*.> W\LD BE SEXUAL ASSAULT04 

,BUT :Y IS AN UND]/&+ ( ! P]VASIV5ESS ( SEXUAL ABUSE 9 WOM5'S PRISONS AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T ( A RADICAL ANALYSIS ( ! PRISON SY/EM1 & ESPECIALLY ( ?OSE =W>D-LOOK+ ANALYZES ?AT LEAD US 9 ! DIRECTION ( ABOLITION8 ,BECAUSE ! CALL TO ABOLI% ! PRISON AS ! DOM9ANT =M ( PUNI%M5T CANNOT IGNORE ! EXT5T TO :I* ! 9/ITUTION ( ! PRISON HAS /OCKPIL$ IDEAS & PRACTICES ?AT >E HOPEFULLY APPROA*+ OBSOLESC5CE 9 ! L>G] SOCIETY1 BUT ?AT RETA9 ALL !IR <A/LY VITALITY BEH9D PRISON WALLS4 ,! DE/RUCTIVE COMB9ATION ( RACISM & MISOGYNY1 H[EV] MU* IT HAS BE5 *ALL5G$ BY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 S*OL>%IP1 & >T OV] ! LA/ ?REE DECADES1 RETA9S ALL ITS AWFUL CONSEQU5CES )9 WOM5'S PRISONS4 ,! RELATIVELY UNCONTE/$ PRES5CE ( SEXUAL ABUSE 9 WOM5'S PRISONS IS ONE ( MANY SU* EXAMPLES4 ,! 9CREAS+ EVID5CE ( A ,U4,S4 PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX ) GLOBAL RESONANCES LEADS US TO ?9K AB\T ! EXT5T TO :I* ! MANY CORPORATIONS ?AT HAVE ACQUIR$ AN 9VE/M5T 9 ! EXPANSION ( ! PRISON SY/EM >E1 LIKE ! /ATE1 DIRECTLY IMPLICAT$ 9 AN 9/ITUTION ?AT P]PETUATES VIOL5CE AGA9/ WOM54 

,*APT] #e4 ,! ,PRISON ,9DU/RIAL ,COMPLEX 

0,= PRIVATE BUS9ESS PRISON LABOR IS LIKE A POT ( GOLD4 ,NO /RIKES4 ,NO UNION ORGANIZ+4 ,NO HEAL? B5EFITS1 UNEMPLOYM5T 9SURANCE1 OR WORK]S' COMP5SATION TO PAY4 ,NO LANGUAGE B>RI]S1 AS 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES4 ,NEW LEVIA?AN PRISONS >E BUILT ON ?\S&S ( E]IE ACRES ( FACTORIES 9SIDE WALLS4 ,PRISON]S DO DATA 5TRY = ,*EVRON1 MAKE TELEPHONE RES]VATIONS = ,T,W,A1 RAISE HOGS1 %OVEL MANURE1 & MAKE CIRCUIT BO>DS1 LIM\S9ES1 WAT]B$S1 & L+]IE = ,VICTORIA'S ,SECRET1 ALL AT A FRACTION ( ! CO/ ( 'FREE LABOR4'0 -,L9DA ,EVANS & ,EVE ,GOLDB]G4 

,! EXPLOITATION ( PRISON LABOR BY PRIVATE CORPORATIONS IS ONE ASPECT AMONG AN >RAY ( RELATION%IPS L9K+ CORPORATIONS1 GOV]NM5T1 CORRECTIONAL COMMUNITIES1 & M$IA4 ,!SE RELATION%IPS CON/ITUTE :AT WE N[ CALL A PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 ,! T]M 0PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX0 WAS 9TRODUC$ BY ACTIVI/S & S*OL>S TO CONTE/ PREVAIL+ BELIEFS ?AT 9CREAS$ LEVELS ( CRIME W]E ! ROOT CAUSE ( M\NT+ PRISON POPULATIONS4 ,9/EAD1 !Y >GU$1 PRISON CON/RUCTION & ! ATT5DANT DRIVE TO FILL !SE NEW /RUCTURES ) HUMAN BODIES HAVE BE5 DRIV5 BY IDEOLOGIES ( RACISM & ! PURSUIT ( PR(IT4 ,SOCIAL HI/ORIAN ,MIKE ,DAVIS FIR/ US$ ! T]M 9 RELATION TO ,CALI=NIA'S P5AL SY/EM1 :I*1 HE OBS]V$1 ALREADY HAD BEGUN 9 ! #a#i#iS TO RIVAL AGRIBUS9ESS & L& DEVELOPM5T AS A MAJOR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =CE4 

,TO UND]/& ! SOCIAL MEAN+ ( ! PRISON TODAY )9 ! CONTEXT ( A DEVELOP+ PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX MEANS ?AT PUNI%M5T HAS TO BE CONCEPTUALLY SEV]$ FROM ITS SEEM+LY 9DISSOLUBLE L9K ) CRIME4 ,H[ (T5 DO WE 5C\NT] ! PHRASE 0CRIME & PUNI%M5T08 ,TO :AT EXT5T HAS ! P]PETUAL REPETITION ( ! PHRASE CRIME & PUNI%M5T0 9 LIT]ATURE1 AS TITLES ( TELEVISION %[S1 BO? FICTIONAL & DOCUM5T>Y1 & 9 EV]YDAY CONV]SATION MADE IT EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO ?9K AB\T PUNI%M5T BEYOND ?IS CONNECTION8 ,H[ HAVE !SE PORTRAYALS LOCAT$ ! PRISON 9 A CAUSAL RELATION TO CRIME AS A NATURAL1 NECESS>Y1 & P]MAN5T EFFECT1 ?US 9HIBIT+ S]I\S DEBATES AB\T ! VIABILITY ( ! PRISON TODAY8 

,! NOTION ( A PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX 9SI/S ON UND]/&+S ( ! PUNI%M5T PROCESS ?AT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUCTURES & IDEOLOGIES1 RA!R ?AN FOCUS+ MYOPICALLY ON 9DIVIDUAL CRIM9AL CONDUCT & EF=TS TO 0CURB CRIME40 ,! FACT1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT MANY CORPORATIONS ) GLOBAL M>KETS N[ RELY ON PRISONS AS AN IMPORTANT S\RCE ( PR(IT HELPS US TO UND]/& ! RAPIDITY ) :I* PRISONS BEGAN TO PROLIF]ATE PRECISELY AT A TIME :5 (FICIAL /UDIES 9DICAT$ ?AT ! CRIME RATE WAS FALL+4 ,! NOTION ( A PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX ALSO 9SI/S ?AT ! RACIALIZATION ( PRISON POPULATIONS-& ?IS IS NOT ONLY TRUE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BUT ( ,EUROPE1 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 & ,AU/RALIA AS WELL-IS NOT AN 9CID5TAL FEATURE4 

,?US1 ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX UND]TAK5 BY ABOLITIONI/ ACTIVI/S & S*OL>S >E V]Y MU* L9K$ TO CRITIQUES ( ! GLOBAL P]SI/5CE ( RACISM4 ,ANTIRACI/ & O!R SOCIAL JU/ICE MOVEM5TS >E 9COMPLETE ) ATT5TION TO ! POLITICS ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,AT ! #ba 
,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,WORLD ,CONF]5CE ,AGA9/ ,RACISM HELD 9 ,DURBAN1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 A FEW 9DIVIDUALS ACTIVE 9 ABOLITIONI/ CAMPAIGNS 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES ATTEMPT$ TO BR+ ?IS CONNECTION TO ! ATT5TION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY4 ,!Y PO9T$ \T ?AT ! EXP&+ SY/EM ( PRISONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD BO? RELIES ON & FUR!R PROMOTES /RUCTURES ( RACISM EV5 ?\< ITS PROPON5TS MAY ADAMANTLY MA9TA9 ?AT IT IS RACE-NEUTRAL4 ,SOME CRITICS ( ! PRISON SY/EM HAVE EMPLOY$ ! T]M 0CORRECTIONAL 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX0 & O!RS 0P5AL 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX40 ,!SE & ! T]M ,I HAVE *OS5 TO UND]SCORE1 0PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX' ALL CLE>LY RESONATE ) ! HI/ORICAL CONCEPT ( A 0MILIT>Y 9DU/RIAL COM- ,I6 :OSE USAGE DATES BACK TO ! PRESID5CY ( ,DWI<T ,EIS5H[]4 ,IT MAY SEEM IRONIC ?AT A ,REPUBLICAN PRESID5T WAS ! FIR/ TO UND]SCORE A GR[+ & DANG]\S ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! MILIT>Y & CORPORATE WORLDS1 BUT IT CLE>LY SEEM$ RI<T TO ANTIW> ACTIVI/S & S*OL>S DUR+ ! ]A ( ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4 ,TODAY1 SOME ACTIVI/S MI/AK5LY >GUE ?AT ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX IS MOV+ 9TO ! SPACE VACAT$ BY ! MILIT>Y 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 ,H[EV]1 ! SO CALL$ ,W> ON ,T]RORISM 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,BU% ADM9I/RATION 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! #bb ATTACKS ON ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,C5T] HAS MADE IT V]Y CLE> ?AT ! L9KS BETWE5 ! MILIT>Y1 CORPORATIONS1 & GOV]NM5T >E GR[+ /RONG]1 NOT WEAK]4 ,A MORE COG5T WAY TO DEF9E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! MILIT>Y 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX & ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX W\LD BE TO CALL IT SYMBIOTIC4 ,!SE TWO COMPLEXES MUTUALLY SUPPORT & PROMOTE EA* O!R &1 9 FACT1 (T5 %>E TE*NOLOGIES4 ,DUR+ ! E>LY N9ETIES1 :5 DEF5SE PRODUCTION WAS TEMPOR>ILY ON ! DECL9E1 ?IS CONNECTION BETWE5 ! MILIT>Y 9DU/RY & ! CRIM9AL JU/ICE_/PUNI%M5T 9DU/RY WAS ACKN[L$G$ 9 A #aiid ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,MAK+ ,CRIME ,PAY3 ,! ,COLD ,W> ( ! '#iS03 ,P>TS ( ! DEF5SE E/ABLI%M5T >E CA%+ 91 TOO1 S5S+ A LOGICAL NEW L9E ( BUS9ESS TO HELP !M (FSET MILIT>Y CUTBACKS4 ,WE/+H\SE ,ELECTRIC ,CORP41 ,M9NESOTA ,M9+ & ,MANUFACTUR+ ,CO1 ,G,D,E ,SY/EMS 7A DIVISION ( ! OLD ,G5]AL ,DYNAMICS7 & ,ALLIANT ,TE*SY/EMS ,9C41 = 9/ANCE1 >E PU%+ CRIMEFI<T+ EQUIPM5T & HAVE CREAT$ SPECIAL DIVISIONS TO RETOOL !IR DEF5SE TE*NOLOGY4 ,! >TICLE DESCRIBES A CONF]5CE SPONSOR$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,9/ITUTE ( ,JU/ICE1 ! RESE>* >M ( ! ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T1 5TITL$ 0,LAW ,5=CEM5T ,TE*NOLOGY 9 ! #b#a/ ,C5TURY04 ,! SECRET>Y ( DEF5SE WAS A MAJOR PRES5T] AT ?IS CONF]5CE1 :I* EXPLOR$ TOPICS SU* AS1 ! ROLE ( ! DEF5SE 9DU/RY1 P>TICUL>LY = DUAL USE & CONV]SION04 ,HOT TOPICS3 DEF5SE-9DU/RY TE*NOLOGY ?AT C\LD L[] ! LEVEL ( VIOL5CE 9VOLV$ 9 CRIME FI<T+4 ,S&IA ,NATIONAL ,LABORATORIES1 = 9/ANCE1 IS EXP]IM5T+ ) A D5SE FOAM ?AT CAN BE SPRAY$ AT SUSPECTS1 TEMPOR>ILY BL9D+ & DEAF+-!M UND] BREA?ABLE BUBBLES4 ,/+] ,CORPORATION IS WORK+ ON 'SM>T GUNS' :I* WILL FIRE ONLY = ! [N]1 & RETRACTABLE SPIK$ B>RI] /RIPS TO UNFURL 9 FRONT ( FLEE+ VEHICLES4 ,WE/+H\SE IS PROMOT+ ! 0SM>T C>0 9 :I* M9ICOMPUT]S C\LD BE L9K$ UP ) BIG MA9FRAMES AT ! POLICE DEP>TM5T6 ALL[+ = SPE$Y BOOK+ ( PRISON]S1 AS WELL AS QUICK EX*ANGES ( 9=MATION4 

,BUT AN ANALYSIS ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! MILIT>Y & PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX IS NOT ONLY CONC]N$ ) ! TRANSF]5CE ( TE*NOLOGIES FROM ! MILIT>Y TO ! LAW 5=CEM5T 9DU/RY4 ,:AT MAY BE EV5 MORE IMPORTANT TO \R DISCUSSION IS ! EXT5T TO :I* BO? %>E IMPORTANT /RUCTURAL FEATURES4 ,BO? SY/EMS G5]ATE HUGE PR(ITS FROM PROCESSES ( SOCIAL DE/RUCTION4 ,PRECISELY ?AT :I* IS ADVANTAGE\S TO ?OSE CORPORATIONS1 ELECT$ (FICIALS1 & GOV]NM5T AG5TS :O HAVE OBVI\S /AKES 9 ! EXPANSION ( !SE SY/EMS BEGETS & DEVA/ATION = POOR & RACIALLY DOM9AT$ COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( IMPRISON$ BODIES-& !Y >E 9 !IR MAJORITY BODIES ( COLOR-9TO S\RCES ( PR(IT :O CONSUME & ALSO (T5 PRODUCE ALL K9DS ( COMMODITIES1 DEV\RS PUBLIC FUNDS1 :I* MI<T O!RWISE BE AVAILABLE = SOCIAL PROGRAMS SU* AS $UCATION1 H\S+1 *ILDC>E1 RECREATION1 & DRUG PROGRAMS4 

,PUNI%M5T NO LONG] CON/ITUTES A M>G9AL >EA ( ! L>G] ECONOMY4 ,CORPORATIONS PRODUC+ ALL K9DS ( GOODSFROM BUILD+S TO ELECTRONIC DEVICES & HYGI5E PRODUCTS& PROVID+ ALL K9DS ( S]VICES-FROM MEALS TO !RAPY & HEAL?C>E->E N[ DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! PUNI%M5T BUS9ESS4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 COMPANIES ?AT ONE W\LD ASSUME >E F> REMOV$ FROM ! WORK ( /ATE PUNI%M5T HAVE DEVELOP$ MAJOR /AKES 9 ! P]PETUATION ( A PRISON SY/EM :OSE HI/ORICAL OBSOLESC5CE IS !RE=E ?AT MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO RECOGNIZE4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ! DECADE ( ! #a#i#hS ?AT CORPORATE TIES TO ! PUNI%M5T SY/EM BECAME MORE EXT5SIVE & 5TR5*$ ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,BUT ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( ! ,U4,S4 PRISON SY/EM1 PRISON]S HAVE ALWAYS CON/ITUT$ A POT5TIAL S\RCE ( PR(IT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y HAVE S]V$ AS VALUABLE SUBJECTS 9 M$ICAL RESE>*1 ?US POSITION+ ! PRISON AS A MAJOR L9K BETWE5 UNIV]SITIES & CORPORATIONS4 

,DUR+ ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I P]IOD1 = EXAMPLE1 M$ICAL EXP]IM5TATION ON CAPTIVE POPULATIONS HELP$ TO HA/5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ALL5 ,HORNBLUM1 ! NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN M$ICAL RESE>* PROGRAMS ?AT RELI$ ON PRISON]S AS SUBJECTS RAPIDLY EXP&$ AS ZEAL\S DOCTORS & RESE>*]S1 GRANTMAK+ UNIV]SITIES1 & A BURGEON+ PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RY RAC$ = GREAT] M>KET %>E4 ,SOCIETY6S M>G9AL PEOPLE W]E1 AS !Y HAD ALWAYS BE51 ! GRI/ = ! M$ICAL-PH>MACEUTICAL MILL1 & PRISON 9MATES 9 P>TICUL> W\LD BECOME ! RAW MAT]IALS = PO/W> PR(IT-MAK+ & ACADEMIC ADVANCEM5T4 

,HORNBLUM'S BOOK1 ,ACRES ( ,SK93 ,HUMAN ,EXP]IM5TS AT ,HOLMESBURG ,PRISON1 HI<LI<TS ! C>E] ( RESE>* D]MATOLOGI/ ,ALB]T ,KLIGMAN1 :O WAS A PR(ESSOR AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P5NSYLVANIA4 ,KLIGMAN 0CONDUCT$ HUNDR$S ( EXP]IM5TS ON ! M5 H\S$ 9 ,HOLMESBURG ,PRISON &1 9 ! PROCESS1 TRA9$ MANY RESE>*]S TO USE :AT W]E LAT] RECOGNIZ$ AS UNE?ICAL RESE>* ME?ODS04 

,:5 ,DR4 ,KLIGMAN 5T]$ ! AG+ PRISON HE WAS AW$ BY ! POT5TIAL IT HELD = HIS RESE>*4 ,9 
#a#i#f#f1 HE RECALL$ 9 A NEWSPAP] 9T]VIEW3 ,ALL ,I SAW BE=E ME W]E ACRES ( SK94 ,IT WAS LIKE A F>M] SEE+ A F]TILE FIELD = ! FIR/ TIME40 ,! HUNDR$S ( 9MATES WALK+ AIMLESSLY BE=E HIM REPRES5T$ A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY = UNLIMIT$ & UNDI/URB$ M$ICAL RESE>*4 ,HE DESCRIB$ IT 9 ?IS 9T]VIEW AS 0AN AN?ROPOID COLONY1 MA9LY HEAL?Y0 UND] P]FECT CONTROL CONDITIONS4 

,BY ! TIME ! EXP]IM5TATION PROGRAM WAS %UT D[N 9 #aigd & NEW F$]AL REGULATIONS PROHIBIT$ ! USE ( PRISON]S AS SUBJECTS = ACADEMIC & CORPORATE RESE>*1 NUM]\S COSMETICS & SK9 CREAMS HAD ALREADY BE5 TE/$4 ,SOME ( !M HAD CAUS$ GREAT H>M TO !SE SUBJECTS & C\LD NOT BE M>KET$ 9 !IR ORIG9AL =M4 ,JOHNSON & ,JOHNSON1 ,OR?O ,PH>MACEUTICAL1 & ,D[ ,*EMICAL >E ONLY A FEW ( ! CORPORATIONS ?AT REAP$ GREAT MAT]IAL B5EFITS FROM !SE EXP]IM5TS4 

,! POT5TIAL IMPACT ( CORPORATE 9VOLVEM5T 9 PUNI%M5T C\LD HAVE BE5 GLIMPS$ 9 ! ,KLIGMAN EXP]IM5TS AT ,HOLMESBURG ,PRISON AS E>LY AS ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! #a#i#hS & ! 9CREAS+ GLOBALIZATION ( CAPITALISM ?AT ! MASSIVE SURGE ( CAPITAL 9TO ! PUNI%M5T ECONOMY BEGAN4 ,! DE-9DU/RIALIZATION PROCESSES ?AT RESULT$ 9 PLANT %UTD[NS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY CREAT$ A HUGE POOL ( VULN]ABLE HUMAN BE+S1 A POOL ( PEOPLE = :OM NO FUR!R JOBS W]E AVAILABLE4 ,?IS ALSO BR\<T MORE PEOPLE 9TO CONTACT ) SOCIAL S]VICES1 SU* AS ,A,F,D,C ,AID TO ,FAMILIES ) ,DEP5D5T ,*ILDR5 & O!R WELF>E AG5CIES4 ,AT ! SAME 
TIME1 WE EXP]I5C$ ! PRIVATIZATION & CORPORATIZATION ( S]VICES ?AT W]E PREVI\SLY RUN BY GOV]NM5T4 ,! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE ( ?IS PRIVATIZATION PROCESS WAS ! TRANS=MATION ( GOV]NM5T-RUN HOSPITALS & HEAL? S]VICES 9TO A GIGANTIC COMPLEX ( :AT >E EUPHEMI/ICALLY CALL$ HEAL? MA9T5ANCE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ?IS S5SE WE MI<T ALSO SPEAK ( A 0M$ICAL 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS A CONNECTION BETWE5 ONE ( ! FIR/ PRIVATE HOSPITAL COMPANIES1 ,HOSPITAL ,CORPORATION ( ,AM]ICA KN[N TODAY AS ,H,C,A-& ,CORRECTIONS ,CORPORATION ( ,AM]ICA ,BO>D MEMB]S ( ,H,C,A1 :I* TODAY HAS TWO HUNDR$ HOSPITALS & SEV5TY \TPATI5T SURG]Y C5T]S 9 TW5TY-F\R /ATES1 ,5GL&1 & ,SWITZ]L& HELP$ TO />T ,CORRECTIONAL ,CORPORATIONS ( ,AM]ICA 9 #a#i#h#c4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( AN ECONOMY ?AT WAS DRIV5 BY AN UNPREC$5T$ PURSUIT ( PR(IT1 NO MATT] :AT ! HUMAN CO/1 & ! CONCOMITANT DISMANTL+ ( ! WELF>E /ATE1 POOR PEOPLE'S ABILITIES TO SURVIVE BECAME 9CREAS+LY CON/RA9$ BY ! LOOM+ PRES5CE ( ! PRISON4 ,! MASSIVE PRISON-BUILD+ PROJECT ?AT BEGAN 9 ! #a#i#hS CREAT$ ! MEANS ( CONC5TRAT+ & MANAG+ :AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAD IMPLICITLY DECL>$ TO BE A HUMAN SURPLUS4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ELECT$ (FICIALS & ! DOM9ANT M$IA JU/IFI$ ! NEW DRACONIAN S5T5C+ PRACTICES1 S5D+ MORE & MORE PEOPLE TO PRISON 9 ! FR5ZI$ DRIVE TO BUILD MORE & MORE PRISONS BY >GU+ ?AT ?IS WAS ! ONLY WAY TO MAKE \R COMMUNITIES SAFE FROM MURD]]S1 RAPI/S1 & ROBB]S4 

,! M$IA1 ESPECIALLY TELEVISION 4 4 4 HAVE A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 P]PETUAT+ ! NOTION ?AT CRIME IS \T ( CONTROL4 ,) NEW COMPETITION FROM CABLE NETWORKS & #b#d-H\R NEWS *ANNELS1 ,T,V NEWS & PROGRAMS AB\T CRIME 4 4 4 HAVE PROLIF]AT$ MADLY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,C5T] = ,M$IA & ,PUBLIC ,AFFAIRS1 CRIME COV]AGE WAS ! NUMB]-ONE TOPIC ON ! NI<TLY NEWS OV] ! PA/ DECADE4 ,FROM #aii TO #a#i#i#h1 HOMICIDE RATES DROPP$ BY HALF NATIONWIDE1 BUT HOMICIDE /ORIES ON ! ?REE MAJOR NETWORKS ROSE ALMO/ F\RFOLD4 

,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD :5 CRIME RATES W]E DECL9+1 PRISON POPULATIONS SO>$4 ,ACCORD+ TO A REC5T REPORT BY ! ,U4,S4 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,JU/ICE1 AT ! 5D ( ! YE> #b#a1 !RE W]E #b1#a1#a#d#f PEOPLE 9C>C]AT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! T]MS & NUMB]S AS !Y APPE> 9 ?IS GOV]NM5T REPORT REQUIRE SOME PRELIM9>Y DISCUSSION4 ,I HESITATE TO MAKE UN-M$IAT$ USE ( SU* /ATI/ICAL EVID5CE BECAUSE IT CAN DISC\RAGE ! V]Y CRITICAL ?9K+ ?AT \<T TO BE ELICIT$ BY AN UND]/&+ ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! AB/RACTION ( NUMB]S ?AT PLAYS SU* A C5TRAL ROLE 9 CRIM9ALIZ+ ?OSE :O EXP]I5CE ! MIS=TUNE ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,!RE >E MANY DIFF]5T K9DS ( M5 & WOM5 9 ! PRISONS1 JAILS1 & ,9,S & MILIT>Y DET5TION C5T]S1 :OSE LIVES >E ]AS$ BY ! ,BUREAU ( ,JU/ICE ,/ATI/ICS FIGURES4 ,! NUMB]S RECOGNIZE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! WOMAN :O IS IMPRISON$ ON DRUG CONSPIRACY & ! MAN :O IS 9 PRISON = KILL+ HIS WIFE1 A MAN :O MI<T ACTUALLY 5D UP SP5D+ LESS TIME BEH9D B>S ?AN ! WOMAN4 

,) ?IS OBS]VATION 9 M9D1 ! /ATI/ICAL BREAKD[N IS AS FOLL[S3 ,!RE W]E #a1#c#b#d1#d#f#e PEOPLE 9 0F$]AL & /ATE PRISONS10 #a#e1#h#e#b 9 0T]RITORIAL PRISONS10 #f#c#a1#b#d 9 0LOCAL JAILS10 #h1#g#f#a 9 0,IMMIGRATION & ,NATURALIZATION ,S]VICE DET5TION FACILITIES10 #b1#d#c#f 9 0MILIT>Y FACILITIES10 #a1#i#a#b 9 0JAILS 9 ,9DIAN C\NTRY10 & #a#h1#i#f#e 9 0JUV5ILE FACILITIES40 ,9 ! T5 YE>S BETWE5 #aii & #b1 #cea NEW PLACES ( CONF9EM5T W]E OP5$ BY /ATES & MORE ?AN #e#b#h1 B$S W]E ADD$1 AM\NT+ TO #a1#c#b /ATE FACILITIES1 REPRES5T+ AN EI<TY-ONE P]C5T 9CREASE4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE >E CURR5TLY #hd F$]AL FACILITIES & #bfd PRIVATE FACILITIES4 

,! GOV]NM5T REPORTS1 FROM :I* !SE FIGURES >E TAK51 ! EXT5T TO :I* 9C>C]ATION RATES >E SL[+ D[N4 ,! ,BUREAU ( ,JU/ICE ,/ATI/ICS REPORT 5TITL$ 0,PRISON]S 9 #b#a0 9TRODUCES ! /UDY BY 9DICAT+ ?AT LI! ,NATION'S PRISON POPULATION GREW #a4#a.01 :I* WAS LESS ?AN ! AV]AGE ANNUAL GR[? ( #c4#h.0 S9CE YE> 5D #a#i#i#e4 ,DUR+ #ba ! PRISON POPULATION ROSE AT ! L[E/ RATE S9CE #aigb & HAD ! SMALLE/ ABSOLUTE 9CREASE S9CE #a#i#g#i40 #a #a #a ,H[EV] SMALL ! 9CREASE1 !SE NUMB]S !MSELVES W\LD DEFY ! IMAG9ATION W]E !Y NOT SO NEATLY CLASSIFI$ & RATIONALLY ORGANIZ$4 ,TO PLACE !SE FIGURES 9 HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE1 TRY TO IMAG9E H[ PEOPLE 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES-& 9DE$ = MO/ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY-:O WELCOM$ ! NEW1 & !N QUITE EXTRAORD9>Y1 SY/EM ( PUNI%M5T CALL$ ! PRISON MI<T HAVE RESPOND$ HAD !Y KN[N ?AT SU* A COLOSSAL NUMB] ( LIVES W\LD BE EV5TUALLY CLAIM$ P]MAN5TLY BY ?IS 9/ITUTION4 ,I HAVE ALREADY %>$ MY [N MEMORIES ( A TIME ?REE DECADES AGO :5 ! PRISON POPULATION WAS COMPRIS$ ( A T5? ( ! PRES5T NUMB]S4 

,! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX IS FUEL$ BY PRIVATIZATION PATT]NS ?AT1 IT WILL BE RECALL$1 HAVE ALSO DRA/ICALLY TRANS=M$ HEAL? C>E1 $UCATION1 & O!R >EAS ( \R LIVES4 ,MOREOV]1 ! PRISON PRIVATIZATION TR5DS-BO? ! 9CREAS+ PRES5CE ( CORPORATIONS 9 ! PRISON ECONOMY & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( PRIVATE PRISONS->E REM9ISC5T ( ! HI/ORICAL EF=TS TO CREATE A PR(ITABLE PUNI%M5T 9DU/RY BAS$ ON ! NEW SUPPLY ( 0FREE0 BLACK MALE LABOR]S 9 ! HAS ITS 
AFT]MA? ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,/EV5 DRAW+ FROM ! WORK ( ,NORWEGIAN CRIM9OLOGI/ ,NILS ,*RI/IE1 >GUES3 .<COMPANIES.> ?AT S]VICE ! CRIM9AL SY/EM NE$ SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES ( RAW MAT]IALS TO GU>ANTEE LONG-T]M GR[? 4 4 4 ,9 ! CRIM9AL JU/ICE FIELD1 ! RAW MAT]IAL IS & 9DU/RY WILL DO :AT IS NECESS>Y TO GU>ANTEE A /EADY SUPPLY4 ,= ! SUPPLY ( PRISON]S TO GR[1 CRIM9AL JU/ICE POLICIES MU/ 5SURE A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( 9C>C]AT$ ,AM]ICANS REG>DLESS ( :E!R CRIME IS RIS+ OR ! 9C>C]ATION IS NECESS>Y4 

,9 ! PO/-,CIVIL ,W> ]A1 EMANCIPAT$ BLACK M5 & WOM5 COMPRIS$ AN 5ORM\S RES]VOIR ( LABOR AT A TIME :5 PLANT]S-& 9DU/RIALI/S-C\LD NO LONG] RELY ON SLAV]Y1 AS !Y HAD DONE 9 ! PA/4 ,?IS LABOR BECAME 9CREAS+LY AVAILABLE = USE BY PRIVATE AG5TS PRECISELY ?R\< ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM1 DISCUSS$ E>LI]1 & RELAT$ SY/EMS SU* AS DEBT PEONAGE4 ,RECALL ?AT 9 ! AFT]MA? ( SLAV]Y1 ! P5AL POPULATION DRA/ICALLY %IFT$1 SO ?AT 9 ! ,S\? IT RAPIDLY BECAME DISPROPORTIONATELY BLACK4 ,?IS TRANSITION SET ! HI/ORICAL /AGE = ! EASY ACCEPTANCE ( DISPROPORTIONATELY BLACK PRISON POPULATIONS TODAY4 ,ACCORD+ TO #bb ,BUREAU ( ,JU/ICE ,/ATI/ICS1 ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS AS A :OLE N[ REPRES5T ! MAJORITY ( C\NTY1 /ATE1 & F$]AL PRISON]S1 ) A TOTAL ( #h#c1#d BLACK 9MATES1 MORE ?AN ! TOTAL NUMB] ( :ITE 9MATES4 ,IF WE 9CLUDE ,LAT9OS1 WE MU/ ADD ANO!R #b#h#c1 BODIES ( COLOR4 

,AS ! RATE ( 9CREASE 9 ! 9C>C]ATION ( BLACK PRISON]S CONT9UES TO RISE1 ! RACIAL COMPOSITION ( ! 9C>C]AT$ POPULATION IS APPROA*+ ! PROPORTION ( BLACK PRISON]S TO :ITE DUR+ ! ]A ( ! S\!RN CONVICT LEASE & C\NTY *A9 GANG SY/EMS4 ,:E!R ?IS HUMAN RAW MAT]IAL IS US$ = PURPOSES ( LABOR OR = ! CONSUMPTION ( COMMODITIES PROVID$ BY A NUMB] ( CORPORATIONS DIRECTLY IMPLICAT$ 9 ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX1 IT IS CLE> ?AT BLACK BODIES >E CONSID]$ DISP5SABLE )9 ! 0FREE WORLD0 BUT AS A MAJOR S\RCE ( PR(IT 9 ! PRISON WORLD4 

,! PRIVATIZATION *>ACT]I/IC ( CONVICT CONTEMPOR>Y P>ALLELS1 AS COMPANIES SU* AS ,C,C,A & ,WACK5HUT LIT]ALLY RUN PRISONS = PR(IT4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TY FIR/ C5TURY1 ! NUM]\S PRIVATE PRISON COMPANIES OP]AT+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES [N & OP]ATE FACILITIES ?AT HOLD #i#a1#h#b#h F$]AL & /ATE PRISON]S4 ,TEXAS & ,OKLAHOMA CAN CLAIM ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE 9 PRIVATE PRISONS4 ,BUT ,NEW ,MEXICO IMPRISONS =TY-F\R P]C5T ( ITS PRISON POPULATION 9 PRIVATE FACILITIES1 & /ATES SU* AS ,MONTANA1 ,ALASKA1 & ,WYOM+ TURN$ OV] MORE ?AN TW5TY-FIVE P]C5T ( !IR PRISON POPULATION TO PRIVATE COMPANIES4 ,9 >RANGEM5TS REM9ISC5T ( ! CONVICT LEASE SY/EM1 F$]AL1 /ATE1 & C\NTY GOV]NM5TS PAY PRIVATE COMPANIES A FEE = EA* 9MATE1 :I* MEANS ?AT PRIVATE COMPANIES HAVE A /AKE 9 RETA9+ PRISON]S AS LONG AS POSSIBLE1 & 9 
!IR FACILITIES FILL$4 ,9 ! /ATE ( !RE >E ?IRTY-F\R GOV]NM5T-[N$1 PRIVATELY RUN JAILS 9 :I* APPROXIMATELY #e1#e \T (-/ATE PRISON]S >E 9C>C]AT$4 ,!SE FACILITIES G5]ATE AB\T EI<TY MILLION DOLL>S ANNUALLY = ,TEXAS4#a#a#f ,ONE DRAMATIC EXAMPLE 9VOLVES ,CAPITAL ,CORRECTIONS ,RES\RCES1 ,9C41 :I* OP]ATES ! ,BRAZORIA ,DET5TION ,C5T]1 A GOV]NM5T [N$ FACILITY LOCAT$ =TY MILES \TSIDE ( ,H\/ON1 ,TEXAS4 ,BRAZORIA CAME TO PUBLIC ATT5TION 9 ,AUGU/ #aiig :5 A VIDEOTAPE BROADCA/ ON NATIONAL TELEVISION %[$ PRISON]S !RE BE+ BITT5 BY POLICE DOGS & VICI\SLY KICK$ 9 ! GRO9 & /EPP$ ON BY GU>DS4 ,! 9MATES1 =C$ TO CRAWL ON ! FLOOR1 ALSO W]E BE+ %OCK$ ) /UN GUNS1 :ILE GU>DS-:O REF]R$ TO ONE BLACK PRISON] AS 0BOY0-%\T$1 0,CRAWL FA/]60 ,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! RELEASE ( ?IS TAPE1 ! /ATE ( ,MISS\RI )DREW ! #dae PRISON]S IT H\S$ 9 ! ,BRAZORIA ,DET5TION ,C5T]4 ,AL?\< FEW REF]5CES W]E MADE 9 ! ACCOMPANY+ NEWS REPORTS TO ! 9DISPUTABLY RACIALIZ$ *>ACT] ( ! GU>DS' \TRAGE\S BEHAVIOR1 9 ! SECTION ( ! ,BRAZORIA VIDEOTAPE ?AT WAS %[N ON NATIONAL TELEVISION1 BLACK MALE PRISON]S W]E SE5 TO BE ! PRIM>Y T>GETS ( ! GU>DS' ATTACKS4 

,! ?IRTY-TWO-M9UTE ,BRAZORIA TAPE1 REPRES5T$ BY ! JAIL AU?ORITIES AS A TRA9+ TAPE-ALLEG$LY %[+ CORRECTIONS (FIC]S 0:AT NOT TO DO0-WAS MADE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#i#f1 AFT] A GU>D ALLEG$LY SMELL$ M>IJUANA 9 ! JAIL4 ,IMPORTANT EVID5CE ( ! ABUSE ?AT TAKES PLACE BEH9D ! WALLS & GATES ( PRIVATE PRISONS1 IT CAME TO LI<T 9 CONNECTION ) A LAWSUIT FIL$ BY ONE ( ! PRISON]S :O WAS BITT5 BY A DOG2 HE WAS SU+ ,BRAZORIA ,C\NTY = A HUNDR$ ?\S& DOLL>S 9 DAMAGE4 ,! ,BRAZORIA JAIL]S' ACTIONS---:I*1 ACCORD+ TO PRISON]S !RE1 W]E F> WORSE ?AN DEPICT$ ON ! TAPE->E 9DICATIVE NOT ONLY ( ! WAYS 9 :I* MANY PRISON]S ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY >E TREAT$1 BUT ( G5]ALIZ$ ATTITUDES T[>D PEOPLE LOCK$ UP 9 JAILS & PRISONS4 

,ACCORD+ TO AN ,ASSOCIAT$ ,PRESS NEWS /ORY1 ! ,MISS\RI 9MATES1 ONCE !Y HAD BE5 TRANSF]R$ BACK TO !IR HOME /ATE FROM ,BRAZORIA1 TOLD ! ,KANSAS ,CITY ,/>3 

.<,G.>U>DS AT ! ,BRAZORIA ,C\NTY ,DET5TION ,C5T] US$ CATTLE PRODS & O!R =MS ( 9TIMIDATION TO W9 RESPECT & =CE PRISON]S TO SAY1 0,I LOVE ,TEXAS40 0,:AT Y\ SAW ON TAPE WASN'T A FRACTION ( :AT HAPP5$ ?AT DAY10 SAID 9MATE ,L\IS ,WATK9S1 REF]R+ TO ! VIDEOTAP$ CELL-BLOCK RAID ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #a#i#i#f4 0,I'VE NEV] SE5 ANY?+ LIKE ?AT 9 ! MOVIES04 

,9 #b !RE W]E TW5TY-SIX =-PR(IT PRISON CORPORATIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT OP]AT$ APPROXIMATELY #ae FACILITIES 9 TW5TY-EI<T /ATES4#a#a#i ,! L>GE/ ( !SE COMPANIES1 ,C,C,A & ,WACK5HUT1 CONTROL #g#f4#d P]C5T ( ! PRIVATE PRISON M>KET GLOBALLY4 ,C,C,A IS HEADQU>T]$ 9 ,NA%VILLE1 ,T5NESSEE1 & UNTIL #b#a1 ITS L>GE/ %>EHOLD] WAS ! MULT9ATIONAL HEADQU>T]$ 9 ,P>IS1 ,SODEXHO ,ALLIANCE6 :I*1 ?R\< ITS ,U4,S4 SUBSIDI>Y1 ,SODEXHO ,M>RIOTT1 PROVIDES CAT]+ S]VICES AT N9E HUNDR$ ,U4,S4 COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES4 ,! ,PRISON ,MORATORIUM ,PROJECT1 AN ORGANIZATION PROMOT+ Y\? ACTIVISM1 L$ A PROTE/ CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,SODEXHO ,M>RIOTT ON CAMPUSES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,AMONG ! CAMPUSES ?AT DROPP$ ,SODEXHO W]E ,S,U,N,Y ,ALBANY1 ,G\*] ,COLLEGE1 & ,JAMES ,MADISON ,UNIV]SITY4 ,/UD5TS HAD /AG$ SIT-9S & ORGANIZ$ RALLIES ON MORE ?AN FIFTY CAMPUSES BE=E ,SODEXHO DIVE/$ ITS HOLD+S 9 ,C,C,A 9 FALL #b#a4 

,?\< PRIVATE PRISONS REPRES5T A FAIRLY SMALL PROPORTION ( PRISONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! PRIVATIZATION MODEL IS QUICKLY BECOM+ ! PRIM>Y MODE ( ORGANIZ+ PUNI%M5T 9 MANY O!R C\NTRIES4#a#b#a ,!SE COMPANIES HAVE TRI$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! EXP&+ POPULATION ( WOM5 PRISON]S1 BO? 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & GLOBALLY4 ,9 #a#i#i#f1 ! FIR/ PRIVATE WOM5'S PRISON WAS E/ABLI%$ BY ,C,C,A 9 ,MELB\RNE1 ,AU/RALIA4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ,VICTORIA ADOPT$ ! ,U4,S4 MODEL ( PRIVATIZATION 9 :I* F9ANC+1 DESIGN1 CON/RUCTION1 & [N]%IP ( ! PRISON >E AW>D$ TO ONE CONTRACTOR & ! GOV]NM5T PAYS !M BACK = CON/RUCTION OV] TW5TY YE>S4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT IT IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO REMOVE ! CONTRACTOR BECAUSE ?AT CONTRACTOR [NS ! PRISON4 

,AS A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! CAMPAIGN ORGANIZ$ BY PRISON ACTIVI/ GR\PS 9 ,MELB\RNE1 ,VICTORIA )DREW ! CONTRACT FROM ,C,C,A 9 #b#a4 ,H[EV]1 A SIGNIFICANT PORTION ( ,AU/RALIA'S PRISON SY/EM REMA9S PRIVATIZ$4 ,9 ! FALL ( #b#b1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,QUE5SL& R5EW$ ,WACK5HUT'S CONTRACT TO RUN A #gL-B$ PRISON 9 ,BRISBANE4 ,! VALUE ( ! FIVE-YE> CONTRACT IS @s#f#f4#e MILLION4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! FACILITY 9 ,BRISBANE1 ,WACK5HUT MANAGES ELEV5 O!R PRISONS 9 ,AU/RALIA & ,NEW ,ZEAL& & FURNI%ES HEAL? C>E S]VICES 9 ELEV5 PUBLIC PRISONS 9 ! /ATE ( ,VICTORIA4 ,9 ! PRESS RELEASE ANN\NC+ ?IS CONTRACT R5EWAL1 ,WACK5HUT DESCRIBES ITS GLOBAL BUS9ESS ACTIVITIES AS FOLL[S3 

,W,C,C1 A WORLD LEAD] 9 ! PRIVATIZ$ CORRECTIONS 9DU/RY1 HAS CONTRACTS_/AW>DS TO MANAGE #f CORRECTIONAL_/DET5TION FACILITIES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ,EUROPE1 ,AU/RALIA1 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ,NEW ,ZEAL& ) A TOTAL ( APPROXIMATELY #d#c1 B$S4 ,W,C,C ALSO PROVIDES PRISON] TRANSPORTATION S]VICES1 ELECTRONIC MONITOR+ = HOME DETA9EES1 CORRECTIONAL HEAL? C>E & M5TAL HEAL? S]VICES4 ,W,C,C (F]S GOV]NM5T AG5CIES A TURNKEY APPROA* TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW CORRECTIONAL & M5TAL HEAL? 9/ITUTIONS ?AT 9CLUDES DESIGN1 CON/RUCTION1 F9ANC+1 & OP]ATIONS4 

,BUT TO UND]/& ! REA* ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO EVOKE ! LOOM+ P[] ( ! PRIVATE PRISON BUS9ESS4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 ?OSE COMPANIES C\RT ! /ATE )9 & \TSIDE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = ! PURPOSE ( OBTA9+ PRISON CONTRACTS1 BR++ PUNI%M5T & PR(IT TOGE!R 9 A M5AC+ EMBRACE4 ,/ILL1 ?IS IS ONLY ! MO/ VISIBLE DIM5SION ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX1 & IT %\LD NOT LEAD US TO ! MORE COMPREH5SIVE CORPORATIZATION ?AT IS A FEATURE ( CONTEMPOR>Y PUNI%M5T4 ,AS COMP>$ TO E>LI] HI/ORICAL ]AS1 ! PRISON ECONOMY IS NO LONG] A SMALL1 ID5TIFIABLE1 & CONTA9ABLE SET ( M>KETS4 ,MANY CORPORATIONS1 :OSE NAMES >E HI<LY RECOGNIZABLE BY 0FREE WORLD0 CONSUM]S1 HAVE DISCOV]$ NEW POSSIBILITIES = EXPANSION BY SELL+ !IR PRODUCTS TO CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES4 

,9 ! #a#i#iS1 ! V>IETY ( CORPORATIONS MAK+ MONEY FROM PRISONS IS TRULY DIZZY+1 RANG+ FROM ,DIAL ,SOAP TO ,FAM\S ,AMOS COOKIES1 FROM ,A,T@&,T TO HEAL?-C>E PROVID]S4 ,9 #aiie ,DIAL ,SOAP SOLD @s#a1 WOR? ( ITS PRODUCT TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY JAIL SY/EM ALONE4 ,:5 ,VITA,PRO ,FOODS ( ,MONTREAL1 ,CANADA1 CONTRACT$ TO SUPPLY 9MATES 9 ! /ATE ( ,TEXAS ) ITS SOY-BAS$ MEAT SUB/ITUTE1 ! CONTRACT WAS WOR? @s#c#d MILLION A YE>4 ,AMONG ! MANY BUS9ESSES ?AT ADV]TISE 9 ! YELL[ PAGES ON ! CORRECTIONS4COM ,WEB SITE >E ,>*] ,DANIEL ,MIDL&S1 ,NE/LE ,FOOD ,S]VICE1 ,ACE ,H>DW>E1 ,POL>OID1 ,HEWLETT-,PACK>D1 ,R,J ,REYNOLDS1 & ! COMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES ,SPR9T1 ,A,T@&,T1 ,V]IZON1 & ,AM]ITE*4 ,ONE CONCLUSION TO BE DRAWN H]E IS ?AT EV5 IF PRIVATE PRISON COMPANIES W]E PROHIBIT$-AN UNLIKELY PROSPECT1 9DE$-! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX & ITS MANY /RATEGIES = PR(IT W\LD REMA9 RELATIVELY 9TACT4 ,PRIVATE PRISONS >E DIRECT S\RCES ( PR(IT = ! COMPANIES ?AT RUN !M1 BUT PUBLIC PRISONS HAVE BECOME SO ?OR\<LY SATURAT$ ) ! PR(IT-PRODUC+ PRODUCTS & S]VICES ( PRIVATE CORPORATIONS ?AT ! DI/9CTION IS NOT AS MEAN+FUL AS ONE MI<T SUSPECT4 ,CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ PRIVATIZATION ?AT REPRES5T PUBLIC PRISONS AS AN ADEQUATE ALT]NATIVE TO PRIVATE PRISONS CAN BE MISLEAD+4 ,A MAJOR REASON = ! PR(ITABILITY ( PRIVATE PRISONS CONSI/S 9 ! NONUNION LABOR !Y EMPLOY1 & ?IS IMPORTANT DI/9CTION %\LD BE HI<LI<T$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 PUBLIC PRISONS >E N[ EQUALLY TI$ TO ! CORPORATE ECONOMY & CON/ITUTE AN EV]-GR[+ S\RCE ( CAPITALI/ PR(IT4 

,EXT5SIVE CORPORATE 9VE/M5T 9 PRISONS HAS SIGNIFICANTLY RAIS$ ! /AKES = ANTIPRISON WORK4 ,IT MEANS ?AT S]I\S ANTIPRISON ACTIVI/S MU/ BE WILL+ TO LOOK MU* FUR!R 9 !IR ANALYZES & ORGANIZ+ /RATEGIES ?AN ! ACTUAL 9/ITUTION ( ! PRISON4 ,PRISON RE=M RHETORIC1 :I* HAS ALWAYS UND]GIRD$ DOM9ANT CRITIQUES ( ! PRISON SY/EM1 WILL NOT WORK 9 ?IS NEW SITUATION4 ,IF RE=M APPROA*ES HAVE T5D$ TO BOL/] ! P]MAN5CE ( ! PRISON 9 ! PA/1 !Y C]TA9LY WILL NOT SUFFICE TO *ALL5GE ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL RELATION%IPS ?AT SU/A9 ! PRISON TODAY4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT 9 ! ]A ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX1 ACTIVI/S MU/ POSE H>D QUE/IONS AB\T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 GLOBAL CAPITALISM & ! SPREAD ( ,U4,S4-/YLE PRISONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

,! GLOBAL PRISON ECONOMY IS 9DISPUTABLY DOM9AT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,?IS ECONOMY NOT ONLY CONSI/S ( ! PRODUCTS1 S]VICES1 & IDEAS ?AT >E DIRECTLY M>KET$ TO O!R GOV]NM5TS1 BUT IT ALSO EX]CISES AN 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE OV] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /YLE ( /ATE PUNI%M5T ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,ONE DRAMATIC EXAMPLE CAN BE SE5 9 ! OPPOSITION TO ,TURKEY'S ATTEMPTS TO TRANS=M ITS PRISONS4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #b1 PRISON]S 9 ,TURKEY1 MANY ( :OM >E ASSOCIAT$ ) LEFT POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 BEGAN A 0DEA? FA/0 AS A WAY ( DRAMATIZ+ !IR OPPOSITION TO ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T'S DECISION TO 9TRODUCE 0,I,F-,TYPE10 OR ,U4,S4-/YLE1 PRISONS4 ,COMP>$ TO ! TRADITIONAL DORMITORY-/YLE FACILITIES1 !SE NEW PRISONS CONSI/ ( ONE- TO ?REE-P]SON CELLS1 :I* >E OPPOS$ BY ! PRISON]S BECAUSE ( ! REGIMES ( ISOLATION !Y FACILITATE & BECAUSE MI/REATM5T & TORTURE >E F> MORE LIKELY 9 ISOLATION4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #b1 ?IRTY PRISON]S W]E KILL$ 9 CLA%ES ) SECURITY =CES 9 TW5TY PRISONS4#a#b#f ,AS ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#b1 MORE ?AN FIFTY PRISON]S HAVE DI$ ( HUNG]1 9CLUD+ TWO WOM51 ,GULNIHAL ,YILMAZ & ,BIRS5 ,HOSV]1 :O W]E AMONG ! MO/ REC5T PRISON]S TO SUCCUMB TO ! DEA? FA/4 

0,I,F-,TYPE0 PRISONS 9 ,TURKEY W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! REC5T EM]G5CE ( ! SUP]-MAXIMUM SECURITY-OR SUP] MAX-PRISON 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* PRESUMES TO CONTROL O!RWISE UNMANAGEABLE PRISON]S BY HOLD+ !M 9 P]MAN5T SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T & BY SUBJECT+ !M TO V>Y+ DEGREES ( S5SORY DEPRIVATION4 ,9 ITS #bb ,WORLD ,REPORT1 ,HUMAN ,RI<TS ,WAT* PAID P>TICUL> ATT5TION TO ! CONC]NS RAIS$ BY ! SPREAD ( ULTRA-MOD]N 0SUP]-MAXIMUM0 SECURITY PRISONS4 ,ORIG9ALLY PREVAL5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 1 4 4 ! SUP]MAX MODEL WAS 9CREAS+LY FOLL[$ 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,PRISON]S CONF9$ 9 SU* FACILITIES SP5T AN AV]AGE ( TW5TY-?REE H\RS A DAY 9 !IR CELLS1 5DUR+ EXTREME SOCIAL ISOLATION1 5=C$ IDL5ESS1 & EXTRAORD9>ILY LIMIT$ RECREATIONAL & $UCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES4 ,:ILE PRISON AU?ORITIES DEF5D$ ! USE ( SUP]MAXIMUM SECURITY FACILITIES BY ASS]T+ ?AT !Y HELD ONLY ! MO/ DANG]\S1 DISRUPTIVE1 OR ESCAPE PRONE 9MATES1 FEW SAFEGU>DS EXI/$ TO PREV5T O!R PRISON]S FROM BE+ >BITR>ILY OR DISCRIM9ATORILY TRANSF]R$ TO SU* FACILITIES4 ,9 ,AU/RALIA1 ! 9SPECTOR ( CU/ODIAL S]VICES F\ND?AT SOME PRISON]S W]E HELD 9DEF9ITELY 9 SPECIAL HI< SECURITY UNITS )\T KN[+ :Y OR :5 !IR ISOLATION W\LD 5D4 ,AMONG ! MANY C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE REC5TLY CON/RUCT$ SUP]-MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONS IS ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,CON/RUCTION WAS COMPLET$ ON ! SUP]MAX PRISON 9 ,KOK/AD1 ,KWA,ZULU-,NATAL 9 ,AUGU/ #b1 BUT IT WAS NOT (FICIALLY OP5$ UNTIL ,MAY #b#b4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! REASON GIV5 = ! DELAY WAS ! COMPETITION = WAT] BETWE5 ! PRISON & A NEW L[-CO/ H\S+ DEVELOPM5T4 ,I AM HI<LI<T+ ,S\? ,AFRICA'S EMBRACE ( ! SUP]MAX BECAUSE ( ! APP>5T EASE ) :I* ?IS MO/ REPRESSIVE V]SION ( ! ,U4,S4 PRISON HAS E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 A C\NTRY ?AT HAS JU/ REC5TLY 9ITIAT$ ! PROJECT ( BUILD+ A DEMOCRATIC1 NONRACI/1 &NONSEXI/SOCIETY4 ,S\? ,AFRICA WAS ! FIR/ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD TO CREATE CON/ITUTIONAL ASSURANCES = GAY RI<TS1 & IT IMM$IATELY ABOLI%$ ! DEA? P5ALTY AFT] ! DISMANTL+ ( AP>!ID4 ,NEV]!LESS1 FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN PRISON SY/EM IS EXP&+ & BECOM+ MORE OPPRESSIVE4 ,! ,U4,S4 PRIVATE PRISON COMPANY ,WACK5HUT HAS SECUR$ SEV]AL CONTRACTS ) ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN GOV]NM5T & BY CON/RUCT+ PRIVATE PRISONS FUR!R LEGITIMIZES ! TR5D T[>D PRIVATIZATION 7:I* AFFECTS ! AVAILABILITY ( BASIC S]VICES FROM UTILITIES TO $UCATION7 9 ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 

,S\? ,AFRICA'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX CON/ITUTES A MAJOR IMP$IM5T TO ! CREATION ( A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WE HAVE ALREADY FELT ! 9SIDI\S & SOCIALLY DAMAG+ EFFECTS ( PRISON EXPANSION4 ,! DOM9ANT SOCIAL EXPECTATION IS ?AT Y\NG BLACK1 ,LAT9O1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN1 & ,S\!A/ ,ASIAN M5 & 9CREAS+LY WOM5 AS WELL-WILL MOVE NATURALLY FROM ! FREE WORLD 9TO PRISON1 :]E1 IT IS ASSUM$1 !Y BELONG4 

,DESPITE ! IMPORTANT ( ANTIRACI/ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS OV] ! LA/ HALF C5TURY1 RACISM HIDES FROM VIEW )9 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES1 & ITS MO/ RELIABLE REFUGE IS ! PRISON SY/EM4 

,! RACI/ >RE/S ( VA/ NUMB]S ( IMMIGRANTS FROM ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N C\NTRIES 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ATTACKS ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #b#a1 & ! SUBSEQU5T )HOLD+ ( 9=MATION AB\T ! NAMES ( NUMB]S ( PEOPLE HELD 9 ,9,S DET5TION C5T]S1 SOME ( :I* >E [N$ & OP]AT$ BY PRIVATE CORPORATIONS1 DO NOT AUGUR A DEMOCRATIC FUTURE4 ,! UNCONTE/$ DET5TION ( 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( UNDOCUM5T$ IMMIGRANTS FROM ! GLOBAL ,S\? HAS BE5 AID$ CONSID]ABLY BY ! /RUCTURES & IDEOLOGIES ASSOCIAT$ ) ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 ,WE CAN H>DLY MOVE 9 ! DIRECTION ( JU/ICE & EQUALITY 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY IF WE >E UNWILL+ TO RECOGNIZE ! 5ORM\S ROLE PLAY$ BY ?IS SY/EM 9 EXT5D+ ! P[] ( RACISM & X5OPHOBIA4 

,RADICAL OPPOSITION TO ! GLOBAL PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX SEES ! ANTIPRISON MOVEM5T AS A VITAL MEANS ( EXP&+ ! T]RA9 ON :I* ! QUE/ = DEMOCRACY WILL UNFOLD4 ,?IS MOVEM5T IS ?US ANTIRACI/1 ANTICAPITALI/1 ANTISEXI/1 & ANTIHOMOPHOBIC4 ,IT CALLS = ! ABOLITION ( ! PRISON AS ! DOM9ANT MODE ( PUNI%M5T BUT AT ! SAME TIME RECOGNIZES ! NE$ = G5U9E SOLID>ITY ) ! MILLIONS ( M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 :O >E BEH9D B>S4 ,A MAJOR *ALL5GE ( ?IS MOVEM5T IS TO DO ! WORK ?AT WILL CREATE MORE HUMANE1 HABITABLE 5VIRONM5TS = PEOPLE 9 PRISON )\T BOL/]+ ! P]MAN5CE ( ! PRISON SY/EM4 ,H[1 !N1 DO WE ACCOMPLI% ?IS BALANC+ 
ACT ( PASSIONATELY ATT5D+ TO ! NE$S ( PRISON]S-CALL+ = LESS VIOL5T CONDITIONS1 AN 5D TO /ATE SEXUAL ASSAULT1 IMPROV$ PHYSICAL & M5TAL HEAL? C>E1 GREAT] ACCESS TO DRUG PROGRAMS1 BETT] $UCATIONAL WORK OPPORTUNITIES1 UNIONIZATION ( PRISON LABOR1 MORE CONNECTIONS ) FAMILIES & COMMUNITIES1 %ORT] OR ALT]NATIVE S5T5C+ & AT ! SAME TIME CALL = ALT]NATIVES TO S5T5C+ ALTOGE!R1 NO MORE PRISON CON/RUCTION1 & ABOLITIONI/ /RATEGIES ?AT QUE/ION ! PLACE ( ! PRISON 9 \R FUTURE8 

,*APT] #f4 ,ABOLITIONI/S ,ALT]NATIVES 

0,=GET AB\T RE=M2 IT'S TIME TO TALK AB\T ABOLI%+ JAILS & PRISONS 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,/ILL-ABOLITION8 ,:]E DO Y\ PUT ! PRISON]S8 ,! 'CRIM9ALS'8 ,:AT'S ! ALT]NATIVE8 ,FIR/1 HAV+ NO ALT]NATIVE AT ALL W\LD CREATE LESS CRIME ?AN ! PRES5T CRIM9AL TRA9+ C5T]S DO4 ,SECOND1 ! ONLY FULL ALT]NATIVE IS BUILD+ ! K9D ( SOCIETY ?AT DOES NOT NE$ PRISONS3 ,A DEC5T R$I/RIBUTION ( P[] & 9COME SO AS TO PUT \T ! HIDD5 FIRE ( BURN+ 5VY ?AT N[ FLAMES UP 9 CRIMES ( PROP]TY-BO? BURGL>Y BY ! POOR & EMBEZZLEM5T BY ! AFFLU5T4 ,& A DEC5T S5SE ( COMMUNITY ?AT CAN SUPPORT1 RE9TEGRATE & TRULY REHABILITATE ?OSE :O SUDD5LY BECOME FILL$ ) FURY OR DESPAIR1 & ?AT CAN FACE !M NOT AS OBJECTS-'CRIM9ALS'-BUT AS PEOPLE :O HAVE COMMITT$ ILLEGAL ACTS1 AS HAVE ALMO/ ALL ( US40 -,>?UR ,WASK[1 ,9/ITUTE = ,POLICY ,/UDIES 

,IF JAILS & PRISONS >E TO BE ABOLI%$1 !N :AT WILL REPLACE !M8 ,?IS IS ! PUZZL+ QUE/ION ?AT (T5 9T]RUPTS FUR!R CONSID]ATION ( ! PROSPECTS = ABOLITION4 ,:Y %\LD IT BE SO DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E ALT]NATIVES TO \R CURR5T SY/EM ( 9C>C]ATION8 ,!RE >E A NUMB] ( REASONS :Y WE T5D TO BALK AT ! IDEA ?AT IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO EV5TUALLY CREATE AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T-& P]HAPS MORE EGALIT>IAN-SY/EM ( JU/ICE4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 WE ?9K ( ! 
CURR5T SY/EM1 ) ITS EXAGG]AT$ DEP5D5CE ON IMPRISONM5T1 AS AN UNCONDITIONAL /&>D & ?US HAVE GREAT DIFFICULTY 5VISION+ ANY O!R WAY ( DEAL+ ) ! MORE ?AN TWO MILLION PEOPLE :O >E CURR5TLY BE+ HELD 9 ! C\NTRY'S JAILS1 PRISONS1 Y\? FACILITIES1 & IMMIGRATION DET5TION C5T]S4 ,IRONICALLY1 EV5 ! ANTI-DEA? P5ALTY CAMPAIGN T5DS TO RELY ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT LIFE IMPRISONM5T IS ! MO/ RATIONAL ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITAL PUNI%M5T4 ,AS IMPORTANT AS IT MAY BE TO ABOLI% ! DEA? P5ALTY1 WE %\LD BE CONSCI\S ( ! WAY ! CONTEMPOR>Y CAMPAIGN AGA9/ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T HAS A PROP5SITY TO RECAPITULATE ! V]Y HI/ORICAL PATT]NS ?AT L$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( ! PRISON AS ! DOM9ANT =M ( PUNI%M5T4 ,! DEA? P5ALTY HAS COEXI/$ ) ! PRISON1 ?\< IMPRISONM5T WAS SUPPOS$ TO S]VE AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO CORPORAL & CAPITAL PUNI%M5T4 ,?IS IS A MAJOR DI*OTOMY4 ,A CRITICAL 5GAGEM5T ) ?IS DI*OTOMY W\LD 9VOLVE TAK+ S]I\SLY ! POSSIBILITY ( L9K+ ! GOAL ( DEA? P5ALTY ABOLITIONISM ) /RATEGIES = PRISON ABOLITION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT IF WE FOCUS MYOPICALLY ON ! EXI/+ SY/EM-& P]HAPS ?IS IS ! PROBLEM ?AT LEADS TO ! ASSUMPTION ?AT IMPRISONM5T IS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO DEA?-IT IS V]Y H>D TO IMAG9E A /RUCTURALLY SIMIL> SY/EM CAPABLE ( H&L+ SU* A VA/ POPULATION ( LAWBREAK]S4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 WE %IFT \R ATT5TION FROM ! PRISON1 P]CEIV$ AS AN ISOLAT$ 9/ITUTION1 TO ! SET ( RELATION%IPS ?AT COMPRISE ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX1 IT MAY BE EASI] TO ?9K AB\T ALT]NATIVES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A MORE COMPLICAT$ FRAMEWORK MAY YIELD MORE OPTIONS ?AN IF WE SIMPLY ATTEMPT TO DISCOV] A S+LE SUB/ITUTE = ! PRISON SY/EM4 ,! FIR/ /EP1 !N1 W\LD BE TO LET GO ( ! DESIRE TO DISCOV] ONE S+LE ALT]NATIVE SY/EM ( PUNI%M5T ?AT W\LD OCCUPY ! SAME FOOTPR9T AS ! PRISON SY/EM4 

,S9CE ! #a#i#hS1 ! PRISON SY/EM HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY 5SCONC$ 9 ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL LIFE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! TRANSNATIONAL TRAFFICK+ 9 ,U4,S4 COMMODITIES1 CULTURE1 & IDEAS4 ,?US1 ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX IS MU* MORE ?AN ! SUM ( ALL ! JAILS & PRISONS 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,IT IS A SET ( SYMBIOTIC RELATION%IPS AMONG CORRECTIONAL COMMUNITIES1 TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS1 M$IA CONGLOM]ATES1 GU>DS' UNIONS1 & LEGISLATIVE & C\RT AG5DAS4 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT ! CONTEMPOR>Y MEAN+ ( PUNI%M5T IS FA%ION$ ?R\< !SE RELATION%IPS1 !N ! MO/ EFFECTIVE ABOLITIONI/ /RATEGIES WILL CONTE/ !SE RELATION%IPS & PROPOSE ALT]NATIVES ?AT PULL !M AP>T4 ,:AT1 !N1 W\LD IT MEAN TO IMAG9E A SY/EM 9 :I* PUNI%M5T IS NOT ALL[$ TO BECOME ! S\RCE ( CORPORATE PR(IT8 ,H[ CAN WE IMAG9E A SOCIETY 9 :I* RACE & CLASS >E NOT PRIM>Y DET]M9ANTS ( PUNI%M5T8 ,OR ONE 9 :I* PUNI%M5T ITSELF IS NO LONG] ! C5TRAL CONC]N 9 ! MAK+ ( JU/ICE8 

,AN ABOLITIONI/ APPROA* ?AT SEEKS TO ANSW] QUE/IONS SU* AS !SE W\LD REQUIRE US TO IMAG9E A CON/ELLATION ( ALT]NATIVE /RATEGIES & 9/ITUTIONS1 ) ! ULTIMATE AIM ( REMOV+ ! PRISON FROM ! SOCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL L&SCAPES ( \R SOCIETY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE W\LD NOT BE LOOK+ = PRISON LIKE SUB/ITUTES = ! PRISON1 SU* AS H\SE >RE/ SAFEGU>D$ BY ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE BRACELETS4 ,RA!R1 POSIT+ DE-C>C]ATION AS \R OV]>*+ /RATEGY1 WE W\LD TRY TO 5VISION A CONT9UUM ( ALT]NATIVES TO IMPRISONM5T-DEMILIT>IZATION ( S*OOLS1 REVITALIZATION ( $UCATION AT ALL LEVELS1 A HEAL? SY/EM ?AT PROVIDES FREE PHYSICAL & M5TAL C>E TO ALL1 & A JU/ICE SY/EM BAS$ ON REP>ATION & RECONCILIATION RA!R ?AN RETRIBUTION & V5GEANCE4 

,! CREATION ( NEW 9/ITUTIONS ?AT LAY CLAIM TO ! SPACE N[ OCCUPI$ BY ! PRISON CAN EV5TUALLY />T TO CR[D \T ! PRISON SO ?AT IT W\LD 9HABIT 9CREAS+LY SMALL] >EAS ( \R SOCIAL & PSY*IC L&SCAPE4 ,S*OOLS CAN !RE=E BE SE5 AS ! MO/ P[]FUL ALT]NATIVE TO JAILS & PRISONS4 ,UNLESS ! CURR5T /RUCTURES ( VIOL5CE >E ELIM9AT$ FROM S*OOLS 9 IMPOV]I%$ COMMUNITIES ( COLOR-9CLUD+ ! PRES5CE ( >M$ SECURITY GU>DS & POLICE-& UNLESS S*OOLS BECOME PLACES ?AT 5C\RAGE ! JOY ( LE>N+1 !SE S*OOLS WILL REMA9 ! MAJOR CONDUITS TO PRISONS4 ,! ALT]NATIVE W\LD BE TO TRANS=M S*OOLS 9TO VEHICLES = DE-C>C]ATION4 ,)9 ! HEAL? C>E SY/EM1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ! CURR5T SC>CITY ( 9/ITUTIONS AVAILABLE TO POOR PEOPLE :O SUFF] SEV]E M5TAL & EMOTIONAL ILLNESSES4 ,!RE >E CURR5TLY MORE PEOPLE ) M5TAL & EMOTIONAL DISORD]S 9 JAILS & PRISONS ?AN 9 M5TAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS CALL = NEW FACILITIES DESIGN$ TO ASSI/ POOR PEOPLE %\LD NOT BE TAK5 AS AN APPEAL TO RE-9/ITUTE ! OLD SY/EM ( M5TAL 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* W]E & 9 MANY CASES /ILL >E-AS REPRESSIVE AS ! PRISONS4 ,IT IS SIMPLY TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! RACIAL & CLASS DISP>ITIES 9 C>E AVAILABLE TO ! AFFLU5T & ! DEPRIV$ NE$ TO BE ]ADICAT$1 ?US CREAT+ ANO!R VEHICLE = DEC>C]ATION4 

,TO REIT]ATE1 RA!R ?AN TRY TO IMAG9E ONE S+LE ALT]NATIVE TO ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( 9C>C]ATION1 WE MI<T 5VISION AN >RAY ( ALT]NATIVES ?AT WILL REQUIRE RADICAL TRANS=MATIONS ( MANY ASPECTS ( \R SOCIETY4 ,ALT]NATIVES ?AT FAIL TO ADDRESS RACISM1 MALE DOM9ANCE1 HOMOPHOBIA1 CLASS BIAS1 & O!R /RUCTURES ( DOM9ATION WILL NOT1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 LEAD TO DEC>C]ATION & WILL NOT ADVANCE ! GOAL ( ABOLITION4 

,IT IS )9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT IT MAKES S5SE TO CONSID] ! DECRIM9ALIZATION ( DRUG USE AS A SIGNIFICANT COMPON5T ( A L>G] /RATEGY TO SIMULTANE\SLY OPPOSE /RUCTURES ( RACISM )9 ! CRIM9AL JU/ICE SY/EM & FUR!R ! ABOLITIONI/ AG5DA ( DEC>C]ATION4 ,?US1 ) RESPECT TO ! PROJECT ( *ALL5G+ ! ROLE-PLAY$ BY ! SO-CALL$ ,W> ON ,DRUGS 9 BR++ HUGE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE ( COLOR 9TO ! PRISON SY/EM1 PROPOSALS TO DECRIM9ALIZE DRUG USE %\LD BE L9K$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CON/ELLATION ( FREE1 COMMUNITY-BAS$ PROGRAMS ACCESSIBLE TO ALL PEOPLE :O WI% TO TACKLE !IR DRUG PROBLEMS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ALL PEOPLE :O USE DRUGS-OR ?AT ONLY PEOPLE :O USE ILLICIT RECEIVE SU* HELP4 ,H[EV]1 ANYONE1 REG>DLESS ( ECONOMIC /ATUS1 :O WI%ES TO CONQU] DRUG ADDICTION %\LD BE ABLE TO 5T] TREATM5T PROGRAMS4 

,SU* 9/ITUTIONS >E1 9DE$1 AVAILABLE TO AFFLU5T COMMUNITIES4 ,! MO/ WELL KN[N PROGRAM IS ! ',BETTY ,=D'1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ITS WEB SITE1 0ACCEPTS PATI5TS DEP5D5T ON ALCOHOL & O!R MOOD ALT]+ *EMICALS4 ,TREATM5T S]VICES >E OP5 TO ALL M5 & WOM5 EI<TE5 YE>S ( AGE & OLD] REG>DLESS ( RACE1 CRE$1 SEX1 NATIONAL ORIG91 RELIGION OR S\RCES ( PAYM5T = C>E40#a#c ,H[EV]1 ! CO/ = ! FIR/ SIX DAYS IS @s#a1#a#g#e P] DAY1 & AFT] ?AT @s#e#b#e P] DAY4 ,IF A P]SON REQUIRES ?IRTY DAYS ( TREATM5T1 ! CO/ W\LD AM\NT TO @s#a#i11 ALMO/ TWICE ! ANNUAL SAL>Y ( A P]SON WORK+ A M9IMUM-WAGE JOB4 

,POOR PEOPLE DES]VE TO HAVE ACCESS TO EFFECTIVE1 VOLUNT>Y DRUG TREATM5T PROGRAMS4 ,LIKE ! ,BETTY ,=D PROGRAM1 !IR OP]ATION %\LD NOT BE UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! CRIM9AL JU/ICE SY/EM4 ,AS AT ! ,=D ,C5T]1 FAMILY MEMB]S ALSO %\LD BE P]MITT$ TO P>TICIPATE4 ,BUT UNLIKE ! ,BETTY ,=D PROGRAM1 !Y %\LD BE FREE ( *>GE4 ,= SU* PROGRAMS TO C\NT AS 0ABOLITIONI/ ALT]NATIVES10 !Y W\LD NOT BE L9K$-UNLIKE EXI/+ PROGRAMS1 TO :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E 0S5T5C$0-TO IMPRISONM5T AS A LA/ RESORT4 

,! CAMPAIGN TO DECRIM9ALIZE DRUG USE-FROM M>IJUANA TO H]O9-IS 9T]NATIONAL 9 SCOPE & HAS L$ C\NTRIES SU* AS ! ,NE!RL&S TO REVISE !IR LAWS1 LEGALIZ+ P]SONAL USE ( SU* DRUGS AS M>IJUANA & HA%I%4 ,! ,NE!RL&S ALSO HAS A HI/ORY ( LEGALIZ$ SEX WORK1 ANO!R >EA 9 :I* !RE HAS BE5 EXT5SIVE CAMPAIGN+ = DECRIM9ALIZATION4 ,9 ! CASES ( DRUGS & SEX WORK1 DECRIM9ALIZATION W\LD SIMPLY REQUIRE REPEAL ( ALL ?OSE LAWS ?AT 9DIVIDUALS :O USE DRUGS & :O WORK 9 ! SEX 9DU/RY4 ,! DECRIM9ALIZATION ( ALCOHOL USE S]VES AS A HI/ORICAL EXAMPLE4 ,9 BO? !SE CASES1 DECRIM9ALIZATION W\LD ADVANCE ! ABOLITIONI/ /RATEGY ( DEC>C]ATION-?AT IS1 ! CONSI/5T R$UCTION 9 ! NUMB]S ( PEOPLE :O >E S5T TO PRISON-) ! ULTIMATE AIM ( DISMANTL+ ! PRISON SY/EM AS ! DOM9ANT MODE ( PUNI%M5T4 ,A FUR!R *ALL5GE = ABOLITIONI/S IS TO ID5TIFY O!R BEHAVIORS ?AT MI<T BE APPROPRIATELY DECRIM9ALIZ$ AS PRELIM9>Y /EPS T[>D ABOLITION4 

,ONE OBVI\S & V]Y URG5T ASPECT ( ! WORK ( DECRIM9ALIZATION IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! DEF5SE ( IMMIGRANTS' RI<TS4 ,! GR[+ NUMB]S ( IMMIGRANTS-ESPECIALLY S9CE ! ATTACKS ON ,SEPTEMB] #a #a1 #bL-:O >E 9C>C]AT$ 9 IMMIGRANT DET5TION C5T]S1 AS WELL AS 9 JAILS & PRISONS1 CAN BE HALT$ BY DISMANTL+ ! PROCESSES ?AT PUNI% PEOPLE = !IR FAILURE TO 5T] ?IS C\NTRY  )\T DOCUM5TS4 ,CURR5T CAMPAIGNS ?AT CALL = ! DECRIM9ALIZATION ( UNDOCUM5T$ IMMIGRANTS >E MAK+ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! OV]ALL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX & >E *ALL5G+ ! EXPANSIVE REA* ( RACISM & MALE DOM9ANCE4 ,:5 WOM5 FROM C\NTRIES 9 ! S\!RN REGION >E IMPRISON$ BECAUSE !Y HAVE 5T]$ ?IS C\NTRY TO ESCAPE SEXUAL VIOL5CE1 9/EAD ( BE+ GRANT$ REFUGEE /ATUS1 ?IS RE9=CES ! G5]ALIZ$ T5D5CY TO PUNI% PEOPLE :O >E P]SECUT$ 9 !IR 9TIMATE LIVES AS A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( P&EMICS ( VIOL5CE ?AT CONT9UE TO BE LEGITIMIZ$ BY IDEOLOGICAL & LEGAL /RUCTURES4 

,)9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! 0BATT]$ WOM5'S SYNDROME0 LEGAL DEF5SE REFLECTS AN ATTEMPT TO >GUE ?AT A WOMAN :O KILLS AN ABUSIVE SP\SE %\LD NOT BE CONVICT$ ( MURD]4 ,?IS DEF5SE HAS BE5 ABUNDANTLY CRITICIZ$1 BO? BY DETRACTORS & PROPON5TS ( FEM9ISM2 ! =M] DO NOT WANT TO RECOGNIZE ! P]VASIV5ESS & DANG]S ( 9TIMATE VIOL5CE AGA9/ WOM5 & ! LATT] *ALL5GE ! IDEA ?AT ! LEGITIMACY ( ?IS DEF5SE RESIDES 9 ! ASS]TION ?AT ?OSE :O KILL !IR BATT]]S >E NOT RESPONSIBLE = !IR ACTIONS4 ,! PO9T FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS ATTEMPT TO MAKE-REG>DLESS ( !IR SPECIFIC POSITIONS ON BATT]$ WOM5'S SYNDROME-IS ?AT VIOL5CE AGA9/ WOM5 IS A P]VASIVE & COMPLICAT$ SOCIAL PROBLEM ?AT CANNOT BE SOLV$ BY IMPRISON+ WOM5 :O FI<T BACK AGA9/ !IR ABUS]S4 ,?US1 A VA/ RANGE ( ALT]NATIVE /RATEGIES ( M9IMIZ+ VIOL5CE AGA9/ WOM5-)9 9TIMATE RELATION%IPS & )9 RELATION%IPS TO ! /ATE %\LD BE ! FOCUS ( \R CONC]N4 

,! ALT]NATIVES T[>D :I* ,I HAVE GE/UR$ ?US F> & ?IS IS ONLY A SMALL SELECTION ( EXAMPLES1 :I* CAN ALSO 9CLUDE JOB & LIV+ WAGE PROGRAMS1 ALT]NATIVES TO ! DISE/ABLI%$ WELF>E PROGRAM1 COMMUNITY-BAS$ RECREATION1 & MANY MORE->E ASSOCIAT$ BO? DIRECTLY & 9DIRECTLY ) ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( CRIM9AL JU/ICE4 ,BUT1 H[EV] M$IAT$ !IR RELATION MI<T BE TO ! CURR5T SY/EM ( JAILS & PRISONS1 !SE ALT]NATIVES >E ATTEMPT+ TO REV]SE ! IMPACT ( ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX ON \R WORLD4 ,AS !Y CONTE/ RACISM & O!R NETWORKS ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION1 !IR IMPLEM5TATION WILL C]TA9LY ADVANCE ! ABOLITIONI/ AG5DA ( DEC>C]ATION4 

,CREAT+ AG5DAS ( DEC>C]ATION & BROADLY CA/+ ! NET ( ALT]NATIVES HELPS US TO DO ! IDEOLOGICAL WORK ( PULL+ AP>T ! CONCEPTUAL L9K BETWE5 CRIME & PUNI%M5T4 ,?IS MORE NUANC$ UND]/&+ ( ! SOCIAL ROLE ( ! PUNI%M5T SY/EM REQUIRES US TO GIVE UP \R USUAL WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T PUNI%M5T AS AN 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( CRIME4 ,WE W\LD RECOGNIZE ?AT 0PUNI%M5T0 DOES NOT FOLL[ FROM 0CRIME0 9 ! NEAT & LOGICAL SEQU5CE (F]$ BY DISC\RSES ?AT 9SI/ ON ! JU/ICE ( IMPRISONM5T1 BUT RA!R PUNI%M5T-PRIM>ILY ?R\< IMPRISONM5T 7& SOMETIMES DEA?7-IS L9K$ TO ! AG5DAS ( POLITICIANS1 ! PR(IT DRIVE ( CORPORATIONS1 & M$IA REPRES5TATIONS ( CRIME4 ,IMPRISONM5T IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! RACIALIZATION ( ?OSE MO/ LIKELY TO BE PUNI%$4 ,IT IS ASSOCIAT$ ) !IR CLASS &1 AS WE HAVE SE51 G5D] /RUCTURES ! PUNI%M5T SY/EM AS WELL4 ,IF WE 9SI/ ?AT ABOLITIONI/ ALT]NATIVES TR\BLE !SE RELATION%IPS1 ?AT !Y /RIVE TO DIS>TICULATE CRIME & PUNI%M5T1 RACE & PUNI%M5T1 CLASS & PUNI%M5T1 & G5D] & PUNI%M5T1 !N \R FOCUS MU/ NOT RE/ ONLY ON ! PRISON SY/EM AS AN ISOLAT$ 9/ITUTION BUT MU/ ALSO BE DIRECT$ AT ALL ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT SUPPORT ! P]MAN5CE ( ! PRISON4 

,AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A NEW CONCEPTUAL T]RA9 = IMAG9+ ALT]NATIVES TO IMPRISONM5T 9VOLVES ! IDEOLOGICAL WORK ( QUE/ION+ :Y 0CRIM9ALS0 HAVE BE5 CON/ITUT$ AS A CLASS &1 9DE$1 A CLASS ( HUMAN BE+S UNDES]V+ ( ! CIVIL & HUMAN RI<TS ACCORD$ TO O!RS4 ,RADICAL CRIM9OLOGI/S HAVE LONG PO9T$ \T ?AT ! CATEGORY 0LAWBREAK]S0 IS F> GREAT] ?AN ! CATEGORY ( 9DIVIDUALS :O >E DEEM$ CRIM9ALS S9CE1 MANY PO9T \T1 ALMO/ ALL ( US HAVE BROK5 ! LAW AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R4 ,EV5 ,PRESID5T ,BILL ,CL9TON ADMITT$ ?AT HE HAD SMOK$ M>IJUANA AT ONE TIME1 9SI/+1 ?\<1 ?AT HE DID NOT 9HALE4 ,H[EV]1 ACKN[L$G$ DISP>ITIES 9 ! 9T5SITY ( POLICE SURVEILLANCE-AS 9DICAT$ BY ! PRES5T-DAY CURR5CY ( ! T]M 0RACIAL PR(IL+0 :I* \<T TO COV] F> MORE T]RITORY ?AN 0DRIV+ :ILE BLACK OR BR[N0-ACC\NT 9 P>T = RACIAL & CLASS-BAS$ DISP>ITIES 9 >RE/ & IMPRISONM5T RATES4 ,?US1 IF WE >E WILL+ TO TAKE S]I\SLY ! CONSEQU5CES ( A RACI/ & CLASS-BIAS$ JU/ICE SY/EM1 WE WILL REA* ! CONCLUSION ?AT 5ORM\S NUMB]S ( PEOPLE >E 9 PRISON SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y >E1 = EXAMPLE1 BLACK1 ,*ICANO1 ,VIETNAMESE1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN OR POOR1 REG>DLESS ( !IR E?NIC BACKGR\ND4 ,!Y >E S5T TO PRISON1 NOT SO MU* BECAUSE ( ! CRIMES !Y MAY HAVE 9DE$ COMMITT$1 BUT L>GELY BECAUSE !IR COMMUNITIES HAVE BE5 CRIM9ALIZ$4 ,?US1 PROGRAMS = DECRIM9ALIZATION WILL NOT ONLY HAVE TO ADDRESS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES ?AT HAVE BE5 CRIM9ALIZ$-SU* AS DRUG USE & SEX WORK-BUT ALSO CRIM9ALIZ$ POPULATIONS & COMMUNITIES4 

,IT IS AGA9/ ! BACKDROP ( !SE MORE BROADLY CONCEIV$ ABOLITIONI/ ALT]NATIVES ?AT IT MAKES S5SE TO TAKE UP ! QUE/ION ( RADICAL TRANS=MATIONS )9 ! EXI/+ JU/ICE SY/EM4 ,?US1 ASIDE FROM M9IMIZ+1 ?R\< V>I\S /RATEGIES1 ! K9DS ( BEHAVIORS ?AT WILL BR+ PEOPLE 9TO CONTACT ) ! POLICE & JU/ICE SY/EMS1 !RE IS ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO TREAT ?OSE :O ASSAULT ! RI<TS & BODIES ( O!RS4 ,MANY ORGANIZATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS BO? 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & O!R C\NTRIES (F] ALT]NATIVE MODES ( MAK+ JU/ICE4 ,9 LIMIT$ 9/ANCES1 SOME GOV]NM5TS HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO IMPLEM5T ALT]NATIVES ?AT RANGE FROM CONFLICT RESOLUTION TO RE/ORATIVE OR REP>ATIVE JU/ICE4 ,SU* S*OL>S AS ,H]MAN ,BIAN*I HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT CRIME NE$S TO BE DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( TORT &1 9/EAD ( CRIM9AL LAW1 %\LD BE REP>ATIVE LAW4 ,9 HIS WORDS1 0.<,! LAWBREAK].> IS ?US NO LONG] AN EVIL-M9D$ MAN OR WOMAN1 BUT SIMPLY A DEBTOR1 A LIABLE P]SON :OSE HUMAN DUTY IS TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = HIS OR H] ACTS1 & TO ASSUME ! DUTY ( REPAIR04 

,!RE IS A GR[+ BODY ( LIT]ATURE ON RE%AP+ SY/EMS ( JU/ICE >\ND /RATEGIES ( REP>ATION1 RA!R ?AN RETRIBUTION1 AS WELL AS A GR[+ BODY ( EXP]I5TIAL EVID5CE ( ! ADVANTAGES ( !SE APPROA*ES TO JU/ICE & ( ! DEMOCRATIC POSSIBILITIES !Y PROMISE4 ,9/EAD ( REHE>S+ ! NUM]\S DEBATES ?AT HAVE EM]G$ OV] ! LA/ DECADES-9CLUD+ ! MO/ P]SI/5T QUE/ION1 0,:AT WILL HAPP5 TO ! MURD]]S & RAPI/S80-,I WILL CONCLUDE ) A /ORY ( ONE ( ! MO/ DRAMATIC SUCCESSES ( !SE EXP]IM5TS 9 RECONCILIATION4 ,I REF] TO ! CASE ( ,AMY ,BIEHL1 ! :ITE ,FULBRI<T S*OL> FROM ,NEWPORT ,BEA*1 ,CALI=NIA1 :O WAS KILL$ BY Y\NG ,S\? ,AFRICAN M5 9 ,GUGULETU1 A BLACK T[N%IP 9 ,CAPET[N1 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 

,9 #a#i#i#c1 :5 ,S\? ,AFRICA WAS ON ! CUSP ( ITS TRANSITION1 ,AMY ,BIEHL WAS DEVOT+ A SIGNIFICANT AM\NT ( H] TIME AS A =EIGN /UD5T TO ! WORK ( REBUILD+ ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,NELSON ,M&ELA HAD BE5 FRE$ 9 #a#i#i1 BUT HAD NOT YET BE5 ELECT$ PRESID5T4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #b#e1 ,BIEHL WAS DRIV+ SEV]AL BLACK FRI5DS TO !IR HOME 9 ,GUGULETU :5 A CR[D %\T+ ANTI:ITE SLOGANS CONFRONT$ H]1 & SOME ( !M /ON$ & /ABB$ H] TO DEA?4 ,F\R ( ! M5 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ATTACK W]E CONVICT$ ( H] MURD] & S5T5C$ TO EI<TE5 YE>S 9 PRISON4 ,9 #a#i#i#g1 ,L9DA & ,PET] ,BIEHL-,AMY'S MO!R & FA!R-DECID$ TO SUPPORT ! AMNE/Y PETITION ! M5 PRES5T$ TO ! ,TRU? & ,RECONCILIATION ,COMMISSION4 ,! F\R APOLOGIZ$ TO ! ,BIEHLS & W]E RELEAS$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#i#h4 ,TWO ( !M-,EASY ,N(EMELA & ,NTOBEKO ,P5I-,IAT] MET ) ! ,BIEHLS1 :O1 DESPITE MU* PRESSURE TO ! CONTR>Y1 AGRE$ TO SEE !M4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,N(EMELA1 HE WANT$ TO SAY MORE AB\T HIS [N SORR[ = KILL+ !IR DAU<T] ?AN :AT HAD BE5 POSSIBLE DUR+ ,TRU? & ,RECONCILIATION HE>+S4 0,I KN[ Y\ LO/ A P]SON Y\ LOVE10 HE SAYS HE TOLD !M DUR+ ?AT MEET+4 0,I WANT Y\ TO =GIVE ME & TAKE ME AS Y\R *ILD40 

,! ,BIEHLS1 :O HAD E/ABLI%$ ! ,AMY ,BIEHL ,F\NDATION 9 ! AFT]MA? ( !IR DAU<T]'S DEA?1 ASK$ ,N(EMELA & ,P5I TO WORK AT ! ,GUGULETU BRAN* ( ! F\NDATION4 ,N(EMELA BECAME AN 9/RUCTOR 9 AN AFT]-S*OOL SPORTS PROGRAM & ,P5I AN ADM9I/RATOR4 ,9 ,JUNE #b#b1 !Y ACCOMPANI$ ,L9DA ,BIEHL TO ,NEW ,YORK1 :]E !Y ALL SPOKE BE=E ! ,AM]ICAN ,FAMILY ,!RAPY ,ACADEMY ON RECONCILIATION & RE/ORATIVE JU/ICE4 ,9 A ,BO/ON ,GLOBE 9T]VIEW1 ,L9DA ,BIEHL1 :5 ASK$ H[ %E N[ FEELS AB\T ! M5 :O KILL$ H] DAU<T]1 SAID1 0,I HAVE A LOT ( LOVE = !M40 ,AFT] ,PET] ,BIEHL DI$ 9 #b#b1 %E B\<T TWO PLOTS ( L& = !M 9 MEMORY ( H] HUSB& SO ?AT ,N(EMELA & ,P5I CAN BUILD !IR [N HOMES4 ,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! ,SEPTEMB] #a #a ATTACKS1 ! ,BIEHLS HAD BE5 ASK$ TO SPEAK AT A SYNAGOGUE 9 !IR COMMUNITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PET] ,BIEHL1 0,WE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ?AT SOMETIMES IT PAYS TO %UT UP & LI/5 TO :AT O!R PEOPLE HAVE TO SAY1 TO ASK3 ',:Y DO !SE T]RIBLE ?+S HAPP58' 9/EAD ( SIMPLY REACT+4 

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