,P>T #a 
,PREAMBLE 

#aigeaige 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

,TEXT 3 

,I3 ,! ,IDEAL 
,I,I3 ,! ,M5 & ! ,/RUGGLES 
,I,I,I3 ,MAT]IAL = A ,REVOLUTION 
,I,V3 ,A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SITUATION 

,*,A,P,T,] #a 

,! ,I,D,E,A,L 

0,N[ ,I CAN DIE1 ,I HAVE SE5 MY IDEAL REALIZ$40 ,?IS WAS SAID TO ME 9 ONE ( ! ,LEVANTE COLLECTIVES1 IF MY MEMORY S]V]S ME WELL1 BY ONE ( ! M5 :O HAD /RUGGL$ ?R\<\T !IR LIVES = ! TRIUMPH ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 HUMAN LIB]TY & BRO!RHOOD4 

,HIS IDEA WAS LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 OR AN>*Y4 ,BUT ! USE ( ?IS WORK C>RI$ ) IT ! RISK 9 ALL LANGUAGES ( DI/ORT+ 9 PEOPLE'S M9DS :AT ! GREAT SAVANT & HUMANI/1 ,ELISE@>@> ,RECLUS1 DEF9$ AS ! 0NOBLE/ CONCEPTION ( ORD]40 ,MORE ESPECIALLY BECAUSE V]Y (T51 & IT WAS ! CASE 9 ,FRANCE1 ! AN>*I/S SEEMS TO HAVE DONE !IR UTMO/ TO AGREE ) !IR 5EMIES1 & TO JU/IFY TO NEGATIVE & NIHILI/IC 9T]PRETATION :I* ONE ALREADY F9DS 9 SU* & SU* & ORD] OR $ICT ( ,PHILIP ! ,FAIR 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IT IS !RE=E TO BETRAY ! MEAN+ ( :AT ! OLD MILITANT1 :O HAD /RUGGL$ TO LONG & HAD SUFF]$ SO MU*1 & :O PROBABLY WAS %OT BY ONE ( ,FRANCO'S FIR+ SQUADS1 WAS SAY+ TO ME1 ?US TO /ICK TO ! SIMPLE EXPRESSION ( A WORD SO WIDELY 9T]PRET$4 ,LET US !RE=E LOOK 9TO ! MATT] MORE DEEPLY4 

,9 HIS PAMPHLET 0,EL ,IDEAL ,AN>QUI/A10 ,RIC>DO ,MELLA1 :O WAS ! MO/ G5U9E & ORIG9AL ?9K] ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 GAVE ! FOLL[+ DEF9ITION ( ?IS IDEAL3 0LIB]TY AS ! BASIS1 EQUALITY AS ! MEANS1 FRAT]NITY AS ! 5DS40 ,LET US BE> ?IS WELL 9 M9D3 ! ULTIMATE GOAL1 ! CR[N+ GLORY WAS FRAT]NITY1 9 :I* FRE$OM W\LD BE AT ! SAME TIME BO? A BASIS & A CONSEQU5CE1 = CAN !RE BE FRAT]NITY )\T LIB]TY2 BUT EQUALLY CAN ONE DEPRIVE ONE'S BRO!R ( LIB]TY8 

,BESIDES1 !SE CONCEPTS HAD NOT P5ETRAT$ 9 ,SPA9 ) ! MU* DEBAT$ & DEBATABLE WORD AN>*Y4 ,9 HIS ,BOOK ,EL ,PROLET>IADO ,MILITANTE1 TO :I* ONE MU/ CON/ANTLY RETURN1 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 :O AFT] ,MELLA WAS ! MO/ QUALIFI$ ?9K] AMONG ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 REC\NTS H[ !SE IDEAS HAD BE5 REVEAL$ TO HIM1 FIR/ BY READ+ SOME ( ,PR\DHON'S BOOKS BE=E #a#h#g1 AMONG !M ,DE ,LA ,CAPACIT@>@> ,POLITIQUE DES ,CLASSES ,\VRI,A,E,U,RRES :I* HAD BE5 TRANSLAT$ BY ,PI Y ,M>GALL4 7#a7 ,!SE BOOKS1 & ! >TICLES PUBLI%$ BY ,PI Y ,M>GALL HIMSELF 9 HIS J\RNAL ,LA ,DISCUSION HAD BE5 DEMON/RAT$ TO HIM ! REALITY ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEM1 :]EAS O!R M5 W]E /RUGGL+ = A REPUBLIC :I* C\LD NOT BE O!R ?AN B\RGEOIS1 & !Y AFFILIAT$ !MSELVES ) ! ,C>BON>O MOVEM5T OR ) SOME O!R ,EUROPEAN SECRET SOCIETY4 

,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! ,BAKUN9I/ 9FLU5CE P5ETRAT$ 9TO ,SPA94 ,ITS BE>] WAS A DI/+UI%$ FI<T]1 ! ,ITALIAN ,GIUSEPPE ,FANELLI1 A =M] ,G>IBALDIAN COMBATANT1 LAT] AN ,9DEP5D5T ,LIB]AL ,DEPUTY1 :O HAVE MET ,BAKUN91 PRESUMABLY AT ! TIME ( HIS /AY 9 ,FLOR5CE1 WAS TO SUBSCRIBE TO HIS SOCIAL IDEAS4 

,BAKUN9 DEF5D$ & PROPAGAT$ ,SOCIALISM4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! WORD AN>*Y WAS = HIM SYNONYM\S ) DISORD]1 *AOS1 DEL9QU5CY4 ,HE ALSO F\ND$ 9 ,G5EVA1 ) FRI5DS1 9CLUD+ SOME 9TELLECTUALS ( ! FIR/ ORD]1 7#b7 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY4 ,HE WAS KN[N ,PR\DHON DUR+ HIS /AY 9 ,P>IS1 DUR+ ! YE>S #a#h#d#d-#d#h4 7#c7 ,AS ) ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9'S SOCIALISM WAS ANTI-/ATI/4 ,IT SATISFI$ HIS ,SLAVONIC PSY*OLOGY1 HIS G5]\S ,RUSSIAN NATURE1 HIS COSMIC VIEW ( ?+S1 & ! BROAD HUMAN PHILOSOPHY BAS$ ON EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE :I* HE CON/RUCT$ = HIMSELF4 ,HIS ?\<T MATUR$ DUR+ ! TWELVE YE>S HE SP5D 9 DET5TION 9 ! =TRESS1 9 PRISON & 9 ,SIB]IAN DEPORTATION4 ,! BEHAVIOR ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN & DICTATORIAL ,M>X DUR+ ?IS LONG & PA9FUL P]IOD ONLY /R5G!N$ HIS SUSPICION & AV]SION TO DICTATOR%IP1 EV5 :5 CALL$ POPUL>4 

,SO1 :5 9 #a#h#f#i1 ,FANELLI EXP\ND$ ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,ALLIANCE TO ! NEW FRI5DS HE HAD MADE 9 ,MADRID & 9 ,B>CELONA1 HE WAS ABLE TO REF] TO ! SEV5 >TICLES ( ! PROGRAM ( ?AT SECRET ORGANIZATION1 WRITT5 9 ! H& ( ITS F\ND]3 

0,! ,ALLIANCE DECL>ES ITSELF A!I/IC2 IT DEM&S ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL EQUALITY ( MEMB]S ( BO? SEXES40 

0,! L&1 WORK+ TOOLS1 AS WELL AS ALL WEAL?1 BY BECOM+ ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY1 CANNOT BE US$ O!R ?AN BY ! WORK]S1 ?AT IS TO SAY BY ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS40 

0,IT DEM&S = ALL *ILDR5 ( BO? SEXES1 FROM ! MOM5T !Y >E BORN1 EQUALITY ( ! MEANS = DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT IS TO SAY MA9T5ANCE & $UCATION TO ALL LEVELS 9 SCI5CE1 9DU/RY & ! >TS40 

0,IT RECOGNIZES ?AT ALL POLITICAL & AU?ORIT>IAN /ATES ?AT EXI/ N[ WILL HAVE TO BE SUBM]G$ 9 ! UNIV]SAL UNION ( FREE F$]ATIONS BO? AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL40 

0,IT NOT BE+ POSSIBLE TO F9D A DEF9ITIVE & REAL SOLUTION TO ! SOCIAL QUE/ION1 O!R ?AN ON ! BASIS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ( WORK]S ( ALL C\NTRIES1 ! ,ALLIANCE REJECTS ALL POLITICS BAS$ ON SO-CALL$ PATRIOTISM & ON ! RIVALRIES BETWE5 NATIONS40 

0,IT DEM&S ! UNIV]SAL ASSOCIATION ( ALL LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS ?R\< FRE$OM40 

,9 ?IS PROGRAM ,BAKUN9 W5T FUR!R ?AN ,PR\DHON1 = EXAMPLE1 ON WOM5'S EQUALITY ( RI<TS0HE HAD ALREADY DONE SO1 AMONG O!RS 9 HIS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM2 HE W5T FUR!R ?AN ,M>X 9 HIS VISION ( A NEW SOCIETY CON/RUCT$ ON AN 9T]NATIONAL BASIS ( WORK]S' ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,= ! ,/ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL DON'T GO SO F>1 !Y DO NOT IMPLY A CLE> TE*NIQUE ( SOCIAL REORGANIZATION AT ! SAME TIME AS A POLITICAL DOCTR9E 7:I* WAS TO LEAVE ! WAY OP5 TO MANY SURPRISES & LEAD TO ! CAPTURE ( ,P>LIAM5T & ( ! ,/ATE74 

,BUT IT IS SURPRIS+ TO SEE ) :AT ALACRITY & EASE1 ) :AT PRECISION1 ! TWO NUCLEI 0 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA 0 ASSIMILAT$ & SPREAD ! FUNDAM5TAL DOCTR9E ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 

,=1 A YE> LAT]1 ON ,JUNE #a#i1 #a#h#g1 ! FIR/ CONGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA AT ! ,TEATRO ,CIRCO ,B>CELON@>@>S4 

,?AT CONGRESS1 AT :I* #d1 WORK]S W]E REPRES5T$ \T ( POPULATION ( #ah MILLION 9HABITANTS1 WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! S]I\SNESS & PR(UNDITY ( ! DISCUSSION1 ! PROBLEMS /UDI$ & ! RESOLUTIONS PASS$4 ,! NE$ TO HAVE DONE ) ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL & ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN2 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A TACTIC :I* BELONG$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES2 ! NE$ TO PREP>E ONESELF TO TAKE OV] FROM ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ?R\< ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 WAS DEVELOP$ AT L5G?4 ,& FROM ! BEG9N+ ! WAYS ( APPLY+ ! IDEAL CALL$ = ! ELABORATION ( DIRECTIVES :I* ONE F9DS 9 ! REVOLUTION RELATIVE TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S3 

#a4 ,9 EV]Y LOCALITY WORK]S ( EA* TRADE WILL BE ORGANIZ$ 9 SOCIALIZ$ SECTIONS2 9 ADDITION A G5]AL SECTION WILL BE E/ABLI%$ :I* WILL 9CLUDE ALL WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 TRADES ?AT >E NOT YET 9CLUD$ 9 SPECIAL SECTIONS3 IT WILL BE A SECTION ( DIFF]5T TRADES4 

#b4 ,ALL SECTIONS ( TRADES FROM ! SAME LOCALITY WILL F$]ATE & ORGANIZE A SOLID>Y COOP]ATION APPLI$ ALSO TO MATT]S ( MUTUAL AID1 $UCATION1 7#d7 ETC41 :I* >E ( GREAT 9T]E/ TO ! WORK]S4 

#c4 ,SECTION ( ! SAME TRADE BELONG+ TO DIFF]5T LOCALITIES WILL F$]ATE TO CON/ITUTE RESI/ANCE & SOLID>ITY )9 !IR OCCUPATION4 

#d4 ,LOCAL F$]ATIONS WILL F$]ATE TO CON/ITUTE ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION :I* WILL BE REPRES5T$ BY A ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL ELECT$ BY ! CONGRESSES4 

#e4 ,ALL ! TRADE SECTIONS1 LOCAL F$]ATIONS1 TRADE F$]ATIONS1 AS WELL AS ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION WILL GOV]N !MSELVES ON ! BASIS ( !IR [N RULES WORK$ \T AT !IR CONGRESSES4 

#f4 ,ALL ! WORK]S REPRES5T$ BY ! WORK]S' CONGRESSES WILL DECIDE1 ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( !IR DELEGATES1 AS TO ! ME?ODS ( ACTION & DEVELOPM5T ( \R ORGANIZATION4 

,C]TA9LY ! FUNDAM5TAL PO/ULATES ( ! IDEA W]E ! WORK ( ,BAKUN9 & W]E BR\<T !RE BY ,FANELLI4 ,BUT H]E ONE F9DS A VA/ ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPT & A CREATIVE 9ITIATIVE GO+ BEYOND ALL ?AT HAD HI!RTO BE5 DONE 9 ,EUROPE1 9DICAT+ TO :AT A DEGREE ! IDEA WAS UND]/OOD & ASSIMILAT$4 ,9 ?IS COMPLEX & COMPLETE /RUCTURE PR9CIPLES GUID$ ACTION1 BUT ! ACTION TO FOLL[ WAS TO GUIDE & COMPLEM5T ! PR9CIPLES4 ,ON ! O!R H& WE F9D \RSELVES CONFRONT$ BY AN 9NOVATORY SPIRIT1 AN ACTIVE WILL & AN E?ICAL S5SE1 :I* 9 ONE B\ND W5T BEYOND ! LIMITS ( SYNDICAL CORPORATISM4 ,ONE WAS NOT ONLY ?9K+ ( CREAT+ AN ORGANIZATION ) A PR(ESSIONAL *>ACT] BUT ONE ?AT WAS ALSO HUMANI/ & SOCIAL 9 ! BROAD S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,EV5 :ILE AN EFFECTIVE WEAPON ( /RUGGLE = ! IMM$IATE FUTURE AGA9/ ! CLASS 5EMY WAS BE+ =G$1 ! F\NDATIONS W]E BE+ LAID ( A NEW SOCIETY4 

,ALREADY1 :AT LAT] WAS TO BE CALL$ ! V]TICAL ORGANIZATION CON/ITUT$ ON ! BASIS ( NATIONAL F$]ATIONS1 COMPLETES ! HORIZONTAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS SET UP 9 ! SOME:AT LESS IMPORTANT C5T]S1 :]E DIFF]5T CRAFT UNIONS EXI/$1 BR+ TOGE!R & F$]ATE ! LATT] = COMMON /RUGGLES4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ?IS HAPP5$ ?IRTY YE>S LAT] 9 ! =M ( ! B\RSES DE TRAVAIL 7LABOR EX*ANGES7 & TO A*IEVE ?IS IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 :O CAME FROM ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE1 %\LD BECOME ITS ADVOCATE4 

,BUT ! IDEAL ALSO APPE>S 9 O!R RESOLUTIONS ?AT W]E ADOPT$1 & O!R TASKS >E 5VISAG$ = ! IMM$IATE FUTURE ?\< (T5 ! BITT]NESS ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE PREV5T$ ! APPLICATION ( ! DECISIONS REA*$4 ,AT ?AT SAME CONGRESS1 ?O QUE/ION ( COOP]ATIVES WAS ALSO TAK5 UP4 ,= M5 :O 5VISAG$ ! RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY 9 A V]Y %ORT TUNE1 ! COOP]ATIVES MI<T HAVE APPE>$ AS A DANG]\S SETBACK4 ,BUT ?\< !Y /ILL DID NOT KN[ ( ! PROGRAM ( ! ,RO*DALE ,PIONE]S1 ! WORK] DELEGATES AT ! ,B>CELONA CONGRESS F\ND COMMONS5SE & WELL BALANC$ SOLUTIONS TO ?IS PROBLEM4 ,P>AGRAPH #c ( ! RESOLUTION ON :I* !Y HAD VOT$ /IPULAT$ ?AT3 

0,:5 CIRCUM/ANCES DEM& IT1 COOP]ATION 9 PRODUCTION MU/ FAVOR ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS = IMM$IATE CONSUMPTION BY ! WORK]S1 BUT WE TAKE IT TO TASK :5 IT DOES NOT EXT5D1 9 FACT1 ITS SOLID>ITY TO ! L>GE WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS40 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! PR9CIPLE ( UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY1 EXT5D$ TO ALL ! EXPLOIT$ SEEMS SPECIALLY PRACTICABLE ?R\< CONSUM] COOP]ATION1 0! ONLY ONE :I* NOT ONLY CAN BE APPLI$ 9 ALL CASES & 9 ALL CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT :I* MU/ ALSO PROVIDE ! RUDIM5TS & ! MEANS = ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ?OSE WORK]S :OSE CULTURAL BACKW>DNESS MAKES NEW IDEAS DIFFICULT TO COMPREH5D04 

,F9ALLY1 ! SIX? & F9AL P>AGRAPH SITPULATES ?AT 0ALONGSIDE CONSUM] COOP]ATISM & COMPLEM5T>Y TO IT1 ONE CAN PLACE COOP]ATIVES = MUTUAL AID & PUBLIC 9/RUCTION0 7MY ITALICS74 

,ONE MU/ PO9T \T ?AT WE >E TALK+ AB\T ,JUNE1 #a#h#g4 ,AT ?AT TIME ,M>X'S BOOK ,DAS ,KAPITAL WAS /ILL UNKN[N AS WAS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS NOT TO EXPLODE UNTIL ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,F$]ALI/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM 9 ,SPA9 WAS !RE=E TO DEVELOP BY ! IMPULSE ( ITS [N /R5G?4 ,9 ONE /ROKE1 ! IDEAL WAS /AT$ 9 G5]AL T]MS & :AT WAS LAT] TO BE CALL$ ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM WAS =MULAT$ AFT] ?AT P]IOD4 ,BUT :AT WAS ELABORAT$ 9 ?OSE HI/ORIC DAYS WAS TO BE ADD$ TO 9 ! CONGRESSES ?AT FOLL[$ 9 ! NEXT DECADE4 

,?US 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> ! CONF]5CE ( ! ORGANIZATION COMPRIS+ ! 0,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,SECTION ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL0 GOES FUR!R 9 CL>IFY+ !SE QUE/IONS4 ,! MO/ ABLE ( ! MILITANTS HAD BE5 TO ,SWITZ]L& TO E/ABLI% CONTACT ) ,BAKUN9 :O 9SPIR$ !IR ACTION ?ANKS TO A CON/RUCTIVE M9D & TO ORGANIZATIONAL GIFTS EMBRAC+ LIFE ON A WORLD SCALE4 ,BUT !Y ADD$ !IR [N IDEAS TO HIS4 ,9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! IMM$IATE /RUGGLE1 ( WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE & = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 ,SPA9 WAS ORGANICALLY DIVID$ 9TO FIVE REGIONS BY ! DELEGATES3 ,NOR?1 ,S\?1 ,EA/1 ,WE/ & ,C5TRAL4 ,AS HAD BE5 DECID$ ! PREVI\S YE>1 ! LOCAL & NATIONAL TRADES F$]ATIONS W]E F\ND$4 ,A =M ( COOP]ATION1 ALSO BY TRADES1 WAS \TL9$ 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO FACILITATE & TO CONTROL ?IS P>T ( G5]AL ACTIVITY4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#h#g#a1 AFT] A WEEK ( DISCUSSIONS ON V>I\S SUBJECTS1 A DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES AGA9/ REPUBLICANISM AS ! POLITICAL1 BUT NOT SOCIAL1 5EMY ( ! MON>*ICAL REGIME WAS APPROV$3 

0,SEE+ ?AT ! TRUE MEAN+ ( ! WORD ',REPUBLIC' IS '! PUBLIC ?+'1 ?AT IS :AT BELONGS TO ! COLLECTIVITY & 9VOLVES ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY2 

0,?AT 'DEMOCRACY' MEANS ! FREE EX]CISE ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS1 :I* IS NOT PRACTICABLE EXCEPT UND] ,AN>*Y1 ?AT IS TO SAY BY ! ABOLITION ( ! POLITICAL & JURIDICAL ,/ATES 9 ! PLACE ( :I* IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO CON/ITUTE WORK]S' ,/ATES 7#e7 ! FUNCTIONS ( :I* WILL BE SIMPLY ECONOMIC2 

0,?AT MAN'S RI<TS CANNOT BE SUBJECT$ TO LAWS = !Y >E 9DEFEASIBLE & UNALI5ABLE2 

0,?AT 9 CONSEQU5CE ! ,F$]ATION MU/ SIMPLY HAVE AN ECONOMIC *>ACT]2 

0,! ,CONF]5CE ( ! WORK]S ( ! ,SPANI% REGION ( ! ,WORK]S ,9T]NATIONAL GA!R$ 9 ,VAL5CIA DECL>ES3 0,?AT ! TRUE DEMOCRATIC & F$]AL REPUBLIC IS ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 ,AN>*Y & ! ECONOMIC ,F$]ATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! FREE UNIV]SAL F$]ATION ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS ( AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 =MULA :I* IT ADOPTS 9 ITS 5TIRETY40 

,ONE CANNOT BUT ADMIRE ! RI*NESS ( ?IS ?9K+1 :I* HAS NEV] BE5 IMPROV$ ON BY ANY WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T S9CE IT WAS FIR/ =MULAT$4 ,IT TOOK ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S TO GET AS F> AS ! ,AMI5S ,*>T]1 :I* IS F> 9F]IOR BO? 9 ITS !ORETICAL & DOCTR9AL CONT5T1 9 ! BREAD? ( ! CON/RUCTIVE HORIZONS ON ! PRACTICAL SIDE1 AS WELL AS 9 ?AT S5SE ( UNIV]SALITY & 9T]NATIONALISM :I* RAISES SPIRITS & GUIDES ACTIONS4 ,H]E1 ! BASIC 9SPIRATION IS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE AN IDEAL ( BRO!RHOOD4 ,IT IS ABOVE ALL A QUE/ION ( EXT5D+ TO ALL ! PEOPLES1 TO ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! WORLD1 ! PRACTICE ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 

,9 ! FOLL[+ YE> - #ahgb - ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS DECL>$ ILLEGAL BY ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T 9 SPITE ( ITS BRILLIANT DEF5SE MADE 9 ! ,CORTES BY ,NICOLAS ,SALM]ON1 A NOBLE FIGURE & EM95T REPUBLICAN JURI/4 ,9 ,ITALY ! GOV]NM5T WAS TO TAKE ! SAME /EPS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ! ,LE ,*APELI] LAW /ILL PREVAIL$1 C\RTS CONT9U$ TO CONDEMN ,9T]NATIONALI/S TO HEAVY T]MS ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,BUT :]EAS ! ,ITALIAN ,9T]NATIONALI/S GUID$ BY ,MALATE/A1 ,COVELLI1 ,&REA ,CO/A1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O & O!R Y\NG 5?USIA/S FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 WELCOM$ ?IS MEASURE :I* !Y BELIEV$ W\LD HA/5 ! REVOLUTION1 & LAUN*$ \T 9 WILD 9SURRECTIONAL ATTEMPTS :I* PROVOK$ ! COMPLETE DISSOLUTION ( ! MOVEM5T1 ! ,SPANI% MILITANTS DID NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! OBJECTIVES ( A CON/RUCTIVE NATURE & ( ! IMM$IATE ORGANIC ACTION :I* /EMS FROM IT4 ,!Y BEGAN BY CONFIRM+ ! POSITIVE ASPIRATIONS 9 A ,MANIFE/O ADDRESS$ TO PUBLIC OP9ION BY ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,SPANI% ,SECTION ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL3 

0,WE WANT JU/ICE TO BE A*IEV$ 9 ALL HUMAN RELATIONS2 

0,WE WANT ! ABOLITION ( AD SOCIAL CLASSES & !IR FUSION 9TO A S+LE CLASS ( FREE1 HONE/ & CULTUR$ PRODUC]S2 

0,WE WANT WORK TO BE ! BASIS ON :I* SOCIETY RE/S2 ?AT ! WORLD BE CONV]T$ 9TO ONE IMM5SE F$]ATION ( FREE WORK+ CLASS LOCAL COLLECTIVES :I*1 BY F$]AT+ AMONG !MSELVES1 WILL CON/ITUTE A COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S LOCAL F$]ATION2 ?AT ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS 9 ONE CANTON WILL CON/ITUTE ! CANTONAL F$]ATION1 ?AT ! V>I\S CANTONAL F$]ATIONS 9 A REGION WILL CON/ITUTE ! REGIONAL F$]ATION & F9ALLY ?AT ALL ! REGIONAL F$]ATIONS ( ! WORLD WILL CON/ITUTE ! L>GE 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION4 

0,WE WANT ! 9/RUM5TS ( WORK1 ! L&1 ! M9ES1 ! %IPY>DS1 ! M]*ANT NAVY1 ! RAILWAYS1 FACTORIES1 MA*9E1 ETC HAV+ BECOME ! PROP]TY ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY %\LD NOT BE UTILIZ$ EXCEPT BY ! WORK]S ,COLLECTIVES :O WILL MAKE !M PRODUCE DIRECTLY & )9 :I* ! WORK] WILL RECEIVE ! FULL PRODUCE ( HIS WORK2 7#f7 

0,WE WANT = ALL 9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES A COMPLETE $UCATION 9 SCI5CE1 9DU/RY & ! ,>TS 7#g7 SO ?AT 9TELLECTUAL 9EQUALITIES ALMO/ 5TIRELY IMAG9>Y1 WILL DISAPPE>1 & ?AT ! DI/9CTIVE EFFECTS ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR %\LD NOT RECUR2 ONE WILL !N SECURE ! UNIQUE1 BUT POSITIVE1 ADVANTAGES FROM ?AT ECONOMIC =CE BY ! PRODUCTION ( ?AT :I* IS DE/9$ TO SATISFY HUMAN NE$S2 

0,WE BELIEVE ?AT BY ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 A VA/ F$]ATION ( WORK]S ,COLLECTIVES BAS$ ON WORK1 ALL AU?ORIT>IAN P[]S WILL DISAPPE>1 CONV]T+ !MSELVES 9TO SIMPLE ADM9I/RATORS ( ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S1 & ?AT ! SPIRIT ( NATIONALITY & PATRIOTISM1 SO ANTAGONI/IC TO UNION & SOLID>ITY AMONG M51 WILL BE OBLIT]AT$ BE=E ! GREAT FA!RL& ( WORK1 :I* IS ! :OLE WORLD4 

0,SU* IS ! SOCIALISM ?AT IS PROCLAIM$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ( :I* ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL AFFIRMATIONS >E3 COLLECTIVISM 9 ECONOMICS & AN>*Y AS A POLITICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,COLLECTIVISM1 ?AT IS ! COMMON PROP]TY 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( WORK1 !IR USE BY ! WORK]S' ,COLLECTIVES :I* USE !M TO PRODUCE DIRECTLY1 & 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( ! :OLE PRODUCT ( EA* P]SON'S LABOR4 ,AN>*Y1 OR ! ABOLITION ( GOV]NM5TS1 ?AT IS TO SAY !IR CONV]SION 9TO ! SIMPLE ADM9I/RATORS ( COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S40 

,DO NOT !SE LA/ P>AGRAPHS REM9D ONE ( ,PR\DHON'S =MULA3 0,! WORK%OP WILL MAKE ! GOV]NM5T DISAPPE>08 ,OR BETT] P]HAPS ?AT ( ,SA9T-,SIMON3 0,TO REPLACE ! GOV]NM5T ( M5 BY ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S08 

,/ILL 9 ! YE> #a#h#g#b1 ! ,SPANI% ,SECTION ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL CONT9U$ TO CL>IFY PR9CIPLES & ! MEANS = REALIZ+ !M4 ,A NEW MASSIVE CONTRIBUTION CAME FROM ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS JU/ BE=E IT WAS DECL>$ ILLEGAL4 ,! MORAL LEVEL ( ! MATT]S DEALT )1 ! RESOLUTIONS ?AT W]E PASS$1 (T5 PREVAIL$ BY F> OV] ECONOMIC PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS1 ! :OLE G5]ALLY 9T]P5ETRAT+ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,! SUBJECTS DEALT ) 9CLUD$ ! FATE ( WOMAN 0:OSE EMANCIPATION IS 9TIMATELY L9K$ TO ! PROBLEM ( PROP]TY01 ! SECTIONS ( CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES1 ! CONSUM] COMMITTEES ORGANIZ$ BY WORK]S' SECTIONS ( RESI/ANCE & BY A SPECIALIZ$ ,COOP]ATIVE ,F$]ATION4 ,A LONG REPORT1 WOR?Y ( A JURI/1 9DICATES H[ MU*1 & 9 :AT DETAIL1 ! AU?ORS HAD /UDI$ ! PROBLEM ( PROP]TY4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL ! REPORT ON 0,9TEGRAL TEA*+0 HOLDS \R ATT5TION = IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ?IS SUBJECT GAVE RISE TO SU* A PR(\ND ANALYSIS4 

,IT IS AMAZ+ TO F9D1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! COMB9$ SCI5TIFIC CONSID]ATIONS1 & ! 5UM]ATION 9 ORD] ( IMPORTANCE ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! *ILD & ?AT ( ! PHYSIOLOGICAL FACULTIES :I* W]E !N BE+ PROP\ND$4 ,ONE IS TEMPT$ TO SAY ?AT S9CE !N NONE ( ! GREAT MA/]S ( P$AGOGY HAS GONE FUR!R4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS REPORT WAS ! WORK ( AN 9TELLECTUAL WON OV] TO ! WORK]S & ) :OM HE COLLABORAT$1 BUT H[ PRAISEWOR?Y ( ?OSE METAL WORK]S1 MASONS1 PR9T]S1 LABOR]S1 WEAV]S1 /EV$ORES1 TO SUPPORT ! LAUN*+ ( P$AGOGIC IDEAS HALF A C5TURY 9 ADVANCE ( !IR TIME6 

,VIEW$ AS A :OLE !IR CON/RUCTIVE SPIRIT WAS EXCEPTIONAL4 ,WE CAN F9D CONFIRMATION ( IT 9 ! ?IRD ,RESOLUTION APPROV$ AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,/4 ,IMI]1 HELD ON ! #a#e? & #a#f? ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#g#b4 ,?AT CONGRESS BR\<T TOGE!R ?OSE SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL :I* W\LD NOT B[ TO ! DICTATES ( ,M>X & TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ?AT ,ASSOCIATION AS ! ANSW] TO ! PROTE/S ( ! MAJORITY ( ! SECTIONS AGA9/ ! FRAUDUL5T EXPULSION ( ,BAKUN91 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME & ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION4 7#h7 

,AMONG ! QUE/IONS ON ! ,AG5DA WAS ONE ON ! SUBJECT ( 0,! ORGANIZATION ( WORK1 /ATI/ICS04 ,! REPORT PRES5T] HAD BE5 OBVI\SLY WRITT5 BY ,BAKUN91 & 5D$ ) !SE WORDS3 

0,! ,COMMISSION PROPOSES TO NOM9ATE A ,COMMISSION :I* WILL HAVE TO PRES5T A PROJECT TO ! NEXT ,CONGRESS = ! UNIV]SAL ORGANIZATION ( RESI/ANCE1 & COMPLETE TABLES ( /ATI/ICS ( WORK FROM :I* ?IS /RUGGLE WILL SEEK ITS 9SPIRATION4 ,IT RECOMM5DS ! ,SPANI% SECTION AS ! BE/ UP TO N[40 

,! FOLL[+ YE>1 & ?\<1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION WAS DECL>$ ILLEGAL1 ! FIGURES %[ ?AT !RE W]E #afb LOCAL F$]ATIONS & A FUR!R #fb 9 ! C\RSE ( =MATION ,A YE> LAT]1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,BELGIAN HI/ORIAN ,LAVELEYE1 ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S REA*$ #c11 :I* 9 \R VIEW IS EXCESSIVE1 & PROBABLY REF]S TO ! 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!N1 :5 ! MOVEM5T BECAME CL&E/9E BECAUSE ( ! P]SECUTIONS1 ITS NUMB]S DECREAS$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 #ahgf A ,CONF]5CE ( CANTONAL F$]ATIONS ONCE AGA9 5UM]ATES ! PR9CIPLES :I* HAVE TO BE APPLI$ AT ! TIME ( REVOLUTION3 

0#a4 ,! LOCALITIES :]E ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL MAY TRIUMPH AS A RESULT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T WILL DECL>E !MSELVES FREE & 9DEP5D5T & RELEAS$ FROM ! NATIONAL /RUCTURE4 7#i7 

#b4 ,EA* LOCALITY WILL IMM$IATELY DECL>E ?AT :AT IS 5CLOS$ )9 ITS B\ND>IES BELONGS TO IT1 ?AT NO?+ BELONGS TO ANY 9DIVIDUAL1 TO ANYBODY1 AP>T FROM FURNITURE1 CLO?+ & O!R OBJECTS = P]SONAL USE4 

#e4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! F$]ATION ( POPUL> =CES ( ALL ! F$]ATIONS1 CANTONS1 & ( ALL C\NTRIES4 

#h4 ,! LOCAL C\NCILS WILL SUBDIVIDE 9TO AS MANY COMMISSIONS AS >E CONSID]$ NECESS>Y3 DEF5SE1 SUBSI/5CE1 ADM9I/RATION1 WORK1 $UCATION1 CANTONAL & F$]AL RELATIONS1 ETC4444 

#i4 ,DISSOLUTION ( ALL ! ORGANS ( ! EXI/+ ,/ATE1 DE/RUCTION & BURN+ ( ALL TITLE DE$S & R5T C]TIFICATES MORTGAGES1 F9ANCIAL SECURITIES1 RECOGNIZANCES1 ETC 

2 SEIZURE & CONC5TRATION ( ALL GOLD RES]VES & PAP] MONEY1 JEWELRY & PRECI\S /ONES F\ND 9 ! LOCALITY2 C5TRALIZATION ( ALL CONSUM] GOODS &2 P>TIAL CONC5TRATION ( TOOLS & MA*9ES 9 UTILIZABLE WORK%OPS4 

#a#a4 ,CANTONAL & REGIONAL CONGRESSES WILL TAKE OV] ! MANAGEM5T1 ?R\< SPECIAL COMMISSIONS1 ( ALL ?AT CANNOT BE DONE BY 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNES1 CANTONAL & REGIONAL DEF5SE1 ! ORGANIZATION ( PUBLIC S]VICES1 ! M]*ANT NAVY1 RAILWAYS1 ,PO/S & ,TELEGRAPHS1 ETC42 NOM9ATION ( DELEGATES FROM ! REGION TO ! G5]AL ,CONGRESS & 9 O!R REGIONS40' 

,CLE>LY1 ! PROBLEMS W5T ON BE+ /UDI$ 9 ! !ORETICAL S5SE1 )\T PREV5T+ ! MOVEM5T FROM A*IEV+ GREAT MAT]IAL /R5G?4 ,AT ?AT TIME 0WILD-CAT0 /RIKES TOOK PLACE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,LEVANTE & ,&ALUSIA4 ,DEP5D+ ON ! REGIONS & PROV9CES 9 :I* ! GOV]NORS1 DELEGATES & REPRES5TATIVES ( ! C5TRAL P[] HAD ! RI<T TO SUSP5D CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES1 TO CLOSE D[N PREMISES1 TO >RE/ & DEPORT ADM9I/RATIVELY :OEV] !Y *OSE TO PICK ON2 :]E ! POLICE RESORT$ TO TORTURE1 :]E UNEMPLOYM5T WAS RIFE1 :]E 0AGITATORS0 & !IR FAMILIES W]E R$UC$ TO SU* A /ATE ( P5URY ?AT A PAIR ( CANVAS %OES WAS (T5 A LUXURY1 J\RNALS PROPAGAT+ ! IDEAL APPE>$ OP5LY OR CL&E/9ELY4 

,:O WILL EV] KN[ H[ MANY8 ,LET US TAKE AN EXAMPLE4 ,9 ! SMALL T[N ( ,CORUNNA 7ON ! COA/ TO ! NOR? ( ,PORTUGAL71 ALONE1 :]E ! NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS 9CREAS$ FROM #c1 TO #f1 BETWE5' #ahgd & #a#i#b#c1 F\R LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ OR AN>*I/1 & ( C\RSE ALSO SYNDICALI/1 WEEKLIES APPE>$ 9 SUCCESSION DUR+ ?OSE YE>S3 ,LA ,B&]A ,ROJA1 ,LA ,EMANCIPACION1 ,EL ,CORS>IO1 ,LA ,LU*A ,OBR]A4 ,LAT]1 AFT] A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( REPRESSION1 !RE W]E ANO!R FIVE3 ,G]M9AL1 ,LA ,EMANCIPACION1 ,LA ,VOZ DEL ,OBR]O1 ,TI]RA & ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7! PRES5T WRIT] HAS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! TWO LATT] J\RNALS74 

,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE1 UNLESS ONE HAD ! >*IVES ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR AT ONE'S DISPOSAL1 TO LI/ ALL ! PUBLICATION ?AT APPE>$ BETWE5 #ahg & #a#i#c#f4 ,BUT LET US QUOTE ! FIGURES WE KN[ = ! YE> #aicf -- & PROBABLY ! LI/ IS NOT COMPLETE3 TWO DAILIES3 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ORGAN ( ! ,C,N,T1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ,B>CELONA ) A CIRCULATION ( BETWE5 #d1 & #e11 & ,C4,N4,T4 ! ,MADRID ORGAN ( ! SAME ORGANIZATION ) AN AV]AGE CIRCULATION ( #c14 ,AMONG ! P]IODICALS -- AB\T T5 9 ALL -- ! VET]AN ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ PRESS1 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,B>CELONA ) A CIRCULATION ( #b12 ,VIDA ,OBR]A WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GIJON 7,A/URIAS72 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR APPE>$ 9 ,SEVILLE2 ,CULTURA Y ,ACCION 9 ,S>AGOSSA4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT ALL1 = 9 ADDITION !RE W]E ! ,REVIEWS4 ,!RE WAS ,TIEMPOS ,NUEVOS 9 ,B>CELONA ) A CIRCULATION ( #a#e12 ,LA ,REVI/A ,BLANCA1 ) A M9IMUM CIRCULATION ( #e12 ,ESFU]ZO1 ALSO PUBLI%$ 9 ,B>CELONA & ) ! SAME CIRCULATION2 9 ,VAL5CIA ,ORTO HAD A SIMIL> CIRCULATION1 BUT ABOVE ALL !RE WAS ,E/UDIOS1 ) AN AV]AGE CIRCULATION ( #f#e1 COPIES :I* AT TIMES REA*$ #g#e14 

,9 ALL !SE PUBLICATIONS ! SAME OBJECTIVES W]E CONT9UALLY PUT =W>D4 ,:]EAS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 & DUR+ P]IODS ( /RUGGLE1 /RESS WAS ONLY LAID ON CRITICISM1 ! S+LE IMM$IATE DEM&1 ! D5UNCIATION ( ! ILLS ( SOCIETY1 (T5 ) CURSES1 ! DIRECT+ & CON/RUCTIVE IDEAS W]E H]E CONT9UALLY RECALL$4 ,EV5 DUR+ A P]IOD ( ILLEGALITY1 ,EL ,MUNICIPIO ,LIBRE1 A J\RNAL PUBLI%$ 9 ,MALAGA1 C\LD PUBLI% ! FOLL[+ 9 ITS ,MAY OR ,JUNE ISSUE ( #a#h#h3 

0,WE WANT ! CON/ITUTION ( FREE COMMUNES1 9DEP5D5T FROM ANY C5TRALIZ+ TIE1 ) NO O!R UNION ?AN ?AT :I* /EMS FROM F$]AL PACTS FREELY AGRE$ TO & ALWAYS SUBJECT TO REPEAL BY ! CONTRACT+ COMMUNES4 

0,! APPROPRIATION BY ! COMMUNES ( ! L&1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( WORK ( :I* ! FULL RI<T ( USE HAS BE5 GRANT$ TO ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ,COLLECTIVES4 

0,! RECOGNITION ( ! SOCIAL RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES :O CONTRIBUTE TO PRODUCTION4 

0,COMPLETE $UCATION1 & APPLICATION ( ALL ! MORAL & PHYSICAL MEANS ( DEVELOPM5T TO ! $UCATION ( *ILDR54 

0,A MUNICIPAL SY/EM GU>ANTEE+ 9 FULL ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

0,ORGANIZATION ( WORK ALL[+ TO EA* WORK] ! 5JOYM5T ( ! :OLE PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR4 

0,ADVANCES TO BE MADE 9 ALL ACTIVITIES :I* WILL ALL[ MANK9D TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ALL 9V5TIONS & PROGRESS1 ! FRUITS ( MAN'S G5IUS40 

,MO/ C]TA9LY SOME OBJECTIONS ON DETAILS CAN BE LEVEL$ AT ! IDEAS ON ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 SO LONG AS ONE PUTS ONESELF 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! P]IOD1 & TAKES 9TO ACC\NT1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURES ( ,&ALUSIA & O!R REGIONS4 ,BUT :AT MATT]S >E ! BROAD \TL9ES1 ! EV]4 PRES5T CON/RUCTIVE SPIRIT1 :I* MEANS ?AT ! ]RORS ( ANTICIPATION CAN BE QUICKLY CORRECT$ :5 ! TIME COMES4 7#a7 ,& ONE %\LD BE> 9 M9D ?IS CON/ANT RETURN TO 0COMPLETE $UCATION04 ,IT HAS BE5 POSSIBLE TO WRITE1 & ) JU/ICE1 ?AT ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A1 ! GREAT REPUBLICAN LEAD] & SOCIOLOGI/1 AN 9SPIR$ AUTODIDACT1 :O DID SO MU* TO RAISE ! CULTURAL LEVEL ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 & MADE FREE $UCATION ONE ( ! MAJOR PLANKS ( HIS /RUGGLE1 HAD BE5 PREC$$ BY ?OSE LIB]T>IAN WORK]S & PEASANTS :OSE MAT]IAL EXI/5CE WAS SO DULL BUT :OSE SPIRIT WAS SO ILLUM9$4 

,! P]IOD ( ILLEGALITY BEGUN 9 #a#h#g#b-#g#c PASS$1 & AFT] N9E YE>S DUR+ :I* 9NUM]ABLE /RUGGLES W]E 5GAG$1 ! SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION1 ONCE MORE NATIONALLY L9K$1 HELD A CONGRESS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! DISCUSSIONS A ,MANIFE/O WAS DRAFT$ = ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,EXAGG]ATIONS AP>T1 ! SAME IDEAL WAS RECALL$ ) ! SAME 9SI/5CE3 

0,WE ! WORK]S :O >E ! TRUE CRAFTSM5 9 SOCIETY1 ITS CREATIVE & VITAL =CE1 :O ?R\< \R MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL EF=TS 7#a#a7 >E BUILD+ T[NS & VILLAGES1 :O WORK ON ! L& & EXTRACT FROM ITS B[ELS ! MO/ PRECI\S PRODUCTS2 :O BUILD %IPS :I* CROSS ! SEAS TRANSPORT+ ! WEAL? ?AT WE PRODUCE2 :O BUILD ! RAILWAYS :I* L9K ! MO/ ISOLAT$ REGIONS2 :O LAY CABLES AT ! BOTTOM ( ! OCEAN :I* MAKE IT POSSIBLE = ! ,OLD ,WORLD TO COMMUNICATE ) ! ,NEW2 :O TUNNEL ! M\NTA9S1 BUILD AQU$UCTS & DIG CANALS2 ?OSE ( US :O TAKE P>T 9 ALL ?AT MANK9D PRODUCES ) \R B>E H&S 4 4 4 AS A RESULT ( A T]RIBLE CONTRADICTION1 DO NOT 5JOY ITS RI*ES4 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE ! P[] ( ,CAPITAL & ( ! B\RGEOISIE R$UCES \R SWEAT TO A COMMODITY :I* IS DEEM$ A WAGE RATE & C>RIES ! SEAL ( SLAV]Y & IS ! S\RCE FROM :I* /EM ALL ! EVILS :I* OPPRESS US40 

,ONCE AGA9 ONE SEES H[ ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL CLASSES IS CLE>LY POS$3 ,H]E N[1 IS ! /ATEM5T ( ! ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE & ! 5DS TO BE ATTA9$4 

0,\R ORGANIZATION1 :I* IS 5TIRELY ECONOMIC1 DI/+UI%ES ITSELF FROM ALL ! POLITICAL B\RGEOIS & WORK]S' P>TIES2 IT IS OPPOS$ TO !M ALL BECAUSE ALL ?OSE P>TIES ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES TO W9 POLITICAL P[]1 :]EAS WE ORGANIZE \RSELVES TO DE/ROY ALL EXI/+ POLITICAL ,/ATES & TO REPLACE !M BY A ,F,R,E,E ,F,$,],A,T,I,O,N ,( ,F,R,E,E ,A,S,S,O,C,I,A,T,I,O,N,S ,( ,F,R,E,E ,W,O,R,K,],S40 

,A FUR!R COMM5T>Y IS NECESS>Y4 ,! PREC$+ P>AGRAPH IS CLE>LY AIM$ AT 9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM & NATURALLY AT ,M>X -:O HAD L$ HIS SUPPORT]S ALONG ! ROAD ( ,P>LIAM5T>IANISM & ! ,/ATE1 BY SUBMITT+ AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,! ,HAGUE 7,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g#b7 A RESOLUTION DECL>+ ?AT 0! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] IS ! PRIM>Y DUTY ( ! PROLET>IAT04 ,! POLITICAL POLEMIC BETWE5 ! TWO S*OOLS ( SOCIALISM BEGAN 9 ,SPA94 ,IT HAS CONT9U$ TO SPREAD & TO GR[ EV] S9CE4 

,! ,MANIFE/O !N /RESS$ ! 9T]NATIONALISM1 ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! OBJECTIVES PURSU$ & ! VISION ( ! FUTURE3 

0,! SOCIAL PROBLEM IS NOT ONLY NATIONAL1 BUT CONC]NS WORK]S 9 BO? WORLDS1 = ! CORN]+ ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9ES1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! CONC5TRATION ( ,CAPITAL1 BANK TRANSACTIONS & F9ANCIAL SPECULATIONS1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MEANS ( COMMUNICATION >E SO 9 ANY ECONOMIC =CES ?AT HAVE FAVOR$ ! FULL RISE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS EXCUSIVE DOM9ATION ( SOCIAL 9T]E/S40 

,EV5 ! RELATIVELY UN9=M$ READ] WILL OBS]VE ?AT ! DRAFT]S ( ?IS DOCUM5T HAD READ ,PR\DHON1 & ESPECIALLY ,QU'E/ CE QUE LA ,PROPRIETE8 & ! ,CONTRADICTIONS ,ECONOMIQUES4 ,BUT HE WILL ALSO OBS]VE ?AT !SE WORK]S1 SOME ( :OM -- ,RIC>DO ,MELLA1 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 ,RAFAEL ,F>GA1 ,PELLIC]1 ,F$]ICO ,URALES -- 9 ANALYZ+ ! /RUCTURE ( CAPITALISM & ITS DEVELOPM5T ) AN EXTRAORD9>ILY PR(\ND KN[L$GE1 HAD ATTA9$ TO ! LEVEL ( SOCIOLOGI/S4 7#a#b7 

,?IS PROGRESS & DEVELOPM5T :I* W]E PURSU$ :5EV] ! SITUATION WAS FAVORABLE W]E ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS REF]R$ TO BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 :O1 9 ! J\RNAL ,LE ,REVOLTE :I* HE HAD F\ND$ & :I* WAS ! ONLY AN>*I/ J\RNAL !N EXTANT 9 ! ,FR5* LANGUAGE1 WROTE 9 AN $ITORIAL 7,NOVEMB] #a#b1 #a#h#h#a7 ?AT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS REVIV+ ) A NEW VITALITY 9 ,EUROPE04 ,!N1 REF]R+ TO ,SPA93 

0,BUT IT IS ABOVE ALL 9 ,SPA9 ?AT AT ! MOM5T !RE IS AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPM5T4 ,AFT] HAV+ BROOD$ = ! PA/ EI<T YE>S AS ! FIRE UND] ! C9D]S1 IT HAS JU/ APPE>$ OP5LY ) ! LATE/ CONGRESS 9 ,B>CELONA AT :I* #ad WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS W]E REPRES5T$ BY #acf DELEGATES4 ,NOT JU/ SECTIONS ( SEV5 OR EI<T MEMB]S :O HAVE BE5 DRAWN TOGE!R 9 A DI/RICT BY PURE *ANCE1 BUT SECTIONS ( WORK]S 9 ! SAME TRADE1 :OSE MEMB]S KN[ EA* O!R 9TIMATELY & MEET EV]Y DAY1 :O >E 9SPIR$ ) ! SAME HOPES & :O %>E A COMMON 5EMY 9 ! BOSS1 & A COMMON OBJECTIVE -- ?AT ( CA/+ (F ! YOKE ( ,CAPITAL2 9 A WORD1 A REAL ORGANIZATION4 

0,WE LOOK ?R\< ! ISSUES ( ,LA ,REVI/A ,SOCIAL1 A NEWSPAP] PRODUC$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES & EA* ONE 9=MS US BO? ( ! CREATION ( NEW TRADE SECTIONS1 ! SUPPORT ( EXI/+ GR\PS & ! F$]ATION ( GR\PS =M]LY ISOLAT$4 ,9 READ+ ! BULLET9 ( ! ,SPANI% MOVEM5T WE FEEL \RSELVES C>RI$ BACK TO ! BE/ TIMES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) JU/ ?IS DIFF]5CE3 MORE %>PNESS 9 ! ASPIRATIONS1 A CLE>] CONCEPTION ( ! /RUGGLE TO BE WAG$1 & A MORE REVOLUTION>Y \TLOOK AMONG ! GR\P+ AS A :OLE4 

0,A COMP>ISON COMES IMM$IATELY TO M9D3 ! COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! MOVEM5T :I* EXI/S 9 ,SPA9 ) ?AT :I* EXI/S 9 ,FRANCE ALL TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ,SPA9 & ALL TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ,FRANCE40 

,AFT] O!R CONSID]ATIONS ,KROPOTK9 /RESSES ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO C\NTRIES3 

0,FAI?FUL TO ! AN>*I/ TRADITIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL !SE 9TELLIG5T1 ACTIVE1 RE/LESS M5 WILL NOT KEEP TO !MSELVES TO PURSUE !IR N>R[ 5DS2 !Y REMA9 9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 !Y /RUGGLE ) IT & = IT4 ,!Y BR+ !IR 5]GY TO ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION & WORK TO BUILD UP A =CE :I* WILL CRU% ,CAPITAL ON ! DAY ( ! REVOLUTION3 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADE ASSOCIATION4 ,TRADE SECTIONS1 F$]ATIONS ( ALL ! TRADES ( ! LOCALITY1 ! REGION1 & COMBAT GR\PS 9DEP5D5T ( ALL TRADES BUT ABOVE ALL SOCIALI/S4 7#a#c7 ,?AT IS H[ !Y CON/ITUTE ! CADRES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY 4 4 4 

0,WE C\LD NOT DO LESS ?AN ADVISE ! ,FR5* WORK]S TO TAKE UP AGA91 AS !IR ,SPANI% BRO!RS HAVE DONE1 ! TRADITIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES \TSIDE ALL POLITICAL P>TIES BY 9SCRIB+ ON !IR BANN] SOLID>ITY 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CAPITAL40 

,WE W\LD LIKE TO COMM5T ON ?IS COMM5T>Y4 ,WE NOTE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ?AT IT NE$$1 AT ! TIME1 A ,RUSSIAN TO PUBLI% 9 ,G5EVA ! ONLY AN>*I/ PAP] 9 ! ,FR5* LANGUAGE1 ! ,FR5* AN>*I/S BE+ NEI!R NUM]\S 5\< NOR 5T]PRIS+ 5\< TO DO SO !MSELVES2 :]EAS 9 ,SPA9 4 4 4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE IS MO/ SIGNIFICANT4 

,FUR!RMORE1 = ! ,FR5* WORK]S IT WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( RETURN+ TO ! TRADITIONS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT IT HAD NEV] EXI/$ 9 ,FRANCE AS AN ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T1 & ?AT ! FEW LOCAL SECTIONS :I* MANAG$ TO =M !MSELVES W]E REL5TLESSLY P]SECUT$1 :]EAS 9 ,SPA9 ! MOVEM5T HAD A FEW YE>S TO E/ABLI%1 & TO LE>N H[ TO ORGANIZE1 ITSELF4 

,!N ALSO IT LACK$ A ,BAKUN94 ,9 SPITE ( ALL HIS QUALITIES ,KROPOTK9 C\LD NOT EX]CISE ?IS 9FLU5CE1 ?IS FASC9ATION1 :I* W]E *>ACT]I/IC ( ! GREAT FI<T] :O WAS ALSO A GREAT ?9K] & ORGANIZ]4 ,HE LACK$ ?AT GIFT ( HUMAN1 P]SONAL ATTRACTION & UND]/&+1 :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE = A PEASANT OR A LABOR] TO FEEL UN9HIBIT$ :5 TALK+ ) ,BAKUN9 :O BECAUSE (1 OR 9 SPITE (1 BE+ A H]$IT>Y 0LORD0 UND]/OOD ! COMMON MAN & KNEW H[ TO PUT HIMSELF AT HIS LEVEL4 

,ALL ?IS EXPLA9S :Y ,KROPOTK91 ?\< 9 FAVOR ( WORK]S' MILITANCY & ORGANIZATION1 C\LD NOT EX]T AN 9FLU5CE OV] HIS COMRADES COMP>ABLE ) ?AT ( ,BAKUN94 ,FUR!RMORE1 AT ! TIME1 ! ,ITALIAN MOVEM5T1 BECAUSE ( ! IMPATI5CE & CLUMS9ESS ( ITS \T/&+ P]SONALITIES WAS R$UC$ ALMO/ TO A SKELETAL /ATE2 & LIKEWISE ! ,SWISS ,JURA ,F$]ATION4 

,IT ALSO EXPLA9S :Y ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( GR\PS ( 0SEV5 OR EI<T MEMB]S :O HAVE BE5 =TUIT\SLY BR\<T TOGE!R 9 A DI/RICT0 PURSU+ 0!IR PETTY 5DS0 & AB&ON+ ! GREAT TASKS ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,9 ,JUNE ( ! FOLL[+ YE> ,KROPOTK9 RETURN$ TO ! ,SPANI% EXAMPLE4 ,BUT )\T EFFECT4 ,IT REQUIR$ ! DISA/R\S T]RORI/ ACTIVITY ( ! SO-CALL$ 0H]OIC0 P]IOD1 & A K9D ( 9T]NAL DIS9TEGRATION AS A RESULT ( NUM]\S DEVIATIONS1 = SOME AN>*I/S TO DECIDE1 FROM AB\T #ahie ONW>DS1 TO 5T] ! SYNDICATES :]E !Y 9TRODUC$ NOT ONLY ! PRACTICE ( VIOL5CE1 AS ,GEORGES ,SOREL WROTE ( IT1 BUT A BODY ( DOCTR9E ( :I* ! MA9 ELEM5TS W]E ADOPT$ BY ! S*OOL ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM4 

,BUT LET US RETURN TO ,SPA94 ,YE>S HAVE PASS$ & 9 #ahhg A CONGRESS WAS HELD & A ,MANIFE/O ISSU$ :I* WAS REPRODUC$ 9 ! NEWSPAP] ,EL ,PRODUCTOR4 7#a#d7 ,9 IT WE READ3 

0,WE DECL>E = AN>*Y 7NO-GOV]NM5T7 & WE ASPIRE TO A SOCIO-ECONOMIC SY/EM 9 :I*1 BY AGREE+ ON ! 9T]E/S & ! RECIPROCITY ( RI<TS & DUTIES EV]YBODY WILL BE FREE1 ALL WILL CONTRIBUTE TO PRODUCTION & WILL 5JOY ! MAXIMUM ( HAPP9ESS1 :I* CONSI/S 9 ?AT ! PRODUCTS CONSUM$ >E ! FRUITS ( ! LABOR ( EA* ONE1 )\T EXPLOITATION1 & CONSEQU5TLY )\T ! CURSES ( A S+LE EXPLOIT$ WORK]4 

0,! L& MU/ HAVE NO MA/]1 ANY MORE ?AN ! AIR & ! LI<T1 OR ! UND]GR\ND RI*ES1 OR ! =E/S1 OR ALL ?AT IS NOT ! FRUIT ( M5'S WORK4 

0,SCI5CE CANNOT HAVE A MA/]1 ANY MORE ?AN CAN ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* >E ! RESULT & APPLICATION ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE4 

0,! ,L&1 ,SCI5CE1 ! MA*9ES ( HEAVY 9DU/RY1 HAVE NOT BE5 CREAT$ BY !IR CU/ODIANS1 BUT >E CREAT$ EI!R BY CAUSES 9DEP5D5T ( ,MAN'S WILL1 OR BY ! APPLI$ WORK ( ALL M5 4 4 4 

0,SOCIAL UNITY IS FUNDAM5TALLY ! PRODUC] 4 4 4 ,! FIR/ SOCIAL GR\P IS ! GR\P ( PRODUC]S 9 ! SAME L9E ( WORK4 ,! BASIC CONTRACT IS MADE BETWE5 ! PRODUC] & ! RESPECTIVE GR\P ( PRODUC]S ( ! SAME L9E4 

0,! GR\PS ( PRODUC]S FROM A P>TICUL> LOCALITY E/ABLI% A CONTRACT -- BY :I* !Y CON/ITUTE AN 5TITY FACILITAT+ EX*ANGE1 CR$IT1 $UCATION1 HEAL? & ! LOCAL POLICE2 & !Y CONCLUDE CONTRACTS ) O!R LOCALITIES = CR$IT & = EX*ANGE 9 A WID] SPH]E1 SU* AS COMMUNICATIONS1 G5]AL & RECIPROCAL PUBLIC S]VICES 4 4 4 

0,! L&1 ! M9ES1 ! RAILWAYS & 9 G5]AL ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ( TRANSPORT & EX*ANGE >E CONC$$ = FULL RI<T ( USE TO ! WORK]S' COLLECTIVES4 ,! F9AL GOAL ( ! REVOLUTION IS3 

0,! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE4 

0,! EXPROPRIATION ( ! [N]S ( ! COMMON 9H]ITANCE ( ! WORLD4 

0,! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ON ! BASIS ( ! WORK ( ?OSE :O CAN PRODUCE2 ! RATIONAL DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR2 HELP = ?OSE :O >E NOT YET QUALIFI$ TO WORK OR :O >E NO LONG] ABLE TO2 ! 9TEGRAL PHYSICAL & SCI5TIFIC $UCATION ( FUTURE PRODUC]S 4 4 4 

0,= !SE REASONS ! CONGRESS1 :I* CONSID]S ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION AS A FREE GR\P+ 9 :I* WORK]S CAN RESOLVE ALL SPECIAL CASES BY COMMON 9ITIATIVE :5EV] UNANIM\S ACTION IS NECESS>Y1 RECOGNIZES ! FRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUALS & ( ! COLLECTIVES SO ?AT !Y MAY DEVELOP ACCORD+ TO ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ?AT REGULATE ! LIFE ( EA* ONE ( US 4 4 40 

,SU* DECL>ATIONS1 SU* PROGRAMS1 TO :I* >E (T5 ADD$ COMPLEM5T>Y CONCEPTIONS OR 9ITIATIVES1 9DICATE ?AT ! CON/RUCTIVE PREOCCUPATIONS REMA9 ALWAYS 9 ! =EFRONT4 ,& UND]LY+ !SE PREOCCUPATIONS !RE IS 9V>IABLY A FUNDAM5TAL DOCTR9AL BASIS :I* 9SPIRES PLANS & PROJECTS4 ,9 ?AT LA/ ,MANIFE/O :AT REMA9S IS ! COLLECTIVI/ CONCEPT PROPOS$ BY ,BAKUN9 & MODIFI$ BY ! ,PR\DHONIAN MUTUALI/ CONCEPT ( :I* ! DI/+UI%+ FEATURE IS ! =MULA ( ! CONTRACT4 

,BUT 9 ! SAME P]IOD !RE WAS AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPM5T1 :I* %[$ ?AT LIVELY M9DS W]E AT WORK4 ,UP TO ?AT TIME1 FOLL[+ ! COLLECTIVI/ DOCTR9E &1 AS WE HAVE SE5 ON DIFF]5T OCCASIONS1 EA* PRODUC] HAD TO 5JOY 0! :OLE PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR04 ,NATURALLY1 ?IS =MULA HAD AS ITS AIM TO DE/ROY EV]Y VE/IGE ( ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN2 BUT A NEW PROBLEM HAD BE5 POS$ BY ! COMMUNI/ S*OOL ( AN>*ISM -- & 9 FACT WAS POS$ IMPLICITLY 9 ! CON/RUCTIVE CONCEPTIONS ( ,BAKUN93 MANY MEMB]S ( SOCIETY W]E NOT QUALIFI$ TO WORK1 SO F> AS A PRODUCTIVE CONTRIBUTION WAS CONC]N$4 ,SOCIETY WAS !RE=E OBLIG$ TO KEEP !M & TO DO SO !RE WAS NO?+ = IT BUT TO D$UCT :ATEV] WAS NECESS>Y FROM ?AT P>T :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES MA9TA9$ UNTIL !N1 BELONG$ TO ! PRODUC]S4 ,! LATT] W\LD NOT !RE=E BE ABLE TO 05JOY ! :OLE PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR04 ,! =MULA :I* MORE & MORE COMM&$ ATT5TION WAS ?AT ( TRUE COMMUNISM 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S1 FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY01 :I* ,L\IS ,BLANC HAD ADVOCAT$ & :I* ,PR\DHON ATTACK$ P>TLY ON ! GR\ND ?AT IT WAS CONCEIV$ 9 ! =M ( ,/ATE COMMUNISM4 & P>TLY ALSO BECAUSE HE REJECT$ 9/9CTIVELY1 ONE C\LD ALMO/ SAY ) ALL HIS BE+1 :AT HE CALL$ 0! COMMUNITY04 ,WE >E N[ ASS5T+ TO A MORALITY ( COMPLETE SOLID>ITY1 :I* WAS TO F9D ITS PRACTICAL EXPRESSION 9 ! ,COLLECTIVES ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 

,AT ! 9/ANCE ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 :O S5T ,LA,F>GUE TO COMBAT ON ! SPOT ! ,SPANI% ,9T]NATIONALI/S :O W\LD NOT SUBMIT TO !IR DIRECTIVES1 ANO!R SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS ,M>XI/ & RE=MI/1 WAS SET UP 7ITS F\ND]S W]E SEV5 9 NUMB] & ALL LIV$ 9 ,MADRID74 ,BUT IT DID NOT PRES5T EI!R ! MORAL /R5G? ?AT PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIAL CONVICTIONS BAS$ ON A BROAD HUMANISM GIVE1 OR ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( WILL & HI/ORIC ACTIVITY ?AT SPR+ FROM ! IDEAL 9CORPORAT$ ) ACTION4 ,9 ,SPA91 AN>*ISM1 OR RA!R LET US CALL IT ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/ F$]ALISM1 PREC$$ AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATE SOCIALISM1 ?US TURN+ TO ADVANTAGE ! TIME GA9$4 ,BUT BECAUSE ( ! 9FLU5CE IT EX]T$ ON M9DS IT WAS ALSO BETT] ABLE TO W9 OV] PEOPLE3 = NOT ONLY DID AN>*ISM REJECT AU?ORITY \TSIDE ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IT ALSO 9FLU5C$ SOCIETY BY ITS CULTURAL ACTIVITY SPREAD AMONG ! MASSES4 ,LET US NOT =GET ?AT 9 #ahhb ,LA ,REVI/A ,SOCIAL1 $IT$ BY ,LUIS DE ,OTEIZA1 HAD A CIRCULATION ( #b1 & WAS PROBABLY ! J\RNAL MO/ READ 9 ,SPA94 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 ! HI/ORY ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM WE DO NOT KN[ ( A CULTURAL MANIFE/ATION TO COMP>E ) ?AT ( ! ,SEGUNDO ,C]TAM5 ,SOCIALI/A 7#a#e7 & IT IS PROBABLY WOR?:ILE UND]L9+1 ONCE AGA91 H[ EASY IT WAS = ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S TO LOOK UPON !MSELVES AS ONE ( ! S*OOLS ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ,FRANCE SU* AN ATTITUDE W\LD HAVE BE5 JUDG$ & CONDEMN$ AS AN UN=GIVABLE H]ESY 4 4 4 

,ONE WILL UND]/& EV5 BETT] ! IMPORTANCE A*IEV$ BY ?IS MOVEM5T :5 ONE KN[S ?AT 9 #aic 9 ,MADRID1 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD :I*1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 WAS TO BECOME ! TRADITIONAL J\RNAL ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 BECAME A DAILY NEWSPAP] UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA4 7#a#f7 

,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S ONE OBS]VES A K9D ( IRRESOLUTION 9 ! ?9K+ ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 LUCID & UNAMBIGU\S4 ,= UN=TUNATELY ,FR5* AN>*ISM1 SO \T ( SYMPA?Y ) ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 EX]T$ AN 9FLU5CE :I* WAS 9TELLECTUALLY & SPIRITUALLY RE/RICTIVE4 ,ITS LATE 5TRY 9TO ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T BR\<T ) IT ONLY A P>T ( ! MILITANTS4 ,! CU/OM ( SMALL GR\PS1 :I* ,KROPOTK9 DEPLOR$1 HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF ONLY TOO WELL4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE WAS MU* TALK AB\T MAK+ ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ?IS WAS SE5 AS ! APO!OSIS ( ! ,G5]AL ,SOCIAL ,UPHEAVAL1 ROMANTICIZ$ TO ! PO9T :]E ,JEAN ,GRAVE & ,*>LES ,MALATO HAD TO POLEMICIZE ) !IR [N COMRADES = :OM ALL ORGANIZATION WAS NECESS>ILY AU?ORIT>IAN & ?REAT5$ ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,!N1 AS ! REVOLUTION WAS LONG 9 COM+ AB\T MATT]S ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE W]E TAK5 UP4 ,9DIVIDUALISM APPE>$1 ) ITS ,/IRN]ITE DEM&S MORE OR LESS ABLY 9T]PRET$ BY ! 0SELF02 ! REVOLT BECAME PURELY NEGATIVE1 :5 IT DID NOT *ANGE C\RSE 9 QUE/ ( V>I\S M>G9AL HOBBY-HORSES SU* AS VEGET>IANISM1 NATURISM1 ES!TICISM1 ,NIETZS*EAN EXALTATION1 ETC4 

,FRANCE 5JOY$ AN IMM5SE PRE/IGE 9 ,SPA94 ,IT WAS FROM ,FRANCE ?AT MANY NEW IDEAS HAD BE5 9TRODUC$ OR RE9TRODUC$ SU* AS REPUBLICANISM1 SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM4 ,BE=E LONG ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ DEVIATIONS W]E TO BE IMPORT$ BY A NUMB] ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 7#a#g7 

,!SE NOVELTIES BECAME CONFUS$ ) ?OSE ( A =M ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM :I* REJECT$ UNION ACTIVITY & ! BROAD ORGANIC ANTICIPATION ( ! FUTURE BY ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,BUT ON ! ONE H& ! V]Y 9T5SITY ( ! ,SPANI% PROBLEM LIMIT$ !SE FANTASIES4 ,& ON ! O!R ! NATURAL SOCIAL FEEL+ & ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY SO /RONGLY PRES5T 9 ! ,SPANI>D'S NATURE W]E TOO P[]FUL = SU* A MOVEM5T TO F\ND] 9 !SE HUMAN FOLLIES4 ,FUR!RMORE ! EXI/5CE ( ! AN>*I/ GR\PS DID NOT PREV5T1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 & 9 ! SECOND1 SYNDICAL ACTION FROM FOM5T+ ?IS ALMO/ MY/ICAL DYNAMIC ( HI/ORY :I* DRIVES PEOPLE TO BIG DREAMS & BIG ACTIONS4 

,! IDEAL DWELLS DEEP 9 ! ,SPANI% S\L4 ,= ! ORD9>Y MILITANT IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( PHILOSOPHICAL AB/RACTIONS1 BUT ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 ( WORK ORGANIZ$ JO9TLY1 ( A REAL BRO!RHOOD RESULT+ FROM ! EQUALIT>IAN 5JOYM5T ( GOODS & S]VICES4 

,! HUMBLE/ AN>*I/ PEASANT KN[S ?IS1 P>TLY UND\BT$LY BECAUSE HIS LOT IS SO DIFFICULT ?AT HE CANNOT 9DULGE 9 *IM]AS :5 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION IS AT /AKE4 ,& ! CONGRESS AT ! ,COM$IA !AT]1 HELD 9 ,MADRID 9 #a#i#a#i1 CONFIRMS :AT HAS ALWAYS BE53 ! AIM ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 IS LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM2 TO A*IEVE IT1 IT WAS DECID$ TO TRANS=M ! TRADITIONAL CRAFT SYNDICATES 9TO 9DU/RIAL SYNDICATES 7#a#h7 9 ORD] ! BETT] TO GU>ANTEE ! MANAGEM5T ( ! NEW ECONOMY4 ,A SITUATION :I* WAS TO BE RATIFI$ AFT] T5 YE>S ( CIVIL & MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP BY ! ,CONGRESS ( ,S>AGOSSA 9 #a#i#c#f1 :I* M>KS A NEW DEP>TURE 9 \R SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION4 

,LET US SAY SO BLUNTLY3 ! ,RESOLUTION ( A CON/RUCTIVE ORD] VOT$ BY ! DELEGATES 9 A SITUATION :I* WAS FELT TO BE PRE-REVOLUTION>Y WAS 9F]IOR TO ?OSE ?AT HAD BE5 VOT$ AT PREVI\S CONGRESSES4 ,BUT ! UNCEAS+ REPETITION ( ! 5DS & MEANS1 ! WILL = CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITIES BY ! SYNDICATES1 ! LOCAL1 CANTONAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL F$]ATIONS1 ( !IR COHESION1 ! IDEA ( COMMUNAL ACTIVITIES1 ( WIDESPREAD 9/RUCTION1 ( L>GE SCALE WORK%OPS TO REPLACE ! DECREPIT ONES 9 :I* CRAFTSM5 & SMALL CONTRACTORS W]E SO BADLY RECOMP5S$ = !IR WORK1 ALL ?IS HAD REMA9$ IMPRESS$ 9 ! M9DS ( ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS1 & ALL ?OSE :O1 UNTIL !N1 HAD GIV5 !MSELVES HE>T & S\L TO ! TRIUMPH ( ! IDEAL4 ,& IT IS SURPRIS+ TO SEE H[1 ?\< ! TRACTS W]E UNKN[N TO ! G5]ATION ?AT MADE ! REVOLUTION1 ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! CONGRESSES ( #a#h#g1 #a#h#g#a1 #a#h#g#b1 #ahhb & O!RS W]E APPLI$1 (T5 TO ! LETT]1 9 ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES & 9 ! UNIONS 9DU/RIAL A*IEVEM5TS ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 

,IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T1 9 CONCLUSION1 ?AT DUR+ ! FIVE YE>S ( ! REPUBLIC 7FROM #aica TO #a#i#c#f7 MANY /UDIES W]E PUBLI%$ :I* S\<T TO PREP>E ! WAY = ! CON/RUCTIVE REALIZATIONS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( WORLD AN>*ISM1 9 TURN ,D4 ,A4 DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,HIG9IO ,NOJA ,RUIZ1 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL DEALT ) !SE PROBLEMS1 NOT 9 ! =M ( UTOPIAS & IMAG9>Y ANTICIPATIONS1 BUT BAS+ !MSELVES ON ! CONCRETE REALITY ( ! ECONOMY ( ! C\NTRY1 9 ! LI<T ( ! /ATI/ICS CONC]N+ 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION1 ! PROBLEM ( RAW MAT]IALS1 P[]1 & 9T]NATIONAL EX*ANGES1 PUBLIC S]VICES1 ETC4444 ,O!R1 BUT LESS DOCUM5T$1 /UDIES SU* AS ! ONE BY ,DR4 ,ISAAC ,PU5TE ) ! TITLE ,EL ,COMMUNISMO ,LIB]T>IO & O!R ESSAYS ( LESS] IMPORTANCE APPE>$ AT ! SAME TIME4 ,& FIVE OR SIX BOOKS TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,FR5* W]E BY ECONOMI/S SU* AS ,CORNELISS51 BY MILITANT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ !ORETICIANS SU* AS ,PI]RE ,BESN>D1 & LESS DOGMATIC SOCIOLOGI/S SU* AS ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE4 ,ALL ! =EGO+1 & 9 ADDITION MANY O!R BOOKS & NUM]\S PAMPHLETS ISSU$ BY AT LEA/ ?REE PUBLI%+ 5T]PRISES1 CONTRIBUT$ TO PREP>+ ! MAJORITY ( MILITANTS = ! TASKS ?AT LAY AHEAD4 

,! IDEALS PURSU$ BY ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S >E ! SAME AS ?OSE FOLL[$ & PROPAGAT$ BY ! GREATE/ M9DS FROM ,PLATO & P]HAPS SOME ( ! ,/OICS1 RI<T UP TO \R [N TIMES4 ,! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION A*IEV$ :AT ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS W]E ASK+1 :AT 9 ! ,X,I,V? ,C5TURY ! ,JACQU]IE 9 ,FRANCE & ! ,5GLI% PEASANTS L$ BY ,JOHN ,BALL /RUGGL$ =1 & ?OSE 9 ,G]MANY :OM ,?OMAS ,MUNZ] WAS TO LEAD TWO C5TURIES LAT]1 AS WELL AS ! ,5GLI% ,LEVEL]S L$ BY ,EV]>D & ,W9/ANLEY1 ! ,MORAVES BRO!RS1 DISCIPLES ( ,JEAN ,HUSS4 ,?AT :I* ,?OMAS ,MORE =ESAW 9 HIS ,UTOPIA1 & ,FRANCIS ,BACON1 & ,CAMPANELLA 9 ,LA ,CITTA DEL ,SOLE & ! PRIE/ ,JEAN ,MESLI] 9 HIS FAM\S ,TE/AM5T 7TOO (T5 IGNOR$7 & ,MORELLI 9 HIS ,NAUFRAGE DES LLES ,FLOTTANTES1 & ,MABLY :O LIKE ,MORELLI 9SPIR$ ! NOBLE/ M9DS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 & ! 5RAGES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( :OM ,JACQUES ,R\X1 ! 0R$ PRIE/0 WAS ONE4 ,& ! >MY ( ?9K]S & RE=M]S ( ! ,X,I,X? ,C5TURY & ( ! FIR/ ?IRTY YE>S ( ! PRES5T4 ,IT IS1 9 WORLD HI/ORY1 ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO APPLY ! DREAM ( ALL ?AT WAS BE/ 9 MANK9D4 ,IT SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+1 9 MANY CASES COMPLETELY1 ! F9E/ IDEAL CONCEIV$ BY ! HUMAN M9D & ?IS WILL BE ITS P]MAN5T GLORY4 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #a 

.<#a.> ,PHILOSOPH] & APO/LE ( REPUBLICAN F$]ALISM :O WAS -- NOT = LONG -- ONE ( ! ,PRESID5TS ( ! FIR/ ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC 7#a#h#g#c-#g#d74 

.<#b.> ,NOT ONLY ! ,RECLUS BRO!RS1 BUT M5 SU* AS ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,JULES ,GUESDE1 ,VICTOR ,DAVE1 ,ALFR$ ,NAQUET1 BELONG$ TO ! ,ALLIANCE4 

.<#c.> ,DEPORT$ FROM ,FRANCE BY ,GIZOT 9 #a#h#d#g1 HE RETURN$ !RE :5 ! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #ahdh TOOK PLACE4 

.<#d.> ,NOTE ! IMPORTANCE ATTA*$ RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+ TO S*OOL+1 & :I* CONT9U$ RI<T UP UNTIL #a#i#c#f-#c#i4 

.<#e.> ,! WORD ,/ATE H]E HAS BE5 US$ 9 ! S5SE ( NATION1 AS ONE WILL READILY SEE FROM :AT FOLL[S4 

.<#f.> ,IT WILL BE SE5 LAT] ?AT ! =MULA ( ! RI<T ( ! WORK] TO ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR WILL GIVE WAY1 ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLE1 TO A MORE G5]\S APPROA* TO ?+S4 

.<#g.> ,CLE>LY A ,BAKUN9IAN PHRASE4 

.<#h.> ,NOT ONLY WAS ! PRETEXT = EXPULSION FALSE BUT ,BAKUN9 HAD NOT BE5 W>N$ ( :AT WAS BE+ HAT*$4 ,HE WAS ABS5T & NUMB] ( ! DELEGATES :O VOT$ 9 ! MANN] DESIR$ BY ,M>X W]E 9 POSSESSION ( FALSE M&ATES4 

.<#i.> ,IT REF]S TO ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,/ATE TO CON/RUCT A DIFF]5T /RUCTURE1 AS WE %ALL SEE 9 DUE C\RSE4 

.<#a.> ,?IS WAS V]IFI$ 9 FACT DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 SOME LIB]T>IANS HAD REMA9$ AT ! /AGE ( ! FREE1 AUT>*IC COMMUNE2 !Y EASILY RECTIFI$4 

.<#a#a.> ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ! PROLET>IAN ATTITUDE DID NOT EXCLUDE A CRIT]ION :I* GAVE TO 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S A PLACE 9 ! /RUGGLE4 

.<#a#b.> ,RIC>DO ,MELLA A WORK] 9 ! HAT-MAK+ 9DU/RY WAS TO BECOME A M9+ 5G9E]4 

.<#a#c.> ,NOTE ?AT ! WORD SOCIALI/ WAS /ILL US$ BY ,KROPOTK9 AT ! TIME4 

.<#a#d.> ,9 ! #a#h#iS ! $ITORS ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR W]E 5GAG$ 9 A POLEMIC ) !IR C\NT]P>TS ON ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX 7SUCCESSOR TO ,LA ,REVOLTE ON ! USEFULNESS ( ACTIVITY )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,LE ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX D5I$ ?AT IT WAS USEFUL4 

.<#a#e.> ,! ,SECOND ,SOCIALI/ ,CONTE/1 CALL$ A 0CONTE/0 BECAUSE REW>DS W]E GIV5 ACCORD+ TO ! VALUE ( ! WORKS4 

.<#a#f.> ,A TAL5T$ J\RNALI/ FROM ! PETIT B\RGEOISIE :O RALLI$ TO ! SIDE ( ! PEOPLE2 AN EXCELL5T SPEAK] :O C\LD HAVE MADE HIS C>E] AMONG ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES & :O UNTIL HIS DEA? WAS A P>AGON ( DEVOTION TO ! CAUSE :I* HE HAD ADOPT$4 ,:5 ,I MET HIM 9 #aiag HE HAD ALREADY SUFF]$ IMPRISONM5T ON TW5TY-TWO OCCASIONS4 

.<#a#g.> ,EXILE 9 ,FRANCE1 DUR+ ! P]IODS ( REPRESSION OR ( PROLONG$ UNEMPLOYM5T :I* OBLIG$ PEOPLE TO SEEK !IR BREAD ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,PYR5EES1 FAVOR$ ! MAK+ ( CONTACT ) ! NUM]\S LITTLE GR\PS :]E LONG HAIR1 S&ALS & ! LOOSELY TI$ B[ W]E ! WIDESPREAD HALLM>K ( ! SUP]IOR 9DIVIDUALITY ( EA* ONE4 

.<#a#h.> ,UN=TUNATELY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ELOQU5T DEMAGOGUES1 ! CONGRESS REJECT$ ! CON/ITUTION ( F$]ATIONS ( 9DU/RIES :I* W]E SO NECESS>Y4 ,IT WAS ONLY />T$ 9 #aica & ?IS DELAY MADE ITSELF FELT DUR+ ! REVOLUTION4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I 

,! ,M,5 ,& ,! ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E,S 

,= MO/ ( ?OSE :O DEAL ) SOCIAL HI/ORY1 ) ! REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS OR POSSIBILITIES1 IT IS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! 9DU/RIAL >EAS & AMONG ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ?AT RESE>* HAS TO BE DIRECT$4 ,! AGR>IAN REGIONS & ! L& WORK]S >E DISC>D$ /RAI<TAWAY4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! SOCIAL CLASS ( SMALL PEASANTS IS 9EVITABLY DEEM$ TO BE C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 ABOVE ALL BY ,M>XI/ 0SCI5CE0 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE & ! TE*NIQUES ( WORK CONDEMN$ !IR US]S TO BE+ ! PILL>S ( REACTION1 OR ITS 9C>NATION4 ,M>X 9SI/$ ON ?IS 0LAW0 ( HI/ORY1 EV5 AFFIRM+ ?AT ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! T[N & ! C\NTRY HAD BE5 ONE ( ! MA9 ASPECTS ( ! CLASS W>4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ?IS MATT]1 ! PEASANTS HAVE LAGG$ BEH9D ! T[NSM5 ON MANY OCCASIONS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 NO?+ IS ABSOLUTE & EV5TS %[ ?AT ONE CANNOT CLAIM TO BE ABLE TO CONTA9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! LIFE ( PEOPLES )9 H]METIC =MULAS4 ,SPA9 IS A CASE 9 PO9T4 ,9 FACT1 IF IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ANTI-/ATI/ COLLECTIVI/ SOCIALISM CONCEIV$ BY ,BAKUN9 APPE>$ 9 #ahfi 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA1 IT WAS SOON TO EXT5D TO ! EXCLUSIVELY AGRICULTURAL >EAS & ALSO TO ! T[NS :OSE ECONOMY WAS L9K$ TO ! G5]AL ACTIVITIES ( AGRICULTURE4 ,9 FACT ! SOCIAL & SOCIALI/-AN>*I/ MOVEM5T SPREAD TO ! ,NOR?1 ABOVE ALL 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ REGION1 & 9 ! ,S\? TO ,&ALUSIA1 A REGION 9 :I* AGRICULTURE DOM9ATES & OCCUPIES ALMO/ ALL ! ,S\? FROM ! ,ATLANTIC S\? ( ,PORTUGAL TO ! ,LEVANTE REGION ON ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/4 

,IT WAS 9 !SE TWO REGIONS ?AT BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 & = A LONG TIME1 MO/ PROPAG&A J\RNALS1 MAGAZ9ES & PAMPHLETS W]E SOLD1 & :]E SOCIAL ACTIVITY & SU/A9$ /RUGGLES HAVE BE5 AMONG ! MO/ 9T5SIVE4 

,ONE CAN GIVE A NUMB] ( EXPLANATIONS4 ,FIR/LY PSY*OLOGICAL1 = ! ,&ALUSIAN IS P]HAPS AMONG ,SPANI>DS ! MO/ OPPOS$ TO ORD]S EMANAT+ FROM \TSIDE1 TO ! TUTELAGE ( ! ,/ATE & TO ! AU?ORITY REPRES5T$ BY ! LAWY] OR ! FUNCTION>Y4 ,SECONDLY ECONOMIC1 = ! /RUCTURE ( AGR>IAN PROP]TY 9 ! =M ( CORTIJOS1 V]Y L>GE F>MS1 (T5 COV]+ ?\S&S ( HECT>ES1 :I* EMPLOY$ LOCALLY & ON A P]MAN5T BASIS A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S :O W]E MIS]ABLY PAID1 PR$ISPOS$ ! WORK]S TO AGREE AMONG !MSELVES OV] RESI/ANCE & FACILITAT$ !IR GR\P+4 ,?OSE :O KNEW ?AT P]IOD REC\NT H[ 9 ! EV5+S1 LABOR]S & H>VE/]S1 WORN \T BY ! DAY'S WORK1 W\LD GA!R 9 ! B>N :]E !Y SLEPT & !RE1 9 ! SMALL LI<T ( ! SOLIT>Y LANT]N1 ! ONE AMONG !M :O C\LD READ W\LD ACQUA9T HIS COMRADES ) ! CONT5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PAP]S PUBLI%$ 9 ,B>CELONA OR 9 ! ,&ALUSIAN T[NS4 ,?US W]E ! IDEAS SPREAD4 

,?IS DOES NOT EXPLA9 EV]Y?+1 H[EV]4 ,= AS ONE WILL SEE LAT] IT WAS 9 C]TA9 PROV9CES1 MO/ (T5 AMONG ! SMALL L&[N]S :O W]E ABLE TO 5GAGE 9 ! /RUGGLE MORE FREELY ?ANKS TO !IR ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE1 ?AT \R MO/ T5ACI\S1 MO/ H]OIC & ABLE MILITANTS W]E TO BE F\ND4 

,FUR!RMORE1 IF HUNG]1 UNEMPLOYM5T & 5DEMIC POV]TY W]E FACTORS & CAUSES ( ! SOCIAL W>1 O!R FACTORS MOTIVAT$ ! SUPPORT]S 9 !IR EF=TS = SOCIAL R5EWAL4 ,WE RETURN TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA REC\NT$ TO US H[1 :5 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] UND]TOOK TO SPREAD ! NEW $UCATION UND] ! =M ( ESCUELAS MOD]NAS 7MOD]N S*OOLS7 HE HAD 9 ?AT HUGE >EA ( ,&ALUSIA ALONE -- HE HIMSELF WAS BORN 9 ,SEVILLE -- />T$ #adh SMALL S*OOLS4 ,F]R] SUPPLI$ ! MONEY & EQUIPM5T1 :ILE ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA ORGANIZ$4 ,BUT HE HAD TO F9D MEANS ( SUPPORT & ! TEA*]S LOCALLY4 ,! WORK]S' SYNDICATES SUPPLI$ !M4 ,ALMO/ ALWAYS ! TEA*]S W]E Y\NG SELF-TAU<T MILITANT WORK]S1 :O BUCKL$ TO !SE NEW TASKS & ) SUCCESS4 

,! SAME HAPP5$ \TSIDE ,&ALUSIA4 ,9 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b ,I VISIT$ 9 ! ,LEVANTE >EA1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA1 SEV]AL ( !SE S*OOLS :]E !Y C>RI$ ON AS BE/ !Y C\LD ! WORK ( ! M>TYR ( ,MONTJUI*4 7#a7 ,!Y EXI/$ ABOVE ALL 9 :AT WE MI<T CALL SMALL RURAL T[NS4 ,! RES\RCES PREVI\SLY SUPPLI$ BY ,F]R] BE+ NO LONG] AVAILABLE1 ! LOCAL SYNDICATE :I* 9CLUD$ WORK]S FROM ALL TRADES1 OR ! LOCAL F$]ATION :]E !RE W]E SEV]AL SYNDICATES1 BR\<T FUNDS D$UCT$ FROM ! DUES RECEIV$4 ,(T51 ! S*OOL BECAME ! MA91 ALMO/ MY/ICAL1 OBJECTIVE ( ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATION4 ,& ,I HAVE KN[N PEASANTS :O W\LD DEPRIVE !MSELVES ( TOBACCO1 !IR ONLY LUXURY1 9 ORD] TO H& OV] EA* MON?1 A DURO -- FIVE PESETAS -- TO SUPPORT ! S*OOL :I* WAS BY !N1 CALL$ 0RATIONALI/04 

,ONE C\LD WRITE MOV+ PAGES ON ! /RUGGLE WAG$ LOCALLY >\ND & OV] !SE A*IEVEM5TS 9 :I* MORAL *>ACT] PR$OM9AT$4 ,= NATURALLY !Y CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! ACTIVE HO/ILITY ( ! CACIQUES1 ! L>GE L&[N]S1 MA/]S ( LOCAL LIFE1 :O GANG$ UP ) ! PRIE/1 ! CIVIL GU>D1 & SOMETIMES ! *EMI/ & ! DOCTOR TOO4 ,(T51 APPLY+ AN ANCI5T CU/OM1 ! UN(FICIAL TEA*] W\LD BE >RE/$1 & DEPORT$ ON FOOT1 H&CUFF$ & WALK+ BETWE5 TWO M\NT$ CIVIL GU>DS T[>D ! DI/ANT REGIONS :]E HE W\LD LIVE UND] SURVEILLANCE4 ,ALMO/ ALWAYS1 ! MO/ $UCAT$ MILITANT 9 ! LOCALITY W\LD TAKE HIS PLACE4 ,!N ALMO/ ALWAYS IT W\LD BE HIS TURN TO EXP]I5CE DEPORTATION4 ,& ANO!R WORK] OR PEASANT W\LD REPLACE HIM1 :O W\LD ALSO GO1 FROM PRISON TO PRISON1 TO ! DI/ANT PROV9CES4 ,SOMETIMES ! AU?ORITIES SUCCE$$ 9 CLOS+ ! S*OOL4 ,) A DET]M9$ SYNDICATE !RE W]E CASES :]E ! PUPILS W\LD LEAVE = ! M\NTA9S EA* MORN+ ) !IR MO/ REC5TLY IMPROVIS$ TEA*]1 :]E HE W\LD GET !M TO READ1 TEA*+ !M BY WRIT+ WORDS & FIGURES 9 ! AIR1 OR NATURAL HI/ORY BY DIRECT OBS]VATION4 

,:AT ,I HAVE JU/ WRITT5 ONLY PORTRAYS ONE ( ! ASPECTS ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES :I*1 IT GOES )\T SAY+1 APPLI$ TO EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 BUT :I* W]E ALSO 9SEP>ABLE FROM A HI<] OBJECTIVE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !SE /RUGGLES ASSUM$ MANY =MS1 SU* AS DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 :I* SO (T5 >\S$ ! PEASANTS ( ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE AGA9/ ! TAX COLLECTORS 9 ! TIMES ( ! GREAT K+S & EMP]ORS2 BUT TO !M WAS ADD$ A CLASS W> :I* AT ! TIME WAS MORE BITT] ?AN IT HAD EV] BE54 

,US+ 9=MATION DRAWN FROM RELIABLE S\RCES & GO+ BACK TO A P>TICUL>LY TR\BL$ P]IOD1 WE WILL 5UM]ATE FACTS :I* WILL ALL[ ! READ] TO GRASP ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE 5GAG$ 9 BY ! DIS9H]IT$ ( ,SPA9 9 REVOLT4 ,!Y ONLY REF] TO A V]Y LIMIT$ P]IOD BUT ! 9T5SITY ( ! EV5TS !Y DESCRIBE ALL[S ONE TO APPRECIATE ! ACUT5ESS ( ! G5]AL SITUATION4 ,!Y DO NOT GIVE AN IDEA ( ! WIDESPREAD NATURE ( ! G5]AL /RIKES1 9 ,&ALUSIA ABOVE ALL1 DUR+ ! LATT] P>T ( ! L#i? ,C5TURY :I* BR\<T EV]Y?+ TO A /&/ILL 9 ! T[NS1 VILLAGES & C\NTRYSIDE1 :]E %EPH]DS AB&ON$ !IR FLOCKS ON ! M\NTA9S1 ! WET NURSES H&$ OV] !IR *>GES TO !IR >I/OCRATIC MO!RS1 DOME/IC /AFF JO9$ 9 ) 9DU/RIAL WAGE E>N]S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 :AT FOLL[S1 & :I* />T$ T5 YE>S AFT] ! BIR? ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 WILL ALL[ US ! BETT] TO UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( ?AT SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 

,! ,YE> #ahgi -- ,EXECUTION1 BY G>ROT+1 ( ! AN>*I/ PEASANT ,OLIVA1 S5T5C$ = SOCIAL REASONS -- PRESUMABLY = HAV+ MADE AN ATTEMPT AGA9/ A CACIQUE4 ,DISSOLUTION ( WORK]S' SOCIETIES 9 ,T>RAGONA 7,CATALONIA7 & ( A COOP]ATIVE 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,OLIV]A 7PROV9CE ( ,CADIZ74 ,9 ,VAL5CIA A /RIKE ( F>M]S & %>E-CROPP]S :O REFUSE TO PAY ! L&[N]S4 ,9T]V5TION BY ! CIVIL GU>D1 MANY >RE/S1 PROCLAMATIONS BY ! /RIK]S AFFIX$ TO TREES1 #ge PEASANT /RIK]S >E DEPORT$1 ?\< UNCONVICT$1 TO ! ,M>IANNE ,ISL&S 7>*IPELAGO ( ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 :I* W]E ,SPANI% COLONIES AT ! TIME74 ,9 ,>COS DE LA ,FRONT]A 7PROV9CE ( ,CADIZ71 9 ,GRANADA1 ,RONDA1 ,JEAN -- ALL 9 ,&ALUSIA -- DEMON/RATIONS ( /RIK]S DEM&+ WORK & BREAD4 ,NUM]\S >RE/S4 ,9 MANY PLACES1 ! POPULACE RAIDS ! BAK]S' & BUT*]S' %OPS4 

,9 ,JUNE & ,JULY1 BURN+ ( ! H>VE/1 9 ! V9EY>DS1 =E/S1 & GRA9 FIELDS AS WELL AS 9 ! B>NS ( ! L>GE L&[N]S ( ,CA/ILE1 ,E/REMADURA1 ! ,VAL5CIA REGION & ABOVE ALL 9 ,&ALUSIA1 :]E ! FIRES BLAZE = ! :OLE ( ! MON? ( ,AUGU/4 ,A MAN NAM$ ,MONCASI IS EXECUT$ = AN ATTEMPT ON ! LIFE ( A MA/]4 ,HE IS FOLL[$ BY ,FRANCISCO ,OT]O ,GONZALEZ1 :O FIR$ TWO %OTS UNSUCCESSFULLY AGA9/ A RI* MAN4 

#ahh -- ,GANGS SACK *UR*ES & TAX COLLECTORS' (FICES1 HOLD TO RANSOM A NUMB] ( RI* PEOPLE 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,T>RAGONA1 ,TOL$O1 ,CIUDAD ,REAL 7! LATT] TWO 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ,NEW ,CA/ILE74 ,AGITATION 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,REVI/A ,SOCIAL1 #d1#e#f#f ALLOTM5TS W]E SEIZ$ & SOLD BY ! COLLECTORS ( TAXES4 ,LAT] A FUR!R #e#a1#h#e#d W]E SEIZ$ BUT NOT SOLD BECAUSE ( A %ORTAGE ( BUY]S4 ,9 ! E>LY MON?S ( #a#h#h1 #c#i1 MORE ALLOTM5TS SUFF] ! SAME FATE4 

,9 ,MAY & ,JUNE1 FIRE RAIS+ 9VOLV+ SMALL F>MH\SES & V9EY>DS ( ! L>GE L&[N]S TAKES PLACE 9 ! REGION ( ,J]EZ1 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,9 ?AT T[N1 #ac MILITANTS HAVE BE5 HELD 9 CU/ODY = TW5TY-?REE MON?S *>G$ ) 9C5DI>ISM :I* HAD OCCURR$ 9 ,>COS2 TWO ( !M1 ,MANUEL ,ALV>EZ & ,JOSE ,CAMPOS ,RODRIGUEZ1 DIE4 ,A BOMB EXPLODES 9 FRONT ( ! MAYOR'S H\SE 9 ,CORUNA 79 ,GALICIA74 

,9 ! PROV9CE ( ,HUELVA 7,&ALUSIA7 DE/RUCTION ( ! FLOCKS BY ! /RIK]S1 & ( TREE PLANTATIONS4 ,A DOZ5 OR MORE UPRIS+S AGA9/ TAX COLLECTOR'S AG5TS 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ! C\NTRY 7,VALLS1 ,>RIATE1 ,OR5SE1 9 ,GALICIA2 ,ALMODOV>1 PROV9CE ( ,CIUDAD ,REAL1 ETC474 

,/ILL 9 #a#h#h1 FIRES >E />T$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ( ! PROV9CE ( ,CORDOBA4 ,?\S&S ( HECT>ES ( C]EALS1 9CLUD+ #hd BELONG+ TO ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBA1 >E DE/ROY$4 ,ONCE AGA9 ! HOMES ( ! RI* >E SET ON FIRE4 ,MIS]Y IS DRIV+ ! PEOPLE TO DESPAIR4 ,! LIB]AL NEWSPAP] ,EL ,SIGLO DECL>ES3 0,WE PREF] TO )DRAW 9TO PRIVATE LIFE1 AS WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! TRIUMPHANT REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 W\LD IMM$IATELY BE CAPTUR$ BY ALL ! DEMAGOGIC ELEM5TS 9 ! C\NTRY40 ,A GR5ADE EXPLODES 9 ! ,JESUIT CONV5T 9 ,G&IA 7PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA74 ,! 9MATES MOVE 9TO ! H\SE ( ! ,DUKE ( ,PA/RANA1 BUT IT IS SET ON FIRE BY ! REVOLUTION>IES4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #cRD1 ! ?REE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE = A D]AILM5T & ATTACK ON A TRA9 NE> ! ,ALCAZ>1 9 ,CA/ILE1 >E EXECUT$ BY FIR+ SQUAD4 ,ON ! #a#g?1 F\R S5T5C$ TO DEA? >E EXECUT$ 9 ,B]ZOCANA1 ONE 9 ,RIAZZA ON ! #a#i?1 & ANO!R 9 ,M>*5A3 T5 EXECUTIONS 9 T5 DAYS4 ,AN UND]GR\ND J\RNAL APPE>S1 ,EL ,MUNICIPIO ,LIBRE1 :I* IS DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! T[NS & C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! H\SE ( ! COLLECTOR ( TAXES 9 ,REQUEIIA 7PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA7 IS /ORM$ & ! ACC\NTS BOOKS ) SOME ( ! >*IVES FROM ! MUNICIPALITY >E BURN$ 9 ! PUBLIC ,SQU>E4 ,! >MY 9T]V5ES1 ! PEOPLE FACE UP TO !M4 ,9 ! T[N ( ,ALCOY1 PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA 7#b7 ! ,JESUITS >E OBLIG$ TO LEAVE1 FAC$ ) ! HO/ILE ATTITUDE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,MILITANTS >E >RE/$ 9 ,MALAGA :]E ! CL&E/9E PR9T %OP = ! ,MUNICIPIO ,LIBRE IS DISCOV]$4 

#ahha -- ,FROM #b#d?-#b#f? ,SEPTEMB]1 A CONGRESS ( COM>CAL 7CANTONAL7 F$]ATIONS IS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,BY !IR V]Y /RUCTURE1 MANY ( !SE F$]ATIONS >E BAS$ ON L& WORK]S GR\P$ 9TO ! SYNDICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,TWO HUNDR$ SECTIONS >E REPRES5T$1 #acf DELEGATES ATT5D4 ,) ONLY #h VOTES AGA9/1 A RESOLUTION IS ACCEPT$ DECL>+ !IR GOAL AS COLLECTIVI/ AN>*ISM4 ,! DISS5T]S SUBSCRIBE TO ,M>XI/ ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4 

#ahhb -- ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS 7REF]R$ TO AS ,REGIONAL S9CE ! LIB]T>IANS CONSID] ,SPA9 AS A REGION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL7 HELD 9 ,SEVILLE2 #bab DELEGATES4 #a ,REGIONS ORGANICALLY CON/ITUT$2 #bah LOCAL F$]ATIONS1 #fcc SYNDICAL SECTIONS & #d#i1#g#a#a MEMB]S4 ,! LATT] FIGURE IS MADE UP AS FOLL[S3 ,WE/]N ,&ALUSIA #a#g1#b#a MEMB]S1 ,EA/]N ,&ALUSIA #a#c1#b#f2 ,>AGON #f#h#i2 ,CATALONIA #a#c1#a#h#a2 ,OLD ,CA/ILE #a1#c#f1 ,NEW ,CA/ILE #e#a#e2 ,MURCIA #b#f#e2 ,GALICIA #h#d#g2 ,BASQUE C\NTRY #g#a2 ,VAL5CIA #b1#c#e#e4 ,!SE FIGURES >E MU* L[] ?AN ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O W]E ACTIVE 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 

,LET US ALSO UND]L9E ! EF=TS1 9 SOME CASES EXTRAORD9>Y1 ?AT >E IMPLI$ BY ! PRES5CE ( SO MANY DELEGATES1 A GREAT NUMB] ( :OM HAD TO TRAVEL ON FOOT1 OR CROSS ,SPA9 UND] UNBELIEVABLY BAD CONDITIONS4 

,LET US NOTE TOO ?AT AT ?IS CONGRESS1 IT WAS DECID$1 SOME ?IRTY YE>S BE=E ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] UND]TOOK ! TASK :I* CO/ HIM HIS LIFE1 TO E/ABLI% S*OOLS :I* W]E UND] ! EGIS NEI!R ( ! ,*UR* NOR ( ! ,/ATE4 

,/ILL 9 ,&ALUSIA1 ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,SEVILLE1 :]E AT ! TIME SOCIAL LIFE WAS B\ND UP ) AGR>IAN ACTIVITIES1 CONSI/$ ( #ec SYNDICAL SECTIONS & #f1 MEMB]S4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,SEVILLE CONGRESSES1 SEV5 NEW LOCAL F$]ATIONS >E ORGANIZ$ 9 ! PROV9CE1 & #ai SECTIONS AFFILIATE TO ! ,&ALUSIAN REGIONAL F$]ATION4 ,EA* ISSUE ( ! J\RNAL ,EL ,TRABAJO 7,WORK7 :I* APPE>S 9 ,MALAGA ANN\NCES ! =MATION ( A SCORE ( SYNDICAL SECTIONS :I* L& WORK]S JO9 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 ,( ! CIRCULATION ( #a#h1 COPIES ( ,LA ,REVI/A ,SOCIAL #h1 W]E SOLD 9 ,&ALUSIA ALONE4 ,LET US NOT =GET ?AT AT ?AT TIME ,SPA9 HAD A POPULATION ( #ah MILLION #f#e.0 ( :OM W]E ILLIT]ATE4 ,ONE %\LD ADD ?AT AB\T #b REGIONAL CONGRESSES HAD PREC$$ ! ,SEVILLE CONGRESS 9 ORD] TO /UDY ! ,AG5DA & TO DECIDE UPON ! MOTIONS TO BE SUBMITT$ = IT4 

#ahhc -- ,LA ,REVI/A ,SOCIAL ANN\NCES ?AT AT ,M>*5A1 A WORK] E>NS FROM #b TO #c 0REALES0 7#a 0REAL0 "7 A QU>T] ( A PESETA7 A DAY4 ,!RE >E #c1 UNEMPLOY$ 9 ! ,&ALUSIAN C\NTRY 

SIDE4 ! F$]ATION HELPS #c1#e ( !M 7!RE IS !RE=E A PRACTICAL MUTUAL AID LIMIT$ ONLY BY AVAILABLE RES\RCES74 ,! GOV]NM5T 0CLOSES LIBR>IES & WORK]S' S*OOLS04 

,BUT ! VIOL5T1 DESP]ATE *>ACT] ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE HAS PROVOK$ ! CON/ITUTION ( A SECRET SOCIETY1 ,LA ,M>ZO ,NEGRA 7,! ,BLACK ,H&74 ,MORE ?AN #d PEOPLE >E >RE/$1 ACCUS$ ( BELONG+ TO IT4 ,MILITANTS FROM ! PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA >E DEPORT$ TO ! ,M>IANNES ,ISL&S4 ,SOON #b1 WORK]S >E *>G$ ) BELONG+ TO ! MY/]I\S ORGANIZATION2 T]ROR REIGNS4 ,! LOCAL F$]ATIONS DISSOLVE1 H\SE SE>*ES TAKE PLACE ?R\<\T MO/ ( ! C\NTRY1 SOCIAL CRIMES >E COMMITT$1 ! CIVIL GU>D C>RIES \T SE>*ES NI<T & DAY1 >RE/S1 IMPRISONS1 TORTURES4 ,A L>GE SCALE TRIAL IS BE+ M\NT$ 9 ,MONTILLA 7PROV9CE ( ,CADIZ-,&ALUSIA74 ,9 ! LIBR>Y-S*OOL 9 ,LA ,L9EA 7PROV9CE ( ,CADIZ7 ! CIVIL GU>D SEIZE FURNITURE1 TABLES1 BOOKS1 EQUIPM5T1 ETC4 

,9 ,MAY ! FIR/ TRIAL ( ! ,MANO ,NEGRA />TS4 ,! ,ADVOCATE ,G5]AL DEM&S ?IRTY DEA? S5T5CES4 ,FIVE ( ! WRET*ES S5T5C$ WILL BE EXECUT$4 ,! POLICE MAKE \T !Y HAVE DISCOV]$ A NEW SECRET ORGANIZATION & >RE/ TW5TY O,G,B,P ITS MEMB]S4 

#a#h#h#e-#a#h#h#f-#a#h#h#g -- ,9 ,CORUFFA 7,GALICIA7 AN UPRIS+ ( PEASANTS AGA9/ ! CITY TOLL4 ,BOOKS1 PAP]S1 REGI/]S >E COMMITT$ TO ! FLAMES4 ,! TROOPS OP5 FIRE1 ! 9SURRECTION LA/S TWO DAYS4 ,! PEASANTS ( ,CANOLLAS1 7#c7 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,B>CELONA1 REFUSE TO PAY TAXES1 A HUNDR$ M5 >M$ ) /ICKS OBLIGE ! COLLECTOR TO )DRAW4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! LIB]T>IAN J\RNAL ,EL ,OBR]O 7,! ,WORK]7 9 ,DECEMB] #ahhf ALONE ! ,/ATE SEIZ$ #ge F>MS 9 ,JOD>1 #c#b1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,LOGRONO1 #d1 9 ! ,BALE>ICS1 = NONPAYM5T ( TAXES4 ,9 ,ONT5I5TE1 PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA1 ! PEOPLE /ORM ! T[N HALL ) ! BATTLE CRY ( 0,D[N ) ,TAXES0 & BURN ALL BOOK-KEEP+ DOCUM5TS ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT FROM #a#h#h-#a#h#h#f ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/RY SEIZ$ BY ORD] ( ! C\RTS #i#i1#i#c#a RURAL & URBAN1 PROP]TIES4 ,S9CE ! ,RE/ORATION1 9 ?IRTE5 YE>S1 ! FIGURE WAS TO REA* #i#i#i14 7#d7 

,! NUMB] ( SEIZURES WAS 5ORM\S1 BUT WE CANNOT *ECK ! EXACT FIGURE RETROSPECTIVELY4 ,NEV]!LESS 9 ,MAY #ahhg IT IS ANN\NC$ ?AT 9 ! REGION ( ,ALCANIZ 7PROV9CE ( ,T]UEL7 #c1 F>MS MU/ BE SOLD = NONPAYM5T ( TAXES4 ,NEW & WIDESPREAD DI/URBANCES >E ANN\NC$ 9 V>I\S PLACES AGA9/ ! CITY TOLLS1 & ! CIVIL GU>D REPLY BY FIR+ ON ! DEMON/RATORS1 KILL+ & W\ND+ SOME4 ,>RE/S TAKE PLACE ?R\<\T ,&ALUSIA TO C\NT]ACT ! CAMPAIGN = ! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS4 ,9 ,GRAZANELA 7PROV9CE ( ,CADIZ7 #bd M5 & #f WOM5 >E IMPRISON$4 ,9 MANY SMALL T[NS 7= 9/ANCE 9 ,RIO ,T9TO1 PROV9CE ( ,HUELVA1 ,&ALUSIA7 !RE IS ACTIVE SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! FACTORY WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ?AT ( ! M9]S4 ,DESP]ATE POV]TY 9 NUM]\S VILLAGES & SMALL T[NS 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,9 ,LA ,LOJA 7PROV9CE ( ,GRANADA71 ,ECIJA1 ,LOS ,>COS1 ,SANLUC>1 ,GRAZAMELA1 ! MAYORS TELEGRAPH TO ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T ASK+ = HELP & TROOPS4 ,! ,PORTUGUESE NEWSPAP] ,GRITO DE ,PROVO ANN\NCES #d#a#d1#e#f#e CONFISCATIONS ( PROP]TY 7)\T SPECIFY+ 9 :AT P]IOD ( TIME71 ( :I* #f#c1#e#f#b 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,CU5CA 7,NEW ,CA/ILE71 #g#c1#c#i#e 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,S>AGOSSA4 ,! PEASANTS ( ,OLD ,CA/ILE EMIGRATE 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 

,:AT WE HAVE JU/ 5UM]AT$1 & :I* IS NECESS>ILY 9COMPLETE SO F> AS IT CONC]NS ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( TWELVE YE>S1 ALL[S ONE TO JUDGE ! 9T5SITY ( ! BATTLES WAG$ BY ! PEOPLE 9 ALL ! REGIONS ( ,SPA9 -- ) ! PROBABLE EXCEPTION ( ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY4 

"9"9"9 

,O!R FACTORS COMPLETE ! EXPLANATION ( ! BEHAVIOR ( ! PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & ONE W\LD BE WRONG TO JUDGE !IR ATTITUDE SIMPLY BY ! DESP]ATE UPRIS+ TO :I* WE HAVE JU/ REF]R$4 ,C]TA9LY ! /RUGGLE WAS PUNCTUAT$ ) P]IODS ( 9ACTIVITY1 :5 ! =CES ( REPRESSION GOT ! UPP] H& & DROVE ! PEASANTS' SYNDICATES 9TO ILLEGALITY = :OLE YE>S1 & :5 ! MAJORITY W]E OV]TAK5 BY A FEEL+ ( RESIGNATION4 ,BUT ! LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS W]E ALWAYS !RE AS A F]M5T1 AS A LEAV54 ,!Y CONT9U$ TO 9FLU5CE ?R\< ACTION OR BY PROPAG&A1 ! CIRCULATION ( NEWSPAP]S & J\RNALS1 ! CREATION ( LIBR>IES1 EV5 TO SUPPORT ( ! LOCAL SECTION ( ! REPUBLICAN P>TY :5 ONE EXI/$4 ,!Y GAVE PRO( ( A WILL1 A /OICISM1 & H]OISM (T5 /AGG]+ ,9 !IR HUNDR$S !Y EXP]I5C$ -- & (T5 = LONG P]IODS -- PRISON1 BANI%M5T TO ! P5AL ISL&S1 DEPORTATION1 EXILE1 BOYCOTT BY ! CACIQUES & BY !IR ADM9I/RATORS1 BLACKLI/+ BY ! BOSSES1 BY TRADESM5 REFUS+ TO GIVE CR$IT1 BY 9NUM]ABLE P]SECUTIONS4 ,BUT ?IS /RUGGLE H>D5$ M51 & =G$ P[]FUL WILLS4 ,WE HAVE SAID1 & WILL SEE 9CREAS+LY1 ?AT (T5 ! SMALL PROPRIETORS :O 5JOY$ A C]TA9 MAT]IAL 9DEP5D5CE1 C\LD ACT & /RUGGLE ) GREAT] EFFECT ?AN ! WAGE E>N]S4 ,IT IS !SE SMALL1 9DEP5D5T LIB]T>IAN PROPRIETORS :O CONTRIBUT$ MO/ DUR+ ! YE>S #a#i#a#e-#a#i#b TO ! REBIR? ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T EV5 9 ! T[N ( ,VAL5CIA1 :]E1 UND] ! MON>*Y1 REPUBLICANISM HAD CAPTUR$ ! OPPOSITION4 ,ON ,SUNDAY MORN+S1 AB&ON+ !IR TASKS1 !Y CAME D[N FROM ! VILLAGES & ! M\NTA9 DI/RICTS1 OR FROM ! ,HU]TA1 TO COLLABORATE ) ?OSE 9 ! T[N :O W]E EX]T+ !MSELVES TO REE/ABLI% ! =CES ?AT HAD BE5 SWEPT AWAY BY ! REPRESSIONS4 ,!Y W]E ! SUPPORT]S1 ! PR9CIPAL >TISANS ( ?IS REVIVAL4 

"9"9"9 

,IT WAS 9 ! REGION ( ! ,LEVANTE ?AT ,I CAME TO KN[ ,N>CISO ,POIMIREAU 7#e7 :O LIV$ 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,P$RALVA1 9 ! M\NTA9\S & POOR REGION ( ! PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA :]E HE [N$ SOME L& & FIGUR$ AMONG ! WELL-TO-DO ( ! >EA4 ,& YET1 ,N>CISO ,POIMIREAU1 TALL1 SP>E1 ) A HE>T ( GOLD & AN ILLUM9$ M9D1 WAS ! AGITATOR P> EXCELL5CE 9 ! CANTON ( ,LIRIA1 :I* POSSIBLY PROVIDES ! MO/ 9T]E/+ SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ! REGION ( ! ,LEVANTE4 

,HE WORK$ 9 HIS FIELDS1 & AT NI<T W\LD LEAVE ON FOOT 9 ORD] NOT TO TIRE HIS MULE :O LIKE HIMSELF HAD TO WORK ! NEXT DAY -- CROSS+ ! ROCKY PA?S1 GO+ FROM ONE VILLAGE TO ! NEXT1 PREA*+ ! LIB]T>IAN GOSPEL1 & ORGANIZ+ ! PEASANTS4 ,HE HAD REALIZ$ ON SOME ( HIS ASSETS & MA9TA9$ A RATIONALI/ S*OOL AT :I* HIS DAU<T] WAS ! TEA*]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AS /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! RI* EXPLOIT]S HE C>RI$ ON ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! PRIE/4 ,HE ALSO SPOKE AT MEET+S2 BUT )9 \R MOVEM5T BECAUSE ( HIS MORAL RECTITUDE HE WAS 9 ! REGION ! 9SPIR] & ?\<TFUL GUIDE1 :O CALM$ ! \TBUR/S ( ANG] & OPPOS$ MANIFE/ATIONS ( HATR$4 

,:5 ,FRANCO'S TROOPS TOOK OV]1 HIS LOCAL ADV]S>IES :O1 AFT] ALL1 HAD NOT BE5 PURSU$ BY HIM DUR+ ! ANTI-,FRANCO P]IOD1 >RE/$ HIM4 ,!RE WAS NO NEWS ( HIM = SOME TIME1 !N ONE DAY ! AU?ORITIES SUMMON$ ! 9HABITANTS TO ! VILLAGE SQU>E4 ,& BE=E !M1 HOLD+ HIM UP TO RIDICULE1 !Y P>AD$ A C>T ON :I* !RE WAS A L>GE WOOD5 CAGE4 ,9 ! CAGE WAS ,N>CISO ,POIMIREAU LOCK$ UP LIKE ,DON ,QUIXOTE ON HIS PITIFUL RETURN & SUBJECT$ TO ! MOCK]Y ( ! PUBLIC SUMM>ILY ASSEMBL$4 0,BUT ! PEOPLE DID NOT MAKE FUN ( ME1 !Y LOOK$ AT ME ) SORR[1 & ,FRANCO'S M5 GOT NO?+ = !IR PA9S10 HE TOLD MY 9=MANT FROM HIS PRISON CELL4 ,N>CISO ,POIMIREAU WAS %OT BY ! ,FRANCOI/S4 

"9"9"9 

,LET US TURN TO ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,>AGON1 & TO ANO!R ( ?OSE EXCEPTIONAL M5 :O COMPEL ADMIRATION4 ,HIS NAME IS ,JUAN ,RIC1 & HE IS /ILL ALIVE SOME:]E 9 ,FRANCE4 ,HE LIV$ 9 ,B9EF> 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA1 & [N$ #ae HECT>ES 7#c#g ACRES7 ( GOOD IRRIGAT$ L& -- A SMALL =TUNE -- & RAIS$ & SOLD SOME HUNDR$ %EEP A YE>1 [N$ TWO MULES &1 ) HIS WIFE1 LOOK$ AFT] A GROC]'S %OP :I* BELONG$ TO H]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE WAS ! PR9CIPAL ACTIVI/ 9 ! LOCAL & CANTONAL LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,ALWAYS DRIV+ HIMSELF ) AN 9EXHAU/IBLE VITALITY1 HE WAS ON A NUMB] ( OCCASIONS PURSU$ = SUBV]SIVE ACTIVITIES4 ,FOLL[+ A PREMATURE UPRIS+ 9 ,DECEMB] #aicd 9 :I* SOME CIVIL GU>DS HAD BE5 KILL$ 9 ! /RUGGLE1 HE F\ND HIMSELF CONDEMN$ TWICE TO A LIFE S5T5CE 7:I* AT ?AT TIME MEANT ?IRTY-?REE YE>S 9 PRISON7 ) A FUR!R FIFTE5 YE>S ADD$4 ,9 ALL SOME EI<TY-TWO YE>S2 ,RIC NO LONG] REMEMB]S EXACTLY H[ MANY4 ,HE CAME \T ( PRISON ) ! AMNE/Y ( #a#i#c#f1 & ( C\RSE IMM$IATELY RESUM$ ! /RUGGLE4 ,& NATURALLY A FEW MON?S LAT] HE WAS 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! ANTIFRANCOI/ C\NT]-(F5SIVE4 ,IT WAS ALSO OBVI\S ?AT ,I %\LD F9D HIM1 EV] ACTIVE & SMIL+1 AS ! PRIME MOV] 9 ! COLLECTIVI/ ORGANIZATION ( ! CANTON ( ,B9EF>1 :I* WILL BE DESCRIB$ 9 A LAT] *APT]4 ,HE HAD TO CROSS TO ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,PYR5EES AT ! TIME ( ! ,FRANCO ADVANCE1 EXP]I5C$ ! ,FR5* CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 7#f7 & LAT] ?AT ( ,DA*AU :]E HE WAS TAK5 BY ! ,HITL] POLICE & FROM :I* HE CAME \T ALIVE BY A MIRACLE1 & IS READY TOMORR[ IF HE CAN RETURN TO ,B9EF> 7:]E ! LOCAL 9HABITANTS REFUS$ TO BUY HIS FIELDS :I* ! FRANCOI/S HAD PUT UP = AUCTION7 TO BEG9 AGA9 ! EXP]IM5T ( AN EGALIT>IAN & LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVITY ) ! SAME 5?USIASM1 ! SAME WILL+NESS1 ! SAME ILLUM9$ FAI?4 

,H[ MANY MORE RI*1 EXCIT+ BIOGRAPHIES C\LD BE WRITT5 ( EXCEPTIONAL M51 ( REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IANS1 PEASANTS1 SMALL PROPRIETORS & SAL>I$ WORK]S1 /UBBORN BELIEV]S 9 ! REVOLUTION BECAUSE !Y W]E BELIEV]S 9 JU/ICE & LOVE6 ,I HAVE 9 FRONT ( ME A %ORT ACC\NT ?AT ONE SU* MAN DRAFT$ AT MY REQUE/1 & :O WAS ! KEY FIGURE 9 ! PEASANT /RUGGLES 9 ,NAVALMORAL DE LA ,MATA1 A SMALL T[N ( #g1#e 9HABITANTS 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,CAC]ES1 9 ,E/REMADURA4 ,HE WAS TWICE CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 GRAVELY W\ND$ 9 ! BATTLES AGA9/ ! FRANCOI/ =CES1 SP5T EI<TE5 YE>S 9 CONVICT PRISONS1 & IF HE HAD ! /R5G? & ! OPPORTUNITY HE TOO1 ,I AM SURE1 W\LD BE READY TO RESUME ! /RUGGLES :I* ,I WILL N[ SUMM>IZE4 ,BUT ?IS UNKN[N H]O1 MODE/ & HUMBLE1 FEELS IT NECESS>Y TO PAY HOMAGE TO ANO!R MODE/ & UNKN[N H]O1 BE=E WRIT+ AB\T HIMSELF4 ,?IS IS :AT HE SAYS3 

0,BE=E ,I />T TALK+ AB\T MYSELF ,I WANT TO SPEAK ( ,ALFONSO ,GONZALEZ1 ! OLDE/ MILITANT ( ,NAVALMORAL4 ,HE WAS ! FA!R ( ALL US AN>*I/S1 HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ MANY TIMES1 TWICE S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 >RE/$ BY ! FRANCOI/S ON #bb ,JULY1 #aicf & SET FREE 9 #aidb HE WAS RE>RE/$ 9 #aidd BECAUSE HE WAS ACT+ AS ! LIAISON AG5T = ! GU]RILLAS 9 ! REGION1 WAS CONDEMN$ TO A CONVICT PRISON & LOCK$ UP 9 ! P5IT5TI>Y ( ,OCANA4 ,HE S]V$ HIS S5T5CE & RETURN$2 AT ! AGE ( #hd ! AU?ORITIES EXPELL$ HIM FROM ,NAVALMORAL4 ,HE SP5T SIX MON?S 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,TALAVUELA1 & RETURN$ TO ,NAVALMORAL :]E HE DI$ SIX MON?S LAT]4 ,BY A WILL MADE BE=E A NOT>Y HE DEM&$ A CIVIL BURIAL4 ,! AU?ORITIES S\<T TO IGNORE HIS WI%ES BUT ! NOT>Y SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ ! OLD FI<T]'S WI%ES RESPECT$4 ,A BREA* WAS MADE 9 ! WALL ( ! CEMET]Y SO ?AT ! PASSAGE ( ! BODY ALONG ! PA?S BLESS$ BY ,GOD & ! PRIE/S %\LD NOT CONTAM9ATE O!R TOMBS1 & HE WAS BURI$ 9 AN ISOLAT$ CORN]40 

,& N[1 SUMM>IZ$1 :AT CONC]NS ! WRIT] ( !SE L9ES' ,AMBROSIO ,M>COS1 HIMSELF3 

0,! LIB]AL OPPOSITION1 :I* REPRES5T$ AN IMPORTANT /EP 9 ,NAVALMORAL1 APPE>$1 DUR+ ! YE>S ( ! MON>*Y T[>DS ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 9 ! P]SONS ( EM95T REPUBLICANS :O LEFT BEH9D !M PLEASANT MEMORIES AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,ONE ( !M F\ND$ A L>GE PUBLIC LIBR>Y :]E W]E TO BE F\ND ALL ! BOOKS ON G5]AL CULTURE AS WELL AS ?OSE DEAL+ ) ! SOCIAL PROBLEM1 & !RE=E ALSO BOOKS ( AN>*I/ SOCIOLOGY1 SO NUM]\S 9 ,SPA94 ,?IS IS NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+1 = C]TA9 REPUBLICAN CURR5TS ( ?\<T MA9TA9$ FRAT]NAL RELATIONS ) ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! ANTI-MON>*I/ OPPOSITION4 ,SOCIAL CONFLICTS >OSE 9 ! =M ( AGR>IAN /RIKES1 /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! L>GE L&[N]S4 ,WE HAVE NO DETAILS1 BUT AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 !RE IS TALK ( ! ,MANO ,NEGRA 7,! ,BLACK ,H&7 :I* CAUS$ SU* T]ROR ?AT MO!RS ?REAT5$ !IR *ILDR5 ) IT6 ,IT REPLAC$ ! DEVIL40 

,9 #a#i#e1 ! PEOPLE ( ,NAVALMORAL ROSE TO DEF5D ! LIB]AL MAYOR :O HAD JU/ BE5 ELECT$1 & AGA9/ :OM ! ,M>QUIS ( ,COMILLAS1 :O WAS REPUT$ TO BE ! RI*E/ MAN 9 ,SPA91 POSSESS+ E/ATES )9 ! JURISDICTION ( ,NAVALMORAL AS WELL AS 9 MANY O!R REGIONS1 APPLI$ HIS VETO4 ,A COMPANY ( ,CIVIL ,GU>DS HA/5$ !RE ) RIFLES & LI<T >TILL]Y1 TO GIVE SUPPORT TO ! LOCAL =CES2 AFT] SKIRMI%ES IT 5D$ ) !IR )DRAWAL & A TRIUMPHANT PEOPLE4 ,9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ !RE >E RECORDS ( DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! HI< CO/ ( LIV+4 ,9 #aiaf A LOCAL WORK]S' ,F$]ATION WAS F\ND$1 :I* SUPPORT$ ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S 7,U4,G4,T4 -- SOCIALI/ & RE=MI/74 ,BUT !RE W]E SOME LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS ON ! SPOT :O1 A YE> LAT]1 WON OV] ?IS ,F$]ATION TO ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C4,N4,T474 ,! USUAL SOCIAL CONFLICTS TOOK PLACE4 ,9 LATE #aibc ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A E/ABLI%$ HIS DICTATOR%IP4 ,! SYNDICATES W]E CLOS$1 AS HAPP5$ 9 MANY O!R T[NS & REGIONS ( ,SPA9 :]E SOCIAL AGITATION WAS 9T5SE4 ,!RE !N EM]G$ ?AT K9D ( G5IUS = CL&E/9ITY :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 NOT$4 ,! UNION MOVEM5T CONT9U$ 9 SPITE ( ! CLOS+ ( ! SYNDICATES1 ! MEMB]S PAID !IR DUES1 MET 9 ! FIELDS 79 O!R P>TS IT MI<T BE 9 ! WOODS OR ! M\NTA9S74 ,AS ! LAW DID NOT =BID ! CON/ITUTION ( WORK GR\PS1 NOR EV5 ( C]TA9 =MS ( ASSOCIATION1 ! C>T]S ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO A WORK COLLECTIVE4 ,AT ! HEI<T ( ! REPRESSION1 !Y W5T BEYOND ! WAGE SY/EM4 ,WORK]S 9 O!R TRADES DID LIKEWISE4 7#g7 

,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A AB&ON$ P[] 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c4 ,! ,SYNDICATE IS IMM$IATELY RECON/ITUT$4 ,9 ONE MON? IT BOA/S A MEMB]%IP ( #a1#e4 ,! PEASANTS JO9 9 !IR TURN4 ,SOON !RE >E #d1 SOME L&LESS1 ! O!RS POSSESS+ ONLY A FEW >ES 7#a >E "7 #ab SQU>E Y>DS7 ( 0SECANO0 7DRY L&S74 ,AMBROSIO ,M>COS CONC]N$ HIMSELF ) ! AGRICULTURAL FRI5DLY SOCIETY :I* HAD BE5 F\ND$ BY ,CA?OLIC MILITANTS OR SOCIALLY NEUTRAL PEOPLE4 ,HIMSELF A L&[N]1 & AID$ BY O!R WORK]S & PEASANTS1 HE HAS AN 9FLU5CE ON ! MEMB]S & W9S !M OV] TO ! /RUGGLE = ! L&1 & 9 ,JANU>Y #aica ! FIELD WORK]S & ! POOR PEASANTS TAKE POSSESSION ( ! E/ATES ( ! ,M>QUIS DE ,COMILLAS & ( O!R V]Y L>GE [N]S ( !SE PROP]TIES :I* HAD ALWAYS REMA9$ UNCULTIVAT$ @9 & :I* !Y HAVE ALWAYS WANT$4 ,9 GREAT NUMB]S !Y 4 SET AB\T CLE>+ & DIGG+ & S[+4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D 9T]V5E1 ! WORK]S APPE> TO GIVE 91 )DRAW ) !IR ANIMALS1 !IR C>TS & !IR TOOLS2 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D REMA9 9 OCCUPATION1 TRIUMPHANT4 ,BUT 9/EAD ( RETURN+ HOME1 !3 PEASANTS GO TO ! O!R SIDE ( ! VILLAGE1 ON ANO!R E/ATE11 :]E !Y RESUME ! SAME K9D ( WORK4 ,! WOM5 & *ILDR5 BR+ !M DR9KS & FOOD & !N REMA9 ON ! ROADS TO W>N ( ! >RIVAL ( ! 5EMY1 :O 9 ! 5D GET TIR$ ( ?IS GAME ( HIDE-&-GO-SEEK & LEAVE TO ! PEASANTS ! FRUITS ( !IR OCCUPATION4 

,9 ,APRIL #aica ! ,REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$4 ,! NEW AU?ORITIES DID :AT !IR PR$ECESSORS ( ! MON>*Y DID NOT4 ,A TRIAL AGA9/ ! PEASANTS LA/$ = SIX MON?S4 ,!Y W]E CONDEMN$ TO PAY COMP5SATION = ! USE ( ! L& BUT DID NOT4 ,COME ,JULY1 !Y GA!R ! H>VE/4 ,! W9T] 7#a#i#c#a-#c#b7 COMES4 ,! L&[N]S WANT REPOSSESSION ( !IR PROP]TY1 ! PEASANTS RESI/4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D 9T]V5E >M$ ) RIFLES1 BUT AGA9 BEAT A RETREAT4 

,ON A SPR+ DAY A C>AVAN ( #e LABOR]S TOOK TO ! ROAD LEAD+ TO ! FIELDS4 ,A REGUL> ANTS' NE/ ( HUMANS SET TO WORK4 ,! 9CID5T CAUS$ A S5SATION - ! ,MADRID NEWSPAP]S REPORT$ IT1 J\RNALI/S & PHOTOGRAPH]S TURN$ UP = ON ! SPOT REPORTS4 ,9 O!R REGIONS1 PEASANTS 9VAD$ ! UNCULTIVAT$ E/ATES1 & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 N[ REPUBLICAN1 BEGAN TO OP5 FIRE4 ,BUT NOT 9 ,NAVALMORAL DE LA ,MATA = ! TIME BE+ BECAUSE1 9 ,AMBROSIO ,M>COS1 WORDS1 0!Y >E AFRAID ( US04 ,COME #a#i#c#c1 ,! COLLECTIVE WORK ON ! E/ATES CONT9UES1 BUT RELATIONS >E MORE & MORE T5SE4 ,!RE W]E CONT9U\S CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! BIG T]RAT]A5TES1 ! CACIQUES OR !IR ADM9I/RATORS BACK$ BY ! >M$ =CES ON ! ONE H&1 & ! PEASANTS & ! WORK]S' SYNDICATES ON ! O!R4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#c#c1 EI<T ( ! MO/ ACTIVE MILITANTS1 :I* ( C\RSE 9CLUD$ ,AMBROSIO ,M>COS1 W]E SECRETLY >RE/$ DUR+ ! NI<T4 ,! ORD] HAD BE5 GIV5 TO APPLY TO !M ! LEY DE FUGA4 7#h7 ,BUT )9 AN H\R ! NEWS WAS KN[N1 ! TELEPHONE MOBILIZ$1 & ! :OLE POPULATION WAS 9 ! /REETS1 & ALL ! APPROA* ROADS BLOCK$ TO PREV5T ! >RIVAL ( ! DETA9EES AT ! PROV9CIAL PRISON ( ,CAC]ES4 ,! AU?ORITIES >RANG$ = ! IT9]>Y ( ! C>S TO BE *ANG$1 & NO ONE D>$ TO APPLY ! LEY DE FUGA1 & AT ?REE 9 ! MORN+ \R COMRADES >RIV$ SAFE & S\ND AT !IR PROP] DE/9ATION4 ,BUT AT DAYBREAK 9 ,NAVALMORAL1 NOT ONLY W]E ALL ! ROADS /ILL CUT (F2 ! ,T[N ,HALL WAS TAK5 BY ASSAULT1 ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES W]E TAK5 HO/AGE BY ! PEASANTS & WORK]S1 SAL>I$ OR O!RWISE4 

,! DETA9EES W]E NOT RELEAS$1 AS ! AU?ORITIES WANT$ TO DE/ROY ! EXPROPRIATION MOVEM5T AT ALL CO/S4 ,BUT !IR PLACES W]E TAK5 BY O!R MILITANTS & ! /RUGGLE 9 ,NAVALMORAL DE LA ,MATA CONT9U$4 

,A /RIKE BY ! CASUAL WORK]S 9 ,MAY & ,AUGU/ AT ! TIME ( ! H>VE/ HITS ! M$IUM SIZ$ L&[N]S4 ,! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T AU?ORITIES1 A DIFF]5T LOT FROM ! APO/OLIC FIGURES ( REPUBLICANISM 9 ITS E>LY DAYS1 9T]V5E4 ,BUT ! MOVEM5T EXT5DS TO ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES1 TO ,P]ALTA DE LA ,MATA1 A VILLAGE ( NO IMPORTANCE 9 :I* \R ORGANIZATION HAD #e MEMB]S1 TO ,VALDEUNC> ) #b1 TO ,JOS&ILLA DE LA ,V]A1 TO ,VILLANUEVA DE LA ,V]A4 ,& IT EV5 W9S OV] ! NE>BY ,CA/ILIAN PROV9CE ( ,PLAS5CIA :I* HAD SLUMB]$ = C5TURIES4 

,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#c1 AS A REACTION AGA9/ ! ELECTORAL TRIUMPH ( ! RI<T W+ P>TIES1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 S\<T TO CALL = A NATIONAL G5]AL /RIKE :I* 9 ! EV5T PROV$ TO BE A TACTICAL ]ROR4 ,9 ,OLIVIA DE ,PLAS5CIA1 ! ,T[N ,HALL WAS TAK5 BY /ORM1 BUT IT WAS 9 ,NAVALMORAL ?AT ! ATTACK WAS SE5 TO BE ! MO/ P[]FUL ( ALL4 ,= ?REE DAYS ! PEOPLE W]E MA/]S ( ! T[N4 ,BATTLE WAS 5GAG$1 & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D MANAG$ 9 ! 5D TO OBLIGE ! ,C4,N4,T4 TO BEAT A RETREAT4 

,?IRTY-FIVE MILITANTS1 MO/ ( !M PEASANTS1 APPE>$ BE=E ! ,C\RTS & W]E S5T5C$ TO T]MS ( H>D LABOR4 ,!Y EM]G$ FROM PRISON :5 ! LEFTI/ ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 TRIUMPHANT AT ! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f1 GRANT$ AN AMNE/Y4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! PEASANTS ( ,NAVALMORAL DE LA ,MATA1 FAC$ BY ! SUP]IOR /R5G? ( ! ADV]S>Y1 HAD LO/ SOME ( ! GR\ND IT HAD WON4 ,BUT !Y HAD ALSO WON SOME RI<TS ( L& USUFRUCT4 ,AMBROSIO ,M>COS MODE/LY SUMS UP ! RESULTS ( ?IS EPIC1 :I* ALAS 5D$ ) ! TRIUMPH ( ! FRANCOI/ =CES :O SOON AFT] !IR ATTACK ON ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf MADE !IR VICTORI\S APPE>ANCE3 

0,ONE CAN SAY1 SO F> AS ! ORGANIZATION ( AGRICULTURE IS CONC]N$1 ?AT \R ,COLLECTIVES W]E NOT ! 9TEGRAL APPLICATION ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 7#i7 BUT ?AT IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 !RE WAS NOT A S+LE FAILURE4 ,?IS IS :AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT1 = EV]Y FAILURE RESULTS 9 A SETBACK & S[S CONFUSION 9 \R MID/4 ,WE HAD TO PROVE ?AT \R IDEAS W]E PRACTICAL & \R PROGRAM C\LD BE REALIZ$4 ,9 SPITE ( ! AU?ORITIES & ! L&[N]S1 ! FIR/ ATTEMPT AT CULTIVATION 9 COMMON WAS C>RI$ \T4 ,! LEA/ =TUNATE W]E HELP$1 ! /RONGE/ HELP$ ! WEAK4 ,SOME WORK]S BECAME PEASANTS 9 ORD] TO TAKE P>T 9 ?IS NEW 5T]PRISE4 ,PEOPLE 9 O!R DI/RICTS W]E HELP$4 ,:5 ! /RIKE ( ,DURO-,FELGU]A 7#a7 TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,A/URIAS1 A TRUCK-FULL ( *ICK PEAS & MANY SACKS ( POTATOES W]E S5T TO ! /RIK]S1 AS WELL AS MONEY4 ,! /RIK]S AT ! ,C5TRAL ,TELEPHONE ,EX*ANGE W]E SIMIL>LY HELP$ BY US1 & !RE W]E O!R ACTS ( SOLID>ITY40 

,WE HAVE SO F> ONLY GIV5 A BRIEF ACC\NT -- LIMIT$ 9 TIME & GEOGRAPHICALLY SPEAK+ -- ( ! 9T5SITY ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE 9 ! PEASANT & AGRICULTURAL >EAS4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ITS 9T5SITY1 SOMETIMES SAVAGE1 IT WAS POSSIBLY SURPASS$ BY ! /RUGGLE ?AT WAS WAG$ 9 ! T[NS4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,&ALUSIA1 T[N & C\NTRY (T5 ACT$ TOGE!R1 ! SOCIAL CONFLICTS 9T]M+L+4 ,BUT 9 ! 9DU/RIAL ZONES1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! MOVEM5T V]Y QUICKLY SPREAD & ) A VIGOR :I* WAS QUITE EXCEPTIONAL4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 ,CATALONIA WAS RESPONSIBLE = #g.0 ( ,SPA9'S 9DU/RY4 ,! USE ( WAT] P[] FROM ! ,PYR5EES1 ! P]MAN5T CONTACT ) ,FRANCE1 ! BROAD ACCESS TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 ! CONTRIBUTION ( ,FRANCO-,BELGIAN CAPITAL & LOCAL HUMAN 9ITIATIVE1 RESULT$ 9 ?IS REGION1 :I* LACK$ RAW MAT]IALS1 DEVELOP+ 9 TIME A MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY ?AT ACQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE4 

,! CONDITIONS W]E !RE=E BR\<T TOGE!R = ! CREATION ( WORK]S' SYNDICATES :I* HAD ALREADY APPE>$ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY 7AS WAS ALSO ! CASE 9 ,ITALY71 SO MU* SO ?AT 9 #ahd !RE EXI/$ NOT ONLY RESI/ANCE SOCIETIES ( WORK]S1 BUT ALSO CRAFT F$]ATIONS :I*1 AS ?AT ( ! WEAV]S1 EXT5D$ ?R\<\T ! REGION1 & ?AT ( ! ?REE /EAM 9DU/RIES :I*1 :5 F$]AT$1 C\LD BE COMP>$ BY ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO TO ! ,TRADES ,UNIONS 9 ,5GL&4 

,& FROM #ahg ONW>DS ! AN>*I/ SYNDICAL MOVEM5T WAS A REVOLUTION>Y S*OOL1 FREE FROM 9T]F]5CES1 9 :I* ! MO/ IMPORTANT WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS W]E RESPONSIBLE = !IR [N DE/9Y4 ,P>TIAL & G5]AL /RIKES1 SABOTAGE1 PUBLIC DEMON/RATIONS1 MEET+S1 /RUGGLE AGA9/ /RIKE-BREAK]S 7!Y EXI/$ TOO71 IMPRISONM5T1 TRANSPORTATION1 TRIALS1 UPRIS+S1 LOCK-\TS1 SOME ATT5TATS4 

,! PRES5T WRIT] >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#e4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! ,SPANI% ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C4,N4,T47 :I* HAD BE5 F\ND$ F\R YE>S E>LI]1 WAS GO+ ?R\< A DIFFICULT P]IOD4 ,MEET+S AGA9/ ,WORLD ,W> #a ORGANIZ$ BY \R COMRADES W]E ATTRACT+ FEW] SUPPORT]S ?AN W]E ! ,REPUBLICANS' CALL+ = ,SPA9'S P>TICIPATION ALONGSIDE ! ,ALLIES4 ,YET 9 ,B>CELONA !RE W]E F\R WORK]S' C5T]S CALL$ 0,AT5EOS0 BECAUSE !Y EA* HAD A LIBR>Y1 TABLES AT :I* ONE C\LD SIT & READ1 & :]E LECTURES W]E GIV54 ,! MOVEM5T ( AN>*I/ GR\PS ACT$ 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,C4,N4,T4 

,BUT !N CAME ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! 9FLU5CE ( :I* SPREAD TO ! ,WE/1 RAIS+ SO MANY HOPES4 ,SUDD5LY ! MEMB]%IP ( ! SYNDICATES GREW1 /RIKES 9CREAS$1 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE WAS 9T5SIFI$1 ALWAYS ) ! CONFRONTATION ( P[] BETWE5 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION & ?AT ( ! EMPLOY]S4 ,IT WAS AT ?AT TIME ?AT \R WEEKLY1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ( :I* ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] HAD BE5 AMONG ! F\ND]S1 BECAME A DAILY4 ,TWO YE>S LAT] 79 #a#i#a#i7 WE HAD SIX DAILIES ) ! SAME TITLE 79 ,B>CELONA1 ,BILBAO1 ,S>AGOSSA1 ,MADRID1 ,VAL5CIA & ,SEVILLE7 & AB\T A DOZ5 WEEKLIES :I* APPE>$ 9 DIFF]5T REGIONS ( ,SPA94 ,TO !SE ONE MU/ ADD MAGAZ9ES SU* AS ,PAG9AS ,LIBRES1 AN EXCELL5T PUBLICATION $IT$ BY ,DR4 ,P$RO ,VALL9A 9 ,SEVILLE4 

,9 ! ,&ALUSIAN C\NTRYSIDE ! H>VE/ W5T UP 9 FLAMES1 BUT 9 ! T[NS1 9 ,CATALONIA & 9 ,>AGON & 9 SOME 9DU/RIAL C5T]S 9 ! ,NOR? ( ,SPA91 /RIKE FOLL[$ /RIKE4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE HAS COME TO BE KN[N 9 ! SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ,SPA9 AS ! /RIKE ( ,LA ,CANADI5SE 7! ,CANADIAN71 :I* BROKE \T 9 ,L]IDA1 SOME #i MILES S\? ( ,B>CELONA4 ,?IS ,CANADIAN ,COMPANY WAS BUILD+ A L>GE DAM :I* W\LD HAVE MADE POSSIBLE ! BUILD+ ( A BIG ELECTRICITY G5]AT+ /ATION4 ,SOME WORK]S W]E DISMISS$ & !IR COMRADES IMM$IATELY CAME \T ON A SOLID>ITY /RIKE1 & 9 VIEW ( ! RESI/ANCE PUT UP BY ! ,COMPANY ! MOVEM5T FIR/ SPREAD ?R\<\T ! PROV9CE1 BUT !N TO ! O!R ?REE ,CATALAN PROV9CES4 ,!RE HAS R>ELY BE5 A G5]AL /RIKE :I* WAS MORE COMPLETE1 MORE UNCOMPROMIS+ OR MORE IMPRESSIVE4 ,NOT ONLY ! WORK%OPS & FACTORIES1 BUT ALL MEANS ( COMMUNICATION CAME TO A HALT4 ,WORK]S' P[] MADE ! LAW 9 ! /REETS4 ,ONLY DOCTORS C\LD FREELY CIRCULATE4 ,CAFES1 HOTELS1 RE/AURANTS1 ALL W]E CLOS$4 ,AT NI<T ,B>CELONA HAD A COMPLETE BLACK\T4 ,?AT /RIKE1 :I* LA/$ FROM ,FEBRU>Y #e UP TO ,M>* #b1 #aiai WAS AN EXTRAORD9>Y BATTLE WAG$ AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S & ! AU?ORITIES4 

,BUT ! REPRESSION WAS LET LOOSE4 ,SPANI% LAW ALL[$ = -- & NEV] CEAS$ TO DO SO EV5 DUR+ ! ,REPUBLIC :I* ON ! CONTR>Y1 9T5SIFI$ ! REPRESSIVE LEGISLATION -- 9T]NM5T BO? ( COMMON LAW CRIM9ALS1 EV5 IF !Y HAD S]V$ !IR S5T5CE1 & POLITICAL OPPON5TS1 ESPECIALLY MILITANT WORK]S CONSID]$ TO BE SUBV]SIVES OR CON/ITUT+ A DANG] TO PUBLIC ORD]4 

,?IS GAVE ! POLITICAL AU?ORITIES POSSIBILITIES ( TAK+ ACTION :I* !Y US$ 9 FULL MEASURE4 ,9 ! YE>S FROM #aib TO #a#i#b#d1 !RE W]E TIMES :5 ! 9T]NEES C\LD BE C\NT$ 9 ?\S&S4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! 0,MODEL ,PRISON0 ( ,B>CELONA BUR/+ ITS SIDES BUT 9T]NEES HAD TO BE H\S$ 9 ! MONUM5TAL ,>5AS1 & BOATS W]E LOAD$ ) !M 9 ! \T] H>BOR1 AS HAD BE5 DONE 9 ,FRANCE AFT] ! ,COMMUNE US+ PONTOONS4 ,:OEV] LIV$ ?R\< ?OSE 9T5SIVE TURBUL5T DAYS CANNOT =GET4 

,BUT ?AT WAS NOT ALL4 ,SO LONG AS ,SPA9 HAD COLONIES1 ! 5EMIES ( ! REGIME W]E TRANSPORT$ AS W]E ! ,COMMUN>DS TO ,NEW ,CAL$ONIA4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! ,CANADI5SE /RIKE1 AP>T FROM ! ,ISLE ( ,F]N&O ,PO ! ONLY O!R AVAILABLE ISL& WAS ,MAHON 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,IT WAS NOT 5\<1 SO !Y HAD REC\RSE TO DEPORTATION 9 ,SPA9 ITSELF4 ,CONVOYS W]E =M$ ( PRISON]S *A9$ 9 PAIRS & ALL L9K$ TO A COMMON ROPE4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT !SE CONVOYS W]E CALL$ CU]DAS DE DEPORTADOS4 ,?US GR\PS ( #c1 #d1 #e W\LD BE TAK5 ON ! HI<WAYS1 ESCORT$ BY M\NT$ ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 EV] READY TO USE ! ,MAUS] RIFLE ) :I* EA* MAN 9 ! POLI%$ COCK$ HAT WAS >M$4 ,IT WAS A CASE ( RELEGAT+ !SE REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S TO ! MORE ISOLAT$ REGIONS1 #c1 #d MILES & MORE DI/ANT1 9 ORD] TO CUT !M (F FROM CONTACT ) ! MASSES4 ,BUT :5 M5 >E POSSESS$ ( AN IDEAL !SE MEASURES >E ( NO AVAIL4 ,9 ! EV5T ! CU]DAS DE DEPORTADOS PRODUC$ ! OPPOSITE RESULTS TO ?OSE 9T5D$4 

,ALL ALONG ! R\TE1 ! SI<T ( ! DEPORTEES >\S$ SYMPA?Y1 G5]OSITY1 SOLID>ITY4 ,! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! >RIVAL OR ! PASSAGE ( A CU]DA SWEPT ?R\< ! VILLAGES1 & EV5 BE=E ! CONVOY HAD REA*$ ! FIR/ H\SES VOICES W]E RAIS$ CRY+ \T3 0,LOS PRESOS6 ,! PRISON]S60 

,& ! DOORS ( ! H\SES W\LD OP5 & ! WOM51 *ILDR5 & OLD FOLK W\LD COME \T (F]+ !M BUN*ES ( GRAPES1 BREAD1 MELONS1 :ILE ! M5 CAME D[N FROM ! FIELDS BR++ TOBACCO4 ,IT WAS A COLLECTIVE (F]+ :I* ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D C\LD NOT DO O!RWISE ?AN ACCEPT4 

,& AS 9 ?OSE MO/ BACKW>D REGIONS TO :I* !Y W]E S5T \R COMRADES JO9$ 9 WORK+ 9 ! FIELDS & W]E ABLE TO COMMUNICATE MORE ADVANC$ TE*NICAL IDEAS1 & TEA* ! *ILDR5 TO READ1 ! RESULT WAS ?AT ! ,GOOD ,NEWS P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! SOCIALLY MO/ BACKW>D >EAS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,H[EV]1 ! =MS ! REPRESSION TOOK DID NOT 5D !RE4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 AT ! 5D ( #a#i#a#i1 AN EMPLOY]S' LOCK\T WAS DECL>$ 9 ALL 9DU/RIES1 9 ORD] TO BREAK ! SYNDICAL MOVEM5T ONCE & = ALL4 ,IT LA/$ SEV5 WEEKS4 ,BUT ?\< ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION EM]G$ FROM IT MU* WEAK5$1 IT WAS NOT DE/ROY$4 ,SO ! GOV]NM5T SUSP5D$ CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES 7A C\RSE IT HAD (T5 RESORT$ TO 9 ! PA/ & TO :I* IT W\LD HAVE REC\RSE FREQU5TLY 9 ! FUTURE7 & \R MOVEM5T WAS MADE ILLEGAL4 ,! 0WORK]S' C5T]S0 W]E CLOS$ AS WELL AS ! ,AT5EOS4 ,& ! WIT*-HUNT AGA9/ ! ,C4,N4,T4 BEGAN4 

,H[ MANY W]E MURD]$1 %OT D[N 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA8 ,I HAVE BE=E ME A LI/1 :I* IS NOT COMPLETE1 BUT :I* 9CLUDES #aa NAMES4 ,AMONG !M M5 ( ! QUALITY ( A ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 A MANUAL WORK]1 SELF $UCAT$ & AN \T/&+ SPEAK]2 ( AN ,EVELIO ,BOAL1 \R F9E/ UNION ORGANIZ]1 & MANY O!RS1 SOME ( :OM W]E MY FRI5DS4 ,SOME GRAVELY W\ND$ SURVIV$ ONLY BY A MIRACLE1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,ANGEL ,PE/A#cA1 :O RECEIV$ A %OT 9 ! ?ROAT & ANO!R 9 A LUNG AS HE WAS COM+ \T ( ! /ATION 9 ! SMALL T[N ( ,MANRESA :]E HE WAS TO GIVE A LECTURE4 ,:5 HE CAME \T ( HOSPITAL HE /RAI<TWAY W5T & DELIV]$ ! LECTURE ANN\NC$ TWO MON?S E>LI]4 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #b 

.<#a.> ,MONTJUI*1 =TRESS ( ,B>CELONA :]E ,F]R] WAS EXECUT$ BY FIR+ SQUAD 9 #a#i#i4 

.<#b.> ,SEE LAT] ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ,ALCOY DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 

.<#c.> ,! NAME ( ?IS PLACE MU/ HAVE BE5 MISSPELT4 

.<#d.> ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,9L& ,REV5UE EXPLA9S 9 P>T1 PROBABLY1 ! HO/ILITY ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE = ! ,/ATE4 

.<#e.> ,! NAME IS MORE ,FR5* ?AN ,SPANI%4 ,N>CISO ,POIMIREAU WAS A DI/ANT DESC5DANT ( ?OSE PEASANTS AB\T :OM ,TA9E SPEAKS & :O1 RU9$ BY ! EXTORTIONS ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V'S TAX COLLECTOR1 DRIV5 BY MIS]Y1 HAD TO EMIGRATE TO ,SPA94 

.<#f.> ,?OSE CONC5TRATION CAMPS OV] :I* H>DLY ANYONE WAS >\S$ AT ! TIME1 W]E GU>D$ BY ! G>DE MOBILE & ! ,S5EGALESE %>P%OOT]S4 ,HUNDR$S ( REFUGEES DI$ !RE4 ,RIC MANAG$ TO ESCAPE & TOOK P>T 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,NAZI =CES 9 ! ,R\]GUE REGION &1 9=M$ AGA9/ BY COMMUNI/S 7?IS IS NOT ! ONLY EXAMPLE71 HE WAS >RE/$ & S5T TO ,DA*AU FROM :]E HE EV5TUALLY EM]G$ WEI<+ #ce KILOS 7#g#i LBS474 

.<#g.> ,AMBROSIO ,M>COS DOES NOT TELL US :I*4 

.<#h.> ,UND] ?IS LAW ! POLICE1 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D OR O!RS HAD ! RI<T TO FIRE ON ANY DETA9EE :O MI<T ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE :IL/ BE+ TRANSF]R$ TO ! PREFECTURE1 TO PRISON OR TRANSPORTATION4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 SPECIALI/S 9 SU* MATT]S1 MURD]$ MILITANTS 9 ?IS WAY ) ! PRETEXT ?AT !Y HAD ATTEMPT$ TO ESCAPE4 

.<#i.> ,?IS /ATEM5T IS DEBATABLE1 AS WILL BE SE5 BY :AT FOLL[S4 ,BUT ! LIB]T>IAN RANK & FILE MILITANTS ALWAYS WANT$ TO GO FUR!R4 

.<#a.> ,A M9]S' /RIKE :I* WAS FULL ( DRAMATIC 9CID5TS1 AS MO/ ( !M W]E4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I,I 

,M,A,T,],I,A,L,S ,= ,A ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,= AN >EA ( #e#e1 SQ4 KILOMET]S 9CLUD+ ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & ,ATLANTIC ISL&S 7,BALE>IC & ,CAN>Y7 ,SPA9 HAD A POPULATION ( #bd TO #be MILLION 9HABITANTS ON ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf :5 ! FRANCOI/ ATTACK WAS LAUN*$1 :I* IS #dh TO ! SQU>E KILOMET]4 7#a7 ,! L[ POPULATION D5SITY C\LD LEAD ONE TO BELIEVE ?AT 9 ?IS PR$OM9ANTLY AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY ECONOMIC RES\RCES W\LD 5SURE ! WELL-BE+ ( ! POPULATION4 ,BUT ! WEAL? ( A C\NTRY1 EV5 :5 VIEW$ FROM ! AGR>IAN ANGLE ONLY1 IS NOT JU/ DEP5D5T ON ITS SIZE4 ,LUCAS ,GONZALEZ ,MALLADA1 ,SPA9'S MO/ EM95T GEOLOGI/1 :O WAS ALSO AN EXCELL5T GEOGRAPH]1 CLASSIFI$ AS FOLL[S ! ECONOMIC VALUE ( ! L& -- & HIS CONCLUSIONS >E AS VALID AS EV]3 

#a.0 B>E ROCKS 

#d.0 REALLY BAD L& 

#d.0 M$IOCRE L& 7#b7 

#a.0 L& :I* GIVES US ! IMPRESSION ( LIV+ 9 A P>ADISE4 

,!SE NATURAL CONDITIONS >E CONFIRM$ BY O!R BASIC /ATI/ICS :I* DISPEL ANY ILLUSIONS ONE MI<T HAVE4 ,( ! #e MILLION HECT>ES AN AV]AGE ( #b MILLION W]E CULTIVAT$2 ! REMA9D] W]E MORE OR LESS UNPRODUCTIVE4 & ONLY SUITABLE = GRAZ+ %EEP OR GOATS4 ,9 ADDITION1 \T ( ! #b MILLION HECT>ES SUITABLE = CULTIVATION1 #f MILLION HECT>ES ON AV]AGE W]E ALWAYS ALL[$ TO LIE FALL[ SO ?AT ! L& C\LD R5EW ITSELF UND] ! SY/EM KN[N AS ANO Y VEZ 7ONE YE> \T ( TWO74 ,?US 9 FACT ! L& AVAILABLE = CULTIVATION EA* YE> WAS IT ONLY #b#h.0 ( ! TOTAL >EA4 

,! OROGRAPHIC SITUATION WORS5S ! /ATI/ICS ALREADY QUOT$4 ,! AV]AGE ALTITUDE IS #f#fM 7#b#a#f#f FT47 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! GEOGRAPH] ,GONZALO DE ,REP>AZ IS ONLY EXCE$$ 9 ,EUROPE BY ,SWITZ]L&4 ,9 ! ,C5T] ! ,CA/ILIAN PLATEAU COV]S #c1 SQ4 KILOMET]S & ITS AV]AGE HEI<T IS #bfbe FT4 ,TO ! ,NOR? ! M\NTA9 RANGE ( ! ,PYR5EES PR$OM9ATES ON ! ,SPANI% SIDE & OCCUPIES #e#e1 SQ4 KILOMET]S 7A T5? ( ! >EA ( ,FRANCE74 ,!RE >E 9 ,SPA9 #bib PEAKS 9 ! #a1-#b1M RANGE1 #ib FROM #b1 TO #c1M1 & #bf FROM #c1-#c1#eM4 ,?IS M\NTA9\S RELIEF MAP 9FLU5CES 9 NO SMALL WAY ! CLIMATE1 :I* 9 TURN CONDITIONS ! AGRICULTURE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,SI]RAS13 :I* CUT & CLIP ! P59SULA 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 9T]RUPTS & (T5 DEFLECTS B5EFICIAL RA9S 9TO ! WRONG DIRECTION4 ,?US IT IS NOT ONLY ! W9T]1 ) ! L[ TEMP]ATURES ?AT >E TYPICAL ( ALL HI< ALTITUDES & :I* MILITATE AGA9/ LIV+ CONDITIONS2 BUT ALSO ! SUMM] ) ITS DR\<TS4 ,ALL !SE CONDITIONS GIVE PO9T TO ! MU* QUOT$ REM>K ?AT 0,AFRICA BEG9S AT ! ,PYR5EES04 

,TAKE ! MAP ( ,SPA93 9 ! ,NOR? CONT9U+ ALONG ! M\NTA9 RANGE ( ! ,PYR5EES1 ONE MEETS ! ,CANTABRIAN M\NTA9S P>ALLEL TO1 & #e KM4 DI/ANT FROM1 ! ,ATLANTIC COA/ ) PEAKS AT #i FT41 =M+ A SCRE5 TO ! PASSAGE ( CL\DS :I* ! W9DS >E BL[+ FROM ! SEA4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT RA9S A GREAT DEAL 9 ! ,A/URIAS1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,SANT&] & AS F> AS ,GALICIA1 TO ! NOR? ( ,PORTUGAL4 ,9 ALL ?AT REGION !RE IS A RECORD$ ANNUAL RA9FALL ( FROM #a1#b TO #a1#hMM4 

,BUT ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,A/URIAN M\NTA9S1 ON ! ,CA/ILIAN PLATEAU1 ! GRAN>Y ( ,SPA91 ! AV]AGE RA9FALL IS NO MORE ?AN #eMM1 & 9 VA/ REGIONS ( ! ,EBRO BAS91 ! PR9CIPAL RIV] ( ,SPA91 F$ BY ! WAT]S ?AT COME D[N FROM ! ,PYR5EES1 (T5 LESS ?AN #cMM ( RA9 IS RECORD$ ANNUALLY4 ,H[EV] !SE /ATI/ICS ALONE DO NOT GIVE A TRUE PICTURE ( ! REALITY4 ,=1 9 G5]AL ! POR\S NATURE ( ! SOIL & ! 9T5SITY ( ! SUN ACC\NT = LOSSES DUE TO SEEPAGE & EVAPORATION ( UP TO #h1,A 7 ( ! ATMOSPH]IC PRECIPITATIONS4 

,SOMETIMES IT IS EV5 WORSE3 SU* AS ! COMB9$ GEOGRAPHIC-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( :AT ,GONZALO DE ,REP>AZ DEF9ES AS ! TRAGICO SUDE/E 7! TRAGIC ,S\?-,EA/74 ,OV] AB\T #e KM4 FROM ,GIBRALT> TO ,MURCIA !RE >E RA9LESS YE>S4 ,! SAME WRIT] PO9TS \T ?AT ,SPA9 IS ! ONLY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY :I* EXP]I5CES ?IS PH5OM5ON ON SU* A VA/ SCALE4 7#c7 

,! DRYNESS ( ! SOIL IS !RE=E A COMMONPLACE 9 ! BAS9 ( ! ,EBRO1 :I* COV]S #e MILLION HECT>ES1 ?AT IS A T5? P>T ( ! C\NTRY1 0! DES]TS ALT]NATE ) ! OASES1 BUT ! =M] PREVAIL2 ! ,IB]IAN /EPPE :I* EXT5DS ALONG ! :OLE L5G? ( ?AT RIV] IS ! L>GE/ 9 ,EUROPE04 

,ONE MU/ M5TION O!R /EPPES1 & FIR/ ( ALL ?AT ( ! ,MAN*A :I* BEG9S AT ! GATES ( ,MADRID & REA*ES ,C>TAG5A4 ,9 ALL1 #d.0 ( ! L& SURFACE ( ,SPA9 CONSI/S ( /EPPES4 

,! ,HU]TA ( ,VAL5CIA1 ! M>KET G>D5S ( ,MURCIA & ( ,GRANADA EXTOLL$ BY ! POETS >E NO MORE ?AN ISL&S :I* BL9D SOME ROMANTIC TRAVEL]S TO ! REALITIES4 ,?US ! AV]AGE YIELDS ( :EAT 7! MO/ IMPORTANT CROP AT ! TIME7 WAS ( ! ORD] ( #i QU9TALS P] HECT>E1 V]Y OCCASIONALLY #a & MORE (T5 #h1 COMP>$ ) FROM #af TO #ah 9 ,FRANCE 7A T5 YE> AV]AGE 9 BO? CASES7 FROM UNIRRIGAT$ L&1 & ( #bb QU9TALS 9 ,G]MANY & 9 ,5GL&4 ,! HI<E/ AV]AGES 9 ,SPA9 FROM IRRIGAT$ L& PRODUC$ FROM #af TO #ah QU9TALS :I* REMA9S ! YIELD TO ?IS DAY1 :]EAS 9 ,FRANCE )\T IRRIGATION ! AV]AGE H>VE/ TODAY IS 9 ! REGION ( #c#b-#c#e QU9TALS4 7#d7 

,WE HAVE TAK5 :EAT AS AN EXAMPLE BECAUSE IT CON/ITUT$ ! BASIS (1 & ! MAJOR CROP 91 ,SPANI% AGRICULTURE4 ,= O!R CROPS ! SITUATION WAS ! SAME EXCEPT = POTATOES1 :]E ! AV]AGE YIELD WAS COMP>ABLE ) ?AT ( O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 BUT !SE W]E GR[N ON IRRIGAT$ L&4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( %EEP FLOCKS 7#a#h-#b MILLION ANIMALS7 & ( OLIVE GROVES 7#e7 IS UNASSAILABLE PRO( ( ! PROBLEMS ( ,SPANI% AGRICULTURE3 ?R\<\T ! ,M$IT]RANEAN P]IPH]Y ! %EEP & ! OLIVE TREE >E AN 9DICATION ( POOR L&S & SCANT YIELDS4 

,A LONG TIME AGO1 :5 ,I UND]TOOK TO MAKE A S]I\S /UDY ( ! ,SPANI% ECONOMY1 ,I ?\<T AT FIR/1 FAC$ ) ! DISAPPO9T+ AGRICULTURAL BALANCE %EET1 ?AT = HI/ORIC1 POLITICAL & RELIGI\S REASONS :I* HAD DOM9AT$ ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ,SPA91 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! EXPULSION ( ! ,MOORS1 ! C\NTRY HAD TAK5 & PURSU$ A ROAD :I* WAS CONTR>Y TO ITS NATURAL POT5TIAL4 ,SPA9 ACCORD+ TO SOME WRIT]S ES LA BODEGA MAS RICA DEL MUNDO -- POSSESS$ ! RI*E/ UND]GR\ND RES\RCES 9 ! WORLD4 ,! GR\NDS = ?IS OPTIMISM1 :I* O!R1 BETT] 9=M$1 SPECIALI/S DID NOT %>E1 W]E ?AT !RE WAS COAL1 IRON1 LEAD1 T91 COPP]1 Z9C1 M]CURY1 SILV] & WOLFRAM4 ,TO ALL APPE>ANCES !SE W]E GR\NDS = SETT+ UP 9DU/RIES ! G5]AL EFFECT ( :I* W\LD BE TO *ANGE ! ECONOMIC *>ACT] ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT IF ONE /UDI$ ! S]I\S REPORTS ON ! SUBJECT PUBLI%$ BY GEOGRAPH]S1 GEOLOGI/S1 HYDRAULIC 5G9E]S & EV5 ! (FICIAL TE*NICAL (FICES1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! V>I\S M9]ALS & METALS EXI/$ ONLY 9 SMALL QUANTITIES1 & AP>T FROM M]CURY -- ! ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ( :I* WAS 9F9ITESIMAL COMP>$ TO ! NATIONAL PRODUCT -- C\LD NOT (F] OPTIMI/IC PROSPECTS4 

,SPANI% M9ES HAVE BE5 EXPLOIT$ BY ! ,PHO5ICIANS1 ! ,C>?AG9IANS1 ! ,ROMANS1 ! ,>ABS1 ! ,BRITI%1 EV5 BY ! ,SPANI>DS4 ,!Y W]E NOT 9EXHAU/IBLE & !Y >E N[1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+ &1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ?OSE SUPPLY+ IRON ORE 7! RES]VES ( :I* >E NOT ( GREAT IMPORTANCE71 MORE OR LESS EXHAU/$4 ,9 #aicf ,SPA9 ONLY SUPPLI$ LESS ?AN ( ! WORLD'S COPP]2 ! ,RIO ,T9TO M9ES W]E NO LONG] PR(ITABLE & = SOME TIME ! COMPANY HAD BE5 TRANSF]R+ ITS CAPITAL TO O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,LEAD8 ,ITS M>KET VALUE 9 #aicc AM\NT$ TO #ba MILLION PESETAS1 & W\LD BE APPROXIMATELY ! SAME 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,BUT TO PUT ?IS 9 P]SPECTIVE IT %\LD BE COMP>$ ) ! AV]AGE :EAT CROP !N VALU$ AT #a1 MILLION PESETAS4 

,COAL & IRON >E1 & W]E EV5 MORE SO AT ! TIME1 BASIC TO 9DU/RY4 ,WELL1 ,SPA9 PRODUC$ ON AV]AGE #g MILLION TONS ( M$IOCRE COAL2 ,EV5 TODAY :5 UND] GOV]NM5T PRESSURE PRODUCTION HAS BE5 RAIS$ TO BETWE5 #aa & #ab MILLION TONS1 IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT ! 0POT5TIAL0 RES]VES GU>ANTEE SUPPLIES ( COAL & LIGNITE = AB\T #ad YE>S 4 4 4 ON CONDITION ?AT PRODUCTION IS NOT 9CREAS$4 ,BUT1 ON ! PRES5T BASIS ( NECESS>Y CONSUMPTION = AN AV]AGE 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 !SE RES]VES W\LD NOT LA/ MORE ?AN AB\T #d YE>S4 

,SPA9 IS NO BETT] (F SO F> AS IRON ORE IS CONC]N$4 ,EV5 ON ! BASIS ( ! UNSUB/ANTIAT$ 0POT5TIAL0 RES]VES1 & AV]AGE CONSUMPTION P] 9HABITANT 9 ,FRANCE1 %E W\LD HAVE SUFFICI5T RES]VES TO LA/ #d YE>S4 ,& ONE %\LD NOT OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ! POPULATION IS 9CREAS+ BY #c1 A YE> & HAS ALREADY REA*$ #cc MILLION4 

,LET US DISPEL O!R ILLUSIONS ON ONE PO9T CONC]N+ AGRICULTURE4 ,MANY PEOPLE ) NEI!R ! TIME NOR V]Y (T5 ! 9CL9ATION TO BE S]I\SLY 9=M$1 BELIEVE 9 ! MIRACLE ( IRRIGATION4 ,UN=TUNATELY ?IS HOPE HAS NO F\NDATION4 ,! VOLUME ( WAT] C>RI$ BY ! /REAMS & RIV]S ( ,SPA9 IS A LIMIT+ FACTOR TO DEVELOPM5T3 AB\T #e1 MILLION CUBIC MET]S A YE>1 7#f7 :]EAS ! ,RHONE ON ITS [N1 AT ! LEVEL ( ,AVIGNON1 C>RIES #f1 MILLION4 ,SEE+ ?AT ONE CANNOT COMPLETELY DRY UP ALL ! /REAMS 9 ,SPA91 ?AT ANYWAY SOME ( !M1 ?OSE :I* FL[ T[>DS ! ,ATLANTIC1 CANNOT BE UTILIZ$1 = !RE IS ALREADY TOO MU* RA9 9 ?OSE REGIONS1 7#g7 ! MO/ OPTIMI/IC CALCULATIONS ALL[ ONE TO =ESEE ! POSSIBILITY ( IRRIGAT+ AT MO/ #e MILLION HECT>ES2 JU/ A T5? ( ! C\NTRY4 ,( !SE #e MILLION1 AT LEA/ #b MILLION >E ALREADY IRRIGAT$4 

,FOLL[+ ! DEP>TURE ( ! ,MOORS :O HAD 9 ! ,LEVANTE 9CREAS$ ! ACEQUIAS 7N>R[ & DIT*-LIKE PIPE SY/EMS7 MORE DAMS W]E CON/RUCT$ ?AN MANY OBS]V]S IMAG9E4 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A HIMSELF & ,FRANCO HAVE PUT 9TO PRACTICE SOME K9D ( HYDRAULIC POLICY ?AT HAD BE5 ADVOCAT$ BY ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A4 ,! TR\BLE (T5 WAS ?AT AFT] HAV+ BUILT MANY >TIFICIAL RES]VOIRS IT WAS REALIZ$ ?AT NOT 5\< WAT] WAS GETT+ !RE TO FILL !M1 & ?AT 9 MANY CASES IT WAS NECESS>Y TO REPLACE ! HYDRAULIC PRODUCTION ( ELECTRICITY ) !RMAL P[]4 

"9"9"9 

,SU* WAS ! NATURAL CAUSE ( SOCIAL POV]TY ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE 9 #a#i#c#f2 SU* IS ! CAUSE ( ! CONT9U$ EMIGRATION :I* WE >E WITNESS+ TO ?IS DAY4 ,BUT !RE IS ANO!R :I*1 BECAUSE IT IS MAN MADE CAN BE CORRECT$ BY ,MAN1 & IT IS TO ?IS ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION DIRECT$ ITS EF=TS4 

,! PROBLEM ( L& [N]%IP IS ( CAPITAL IMPORTANCE 9 ,SPA94 ,IT APPE>$ 9 TWO BASIC =MS3 ! LATIFUNDIA 7L>GE E/ATES7 & ! M9IFUNDIA 7SMALL PROP]TIES74 ,!RE >E V]Y MANY SMALL PROPRIETORS 9 ,SPA93 ! FIGURES 9 ! CADA/RAL SURVEY DAT$ ,DECEMB] #c#a1 #aiei ACC\NT$ = #e1#i#h#i1#f#c#g4 ,AN 5ORM\S PROPORTION ( ! PRES5T TOTAL POPULATION4 ,BUT TO BEG9 )1 MO/ ( ! PLOTS >E ( SECANO1 ?AT IS DRY L&S1 :I* BECAUSE ( !IR UNPRODUCTIVITY >E AT ! PRES5T TIME DRIV+ ! PEASANT MASSES T[>DS ! T[NS :]E !Y >E PACK$ 9 ! C9DADES MIS]AS1 ! *ANTY T[NS4 

,9 #aicf ONLY A P>TIAL C5SUS ( ! L& & ITS [N]S HAD BE5 MADE4 ,BUT ! FIGURES AVAILABLE GAVE A SUFFICI5TLY CLE> PICTURE ( ! T]RIBLE SOCIAL REALITY :I* WE WILL HAVE MANY OCCASIONS TO OBS]VE 9 ! *APT]S ?AT FOLL[4 

,\T ( A TOTAL ( #a1#b#c1 PROPRIETORS1 #h#d#e1 C\LD NOT PRODUCE ! EQUIVAL5T ( ONE PESETA A DAY FROM !IR L& -- & BREAD !N CO/ ON AV]AGE 4#f-4#g PESETA A KILO4 ,!Y HAD TO WORK AS DAY LABOR]S1 AS %EPH]DS = ! RI*1 AS ROADM51 OR GO TO LOOK = OR 0/EAL0 WOOD 9 ! NEGLECT$ =E/S1 AVOID+ >RE/ BY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS ?\< NOT ALWAYS SUCCE$+1 TRAV]S+ #e1 #a1 #ae KILOMET]S & MORE1 DRIV+ !IR DONKEY AHEAD ( !M1 TO GO & RESELL TO MORE =TUNATE PEOPLE ?AN !MSELVES ! PRODUCT ( !IR 0!FT04 ,OR AGA9 !Y W\LD GO TO WORK 9 ! T[N1 = SOME P]IODS ( ! YE> AS LABOR]S4 

,! SECOND CATEGORY CONSI/$ ( #a#f1 M$IUM SIZ$ PROPRIETORS1 :O LIV$ 9DEP5D5TLY & FRUGALLY4 

,! ?IRD WAS ( ! L>GE L&[N]S4 ,!Y COMPRIS$ ONLY #b4#d.0 ( ! C5SUS TOTAL BUT POSSESS$ #f#g4#a#e.0 ( ! CULTIVAT$ L&S4 ,!IR E/ATES COV]$ FROM #a TO MORE ?AN #e1 HECT>ES4 

,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO UND]/& ! EXT5T ( PEASANT POV]TY4 ,TO />T ) ! PEASANTS REPRES5T$ MORE ?AN #f.0 ( ! POPULATION 9 ,SPA94 ,TO BELIEVE ?AT ?IS MASS ( HUMANITY W\LD PUT UP ) & BE 9DEF9ITELY RESIGN$ TO ITS LAM5TABLE FATE1 %[$ A LACK ( UND]/&+4 ,= ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE >E NOT AMONG ?OSE :O RESIGN !MSELVES S]VILELY4 ,9 PA/ TIMES ,&ALUSIANS1 ,EXTREM5OS1 ,GALICIANS1 ,A/URIANS1 ,BASQUES1 ,CA/ILIANS EMIGRAT$ 9 L>GE NUMB]S TO ,C5TRAL & ,S\!RN ,AM]ICA TO SEEK !RE ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE & !Y /ILL CONT9UE TO EMIGRATE -- ESPECIALLY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,BUT ?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY1 :E!R IT WAS = A JU/ OR UNJU/ CAUSE1 ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE HAVE BE5 COMBATIVE & ADV5TUR\S4 ,!Y SLUMB]$ = A LONG TIME AFT] ! TRAUMATIC EXP]I5CE CAUS$ BY ! EXPULSION ( ! ,MOORS1 BY ,CA?OLIC DOM9ION & ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! CONQUE/ ( ,AM]ICA1 BUT 9 ! 5D !Y WOKE UP ) !IR SPIRIT & *>ACT]1 CAPABLE ( C\RAGE2 )1 ALSO1 ?AT MY/ICAL BACKGR\ND :I* PR$ISPOSES !M TO /RUGGLE = NOBLE CAUSES1 = !MSELVES & = O!RS1 ) A SPIRITUAL DRIVE :I* IS ALMO/ COSMIC 7#h7 & ?IS CAPITAL ( HUMAN DIGNITY :I* ALL[S !M TO ACCEPT UND] DURESS AU?ORIT>IAN 9T]F]5CE & TO REBEL AGA9/ IT :5 !Y CAN2 & !N ALSO ) A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY :I* LEAVES ITS M>K AS MU* ON ! MORALE ( ! ,B>CELONA WORK] AS ON ?AT ( ! ,&ALUSIAN PEASANT4 

,!SE TWO FACTORS1 SOCIAL POV]TY & 9DIVIDUAL DIGNITY1 L9K$ TO COLLECTIVE SOLID>ITY1 PR$ISPOS$ A L>GE SECTION ( ! POPULATION TO ACCEPT LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 

,9 #a#i#c#f1 TWO REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS EMBODI$ !SE IDEAS3 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C4,N4,T47 & ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ,IB]IA 7,F4,A4,I474 ,! =M] WAS COMPOS$ ( REGIONAL F$]ATIONS :I* 9 !IR TURN W]E 9TEGRAT$ BY COM>CALES 7CANTONAL7 & LOCAL F$]ATIONS1 !SE LATT] REM9D ONE ( ! ,FR5* ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL1 BUT W]E MORE /RUCTUR$1 MORE 9T]DEP5D5T & [$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO GOV]NM5TAL *>ITY4 ,9 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD A MILLION MEMB]S4 ,?AT FIGURE IS ! MORE IMPORTANT :5 ONE BE>S 9 M9D ?AT ! POPULATION AT ! TIME WAS BETWE5 #bd & #be MILLION PEOPLE4 

,! ,C4,N4,T4'S AIM1 AS SPECIFI$ 9 ITS DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES1 WAS LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,IT WAS ! EXCLUSIVE WORK ( ! AN>*I/S :O /RUGGL$ 9 ! SYNDICALI/ & PURELY IDEOLOGICAL FIELDS1 & :O W]E ! ORGANIZ]S1 PROPAG&I/S & !ORETICIANS4 

,) ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC ON ,APRIL #a#d1 #a#i#c#a1 ! ADVANCE T[>DS A GRAVE SOCIAL CRISIS APPE>$ 9EVITABLE4 ,FROM ITS BIR? ! LIFE ( ! NEW POLITICAL REGIME WAS HAZ>D\S4 ,! MON>*Y HAD ONLY BE5 R\T$ ?ANKS TO ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T41 & BY ! AN>*I/S :O W]E ACTIVE \TSIDE ?IS ORGANIZATION 7BUT IT WAS ABOVE ALL ! ,C4,N4,T4 :I* MATT]$ & ?AT WAS PRODUC+ A MILLION VOTES74 ,AMONG ! =CES :I* HAD DECL>$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! ROYAL FAMILY & HAD CONTRIBUT$ TO ITS OV]?R[1 W]E ! EMPLOY$ 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & PEASANTS :O ALSO SUPPORT$ ! SOCIALI/ P>TY & ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S 7,U4,G4,T471 OR :O NORMALLY VOT$ SOCIALI/1 :I* MADE UP ANO!R MILLION VOTES4 ,F9ALLY CAME ! COMMUNI/S4 ANYWAY NUM]ICALLY V]Y WEAK1 ! F$]ALI/ REPUBLICANS1 5EMIES ( A JACOB9 & C5TRALI/ REPUBLIC1 & REGIONAL1 SEP>ATI/ =CES SU* AS ?OSE PR$OM9AT+ 9 ,CATALONIA & ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE1 ! ,RI<T /ILL 9CLUD$ CONSID]ABLE =CES4 ,MON>*I/S1 DY$ 9 ! WOOL CONS]VATIVES1 REACTION>IES1 DOM9ANT 9 ! /ILL SLUMB]+ PROV9CES1 TRADITIONAL CL]ICAL =CES4 ,( ! VOTES CA/1 ?OSE FROM TRUE REPUBLICANS MU/ HAVE REPRES5T$ AB\T A QU>T] ( ! TOTAL4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT ,C\NT ,ROMANONES1 LEAD] ( ! LIB]AL MON>*I/ P>TY & ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T 9 ?IS SECTOR1 C\LD SUM UP ! SITUATION ) ! HUMOR\S COMM5T3 0,I CAN CLE>LY SEE A REPUBLIC1 BUT ,I DO NOT SEE ANY REPUBLICANS40 

,9 !SE CONDITIONS ! NEW REGIME C\LD NOT E/ABLI% ITSELF SOLIDLY EXCEPT BY UND]TAK+ BOLD SOCIAL RE=MS :I* W\LD HAVE WEAK5$ ! >MY1 ! ,*UR* & ! OLD CACIQUISM :I* WAS /ILL MA/] 9 ALMO/ ALL ! PROV9CES4 ,BUT ! RE=MS 5VISAG$1 & ?OSE A*IEV$ BY ! LEFT SOCIALI/S & REPUBLICANS :O W]E ! GOV]NM5T DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO YE>S 7#a#i#c#a-#a#i#c#c71 C\LD ONLY APPE> BOLD & V]Y IMPORTANT TO ! JURI/S1 PR(ESSORS1 LAWY]S1 J\RNALI/S & PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS :O COMPRIS$ A MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S 9 ! ,CORTES 7! P>LIAM5T74 ,!Y MEANT NO?+ OR V]Y NE>LY NO?+1 = ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE4 ,IF BE=E ! ,REPUBLIC ! NORMAL DIET = MANY PEASANTS & WORK]S CONSI/$ MA9LY ( *ICK PEAS ) OIL1 ) ! ,REPUBLIC IT CONT9U$ TO BE *ICK PEAS ) OIL1 & ?OSE :O W5T >\ND 9 SLIPP]S C\LD NO MORE BUY %OES ) ! COM+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC ?AN BE=E IT4 

,& ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE W]E HUNGRY = BREAD & = L&4 ,= ?OSE :O HAD VOT$ ,REPUBLICAN ) REPUBLICAN FEEL+S & HOPES1 ,REPUBLIC WAS SYNONYM\S ) TRUE FRE$OM1 TRUE EQUALITY1 TRUE FRAT]NITY2 IT IMPLI$1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE & POV]TY4 

,FAC$ ) ! SL[NESS 9 APPLY+ AGR>IAN RE=M1 PEASANTS BEGAN TO WORK ON !IR [N ACC\NT1 9VAD+ COLLECTIVELY ?OSE E/ATES :I* ! L>GE T]RAT5I5TES KEPT UNCULTIVAT$ -- & :I*1 ONE MU/ ADMIT1 W]E G5]ALLY ( V]Y POOR QUALITY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 BY ORD] ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D :I* S]V$ ! ,REPUBLIC AS IT HAD S]V$ ! ,MON>*Y1 W\LD 9T]V5E4 ,9 ! FIR/ TWO YE>S ( ! PSEUDO-SOCIALI/ REPUBLIC1 #ai PEASANTS FROM ,E/REMADURA1 ,&ALUSIA1 ,>AGON & ,CA/ILE W]E MURD]$ 9 ! NAME ( REPUBLICAN LEGALITY4 ,! TRAG$Y ( ,CASAS ,VIEJAS1 9 ,E/REMADURA1 :]E ! POORE/ ( ! POOR FAMILIES W\LD MAKE REPAYM5TS AT ! RATE ( A P5NY A MON? = CLO!S B\<T ON CR$IT2 :]E MANY PEASANT WOM5 WORE ! SAME SKIRT = ! :OLE ( !IR LIVES 7?IS C\LD ALSO BE SE5 9 ,GALICIA7 BE+ CONT5T TO REV]SE IT ON ,SUNDAYS -- ?IS TRAG$Y1 WE W]E SAY+1 >\S$ ! 9DIGNATION ( ! POPULATION4 7#i7 

,! SECOND P]IOD WAS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! FIR/4 ,DISGU/$ & %OCK$1 ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE VOT$ = ! CONS]VATIVE 0REPUBLICANS01 ?AT IS TO SAY = ! ,RI<TI/S :O HAD HAD ! *ANCE TO CRITICIZE !IR OPPON5TS & TO PROMISE TO DO BETT]4 ,BUT !IR TRIUMPH IMPLI$ A DANG]\S RETREAT1 & ! ,A/URIAN M9]S LAUN*$ A =MIDABLE 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! COM+ TO P[] ( ?OSE :O1 VISIBLY & LEGALLY1 W]E OP5+ ! ROAD TO FASCISM4 ,TOO LOCALIZ$1 DUE TO A LACK ( PREVI\S AGREEM5T ) SIMIL> =CES 9 ! O!R REGIONS1 ! 9SURRECTION WAS IMPLACABLY CRU%$4 

,IF :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ ! BI5IO NEGRO 7! TWO BLACK YE>S7 WAS NO MORE DISA/R\S ?AN ! SO-CALL$ LIB]AL BI5IO ?AT PREC$$ IT1 IT WAS EQUALLY H>%1 & :5 9SURRECTIONAL ATTEMPTS1 W]E MADE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA & ,&ALUSIA1 REPRESSION WAS RAIS$ TO ! LEVEL ( P]MAN5T GOV]NM5T PRACTICE4 ,! TWO YE>S PASS$ )\T ! SLI<TE/ IMPROVEM5T 9 ! /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! MASSES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ECONOMIC CRISIS :I* />T$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & HAD SPREAD TO ,EUROPE1 /RUCK AT ,SPA9 TOO :]E !RE W]E SOME #g1 UNEMPLOY$ AT LEA/ A HALF ( :OM W]E TO BE F\ND AMONG ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T RELIEF WAS !N UNKN[N4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! NUMB] ( PRISON]S -- S5T5C$ AT SUMM>Y TRIALS OR HELD )\T TRIAL -- REA*$ A TOTAL ( #c11 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( !M BELONG+ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 7#a7 

,FAC$ ) ! PROMISES ( ! P>TIES RELEGAT$ TO ! OPPOSITION1 REPUBLICAN WORK]S BEGAN AGA9 TO HOPE4 ,ONCE MORE ! NON POLITICAL LEFTI/S4 =GETT+ !IR GRIEVANCES FELT A MUTUAL BOND ( SOLID>ITY & ALIGN$ !MSELVES ) ! P>TIES4 ,& :5 ! ELECTIONS TOOK PLACE 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f1 ! ,FR5TE ,POPUL> ?AT HAD BE5 SET UP WON ! DAY4 

,BUT IT WAS NOT AN EASY VICTORY4 ,ONCE AGA9 TO AVOID ! GREAT] EVIL1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 :O DID NOT MEAN:ILE =GET !IR PR9CIPLES ( DIRECT ACTION1 VOT$ 9 ORD] TO D5Y FASCISM LEGAL ACCESS TO P[]4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ?IS RE9=CEM5T ! ,LEFTI/ BLOC SECUR$ #d1#e#d1 VOTES AGA9/ ! ,RI<TI/S #d1#c12 IT ONLY NE$$ A %IFT ( #a#e1 VOTES = ! ADMIR]S ( ,MUSSOL9I & ,HITL] TO HAVE TRIUMPH$4 ,AN ADDITIONAL FACT TO BE> 9 M9D WAS ?AT !RE W]E SIX POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! ,RI<T1 SIX ( ! ,C5T] & SIX ( ! ,LEFT2 A TOTAL ( #a#h4 ,?IS WAS NOT A GU>ANTEE ( S\NDNESS4 

,BY ! APPLICATION ( A DI%ONE/ ELECTORAL LAW1 ! ,RI<TI/ BLOC ONLY SECUR$ #aha SEATS :IL/ ITS ,LEFTI/ OPPON5TS GOT #b#h#a4 ,& FROM ?AT MOM5T1 ! VANQUI%$ SET 9 MOTION PREP>ATIONS = ! C\P D'ETAT4 ,EV]YBODY WAS AW>E ( IT4 ,REPORTS W]E RECEIV$ AT ! ,W> ,M9I/RY & BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR4 ,! ,LEFT PRESS1 ESPECIALLY ! LIB]T>IAN PRESS1 EXPOS$ ! CONSPIRACY & ! SECRET MEET+S BETWE5 HI< RANK+ (FIC]S ( ! >MY & NAVY :O HAD NOT RESIGN$1 ?\< ! FIR/ GOV]NM5T HAD 9VIT$ !M TO DO SO IF !Y W]E NOT 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T DID NO?+ TO DEAL ) ! EV] 9CREAS+ ?REAT4 ,IT C\LD HAVE >M$ ! PEOPLE1 DISB&$ ! >MY1 >RE/$ OR DISMISS$ ! CONSPIR+ G5]ALS4 ,IT DID NOT BUDGE1 BE+ SATISFI$ ) 5]GETIC DECL>ATIONS4 ,& :5 ! REBELLI\S >MY ATTACK$1 A GOOD NUMB] ( ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NORS W5T OV] TO ! 5EMY & HELP$ HIM V]Y EFFECTIVELY TO >RE/ ! MO/ MILITANT ANTI-FASCI/S4 

,9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT WAS ! AN>*I/S1 AID$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 IT MU/ BE SAID1 BY ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 7#a#a7 :O SUCCE$$ 9 =C+ ! )DRAWAL ( ! ELEV5 9FANTRY REGIM5TS :I* ! MILIT>Y GOV]NOR1 ,GOD$1 HAD LAUN*$ AGA9/ ! CITY4 ,! SAME HAPP5$ 9 ,MALAGA4 ,9 ! O!R REGIONS RANK & FILE ,MADRID SOCIALI/S1 ,CATALAN ,C5ETI/AS 7,C4,N4,T]S7 & AN>*I/S1 LIB]AL SEP>ATI/S FROM ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY1 V]Y FEW REPUBLICANS EV5 AMONG ! ,CATALANS1 ALL FI<T+1 9 MANY CASES )\T >MS1 OBLIG$ ,FRANCO & HIS G5]ALS TO 5GAGE 9 BATTLE = NE>LY ?REE YE>S BE=E BE+ F9ALLY VICTORI\S4 

"9"9"9 

,IT WAS 9 ! C\RSE ( !SE ?REE YE>S ?AT ! SOCIAL EXP]IM5T TO :I* ?IS BOOK BE>S WITNESS TOOK PLACE4 ,?IS EXP]IM5T WAS 5TIRELY ! WORK ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 ESPECIALLY ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 :OSE MILITANTS1 ACCU/OM$ TO PRACTICAL PROBLEMS 9 SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION1 W]E ABLE TO CREATE V]Y RAPIDLY1 9 COLLABORATION ) ! MASSES1 ! NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* WE WILL BE DESCRIB+4 ,EV5 :5 M5 BELONG+ TO O!R POLITICAL T5D5CIES ALSO ORGANIZ$ SIMIL> 5T]PRISES1 !Y DID NO MORE ?AN IMITATE \R COMRADES' EXAMPLE4 ,IT WAS ! LIB]T>IANS :O BR\<T ! BASIC IDEAS1 ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLES & PROPOS$ ! NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON NON-GOV]NM5TAL F$]ALISM DIRECTLY CONTROLL$4 ,! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION WAS ! WORK ( ! PEOPLE1 REALIZ$ BY ! PEOPLE1 BUT ESPECIALLY BY ! LIB]T>IANS1 :O CAME FROM ! PEOPLE1 :O W]E AT ! HE>T ( ! PEOPLE & ( ! SYNDICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 

,ON ! O!R H& \R COMRADES' SUCCESS W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE IF ! LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTS HAD NOT SATISFI$ ! 9N]' MO/ PSY*OLOGY1 IF NOT ( ALL1 !N AT LEA/ ( A GREAT PROPORTION ( WORK]S1 OP]ATIVES & PEASANTS4 ,P>TICUL>LY IF AMONG ! LATT] 9 ,>AGON1 ,CA/ILE1 ! ,LEVANTE1 ,&ALUSIA & ,E/REMADURA1 NATURAL SOCIABILITY1 A SPIRIT :I* WAS AT ! SAME TIME 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE1 HAD NOT ALL[$ = !SE UNIQUE A*IEVEM5TS 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D4 

,! AU?OR1 :O HAD PREVI\SLY LIV$ & /RUGGL$ 9 ,SPA94 WAS DOMICIL$ 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA :5 ! CIVIL W> BROKE \T4 ,HAV+ TO TRAVEL ILLEGALLY1 HE C\LD ONLY MANAGE TO RETURN & DISEMB>K 9 ,GIBRALT> 9 ,NOVEMB]4 ,CONV9C$ V]Y SOON ?AT ! ANTI-FASCI/S W\LD 5D BY LOS+ ! W>1 & BE+ AW>E ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SOCIAL EXP]IM5T ?AT HAD BE5 UND]4 TAK5 BY HIS COMRADES1 HE HAD ONLY ONE ?\<T3 TO PROMOTE BY HIS PROPAG&A ! 9T5SIFICATION & SPREAD ( ?IS EXP]IM5T TO ! PREP>ATION ( :I* HE HAD CONTRIBUT$ = SO LONG1 & TO RECORD ! RESULTS = ! FUTURE4 

,?IS HE DID TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! CIRCUM/ANCES ALL[$1 & ?\< ) A LONG DELAY DUE TO ! UPS & D[NS ( HIS LIFE AS A MILITANT1 PRES5TS ! RESULT ( HIS P]SONAL 9QUIRY :I* WAS FACILITAT$ NOT ONLY BY HIS DIRECT 9QUIRIES 9 ! ,SYNDICATES' FACTORIES1 & VILLAGE ,COLLECTIVES1 BUT ALSO BY ! SPONTANE\S CONTRIBUTION ( DOCUM5TS MADE TO HIM BY FRAT]NAL COMRADES ) :OM HE MA9TA9$ CONTACT 9 HIS SE>* = MAT]IALS4 

,HE HAS NO PRET5SION ( PRES5T+ A G5]AL HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 EV5 VIEW$ SIMPLY FROM ! CON/RUCTIVE PO9T ( VIEW2 = ?IS WAS MU* GREAT] ?AN ?IS BOOK MI<T LEAD ONE TO BELIEVE4 ,P>TICUL>LY :]E ! ,AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES >E CONC]N$ HE REGRETS ?AT1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,/AL9I/S :O W]E !IR IMPLACABLE 5EMIES1 & ON ! O!R HIS IMPRISONM5T 9 ,FRANCE 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#h1 DID NOT ALL[ HIM TO C>RY HIS /UDIES FUR!R4 

,:AT HE PRES5TS IS !RE=E A COLLECTION ( MAT]IALS = A G5]AL HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION :I* HE IS NOT 5TIRELY )\T HOPE ( WRIT+ HIMSELF ONE DAY IF HE CAN RETURN TO A ,SPA9 FRE$ FROM ! ,FRANCO REGIME4 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #c 

.<#a.> ,! CORRESPOND+ D5SITY = ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM :I* 9 #ai* HAD A POPULATION ALMO/ D\BLE ?AT ( ,SPA9 WAS APPROXIMATELY #b P] SQ4 KM4 .<,TRANSLATOR.> 

.<#b.> ,! 0M$IOCRE0 L& 9 ,SPA9 IS SIMIL> TO ! 0BAD0 L& 9 ,FRANCE4 

.<#c.> ,! L[E/ RA9FALL >EAS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM AV]AGE NOT LESS ?AN #e#eMM ANNUALLY4 ,BUT AT ! O!R EXTREME1 9 P>TS ( ,SCOTL& & ,WALES AV]AGE RA9FALL CAN BE AS HI< AS #b1#eMM ON ! ,L[L&S & #d4#cMM 9 ! ,HI<L&S4 .<,TRANSLATOR.> 

.<#d.> ,AT PRES5T ! AV]AGE YIELD 9 ,SPA9 IS ( #i-#a#a QU9TALS ( :EAT4 ,ON AN AV]AGE IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! 9CREASE HAS BE5 ( #a QU9TAL P] HECT>E 9 #c YE>S4 

.<#e.> ,9 #a#i#c#f1 CALCULAT$ 9 PESETAS1 ! RETURN ON AN HECT>E ( OLIVE TREES WAS WOR? A ?IRD ( ?AT FROM AN HECT>E ( :EAT4 

.<#f.> ,! ,MI#cO :I* FL[S ?R\< ,GALICIA & BORD]S ON ,PORTUGAL IS 9 IMPORTANCE ! SECOND RIV] ( ,SPA9 9 T]MS ( ITS FL[4 ,BUT AS !RE IS ALREADY TOO MU* RA9 2N ! REGION ( ITS S\RCE1 ! WAT]S >E NOT US$4 

.<#g.> ,! ,MI#cO IS SU* A CASE4 

.<#h.> ,KEYS]L+ WROTE ?AT AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 ! ,SPANI>DS ( ALL ! PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE W]E ! ONES :O POSSESS$ ! GREATE/ RES]VE ( SPIRITUAL /R5G?4 

.<#i.> ,ALL ! FAMILY ( ONE ,SEISD$OS 7?US CALL$ BECAUSE HE HAD SIX F+]S ON ONE H&7 W]E MURD]$3 F\RTE5 7OR SIXTE57 PEOPLE 9 ALL BECAUSE HE HAD REFUS$ TO ALL[ ! SEIZURE ( HIS FEW POSSESSIONS BY ORD] ( ! TAX COLLECTOR4 

.<#a.> ,! FIR/ P>LIAM5T HAD VOT$ A LEY DE VAGOS1 A LAW AGA9/ 0VAGRANTS0 & SET UP CAMPS = !M4 ,?OSE :O W]E 9T]N$ 9 !SE CAMPS W]E UNEMPLOY$1 WORK]S )\T WORK :O W]E MORE OR LESS DEMON/RATORS4 ,IT WAS ALSO ! WORK]S :O EXPOS$ ! 9COMPET5CE ( ! REGIME4 ,! CREATIVE IMAG9ATION ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,LEFT DID NOT GO ANY FUR!R4 

.<#a#a.> ,SPECIAL POLICE =CE ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC1 & :I* HAD UNTIL ?AT MOM5T %[N ITSELF TO BE P>TICUL>LY F]OCI\S :]E ! AN>*I/S W]E CONC]N$4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V 

,A ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,S,I,T,U,A,T,I,O,N 

,:5 ON ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf ! FASCI/ ATTACK WAS UNLEA%$ ! REPLY TO IT WAS C5T]$ 5TIRELY ON RESI/ANCE TO ! 9SURG5T >MY1 AGA9/ ! ?REAT :I* NOT ONLY PUT ! LEGAL GOV]NM5T 9 JEOP>DY1 BUT ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! =CES ( ! ,LEFT & ,C5T]1 AS WELL AS ! QUITE RELATIVE1 BUT NEV]!LESS TANGIBLE1 FRE$OMS ?AT W]E REPRES5T$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,ALREADY ON ! EVE ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD CALL$ = A G5]AL /RIKE & ALMO/ EV]Y:]E ?IS CALL HAD BE5 FOLL[$4 ,IT WAS NOT A CASE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ( ! PROCLAMATION ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM AS HAD BE5 ATTEMPT$ PREMATURELY 9 O!R CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! (F5SIVE WAS NOT BE+ TAK5 AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! ,/ATE1 ! P>TIES & ! DEF5D]S ( E/ABLI%$ ORD]2 ONE WAS CONFRONT+ FASCISM4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 9 ,CATALONIA & P>TICUL>LY 9 ,B>CELONA1 IT WAS ABOVE ALL ! =CES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS :O =C$ BACK ! 9FANTRY REGIM5TS :I* HAD BE5 S5T ONTO ! /REETS BY !IR (FIC]S ON ! ORD]S ( ! MILIT>Y COMM&] 9 *>GE4 

,FIR/LY1 TO PREV5T ! TRIUMPH ( FASCISM2 = IF !Y WON ! /RUGGLE1 IT W\LD BE ! 5D ( ! REPUBLICANS ( ! DIFF]5T T5D5CIES1 ! ,PRIETO & ,CABALL]O SOCIALI/S1 ,CATALANI/S ( ! ,LEFT W+ 7! MORE NUM]\S7 BUT EV5 ?OSE ( ! ,RI<T1 ?REAT5$ BECAUSE ( !IR SEP>ATISM1 ( LIB]ALS & ,BASQUE AUTONOMI/S1 COMMUNI/S1 ( ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T4 MEMB]S4 ,SOLID>ITY WAS E/ABLI%$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 DEP5D+ ON ! T[N1 VILLAGE1 OR REGION4 ,9 ,MADRID1 SOCIALI/S1 ,U4,G4,T]S1 REPUBLICANS' LIB]T>IAN GR\PS & ,C4,N4,T4 SYNDICATES COLLECTIVELY TOOK BY ASSAULT ! B>RACKS FROM :I* DANG] MI<T COME & >RE/$ NOTORI\S FASCI/S1 & !N DISPAT*$ =CES TO RECONQU] ?OSE LOCALITIES ?AT HAD FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( ! 5EMY1 5TR5*$ !MSELVES & HALT$ ,G5]AL ,MOLA'S TROOPS 9 ! ,SI]RA DE ,GUAD>RAMA :I* ,NAPOLEON'S >MY HAD HAD SU* DIFFICULTY 9 CROSS+4 

,9 FACT1 !RE WAS NO (FICIAL RESI/ANCE = ! GOV]NM5T HAD BROK5 D[N4 ,M9I/]S MADE 5]GETIC SPEE*ES ON !2 RADIO1 MADE GE/URES 9 A VACUUM1 RAN R\ND 9 CIRCLES = !Y NO LONG] HAD ANY ORGANIZ$ =CES1 OR MILIT>Y MA*9]Y AT !IR DISPOSAL1 NOT EV5 A BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION 9 WORK+ CONDITION4 ,! (FIC] CORPS1 MO/ ( ! >TILL]Y & AIR=CE HAD GONE OV] TO ! MUT9E]S2 :AT REMA9$ ( ! >MY LACK$ UNITY & HESITAT$1 ! NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC]S :O1 DID NOT FOLL[ ! FASCI/S 9SPIR$ NO MORE CONFID5CE ?AN !1 F\R OR FIVE G5]ALS :O REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! REGIME1 & ( :OM NO ONE WAS SURE :E!R !Y TOO W\LD *ANGE SIDES ^* AT ANY MOM5T4 ,A GOV]NM5T1 A M9I/RY1 >E CREAT$ TO COMM& AN ORGANIZATIONAL :OLE :I* FUNCTIONS PROP]LY & ACCORD+ TO ! RULES4 ,ALL ?IS WAS MISS+4 

,YES1 RESI/ANCE WAS 9 ! /REETS1 & = ?AT V]Y REASON ! GOV]NM5T WAS NOT 9 COMM& ( IT4 ,POLITICAL P[] HAD BE5 %IFT$1 & ! M5 :O HAD JU/ /RUCK A BL[ TO HALT FASCISM PAID SCANT ATT5TION TO (FICIAL ORD]S1 = ! M9I/]S1 :O ON ! EVE ( ! UPRIS+ HAD PROV$ !MSELVES SO UNWOR?Y ( !IR TASKS1 HAD LO/ MO/ ( !IR CR$IBILITY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 !Y HAD LO/ IT 5TIRELY SO F> AS ! LIB]T>IAN MASSES W]E CONC]N$1 :O REPROA*$ ! POLITICIANS ( ! ,LEFT1 & NOT )\T REASON1 ( HAV+ DONE NO?+ TO W>D (F ! ?REAT !Y HAD BOMBA/ICALLY D5\NC$ 

,/ILL1 9 ,CATALONIA1 :I* 5JOY$ AN AUTONOM\S /ATUS1 ! SITUATION TOOK ON A SPECIAL ASPECT4 ,! DAY AFT] ! TRIUMPH OV] ! MILIT>Y =CES & ! CAPTURE ( ! B>RACKS AT A CO/ ( SO MANY LIVES1 ,COMPANYS1 PRESID5T ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 REQUE/$ ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 TO S5D A DELEGATION = AN IMPORTANT MEET+4 ,:5 HE HAD ! DELEGATES BE=E HIM HE MADE ! FOLL[+ LITTLE SPEE*3 

0,)\T Y\1 ! FASCI/S W\LD HAVE WON 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,Y\1 ! AN>*I/S1 HAVE SAV$ ,CATALONIA & ,I AM GRATEFUL TO Y\2 BUT Y\ HAVE ALSO E>N$ ! RI<T TO TAKE OV] ! CONTROL ( PUBLIC LIFE4 ,WE >E !RE=E READY TO )DRAW & TO LEAVE Y\ 9 *>GE ( ! SITUATION40 "9 

,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T AN>*I/S1 :O GAVE ?IS ACC\NT ( ! 9T]VIEW1 REPLI$ ?AT IT WAS \T ( ! QUE/ION2 ! H\R WAS TOO GRAVE1 ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY HAD TO BE MA9TA9$4 ,COMPANYS W\LD HAVE TO REMA9 AT ! HEAD ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T & ASSUME FULL RESPONSIBILITY = ! SITUATION4 7#a7 

,BUT 9 FACT ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T WAS MORE NOM9AL ?AN REAL4 ,! DOM9ANT P[] WAS WELL & TRULY 9 ! SYNDICATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & TO A MU* LESS] DEGREE 9 ! ,F4,A4,I4 ,! RESI/ANCE MILITIAS W]E IMPROVIS$1 ACTION GR\PS ( M5 WE>+ R$ & BLACK >M B&S REPLAC$ ! ,REPUBLICAN POLICE :I* /OOD ASIDE1 REVOLUTION>Y ORD] WAS BE+ E/ABLI%$ NOT ONLY 9 ,B>CELONA8 BUT 9 ALL ! T[NS ( ,CATALONIA4 ,IT EV5 HAPP5$ ?AT 9 MANY PLACES1 SU* AS 9 ,IGUALADA1 ,GRANOLL]S1 ,G]ONA1 ! LOCAL POLITICAL P>TIES1 COMPOS$ ( ,LEFT ,CATALANI/S1 SOCIALI/S1 F$]ALI/ REPUBLICANS1 AS WELL AS1 SOMETIMES1 REPUBLICANS ( ! ,C5T] 9 ,MANUEL ,AZANA'S P>TY1 & LIB]T>IANS ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 W\LD MEET AS A S+LE GR\P )9 ! MUNICIPALITY1 & ! NEW COMMUNAL AU?ORITIES1 FREE FROM TIES ) ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 & MORE SO ) ! ,C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 7:I* SOON 
MOV$ FROM ,MADRID TO ,VAL5CIA7 CON/ITUT$ A LOCAL MANAGEM5T BLOC4 ,LIFE ?US ASSUM$ AN ALMO/ AUTONOM\S COMMUNAL *>ACT]4 

,! MELT+ AWAY ( ! REPUBLICAN ,/ATE WAS EV5 MORE M>K$ 9 ,>AGON4 ,CUT (F FROM ,CA/ILE 9 ! ,WE/1 :]E ! FRANCOI/ =CES W]E DOM9ANT & ?REAT5+1 BORD]+ 9 ! ,NOR? ALONG ! ,PYR5EES ) ,FRANCE1 & TO ! ,EA/ ) ,CATALONIA :I* EX]T$ NO POLITICAL PRESSURE ON IT1 ?IS REGION WAS ONLY 9 CONTACT ) ! ZONE :]E ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T WAS SEEK+ TO DOM9ATE ALONG :AT REMA9$ ( ! COMMON B\ND>IES TO ! ,S\? & ,S\?-,EA/ ( ! PROV9CE ( ,T]UEL4 ,N[1 ?AT PROV9CE HAD BE5 LEFT TO ITS [N DEVICES4 ,?IS 5SUR$ ALMO/ COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE = ,>AGON4 7#b7 

,! CIVIL W> ?US CREAT$ A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 = EV5 9 ! PROV9CES ( ! ,LEVANTE :I* W]E NOT YET BE+ ?REAT5$1 ! DET]M9+ 9FLU5CE EX]T$ BY ! POPUL> =CES :I* W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I41 WAS UPSETT+ PUBLIC ORGANIZATION4 ,9 MANY CASES ! UNIT$ /R5G? ( ! O!R P>TIES C\LD SURPASS ! NUM]ICAL /R5G? ( !SE TWO ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT !IR P]SONNEL W]E NOT ! M5 = ! SITUATION4 ,! ABS5CE ( DIRECTIVES & (FICIAL 9/ITUTIONS P>ALYZ$ !M :]EAS IT FACILITAT$ ! 9ITIATIVES ( ! M54 :O MADE ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ! BASIC MOTIVE = !IR HI/ORIC ACTIVITY2 V]Y (T51 = ?IS V]Y REASON1 EV5 :5 9 VILLAGE COMMITTEES OR MUNICIPAL C\NCILS ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS 9 A M9ORITY1 IT WAS QUITE AS DECISIVE1 \R M5 KN[+ :AT !Y WANT$ & COM+ UP ) SOLUTIONS :]E ! O!RS C\LD ONLY >GUE1 RAIS+ PROBLEMS = ! O!RS AS WELL AS = !MSELVES4 

,( NEW PROBLEMS !RE W]E MANY1 (T5 BIG & ALWAYS URG5T PROBLEMS4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE ?AT ( LOCAL DEF5SE AGA9/ ATTACKS LAUN*$ FROM NE>BY VILLAGES OR FROM NEI<BOR+ T[NS1 ! ?REAT ( A POT5TIAL FIF? COLUMN OR =CES GA!R$ 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,9 ,>AGON1 EV]Y VILLAGE OR SMALL T[N HAD ON ! SPOT TO FACE ! FRANCOI/ >MY :I*1 AFT] HAV+ TAK5 ! PROV9CIAL CAPITALS ( ,S>AGOSSA & ,HUESCA1 7#c7 WAS ADVANC+ ON ,CATALONIA4 ,TO HALT ! 9VAD]S & !N TO DRIVE !M BACK AS F> AWAY AS POSSIBLE3 SOME PLACES W]E TAK51 RETAK51 SOMETIMES LO/ AGA9 & YET AGA9 RETAK54 ,9 O!R CASES ! POPULATION AFT] LIQUIDAT+ LOCAL FASCISM1 S5T !IR AVAILABLE =CES 7MO/ (T5 !Y W]E CIVILIANS >M$ ONLY ) %OTGUNS7 TO HELP ?OSE :O W]E RESI/+ OR TAK+ ! (F5SIVE ELSE:]E4 ,ALL ?IS REQUIR$ A SPONTANE\S YET REAL ORGANIZATION 9 SPITE ( 9EVITABLE %ORTCOM+S4 ,!N ! MILITIAS W\LD >RIVE1 ALSO IMPROVIS$1 S5T BY ,CATALONIA & COMPOS$ = ! MO/ P>T ( MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 :I* SUFF]$ HEAVY LOSSES ( MILITANTS1 (T5 ! BE/ ONES4 

,AT O!R LEVELS1 & = O!R REASONS1 ! NE$ = A NEW ORGANIZATION REPRES5T+ A LOGI/ICS APP>ATUS1 EV5 IMPROVIS$4 MADE ITSELF FELT IMM$IATELY4 ,9 ,>AGON1 ?OSE MAYORS :O /AY$ AT !IR PO/S OR ! C\NCILORS :O UND]TOOK !IR CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES W]E ! R>E EXCEPTIONS4 ,T]RIFI$1 \TFLANK$1 UNSUIT$ TO ! /RUGGLE1 OR 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! FASCI/S1 ALMO/ ALL /OOD D[N OR DISAPPE>$4 ,BY CONTRA/1 9 MANY CASES MILITANTS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 W\LD APPE> ) ! ADVANCE GU>D & (T5 TOOK CONTROL ( ! SITUATION4 ,ONCE ! /RUGGLE WAS OV] -- 9 ! RE>GU>D IT WAS ( %ORT DURATION -- A G5]AL ORGANIZATION 9 ! VILLAGES HAD TO BE IMPROVIS$ & COORD9ATION ESS5TIAL TO LOCAL LIFE E/ABLI%$4 ,!RE AGA91 9 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( CASES ! SAME M5 TOOK ! NECESS>Y /EPS4 ,!IR EXP]I5CE AS UNION ORGANIZ]S PR$ISPOS$ !M TO UND]TAK+ ! TASKS ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,!Y W]E US$ TO PUBLIC MEET+S1 RESPONSIBLE COMMITTEES1 ADM9I/RATIVE BO>DS1 & ! ROLE ( COORD9ATORS4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ !RE=E ?AT 9 MO/ CASES1 IF NOT 9 ALL1 :]E ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES HAD DISAPPE>$1 !Y %\LD HAVE CALL$ ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGE TO A PUBLIC MEET+ 9 ! PUBLIC SQU>E OR 9 ! MUNICIPAL BUILD+S 7JU/ AS PREVI\SLY !Y W\LD CALL MEMB]S ( ! SYNDICATE TO A MEET+ ( WORK]S7 9 ORD] TO EXAM9E ! SITUATION ) !M & TO DECIDE :AT %\LD BE DONE4 ,& EV]Y:]E1 9 ?OSE VILLAGES ( ,>AGON AB&ON$ BY ! AU?ORITIES1 !Y APPO9T$ NOT ANO!R MUNICIPAL C\NCIL BAS$ ON ! POLITICAL P>TIES BUT AN ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMITE 9/RUCT$ TO TAKE 9 H& ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( PUBLIC LIFE4 

,?IS WAS DECID$ EI!R BY A MAJORITY VOTE OR BY UNANIM\S AGREEM5T1 & IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT 9 G5]AL M5 KN[N = !IR DYNAMISM1 SO NE$$ AT ?AT MOM5T1 W]E *OS54 ,!Y ALSO 9CLUD$1 BUT 9 SMALL] NUMB]S1 & (T5 ON ! 9SI/5CE ( ,C4,N4,T4 MILITANTS !MSELVES1 MILITANTS ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 OCCASIONALLY ,LEFT REPUBLICANS :O 9 !IR P]SONAL CONDUCT HAD NOT ALWAYS FOLL[$ ! P>TY DIRECTIVES1 & /ILL ATTRIBUT$ TO REPUBLICANISM ! SOCIAL CONT5T :I* IT ADVOCAT$ 9 ! PA/4 

,BUT ?IS V>IETY ( LOYALTIES DID NOT IMPLY ! SETT+ UP ( FUNDAM5TALLY POLITICAL AU?ORITIES4 ,)\T HAMP]+ !MSELVES ) GR& DEF9ITIONS1 & 9SPIR$ BY ! /&>DS :I* ! MOVEM5T HAD ALWAYS ADVOCAT$1 \R COMRADES PROPOS$ A NEW /RUCTURE = ALL ASPECTS ( COLLECTIVE LIFE4 ,= !M1 :O HAD /RUGGL$ SO H>D & SUFF]$ AGA9/ SOCIAL 9EQUALITY & = AN EQUALLY SOCIAL JU/ICE1 S9CE ! ,REPUBLIC HAD COLLAPS$1 ! OCCASION PRES5T$ ITSELF TO 9/ALL A NEW REGIME & A NEW WAY ( LIFE4 ,& 9/EAD ( RECON/RUCT+ ALONG ! OLD L9ES !Y PROPOS$ A NATURAL & FUNCTIONAL /RUCTURE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LOCAL SITUATION CONSID]$ AS A :OLE4 

,! W> CAME FIR/ BUT ! LIVES ( EA* & ALL1 ! PROBLEMS ( G5]AL CONSUMPTION1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & ALL ACTIVITIES 9DISP5SABLE TO COLLECTIVE LIFE W]E ALSO IMPORTANT4 ,IT W\LD !RE=E BE DECID$ TO NOM9ATE SOMEONE TO BE RESPONSIBLE = DIRECT+ OR COORD9AT+ AGRICULTURAL WORK2 IT WAS FOLL[$ BY ! PROBLEM ( /OCK RE>+ 7#d7 = :I* ANO!R DELEGATE WAS GIV5 ! TASK ( PREP>+ A RETURN1 ( DEAL+ ) OV]ALL SUP]VISION & ! RAPID 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( BUT*]'S MEAT4 ,!N FOLL[$ ! SMALL LOCAL 9DU/RIES ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( :I* HAD TO BE ASSUR$ & ALSO IF POSSIBLE EXP&$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IMM$IATE /EPS W]E TAK5 TO DEAL ) PUBLIC 9/RUCTION1 A P]MAN5T CONC]N 9 \R MOVEM5T 9 VIEW ( ! SC&AL\S LEVEL ( ILLIT]ACY4 ,!N ! PUBLIC S]VICES1 HEAL?1 PLANN+1 ROADS1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( B>T] & FOOD SUPPLIES4 ,! V>I\S DELEGATES COMPOS$ ! ,COMITE4 7#e7 ,SOMETIMES1 DEP5D+ ON ! IMPORTANCE ( ! LOCALITIES1 ! SAME COMRADE W\LD HAVE TWO FUNCTIONS4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT !SE M5 W\LD BE WORK+ 9 ! FIELDS OR WORK%OPS & ONLY ONE ( !M W\LD BE AVAILABLE DUR+ ! DAY TO DEAL ) URG5T MATT]S4 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ?IS REVOLUTION WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY ANO!R QUITE AS FUNDAM5TAL1 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( CONSUM] GOODS1 NOT ONLY AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! NEW NE$S CREAT$ BY ! W>1 BUT ALSO BY ! NEW SOCIAL E?IC ?AT WAS MANIFE/+ ITSELF4 ,ALL ALONG 9 ! ,>AGONESE VILLAGES -- & IT />T$ V]Y IS SOON 9 ! REGION ( ! ,LEVANTE -- ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM SEEM$ 9COMPATIBLE ) ! CAPITALI/ ORD] & ITS 9EQUALITIES4 ,?US1 9 SUBSEQU5T MEET+S ( ! VILLAGES1 (T5 EV5 9 ! FIR/1 ! FAMILY WAGE WAS E/ABLI%$ :I* EQUALIZ$ ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE = ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 M51 WOM5 & *ILDR54 

,LOCAL F9ANCES W]E SOON UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ELECT$ ,COMITE1 :I* SEQUE/RAT$ ANY FUNDS F\ND 9 ! LOCAL BRAN*ES ( BANKS1 SOMETIMES ISSU+ A RECEIPT1 OR 9 ! HOMES ( ! RI* :O G5]ALLY HAD DECAMP$4 ,9 SOME CASES LOCAL CURR5CY1 BAS$ ON ! NOM9AL VALUE ( ! PESETA1 WAS PR9T$1 AS WELL AS FOOD V\*]S & TO :I* WE WILL REF] 9 DUE C\RSE4 ,9 O!RS1 ALL MONEY WAS 5TIRELY ABOLI%$ & A ,RATION+ ,TABLE DRAWN UP & APPLICABLE TO EV]YBODY4 ,! IMPORTANT PO9T WAS ?AT EQUALITY ( ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE WAS EM]G+1 & FROM ONE DAY TO ! NEXT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS BE+ A*IEV$ ALMO/ )\T UPHEAVAL4 

,9 ORD] ! BETT] TO 5SURE FREE CONSUMPTION1 OR TO AVOID BO? WA/E & POSSIBLE HO>D+1 ! ,COMITE TOOK OV] CONTROL ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,9 SOME CASES ! %OPKEEP]S !MSELVES W]E 5TRU/$ ) ! JOB OR COLLABORAT$4 ,9 O!RS1 COMM]CE DISAPPE>$ AS SU*1 & !RE W]E CREAT$ ONE OR MORE DEPOTS & MUNICIPAL W>EH\SES1 G5]ALLY REF]R$ TO AS COOP]ATIVES1 9 :I* (T5 =M] PR(ESSIONAL DI/RIBUTORS W]E PUT 9 *>GE4 ,SOMETIMES1 \T ( A FEEL+ ( HUMANITY1 SMALL %OPKEEP]S :O1 AFT] ALL1 H>M$ NOBODY W]E LEFT TO GO ON SELL+ !IR REMA9+ /OCKS AT CONTROLL$ PRICES4 ,ONCE ! /OCKS W]E EXHAU/$ !Y JO9$ ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,ONE %\LD REMEMB] ?AT ! ,FRANCOI/ UPRIS+ TOOK PLACE ON ,JULY #a#i4 ,BY !N ! CORN WAS RIPE & ! DEP>TURE ( ! L>GE T]RAT5I5TES 7MO/ ( :OM LIV$ 9 !IR T[N H\SES7 OR !IR ADM9I/RATORS -- ALMO/ ALWAYS LOCAL DESPOTS DOM9AT+ A L>GE SECTION ( ! PEASANTRY -- C>RI$ ) IT ! AB&ONM5T & LOSS ( ! CROP4 ,! QUE/ION ( ! H>VE/ !RE=E PRES5T$ ITSELF IMM$IATELY AFT] ! G5]AL ADM9I/RATIVE TAKEOV]4 

,& 9 AGREEM5T ) ! DELEGATES = AGRICULTURE1 ! PRIME MOV]S AMONG ! PEASANTS CALL$ A CONF]5CE ( !IR COMRADES4 ,MA*9ES & EQUIPM5T F\ND ON ! L>GE E/ATES -- ! ONLY ONES TO POSSESS MA*9ES -- W]E REQUISITION$ AS WELL AS ! BEA/S ( BURD51 & ! M5 & WOM5 REAP]S :O SO (T5 W]E /ILL CUTT+ ! CORN ) SCY!S4 ,! CORN WAS CUT1 ! %EAVES MADE & GA!R$1 & ! H>VE/ /OR$ 9 IMPROVIS$ COMMUNAL B>NS4 ,:EAT1 POTATOES1 SUG> BEET1 VEGETABLES1 FRUIT1 MEAT BECAME COLLECTIVE ASSETS PLAC$ UND] ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! LOCAL ,COMITE NOM9AT$ BY EV]YBODY4 

,NEV]!LESS1 COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ! FULL S5SE ( ! WORD HAD NOT YET BE5 A*IEV$4 ,TAK+ OV] ! USURP$ PROP]TY WAS NOT 5\<4 ,COLLECTIVISM -- A T]M WIDELY & SPONTANE\SLY ADOPT$ PRESUPPOS$ ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ALL ! SMALL1 M$IUM &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! L>GE1 PRIVATE PROP]TIES2 ! SMALL PROP]TIES VOLUNT>ILY1 ! RE/ BY =CE1 & !IR 9TEGRATION 9 A VA/ SY/EM ( PUBLIC [N]%IP & WORK 9 COMMON4 ,?IS WAS NOT DONE EV]Y:]E 9 A UNI=M MANN]4 

,:]EAS 9 ,>AGON1 #h.0 ( ! CULTIVAT$ L& BELONG$ TO ! L>GE L&[N]S1 9 O!R REGIONS1 SU* AS ! ,LEVANTE & ABOVE ALL 9 ,CATALONIA1 SMALL HOLD+S V]Y (T5 PR$OM9AT$ OR PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! VILLAGES :I* HAD A V]Y DIV]SIFI$ HORTICULTURE4 ,?\< \R BE/ COMRADES W]E (T5 SMALLHOLD]S1 & ?\< 9 MANY CASES ! O!R SMALLHOLD]S JO9$ ! ,COLLECTIVES ) 5?USIASM & EV5 ORGANIZ$ !M1 IT WAS A FACT ?AT 9 ! REGION ( ! ,LEVANTE 7PROV9CES ( ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,MURCIA1 ,ALICANTE & ,ALBACETE7 DIFFICULTIES UNKN[N 9 ,>AGON EM]G$4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 BECAUSE AT ?AT TIME MANY 9HABITANTS ( ! REGION IMAG9$ !MSELVES PROTECT$ FROM ! FASCI/ DANG] BY ! DI/ANCE ?AT SEP>AT$ !M FROM ! FRONT L9E1 & BY ! SUP]IORITY ( REPUBLICAN >MAM5T 7(FICIAL DEMAGOGY DECEIV$ ! PEOPLE TO ! V]Y 5D74 ,SECONDLY BECAUSE ! V>I\S POLITICAL P>TIES HAD NOT DISAPPE>$2 AFT] A BRIEF MOM5T ( PANIC !Y HAD RECOV]$ AT ! SAME TIME AS ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T WAS CONSOLIDAT+ ITSELF & ORGANIZ+ ITS BUREAUCRACY & POLICE4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T'S TRANSF] TO ,VAL5CIA FRE$ ! ,C5TRAL REGION FROM ITS PRESSURES1 & FACILITAT$ ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,CA/ILIAN ,COLLECTIVES1 IT 9CREAS$ ! POSSIBILITIES 9 ! ,LEVANTE ( AN ANTI-SOCIALIZATION RESI/ANCE NOT ONLY AMONG ! P>TIES BUT ALSO FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! PETTY TRAD]S1 & PEASANTS :O W]E ATTA*$ TO !IR PROP]TY4 

,! ACT ( EXPROPRIATION WAS !RE=E DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! L>GE E/ATES ! [N]S ( :I* W]E EI!R FASCI/S -- :I* MADE ?+S EASI] -- OR W]E CONSID]$ AS SU*4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! L>GE E/ATES C\LD NOT BE OP5LY DEF5D$1 AT LEA/ 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD1 BY :AT WAS LEFT ( ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES4 ,! CULTIVATION ( ! ORANGE TREE1 :I* IS ONE ( ! FEATURES ( ! ,LEVANTE1 DEM&S HEAVY \TGO+S2 SO MU* SO ?AT ALMO/ ALL ! ORANGE-GROVES BELONG$ TO L>GE1 (T5 PUBLIC1 ,COMPANIES &1 SOMETIMES1 9CLUD$ JURISDICTION OV] MANY VILLAGES4 ,ON A SMALL SCALE1 ! SAME SITUATION (T5 OBTA9$ 9 ! MU* SMALL] RICE-GR[+ ZONE4 ,! SEIZURE ( !SE L>GE E/ATES WAS JU/IFI$ AT ?AT TIME :5 ! POLITICAL & ! SOCIAL W]E 9T]DEP5D5T1 = ! NE$ TO DIS>M ECONOMIC FASCISM COMPLET$ ITS POLITICAL & MILIT>Y DIS>MAM5T4 ,& 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R ! REVOLUTION WAS E/ABLI%+ ITSELF4 

,IT DID SO US+ O!R MEANS TOO4 ,/ILL 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 \R COMRADES NOT WI%+ TO PROVOKE CLA%ES ) O!R ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS S9CE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! COMMON 5EMY REMA9$ 9 ! =EFRONT1 HAD TO TAKE 9ITIATIVES :I* ! REPUBLICANS1 SOCIALI/S1 & O!R RESPECT]S ( ! ,LAW W]E DEMON/RATABLY UNABLE TO DO4 ,9 ! VILLAGES1 MORE NUM]\S ?AN 9 ,>AGON = ! SOIL & ! CLIMATE MADE POSSIBLE A MORE 9T5SIVE CULTIVATION & A D5S] POPULATION1 9 ! SMALL AGRO-9DU/RIAL T[NS ( FROM #a-#b ?\S& 9HABITANTS1 PROVISION+ WAS P>ALYZ$ OR DECREAS$ 9 AN AL>M+ MANN] BECAUSE ! MIDDLEM51 D\BTFUL ( ! MORR[ & (T5 ( ! \TCOME ( ! W>1 HESITAT$ AT P>T+ ) !IR MONEY & EV5 AT SELL+ ! GOODS ?AT !Y HAD 9 /OCK 7?\<TS ( SPECULATION C]TA9LY 9FLU5C$ SOME ( !M74 ,9 ADDITION1 = O!RS :O W]E SUPPORT]S ( FASCISM1 IT WAS A K9D ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE4 ,!RE WAS FAIRLY SOON A GR[+ %ORTAGE ( GROC]IES1 HAB]DA%]Y1 SANIT>Y GOODS1 F]TILIZ]S1 SELECT$ SE$S1 TOOLS1 SOME FOOD/UFFS & ?IS WAS BEG9N+ TO UPSET DAILY LIFE4 ,SO1 FAC$ ) ! 9]TIA ( ! O!R SECTORS1 \R COMRADES :O1 ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 HAD GONE 9TO ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS :]E !Y 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( MOTIONS & ! 9ITIATIVES1 SUCCE$$ 9 HAV+ ORIG9AL MEASURES ADOPT$4 ,(T51 ?ANKS TO !M1 ! MUNICIPALITY ORGANIZ$ PROVISION+ C5T]S :I* R$UC$ ! ASC5DANCY ( PRIVATE BUS9ESS & SET 9 MOTION DI/RIBUTIVE SOCIALIZATION4 ,!N1 RAPIDLY1 ! SAME MUNICIPALITY UND]TOOK TO BUY FROM ! PEASANTS1 /ILL RELUCTANT1 ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR1 = :I* !Y W]E PAID AT A HI<] RATE ?AN !Y RECEIV$ FROM ! NORMAL MIDDLEM5 OR :OLESAL]S4 ,F9ALLY1 A /AGE :I* HAD BECOME COMPLEM5T>Y1 9TEGRAL ,COLLECTIVES1 ?\< 9COMPLETE 9 RELATION TO ! LOCAL POPULATION AS A :OLE1 APPE>$ 9 DUE C\RSE & DEVELOP$4 

"9"9"9 

,AS TO 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION 9 SMALL T[NS & L>GE CITIES1 ! SITUATION (T5 REM9D$ ONE ( ?AT CREAT$ BY SMALL COMM]CE & AGRICULTURE4 ,! SMALL BOSSES1 ! >TISANS EMPLOY+ UP TO F\R WORK]S (T5 HESITAT$ AS TO :AT !Y %\LD DO1 NOT D>+ TO RISK !IR MEAG] F9ANCIAL RES\RCES4 ,SO \R SYNDICATES W\LD 9T]V5E1 RECOMM5D+ OR DEM&+ AS ! CASE MI<T BE1 ?AT PRODUCTION BE CONT9U$4 

,BUT 9EVITABLY NEW /EPS W]E RAPIDLY TAK54 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 G5]AL ! ,CATALAN 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE WAS ANTI-FRANCOI/1 IF = NO O!R REASON ?AT ?AT ,FRANCO1 A SON ( ,GALICIA & A ,SPANI% NATIONALI/1 WAS ANTI-,CATALANI/1 & ?AT = ! ,CATALANS HIS TRIUMPH W\LD MEAN ! 5D ( REGIONAL AUTONOMY WON ) DIFFICULTY1 & ! SUPPRESSION ( POLITICAL RI<TS AS WELL AS L+UI/IC PRIVILEGES4 ,BUT IT IS PROBABLE ?AT BETWE5 !SE DANG]S & ?OSE REPRES5T$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ADVOCAT+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & EXPROPRIATION ( ! BOSSES1 ! =M] EVIL SOON APPE>$ TO !M AS ! LESS]2 ,?US ! 9T]RUPTION ( WORK AS A RESULT ( ! CLOSURE ( FACTORIES & WORK%OPS ON ! MORR[ ( ! DEFEAT 9FLICT$ ON ! >M$ =CES C\LD QUITE RI<TLY BE VIEW$ AS AN 9DIRECT CONTRIBUTION TO ! 9SURG5T FASCI/S' CAUSE4 ,POV]TY1 ALREADY SYMBOLIZ$ BY UNEMPLOYM5T1 A PROBLEM TO :I* ! ,REPUBLIC HAD BE5 9CAPABLE ( (F]+ ANY SOLUTION1 WAS TO 9CREASE & W\LD BE ONE ( ! MO/ POT5T FACTORS ( DISORD] FROM :I* ! 5EMY W\LD PR(IT4 ,WORK HAD TO CONT9UE !RE=E1 & TO MAKE SURE ( IT CONTROL COMMITTEES W]E SET UP 9 EV]Y 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISE ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 OR ( ITS MILITANTS ACT+ SPONTANE\SLY1 TO SUP]VISE ALL ASPECTS ( PRODUCTION4 

,?AT WAS ! FIR/ /EP4 ,BUT ANO!R REASON1 FULLY JU/IFI$1 OBLIG$ !M TO TAKE ANO!R1 & 9 SOME 9DU/RIES TO TAKE BO? ALMO/ AT ! SAME TIME4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CREATE )\T DELAY AN >MAM5TS 9DU/RY TO SUPPLY A /ILL MOBILE FRONT #af MILES FROM ,B>CELONA & #cb MILES BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ,CATALONIA1 & :I* C\LD GET CLOS] ) DIRE CONSEQU5CES TO ,CATALONIA 7! T]RA9 WAS AN EASY ONE OV] MO/ ( ITS >EA74 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT1 ONCE ! >M$ =CES EMPLOY$ BY ! FASCI/S1 )\T BE+ !MSELVES FASCI/S 7CONSI/+ (T5 ( ORD9>Y SOLDI]S7 HAD BE5 DRIV5 BACK AT ! B>RACKS ( ,B>CELONA1 MILITIAS HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ :I* IMM$IATELY SET (F = ,>AGON4 ,TO DO ?IS IT WAS NECESS>Y TO GET ! TRA9S MOV+ AGA94 ,! RAILWAY WORK]S' ,SYNDICATE UND]TOOK TO DO SO )\T HESITATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! METAL WORK]S' SYNDICATE FIR/ CALL$ = A RETURN TO WORK 7:I* HAD BE5 /OPP$ BY ! G5]AL /RIKE7 & !N REFUS$1 AS DID ! O!R SYNDICATES1 TO ACCEPT ! R$UCTION 9 WORK+ H\RS PROPOS$ BY ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T2 F9ALLY IT 9/RUCT$ ! WORK%OPS TO BL9D LORRIES & VANS SO ?AT !Y C\LD BE DISPAT*$ TO ! COMBAT >EAS4 7#f7 

,& IT WAS ?US ?AT 9 ! NAME ( ! MEASURES NECESS>Y TO 5SURE VICTORY1 A FAIR NUMB] ( 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES W]E EXPROPRIAT$1 !IR [N]S TREAT$ AS REAL OR POT5TIAL FASCI/S1 :I* WAS TRUE 9 A V]Y L>GE NUMB] ( CASES4 ,9 ! M$IUM SIZ$ 5T]PRISES1 MATT]S DID NOT /OP !RE1 = BY AN IRREV]SIBLE DEVELOPM5T SY/EMATICALLY C>RI$ \T1 ! ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEE *ANG$ 9TO A MANAGEM5T ,COMITE1 :]E ! BOSS NO LONG] FIGUR$ AS SU*1 BUT AS A TE*NICIAN :5 HE HAD ! NECESS>Y QUALIFICATIONS4 

,IT IS CLE>1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* TOOK PLACE !N DID NOT /EM FROM A DECISION BY ! LEAD+ ORGANISMS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 OR FROM ! SLOGANS LAUN*$ BY ! MILITANTS & AGITATORS :O W]E 9 ! PUBLIC LIMELI<T BUT :O R>ELY LIV$ UP TO EXPECTATIONS4 ,IT OCCURR$ SPONTANE\SLY1 NATURALLY1 NOT 7& LET US AVOID DEMAGOGY7 BECAUSE 0! PEOPLE0 9 G5]AL HAD SUDD5LY BECOME CAPABLE ( P]=M+ MIRACLES1 ?ANKS TO A REVOLUTION>Y VISION :I* SUDD5LY 9SPIR$ !M1 BUT BECAUSE1 & IT IS WOR? REPEAT+1 AMONG ?OSE PEOPLE !RE WAS A L>GE M9ORITY1 :O W]E ACTIVE1 /RONG1 GUID$ BY AN IDEAL :I* HAD BE5 CONT9U+ ?R\< ! YE>S A /RUGGLE />T$ 9 ,BAKUN9'S TIME & ?AT ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL2 7#g7 = 9 C\NTLESS PLACES W]E TO BE F\ND M51 COMBATANTS1 :O = DECADES HAD BE5 PURSU+ CON/RUCTIVE OBJECTIVES1 GIFT$ AS !Y W]E ) A CREATIVE 9ITIATIVE & A PRACTICAL S5SE :I* W]E 9DISP5SABLE = LOCAL ADAPTATION & :OSE SPIRIT ( 9NOVATION CON/ITUT$ A P[]FUL LEAV51 CAPABLE ( COM+ UP ) CONCLUSIVE SOLUTIONS AT ! REQUIR$ TIME4 

"9"9"9 

,! SITUATION WAS !RE=E REVOLUTION>Y BO? BY REASON ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE AS WELL AS BY REASON ( ! =CES 9 ACTION4 ,& ?IS OBLIGES US BE=E 5T]+ MORE DEEPLY 9TO ! EXPOSITION ( ! DIRECTIONS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NEW A*IEVEM5TS1 TO REFUTE SOME /ATEM5TS CONC]N+ !SE BASIC FACTORS 9 ! SITUATION4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE WE REF] TO ! CONTRADICTORY SITUATION RESULT+ FROM ! POLITICAL P>TICIPATION ( \R MOVEM5T 9 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 & 9 ! REGIONAL ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T4 

0,S9CE Y\ COLLABORATE ) ! GOV]NM5T10 ! ANTI-FASCI/S OPPOS$ TO ! ,COLLECTIVES HAVE MANY TIMES REPEAT$1 0Y\ DON'T HAVE TO ACT \TSIDE GOV]NM5TAL LEGALITY40 

,!ORETICALLY ! >GUM5T SEEM$ LOGICAL4 ,9 FACT ?+S W]E MU* LESS SIMPLE4 ,FIR/LY1 WE HAD ONLY F\R M9I/]S \T ( #af 9 ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T1 WE W]E CON/ANTLY PUT 9 A M9ORITY POSITION BY ! O!R SECTORS 9 A COALITION AGA9/ US1 & ! KEY M9I/]S -- ,F9ANCE & ,W> = 9/ANCE -- W]E FILL$ BY MEMB]S ( ?AT COALITION4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 TOO CLEV] & TOO EASY TO CON/RA9 US TO REVOLUTION>Y PASSIVITY 9 RETURN = AN ILLUSORY CONCESSION AT GOV]NM5TAL LEVEL4 ,& C]TA9LY1 TOO (T51 \R M9I/]S T5D$ TO BE ONLY TOO READY TO ACCEPT SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 

,WE C\LD BE TOLD ?AT ?AT COLLABORATION HAD BE5 RATIFI$ BY ! ASSEMBLIES1 PL5UMS & CONGRESSES ( \R MOVEM5T4 ,BUT 9 FACT :AT HAPP5$ WAS ?AT1 DR[N$ BY ! BUR/S ( ELOQU5CE ( \R 9T]M9ABLE SPEE*IFI]S1 ! DELEGATES ( ! PROV9CES1 ! SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES APPROV$ ( ! M9I/]IAL COLLABORATION BECAUSE !Y W]E OV]:ELM$ BY A SITUATION ?AT WAS PRES5T$ TO !M 9 ! MO/ SOMB] COLORS1 & LACK$ 9=MATION & ORATORICAL ABILITIES TO REFUTE ! PROMISES1 ! UNV]IFIABLE EXPLANATIONS1 ! >GUM5TS ! VALIDITY ( :I* !Y W]E NOT 9 A POSITION TO *ECK4 ,BUT ONCE BACK 9 !IR T[NS & VILLAGES1 !Y CONT9U$ TO BUILD ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,!Y DID NOT FEEL TI$ BY ! POLITICAL MANEUV]S1 & !Y W]E RI<T1 = NOT ONLY W\LD WE HAVE LO/ ! W> ANYWAY1 BUT ! MAGNIFIC5T EXP]IM5T ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION W\LD NOT HAVE TAK5 PLACE4 

,BUT SOME ( \R ADV]S>IES1 9 P>TICUL> ! ,/AL9I/S1 MADE PLAY ) ANO!R >GUM5T :I* !Y ALWAYS USE :]EV] !Y HAPP5 TO BE1 SO LONG AS !Y >E NOT P[]FUL 5\< TO TAKE *>GE ( A SITUATION3 ! TIME = ! REVOLUTION HAD NOT YET COME1 UNITY AMONG ! ANTI-FASCI/ =CES HAD TO BE MA9TA9$ 9 ORD] TO DEFEAT ,FRANCO4 ,BY EXPROPRIAT+ ! 9DU/RIALI/S1 L&[N]S1 BOSSES1 %>EHOLD]S1 ! T]RAT5I5TES1 ONE RAN ! RISK ( DRIV+ !M 9TO ! 5EMY CAMP4 

,NO D\BT ?IS HAPP5$ ON A V]Y SMALL SCALE4 ,BUT SO LONG AS ! SITUATION IS NOT YET RIPE = !M TO SEIZE CONTROL ( IT1 ! ,/AL9I/S WILL ALWAYS SAY ?AT ! 9ITIATIVES ( ITS P>TN]S :O DO NOT SUBMIT TO !IR CONTROL >E PREMATURE1 AS WELL AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,ON ! O!R H& DOES ONE BELIEVE ?AT )\T SOCIALIZATION ! *ANCES ( VICTORY W\LD HAVE BE5 GREAT]8 ,IF SO1 IT IS TO OV]LOOK ! REALITIES ( ! SITUATION4 

,FIR/LY ! HO/ILITY ( ! DISPOSSESS$ BOSSES DID NOT 9 ANY WAY DIM9I% ! COMBATIVE 5?USIASM ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS :O MADE UP ! >MY ( MILITIAM54 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT 9 G5]AL ! MEMB]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES REMA9$ PASSIVE OR ACT$ AS 9 A VACUUM :5 FAC$ ) A SITUATION :I* WAS BEYOND !M4 ,! /RUGGLE HAV+ BE5 TRANSF]R$ FROM ,P>LIAM5T & ! POLL+ BOO?S ONTO ! /REETS1 ! REPLY TO ! FASCI/ ATTACK C\LD NOT BUT ADJU/ ITSELF TO ! NEW CIRCUM/ANCES & FOLL[ ! PA? ?AT IT TOOK4 ,IF ONE HAD HAD TO WAIT = ! TRIUMPH ( ! (FICIAL ORGANIZATION DULY =M$1 FRANCOISM W\LD HAVE TRIUMPH$ 9 A YE>1 P]HAPS EV5 9 ?REE MON?S4 7#h7 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #d 

"9 ,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE3 ,?IS IS 9 FACT ONLY A SUMM>Y ( P>T ( :AT ,COMPANYS SAID4 

.<#a.> ,9 FACT ! DEEP] REASONS = ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S ATTITUDE W]E O!RS4 ,HC EXPRESS$ !M 9 CONV]SATIONS ) COMRADES4 0,:AT W\LD ,I HAVE DONE ) ! P[]8 ,I WAS 9 NO WAY PREP>$ = :AT WAS IMPLI$1 ! SITUATION WAS SU* ?AT ,I C\LD NOT BUT FAIL40 ,& IT WAS QUITE TRUE4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] LIKE ALL ! MORE OR LESS DEMAGOGIC ORATORS ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 WAS QUITE IGNORANT ( ! /EPS ?AT HAD TO BE TAK5 TO4 DIRECT ! LIFE1 9DU/RY & PROVISION+ ( A CITY LIKE ,B>CELONA4 ,! SAME C\LD BE SAID ( ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y4 ,?IS DID NOT /OP !M FROM BECOM+ M9I/]S ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,IT WAS EASI] ?AN ORGANIZ+ A ,COLLECTIVE4 

.<#b.> ,A SIMIL> SITUATION HAD >IS5 9 ! ,A/URIAS & 9 ?OSE P>TS ( ,&ALUSIA & ,E/REMADURA :I* ! FRANCOI/S DID NOT CONQU] IMM$IATELY4 ,9 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY ! AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T HAD ! SITUATION UND] CONTROL =1 AMONG O!R REASONS1 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 DID NOT HAVE SIGNIFICANT /R5G? !RE1 OR AT LEA/1 IT WAS NOT COMP>ABLE4 

.<#c.> ,T]UEL HAD AT FIR/ REMA9$ 9 SOME K9D ( NO-MAN'S L&4 ,9 ORD] TO SEIZE CONTROL = !MSELVES1 ! ,REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES 9 ,VAL5CIA HAD S5T A =CE ( ,CIVIL ,GU>DS :I* TURN$ ON \R =CES1 DE/ROY$ !M & H&$ OV] ! T[N TO ! FASCI/S4 

.<#d.> ,9 ,SPA9 ! RAIS+ ( LIVE/OCK IS CONSID]$ AS SEP>ATE FROM :AT IS REF]R$ TO AS AGRICULTURE4 

.<#e.> ,ONE 5C\NT]S H]E ! PRACTICAL APPLICATION ( ALMO/ ALL ! MEASURES & ! =MS ( ORGANIZATION ADVOCAT$ 9 ! PROGRAM ?AT WE SUMM>IZ$ 9 ! *APT] ON ,! ,IDEAL4 ,ONE C\LD NOT H[EV] AFFIRM ?AT ?IS TRANSITION FROM !ORY TO PRACTICE WAS CONSCI\S4 

.<#f.> ,!Y W]E CALL$ TANKS4 ,POOR TANKS1 IT IS TRUE1 & H[ 9ADEQUATE AGA9/ :I* BULLETS P]HAPS RICO*ET$ BUT NOT SO %ELLS1 BUT1 9 ANY CASE1 !Y GAVE A FEEL+ ( SECURITY TO ?OSE :O LEFT = ! FRONTS4 

.<#g.> ,!RE IS NO Y>D/ICK BETWE5 ! NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN =CES 9 #aicf & ?OSE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,NEI!R AS TO ! EXI/+ APTITUDES ( ?OSE =CES 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION1 WORK1 & CREATIVE ACTIVITIES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E 9 ALL SOME #b1 TO #b#e1 9 A POPULATION ( #ad MILLION4 

.<#h.> ,AT ! O!R EXTREME WAS ,TROTSKY4 ,HE REPROA*$ US = NOT HAV+ SWEPT AWAY ALL ! =CES1 P>TIES1 B\RGEOIS & RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ =MATIONS1 ( NOT TAK+ P[] TO CONT9UE ! W> AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD DONE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ONE HAD TO BE BL9D$ BY HIS PREJUDICE TO CONFUSE TWO QUITE DISSIMIL> SITUATIONS4 ,IT ONLY NE$S A MODICUM ( COMMONS5SE TO REALIZE ?AT IS WAS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE = US TO WAGE AT ! SAME TIME A W> AGA9/ ,FRANCO & 9 ! RE>GU>D A SECOND W> AGA9/ ! O!R ANTIFASCI/ SECTORS :O W\LD NOT HAVE ALL[$ !MSELVES TO HAVE BE5 WIP$ \T SO EASILY4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 A NONS5SE & A CRIME4 ,! W> ( MOVEM5T :I* FAVOR$ ! =CES ( ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 ,RUSSIA C\LD NOT BE REPEAT$ 9 ,SPA9 :]E ! 5EMY SOON SEIZ$ HEAVY 9DU/RIAL & W> PRODUCTION C5T]S & :]E MILIT>Y =CES & HI< RANK+ (FIC]S SU* AS CAME FROM CZ>ISM W]E NOT AVAILABLE2 & !Y 9CLUD$ W> SPECIALI/S SU* AS ,G5]AL ,BRASSIL(1 ONE ( ! GLORIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,>MY1 & ,T\TKAT*EVSKY :O WAS )\T A D\BT ! ,NO4 #a /RATEGI/ ( ! ,R$ ,>MY :5 ,/AL9 ORD]$ HIM TO BE %OT4 

,FROM 3 ,LIB,COM4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a -- ,ADD$4 

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