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,9DU/RY & ,PUBLIC ,S]VICES 

#aigeaige 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

,TEXT 3 

,X,I3 ,9DU/RIAL ,A*IVEM5TS 
,SYNDICALISATIONS 9 ,ALCOY 
,X,I,I3 ,A*IVEM5TS 9 ! ,PUBLIC ,S]VICES 
,WAT]1 ,GAS & ,ELECTRICITY 9 ,CATALONIA 
,! ,B>CELONA ,TRAMWAYS 
,! ,MEANS ( ,TRANSPORT 
,! ,SOCIALIZATION ( ,M$IC9E 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,I 

,9,D,U,/,R,I,A,L ,A,*,I,E,V,E,M,5,T,S 

,ACCORD+ TO ! LA/ C5SUS :I* PREC$$ ! ,CIVIL ,W> & ,REVOLUTION1 #a4#i MILLION PEOPLE W]E EMPLOY$ 9 9DU/RY 9 ,SPA9 \T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( #bd MILLION4 ,AT ! TOP ( ! LI/ WE F9D #c1 WAGE E>N]S 9 ! ,A'CLO?+ 9DU/RY0 BUT ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT MORE WOM5 W]E EMPLOY$ ?AN M54 

,9 SECOND PLACE WAS ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY :I* EXPORT$ L>GE QUANTITIES ( CLO?1 EV5 TO ,BRITA94 ,IT ALSO EMPLOY$ #c1 WORK]S1 M5 & WOM54 ,BUT AMONG ! LATT] W]E 9CLUD$ ?OSE EMPLOY$ 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( WOM5'S UND]WE>4 

,! ?IRD 9DU/RY 9 ORD] ( IMPORTANCE WAS BUILD+4 #b#g1 M5 W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! MO/ V>I$ TRADES ( ?IS 9DU/RY4 ,! F\R? WAS ! FOOD 9DU/RY3 CANN+1 SALT+1 MANUFACTUR$ GROC]IES1 EMPLOY+ #b1 PEOPLE4 ,A FUR!R #a#e1 W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! FI%+ 9DU/RY4 

,IT IS ONLY !N ?AT WE COME TO BASIC PRODUCTION1 ! K9D :I* = ! ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL NATIONS CONSI/S ( :AT >E CALL$1 ) JU/IFICATION1 ! KEY 9DU/RIES3 ! M9+ 9DU/RY ON ! ONE H& EMPLOY+ #a1 M9]S1 & ! /EEL 9DU/RY ) #a#b1 WORK]S4 

,?\< ,SPANI% 9DU/RY WAS NOT IMPORTANT 9 COMP>ISON ) ! MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS1 IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT IT DID NOT EXI/1 ! MORE SO S9CE ?AT APPROXIMATE FIGURE ( #a4#i MILLION WORK]S IS \T ( A POPULATION ( #bd MILLION & NOT ( #d MILLION1 IF = EXAMPLE ONE W]E MAK+ COMP>ISONS ) ,FRANCE OR ,BRITA9 AT ! SAME P]IOD4 ,& ?\< BY F> ! GREAT] P>T ( ! POPULATION WAS MAK+ A LIV+ FROM AGRICULTURE1 IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO GAUGE ! POSSIBILITIES ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALIZATION FROM ! ACTIVITIES ( ! PEASANTS ALONE4 

,TO !SE BASIC /ATI/ICS IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT #g.0 ( 9DU/RY WAS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,CATALONIA :]E ! ABUNDANT WAT]FALLS FROM ! ,PYR5EES HAD = A LONG TIME MADE POSSIBLE ! H>NESS+ ( WAT] P[]1 :ILE PROXIMITY TO ,FRANCE1 & ! OP5+ ONTO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN T[>DS ,ITALY1 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & EV5 ,S\? ,AM]ICA VIA ! ,/RAITS ( ,GIBRALT>1 FAVOR$ ITS COMM]CIAL EXPANSION1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( RAW MAT]IALS & ! EXPORT ( SOME F9I%$ PRODUCTS4 ,?US ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY :I* ATTRACT$ ! L>GE/ CAPITAL 9VE/M5T C\LD BE DEVELOP$ ) ! COTTON IMPORT$ FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,BRAZIL & ,EGYPT1 :ILE WOOL CAME FROM ,LA ,MAN*A & O!R ,SPANI% REGIONS :]E NATURAL AGRICULTURAL DIFFICULTIES & ! POOR PRODUCTION ( ! /EPPES :I* COV]$ P>T ( ,SPA9 OBLIG$ ! PEASANTS TO SPECIALIZE 9 ! RE>+ ( %EEP4 

,WE COMPLETE ?IS BRIEF LI/ BY 9CLUD+ ! #f1 WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 ! CATEGORY 0MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 TRANSMISSION EQUIPM5T & ELECTRICITY 5T]PRISES0 & F9ALLY ! #d1 EMPLOY$ 9 #d1 SMALL WORKS PRODUC+ *EMICAL PRODUCTS ! EXI/5CE ( :I* 9DICAT$ A T5D5CY T[>DS ! MOD]NIZATION ( ! G5]AL ECONOMY4 

,TO SUM UP !N1 ACCORD+ TO (FICIAL /ATI/ICS1 9DU/RIES ABSORB$ FROM #b#b.0 TO #b#c.0 ( ! 0ACTIVE POPULATION01 AGRICULTURE #e#b.0 & :AT IS CALL$ ! ?IRD SECTOR1 :I* AT ?AT TIME 7,JULY #a#i#c#f7 9CLUD$ A L>GE NUMB] ( DOME/IC S]VANTS4 AB\T #b#e.04 7#a7 

,AS WILL BE READILY APPRECIAT$1 ?IS ECONOMIC /RUCTURE 9FLU5C$ ! CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION AS DID ALSO1 AT A C]TA9 /AGE1 ! LACK ( RAW MAT]IALS1 P[]1 ! EXHAU/ION ( COTTON /OCKS 7:I* DID NOT >RIVE BECAUSE ( ! COA/AL BLOCKADE7 OR WOOL :I* NO LONG] >RIV$ FROM ,LA ,MAN*A1 MO/ ( :I* WAS 9 ,FRANCO'S H&S OR CUT (F FROM ,CATALONIA4 

,F9ALLY - IT %\LD SUFFICE TO DEMON/RATE ! IMPORTANCE ( SOME ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES ( :I* ONE IS TOO (T5 AW>E :5 IT IS ALREADY TOO LATE 7#b7 - ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY :I* 9 ,B>CELONA EMPLOY$ SOME #d1 WORK]S WAS P>ALYZ$ OV]NI<T = 9 ALL P]IODS ( CRISIS BUILD+ IS ! FIR/ 9DU/RY TO COME TO A HALT1 ! EMPLOY]S DISAPPE>+ OR NO LONG] 9VE/+ !IR CAPITAL EI!R 9 NEW BUILD+ PROJECTS OR = KEEP+ 9 GOOD REPAIR :AT !Y ALREADY HAVE4 

,IT WAS AT ! CONGRESS 9 ,MADRID 7KN[N AS ! ,CONGRESS ( ,LA ,COM$IA - ! NAME ( ! !AT] :]E IT WAS HELD7 9 #aiai ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 7F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a7 HAD DECID$ TO AB&ON ?R\<\T ,SPA9 ! TRADITIONAL TRADE UNIONS 7,S9DICATES7 & TRADES ,F$]ATIONS1 (FSPR+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL RECOMM5D$ BY ,BAKUN9 & ! EXT5SION ( :I* HE HAD ADVOCAT$ = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE4 ,?IS FIR/ WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 :I* IS /ILL TO BE F\ND 9 A L>GE NUMB] ( C\NTRIES1 NO LONG] CORRESPOND$1 9 ! OP9ION ( ! LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ /RUCTURES :I* MADE NECESS>Y GREAT] COMBATIVE CONC5TRATIONS4 

,BUT ALSO1 = ?AT 5D HAD NEV] BE5 =GOTT5 & RANK$ ) ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( MAK+ BETT] PREP>ATIONS = ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! FUTURE4 ,! 9T]CORPORATIVE /RUGGLES ( :I* ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ! ,R5AISSANCE PROVIDE SU* LAM5TABLE EXAMPLES1 DID NOT CORRESPOND TO ! SPIRIT ( \R ,SPANI% MILITANTS = :OM F$]ALISM HAD ALWAYS BE5 SYNONYM\S ) ASSOCIATION & PRACTICAL SOLID>ITY4 ,?US FROM ?AT PO9T ( VIEW1 9 ! SYNDICAL & WORK+ DOMA91 A LABOR]1 A SURVEYOR1 A MASON1 A BRICK MAK]1 A CEM5T WORK]1 A PLA/]]1 AN >*ITECT1 A PLUMB]1 AN ELECTRICIAN ALL COLLABORAT$ & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( A BUILD+ OR ( H\SES4 ,IT WAS !RE=E LOGICAL & NECESS>Y TO HAVE !M ALL UNIT$ 9 ! SAME SYNDICATE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! PR9T+ ( A BOOK OR A NEWSPAP]1 FROM ! PAP] MAK+ /AGE TO ITS EM]G5CE FROM ! PR9T+ PRESSES OR ! ROT>Y PRESSES2 OR ! CON/RUCTION ( A BOIL] FROM ! MAK+ ( ! %EET METAL TO ! CAULK+1 REQUIRES A S]IES ( OP]ATIONS C>RI$ \T BY DIFF]5T TRADES1 ALL 9T]DEP5D5T4 ,! PROBLEM WAS TO UNITE ALL !SE TRADES1 CONV]G+ 9 ! D\BLE OBJECTIVE ALREADY DESCRIB$4 

,BUT ?AT UNION HAD NOT TO BE E/ABLI%$ )\T SY/EM OR BY IGNOR+ ! PRACTICE ( FRE$OM4 ,AFT] ALL1 AN 9DU/RIAL SYNDICATE WAS A F$]ATION ( TRADES & ( WORK]S ( DIFF]5T TRADES2 EA* ( ?OSE TRADES CON/ITUT$ A TE*NICAL SECTION1 & ALL ?OSE SECTIONS W]E 9T]DEP5D5T4 7#c7 

,9 ! %ORT T]M1 :5 ONE ( !M WAS 9VOLV$ 9 /RUGGLE1 ! O!RS BACK$ IT UP ) SOLID>ITY1 :I* MADE VICTORY C]TA94 ,! 9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICATE AT ! SAME TIME AS IT 9CREAS$ 'IMMEASURABLY ! CAPACITY = WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS TO 5GAGE 9 ! /RUGGLE1 SUCCE$$ 9 PREP>+ A BETT] ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK = A SOCIALIZ$ SOCIETY4 

,! ACCEPTANCE ( 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS1 LOGICAL COMPLEM5T ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICATES1 JU/ AS ! TRADES ,F$]ATIONS W]E ! COMPLEM5TS ( TRADE UNIONS1 CAME UP AGA9/ UNCOMPREH5D+ & DEMAGOGIC OPPOSITION FROM ! 0AN>*I/ ,LEFT01 TO :I* WAS ADD$ ! DISORGANIZATION CREAT$ BY TOO MANY LOCAL & G5]AL /RIKES1 9SURRECTIONAL ATTEMPTS1 BOYCOTTS1 P]SECUTIONS & ALSO1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 A LACK ( MILITANTS TE*NICALLY PREP>$ TO C>RY ?R\< ?IS COMPLEM5T>Y TASK4 7#d7 ,NEV]!LESS ! BROAD \TL9ES HAD BE5 DRAWN AT ! CONGRESSES1 & ONE RESOLUTION ADOPT$ 9 #aicf 9CORPORAT$ ALL ! ACTIVITIES 9 PRODUCTION & S]VICES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY 9 SEV5TE5 F$]ATIONS3 IRON & /EEL1 TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 *EMICAL 9DU/RY2 & ITS BYPRODUCTS2 WAT]1 GAS & ELECTRICITY2 L& & SEA TRANSPORT2 HEAL? S]VICES2 TEA*+2 5T]TA9M5T 7C9EMA1 !AT]1 ETC472 WOOD 9DU/RY2 TOBACCO PRODUCTION2 HEA? S]VICES2 AGRICULTURE2 BANK+ & F9ANCIAL S]VICES2 BUILD+ CON/RUCTION2 M9ES2 TE*NOLOGY 9 G5]AL4 

,LAT]1 9 #a#i#c#h1 ! ,ECONOMIC ,PL5UM HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA1 9TRODUC$ SOME MODIFICATIONS :I* W]E DET]M9$ 9 P>T BY ! W> 9 A SITUATION ?AT WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY COMPLICAT$ BECAUSE ( ! DIFFICULT RELATIONS ) ! POLITICAL FACTIONS4 ,! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS - :I* FREQU5TLY OV]LAPP$ 9 !IR ACTIVITIES1 W]E R$UC$ TO FIFTE54 

,BE=E DESCRIB+ ! CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS 9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD1 :I* W]E ! WORK ( ! ,SYNDICATES1 & = ?AT REASON WE W\LD PREF] TO CALL !M 0,SYNDICALISATIONS01 SOME FUR!R 9=MATION IS CALL$ =4 ,:AT HAS BE5 REF]R$ TO AS 0,COLLECTIVES0 & 0COLLECTIVIZATIONS0 9 ! AGRICULTURAL REGIONS WAS1 9 FACT1 9 V>I\S =MS1 :AT AT O!R TIMES W\LD HAVE BE5 CALL$ SOCIALIZATION4 ,BUT G5U9E SOCIALIZATION4 

,AS WE HAVE DEMON/RAT$1 ,COLLECTIVES & COLLECTIVIZATIONS 9CLUD$ !N ! 9T]DEP5D5T :OLE ( ! 9HABITANTS ( EA* VILLAGE1 ( EA* COMMUNE1 OR EA* FRAGM5T$ ,COLLECTIVE ORGANIZ$ BY ?OSE :O ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES ) IT4 ,9 !M ONE DID NOT COME ACROSS DIFF]5T MAT]IAL /&>DS ( LIFE OR REW>DS NO CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ( MORE OR LESS SEP>AT$ GR\PS4 ,! OV]0 RID+ LAW WAS ?AT ( EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY1 9 FACT & = ! B5EFIT ( ALL EQUALLY4 

,BUT 9 :AT HAVE BE5 CALL$ ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! L>GE T[NS1 MATT]S PROCE$$ DIFF]5TLY AS A CONSEQU5CE ( CONTRADICTORY FACTORS & ( OPPOSITION CREAT$ BY ! COEXI/5CE ( SOCIAL CURR5TS EMANAT+ FROM DIFF]5T SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,TOO (T5 9 ,B>CELONA & ,VAL5CIA1 WORK]S 9 EA* UND]TAK+ TOOK OV] ! FACTORY1 ! WORKS1 OR ! WORK%OP1 ! MA*9ES1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! CONT9UATION ( ! MONEY SY/EM & NORMAL CAPITALI/ COMM]CIAL RELATIONS1 ORGANIZ$ PRODUCTION ON !IR [N ACC\NT1 SELL+ = !IR [N B5EFIT ! PRODUCE ( !IR LABOR4 ,! DECREE ( ,OCTOB]1 #aicf LEGALIZ+ COLLECTIVIZATIONS DID NOT ALL[ !M TO DO MORE1 & ?IS DI/ORT$ EV]Y?+ RI<T FROM ! />T4 

,!RE WAS NOT1 !RE=E1 TRUE SOCIALIZATION1 BUT A WORK]S' NEO-CAPITALISM1 A SELF-MANAGEM5T /RADDL+ CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 :I* WE MA9TA9 W\LD NOT HAVE OCCURR$ HAD ! ,REVOLUTION BE5 ABLE TO EXT5D ITSELF FULLY UND] ! DIRECTION ( \R ,SYNDICATES4 ,& :ILE WE W]E 5GAG$ 9 ALL-\T W>1 ) A MASSIVE ,FRANCOI/ (F5SIVE 9 ,>AGON 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,CATALONIA1 9 ,OLD ,CA/ILE 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,MADRID1 9 ,&ALUSIA1 9 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY & AGA9/ ! ,A/URIAS1 \R ,SYNDICATES C\LD NOT JO9 ISSUE ) ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL =CES & ! ANTI-FASCI/ P>TIES :OSE CONDUCT WAS EQUIVOCAL1 = EV5 ) ALL \R UNIT$ =CES WE W]E NOT P[]FUL 5\< TO CONTA9 ! 5EMY >MIES4 

,SOME ( ?OSE :O TODAY RECALL ?IS UNPLEASANT SITUATION W]E1 AT ! TIME1 BY !IR OPPOSITION TO \R 5T]PRISES 9 SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 MORE RESPONSIBLE ?AN WE W]E = !SE SEMI SOCIALIZATIONS4 ,& !Y HAVE NO RI<T N[ TO BE ! ACCUS]S4 

,MEAN:ILE1 9 SPITE ( !SE %ORTCOM+S1 :I* ! AU?OR WAS EXPOS+ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f1 ! IMPORTANT FACT IS ?AT ! FACTORIES W5T ON WORK+1 ! WORK%OPS & WORKS PRODUC$ )\T ! [N]S1 CAPITALI/S1 %>EHOLD]S & )\T HI< MANAGEM5T EXECUTIVES2 & WE KN[ ( VISITORS1 SU* AS ! ,BELGIAN SOCIOLOGI/ ,]NE/AN1 :O LAT] EXPRESS$ TO US !IR AMAZEM5T AT ! FACT :I* !Y HAD BE5 ABLE TO V]IFY ON ! SPOT4 

,!N V]Y QUICKLY REACTIONS SET 9 :I* W]E NOT GIV5 ! ATT5TION !Y DES]V$4 ,9 ! 5G9E]+ 9DU/RY :I* BECAME ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RY BECAUSE ( W> PRODUCTION1 MATT]S HAD HAD AN EQUALLY BAD />T SO F> AS 9TEGRAL LIB]T>IAN SOCIALIZATION WAS CONC]N$4 7#e7 ,BUT ! ,SYNDICATE SUCCE$$ 9 EX]CIS+ A /RICT ADM9I/RATIVE CONTROL ON ! WORK+ ( ! 5T]PRISES :]E ! MANAGEM5T ,COMITES SOON ACCEPT$ A BOOK-KEEP+ DISCIPL9E :I* RE9=C$ ! SPIRIT & PRACTICE ( SOCIALIZATION4 ,! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T CALL$ = ?IS CONTROL4 :I* H[EV] C\LD ONLY BE EX]CIS$ BECAUSE ! ,SYNDICATE AGRE$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y4 

,AT ALL TIMES 9 ! 5G9E]+ ,SYNDICATE ! DESIRE TO DO BETT] WAS EV] PRES5T AMONG ! MILITANTS :O W]E (T5 OV]:ELM$ BY COMPLEX SITUATIONS :I* CANNOT BE VISUALIZ$ FROM A DI/ANCE OR ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 ,IT WAS BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT ! ,COMITE ( ?AT ,SYNDICATE 9/RUCT$ ! PRES5T WRIT] TO PREP>E A 0SYNDICALISATION0 PLAN = 5G9E]+ PRODUCTION 9 ,B>CELONA1 & :I* WAS ACCEPT$ UNANIM\SLY BY AN ASSEMBLY 0ATT5D$ BY ?\S&S ( MEMB]S4 ,I WAS UNABLE TO OBS]VE :AT EF=TS W]E !N MADE 7! PROBLEM ( ! TE*NICAL PREP>$NESS ( ! WORK]S ALSO CAME 9TO IT7 TO PUT ?IS PLAN 9TO OP]ATION4 

,BUT O!R REACTIONS W]E EXPRESS$1 SU* AS ?AT ( ! ,SYNDICATE ( ! WOOD 9DU/RY 7CAB9ET MAK]S1 JO9]S1 C>P5T]S & ALLI$ TRADES74 ,ONE WILL BE BETT] 9=M$ BY REPRODUC+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>TS ( A MANIFE/O PUBLI%$ ON ,DECEMB] #b#e1 #aicf BY !M :I* CLE>LY %[S ?AT \R MILITANTS W]E AW>E ( ! SITUATION3 7#f7 

0,9/EAD ( A ?OR\<GO+ TAKEOV] ( ! WORK%OPS1 9/EAD ( GIV+ COMPLETE SATISFACTION TO ! PEOPLE1 ! EMPLOY]S >E BE+ OBLIG$ TO PAY WAGES1 :I* >E BE+ 9CREAS$ AS ! WORK+ H\RS >E BE+ R$UC$4 ,& ?IS 9 ! MIDDLE ( A W>6 

0,N[ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 7#g7 HAS SECUR$ ALL ! MONEY$ WEAL?1 IT AGREES TO ! PAYM5T ( IMAG9>Y DEBTS1 7#h7 & DI/RIBUTES SU* HUGE SUMS ?AT ?OSE :O >E DO+ SO WILL REGRET IT LAT] :5 ! TIME COMES TO R5D] ACC\NTS1 :5 IT WILL BE SE5 H[ MANY MILLIONS HAVE BE5 SP5T )\T PRODUC+1 & !REBY CAUS+ GREAT H>M TO ! ECONOMY4 

0,AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( P>ASITIC BUREAUCRATS HAVE BE5 CREAT$1 :I* ! ,WOOD ,SYNDICATE )9 ! SPH]E ( ITS [N ACTIVITIES HAS S\<T TO R$UCE 9 ! UND]TAK+S4 

0,WE HAVE BE5 OPPOS$ TO ?IS WA/E FROM ! BEG9N+1 & )9 ! LIMITS ( \R POSSIBILITIES HAVE 9T5SIFI$ \TPUT 9 9DU/RY4 ,WE TOO C\LD HAVE FOLL[$ ! CURR5T1 & TOL]AT$ ! MILK+ ( ! GOV]NM5TAL C[1 BY DRAGG+ MONEY \T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT = UNPR(ITABLE WORK%OPS1 & BY PAY+ HYPO!TICAL 9VOICES :I* WILL NOT BE REIMBURS$ BY 9SOLV5T DEBTORS4 

0,HAV+ REA*$ ?IS PO9T1 WE SEEK TO DEMON/RATE \R CAPACITY AS PRODUC]S BY PRACTICAL A*IEVEM5TS1 & AT ! SAME TIME SAVE ! ECONOMY & ELIM9ATE ! B\RGEOISIE ) ALL ITS ME*ANISM ( P>ASITIC 9T]M$I>IES1 ITS FRAUDUL5T BOOK-KEEP+1 & ITS /IP5DS4 

0,9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 WE C\LD NOT COLLECTIVIZE \R 9DU/RY BECAUSE WE SAW & ?\<T1 & /ILL ?9K1 ?AT MANY SECTIONS ( \R ,SYNDICATE WILL HAVE TO DISAPPE>4 ,& ALSO BECAUSE FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ !RE HAD BE5 A MISUND]/&+ BETWE5 US & ! (FICIAL WORLD :I* HAD NOT WANT$ TO RECOGNIZE ! RI<TS ( ! ,SYNDICATES2 7#i7 BUT IT IS QUITE CLE> ?AT IF ONE HAD ACT$ O!RWISE ONE C\LD1 BY SP5D+ MANY MILLIONS LESS1 HAVE IMPROV$ ALL ! 9DU/RIES1 = WE MU/ MAKE AN EF=T TO 5SURE ?AT 9 ,CATALONIA & EV]Y:]E1 \R NATIONAL 9DU/RY DEVELOPS2 IT HAS ! MEANS TO DO SO4 

0,TE*NICAL ORGANIZATION MU/ BE ADAPT$ TO ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T1 :ITE ?9K+ ( ! FUTURE4 ,FAC$ ) ! DEM&S ( ! H\R1 ! ,WOOD ,SYNDICATE HAS WANT$ TO ADVANCE NOT ONLY ALONG ! ROAD ( ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ALSO TO ORI5TATE ?IS ,REVOLUTION 9 ! 9T]E/S ( \R ECONOMY1 ( ! PEOPLE'S ECONOMY4 ,TO ?AT EFFECT WE HAVE GR\P$ ALL ! SMALL 9SOLV5T EMPLOY]S )\T MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 WE HAVE TAK5 OV] ALT ! T9Y WORK%OPS EMPLOY+ AN 9SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( WORK]S1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR SYNDICATE AFFILIATION1 SEE+ 9 !M SIMPLY WORK]S :OSE 9ACTIVITY WAS H>M+ ! ECONOMY4 

0,& ?ANKS TO \R RES\RCES & ! DUES ( \R MEMB]S WE HAVE ORGANIZ$ ,C4,N4,T4 WORK%OPS1 WORK%OPS ) #b & MORE WORK]S1 AS HAVE NEV] BE5 SE5 9 ,B>CELONA1 & ( :I* !RE >E V]Y FEW 9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA94 

0,WE C\LD HAVE1 & IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* EASI] = US1 COLLECTIVIZ$ ! WORK%OPS :OSE FUTURE WAS ASSUR$ BUT 9/EAD WE LET !M GO ON PRODUC+ = AS LONG AS !Y W]E ABLE TO1 & ONLY COLLECTIVIZE ?OSE :I* >E HAV+ REAL ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES4 

0,!RE IS A MISUND]/&+ :5 IT IS /AT$ ?AT WE DO NOT ACCEPT ! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ,DECREE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y WE ACCEPT IT1 BUT QUITE SIMPLY WE 9T]PRET IT FROM \R PO9T ( VIEW4 ,:AT1 = SOME1 W\LD HAVE BE5 UND]/&ABLE1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! ORGANIZATION ( L>GE COOP]ATIVES :I* ONLY ! FAVOR$ 9DU/RIES C\LD HAVE />T$4 ,9 RETURN !Y W\LD HAVE LEFT ?OSE )\T RES\RCES TO !IR DIFFICULTIES1 :I* MEANS CREAT+ TWO CLASSES3 ! NEW RI* & EV] POOR POOR40 

,FOLL[+ ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ 9 ?IS ,MANIFE/O1 G5]AL ASSEMBLIES W]E CALL$1 ATT5D$ AS ON O!R OCCASIONS BY ! WORK]S 9 !IR ?\S&S4 ,! SITUATION WAS EXAM9$1 & 9 ! 5D IT WAS DECID$ TO TAKE /EPS TO PUT ?+S RI<T4 ,A FAIR NUMB] ( ! L>GE/ WORK%OPS PASS$ OV] TO SYNDICAL CONTROL1 EA* ) ITS COMMUNITY NUMB]4 ,! AU?ORITY ( ! ,SYNDICATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ?AT ( ! ASSEMBLIES :OSE DECISIONS W]E F9AL1 9 ! 5D PREVAIL$4 ,:]E !RE WAS A SURPLUS ( MANP[]1 SOME ( ! WORK]S W]E MOV$ TO O!R UND]TAK+S PRODUC+ USEFUL GOODS 9 ! NEW SITUATION1 SU* AS SIMPLE FURNITURE 9/EAD ( LUXURY FURNITURE4 ,! USE ( AVAILABLE TE*NIQUES WAS RATIONALIZ$1 & :]E ! SITUATION CREAT$ BY ! W> P]MITT$1 !RE WAS A RETURN TO ! SPIRIT & PRACTICE ( LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALISM4 ,NEW G5]AL CON/RUCTIONS W]E BE+ =MULAT$ & FROM !SE EAG] ATTEMPTS TO OV]COME ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! MOM5T A G5]AL SETT+ ( ?+S TO RI<TS W\LD NOT HAVE TAK5 LONG4 

,9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+1 9DU/RIAL LIB]T>IAN A*IEVEM5TS W]E NOT LACK+1 & !SE ALONE1 W\LD HAVE JU/IFI$ A ,REVOLUTION4 7#a7 

,SYNDICALISATIONS 9 ,ALCOY 

,SO F> AS SYNDICALISATIONS >E CONC]N$1 ,ALCOY SEEMS TO US ! MO/ CONCLUSIVE EXAMPLE & ! ONE ) ! MO/ LESSONS4 ,! SECOND L>GE/ T[N 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,ALICANTE1 IT HAD A POPULATION ( #d#e1 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,IT WAS AN 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL C5T] ( SOME IMPORTANCE4 ,! TOTAL NUMB] ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S WAS #b11 A V]Y HI< PROPORTION = A C\NTRY :]E ! ACTIVE POPULATION NATIONALLY WAS FROM #c#c.0 TO #c#e.04 ,TEXTILE PRODUCTION :I* SUPPLI$ NOT ONLY FABRICS BUT ALSO HOSI]Y1 & LADIES' UND]WE>1 WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$1 & EMPLOY$ A FAIRLY L>GE COMPLEM5T ( WOM54 ,PAP] MAK+ CAME SECOND4 

,\R MOVEM5T GOES BACK TO ! ORIG9S ( SOCIALISM1 TO ! TIME ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT W5T ?R\< QUIET P]IODS1 AS HAPP5$ EV]Y:]E1 AS WELL AS SUFF]+ BITT]LY 9 TIMES ( REPRESSION4 ,BUT FROM #a#i#a#i1 ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RIAL SYNDICATES BREA!D NEW LIFE 9TO IT4 

,AN>*I/ GR\PS H]E W]E NUM]\S & G5]ALLY KNEW H[ TO /RUGGLE AT SYNDICAL LEVEL :ILE AT ! SAME TIME C>RY+ ON AMONG ! WORK]S 7AFT] ALL !Y !MSELVES W]E ALSO WORK]S7 !IR WORK ( SOCIAL $UCATION1 ! RESULTS ( :I* W]E TO BE SE5 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,& IT WAS 9 ,ALCOY ?AT ! BEAUTIFULLY PRODUC$ LIB]T>IAN P]IODICAL ,R$5CION APPE>$ = SEV5 YE>S UND] ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A'S DICTATOR%IP 7#a#i#b#c-#a#i#c74 ,AT ! TIME1 & LAT]1 IT WAS UND\BT$LY ! T[N ?AT HAD 9 RELATION TO ITS POPULATION ! HI<E/ PROPORTION ( MILITANT LIB]T>IANS 9CLUD+ MANY Y\NG PEOPLE4 

,AT ! TIME ( MY FIR/ VISIT 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicg \R ,SYNDICATES HAD #a#g1 MEMB]S1 M5 & WOM54 ,! ,U4,G4,T4 HAD #c1 9CLUD+ FUNCTION>IES1 :O W]E NOT REVOLUTION>IES1 & ! ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y SMALL TRADESM5 :O HOP$ TO F9D 9 ?AT ORGANIZATION ! GU>ANTEE ( !IR SOCIAL /ATUS4 

,!SE SAME PEOPLE ALSO C\NT$ ON ! SUPPORT ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 NATURALLY HO/ILE TO :AT \R COMRADES MI<T UND]TAKE4 ,BUT \R COMRADES W]E 9 CONTROL ( ALL ACTIVITIES ESS5TIAL TO SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS WAS ?ANKS TO \R ,SYNDICATES A LI/ ( :I* FOLL[S3 ,FOOD SUPPLIES2 ,PR9T+ 7PAP] & C>DBO>D72 ,BUILD+ 79CLUD+ >*ITECTS72 ,HYGI5E 7M$ICAL1 SANIT>Y S]VICES1 PH>MACY1 HAIRDRESS]S1 LAUNDRIES1 SWEEP]S72 ,TRANSPORT2 ,5T]TA9M5T2 ,*EMICAL ,9DU/RY 7LABORATORIES1 P]FUM]Y1 SOAP1 ETC472 ,LI<T ,TEXTILES2 ,WOOD ,9DU/RY2 ,9DU/RIAL TE*NICIANS2 ,TRAVEL+ SALESM52 ,LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS 7TEA*]S1 >TI/S1 WRIT]S1 ETC472 ,CLO?+2 ,5G9E]+2 ,AGRICULTURE 7BAS$ ON ! M>KET G>D5]S 9 ! SURR\ND+ DI/RICTS74 

,! V]Y CLE> IMAGE ( !IR MISSION MADE \R COMRADES ACT ) PRECISION & SPE$4 ,ALCOY DID NOT PASS ?R\< ! TOO (T5 PROLONG$ /AGES EXP]I5C$ ELSE:]E ( CONTROL ,COMITES FEEL+ !IR WAY1 ( ISOLAT$ MANAGEM5T ,COMITES AS HAPP5$ ELSE:]E4 ,FROM ! FIR/ DAY1 & QUICKLY1 ! ,SYNDICATES TOOK OV] CONTROL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE :I* !Y W]E 5C\RAG+ & ?IS HAPP5$ 9 ALL 9DU/RIES )\T EXCEPTION4 

,LET US ATTEMPT TO TRACE ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR A*IEVEM5TS4 

"9"9"9 

,ON ,JULY #a#h1 #aicf RUMORS ( ! IMP5D+ FASCI/ ATTACK :I* W]E RIFE ?R\<\T ,SPA9 ALSO F\ND AN E*O 9 ,ALCOY4 ,!Y EXPECT$ AN ATTACK BY ! MILIT>Y & ! CONS]VATIVES SUPPORT$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D2 \R =CES MOBILIZ$ TO MEET ! ATTACK & TOOK UP COMBAT POSITIONS 9 ! /REETS4 ,BUT ! ATTACK DID NOT TAKE PLACE4 ,SO \R =CES :O1 BY !IR 9ITIATIVE HAD \TFLANK$ ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES1 TURN$ TO !M & PRES5T$ C]TA9 DEM&S MA9LY MOTIVAT$ BY ! UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 7\R ,SYNDICATE AT ! TIME HAD #d1#e MEMB]S1 SOON TO BECOME #f1#e74 ,!SE DEM&S1 )\T BREAK+ ! ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY1 W]E = ASSI/ANCE = ! UNEMPLOY$ & CONTROL OV] 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES4 ,ALL ! DEM&S W]E AGRE$ TO4 

,BUT NEW DIFFICULTIES SOON LOOM$4 ,! EMPLOY]S W]E QUITE PREP>$ = ! WORK]S' CONTROL COMMISSIONS TO EXAM9E !IR BOOKS :]E TRANSACTIONS ( PUR*ASES & SALES1 PR(ITS & LOSSES W]E PRESUMABLY CORRECTLY 5T]$4 ,BUT ! WORK]S & MORE ESPECIALLY ! ,SYNDICATES WANT$ TO GO FUR!R4 ,!Y WANT$ TO CONTROL ! :OLE CAPITALI/ ME*ANISM :I* ABSURDLY HELD BACK PRODUCTION :5 !RE W]E PEOPLE 9SUFFICI5TLY CLAD1 & :I* CREAT$ AN UNEMPLOYM5T :I* C\LD NOT BE ACCEPT$ SEE+ ?AT !RE WAS AN UNSATISFI$ DEM&4 ,& V]Y SOON !Y CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE TO SEIZE CONTROL ( ! FACTORIES1 & *ANGE EV]Y?+ 9 SOCIETY4 

,FUR!RMORE ! EMPLOY]S SOON DECL>$ !IR 9ABILITY TO PAY WAGES TO ! UNEMPLOY$1 :I* 9 ?AT CRITICAL P]IOD WAS PROBABLY TRUE4 ,ONE P>T ( ! FACTORIES APPE>$ TO BE 9SOLV5T BECAUSE ( ! CRISIS & C\LD NOT EV5 PAY ! WORK]S :O W]E AT WORK4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT ! PO9T WAS REA*$ 9 ?IS ABSURD SITUATION :]E ! EMPLOY]S ASK$ ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS TO ADVANCE !M ! CA% TO PAY ! UNEMPLOY$4 

,SO1 ! ,SYNDICATE ( ! WORK]S 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 :OSE HI/ORY WE KN[ BE/ ( ALL1 NOM9AT$ A COMMISSION :I* /UDI$ ! SITUATION & PRES5T$ A REPORT 9 :I* IT CONCLUD$ ?AT ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY ( ,ALCOY F\ND ITSELF 9 0A SITUATION ( SY/EMATIC P>ALYZES1 F9ANCIAL BANKRUPTCY & ( ABSOLUTE DEFICI5CY ADM9I/RATIVELY & TE*NICALLY04 

,?IS DET]M9$ ! DECISIVE /EP TAK53 ON ! PROPOSAL ( ! ,SYNDICATE1 CONTROL COMMISSIONS 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY TRANS=M$ !MSELVES 9TO MANAGEM5T ,COMITES4 ,& ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#d1 #aicf ! ,SYNDICATE (FICIALLY TOOK OV] #da CLO? FACTORIES1 #a ?READ1 #h KNITT+ & HOSI]Y FACTORIES1 #d DYE+1 #e F9I%+1 #bd FLOCK FACTORIES AS WELL AS #aa RAG DEPOTS4 ,ALL !SE E/ABLI%M5TS CON/ITUT$ ! :OLE TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ,ALCOY4 

,NO?+ REMA9$ \TSIDE ! CONTROL & MANAGEM5T ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,BUT ONE MU/ NOT IMAG9E HID+ BEH9D ?IS NAME W]E SIMPLY A FEW HI<]1 BUREAUCRATIC ,COMITES MAK+ DECISIONS 9 ! NAME ( ! MASS ( UNIONI/S )\T CONSULT+ !M4 ,H]E1 TOO1 LIB]T>IAN DEMOCRACY WAS PRACTIC$4 ,AS 9 ALL ! ,SYNDICATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 !RE WAS A DUAL CURR5T3 ON ! ONE H& ?AT AT ! BASE BY ! MASS ( UNIONI/S & ! MILITANTS :O W]E P>T ( IT4 ,ON ! O!R1 ! DIRECT+ IMPULSE COM+ FROM ABOVE4 ,FROM ! P]IMET] TO ! C5T] & FROM ! C5T] TO ! P]IMET]1 AS ,PR\DHON DEM&$1 OR FROM ! BASE UPW>DS ABOVE ALL1 AS ,BAKUN9 DEM&$4 ,!RE W]E FIVE G5]AL BRAN*ES ( WORK & WORK]S4 ,FIR/LY WEAV+ :I* EMPLOY$ #b1#c#c#f WORK]S2 !N ?READ MAK+ ) #a1#a#e#h SKILL$ M5 & WOM52 KNITT+ & HOSI]Y EMPLOY$ #a1#c#f & C>D+ ANO!R #e#e4 

,AT ! BASE1 ! WORK]S 9 !SE FIVE SPECIALTIES *OSE AT !IR FACTORY MEET+S ! DELEGATE TO REPRES5T !M 9 9TEGRAT+ ! FACTORY ,COMITES4 ,ONE !N F9DS !SE FIVE BRAN*ES ( WORK1 ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! DELEGATIONS1 9 ! MANAGEM5T ,COMITE ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,! G5]AL ORGANIZATION RE/S !RE=E ON ! ONE H& ON ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ON ! O!R ON ! SYN!TIC 9DU/RIAL /RUCTURE4 

,BE=E EXPROPRIATION TOOK PLACE1 ! 5T]PRISE ,COMITES CONSI/$ ONLY ( REPRES5TATIVES ( MANUAL WORK]S2 LAT] A DELEGATE FROM ! (FICE /AFF WAS ADD$ & ANO!R FROM ! /ORES & DEPOTS = RAW MAT]IALS4 ,! ROLE ( !SE COMITES N[ CONSI/$ 9 DIRECT+ PRODUCTION ACCORD+ TO 9/RUCTIONS RECEIV$1 & EMANAT+ FROM ! ASSEMBLIES1 TO TRANSMIT TO ! ,COMITES & RESPONSIBLE SECTIONS ( ! ,SYNDICATE REPORTS ON ! PROGRESS ( WORK1 TO MAKE KN[N ! NE$S = NEW TE*NICAL MAT]IAL & ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,!Y ALSO HAD TO PASS ON L>GE 9VOICES & PAY ! SMALL ONES4 

,BUT ! REPRES5TATIVES ( !SE FIVE BRAN*ES ( WORK CON/ITUT$ ONLY A HALF ( ! MANAGEM5T ,COMITE4 ,! O!R HALF CONSI/$ ( ! CONTROL ,COMMISSION NOM9AT$ BY ! ,SYNDICATE ,COMITE & BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MANUFACTUR+ SECTIONS4 

,! TE*NICAL COMMISSION WAS ALSO DIVID$ 9TO FIVE SECTIONS3 ADM9I/RATION SALES PUR*ASES MANUFACTURE 9SURANCE ,IT WAS PROVID$ ) A G5]AL SECRET>Y TO 5SURE AN 9DISP5SABLE COORD9ATION4 ,WE WILL CA/ A RAPID GLANCE AT ! OP]ATION ( ?IS COMMISSION4 

,*OS5 FROM AMONG ?OSE :O W]E CONSID]$ MORE SUITABLE TO FULFILL ?IS ROLE1 ! G5]AL SECRET>Y SUP]VIS$1 & IF NECESS>Y GUID$ ! G5]AL ACTIVITY4 

,A COMRADE :OSE ABILITY = ?IS K9D ( WORK WAS RECOGNIZ$ WAS PUT AT ! HEAD ( ! SALES SECTION4 ,HE SUP]VIS$ WORK 9 HIS SECTION2 ?IS SECTION RECEIV$ ORD]S1 >RANG$ DELIV]IES ( GOODS TO ! V>I\S W>EH\SES :]E !Y W]E /OR$ & ME?ODICALLY CLASSIFI$4 ,:5 A W>EH\SE MADE A DELIV]Y IT W\LD NOTIFY ! ACC\NTS DEP>TM5T = IT TO DEAL ) SECUR+ PAYM5T4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! SALES SECTION COMMUNICAT$ TO ! MANUFACTUR+ SECTION ! K9D & QUANTITY ( >TICLES SOLD SO ?AT !Y C\LD BE REPLAC$ 9 GOOD TIME4 ,?US ! /ATE ( ALL ! TEXTILE RES]VES 9 ,ALCOY C\LD BE ASC]TA9$ DAILY4 

,W>EH\S+ WAS ALSO ! BUS9ESS ( ?IS ,COMMISSION4 ,! /ORES SPECIALIZ$ 9 DIFF]5T >TICLES 7KNITWE>1 HOSI]Y1 BLANKETS1 OV]COATS1 %EETS1 DIFF]5T CLO?S1 ETC474 7#a#a7 

,:5 ! ORD]S W]E = CA%1 ! SALES *IEF AU?ORIZ$ !M TO BE EXECUT$4 ,HE C\LD ALSO 9 ! CASE ( CR$IT CU/OM]S1 BUT IF A LONG] CR$IT WAS ASK$ = ! DECISION TO SUPPLY W\LD _*RE/ ) ! ,COMMISSION4 

,AS ) ALL ! O!RS1 ! BUY+ SECTION HAD A COMRADE ) SPECIAL COMPET5CE1 A SPECIALIZ$ PR(ESSIONAL :O ALSO JO9$ ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,HIS TASK WAS TO BUY WOOL1 COTTON1 JUTE1 SILK1 NOCK1 ETC41 ACCORD+ TO ! REQUIREM5TS NOTIFI$ TO HIM BY ! CORRESPOND+ SECTIONS4 ,:5 NECESS>Y O!R SPECIALIZ$ TE*NICIANS W\LD BE S5T TO DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,SPA9 & EV5 ABROAD1 ) ! AGREEM5T ( ! TE*NICAL ,COMMISSION4 ,?IS ,COMMISSION KEPT AN UP TO DATE ACC\NT ( ! RES]VES ( RAW MAT]IALS 9 ! W>EH\SE1 RECORD$ ! TRANSF] FROM ONE DEPOT OR FACTORY TO ANO!R4 ,NOT A P\ND ( MAT]IALS C\LD BE MOV$ )\T IT1 BE+ DULY NOT$4 

,! MANUFACTUR+ SECTION BE+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT & HAV+ E MORE DIV]SIFI$ FUNCTIONS1 WAS DIVID$ 9TO ?REE SUB-SECTIONS3 #a7 ,ACTUAL MANUFACTURE2 #b7 ,TE*NICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! FACTORIES & MA*9E MA9T5ANCE2 #c7 ,CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & /ATI/ICS4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE SUB-SECTIONS DI/RIBUT$ WORK 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! TE*NICAL POSSIBILITIES & SPECIALIZATIONS ( ! FACTORIES4 ,AFT] RECEIV+ ! ORD]S FROM ! SALES SECTION1 & HAV+ DECID$ :I* WORK%OP & FACTORIES W\LD HAVE TO C>RY \T ! WORK ! CRIT]ION BE+ ?AT !Y POSSESS$ ! MO/ SUITABLE PLANT - & NATURALLY ! MO/ SKILL$ LABOR - IT TRANSMITT$ ! NECESS>Y FACTS TO ! PUR*AS+ ,COMMISSION = IT TO OBTA91 ! RAW MAT]IALS4 

,! P]SONNEL ( ! :OLE 9DU/RY WAS DIVID$ 9TO SPECIALTIES2 MANUAL WORK]S1 DESIGN]S & TE*NICIANS4 ,ORD]S W]E NOT DI/RIBUT$ & ! WORK 9VOLV$ 9 C>RY+ !M \T NOT DISCUSS$ )\T FIR/ CONSULT+ ! FACTORY TE*NICIANS !MSELVES4 ,DECISIONS W]E NOT TAK5 FROM ABOVE1 )\T SEEK+ 9=MATION FROM BEL[4 ,IF = 9/ANCE A SPECIAL CLO? HAD TO BE MANUFACTUR$ CONTA9+ MORE COTTON ?AN WOOL1 OR VISE V]SA1 FIVE ( ! MO/ ABLE ME*ANICS AMONG !M W\LD BE CALL$ 9 TO CONSID] IF1 & :]E1 ! TE*NICAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION EXI/$1 & 9 :AT WAY !Y C\LD BE US$4 ,AS TO ! MANUAL WORK]S1 !Y ACCOMPLI%$ !IR TASK AS SCRUPUL\SLY AS POSSIBLE3 !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! RESPONSIBILITIES AT ! LEVEL ( !IR ACTIVITIES2 IF NECESS>Y !Y 9=M$ ! TE*NICAL SECTIONS1 ?R\< ! WORKS ,COMITE1 ( ! DIFFICULTIES :I* >OSE 9 C>RY+ \T !IR P>T ( ! WORK4 

,EV]Y ,MONDAY1 9 EA* FACTORY1 ! DESIGN]S1 TE*NICIANS1 & WORK] DELEGATES MET1 EXAM9$ ! BOOKS & ! ACC\NTS ( ! 5T]PRISE1 ! PRODUCTION FIGURES1 QUALITY ( WORK1 ORD]S 9 H& & ALL ?AT MADE UP ! COMMON EF=T4 ,!SE MEET+S DID NOT TAKE DECISIONS BUT !IR RESULTS W]E COMMUNICAT$ TO ! CORRESPOND+ SYNDICAL SECTIONS4 

,! MA*9ES SUB-SECTION HAD AS ITS OBJECTIVE TO DEAL ) ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! ME*ANICAL EQUIPM5T & ! BUILD+S 9 :I* !Y W]E H\S$4 ,IT ORD]$ ! REPAIRS ASK$ = BY ! WORKS ,COMITES1 BUT HAD TO CONSULT ! TE*NICAL ,COMMISSION :5 ! CO/S EXCE$$ A FIX$ CEIL+4 

,! CONTROL SUB-COMMISSION = MANUFACTURE & /ATI/ICS PREP>$ REPORTS ON ! 9DIVIDUAL BALANCE %EET ( EA* FACTORY OR WORK%OP1 ON ! RETURN FROM ! RAW MAT]IALS1 ON EXP]IM5TS 9 NEW USES ( MAT]IALS1 & ! SPECIAL PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY !M 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( WORK & MANP[]1 ! CONSUMPTION ( P[] 9VOLV$1 & ALL O!R CONNECT$ MATT]S :I* C\LD ORI5TATE PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL4 ,IT ALSO RECORD$ ! TRANSF] ( PLANT FROM ONE FACTORY OR WORK%OP TO ANO!R4 

,! ADM9I/RATIVE SUB-SECTION WAS DIVID$ 9TO ?REE SECTIONS3 C\NT+ H\SE1 ACC\NTS1 URBAN & 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,! C\NT+ H\SE DEALT ) PAYM5TS CONNECT$ ) ! LOCAL TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 G5]AL1 ON ! 9/RUCTIONS GIV5 BY ! DIRECTOR ( ! CORRESPOND+ SECTIONS4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H& HE HAD TO HAVE ! AGREEM5T ( ! FACTORIES HE DEALT )4 ,! SECOND SECTION RECORD$ ADM9I/RATIVELY ALL PUR*ASES1 SALES1 CR$IT1 ETC41 EFFECT$4 ,WE WILL EXPLA9 LAT] ITS ME?ODS ( WORK+1 :I* WILL GIVE ONE A BETT] 9SI<T 9TO ! IMPROVEM5TS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! BOOK-KEEP+ SY/EM 9TRODUC$ 9 ,ALCOY BY ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,F9ALLY ! SUB-SECTION = URBAN & 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATION DEALT ) ! PAYM5T ( CONTRIBUTIONS & R5TS & ON ALL1 9SURANCE MATT]S 9VOLV+ ACCID5TS1 & ) MA9TA9+ P]MAN5T RELATIONS ) ! ,FRI5DLY ,SOCIETY ( ! ,LEVANTE4 7#a#b7 

,ON ! FR+E ( !SE FIVE SECTIONS OR SUB-SECTIONS1 TWO GR\PS W]E ORGANIZ$ TO DEAL ) ! >*IVES1 ONE PROVISIONAL ! O!R P]MAN5T4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ! %>E C]TIFICATES ( ! =M] [N]S PRES]V$ !RE AS WELL AS ! SIGN$ R5\NCEM5T ( !IR TITLES AT ! TIME ( ! EXPROPRIATION1 BUT ALSO EV]Y?+ CONNECT$ ) EV]Y ACTIVITY ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 BO? UND] ! NEW SY/EM & UND] ! OLD1 9CLUD+ PRODUCTION FIGURES & ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS UND] ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 

,WE ?9K IT NECESS>Y TO DEAL SEP>ATELY ) ! WAY ! BOOK-KEEP+ WAS ORGANIZ$4 ,IT WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY ! WORK ( A ,LEFT REPUBLICAN :O JO9$ ! ,C4,N4,T4 & APPROV$ ( ! TRANS=MATIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE4 ,?IS COMRADE APPLI$ A ME?OD :I* WAS NOT 5TIRELY ORIG9AL = C\NTRIES ) A DEVELOP$ ORGANIZATION1 BUT NEW SO F> AS ,SPA9 WAS CONC]N$4 ,ITS FIR/ ADVANTAGE WAS TO C>RY \T ) A /AFF ( #g ! WORK :I* PREVI\SLY REQUIR$ AT LEA/ ONE ACC\NTANT1 & (T5 TWO1 = EA* ( ! EXI/+ E/ABLI%M5TS 7FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 GOODS DEPOTS1 ETC41 #ac 9 ALL74 ,& HE PROVID$ ME ) ! 9=MATION TO DEMON/RATE ?IS4 

,UND] ! OLD SY/EM 9V>IABLY ADOPT$ 9 ,ALCOY ! 5TRIES 9 ! ,BIG ,BOOK = ANY ONE DAY OCCUPI$ SOME #be PAGES1 :]EAS UND] ! NEW SY/EM ALL ! DAILY OP]ATIONS = ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY W]E CONTA9$ 9 A PAGE & A HALF ( ! ACC\NTS BOOK2 ONLY ! SUMM>IES W]E 5T]$4 ,! DETAIL$ FIGURES W]E 5T]$ 9 ! BOOKS ( ! ?IRTE5 DIFF]5T SECTIONS 7C\NT+ H\SE1 BANKS1 ,BILL-CASES1 ETC474 

,EA* SECTION 5T]$ IMM$IATELY :AT CONC]N$ ITS SPECIALTY1 !N FIL$ ON ! SPOT ! RELEVANT DOCUM5TS4 ,ACC\NTS W]E BALANC$ EA* DAY AT F\R O'CLOCK & ! SUMM>Y 5T]$ 9 ! ,BIG ,BOOK4 

,FUR!RMORE EA* SECTION HAD ITS C>D-9DEX SY/EMS :I* W]E 9 ! H&S ( SPECIALIZ$ WORK]S4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE !RE=E1 AT ANY MOM5T1 TO GO ?R\< ANY ACC\NT & *ECK EV]Y DETAIL4 ,ONE ALSO KNEW ON ! SPOT :AT A CU/OM] [$1 OR ! BALANCE %EET ( A FACTORY1 JU/ AS EASILY AS ! PETROL EXP5SES = ANY ONE ( ! REPRES5TATIVES4 

,9 ?IS HUGE COORD9AT$ & RATIONALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ! ,SYNDICATE WAS !RE=E ! DIRECT+ ORGANISM :I* 5COMPASS$ EV]Y?+4 ,! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES :I* EV]Y S+LE WORK] WAS 5TITL$ TO ATT5D PASS$ JUDGM5T ON ! ACTIVITIES ( ! TE*NICAL ,COMMISSION & ( ! SECTIONS ?AT SPRANG FROM ! FACTORY ,COMITES4 ,IT WAS ! ,SYNDICATE :I* ALSO ASSUM$ ! JURIDICAL & SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY BO? = ! EXPROPRIATION UND]TAK5 & ! G5]AL MANAGEM5T4 ,IT E/ABLI%$ ! RATE ( REMUN]ATION & COORD9AT$ ALL ACTIVITIES ON A HI<] LEVEL 9 ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/4 

"9"9"9 

,AS WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 ! O!R 9DU/RIES 9 ,ALCOY W]E ORGANIZ$ & ADM9I/]$ 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,! :OLE ORGANIZATION WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,SYNDICATES4 ,& ! ,SYNDICATE WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S :O EFFECTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 9DU/RY - & NOT ONLY ( ! FACTORY - & ROSE TO ! COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL S5SE4 

,!Y W]E H>D AT WORK 9 ! 5G9E]+ WORK%OPS ,I VISIT$1 & !Y TOO W]E ORGANIZ$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( LIB]T>IAN DEMOCRACY & SYNDICALISM4 ,!Y HAD EV5 SUCCESSFULLY IMPROVIS$ AN >MAM5TS 9DU/RY TO ASSI/ ! >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,! IMPROVEM5TS FAVORABLY SURPRIS$ SOME TE*NICALLY QUALIFI$ VISITORS1 & ! GOV]NM5T PLAC$ ORD]S = ! >MY4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 PAP] MAK+ MET ) DIFFICULTIES RESULT+ FROM A DECREASE 9 RES]VES ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,ONCE AGA9 ONE CAN SEE ?AT IF ?IS EXP]IM5T HAD TAK5 PLACE UND] MORE FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES ! RESULTS W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y MU* MORE SUCCESSFUL ?AN !Y W]E4 

,NEV]!LESS ! SOLID>ITY ( ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ALL[$ ! PR9T+1 PAP] & C>DBO>D ,SYNDICATE TO MEET ! DIFFICULTIES4 ,9 FACT1 ! SIXTE5 O!R ,SYNDICATES :I* COMPOS$ ! LOCAL ,F$]ATION 9 ,ALCOY1 GAVE F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE 7S9CE ! MONEY SYMBOL WAS RETA9$7 TO 9DU/RIES :I* W]E 9 ! R$4 ,!Y HAD CONQU]$ ! CORPORATE SPIRIT1 EV5 ( N>R[ CORPORATE SYNDICALISM4 

"9"9"9 

,! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION WAS TE*NICALLY EXCELL5T 9 ,ALCOY AT ! TIME :5 ,I /UDI$ IT1 & AS G5]ALLY HAPP5$1 IT IS PROBABLE ?AT IT W5T ON IMPROV+4 ,! WEAK PO9T WAS1 AS 9 O!R PLACES1 ! ORGANIZATION = DI/RIBUTION4 ,)\T ! OPPOSITION ( TRADESM5 & ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 ALL AL>M$ BY ! ?REAT ( COMPLETE SOCIALIZATION1 :O COMBAT$ ?IS 0TOO REVOLUTION>Y0 PROGRAM1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO DO BETT]4 ,?IS OPPOSITION OBLIG$ !M TO CREATE !IR [N ANTIFASCI/ ,COMITE DE CONTROL :I* HAD NO COMBATIVE ROLE TO PLAY1 BUT UND] ?IS GUISE C5TRALIZ$ ! PUR*ASES ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS1 PAY+ ON ! ONE H& LESS TO ! PEASANTS = !IR PRODUCTS1 & ON ! O!R HOLD+ D[N PRICES & ! CO/ ( LIV+4 ,IT WAS NOT AN EASY MATT] TO ASS]T !MSELVES SO AS TO AVOID FRICTION AMONG ! ANTI-,FRANCOI/ SECTORS4 ,= ! SOCIALI/1 REPUBLICAN1 & COMMUNI/ POLITICIANS ACTIVELY S\<T TO PREV5T \R SUCCESS1 EV5 TO RE/OR+ ! OLD ORD] OR MA9TA9+ :AT WAS LEFT ( IT4 

,NEV]!LESS 9 ,ALCOY #b1 WORK]S 7#a#c7 ADM9I/]$ PRODUCTION ?R\< !IR ,SYNDICATES & PROV$ ?AT 9DU/RY FUNCTIONS MORE ECONOMICALLY )\T CAPITALI/S OR %>EHOLD]S & )\T EMPLOY]S FI<T+ AMONG !MSELVES & !REBY PREV5T+ ! RATIONAL USE ( TE*NICAL PLANT1 JU/ AS ! *AOS 9 9DIVIDUAL AGRICULTURE PREV5T$ ! RATIONAL USE ( ! L& & ! MEANS ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION4 

,! GOV]NM5T C\LD ONLY B[ BE=E !SE A*IEVEM5TS & ORD] >MS FROM ! SYNDICALIS$ 5G9E]+ WORK%OPS 9 ,ALCOY1 JU/ AS IT ORD]$ CLO? FROM ! SOCIALIZ$ TEXTILE 9DU/RY TO CLO! ! >MY1 & ANKLE-BOOTS FROM ! FACTORIES 9 ,ELDA 9 ! SAME PROV9CE ( ,ALICANTE :I* W]E ALSO 9 ! H&S ( ! LIB]T>IANS4 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #aa 

.<#a.> ,NATURALLY !SE FIGURES HAVE S9CE RADICALLY *ANG$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! MO/ REC5T C5SUS :I* IS = #a#i#f1 ! ACTIVE AGRICULTURAL POPULATION REPRES5TS #c#i4#g.01 ! 9DU/RIAL POPULATION #c#c.01 ! SECTOR DEF9$ AS 0S]VICES0 #bh .04 ,! CATEGORY ( METALLURGY & HEAVY 9DU/RY EMPLOY$ #b#c1 WORK]S 9 #a#i#f#a1 & LI<T 9DU/RY #c#h#f11 BUILD+ & CON/RUCTION #f#c11 TEXTILES #c#c#e14 ,BUT H]E TOO1 9 ORD] TO MAKE COMP>ISONS ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ! 9CREASE 9 POPULATION FROM #bd MILLION 9 #aicf TO #c4#e MILLION AT ! TIME ( ! C5SUS 7& TO #cc MILLION 9 #a#i#g74 

.<#b.> ,BUT :I* REVOLUTION>IES WANT+ TO BR+ D[N EXI/+ SOCIETY & PROCLAIM+ ! NE$ TO BUILD A NEW ONE HAVE EV] WORRI$ AB\T !SE PROBLEMS4 ,M>X HIMSELF POK$ FUN AT ! 0RECIPES0 = ! COOK+ POTS ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,CURI\SLY 5\< ONLY ! AN>*I/ OR LIB]T>IAN S*OOL HAS PRODUC$ SOME MORE OR LESS S]I\S ANTICIPATIONS ,& ! CONC]N = ! CON/RUCTIVE TASK TO BE UND]TAK5 HAS C]TA9LY BE5 ONE ( ! FACTORS :I* PREP>$ ! MILITANT CON/RUCTORS :OSE WORK WE >E EXAM9+4 

.<#c.> ,SOLID>ITY IMPLIES 9T]DEP5D5CE1 OR IT IS NO MORE ?AN A WORD4 ,H]E IS AN EXAMPLE DEMON/RAT+ ALL ! DIFF]5CE ?AT EXI/$ ON ! SUBJECT BETWE5 ! OLD ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS & ! ,SPANI% COMRADES4 ,AT A K9D ( R\ND TABLE AT :I* ! AU?OR WAS EXPLA9+ TO BLA/ FURNACE DELEGATES ?AT ! WAGES ( IRON-F\NDRY WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA WAS ! SAME = ALL ! TRADES1 ONE ( !SE DELEGATES DECL>$ ?AT HE C\LD NOT ACCEPT ?AT AN IRON-SMI? %\LD HAVE ANY SAY 9 :AT HE1 A FITT]1 %\LD BE PAID4 ,I EXPLA9$ ?AT 9 ,SPA9 !Y HAD GONE BEYOND ! CORPORATE MORALITY & = !M IT WAS HUMAN RI<TS ?AT TOOK PREC$5CE4 ,! ,FR5* COMRADE WAS NOT 5TIRELY CONV9C$4 

.<#d.> ,9 ,EL ,PROLET>IADO ,MILITANTE OP4 CIT4 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ALREADY AT ! TIME ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ?IS ABS5CE ( MILITANTS ) TE*NICAL PREP>ATION CON/ITUT$ A S]I\S H&ICAP4 

.<#e.> ,?IS WAS C]TA9LY H9D]$ =1 9 ! NAME ( ! DEM&S ( ! W>1 ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO1 ! RI<T-W+ SOCIALI/1 9T]V5$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 5G9E]+ 9DU/RIES &1 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,COMMUNI/S GIV5 KEY POSITIONS1 PREV5T$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( SYNDICAL SOCIALIZATION4 ,SEE *APT] ON ,! ,9T]NAL ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION4 

.<#f.> ,ANO!R ,MANIFE/O D5\NC+ ! DEVIATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVES & DECL>+ ?AT !Y W]E ! OPPOSITE ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS ISSU$ AT ! SAME TIME BY ! ,F4,A4,I4 ,! AU?OR ( !SE L9ES HAD BE5 9/RUCT$ TO DRAFT IT4 

.<#g.> ,(FICIAL NAME ( ! ,CATALAN ,GOV]NM5T4 

.<#h.> ,?IS REF]S TO REAL OR CANCEL$ DEBTS1 PAYM5T ( :I* WAS DEM&$ BY A NUMB] ( CONTRACTORS4 

.<#i.> ,! DECREE RECOGNIZ+ & CONTA9+ ! ,COLLECTIVES WAS NOT PUBLI%$ BY ! ,CATALAN ,GOV]NM5T UNTIL ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f1 ?REE MON?S AFT] ! EV5TS HAD />T$ & AS A RESULT ( ! GR[+ NUMB] ( EXPROPRIATIONS BY ! WORK]S4 

.<#a.> ,9 ,VAL5CIA ?+S HAPP5$ ALONG ! SAME L9ES 9 ! WOOD 9DU/RY4 ,9 5G9E]+ !Y DID NOT TAKE ?+S F>!R ?AN ,B>CELONA = REASONS ALREADY GIV54 

.<#a#a.> ,ONE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ONE WAS /ILL A LONG WAY FROM 9TEGRAL SOCIALIZATION 9 ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE4 ,BUS9ESS PRACTICES P]SI/$ AS WELL AS A NUMB] ( ASPECTS ( CAPITALISM1 :I* WE W]E UNABLE TO GET RID ( COMPLETELY4 

.<#a#b.> ,! ,MUTUA ,LEVANT9A CREAT$ BY ! LIB]T>IANS :I* WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 ! *APT] ON ! 0,SOCIALIZATION ( ,M$IC9E04 

.<#a#c.> ,! #c1 BELONG+ TO ! ,U4,G4,T4 ACCEPT$ ! MAJORITY DECISIONS NOT )\T REGRET4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,I,I 

,A,*,I,E,V,E,M,5,T,S ,9 ,! ,P,U,B,L,I,C ,S,E,C,T,O,R 

#a4 ,WAT]1 ,GAS & ,ELECTRICITY 9 ,CATALONIA 

,! WORK]S' ,SYNDICATE :I* FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION GU>ANTE$ ! SUPPLY OR PRODUCTION ( DR9K+ WAT]1 GAS & ELECTRICITY 9 ,CATALONIA HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 #aibg UND]1 & 9 SPITE (1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,G5]AL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,O!RS HAD BE5 />T$ ?R\<\T ,SPA91 & ! F$]ATION ( !SE 9DU/RIES WAS SET UP 9 ! CANTON ( ,B>CELONA4 ,NEXT APPE>$ ! ,CATALAN REGIONAL ,F$]ATION & F9ALLY1 UNIT+ ALL ! REGIONAL F$]ATIONS CON/ITUT$ 9 ,SPA91 ! NATIONAL ,F$]ATION1 ! SECRET>IAT ( :I* WAS SET UP 9 ,MADRID4 

,NO D\BT ?IS /RUCTURE WAS FACILITAT$1 & 5C\RAG$ BY ! NATURE ( ! PRODUCTION1 ESPECIALLY ELECTRICITY MA9LY FROM HYDRAULIC P[] 7#a7 & BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! HEADS ( WAT] FROM ! ,PYR5EES OR ( B>RAGES SITUAT$ AT GREAT DI/ANCES - SOMETIMES HUNDR$S ( KILOMET]S - FROM ! TRANS=M] /ATIONS & ! DI/RIBUTION C5T]S4 

,ON A NATIONAL SCALE1 MO/ WORK]S JO9$ PROMPTLY4 ,9 ,B>CELONA ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,SYNDICATE HAD NORMALLY BETWE5 #b1#e & #c1 MEMB]S1 & #g1 9 ! :OLE ( ,CATALONIA4 ,!N AFT] #ai ,JULY1 9 ! NEW SITUATION CREAT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 WORK]S & TE*NICIANS TOGE!R NUMB]$ #h14 ,= ITS P>T ! ,U4,G4,T4 HAD A LITTLE LESS ?AN ?AT NUMB]1 9 ,CATALONIA ?AT IS4 

,! TE*NICIANS1 SEMI-TE*NICIANS1 & E/ABLI%M5T HAD SET UP !IR [N ,SYNDICATE 9DEP5D5T ( ! TWO WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BUT ! VITALITY ( ! SOLID>ITY SPRUNG FROM ! ,REVOLUTION DROVE !M T[>DS CLOS] UNION ) ! MANUAL WORK]S1 A NECESS>Y UNION = MA9TA9+ PRODUCTION4 ,& AN ASSEMBLY RESOLV$1 BY ACCLAMATION1 TO DISSOLVE ! SEP>ATE ,SYNDICATE & TO CON/ITUTE ! TE*NICAL SECTION ( ! S+LE ,SYNDICATE AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,LAT] IDEOLOGICAL PREF]5CES CAME 9TO PLAY & FIFTY ( !SE TE*NICIANS LEFT ! ,C4,N4,T4 TO =M A SECTION ) MEMB]%IP ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 

,! DIRECTORS ( ! P[] /ATIONS :O E>N$ ANY?+ UP TO1 #c#c1 PESETAS A MON? :ILE ! WORK]S E>N$ LESS ?AN #be W]E MO/LY =EIGN]S4 ,!Y RECEIV$ ORD]S FROM !IR ,CONSULATES TO RETURN HOME4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ?ANKS TO ! EF=TS ( ALL WORK]S1 & 9 SPITE ( A LACK ( SOME TE*NICAL /AFF ( 9T]NATIONAL ORIG91 WAT]1 GAS & ELECTRICITY CONT9U$ TO BE SUPPLI$ RI<T UNTIL ! 5D ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,ONLY ! BOMB>DM5TS CAUS$ TEMPOR>Y BREAKS 9 SUPPLY4 

,! 9ITIATIVE 9 ! E>LY DAYS DID NOT COME ONLY FROM \R ,SYNDICATE AS ! CON/ITUT$ ORGANISM4 ,JU/ AS = ! TRAMWAYS & RAILWAYS1 IT CAME FROM MILITANTS KN[+ H[ TO %\LD] RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,! V]Y DAY ( ! ,FRANCOI/ UPRIS+1 A H&FUL ( !M W]E MEET+ TO GU>ANTEE ! CONT9UATION ( !SE1 PUBLIC S]VICES4 ,IMM$IATELY WORKS ,COMITES W]E SET UP AS WELL AS A C5TRAL LIAISON ,COMITE BETWE5 ! TWO WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,LAT] ?IS ,COMITE SUP]VIS$ ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( WORK & PRODUCTION = ! F\R ,CATALAN PROV9CES ( ,B>CELONA1 ,T>RAGONA4 ,L]IDA & ,G]ONA4 

,! DEF9ITE TAKE-OV] DID NOT OCCUR UNTIL ! 5D ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f4 ,DUR+ ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 ( AB\T SIX WEEKS1 !Y W]E PREP>$ TO CONT9UE PRODUCTION ) ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION1 )\T ATTEMPT+ EXPROPRIATION4 ,EV]Y WORK] REMA9$ AT HIS JOB AS BE=E2 MAJOR DECISIONS1 :I* 9VOLV$ A TAK+ OV] ( A TE*NICAL-ADM9I/RATIVE NATURE1 W]E TAK5 BY SYNDICAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! TWO WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,& ! CURI\S ?+ WAS1 ?\< IT HAPP5$ ON O!R OCCASIONS1 ?AT NOT ONLY DID ! ,SYNDICATES TAKE OV] ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK TO BE DONE FROM ! CAPITALI/S1 BUT !Y ASSUM$ ! RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT ! LATT] HAD PREVI\SLY UND]TAK54 ,?US IT WAS ?AT !Y TOOK OV] ! F9ANCIAL COMMITM5TS & ! DEBTS FROM !IR PR$ECESSORS1 & PAID ALL ! 9VOICES1 UND\BT$LY 9 ORD] NOT ,I TO JEOP>DIZE WORK]S EMPLOY$ BY ! SUPPLI]S1 & :O W]E ALSO 9H]IT+ ! SITUATION AS BEQUEA!D TO !M BY !IR EMPLOY]S4 

,! ONLY DEBTS ?AT W]E CANCEL$ W]E ! OBLIGATIONS TO ,SPANI% MONEYL5D]S1 MO/ ( !M PRIVILEG$ PEOPLE - SMALL SAV+S W]E TO ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES NON-EXI/5T 9 ,SPA94 ,:AT MONEY PEOPLE HAD WAS US$ TO ACQUIRE SOME ( ! NECESSITIES !Y BADLY NE$$4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#c#g1 TOTAL 9COME HAD DROPP$ BY #b.04 ,POSSIBLY SOME CONSUM]S HAD OMITT$ TO PAY !IR BILLS1 BUT !RE WAS ALSO ANO!R EXPLANATION4 ,! UNIT PRICE ( ELECTRICITY HAD BE5 R$UC$2 SOME WAT] RATES HAD RIS5 FROM 4#g TO 4#h PESETAS A CUBIC MET] & 9 O!R CASES HAD DROPP$ FROM #a4#e TO A /&>D T>IFF ( 4#d PESETAS4 ,& !RE WAS NO LONG] A MET] *>GE4 

,NATURALLY ! ATTITUDE ( WORK]S 9 ! ,U4,G4,T4 WAS COMBAT$ BY ! POLITICIANS :O W]E AT ! HEAD ( ! RE=MI/ ,UNION4 ,BUT !IR /UBBORN OPPOSITION C\LD NOT BREA* ! RESOLVE ( MEMB]S1 & AGREEM5T CONT9U$ TO REIGN AMONG ALL ! WORK]S4 

,! SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS PUT 9TO OP]ATION 5C\RAG$ ?IS GOOD UND]/&+4 ,ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE WAS AT ! PLACE ( WORK1 AT ! UND]TAK+1 & ROSE TO ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,WE WILL TAKE A CLOS] LOOK AT H[ ?+S WORK$4 

,9 ! UND]TAK+ ITSELF1 ! FIR/ NUCLEUS IS ! JOB SPECIALTY4 ,EA* SPECIALTY SETS UP A SECTION IMM$IATELY ) GR\P+S BY FACTORY1 WORK%OP OR 0BUILD+0 ( AT LEA/ #ae WORK]S4 ,:5 !RE >E NOT ! NUMB]S TO DO SO1 WORK]S FROM MANY TRADES COLLABORAT+ AMONG !MSELVES1 MEET & CON/ITUTE A G5]AL SECTION4 ,! SECTIONS >E MORE OR LESS NUM]\S & V>I$1 DEP5D+ ON ! SIZE ( ! FACTORIES OR ( ! ORGANIZATIONS4 ,EA* SECTION NOM9ATES TWO DELEGATES :I* ! ASSEMBLIES *OOSE3 ONE ( A TE*NICAL CALIB] :O WILL P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,COMITE ( ! UND]TAK+1 & ANO!R 5TRU/$ ) ! MANAGEM5T ( WORK 9 ! SECTION4 

,! 0BUILD+ ,COMITE0 7AS IT IS CALL$7 COMES NEXT4 ,IT IS NOM9AT$ BY ! SECTION ,COMMISSIONS & CONSI/S ( A TE*NICIAN1 A MANUAL WORK] & AN ADM9I/RATOR4 ,:5 DEEM$ NECESS>Y A F\R? MEMB] IS NOM9AT$ SO ?AT ! TWO SYNDICAL ORGANIZATIONS %ALL HAVE EQUAL REPRES5TATION4 

,! MANUAL WORK]S' DELEGATE HAS TO SOLVE1 OR TRY TO SOLVE1 DIFFICULTIES :I* MI<T >ISE BETWE5 DIFF]5T SECTIONS1 ?OSE >IS+ )9 A SECTION BE+ SETTL$ BY ! 9T]E/$ P>TIES !MSELVES4 ,HE RECEIVES SUGGE/IONS FROM WORK]S 9 ! DIFF]5T TRADES = ! NOM9ATION OR ! TRANSF] ( P]SONNEL4 ,& ! SECTIONS GIVE HIM DAILY REPORTS ON ! PROGRESS ( WORK4 

,HE ALSO ACTS AS GO BETWE5 = ! RANK & FILE & ! G5]AL ,C\NCIL = ,9DU/RY4 ,P]IODICALLY HE CALLS ! SECTIONS TO G5]AL MEET+S :I* TAKE PLACE AT ! ,SYNDICATE1 :I* TI<T5S ! L9KS BETWE5 ! WORK]S FROM ! DIFF]5T UND]TAK+S4 ,DUR+ !SE MEET+S PROPOSALS & 9ITIATIVES >E /UDI$ :I* >E LIKELY TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY & PRODUCTION1 AS WELL AS ! WORK]S' SITUATION1 OR BE ( 9T]E/ TO ! SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,A COPY ( ! DELIB]ATIONS IS S5T TO ! ,C\NCIL = ,9DU/RY4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES ( ! MANUAL WORK]S' DELEGATE DO NOT PREV5T HIM FROM CONT9U+ TO WORK AT HIS JOB ALONGSIDE HIS COMRADES4 

,! DELEGATE ) ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS SUP]VISES ! >RIVAL & W>EH\S+ ( MAT]IALS1 RECORDS REQUIREM5TS1 DEALS ) BOOK-KEEP+ = SUPPLIES & RES]VES1 & KEEPS AN EYE ON ! /ATE ( 9COME & EXP5DITURE4 ,HE ALSO DEALS ) CORRESPOND5CE & IT IS HIS RESPONSIBILITY TO SEE ?AT BALANCE %EETS & ,REPORTS ADDRESS$ TO ! ,C\NCIL = ,9DU/RY >E PREP>$4 

,! DELEGATE ) TE*NICAL FUNCTIONS SUP]VISES ! ACTIVITIES ( HIS SECTION1 & USES EV]Y 5DEAVOR TO 9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY1 TO LI<T5 ! WORK]'S BURD5 BY 9TRODUC+ NEW ME?ODS4 ,HE *ECKS ON PRODUCTION AT ! P[] /ATIONS1 ! /ATE ( ! NETWORK1 PREP>ES /ATI/ICS & *>TS 9DICAT+ H[ PRODUCTION IS DEVELOP+4 

,LET US N[ EXAM9E MORE CLOSELY ! WORK+S ( ! ,C\NCILS ( ,9DU/RY AT ! SUMMIT ( ! ORGANIZATION4 

,!RE >E ( C\RSE ?REE3 ONE EA* = WAT]1 GAS & ,I ELECTRICITY4 ,EA* IS COMPOS$ ( EI<T DELEGATES3 F\R = ! ,U4,G4,T41 & F\R = ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,HALF ?OSE DELEGATES >E NOM9AT$ BY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( SYNDICATES1 7#b7 ! O!R HALF BY ! DELEGATES ( ! TE*NICAL SECTIONS 9 AGREEM5T ) ! C5TRAL ,COMITE4 ,?IS LATT] MEASURE HAS AS ITS OBJECTIVE TO 5SURE1 9 ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,C\NCILS = ,9DU/RY1 ! NOM9ATION ( M5 :O >E TE*NICALLY & PR(ESSIONALLY SUITABLE1 :I* ,I WAS TOLD DOES NOT ALWAYS HAPP5 9 SYNDICAL ASSEMBLIES :]E ORATORICAL GIFTS1 IDEOLOGICAL OR P]SONAL AFF9ITIES CAN RELEGATE ! MORE NECESS>Y CONSID]ATIONS TO SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,ALL ?IS IS CAPP$ BY ! G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ?REE 9DU/RIES1 :I* IS ALSO COMPOS$ ( EI<T MEMB]S )1 AS BE=E1 F\R FROM EA* UNION ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS ,C\NCIL COORD9ATES ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ?REE 9DU/RIES1 ATTUNES ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( RAW MAT]IALS FROM A REGIONAL1 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL PO9T ( VIEW1 MODIFIES PRICES1 ORGANIZES G5]AL ADM9I/RATION1 9DE$ TAKES & USES ALL 9ITIATIVES BE>+ ON ! PRODUC]S' PRODUCTION & NE$S AS A :OLE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 IT IS OBLIG$ AT ALL TIMES TO SUBMIT ITS ACTIVITIES TO ! SCRUT9Y ( LOCAL & REGIONAL SYNDICAL ASSEMBLIES4 

,LET US N[ EXAM9E ! RESULTS ( ?IS EXAMPLE ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 ,FROM A TE*NICAL PO9T ( VIEW SOME A*IEVEM5TS DES]VE TO BE UND]L9$1 SU* AS ?AT MO/ BASIC ONE ( ALL :I* WE CON/ANTLY COME ACROSS1 ( CONC5TRATION & ( COORD9ATION4 

,NOT ALL ! /ATIONS1 BY A LONG *ALK1 W]E AS IMPORTANT AS ?OSE ( ,TREMP & ,CAM>ASA :I* >E ! MA9 G5]AT+ /ATIONS F$ BY L>GE B>RAGES4 ,AP>T FROM !SE TWO GIANTS1 MO/ ( ! #fa UNITS 79CLUD+ ! TRANS=M]S7 DOTT$ ALL OV] ,CATALONIA HAD A SMALL OR 9SIGNIFICANT \TPUT2 TO KEEP !M 9 OP]ATION SUIT$ SOME PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 BUT ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ H>DLY AT ALL4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO L9K !M1 TO ELIM9ATE & TO REORGANIZE :I* IS :AT WAS DONE4 ,SIX MON?S AFT] SOCIALIZATION HAD BEGUN #g.0 ( /ATIONS REPRES5T+ #i.0 ( \TPUT CON/ITUT$ A P]FECTLY HOMOG5E\S TE*NICAL :OLE3 & #c.0 :I* REPRES5T$ BUT #a.0 ( ?IS \TPUT W]E KEPT AP>T4 

,AMONG O!R ?+S ?IS REPRES5T$ A SAV+ 9 LABOR :I* WAS US$ ON IMPROVEM5TS & ALT]ATIONS (T5 ( IMPORTANCE4 ,= 9/ANCE #g WORK]S CON/RUCT$ A B>RAGE NE> ,FLIX :I* 9CREAS$ ! AVAILABLE ELECTRICITY BY #e4 K4W4 

,GAS PRODUCTION WAS ECONOMICALLY LESS IMPORTANT1 & DID NOT GA!R /ATI/ICS ON ! SUBJECT COMP>ABLE ) MY RESE>*ES 9TO ELECTRICAL P[]4 ,! MORE SO AS ! GR[+ LACK ( COAL DUE TO ! SEA BLOCKADE MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE NOTEWOR?Y IMPROVEM5TS 9 PRODUCTION4 

,BY CONTRA/ WAT]1 ESPECIALLY DR9K+ WAT] ! SUPPLY ( :I* REQUIR$ A L>GE & CO/LY ORGANIZATION1 G5]ALLY = EV]Y T5ANT 9 EV]Y AP>TM5T1 WAS NEV] LACK+ EV5 9 ! T[NS ?AT HAD SUFF]$ BOMB+ RAIDS4 ,9 ,B>CELONA ! DAILY SUPPLY ( #a#d1 CUBIC MET]S BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION ROSE RAPIDLY TO #a#e1 & W5T ON 9CREAS+4 ,NEV]!LESS ! 9CREASE WAS NOT GREAT = IT WAS NOT EASY 9 A REGION SO BROK5 UP1 TO SET AB\T CREAT+ NEW CAT*M5T >EAS1 ALL ! S\RCES HAV+ LONG AGO BE5 PUT TO USE4 

#b4 ,! ,B>CELONA ,TRAMWAYS 

,! TRAMWAYS W]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT MEANS ( TRANSPORT 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,SIXTY R\TES CRISS-CROSS$ ! CITY & S]V$ ! SUBURBS & ! SURR\ND+ LOCALITIES3 ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 ,HORTA1 ,S>RIA1 ,BADALONA1 ,S5S1 ETC4 ,! ,G5]AL ,TRAMWAYS ,COMPANY WAS A PRIVATE COMPANY MA9LY ) ,BELGIAN CAPITAL & EMPLOY$ #g1 WORK]S1 NOT ONLY AS DRIV]S & CONDUCTORS BUT ALSO 9 ! EI<T TRAM DEPOTS & 9 ! REPAIR WORK%OPS4 

,\T ( ! #g11 AB\T #f1#e W]E PAID UP MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 :]E !Y MADE UP ! SECTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL TRANSPORT ,SYNDICATE CORRESPOND+ TO !IR OCCUPATION4 ,! O!R1 MU* LESS IMPORTANT1 SECTIONS W]E FROM ! UND]GR\ND 7TWO L9ES71 ! TAXIS :I* 9 DUE C\RSE CREAT$ !IR [N ,COLLECTIVE1 ! BUSSES &1 F9ALLY1 ! TWO FUNICUL> RAILWAYS ( ,MONTJUI* & ,TIBIDABO4 7#c7 

,! /REET BATTLES HAD BR\<T ALL TRAFFIC TO A /&/ILL1 OB/RUCT$ ! ROADWAYS BY B>RICADES ?AT HAD BE5 SET UP ALL OV] ! CITY & = :I* BUSSES & TRAMS (T5 W]E ! MA9 MAT]IALS US$4 ,! ROADS HAD TO BE CLE>$1 & PUBLIC TRANSPORT SO 9DISP5SABLE = ?IS L>GE CITY HAD TO BE GOT MOV+ AGA94 ,SO ! SYNDICAL SECTION ( ! TRAMWAYS APPO9T$ A COMMISSION ( SEV5 COMRADES TO OCCUPY ! ADM9I/RATIVE (FICES :ILE O!RS 9SPECT$ ! TRACKS & DREW UP A PLAN ( CLE>+ WORK ?AT2 NE$$ TO BE DONE4 

,9 FRONT ( ! (FICES ( ! COMPANY ! ,COMMISSION F\ND A PICKET ( CIVIL GU>DS :O HAD BE5 9/RUCT$ TO PREV5T ACCESS4 ,! S]GEANT 9 *>GE DECL>$ HAV+ RECEIV$ ORD]S TO LET NO ONE PASS4 ,>M$ ) GUNS & GR5ADES1 & SOME ( !M WELL PROTECT$ 9 ! >MOR$ C> :I* ! COMPANY US$ = TRANSPORT+ MONEY1 \R COMRADES ADOPT$ A ?REAT5+ ATTITUDE4 ,! S]GEANT PHON$ HIS SUP]IORS = AU?ORIZATION TO )DRAW & ?IS WAS AGRE$ TO4 

,ONE MU/ /RESS ONE SMALL DETAIL :I* HAS SOME?+ QUITE PIQUANT AB\T IT4 ,ALL ! TOP LEVEL P]SONNEL HAD LEFT1 & ! SYNDICAL DELEGATION F\ND 9 ! (FICES ONLY ! LAWY] 9/RUCT$ TO REPRES5T ! COMPANY & TO P>LEY ) !M4 ,COMRADE ,SAN*ES1 A LEAD+ MILITANT1 ! MO/ ACTIVE & EXP]I5C$ ( !M1 KNEW ?AT G5TLEMAN ONLY TOO WELL = TWO YE>S BE=E HE HAD S5T5C$ \R COMRADE TO #ag YE>S 9 PRISON FOLL[+ A /RIKE ?AT HAD LA/$ TW5TY-EI<T MON?S2 ! DEF5D] ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMPANY HAD ACTUALLY DEM&$ A S5T5CE TOTAL+ #ae YE>S 9 PRISON4 7#d7 ,?IS G5TLEMAN RECEIV$ HIM MO/ CORDIALLY1 DECL>+ ?AT HE ACCEPT$ ! NEW SITUATION1 & EV5 ?AT1 AS A LAWY]1 HE WAS PUTT+ HIMSELF AT ! S]VICE ( ! WORK]S4 ,SAN*EZ COMRADES WANT$ TO %OOT HIM ON ! SPOT BUT HE WAS OPPOS$ TO ?AT4 ,HE EV5 GAVE ! P]SONAGE P]MISSION TO )DRAW4 ,IT WAS A ,FRIDAY & AN APPO9TM5T WAS MADE ) HIM = ! FOLL[+ ,MONDAY4 ,HIS CONFID5CE RE/OR$1 ! MAN ASK$ TO BE ACCOMPANI$ TO HIS H\SE AS !RE W]E RA!R A LOT ( >M$ REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! /REETS 4 4 4 ,HE WAS ESCORT$1 BUT ! FOLL[+ ,MONDAY DID NOT %[ UP4 ,HE WAS NOT SE5 AGA94 

,! ,COMITE ( SEV5 IMM$IATELY CALL$ TOGE!R ! DELEGATES FROM ! DIFF]5T SYNDICAL SECTIONS3 ELECTRIC P[] /ATION1 CABLES1 REPAIRS1 TRAFFIC1 CONDUCTORS1 /ORES1 ACC\NTS1 (FICES & ADM9I/RATION1 ETC4 ,YET ONCE MORE ! SYN*RONIZATION ( ! 9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICATE WAS WORK+ P]FECTLY4 ,IT WAS UNANIM\SLY AGRE$ TO GET ! TRAMWAYS MOV+ )\T DELAY4 

,! FOLL[+ DAY A CALL WAS MADE OV] ! RADIO - AS ! 5G9E]S HAD ALREADY DONE = !IR MEMB]S - CALL+ MANUAL WORK]S & TE*NICIANS4 ,MO/ ( !M RESPOND$2 KN[N FASCI/S KEPT AWAY4 ,ALL ! 5G9E]S PUT !MSELVES AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,SYNDICATE1 9CLUD+ A =M] COLONEL :OSE ACTIVE SYMPA?Y = ! WORK]S HAD RESULT$ 9 HIS DEMOTION FROM HEAD ( ! TRAFFIC SECTION & DIRECTOR ( ! ,METRO TO A JOB 9 ! >*IVES SECTION4 

,FIVE DAYS AFT] FI<T+ HAD /OPP$ SEV5 HUNDR$ TRAMC>S 9/EAD ( ! USUAL SIX HUNDR$1 ALL PA9T$ 9 ! COLORS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I41 9 R$ & BLACK DIAGONALLY ACROSS ! SIDES1 W]E OP]AT+ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! NUMB] HAD BE5 9CREAS$ 9 ORD] TO DO AWAY ) ! TRAIL]-C>S :I* W]E ! CAUSE ( MANY ACCID5TS4 ,TO DO ?IS WORK HAD GONE ON NI<T & DAY REPAIR+ & PUTT+ BACK 9TO S]VICE A HUNDR$ TRAMC>S :I* HAD BE5 DISC>D$ AS BE+ BEYOND REPAIR4 

"9"9"9 

,NATURALLY1 ?+S C\LD BE ORGANIZ$ SO QUICKLY & WELL BECAUSE ! M5 9VOLV$ W]E !MSELVES WELL ORGANIZ$4 ,ONE F9DS H]E !RE=E AN 5SEMBLE ( SECTIONS CON/ITUT$ BY TRADES & PUT ON AN 9DU/RIAL BASE1 ACCORD+ TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK TO BE DONE1 ( ! 5T]PRISE ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,DRIV]S1 CONDUCTORS1 REPAIR]S1 JO9]S1 ETC41 AS MANY COMPLEM5T>Y GR\P+S GO+ BEYOND ! SIMPLE TRADITIONAL PR(ESSIONAL CADRE1 & BR\<T TOGE!R 9 A S+LE ORGANIZATION4 

,EA* SECTION HAD AT ITS HEAD AN 5G9E] NOM9AT$ BY AGREEM5T ) ! ,SYNDICATES1 & A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! WORK]S & ?IS WAS H[ ! WORK & ! WORK]S W]E DEALT )4 ,AT ! TOP ! ASSEMBL$ DELEGATES CON/ITUT$ ! LOCAL G5]AL ,COMITE4 ,! SECTIONS MET SEP>ATELY :5 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( !IR SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES :I* C\LD BE CONSID]$ 9DEP5D5TLY2 :5 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( G5]AL PROBLEMS1 ALL ! WORK]S ( ALL ! TRADES HELD A G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP ! ORGANIZATION WAS F$]ALI/1 & 9 ?IS WAY !Y MA9TA9$ NOT ONLY A P]MAN5T MAT]IAL SOLID>ITY BUT ALSO A MORAL SOLID>ITY :I* L9K$ EV]YONE TO ! G5]AL TASK1 ) A NOBL] VISION ( ?+S4 

,AGREEM5T WAS !RE=E ALSO P]MAN5T BETWE5 5G9E]S & WORK]S4 ,NO 5G9E] C\LD TAKE AN IMPORTANT DECISION )\T CONSULT+ ! LOCAL ,COMITE1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE HE AGRE$ ?AT RESPONSIBILITY %\LD BE %>$ BUT ALSO BECAUSE (T51 :]E PRACTICAL PROBLEMS >E 9VOLV$1 MANUAL WORK]S HAVE ! EXP]I5CE :I* TE*NICIANS LACK4 ,?IS WAS UND]/OOD BY BO? P>TIES1 & !REAFT]1 V]Y (T5 :5 ! ,COMITE ( ! ,SYNDICATE OR A DELEGATE ?\<T UP AN 9T]E/+ IDEA1 ! SPECIALI/ 5G9E] W\LD BE CALL$ 9 = CONSULTATIONS2 ON O!R OCCASIONS IT WAS ! 5G9E] :O PROPOS$ ! EXAM9ATION ( A NEW IDEA & 9 ?AT CASE MANUAL WORK]S W]E CALL$ 94 ,!RE WAS COMPLETE COLLABORATION4 

,IT WAS NOT 5\< TO PUT ! TRAMC>S1 EV5 9 L>G] NUMB]S BACK ONTO ! TRACKS1 NOR JU/ TO REPA9T !M 9 ! COLORS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! DIFF]5T CORPORATIONS DECID$ TO C>RY \T ?IS ADDITIONAL WORK )\T ANY OV]TIME PAY4 ,! CREATIVE DRIVE DOM9AT$ ALL4 ,9 ! %$S !RE W]E ALWAYS TW5TY OR ?IRTY TRAMC>S BE+ *ECK$ & DONE UP4 

,! TE*NICAL ORGANIZATION & ! TRAFFIC OP]ATION WAS IMPROV$2 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! IMPROVEM5TS A*IEV$ WAS REM>KABLE4 ,TO />T )1 #c1 METAL POLES HOLD+ UP ! ELECTRIC CABLES SUPPLY+ ! CURR5T W]E ELIM9AT$ AS !Y W]E 9T]F]+ ) ! TRAFFIC & CAUS+ MANY ACCID5TS & W]E REPLAC$ BY A SY/EM ( A]IAL SUSP5SION4 ,!N A NEW SAFETY & SIGNAL+ SY/EM WAS 9TRODUC$ CONSI/+ ( ELECTRIC PO9TS & AUTOMATIC DISCS4 ,FUR!RMORE ! COMPANY = ,AGUA1 ,LUZ Y ,FU]ZA 7WAT]1 LI<T & P[]7 HAD 9/ALL$ 9 MANY PLACES & RI<T 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! R\TES TAK5 BY ! TRAMC>S1 TRANS=M] CAB9S OR P[] DI/RIBUTORS1 :I* MADE ALL K9DS ( DET\RS & BIFURCATIONS NECESS>Y1 SOMETIMES V]Y %>P 7V]Y (T5 A S+LE L9E71 & RESULT$ 9 ACCID5TS4 ,?IS HAD GONE ON FROM :5 ! S]VICES HAD FIR/ BE5 LAID1 >ID W]E DET]M9$ BY ! :IMS ( F9ANCIAL OR POLITICAL 9T]E/S4 ,! COMRADES ( ,AGUA1 ,LUZ Y ,FU]ZA MOV$ !SE CAB9S TO :]E !Y W\LD BE 9 NOBODYOS WAY1 ?US MAK+ IT POSSIBLE TO /RAI<T5 \T ONCE = ALL ! TRAMWAY L9ES4 

,SECTIONS ( TRACK ?AT HAD BE5 DAMAG$ DUR+ ! FI<T+ W]E RECON/RUCT$1 SU* AS ! D\BLE TRACK = ,R\TE #f :I* WAS COMPLETELY RELAID4 ,9 O!R CASES ! ROADWAY WAS ASPHALT$4 

,!SE IMPROVEM5TS TOOK SOME TIME TO COMPLETE AS DID SOME MODIFICATIONS ( ! G5]AL 9FRA/RUCTURE4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ! ORGANIZ]S1 )\T = ALL ?AT =GETT+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S 9 ! VA/ 5T]PRISE1 S\<T TO P]FECT ! TOOLS BE+ US$4 ,9 LESS ?AN A YE> A NUMB] ( NOTABLE ACQUISITIONS W]E MADE2 FIR/ ( ALL !RE WAS ! PUR*ASE 9 ,FRANCE ( AN AUTOMATIC ,AM]ICAN LA!1 ! ONLY ONE 9 ,SPA91 & CO/+ ,G,B,P#b11 :I* WAS ABLE TO PRODUCE SEV5 ID5TICAL P>TS AT ! SAME TIME4 

,TWO ULTRA MOD]N MILL+ MA*9ES1 & ELECTRIC W>N+ MA*9ES ALL[+ ONE TO BE NOTIFI$ ( BREAKD[NS & BROK5 CABLES2 NEW CABLES REPLAC$ ! OLD4 ,& AN ELECTRIC FURNACE WAS B\<T = MELT+ D[N BE>+S4 ,MU* MORE TE*NICAL EQUIPM5T WAS ?US PUR*AS$1 9CLUD+ ,BELGIAN ELECTRODE WELD+ SETS = USE ON ! TRACKS :I* CO/ ! !N HI< PRICE ( ,G,B,P#b#e14 

,?US TOOL$ IT WAS POSSIBLE TO MAKE APPRECIABLE /RIDES =W>D1 & A />T WAS EV5 MADE ON BUILD+ TRAMC>S1 9CLUD+ TWO NEW MODELS ( FUNICUL> C>S = ! ,REBASADA L9E :I* CLIMB$ ! ,TIBIDABO & = ! ONE 9 ,MONTJUI*4 7#e7 ,! NEW C>S WEI<$ #ba TONS COMP>$ ) #ce TONS = ! OLD TYPE :I* ALSO C>RI$ FEW] PASS5G]S4 

,BE=E ?AT ! :OLE SY/EM ( P[] SUPPLY HAD BE5 REORGANIZ$ & ! DYNAMOS REPAIR$4 

,LET US TAKE A BRIEF LOOK AT ! F9ANCIAL RESULTS ( ! NEW ORGANIZATION4 ,SOME FIGURES W]E SUPPLI$ TO US BY ! PR9CIPAL ORGANIZ]S ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y CREATION2 WE HAVE OBTA9$ O!R1 (FICIAL1 FIGURES PUBLI%$ 9 ! WORK]S' PRESS AT ! TIME4 ,!Y GO FROM ,SEPTEMB] #aicf :5 ! ACC\NTANCY WAS TAK5 9 H& & ! FIGURES CAN BE RELI$ ON4 

,T,O,T,A,L ,M,O,N,?,L,Y ,9,C,O,M,E 

44444444444444444444444444#a#i#c#e4444444444444444444444#a#i#c#f 

44444444444444444444444444PESETAS4444444444444444444PESETAS 

,SEPTEMB]444444444444444444#b1#b#g#g1#g#g#d44444444444444444#b1#f1#b#b#f 

,OCTOB]4444444444444444444#b1#d#b#e1#b#g#b44444444444444444#b1#g1#f#h#h 

,NOVEMB]444444444444444444#b1#c#a#a1#g#d#e44444444444444444#b1#e#d#c1#f#f#e 

,DECEMB]444444444444444444#b1#c#e#f1#f#g44444444444444444#b1#f#e#c1#i#c 

,! MON?LY 9CREASE 9 RECEIPTS V>I$ BETWE5 #a#b.0 & #a#e.01 & IT MI<T BE ?\<T ?AT ! 9CREASE WAS ! RESULT ( AN 9CREASE 9 F>ES4 ,NOT SO1 = /EPS W]E ACTUALLY TAK5 TO L[] F>ES 9 G5]AL4 ,=M]LY !Y W]E BAS$ ON DI/ANCE & V>I$ FROM 4#a TO 4#d PESETA4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] A UNI=M *>GE ( 4#b PESETA WAS MADE :I* MA9LY B5EFIT$ WORK]S :O LIV$ ON ! \TSKIRTS & HAD BE5 PAY+ ! HI<] RATE1 & ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O HAD TO PAY ! NI<T RATES4 7#f7 

,SU* R$UCTIONS 9 F>ES W\LD HAVE RESULT$ 9 LOSSES UND] ! PREVI\S ADM9I/RATION1 BUT ! SUPPRESSION ( CAPITALI/ PR(IT & ( HI< SAL>IES = ! ADM9I/RATIVE EXECUTIVES & TE*NICIANS ACTUALLY MADE IT POSSIBLE TO %[ AN OP]AT+ SURPLUS4 

,! BALANCE %EET ( S]VICES R5D]$ IS EQUALLY POSITIVE4 ,DUR+ ! YE> #aicf ! NUMB] ( PASS5G]S C>RI$ WAS #a#h#c1#e#e#g1#e#f4 ,! FOLL[+ YE> IT HAD GONE UP BY #e MILLION TO #b#c#c1#e#e#g1#e#f PASS5G]S4 ,?IS IS NOT ALL1 = ! KILOMET]S COV]$ ALSO 9CREAS$ FROM #b#a4#g MILLION TO #b#c4#c MILLION1 AN1 9CREASE ( #a4#f MILLION KILOMET]S4 

,IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ ( C\RSE ?AT !SE FIGURES CAN 9 P>T BE EXPLA9$ BY ! GR[+ %ORTAGE ( PETROL = MOTOR VEHICLES AS A RESULT ( ! BLOCKADE ( ! ,SPANI% COA/S4 ,NEV]!LESS ! FACT IS ?AT ! NEW ORGANIZATION WAS ABLE TO PROVIDE AN ANSW]1 & MORE1 TO ! GR[+ NE$S ( ! PUBLIC4 

,TO GET !RE !Y DID NOT HAVE TO BE SATISFI$ ) CONT9U+ ALONG CAPITALI/ L9ES2 MU* MORE HAD TO BE DONE4 ,!Y DID SO1 EV5 MORE SO ?AN W\LD APPE> FROM ! BRIEF \TL9E GIV5 H]E4 ,= BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION ! WORK%OPS ( ! ,TRAMWAYS ,COMPANY ( ,B>CELONA MANUFACTUR$ ONLY #b.0 ( ! MAT]IAL' US$1 & G5]ALLY SPEAK+ W]E SET UP TO DEAL ONLY ) URG5T REPAIRS4 ,! TRAMWAYS SECTIONS ( ! WORK]S' ,SYNDICATE = COMMUNICATIONS & TRANSPORT ( ,B>CELONA1 9 ITS EAG]NESS T O WORK1 REORGANIZ$ & IMPROV$ ! WORK%OPS :I* AT ! 5D ( ! YE> W]E PRODUC+ #i#h.0 ( ! MAT]IALS US$4 #aN A YE> ! PROPORTION HAD BE5 REV]S$1 9 SPITE ( AN 9CREASE ( #a#e.0 9 ! PRICE ( RAW MAT]IALS :I* W]E GETT+ MORE & MORE SC>CE1 OR COM+ FROM ABROAD AT EXORBITANT PRICES4 

,& NOT ONLY DID ! TRAMWAY WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA NOT LIVE ON ! RES]VES ( CAPITALISM1 AS ! DETRACTORS ( COLLECTIVIZATIONS1 OR SYNDICALISATIONS1 MA9TA9 OR IMPLY1 BUT HAD TO DEAL ) F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES !Y 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALISM1 AS DID ! ,SYNDICATE 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY ( ,ALCOY1 & ! %OE FACTORY 9 ,ELDA4 ,ON ,JULY #b1 :ILE ! BATTLE /ILL RAG$1 ! TRAMWORK]S' WAGES1 AM\NT+ TO #b#i#e1#e#c#e PESETAS1 HAD TO BE PAID 7!Y W]E PAID EV]Y T5 DAYS74 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS BILLS TOTAL+ #a1#b#g#b1#e#b#h PESETAS = MAT]IALS PREVI\SLY PUR*AS$ BY ! COMPANY HAD TO BE PAID4 ,& UP TO4 ! 5D ( #aicf G5]AL OP]ATIONAL EXP5SES AM\NT+ TO #b1#e#f1#b#f PESETAS W]E PAID1 A FUR!R #a1 PESETAS = M$ICAL S]VICES & ACCID5T B5EFITS1 #g#b1#a#f#h PESETAS 9 BONUSES = ECONOMIES MADE 9 P[] & MAT]IALS - A S*EME OP]AT$ BY ! OLD COMPANY2 F9ALLY #b1#d#d#e PESETAS 9 9SURANCE PAYM5TS = /AFF4 7#g7 

,NO?+ WAS OV]LOOK$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE >E NOT YET AT ! /AGE ( ! COMPLETE & COMPLETELY HUMANI/ SOCIALIZATION ( ! AGRICULTURAL ,COLLECTIVES1 ) ! APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S04 ,BUT WE CANNOT REPEAT TOO (T5 ?AT 9 ! T[NS ! REPUBLICAN REGIME ) ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONS HAD NOT BE51 & C\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$2 ?AT A FAIR PROPORTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! TRADITIONAL POLITICAL CURR5TS /ILL EXI/$1 ?AT IT HAD NOT BE5 POSSIBLE TO SOCIALIZE COMM]CE4 ,IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT EV5 ! MO/ D>+ A*IEVEM5TS %\LD FEEL ! EFFECTS ( ?IS4 ,NEV]!LESS :AT WAS DONE BY SYNDICAL SOCIALIZATIONS WAS 9 ITSELF F> REA*+4 

,= ! SPIRIT ( ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA & O!R CITIES SU* AS ,VAL5CIA WAS PROBABLY ! MO/ LIKELY 9 ! :OLE WORLD TO BR+ AB\T ECONOMIC EQUALITY & ! APPLICATION ( MUTUAL AID4 ,IT WAS ?US ?AT BO? 9 ORD] TO HELP !M TO MEET TEMPOR>Y DIFFICULTIES & TO CONTRIBUTE TO !IR DEVELOPM5T1 ! TRAMWAYS SECTION ( ,B>CELONA F9ANCIALLY ASSI/$ O!R SECTIONS ( URBAN TRANSPORT4 ,! BUSSES RECEIV$ #h#f#e1#b#a#b PESETAS1 ! FUNICUL> L9ES ( ,TIBIDABO & ,MONTJUI* #g#e11 ,B>CELONA PORT TRANSPORT #a11 & ! ,METRO UND]TAK+ #d14 ,& ON ,DECEMB] #c#a1 #aicf ! ,B>CELONA TRAMWAYS HAD #c4#c MILLION PESETAS 9 H&4 

,AN ODD FACT3 NOT ONLY DID ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN WORK]S AGREE TO SETTLE ) SUPPLI]S ALL DEBTS CONTRACT$ BY ! COMPANY1 BUT !Y ALSO WANT$ TO DEAL ) ! %>EHOLD]S4 ,!RE MU/ HAVE BE5 QUITE A NUMB] ( !M1 ! CAPITAL CONSI/+ ( #b#e1 %>ES EA* ( #e PESETAS1 BUT !Y PROBABLY ALL LIV$ ABROAD4 ,\R COMRADES BY MEANS ( PO/]S & PRESS ANN\NCEM5TS 9VIT$ %>EHOLD]S TO A G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,ONLY ONE1 A MIDDLE-AG$ WOMAN1 :O [N$ #be %>ES TURN$ UP4 ,QUITE UNAL>M$ BY EV5TS1 %E DECL>$ H]SELF SATISFI$ TO 5TRU/ ! MANAGEM5T ( H] SMALL CAPITAL TO ! WORK]S' ,SYNDICATE ) :OM %E W\LD H5CE=? MA9TA9 RELATIONS ( TRU/4 ,I DO NOT KN[ ! 5D ( ?IS /ORY BUT IF ?IS WOMAN HAD NO O!R RES\RCES ,I W\LD BE SURPRIS$ TO LE>N ?AT %E HAD BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ALL H] MEANS ( SUPPORT4 ,SU* 9HUMANITY WAS NOT COMMON AMONG \R COMRADES4 

"9"9"9 

,IT N[ REMA9S TO SEE :AT P>T ( ! PR(ITS W5T TO ! TRAMWAY WORK]S4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! UPRIS+ ! PEONES 7LABOR]S7 E>N$ BETWE5 #h & #i PESETAS A DAY1 TRAFFIC CONTROLL]S RECEIV$ #a1 LORRY DRIV]S & SKILL$ 5G9E]+ WORK]S 7LA! OP]ATORS1 FITT]S1 ETC47 #a#b4 ,ALL WAGES W]E READJU/$ SO ?AT LABOR]S RECEIV$ #ae PESETAS & SKILL$ WORK]S #a#f4 ,ONE WAS APPROA*+ A /ATE ( BASIC EQUALITY4 

,BUT O!R IMPROVEM5TS 9 WORK+ CONDITIONS DES]VE TO BE M5TION$4 ,FIR/LY WA%BAS9S W]E 9/ALL$ 9 ! %$S & WORK%OPS1 :I* HAD NEV] BE5 DONE BE=E4 ,%[]S W]E 9/ALL$ 7& ONE %\LD BE> 9 M9D ?AT ?IS WAS #a#i#c#f7 9 ALL UND]TAK+S EMPLOY+ NUMB]S ( WORK]S4 ,TRAMC>S W]E DIS9FECT$ WEEKLY4 ,!N A M$ICAL S]VICE WAS ORGANIZ$ FROM :I* WE CAN DRAW SOME LESSONS4 

,?IS S]VICE WAS BAS$ ON ! DIVISION ( ,B>CELONA & ITS SURR\ND+ DI/RICTS 9TO ?IRTY SECTORS4 ,A DOCTOR WAS 9 *>GE ( EA* SECTOR & WAS PAID BY ! ,TRAMWAYS ,SYNDICATE ( ,B>CELONA4 ,!SE DOCTORS DID NOT ONLY TREAT TRAMWAY WORK]S BUT !IR FAMILIES AS WELL4 ,A HOME HELP S]VICE WAS ALSO SET UP1 ! MEMB]S ( :I* LOOK$ AFT] ! SICK & BR\<T !M HUMAN W>M?1 ADVICE1 MORAL SUPPORT1 ALL ?OSE ?+S :I* (T5 >E MORE NE$$ ?AN M$ICAL TREATM5T ITSELF4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT WAS US$ = *ECK+ UP ON POSSIBLE MAL+]]S - ONE HAD NOT YET ATTA9$ HUMAN P]FECTION4 ,:5 IT DID HAPP5 - & IT WAS NOT (T5 = ! \TLOOK WAS NOT :AT IT WAS UND] CAPITALISM - ! ,SYNDICATE TOOK /EPS :I* C\LD GO AS F> AS )HOLD+ A WEEK'S MONEY4 ,NORMALLY A SICK P]SON RECEIV$ HIS FULL WAGE4 7#h7 

,TO ?IS ORGANIZATION ( HOME HELPS WAS ADD$ ! USE ( A F9E CL9IC :I* UNTIL !N HAD BE5 AVAILABLE ONLY TO ! RI*4 ,AP>T FROM BE+ COM=TABLY APPO9T$ 9 CONTRA/ ) ! TRADITIONAL HOSPITALS 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! WALLS W]E REPA9T$1 DECORATIONS PROVID$1 RADIOS 9/ALL$1 SPECIALIZ$ TREATM5T WAS PROVID$ BY A GYNECOLOGI/1 A SPECIALI/ 9 ! DIGE/IVE TRACTS1 & A SPECIALI/ 9 G5]AL SURG]Y4 ,ALL ?REE W]E WORK+ 9 ! S]VICE ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 

,SPONTANE\S DISCIPL9E1 WORK]S' MORALITY1 W]E RECOGNIZ$ BY ALL4 ,!RE WAS SUPPORT (1 & P>TICIPATION 91 ! COMMON TASK1 & EF=TS W]E CON/ANTLY MADE TO %>P5 ! IMAG9ATION TO F9D TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5TS & NEW ME?ODS ( WORK4 ,9 ! DIFF]5T WORK%OPS 0IDEAS BOXES0 W]E PUT UP SO ?AT ANYBODY ) AN IDEA C\LD SUBMIT IT 9 WRIT+4 

,?IS P>TICIPATION W5T EV5 BEYOND ! FRAMEWORK ( ! UND]TAK+ & ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,AS !Y W]E WELL TOOL$ ! WORK%OPS PRODUC$ ROCKETS & H[ITZ]S = ! ,>AGON FRONT4 ,! WORK]S WORK$ OV]TIME )\T PAY & EV5 CAME 9 ON ,SUNDAYS TO DO !IR %>E = ! COMMON /RUGGLE1 )\T PAY4 

,TO CONCLUDE ?IS ASPECT ( ?+S1 IT IS WOR? UND]L9+ ?AT HONE/Y WAS G5]AL4 ,NOT ?AT !RE W]E NO CASES ( UNSCRUPUL\S ACTIONS BUT 9 ?REE YE>S !Y AM\NT$ TO SIX CASES ( L>C5Y :I* W\LD NOT EV5 DES]VE TO BE M5TION$ BUT = ! FACT ?AT WE DO NOT WI% TO APPE> TO GLOSS OV] ! NEGATIVE ASPECTS4 ,! MO/ S]I\S CASE WAS ?AT ( A WORK] :O FROM TIME TO TIME TOOK AWAY SMALL QUANTITIES ( COPP] :I* HE W\LD SELL :5 HE HAD MADE UP A KILO'S WOR?4 ,HE WAS DISMISS$1 BUT AS HIS WIFE CAME TO TELL ! UND]TAK+'S COMITE ?AT %E HAD A *ILD :I* W\LD SUFF] ! CONSEQU5CES1 %E WAS GIV5 ?REE OR F\R WEEKS' WAGES & H] HUSB& WAS MOV$ 9TO ANO!R WORK%OP4 

#c4 ,! ,MEANS ( ,TRANSPORT 

,DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,CATALONIA1 TO COORD9ATE ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT BY L& & SEA :I* ! GR[+ DIFFICULTIES CREAT$ BY ! W>1 ITSELF ABSORB+ A GR[+ VOLUME ( HUMAN 5]GY & ME*ANICAL & !RMAL P[]1 UND\BT$LY PREV5T$ FROM BE+ BR\<T TO A SUCCESSFUL ISSUE4 ,BUT :AT WAS DONE DES]VES TO BE REC\NT$4 ,WE %ALL SEE IT 9 ! DESCRIPTION ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! RAILWAY NETWORK ( ,MADRID-,S>AGOSSA-,ALICANTE 7,M4,S4,A47 :I* ,I HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO /UDY AT FIR/ H&1 & :I* WILL ASSI/ ! READ] TO UND]/& H[ ! RAILWAYS AS A :OLE OP]AT$ 9 ANTI-,FRANCOI/ ,SPA9 :5 ! WORK]S W]E RESPONSIBLE = !IR OP]ATION4 

,!RE W]E TWO L>GE RAILWAYM5SO ASSOCIATIONS 9 ,SPA93 ! ,NATIONAL ,SYNDICATE ( ,RAILWAYS :I* WAS A P>T ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,RAILWAY ,9DU/RIES WAS P>T ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,9 ,JULY #aicf ! FIR/ ( !SE TWO ORGANIZATIONS GR\P$1 ON A NATIONAL LEVEL1 A MAJORITY ( MEMB]S1 BUT ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! MON?S FOLL[+ WAS NO LONG] V]Y L>GE AS \R ,F$]ATION WAT*$ ITS NUMB]S /EADILY GR[+4 ,9 ,CATALONIA ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS 9 A MAJORITY4 

,ONCE ! MILIT>O-FASCI/ =CES HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA1 & OBLIG$ TO )DRAW TO ! B>RACKS & ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE DIS>M$1 \R RAILWAY WORK]S DID NOT LOSE !IR TIME DANC+ 9 ! /REETS TO CELEBRATE ! VICTORY4 ,ON ,JULY #b !Y SUMMON$ ! TOP MANAGEM5T 9 ORD] TO DISP5SE ) !IR S]VICES4 ,ON ! #b#a/ ?OSE :O TOOK ON ! RESPONSIBILITY ( GETT+ ! TRA9S MOV+1 :I* WAS A MATT] ( URG5CY IF CONTACT ) ! O!R REGIONS WAS TO BE MA9TA9$1 & REPL5I%+ FOOD /OCKS 9 ! CITY & TRANSPORT+ ! IMPROVIS$ MILITIAS TO ! ,>AGON FRONT1 />T$ ORGANIZ+ )\T WAIT+ = ! TRACKS TO BE REPAIR$4 ,& ! SAME DAY1 ! FIR/ TRA9LOAD ( MILITIAM5 MADE ITS FIR/ RUN UND] REVOLUTION>Y CONTROL4 

,! DISC>D$ TE*NICIANS W]E REPLAC$ BY MILITANT WORK]S :O ?\< !Y OBVI\SLY LACK$ ! SPECIALIZ$ TRA9+ ( ! M5 !Y W]E REPLAC+1 W\LD ) ! SUPPORT ( ! RANK & FILE :O HAD NOM9AT$ !M1 MANAGE TO DO !IR WORK ADEQUATELY4 ,?AT WAS ALL ?AT MATT]$4 

,! NETWORK ?AT HAS BE5 EXPROPRIAT$ COMPRIS$ #abc L>GE & SMALL /ATIONS GR\P$ 9 N9E SECTORS4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE P]SONNEL REMA9$ AT !IR PO/S & CONT9U$ TO WORK4 ,! RAILWAYM5 LIKEWISE4 ,AGREEM5T WAS COMPLETE & EXPROPRIATION1 ACCEPT$ ) A HI< DEGREE ( RESPONSIBILITY4 ,9 A FEW DAYS S]VICES W]E BACK TO NORMAL4 

,ALL ?IS HAD BE5 A*IEV$ ON ! SOLE 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,SYNDICATE & MILITANTS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,?OSE ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 9 :I* ! ADM9I/RATIVE P]SONNEL PR$OM9AT$ HAD REMA9$ PASSIVE1 NEV] HAV+ F\ND !MSELVES 9 SU* A SITUATION4 ,ACCU/OM$ TO C>RY+ \T ORD]S COM+ FROM ABOVE1 !Y WAIT$4 ,:5 NEI!R ORD]S NOR C\NT]-ORD]S CAME1 & \R COMRADES =G$ AHEAD1 !Y SIMPLY FOLL[$ ! P[]FUL TIDE :I* C>RI$ MO/ ( !M ALONG ) IT4 

,?US FIVE DAYS AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 F\R DAYS AFT] ! SEIZURE ( ! RAILWAYS BY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,SYNDICATE1 A ,U4,G4,T4 DELEGATION CAME TO ASK TO BE A P>T ( ! C5TRAL REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE CONSI/+ ( SIX ( \R MILITANTS4 ,! ,COMITE WAS !RE=E REORGANIZ$ ) EI<T MEMB]S4 ,?\< FEW] 9 NUMB]1 & ( NO WOR? FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW1 ! RE=MI/ SECTION WAS1 ON SUFF]ANCE & BY A DESIRE = BRO!RHOOD4 GIV5 EQUAL REPRES5TATION SO ?AT !RE W]E F\R DELEGATES FROM EA* SIDE4 

,BUT ?AT NUMB] WAS CLE>LY 9SUFFICI5T4 ,) ! TE*NICAL SECTIONS ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES1 IT WAS REALIZ$ ?AT T5 & A *AIRMAN & A DIRECTOR G5]AL1 A TOTAL ( TWELVE DELEGATES1 SIX FROM EA* SYNDICAL MOVEM5T1 W]E NE$$4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y EXPECT$ TO DEAL ) ! V>I\S ACTIVITIES2 ! ,OP]ATIONAL DIVISION1 !N ! COMM]CIAL DIVISION1 ELECTRICAL S]VICES1 ACC\NTS & TREASURY1 TRACTION S]VICES1 V>I\S SUPPLY DEPOTS1 SANIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 TRACKS & WORKS1 MATT]S 9 DISPUTE1 F9ALLY CONTROL & /ATI/ICS4 

,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! CONTROL ( !SE DIVISIONS DID NOT OP]ATE FROM ABOVE D[NW>D1 AS 9 A /ATI/ & C5TRALIZ$1 SY/EM4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE HAD NOT SU* P[]S4 ,! RE/RUCTUR+ WAS C>RI$ \T FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP2 9 EA* SECTION & SUBSECTION AN ORGANIZ+ ,COMITE1 5TRU/$ ) ! RESPONSIBILITY ( WORK1 HAD BE5 =M$4 ,IT DISAPPE>$ FAIRLY QUICKLY1 = IT WAS NECESS>Y TO MOBILIZE MANY PEOPLE TO ASSUME !SE FUNCTIONS2 !RE ONLY REMA9$ !RE=E 9 EA* SECTION & SUBSECTION ONE DELEGATE *OS5 BY ! MEET+ ( WORK]S 1FROM ! /ATIONS 9 ! SMALL T[NS1 VILLAGES OR 9 ! L>GE T[NS4 

,NORMS = ORGANIZATION1 9ITIATIVE & CONTROL W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,ALL ! WORK]S ( EA* LOCALITY W\LD MEET TWICE A MON? TO EXAM9E ALL ?AT P]TA9$ TO ! WORK TO BE DONE4 ,P>ALLEL ) IT1 ! MILITANT PRIMEMOV]S MET ONCE A WEEK4 ,!N ! LOCAL G5]AL ASSEMBLY NAM$ A ,COMITE :I* MANAG$ ! G5]AL ACTIVITY 9 EA* /ATION & ITS ANNEXES4 ,AT ! P]IODIC MEET+S1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ?IS ,COMITE1 :OSE MEMB]S WORK$1 AFT] HE>+ REPORTS & ANSW]+ QUE/IONS PROCE$+S AT :I* SE PRES5T C\LD TAKE P>T1 W\LD BE SUBJECT$ TO ! APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL ( ! WORK]S4 

,! IMPULSE RETA9$ ITS CLE>LY F$]ALI/ *>ACT]4 ,ONE CANNOT SAY ?AT ! DIRECTION WAS DET]M9$ BY ! C5TRAL REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE ( ,B>CELONA4 ,QUITE SIMPLY WORK W5T ON EV]Y:]E1 AS BE=E ,JULY #a#i4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,B>CELONA ,COMITE BE+ CONT5T TO SUP]VISE G5]AL ACTIVITY & TO COORD9ATE ?AT ( ! DIFF]5T R\TES ?AT MADE UP ! NETWORK4 ,!Y SL[LY DREW TOGE!R ! DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! ORGANISM & PREP>$ A BETT] MANAGEM5T = ! MORR[4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT AS 9 ! FACTORIES & WORKS1 EV5 /ILL IMP]FECTLY SOCIALIZ$1 )\T %>EHOLD]S1 )\T 5G9E]S1 )\T ! USUAL HI]>*Y1 ! TRA9S CONT9U$ TO MOVE1 ! /ATIONS W]E MANN$1 PASS5G]S & GOODS W]E TRANSPORT$1 ! REGIONS ?AT HAD BE5 SUPPLI$ BE=E W5T ON BE+ SUPPLI$4 

,!Y EV5 W5T FUR!R = ! SAKE ( A REVOLUTION>Y PRIDE1 BY 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( TRA9 S]VICES :I* WAS1 AS ONE WILL SEE1 A MI/AKE !Y W]E TO APPRECIATE LAT]4 

,FROM ,JULY #ai ONW>DS !Y OP]AT$ #bib TRA9S A DAY ON ! NETWORK4 ,9 ,OCTOB] ( ! SAME YE> ! NUMB] WAS #b#a#c1 ! DROP BE+ P>TLY DUE TO A R$UCTION 9 FREI<T TONNAGE & PASS5G]S1 AS A RESULT ( ! SEV]+ ( L9KS ) ,>AGON & BEYOND ,>AGON ) ?AT P>T ( ,CA/ILE OCCUPI$ BY ! FASCI/S1 & ALONG :I* TRA9 CONVOYS TO & FROM ,MADRID HAD BE5 OP]AT+4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #aice !RE W]E #b#h1#h#a WAGONS RECORD$3 9 ,OCTOB] #aicf AS A RESULT ( ! EV5TS :I* HAD UPSET EV]Y?+ !RE W]E ONLY #a#g4#g#d2 BUT BY ,DECEMB] ! TOTAL HAD RIS5 TO #b#a1#d#g4 ,! DIFF]5CE W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* SMALL] IF ,SPA9 HAD NOT BE5 CUT 9 TWO4 

,9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+ SU* FIGURES MAKE ONE REALIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! TRA9 MOVEM5TS ( JU/ ! ONE NETWORK WE HAVE EXAM9$4 ,EV5 SO !Y GIVE ONLY AN 9COMPLETE PICTURE4 ,= 9/ANCE ! T5 SPECIALIZ$ ADM9I/RATIVE SECTIONS :I* WE HAVE ALREADY LI/$1 W]E SUBDIVID$ 9 !IR TURN 9TO TE*NICAL SUB-SECTIONS4 ,= 9/ANCE ! OP]ATIONAL S]VICE 9CLUD$ CONTROL ( TRA9 TIM+S1 G5]AL MOVEM5TS ( TRA9S1 DI/RIBUTION ( RAILWAY MAT]IALS1 GOODS TRAFFIC & S]VICES AT ALL ! /ATIONS4 ,G5]AL ORGANIZATION !RE=E WAS MU* MORE COMPLEX ?AN ONE MI<T SUPPOSE AT FIR/ SI<T4 

,WE SAID ?AT IT WAS A MI/AKE TO WANT TO IMM$IATELY 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( S]VICES OP]AT$4 ,FIR/LY BECAUSE !RE WAS A NE$ TO ECONOMIZE ON COAL ?AT CAME FROM ,A/URIAS1 SURR\ND$ & BESIEG$ BY ,FRANCO1 & FROM ,BRITA9 :I*1 BECAUSE \R PORTS W]E BLOCKAD$ BY ! 5EMY'S FLEET1 W\LD NOT RISK ITS %IPS4 ,ANO!R TE*NICAL WEAKNESS WAS SOON TO BE REVEAL$3 #b#e.0 ( ! BOIL]S ON ! LOCOMOTIVES W]E \T ( S]VICE AT ! TIME ( ! TAKEOV]2 & TUBUL> BOIL]S W]E BUILT 9 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY :I* WAS ALSO BESIEG$ BY ! ,FRANCOI/ =CES1 & :]E EV]Y MAN WAS MOBILIZ$ = ! >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,RATION+ ( TRANSPORT WAS AS ESS5TIAL AS ( CONSUM] GOODS4 ,IT WAS ONLY REALIZ$ RA!R LATE 9 ! DAY4 

,! PROBLEM ( REMUN]ATION = ! WORK]S CAME UP = WAGES V>I$ FROM #b4#e PESETAS A DAY = WOM5 EMPLOY$ AS LEVEL CROSS+ GATE KEEP]S1 #e PESETAS A DAY = UNSKILL$ RAILWAY WORK]S TO ! PR9CELY SAL>IES PAID TO ! *IEF 5G9E]S4 ,! AV]AGE WAGE WAS #f4#e PESETAS & AT ! TIME1 DEP5D+ ON ! REGIONS1 ONE KILO ( MUTTON CUTLETS CO/ FROM #d TO #f PESETAS4 ,A BASIC WAGE ( #c PESETAS A MON? WAS E/ABLI%$ = ALL WORK]S )\T EXCEPTION4 ,?OSE :O RECEIV$ MORE ?AN #e PESETAS - SU* AS ! REC5TLY 5GAG$ 5G9E]S - W]E ! EXCEPTION & A LACK ( QUALIFI$ TE*NICIANS HAD MADE ?IS COMPROMISE NECESS>Y1 & MY COMRADES TOLD ME 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicg ?AT FIVE 5G9E]S HAD JO9$ ! MANAGEM5T & !IR DEM&S HAD TO BE SATISFI$ BY PAY+ !M #ge PESETAS A MON? ,?AT IS MORE ?AN TWICE AS MU* AS ! G5]AL RUN ( RAILWAY WORK]S4 7#i7 ,NEV]!LESS MU* GR\ND HAD BE5 COV]$ 9 RELATION TO ! 9JU/ICES ?AT EXI/$ UND] ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 

"9"9"9 

,BUT SOME:AT UNEXPECT$ DIFFICULTIES1 ?\< NOT ALTOGE!R SURPRIS+1 >OSE FROM ! ,U4,G4,T4 SIDE1 :]E HI<] (FICIALS1 :O FROM ,MADRID MU/ HAVE MOV$ ON TO ,VAL5CIA1 AFT] HAV+ ACCEPT$ SYNDICAL SOCIALIZATION 9 PR9CIPLE 7PRESUMABLY 9 ORD] NOT TO BE LET \T ( ! RAILWAY BRO!RHOOD7 *ANG$ !IR M9DS & REPLAC$ ! AU?ORIZ$ REPRES5TATIVES ( !IR ,UNION :O W]E P>T ( ! RAILWAY ,COMITE ( ,B>CELONA4 ,9 !IR /EAD !Y APPO9T$ DELEGATES ( !IR [N *OICE :O1 BE+ MORE MANAGEABLE1 W\LD OPPOSE ! SOCIALIZATION ?AT HAD BE5 UND]TAK51 OR AT LEA/ SL[ IT D[N4 ,& ?IS WAS DONE )\T CONSULT+ !IR MEMB]S4 

,YET \R COMRADES HAD1 AT ! BEG9N+1 S\<T A MIDDLE ( ! ROAD SOLUTION1 :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 WIDELY APPLI$4 ,9 ! ,C5T] & ,S\? ( ,SPA91 FAC$ ) ! DEP>TURE ( ! EXECUTIVES1 ADM9I/RATORS OR =EIGN 5G9E]S :O MANAG$ ! O!R RAILWAY NETWORKS1 ! ,/ATE1 UNABLE TO DO ANY?+ BY ITSELF1 HAD TO CALL 9 ! SYNDICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AN 0,OP]ATIONAL ,COMMITTEE0 WAS ORGANIZ$2 IT WAS COMPOS$ ( ?REE MEMB]S EA* FROM ! ,C4,N4,T41 ! ,U4,G4,T44 & ?REE FROM ! GOV]NM5T :OSE MEMB]S LEFT ! TASK ( GETT+ ?+S MOV+ AGA9 & ( SUP]VISION TO ! SYNDICAL DELEGATES4 ,BUT ) ! GR[+ SUCCESS ( ! RAILWAYM5'S EF=TS - ?AT IS 9 ! ,S\?,EA/ & ,C5T] - ! ,/ATE AS IS ITS CU/OM 9CREAS$ ITS CONTROL & WANT$ TO TAKE OV] EV]Y?+4 ,(FICIAL BUREAUCRACY WAS ASS]T+ ITSELF ON ! WORK]S' A*IEVEM5TS1 & ! ,SYNDICATES RESI/$4 

,9 ,CATALONIA ! SAME (F5SIVE HAD BE5 LAUN*$ DUE TO ! BIAS ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 9 :I* W]E TO BE F\ND MORE & MORE SOCIALI/S ) A BUREAUCRATIC-/ATI/ M5TALITY1 & ,COMMUNI/S :O1 TO CAM\FLAGE !IR GAME1 CALL$ !MSELVES ! ,CATALAN ,UNIT$ ,SOCIALI/S 7,P4,S4,U4,C474 ,?US \R COMRADES1 :O W]E1 AFT] ALL1 9 A MAJORITY1 & :O DI/RU/$ ,/ATE 9T]V5TION1 EV5 UND] ! PRETEXT ( 9NOC5T /ATI/ICAL 9=MATION1 DID NOT ALL[ !IR ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,MADRID-,S>AGOSSA-,ALICANTE NETWORK TO BE SUP]VIS$4 

,IT C]TA9LY WAS NOT ! CASE ?AT !Y C\LD NOT PRES5T !IR ACC\NTS1 = !Y OP5$ !IR BOOKS TO ?IS WRIT] FROM ! />T4 ,BUT BE=E ATTEMPT+ TO SUMM>IZE !M WE %\LD NOTE ! MODIFICATIONS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ,CATALAN NETWORK :I*1 AS A RESULT ( ! R$UCTION 9 TRAFFIC & ! TRADITIONAL IMBALANCE BETWE5 RECEIPTS & OP]ATION CO/S1 7#a7 W]E %[+ A DEFICIT4 ,IT %\LD BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT ! ,M4,S4,A4 NETWORK GAVE F9ANCIAL AID TO ! ,NOR!RN NETWORK1 :I* ALSO ALWAYS %[$ A DEFICIT4 ,! FACT IS ?AT OP]ATION CO/S 9 ,SPA9 W]E ?REE TIMES AS HI< AS 9 ,FRANCE BECAUSE IT IS AN EXTREMELY M\NTA9\S C\NTRY1 ) RELATIVELY LITTLE TRAFFIC DUE TO ! L[ D5SITY POPULATION & ! L[ TONNAGE ( FREI<T C>RI$4 ,TO ALL !SE CAUSES MU/ BE ADD$ ! CO/ ( CON/RUCT+ #c KM4 ( TRACKS 9 A V]Y BADLY S]VIC$ >EA 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ZONE ( ,>AGON4 1 

,LET US N[ CA/ A QUICK GLANCE AT ! ACC\NTS ( ! ,M4,S4,A4 NETWORK4 ,ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,COMPANY HAD #a1#h#a#a1#i#h#f PESETAS 9 CA% & #b1#c#b#b1#d#a 9 ! BANK3 A TOTAL O,G,B,P #d1#a#c#d1#c#h#a PESETAS4 ,! DIRECTORS AT ! C5TRAL (FICE 9 ,MADRID )DREW #a4#e MILLION PESETAS FROM ! BANK1 LEAV+ #b1#f#c#d1#g#h#g PESETAS AT ! 5D ( ,JULY4 ,FUR!RMORE ! COMPANY [$ CURR5T CR$ITORS ONE MILLION PESETAS4 ,ALSO ! /AFF HAD TO BE PAID4 ,! EXPROPRIAT+ WORK]S1 :O ALSO ACCEPT$ ! COMPANY'S DEBTS1 F\ND !MSELVES :5 ALL WAS SAID & DONE ) A DEFICIT ( #e#b1#f#f PESETAS4 ,:AT IS MORE ALL TRANSPORT 9 ! DIRECTION ( ?AT P>T ( ,>AGON :I* WAS UND] \R CONTROL1 ?AT IS T[>DS ! ,EA/-,WE/ FRONT1 WAS C>RI$ \T )\T PAYM5T4 ,TO ALL ?IS HAD TO BE ADD$ ! 9CREASE 9 ! CO/ ( ! SMALL AM\NT ( COAL FROM ! ,A/URIAS ?AT >RIV$ ) DIFFICULTY AT ! ,M$IT]RANEAN PORTS & ! PRICE ( :I* ROSE FROM #de PESETAS A TON 9 ,JULY #aicf TO #fg & BY ,FEBRU>Y #aicg WAS CO/+ #ae PESETAS A TON2 ! DIFFICULTIES ( COA/AL TRANSPORT HAD BECOME OV]:ELM+1 & W]E GETT+ WORSE4 7#a#a7 

,9 SPITE ( ALL !SE DIFFICULTIES1 & A G5]AL FALL+ (F 9 TRAFFIC :I* RESULT$ 9 AV]AGE DAILY RECEIPTS DROPP+ FROM #b#c#f1#c#f#c TO #a#i#b1#d#c#g PESETAS 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g2 & ?\< AID TO ! RAILWAYS ( ! ,NOR!RN NETWORK AM\NT$ TO #b#f-#b#g.0 ( TOTAL RECEIPTS2 7#a#b7 & 9 SPITE ( AID TO BRAN* L9ES & AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES1 F>ES HAD /ILL NOT BE5 9CREAS$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 ?AT IS 9 N9E MON?S S9CE ! ,REVOLUTION HAD BEGUN4 ,& !RE WAS NO QUE/ION ( 9CREAS+ !M4 ,TO DEAL ) ! DIFFICULTIES PLANS W]E BE+ LAID = A G5]AL REORGANIZATION ( ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT4 

,IT NE$$ ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 TO V5TILATE ! IDEA ( COORD9AT+ PRODUCTION 9 ALMO/ ALL ! 9DU/RIES & S]VICES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,NATURALLY ! 9ITIATIVE CAME FROM MILITANTS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,9 ! CASE UND] DISCUSSION !Y />T$ BY CONSID]+ A TE*NICAL REORGANIZATION ( ! RAILWAYS AS A :OLE1 & A F9ANCIAL & ECONOMIC SYN*RONIZATION4 

,JU/ AS = ! L& CULTIVATION1 OR ! RUNN+ ( WORK%OPS & FACTORIES1 ! DISP]SAL ( =CES REPRES5T$ AN 5ORM\S LOSS ( 5]GY1 AN IRRATIONAL USE ( HUMAN LABOR1 MA*9]Y & RAW MAT]IALS1 A USELESS DUPLICATION ( EF=TS4 ,IT WAS :AT ,PR\DHON 9 ! FIR/ PLACE & !N ,M>X1 :O HAD ?OR\<LY READ HIS ,PR\DHON1 HAD PO9T$ \T DEMON/RAT+ ! ADVANTAGES1 ( ! L>GE 5T]PRISE :I* USES COLLECTIVE LABOR & B5EFITS !REFROM1 COMP>$ ) ! SMALL 5T]PRISE4 ,\R COMRADES HAD NOT READ ,M>X & KNEW NO?+ ( ! ,PR\DHONIAN !ORIES1 BUT COMMONS5SE WAS !IR GUIDE4 ,!Y !RE=E DEVELOP$ A PROJECT = REORGANIZ+ ! ,CATALAN RAILWAYS4 ,I POSSESS A COPY ( ?AT PROJECT OR TO BE MORE PRECISE ! PLAN1 = IT HAD BE5 ACCEPT$ & WAS 9 ! C\RSE ( BE+ APPLI$4 

,FIR/LY IT BR\<T TOGE!R 9 A S+LE F$]ATION ( RAILWAY OP]ATION ! ,CATALAN NETWORK ( ,M4,S4,A41 ! ,NOR? NETWORK & ,CATALAN SY/EM ( SECOND>Y L9ES4 ,EA* ( !SE NETWORKS CON/ITUT$ A SECTOR & ALL !SE SECTORS W]E LOCALLY & REGIONALLY L9K$ BY LIAISON ,COMITES4 

0,WE CON/ITUTE10 WE READ 9 ! FIR/ L9E ( ! PLAN 0! REGIONAL C5TRAL ,COMITE :I* REGR\PS ALL ! RAILWAYS ( ,CATALONIA40 ,!N COME ! \TL9ES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y REORGANIZATION4 

,!RE >E ?REE MA9 DIVISIONS3 TRAFFIC1 TE*NICAL S]VICES ADM9I/RATION 7H]E !Y >E FOLL[+ ! MODEL ( ! ,M4,S4,A4 NETWORK74 

,! SECTION = RESE>* & PUR*ASES AIMS TO IMPROVE ! RAILWAY S]VICES1 BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW ME?ODS & SUITABLE MAT]IALS1 :I* WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO PROVE 0ALL ! TIME A HI< S5SE ( ! CON/RUCTIVE CAPACITY ( ! NEW ORGANIZATION ( RAIL TRANSPORT04 

,IT HAS TO PUR*ASE RAW MAT]IALS1 TOOLS1 FUEL1 CON/RUCTION & MANUFACTUR+ MAT]IALS1 ETC4444 ,IT PROVIDES ALL ! LOCAL SECTIONS ) !SE SUPPLIES TO GET ! WORK DONE & C5TRALIZES ALL ! /ATI/ICS ON ! G5]AL ACTIVITIES ( ! NETWORK4 

,! TRAFFIC DIVISION IS SPREAD OV] ?REE SECTIONS3 OP]ATION1 CONTROL & /ATI/ICS1 COMM]CIAL & COMPLA9TS4 

,! FIR/ SECTION DEALS ) EV]Y?+ AFFECT+ ! P]SONNEL 9 /ATIONS & DEPOTS1 ! ORGANIZATION ( TRA9S1 TIMETABLES & LOAD+ & UNLOAD+ OP]ATIONS1 FREI<T TRANSPORT & DELIV]IES1 ! DI/RIBUTION & MOVEM5T ( WAGONS1 ETC4 ,?ANKS TO ! COMM]CIAL SECTION IT /UDIES ! TRAFFIC REQUIREM5TS = PASS5G]S & FREI<T1 PREP>ES ! TIMETABLES1 ORGANIZES ! DEPOTS1 HOTELS1 TRANSF]S1 & SO ON4 

,! CONTROL & /ATI/ICAL SECTION SUP]VISES ! G5]AL MOVEM5T1 UND]TAKES ALL PAYM5TS1 DEALS ) ! DI/RIBUTION & SALE ( TICKETS1 SETTLES ! ACC\NTS = ! NETWORKS ACCORD+ TO !IR CATEGORY ON ! 9=MATION PROVID$ BY ! /ATIONS4 

,! COMM]CIAL & COMPLA9TS SECTION SETTLES ! DIFF]5T RATES1 :ILE SEEK+ TO SIMPLIFY !M2 IT AVOIDS ! COMPETITIV5ESS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ORGANIZES COMB9$ S]VICES 9 :I* ALL ! MEANS ( SURFACE1 SEA & AIR TRANSPORT WILL BE COORD9AT$4 

,IT /ILL HAS TO /UDY =EIGN LEGISLATION1 REVISE ,SPANI% LEGISLATION1 MODIFY C]TA9 AGREEM5TS1 MA9TA9 FRI5DLY RELATIONS ) COMPANIES 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 APPLY ALL ! NEW (FICIAL DECISIONS1 ESPECIALLY FISCAL ONES TAXES HAVE TO BE PAID TO ! ,/ATE DEAL ABOVE ALL ) *ANGES ( A SYNDICAL NATURE1 & F9ALLY ) COMPLA9TS T5D+ TO CONT9UALLY IMPROVE ! S]VICES4 

,! TE*NICAL S]VICES CONSI/ ( ?REE SECTIONS3 ROLL+ /OCK & TRANSPORT1 P[]1 P]MAN5T WAY & CON/RUCTION4 

,! FIR/ DEALS ) ! MA9T5ANCE ( ROLL+ /OCK1 DEPOTS1 LOCOMOTIVES1 WAGON SUPPLIES1 WORK%OPS4 ,! SECOND ) EV]Y?+ CONNECT$ ) ELECTRICITY & COAL OV] ! NETWORKS1 ! /ATIONS1 TRACTION P[]1 TELEPHONES1 SIGNAL+4 ,! ?IRD ) CON/RUCTION & MA9T5ANCE ( ! P]MAN5T WAY1 BRIDGES1 TUNNELS1 /ORES1 M9OR /ATIONS1 ETC4 

,! AUXILI>Y ADM9I/RATIVE DIVISION IS ALSO SUBDIVID$ 9TO ?REE SECTIONS3 SANITATION1 ACC\NTANCY & TREASURY1 PROVISION+4 

,! FIR/ 5SURES HYGI5E 9 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 DEALS ) SICK & 9JUR$ EMPLOYES1 & FIR/ AID PO/S SET UP 9 ! /ATIONS4 

,! SECOND1 :]E ALL ! F9ANCIAL RES\RCES ( ! RAILWAYS CONV]GE1 RECEIVES DAILY ! RECEIPTS FROM ALL ! /ATIONS2 IT CON/ITUTES ! C5T] = ALL ! V>I\S S\RCES ( 9COME1 & CLOSELY OBS]VES ! RETURNS FROM EA* S]VICE4 

,! PROVISION+ SECTION HAS TO SUPPLY EMPLOYES1 AT CO/1 PRICE1 ) FOOD & REFRE%M5TS4 

,! DIVISIONS MU/ HAVE AT !IR HEAD A REPRES5TATIVE FROM' EA* NETWORK4 ,! SECTIONS WILL HAVE ! TE*NICIANS NE$$1 :O WILL BE ANSW]ABLE TO ! C5TRAL ,COMITE ( :I* !Y C\LD BELONG AS ADVIS]S4 ,! DIVISIONAL SECRET>IES WILL TAKE P>T 9 ! DELIB]ATIONS ( ! C5TRAL ,COMITE1 SO ?AT NO DECISIONS CAN BE TAK5 BY ! LATT] )\T KN[+ ! OP9IONS ( ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES1 L9ES & NETWORKS4 

,9 ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ! P]SONNEL WILL NOT BELONG DEF9ITIVELY TO ONE SECTION OR DIVISION 9 P>TICUL> BUT WILL HAVE TO AGREE TO TRANSF]S 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DEM&S ( !IR1 WORK4 

,ALL ! DIVISIONAL ,COMITES >E CON/ITUT$ BY AN EQUAL NUMB] ( COMRADES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 ,9 ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( TRAFFIC ! DEM>CATION ZONES WILL BE DEF9$ BY A SPECIAL ,COMITE :OSE MEMB]S1 REPRES5T+ EA* S]VICE4 WILL BE AT WORK LIKE !IR COMRADES EXCEPT 9 UNUSUAL CIRCUM/ANCES RECOGNIZ$ AS SU* & WILL MEET AFT] !IR DAY'S WORK TO EXAM9E ! RESULTS OBTA9$4 ,NOM9AT$ DIRECTLY BY !IR COMRADES 9 ! ZONES OR BY ! C5TRAL ,COMITE ) ! AGREEM5T ( ! RESPECTIVE ZONES1 !Y WILL HAVE TO CONTROL ! G5]AL ACTIVITIES & SUBMIT TO ! DIVISIONAL ,COMITES !IR OBS]VATIONS & !IR 9ITIATIVES4 ,EA* DEM>CATION ,COMITE WILL *OOSE SOMEONE TO BE RESPONSIBLE = ! ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS ( ! (FICE4 

,9 EA* (FICE1 /ATION1 WORK%OP OR GANG1 WORK]S WILL FREELY ELECT A DELEGATE RESPONSIBLE = ! MANAGEM5T & COORD9ATION ( ! S]VICES4 ,:5 IT IS DEEM$ NECESS>Y BY ! SECTIONS !Y WILL =M CONTROL COMITES4 ,9 LOCALITIES :]E !RE WILL BE MANY SECTIONS ( DIFF]5T NETWORKS OR L9ES1 A LIAISON COMITE WILL BE SET UP4 

,EA* S]VICE1 OR DIVISION1 WILL HAVE MOBILE TE*NICIANS :OSE TASK WILL BE TO CONT9UALLY GO ON IMPROV+ ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( ! RAILWAYS4 

,F9ALLY1 TE*NICAL S*OOLS WILL BE ORGANIZ$ TO FUR!R TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE KN[L$GE = WORK]S SO ?AT !Y DO NOT CONT9UE TO BE1 AS HAS BE5 ! CASE HI!RTO1 SIMPLE M9DLESS COGS 9 A MA*9E1 ! LIFE & FUNCTION+ ( :I* ESCAPES !M4 

,! IDEA ( ! COORD9ATION ( ALL ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT CAME ALMO/ IMM$IATELY AFT] ! SEIZURE ( ! RAILWAYS BY ! WORK]S4 ,WE HAVE EVID5CE ( IT 9 A CIRCUL> DAT$ ,SEPTEMB] #e1 #aicf A MON? & A HALF AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION />T$ ! GI/ ( :I* WAS3 

0,! PR(\ND SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION :I* HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 \R C\NTRY OBLIGES US TO OP5 NEW & WIDE HORIZONS = ! EXPLOITATION ( ! RAILWAYS4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E MULTIPLY NEW ACTIVITIES & TO ?AT 5D GA!R1 9 ALL ! RAIL ZONES1 9=M$ ASSESSM5TS :I* WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO /UDY ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & ?AT ( CONSUMPTION1 SO 9TIMATELY L9K$ TO ! RAILWAYS4 ,! RESULTS WILL BE 9 ! PUBLIC 9T]E/4 

0,WE !RE=E ASK ALL \R COMRADES TO REPLY AS SOON AS POSSIBLE TO ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS3 

#a4 ,:AT LOCALITIES >E COV]$ BY Y\R /ATION8 

#b4 ,:I* IS ! ZONE ( 9FLU5CE ( ! RAILWAYS 9 Y\R REGION8 

#c4 ,:AT >E ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT BETWE5 ! /ATION & ! VILLAGES SITUAT$ ON ! P]IMET] ( ?IS ZONE ( 9FLU5CE8 

#d4 ,:AT IS ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & TO :AT PLACES >E SURPLUSES S5T8 

#e4 ,:AT >E ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT MO/ US$8 

#f4 ,IF ?IS TRANSPORT IS NOT BY RAIL :AT >E ! REASONS & :AT CAN BE DONE AB\T !M8 

#g4 ,IS !RE A COORD9ATION ( S]VICES BETWE5 RAIL & ROAD8 

#h4 ,IF !RE IS NOT1 H[ CAN IT BE E/ABLI%$ & :AT HOPE ( A SOLUTION80 

,?IS QUE/IONNAIRE WAS FOLL[$ BY A SECOND ONE :I* WAS MORE COMPLETE & ) A SURPRIS+ AM\NT ( DETAIL4 ,TO FACILITATE ITS DI/RIBUTION !Y SUCCE$$ NOT )\T DIFFICULTY 9 >RANG+ = ITS DI/RIBUTION BY ! ,/ATI/ICAL & ,TRANSPORT ,S]VICE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,CATALONIA4 

,9 ?IS DOCUM5T NO FEW] ?AN FIFTY-SEV5 QUE/IONS W]E ASK$ CONC]N+ ! GEO-PHYSICAL SURR\ND+S1 ! MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 DISPAT* & RECEPTION ( GOODS1 ! IMPORTANCE & LOCATION ( S*OOLS1 ! NUMB]1 QUALITY1 ( TAXIS1 BUSSES1 LORRIES1 C>S1 BOATS 9 ! CASE ( M>ITIME LOCALITIES1 & ! DEGREE ( COLLECTIVIZATION ( EA* BRAN* ( TRANSPORT4 ,F9ALLY 9=MATION WAS REQUE/$ ON ! SYNDICAL ASPECT ( ! PROBLEM4 

,A GREAT NUMB] ( REPLIES W]E RECEIV$4 ,!Y W]E CLASSIFI$ 9 TWO C>D 9DEX FILES1 ONE DEAL+ EXCLUSIVELY ) ! MUNICIPAL LIFE ( EA* LOCALITY 9 :I* ! /ATION WAS SITUAT$2 ! O!R AT ! P]IPH]Y ( ECONOMIC 9FLU5CE & ON ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT4 

,9 ! >*IVES ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,M4,S4,A4 RAILWAY NETWORK !RE W]E DETAIL$ REPORTS FROM #b T[NS & VILLAGES & O!RS W]E EXPECT$ TO >RIVE4 

,MORE 9=MATION WAS OBTA9$ BY !SE ME?ODICAL MEANS1 SU* AS ! EXACT NUMB] ( LORRY1 BUS1 COA/AL %IPP+ S]VICES = ! :OLE ( ,CATALONIA4 ,! TOTAL NUMB] ( UND]TAK+S WAS ASC]TA9$ AS WELL AS ! NUMB] ( [N]S1 PASS5G]S & TONNAGE ( GOODS TRANSPORT$4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS RECORD$1 CLASSIFI$ & M>K$ ON SPECIAL *>TS :I* AT ! SAME TIME S]V$ TO PREP>E ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S AS WELL AS TO DEMON/RATE ! ABSURDITY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,9DE$1 ALONGSIDE A RAILWAY L9E %[N 9 BLACK1 #h1 #a1 #ab R$ L9ES REPRES5T$ ?AT NUMB] ( COMPANIES & ROAD TRANSPORT S]VICES :I* W]E COMPET+ ) ! RAILWAYS & AMONG !MSELVES4 ,IT WAS A USELESS DUPLICATION :I* WAS TO BE F\ND ESPECIALLY ON ! ,M$IT]RANEAN LITTORAL1 9 ! D5SELY POPULAT$ & PROSP]\S PROV9CE ( ,B>CELONA4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ON ! *>T %[+ MEANS ( TRANSPORT = ! PROV9CE ( ,L]IDA1 9 ! 9T]IOR ( ,CATALONIA1 !RE W]E GREAT EXPANSES1 :OLE CANTONS )\T REGUL> COMMUNICATIONS4 ,HUGE >EAS :I*1 BECAUSE !Y W]E IMPOV]I%$1 W]E CONDEMN$ TO /AGNATE 9 ISOLATION1 IGNORANCE & POV]TY ?\< AN IMPROVEM5T 9 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT C\LD1 AS (T5 HAPP5S1 FAVOR SOME ASPECT ( DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,& MY COMRADES1 :O ALWAYS PUT SOCIAL 9T]E/1 VIEW$ 9 ITS GLOBAL ASPECT1 ABOVE CORPORATIVE SELF-9T]E/1 OR ( N>R[ SYNDICALI/ \TLOOK1 DECID$ ?AT SOME ( ! LORRIES & BUSSES 9 OV]ABUNDANCE 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,B>CELONA %\LD BE S5T TO ! PROV9CE ( ,L]IDA4 ,AT ! BEG9N+1 AT LEA/1 ! S]VICES W\LD BE RUN AT A LOSS1 BUT PR(ITABLE S]VICES 9 ! ,B>CELONA >EA W\LD MORE ?AN COMP5SATE = !SE LOSSES4 ,:AT WAS REQUIR$ WAS TO 5SURE TO ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ,CATALONIA !N1 & LAT] = ALL ! PEOPLE ( ,SPA91 ! SAME *ANCES ( WELL BE+ & HAPP9ESS4 ,DID NOT ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON1 ! ,LEVANTE & ,CA/ILE ACT 9 ?IS WAY8 

,! G5]AL REORGANIZATION EXT5D$ TO ! M]*ANT FLEET4 ,NOT ALL WAS DONE1 NOR C\LD BE DONE AT ! TIME 9 VIEW ( ! ,FRANCOI/ NAVAL SUPREMACY4 ,BUT A />T WAS MADE4 ,ONCE AGA9 MAPS W]E PRODUC$4 ,ON ONE ( !M TWO P>ALLEL L9ES 9 R$1 ONE ( :I* HUGS ! COA/2 IT IS A COA/AL %IPP+ S]VICE ,B>CELONA-,T>RAGONA2 ! O!R R$ L9E FOLL[$ ! SAME COA/L9E BUT ON L&4 ,IT WAS A RAILWAY L9E4 ,! COA/AL S]VICE WAS )DRAWN4 ,BUT :AT !Y W]E DREAM+ ( DO+ 9 ! FUTURE WAS TO COORD9ATE RAIL1 ROAD & SEA TRANSPORT3 EV] ,COORD9ATION6 

#d4 ,! ,SOCIALIZATION ( ,M$IC9E 

,BY #aicg ! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION = ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?1 A SECTION ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 HAD #d1 MEMB]S & IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT SU* L>GE NUMB]S C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ASSEMBL$ SO QUICKLY HAD NOT ! WAY BE5 %[N BY O!RS OV] ! YE>S4 

,SOME PREC$5TS EXPLA91 ONLY P>TLY1 ! CREATIVE DRIVE ?AT WAS TO TAKE PLACE4 ,A NUMB] ( DOCTORS W]E AMONG ! BE/ ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS4 ,!RE WAS ,DR4 ,P$RO ,VALL9A1 A C\RAGE\S FI<T] 7#a#c7 :O PLAY$ SU* AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES 9 ,&ALUSIA2 ,DR4 ,ISAAC ,PU5TE1 BY F> HIS JUNIOR1 WAS ONE ( ! MO/ \T/&+ P]SONALITIES 9 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T DUR+ ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! SECOND ,REPUBLIC2 ,DR4 ,AMP>O ,PO* Y ,GASCON1 WAS ! MO/ CULTUR$ WOMAN 9 ?AT MOVEM5T2 ,DR4 ,ROB]TO ,REM>T9EZ'S KN[L$GE WAS 5CYCLOP$IC1 & ,FELIX ,M>TI ,IBANEZ1 WAS A BRILLIANT REPRES5TATIVE ( ! Y\NG G5]ATION ( SOCIOLOGI/-DOCTORS1 A HUMANI/ & SPECIALI/ 9 SEXUAL & PSY*OANALYTICAL PROBLEMS4 ,ALONG ) !SE DOCTORS1 BE/ KN[N BECAUSE ( !IR WRIT+S & ACTIVITIES1 !RE WAS A L>GE NUMB] ( O!RS :O SUPPORT$ ! CON/RUCTIVE CONCEPTS ( ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL ( A NEW CIVILIZATION1 A MORE RATIONAL & JU/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 !SE M51 (T5 9 CONTACT ) ! WORK]S' ,SYNDICATES1 P]=M$ WOND]S ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 ,9 ! *APT]S ON AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES WE HAVE GIV5 EXAMPLES ( MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES F\ND$ OR ADM9I/]$ BY ! LIB]T>IANS 9 ! VILLAGES OR SMALL PROV9CIAL T[NS4 ,! DIS9T]E/$ COLLABORATION ( ONE OR TWO OR MORE DOCTORS WAS SECUR$ BY !M4 ,SOMETIMES IT W\LD EV5 GO MU* FUR!R4 ,?US1 9 ,VAL5CIA1 !N ! ?IRD L>GE/ CITY 9 ,SPA91 WAS ! HEADQU>T]S ( A ,MUTUA LEVANT9A OR ,MUTUAL ,AID ,SOCIETY ( ! ,LEVANTE1 F\ND$ BY LIB]T>IANS :OM ?IS WRIT] GOT TO KN[ 9 HIS Y\?1 & :O BR\<T TOGE!R MANY DOCTORS ) DIFF]5T SPECIALTIES1 PR(ESSIONAL PEOPLE ) EXP]I5CE 9 ! DIFF]5T FIELDS ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,MORE ?AN A SIMPLE SOCIETY = MUTUAL AID1 IT WAS1 BASICALLY1 AN ASSOCIATION ( PRACTITION]S ( M$IC9E :I* EXT5D$ OV] ! :OLE REGION ( ! ,LEVANTE & 9 :I* ! SPIRIT ( MUTUAL AID DOM9AT$ 9 ITS MO/ HUMAN IMPLICATIONS4 7#a#d7 

,:5 ! ,CIVIL ,W> BROKE \T1 !RE WAS NO DOCTORS' ,SYNDICATE SPECIALLY ORGANIZ$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 BUT A 0,SYNDICATE ( ! ,LIB]AL ,PR(ESSIONS0 ) V>I\S SECTIONS3 J\RNALI/S1 WRIT]S1 TEA*]S1 LAWY]S1 DOCTORS4 ,H[ MANY ( ! LATT]8 ,WE DO NOT KN[1 BUT !IR NUMB] MU/ HAVE BE5 FAIRLY L>GE TO JUDGE BY ! SPE$ ) :I* 9ITIATIVES SPRUNG UP :5 ! TIME WAS RIPE4 

,!RE >E TWO REASONS = ?IS4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! SANIT>Y PROBLEMS2 QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL HYGI5E2 9FANT MORTALITY2 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ TUB]CULOSIS1 V5]EAL DISEASES & O!RS1 W]E SUBJECTS OP5LY DISCUSS$ 9 \R PRESS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! LIB]T>IAN REVIEW ,E/UDIOS :I* AS WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ HAD A CIRCULATION ( UP TO #g#e1 COPIES 79 A C\NTRY ( #bd MILLION 9HABITANTS ( :OM #d.0 W]E ILLIT]ATE74 ,! M9DS ( MANY MILITANTS W]E !RE=E AW>E ( !SE PROBLEMS4 7#a#e7 ,!N ! DISORGANIZATION ( ! SANIT>Y S]VICES1 ADM9I/]$ BY A RELIGI\S P]SONNEL :I*1 AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 DISAPPE>$ OV]NI<T FROM ! HOSPITALS ! DISP5S>IES & O!R *>ITABLE 9/ITUTIONS1 MADE IT NECESS>Y TO IMPROVISE NEW ME?ODS ( ORGANIZATION & TO SET UP NEW E/ABLI%M5TS NOT ONLY TO CONT9UE TO SUCCOR ! SICK1 ! BL9D1 ! 9FIRM1 BUT ALSO TO OP]ATE1 TO T5D & TREAT ! W\ND$ FROM ! ,CIVIL ,W> :O W]E BE+ BR\<T 9 ALL ! TIME4 

,9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE 9ITIATIVES W]E 5C\RAG$2 /ATELY HOMES W]E REQUISITION$ & ! ROOMS W]E FURNI%$1 & B$S SET UP ALL 9 GOOD ORD]4 ,!N ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SANIT>Y QUE/ION LOOM$ L>GE1 SO L>GE ?AT ! ,F$]ATION = CORRESPOND+ S]VICES SOON APPE>$ AMONG ! SIXTE5 L>GE ORGANIC DIVISIONS 9 :I* ! :OLE LIFE ( ! C\NTRY HAD BE5 DIVID$ ON ! BASIS ( A NATIONAL PLAN :I* WAS P]HAPS EXCESSIVELY ORGANIZ+4 

,IT WAS ?US ?AT 9 ,B>CELONA ! ,SYNDICATE = ,SANIT>Y ,S]VICES CAME 9TO BE+ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f4 

"9"9"9 

,BUT BE=E PROCE$+ FUR!R WE MU/ 9 ! NAME ( OBJECTIVITY M5TION ! EM]G5CE AT ! SAME TIME ( A NEW ELEM5T 9 ?IS VA/ IMPROVIZATION4 ,9 ?AT MON? ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f1 FAC$ ) ! PUBLIC'S DEM& = A UNIFICATION ( ! ANTI-,FRANCOI/ =CES1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 DECID$ TO JO9 ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T &1 %ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T L$ BY ! SOCIALI/ ,L>GO ,CABALL]O4 ,AMONG ! ?REE ,CATALAN 0C\NCILORS0 IT NOM9AT$1 ONE ( !M1 ,G>CIA ,BIRLAN1 ! BE/ KN[N CONTRIBUTOR TO ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN PRESS 7US+ ! PSEUDONYM ,DIONISIOS7 WAS APPO9T$ ,M9I/] ( ,HEAL?4 ,HE *OSE HIS COLLABORATORS FROM AMONG HIS IDEOLOGICAL COMRADES1 & IT WAS ?US ?AT ,DR4 ,FELIX ,M>TI ,IBANEZ WAS NOM9AT$ DIRECTOR G5]AL ( SANIT>Y S]VICES & ( SOCIAL ASSI/ANCE 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,A /UDY 9 DEP? W\LD REVEAL ?AT 9 MANY SIMIL> SITUATIONS ! GOV]NM5T US$ LIB]T>IANS TO C>RY \T PRACTICAL PROGRAMS = !IR M9I/RIES4 ,?US 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! WORK ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,$UCATION WAS P]=M$1 SO F> AS PRACTICAL A*IEVEM5TS W]E CONC]N$ 7& SOME W]E MO/ LAUDABLE71 BY P$AGOGUES :O W]E MILITANTS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,?US 9 ! ,A/URIAS ! CONTROL ( ACTIVITIES CONNECT$ ) ! FI%+ 9DU/RY1 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ECONOMIC FACTORS AT ! TIME1 WAS GIV5 TO A SPECIALLY CON/ITUT$ GOV]NM5TAL ORGANISM :I* 9 ITS TURN 5TRU/$ MILITANTS & ! SYNDICATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ) ! PRACTICAL TASK ( GETT+ ! JOB DONE4 

,ONE ( ! REASONS :I* EXPLA9 ?IS (FICIAL ATTITUDE T[>DS ! (FICIAL SANIT>Y S]VICES WAS ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 C\LD1 ?ANKS TO ITS1 CONTACT ) ! WORK+ MASSES1 & ITS CON/RUCTIVE & ORGANIZ+ SPIRIT1 BE A VALUABLE & EV5 NECESS>Y AID1 ?\< ! GOV]NM5T1 OR :ATEV] WAS 9 ITS PLACE1 HELD ! ADVANTAGE ( DISPOS+ ( ! F9ANCIAL RES\RCES :I* ?OSE ON ! REVOLUTION>Y SIDE LACK$4 

,! RESULT ( ! SITUATION CREAT$ 9 ,CATALONIA WAS ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( !SE TWO =MS ( ACTIVITY1 AT ! SAME TIME DIV]G5T & CONV]G5T1 W]E TO PROVOKE A FRAT]NAL & 9EVITABLE RIVALRY4 ,DR4 ,M>TI ,IBANEZ 9 HIS BOOK ,OBRA 7,WORK7 PUBLI%$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #aicg BE>S WITNESS TO ?IS4 ,9 IT ! AU?OR1 :O WAS OBLIG$ TO GIVE UP HIS PO/ AS A RESULT ( ,/AL9I/ MANEUV]S1 DESCRIBES :AT HE & HIS COLLABORATORS HAD A*IEV$4 ,HIS ,M9I/RY DID MORE 9 T5 MON?S ?AN O!R ,CATALAN M9I/RIES HAD DONE 9 ! FIVE YE>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,IT IS TRUE ( C\RSE ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 & ! P>TICIPATION ( ,C4,N4,T4 MILITANTS1 MADE IT POSSIBLE TO SPE$ UP ! RHY?M ( A*IEVEM5T4 

,WE >E ONLY TOO ANXI\S TO E/ABLI% A P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! ACTION ( ! GOV]NM5TAL ORGANISM & ?AT ( ! SYNDICAL ORGANISM1 BO? 9 ! H&S ( ! LIB]T>IANS4 ,ON ?IS SUBJECT ,DR4 ,M>TI ,IBANEZ />TS BY PAY+ A TRIBUTE TO ! CREATIVE DRIVE ( MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 TO :I* HE BELONG$4 ,FROM ! FIR/ DAY ( ! /RUGGLE1 HE WRITES1 0,WE1 ! DOCTORS ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 CON/ITUT$1 ?ANKS TO ! WORK]S' SANIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 ! FIR/ SANIT>Y CONTROL :I* WAS ALSO ! FIR/ EF=T AT ORGANIC COHESION ( ! SANIT>Y S]VICES 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,:5 ! TIME IS RIPE WE WILL DESCRIBE ?OSE HECTIC DAYS DUR+ :I* ! SANIT>Y CONTROL BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 IMPROVIS$1 AT HI< SPE$1 SOLUTIONS :I* ! 9NUM]ABLE PROBLEMS ?AT >OSE CONT9U\SLY DEM&$40 

,?IS 0HECTIC0 ACTIVITY ( \R 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T CONT9U$1 & IT EXPLA9S ! P[]FUL TAKE-(F BY ! ,SYNDICATE ?AT WAS CON/ITUT$ AS A RESULT4 ,& ?AT ! BALANCE %EET ( ! TWO =MS ( ORGANIZATION WAS ALL 9 FAVOR ( ! DIRECT CREATION ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,=1 RI<T AT ! BEG9N+1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IT WAS FROM ! SYNDICAL MOVEM5T1 FROM ! SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS1 EV5 ?\< ! SPECIFIC SANIT>Y ORGANIZATION HAD NOT YET BE5 CON/ITUT$1 ?AT EV]Y?+ /EMM$3 9 FACT ,G>CIA ,BIRLAN & ,FELIX ,M>TI ,IBANEZ SIMPLY TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ,HEAL? :AT WAS ALREADY LIV+ 9 ! ?\<TS1 9 ! S\LS ( ! UTOPIANS1 IMPATI5T TO CONV]T UTOPIA 9TO REALITY4 

,AP>T FROM ! F9ANCIAL ADVANTAGES ?AT A ,M9I/RY C\LD 5JOY1 & ! AID ?AT IT RECEIV$ FROM ! SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION 7?ANKS TO FRAT]NAL ACTION %[N BY ! MILITANTS :O KNEW EA* O!R7 & FROM ! 9DU/RIES PROVID+ ! NECESS>Y TE*NICAL ELEM5TS1 WE NOTE ?AT ! NEW HOSPITALS PLAC$ UND] A K9D ( GOV]NM5TAL EGIS1 W]E ONLY ! OLD E/ABLI%M5TS ) A *ANGE ( NAME1 :]EAS ?OSE1 MU* MORE NUM]\S1 TAK5 OV] BY ! ,SYNDICATE W]E1 ) CONSID]ABLY LESS MEANS1 CREAT$ ALL ( A PIECE4 

,WE >E NOT UND]L9+ !SE FACTS = PETTY REASONS BUT 9 ORD] ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ! A*IEVEM5TS ( \R SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION %\LD BE BETT] UND]/OOD4 

,! ,SYNDICATE = ,SANIT>Y ,S]VICES1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 WAS CON/ITUT$ 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f4 7#a#f7 ,FIVE MON?S LAT] IT 9CLUD$ #a1#b DOCTORS ) DIFF]5T SPECIALTIES2 #c1#b#f MALE NURSES2 #cc MIDWIVES2 #fcc D5TI/S2 #ga SPECIALI/S 9 DIA!RMY2 #a UNSPECIFI$ SPECIALI/S2 #aec PH>MACI/S2 #ffc ASSI/ANT PH>MACI/S2 #cce PREP>]S ( DRESS+S1 AN UNSPECIFI$ NUMB] ( MASSEURS1 & #bb VET]9>Y SURGEONS4 ,9 ALL MORE ?AN #g1 PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ! LIB]T>IAN & 9DU/RIAL NORMS ( ! ,SYNDICATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 SO AS TO 9TEGRATE ALL ! ACTIVITIES CONTRIBUT+ TO A GLOBAL TASK & TO H>MONIZE ITS DIFF]5T ASPECTS4 7#a#g7 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE NUMB]S CAN BE APPRECIAT$ :5 ONE TAKES 9TO ACC\NT ?AT ! POPULATION ( ,CATALONIA WAS !N #b4#e MILLIONS4 

,ONCE AGA9 ! MORAL PR9CIPLE ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY & ?AT ( TE*NICAL COORD9ATION AIM+ AT ! GREATE/ EFFICI5CY AMALGAMAT$4 ,:I* IS EV5 MORE UND]/&ABLE S9CE IT WAS A QUE/ION ( AT ! SAME TIME CONFRONT+ A GRAVE TEMPOR>Y SITUATION & ( FUNDAM5TALLY REORGANIZ+1 9SPIR$ BY A GREAT SOCIAL IDEAL4 ! :OLE PRACTICE ( M$IC9E & ( ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICES4 ,A V]Y NECESS>Y TASK 9 ,SPA9 :]E \T ( #bd MILLION 9HABITANTS #h1 *ILDR5 LESS ?AN A YE> OLD DI$ ANNUALLY FROM CAUSES MA9LY SOCIAL2 :]E1 = 9/ANCE 9 ! #e? ,DI/RICT ( ,B>CELONA :I* WAS 5TIRELY WORK+ CLASS1 9FANTILE MORTALITY WAS MORE ?AN D\BLE ?AT RECORD$ = ! #d? ,DI/RICT :I* WAS SPECIFICALLY A B\RGEOIS >EA4 7#a#h7 ,DEMOGRAPHIC /ATI/ICS AT ! TIME 9DICAT$ ?AT = ! :OLE POPULATION ! DEA? RATE REA*$ #a#h-#a#i P] #a11 ONE ( ! HI<E/ P]C5TAGES 9 ,EUROPE 9 SPITE ( ! SALUBRI\S CLIMATE4 

,?US \R COMRADES LAID ! BASES1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 = A G5]AL RE/RUCTUR+ ( SANIT>Y S]VICES4 ,I WAS UNABLE TO LE>N 9 DETAIL1 BE>+ 9 M9D ! ALL-ABSORB+ ACTIVITIES ( ! PRIMEMOV]S4 H[ ?IS GR\NDWORK WAS A*IEV$ & :AT WAS ITS REAL EXT5T4 ,I CAN ONLY !RE=E SUMM>IZE IT IMP]FECTLY1 9DICATE SOME ( ! RESULTS OBTA9$1 SUMM>IZE ! PLANS E/ABLI%$ = ! FUTURE AT ! TIME :5 ,I WAS ABLE TO UND]TAKE ?IS RESE>*1 & NOTE :AT PALPABLE FACTS ,I WAS ABLE TO COLLECT4 

,9 ,CATALONIA ! REGION WAS FIR/ ( ALL DIVID$ 9TO N9E L>GE SECTORS3 ,B>CELONA1 ,T>RAGONA1 ,L]IDA1 ,G]ONA1 7#a#i7 ,TORTOSA1 ,REUS1 ,B]GU$A1 ,RIPOLL & ! ,PYR5EAN ZONE TO A C]TA9 EXT5T LO/ 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,!N1 >\ND !SE N9E C5T]S #bf SECOND>Y C5T]S W]E CON/ITUT$ ACCORD+ TO ! POPULATION D5SITY & ! DEM&S ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,9 ALL1 #ce C5T]S ( GREAT] OR LESS] IMPORTANCE1 COV]+ ! :OLE ( ! F\R PROV9CES 9 SU* A WAY ?AT NO VILLAGE OR HAMLET1 NO ISOLAT$ F>M OR MAS1 NO MAN1 WOMAN OR *ILD WAS )\T SANIT>Y PROTECTION OR M$ICAL C>E4 

,P>ALLEL & COMPLEM5T>Y EA* L>GE SECTOR 9CLUD$ A TE*NICAL M$ICAL C5T]1 A SYNDICAL C5T] ! CANTONAL ,COMITE ( :I* CONTROLL$ & TO AN EXT5T DIRECT$ ! S]VICES4 

,9 !IR TURN1 ! CANTONAL ,COMITES ON ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE1 HAD RAMIFICATIONS 9 ,B>CELONA :I* HAD GREAT] TE*NICAL FACILITIES & SPECIALIZ$ E/ABLI%M5TS1 & :]E PATI5TS REQUIR+ URG5T OR SPECIAL TREATM5T W]E TAK5 BY AMBULANCE OR TAXI4 

,! SECTIONS CON/ITUT$ ON ! BASIS ( SPECIALTIES W]E AUTONOM\S SO F> AS !IR ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION )9 ! ,SYNDICATE WAS CONC]N$1 BUT !IR AUTONOMY DID NOT IMPLY AN ABSOLUTE 9DEP5D5CE1 & EV5 LESS ISOLATION OR 9DIFF]5CE ( ,B>CELONA1 :I* ! PL5>Y ASSEMBLY W\LD P]IODICALLY REAPPO9T OR MODIFY IF ! CASE >OSE MET ) ! DELEGATES ( ! FIR/ N9E ZONES4 ,TE*NICALLY & GEOGRAPHICALLY ! SPIRIT ( TOGE!RNESS WAS ALWAYS PRES5T1 & !IR F$]ALISM WAS ALWAYS CON/RUCTIVE4 

,V]Y SOON ! POPULATION FELT ! B5EFITS ( ?IS VA/ UND]TAK+4 ,9 A YE>1 9 ,B>CELONA ALONE SIX NEW HOSPITALS HAD BE5 CREAT$1 9CLUD+ TWO MILIT>Y HOSPITALS = W> CASUALTIES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME N9E SANATORIA HAD SPRUNG UP 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,CATALONIA4 ,!Y W]E G5]ALLY E/ABLI%$ 9 PROP]TIES ?AT HAD BE5 TAK5 OV] & :I* W]E SITUAT$ 9 OP5 M\NTA9\S SITES1 9 ! MIDDLE ( P9E =E/S1 ! HEI<TS ( :I* DOM9AT$ ! C\NTRYSIDE OR ! SEA4 

,! 9T]NAL EQUIPM5T ( ! HOSPITALS WAS LESS EASY4 ,NEW APPO9TM5TS HAD TO BE IMPROVIS$ :I* W\LD S]VE ! SANIT>Y DEM&S & NE$S IMM$IATELY4 

,NEV]!LESS1 TO SUMM>IZE3 !RE W]E 9 ,B>CELONA AT ! TIME 7,JUNE #a#i#c#g7 #ah HOSPITALS MANAG$ BY ! ,M$ICAL ,SYNDICATE 7( :I* #f W]E CREAT$ BY IT71 #ag SANATORIA1 #bb CL9ICS1 #f PSY*IATRIC E/ABLI%M5TS1 #c NURS]IES1 ONE MAT]NITY HOSPITAL AS WELL AS #b ANNEXES TO ! ,G5]AL ,HOSPITAL1 ONE = BONE TUB]CULOSIS & ANO!R = OR?OP$IC TREATM5T4 0,?AT10 SOME ( MY COMRADES TOLD ME ) PRIDE1 0WILL MAKE ?IS HOSPITAL 9TO ONE ( ! BE/ 9 ! WORLD40 

,\T-PATI5TS DEP>TM5TS W]E SET UP 9 ALL ! PR9CIPAL LOCALITIES 9 ,CATALONIA1 TO :I* ! SMALL] LOCALITIES W]E ATTA*$4 ,!Y HAD ! S]VICES ( M$ICAL SPECIALI/S & W]E PROVID$ ) SANIT>Y EQUIPM5T :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO PREV5T ! CR[D+ ( PATI5TS & ! 9JUR$ 9 A FEW L>GE C5T]S4 

,JU/ AS ) O!R WORK]S1 DOCTORS W]E S5T :]E ! NE$ = !M WAS BE+ MO/ FELT4 ,9 ! PA/ ! RI* >EAS W]E OV]-DOCTOR$ BUT ?IS HAD *ANG$4 ,:5 ! 9HABITANTS ( A LOCALITY REQUE/$ ! ,SYNDICATE = A DOCTOR1 IT W\LD FIR/ *ECK UP ON LOCAL NE$S & !N SELECT FROM ITS LI/ ( AVAILABLE MEMB]S ! PRACTITION] :OSE QUALIFICATIONS W]E MO/ SUIT$ TO ! SANIT>Y CONDITIONS ( ! PLACE4 ,& HE W\LD HAVE TO GIVE GOOD REASONS = REFUS+ ! PO/4 ,= IT WAS CONSID]$ ?AT M$IC9E WAS AT ! S]VICE ( ! COMMUNITY1 & NOT ! O!R WAY R\ND4 ,SOCIAL DUTY WAS 9 ! =EFRONT4 

,! ,SYNDICATE LACK$ MONEY & SO F9ANCIAL RES\RCES = ! HOSPITALS W]E SUPPLI$ 9 P>T BY ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T & P>TLY BY ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,! FUNDS = ! \T-PATI5TS DEP>TM5TS 9 ! SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES CAME FROM CONTRIBUTIONS BY LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES & ! ,SYNDICATES AS A :OLE :O ALSO SUPPORT$ & ADM9I/]$ ! D5TAL CL9ICS4 

,SU* W]E ! FIR/ A*IEVEM5TS 9 ! SOCIALIZATION ( M$IC9E4 

"9"9"9 

,NEV]!LESS AT ! 5D ( A YE> IT HAD /ILL NOT BE5 POSSIBLE TO ELIM9ATE PRIVATE PRACTICES1 & P]HAPS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! PATI5TS IT WAS PROBABLY NOT ALTOGE!R DESIRABLE4 ,BUT ALREADY ! ,SYNDICATE HAD GOT RID ( ! ABUSES :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 SO FREQU5T4 ,IT HAD FIX$ ! FEES = CONSULTATIONS & OP]ATIONS & IT EX]CIS$ A /RICT CONTROL BY ! ME?OD :I* WE HAVE OBS]V$ 9 PRACTICE BY O!R S]VICES 9 ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 9 ,ALICANTE & ,FRAGA4 ,PATI5TS :O HAD REC\RSE TO ! S]VICES ( A DOCTOR OR A SURGEON PRIVATELY1 PAID = S]VICES R5D]$ ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! ,SYNDICATE :I* MA9TA9$ A CLOSE *ECK ON FEES *>G$4 

,9 ! NEW CL9ICS1 OP]ATIONS W]E C>RI$ \T FREE ( *>GE & SO WAS TREATM5T 9 PSY*IATRIC HOSPITALS4 

,:AT WAS ! ATTITUDE ( DOCTORS TO ?IS UPHEAVAL8 ,DIFF]5T ANSW]S CAN BE GIV51 9DE$ CONTRADICTORY ONES4 ,BUT AS MY COMRADES EXPLA9$ TO ME1 !RE >E ESS5TIALLY TWO GR\PS3 ?AT ( ! 0OLD ONES0 :O CON/ITUT$ ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS A P>T ( :OM LEFT ,CATALONIA & CROSS$ OV] TO ,FRANCE & = :OM M$IC9E WAS ABOVE ALL A S\RCE ( CONSID]ABLE MAT]IAL GA92 ?AT GR\P1 AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 WAS NOT AT ALL SATISFI$ ) ! *ANGES ?AT TOOK PLACE4 ,! O!R GR\P :I* HAD NOT YET 0>RIV$0 (F]$ NO RESI/ANCE & EV5 COLLABORAT$ ) GOOD GRACE 9 ?IS G5]AL S]IES ( *ANGES4 

,BY CONTRA/ ! Y\NG JO9$ ) 5?USIASM4 ,= MANY ( !M ! FUTURE WAS PROBLEMATICAL4 ,AFT] HAV+ QUALIFI$ !Y HAD TO WORK VIRTUALLY UNPAID 9 ! HOSPITALS & ! SANATORIA4 ,9 ! CL9ICS ! (FICIAL DOCTOR1 H&SOMELY REMUN]AT$1 H>DLY EV] %[$ UP2 A Y\NG] DOCTOR W\LD /& 9 = HIM1 WAIT+ = ! 0BOSS0 TO DIE SO AS TO /EP 9TO HIS %OES4 ,ALONGSIDE HIM1 A Y\NG] DOCTOR /ILL ACT$ AS SECRET>Y1 WAIT+ = A %AKEUP 9 ! HI]>*Y TO MOVE UP 9 HIS TURN4 

,UND] ! NEW SY/EM1 ALL HOSPITAL DOCTORS RECEIV$ #e PESETAS A MON? = ?REE H\RS WORK A DAY4 7#b7 ,!Y HAD 9 ADDITION !IR PRIVATE PATI5TS :O PAID ALONG ! L9ES ALREADY 9DICAT$4 ,WE KN[ ONLY TOO WELL ?AT ?IS WAS NOT YET ECONOMIC EQUALITY BUT )9 ! LIMITS ( :AT WAS POSSIBLE1 A GREAT /EP HAD BE5 TAK54 ,!RE W]E NO LONG] 0S5ORES DOCTORES0 RECEIV+ HUGE FEES :ILE O!R DOCTORS LIV$ VIRTUALLY 9 CONDITIONS ( POV]TY4 ,9 ! HOSPITALS1 CL9ICS1 ETC41 NO ONE C\LD RECEIVE TWO SAL>IES4 ,MORE ?AN HALF ! PRACTITION]S COLLABORAT$ VOLUNT>ILY 9 ACTIVITIES 9 !IR COMPET5CE1 9 !IR [N TIME4 

,& !Y DID IT ) PLEASURE1 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,SYNDICATE EV5 :5 !Y W]E NOT MEMB]S1 & )\T ! NE$ = ! USE ( AU?ORITY4 ,! SECRET>Y ( ! DOCTORS' SECTION1 AN 5?USIA/IC & 9DEFATIGABLE ,BASQUE1 TOLD ME ?AT 0:AT IS SO 5C\RAG+ IS ! MORAL REVOLUTION ?AT HAS TAK5 ' PLACE 9 ! PR(ESSION4 ,EV]YBODY IS DO+ HIS WORK HONE/LY4 ,! EM95T DOCTOR :O IS BE+ S5T ONCE A WEEK TO WORK )\T A FEE 9 A DI/RICT DISP5S>Y NEV] FAILS TO GO4 ,! R IMPORTANT P]SONAGE :O 9 ! OLD DAYS W\LD GO ?R\< ! ,I W>DS 9 ! HOSPITAL FOLL[$ BY A RET9UE ( SOME HALF A DOZ5 LESS QUALIFI$ COLLEAGUES1 ) ONE C>RY+ A WA%-H& BAS91 ANO!R A H& T[EL1 A ?IRD ! /E?OSCOPE1 ! F\R? OP5+ ! DOOR1 ! FIF? CLOS+ IT & ALL ( !M PRO/RAT+ !MSELVES BE=E  AN AU?ORITY :O WAS NOT ALWAYS SCI5TIFIC ?AT P]SONAGE HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,TODAY !RE >E ONLY EQUALS :O E/EEM & RESPECT EA* O!R40 

,HAV+ SE5 :AT WAS DONE JU/ = M$IC9E & RELAT$ ACTIVITIES1 LET US OBS]VE ! PROJECTS ?AT W]E DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,SYNDICATES & 9 ! ,COMMISSIONS SPECIALLY NOM9AT$ BY !M4 ,ONE ( ! /EPS TAK5 DEALS ) ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( EV]Y?+ TO DO ) PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS4 ,AT ! 5D ( #aicg A PLAN HAD BE5 DRAWN UP :I* DIVID$ ! RELAT$ ACTIVITIES 9TO F\R GR\PS3 LABORATORY & RESE>* C5T]2 MANUFACTURE2 L>GE SCALE DI/RIBUTION TO ! CONSUM]4 7#b#a7 

,! F\R SECTORS 9 ! PROCESS ( ORGANIZATION W]E REPRES5T$ 9 A /UDY ,COMMISSION :I* ASSUM$ COMPLETE RESPONSIBILITY = ! UND]TAK+S DESIGN$ TO SATISFY PUBLIC NE$S4 ,EF=TS W]E MADE TO GET ! ,U4,G4,T4 TO JO9 9 !SE EF=TS = MANY ( ! PH>MACI/-%OPKEEP]S JO9$ ! RIVAL ORGANIZATION :I* (FICIALLY OPPOS$ SOCIALIZATION4 ,! ROLE ( EA* ( !SE SECTORS HAD BE5 DEF9$ AS FOLL[S3 

,! RESE>* LABORATORY MU/ BE ! AXIS >\ND :I* ! G5]AL 9ITIATIVES WILL DEVELOP4 ,IT WILL COORD9ATE ! /UDIES AS A :OLE & DISPOSE ( ! TE*NICAL MEANS ! USE ( :I* WILL BE C5T]$ ON IT4 

,9 DISPOS+ ( ! NECESS>Y MEANS1 ! MANUFACTUR+ SECTION WILL GR\P ! LABORATORIES & ! FACTORIES MANUFACTUR+ PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS1 COORD9AT+ & PLANN+ !IR ACTIVITIES4 

,! G5]AL W>EH\SE WILL BE US$ TO CONTROL ! C5T]S = BULK SUPPLIES2 IT MU/ ALSO C5TRALIZE ! :OLE ADM9I/RATION4 

,F9ALLY1 ! DI/RIBUTIVE SECTION WILL SEE TO ! SETT+ UP (1 LOCAL SALES PO9TS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NE$S ( ! PEOPLE1 & ( C\RSE BY >RANGEM5T ) ! FIR/-H& DI/RIBUTORS4 

,BUT NEW 9ITIATIVES W]E BE+ TAK5 ALL ! TIME4 ,IMPROVEM5TS F 9 ! TREATM5T GIV5 = 9JURIES SUFF]$ AT WORK ACCORD+ TO F ! NATURE ( ! 9JURIES2 9 L>GE FACTORIES & WORKS FULL-TIME M$ICAL S]VICES W]E ORGANIZ$ :I* W\LD MAKE IT MORE1 POSSIBLE TO R$UCE ! P[]S ( ! 9SURANCE COMPANIES4 ,P]MAN5T 9JURIES & DEA?S W\LD BE DEALT ) BY ! NATIONAL ,9SURANCE ,FUND :I* WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE4 7#b#b7 

,SO F> WE HAVE SE5 :AT HAD BE5 DONE 9 ,CATALONIA )1 AS ! DRIV+ =CE1 ! ,B>CELONA ,SYNDICATE :I* GR\P$ MORE ?AN #g1 PR(ESSIONALS 9 MANY FIELDS ( M$IC9E & ALLI$ ACTIVITIES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT MORE WAS DONE LAT] :I* ! WRIT] WAS NOT 9 A POSITION TO /UDY ON ! SPOT4 ,NEV]!LESS A NOTEWOR?Y FACT ( GREAT IMPORTANCE ALL[S ONE TO SEE FUR!R4 ,! ,SPA9 ?AT WAS /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ,FRANCOISM HAD !N AB\T HALF ! ,SPANI% POPULATION1 ?AT IS #ab MILLION 9HABITANTS FROM :I* NUMB] ONE HAD TO D$UCT1 IF WE DO NOT ACCEPT ! DEMAGOGY ( ! TIME1 ?OSE :O HAD VOT$ = ! ,RI<TI/S 7#b#c7 & :O W]E1 MORE OR LESS1 PRO-FASCI/S4 ,N[ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicg A CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA BY ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,HEAL? ,SYNDICATES4 ,!SE ,SYNDICATES1 SPREAD ?R\<\T ! DIFF]5T T[NS ( 0,REPUBLICAN0 ,SPA91 AB\T #d 9 ALL GR\P$ #d1 MEMB]S1 REPRES5T+ A V>IETY ( FUNCTIONS SIMIL> TO ?OSE WE F\ND 9 ! EXAMPLE ( ,B>CELONA4 ,?IS MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO GUESS AT ! NUMB] ( TASKS & 9ITIATIVES ?AT W]E UND]TAK5 9 ?AT P]IOD ( CREATIVE EFF]VESC5CE4 

,BUT EV5 IF ,I C\LD NOT GO FROM T[N TO T[N1 FROM HOSPITAL TO HOSPITAL1 & FROM CL9IC TO CL9IC1 TO PRODUCE A BULKY VOLUME1 9=MATION & ORIG9AL DOCUM5TS REA*$ ME1 ! CONT5TS ( :I* PROVE ONCE AGA9 ?AT )\T ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,C4,N4,T4 SYNDICATES 9 TAK+ OV] ! M$ICAL & SANIT>Y S]VICES1 NOT ONLY W\LD ! PRIVATE & PUBLIC ORGANIZATION ( ! HOSPITAL & SANIT>Y S]VICES NOT HAVE DEVELOP$3 BUT ! EXI/+ ORGANIZATION W\LD HAVE = ! MO/ P>T BE5 9 JEOP>DY4 

,= 9 ?IS CONNECTION (FICIAL 9ITIATIVE WAS VIRTUALLY NIL4 ,IT WAS ! ,SYNDICATES & !IR MEMB]S :O UND]TOOK1 (T5 ) ! RESPONSIBLE MILIT>Y P]SONNEL1 TO ORGANIZE FIELD HOSPITALS BEH9D ! V>I\S FRONTS4 ,IT WAS !Y :O OBLIG$ RECALCITRANT CRYPT(ASCI/ OR FASCI/ PH>MACI/S1 TO OP5 !IR %OPS1 OR :O SEIZ$ ! %OPS :5 ! [N]S HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,IT WAS ! SANIT>Y ,SYNDICATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 :O ORGANIZ$1 AGA9 (T5 ) ! AID ( ! CORRESPOND+ MILIT>Y S]VICES1 ! EVACUATION ( L>GE NUMB]S ( OLD FOLK1 WOM5 & *ILDR5 FROM ! ?REAT5$ W> ZONES2 IT WAS !Y :O ORGANIZ$ ! ANTI-GAS BRIGADES & V]Y (T51 ) ! HELP ( ! MUNICIPALITIES1 /REET %ELT]S2 & IT WAS !Y :O TOOK P>T 9 BUILD+ BOMB %ELT]S4 

,& ?\< WE LACK DETAIL$ 9=MATION ON ! SUBJECT1 IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT IT WAS ALSO ?ANKS TO !M ?AT A FAIR NUMB] ( HOSPITALS1 DISP5S>IES1 CL9ICS1 RE/ HOMES1 SPRANG UP 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 ,CA/ILE1 9 ,A/URIAS1 ETC4 ,! ,/ATE 9 !SE MATT]S REVEAL$ ITS 9CAPACITY & ! ,HEAL? ,M9I/]1 UNSUIT$ & 9EPT1 SP5T MO/ ( HIS TIME MAK+ DEMAGOGIC SPEE*ES 9/EAD ( FULFILL+ ! TASK 5TRU/$ TO HIM4 ,!RE W\LD BE MANY ANECDOTES TO RETAIL ON ! SUBJECT4 7#b#d7 

"9"9"9 

,IT WAS UND] ! 9SPIRATION ( ?IS EFF]VESC5CE ?AT ! ,FEBRU>Y #aicg CONGRESS WAS HELD1 EXACTLY SEV5 MON?S AFT] ! UNLEA%+ ( ! ,FRANCOI/ ATTACK4 

,LET US SEE :AT W]E ! MA9 RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ BY ?IS CONGRESS4 ,! FIR/ P>AGRAPH ( ! MOTION :I* WAS PRES5T$ BY ! SANIT>Y F$]ATIONS ( ,CATALONIA1 ! ,C5T] & ! ,LEVANTE ON ! ,G5]AL & ,SPECIFIC ,FUNCTIONS ( ! ,UNIT>Y ,SYNDICATES ( ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? 7#b#e7 READS3 

0,! UNIT>Y ,SYNDICATES ( ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? HAVE AS !IR PR9CIPLE MISSION ! PUTT+ 9TO PRACTICE ( A ,SANIT>Y & ,SOCIAL ,ASSI/ANCE ,PLAN 9 !IR RESPECTIVE REGIONS SO2 ?AT 9 ! :OLE ORGANIZATION CANTONAL & LOCAL F$]ATIONS CON/ITUTE ! L9KS ( A G5]AL *A94 ,ON SU* BASES ! NATIONAL PLAN WILL BE CON/ITUT$ & PUT 9TO EFFECT TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! 9ITIATIVES APPROV$ BY ! LOCAL CANTONAL & REGIONAL F$]ATIONS1 ALL COMB9+ TO =M ! SUP]IOR ORGANISM40 

,ONE CANNOT SAY MORE 9 SO FEW WORDS4 ,& WE DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ANY REGIME1 ( FREE 5T]PRISE OR ( ! ,/ATE1 HAS EV] 5UNCIAT$ SU* PRECISE AIMS1 NOR SPECIFI$ A PLAN AS G5]AL1 AS CONCRETE1 AS WELL AS H[ TO A*IEVE IT4 

,! RESOLUTION !N W5T ON TO 9SI/ ON ! SOCIAL 5DS AIM$ AT & ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ORGANIZATION ADOPT$1 AS WELL AS ON ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! G5]AL /RUCTUR+ ( ! SANIT>Y S]VICES & ! DEF5SE ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,BUT 9 EXT5D+ ! ONE & ! O!R3 

0,IT IS ON ! :OLE A QUE/ION ( E/ABLI%+ S]VICES HAV+ AS !IR OBJECTIVE TO PROTECT OR RE/ORE HEAL?1 ON ! ONE H& BY 5C\RAG+ ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY & BY 9CREAS+ WELL-BE+1 :ILE ON ! O!R BY ELIM9AT+ :AT IS PREJUDICIAL TO PUBLIC HEAL?3 TO ?IS 5D ! UNIT>Y ,SYNDICATES ( ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? PROPOSE ! UNION ( WORK]S1 TE*NICIANS & 9TELLECTUALS1 AN 9DISP5SABLE UNION = PUBLIC HEAL? & = ! NATIONAL ECONOMY40 

,A SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( M$IC9E3 IT EMBRACES ALL ?AT IS CONNECT$ ) M$IC9E1 ALL ?AT DEP5DS ON IT & ON :I* IT DEP5DS4 ,SOLID>ITY ( ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE IS PRES5T H]E4 ,& ! RESOLUTION1 :I* LEAVES \T NO?+1 TACKLES O!R FACTORS :I* 9FLU5CE ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! AIMS BE+ PURSU$3 IT ASKS = ! 0REORGANIZATION ( TE*NICAL TEA*+01 09 ORD] TO RAISE ! 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( WORK]S 9 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?01 ! ORGANIZATION ( CLASSES1 S*OOLS & WORK%OPS = 0PR(ESSIONAL TRA9+03 0! SANIT>Y $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE & ! SPREAD ( 9=MATION = FIR/ AID03 ! =MATION ( 0SPECIALI/S = ! ABNORMAL1 = ! BL9D1 ETC40 ,F9ALLY IT RECOMM5DS 0! ORGANIZATION ( AN ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL 9 ! SANIT>Y ,SYNDICATES0 & ( 0,COMITES = TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE CONTROL ( CL9ICS1 SANATORIA & O!R RELAT$ 9/ITUTIONS1 HAV+ /ATI/ICAL SECTIONS1 TAK+ ADEQUATE MEASURES TO /IMULATE COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION4 & ORGANIZ+ WORK C5T]S TO 5C\RAGE ! DEVELOPM5T ( DIFF]5T SECTIONS & S]VICES40 

,! TASKS O,G,B,P ! ,SYNDICATE W]E DIVID$ 9TO F\R PR9CIPAL GR\PS3 

A7 ,G5]AL M$ICAL C>E4 

B7 ,SOCIAL HYGI5E & HEAL?1 9 RELATION TO ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 

C7 ,SANIT>Y 9SPECTION4 

D7 ,SOCIAL ASSI/ANCE4 

,! DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! TASKS ( M$ICAL C>E AS A :OLE W]E 5UM]AT$ UND] TW5TY-ONE HEAD+S ( :I* WE CITE3 DOMICILI>Y VISITS BY DOCTOR & CONSULTATIONS 9 SURG]IES1 SURGICAL CL9ICS1 9 P$IATRIC1 PSY*IATRIC1 GYNECOLOGICAL & D]MATOLOGICAL-V5]EAL CL9ICS4 ,! CL9ICS W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ON LOCAL1 CANTONAL1 REGIONAL LEVELS AS W\LD ALSO BE ! CASE = MAT]NITY HOSPITALS1 SANATORIUMS1 ,RO5TG5 ,9/ITUTES' CONVALESC5T HOMES1 ETC4 ,!SE SPECIALIZ$ E/ABLI%M5TS AS A :OLE %\LD CON/ITUTE A NETWORK ?R\< :I* EV]Y?+ W\LD BE RATIONALLY COORD9AT$4 

,! RESOLUTION ADOPT$ ON ! SECOND PO9T ( ! ,AG5DA 5VISAG$ ALSO A SANIT>Y ORGANIZATION AT ! DIFF]5T GEOGRAPHICAL LEVELS2 ! CREATION ( 9/ITUTES ( HYGI5E2 ! G5]ALIZATION ( PHYSICAL $UCATION ) /ADIUMS1 SWIMM+ POOLS1 GYMNASIA1 ETC41 A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ROD5TS & H>MFUL 9SECTS ALL ?+S :I* HAD BE5 P>TIALLY A*IEV$ 9 O!R C\NTRIES BUT NOT 9 ,SPA91 & ABOVE ALL NOT REALIZABLE )\T A SOCIAL PLAN ?AT WAS NOT FEASIBLE 9 AN 9DIVIDUALI/ ECONOMIC REGIME1 OR 9 :I* BUREAUCRACY DOM9ATES ALMO/ EV]Y?+4 

,?IS VISION ( ! :OLE & ( ! DIFF]5T COMPLEM5T>Y ASPECTS ( ! PROBLEMS EXPLA9S :Y ! TREATM5T ( ANIMALS & ! ME?ODS ( FE$+ !M %\LD HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ AS ONE ( ! TASKS ( PUBLIC HEAL?1 =M+ P>T ( ! SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES ( ! ,F$]ATION4 ,ONCE AGA9 WE >E COM+ \T ( ! CORPORATIVE FRAMEWORK1 & IF SOME CORRELATIONS MAY %OCK1 !Y SEEM TO BE JU/IFI$ ) REG>D TO ! G5]AL 9T]E/4 

,AT ?AT SAME CONGRESS PROJECTS & PLANS W]E PRES5T$ = DEAL+ ) C]TA9 DISEASES1 ESPECIALLY ) CONTAGI\S DISEASES1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( :I* WAS TUB]CULOSIS4 ,! ,CATALAN DELEGATION1 ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ITS ,BASQUE SECRET>Y1 PRES5T$ A PROJECT :I* AFT] C>EFUL EXAM9ATION WAS TO S]VE AS A MODEL = O!R REGIONS4 ,A READ+ ( IT ALL[S US TO GAUGE ! 9T5SITY & SCOPE ( ! EF=T :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 REALIZ$ HAD FASCISM NOT TRIUMPH$4 

,FOLL[+ AN EXPOSE ILLU/RAT$ ) TELL+ /ATI/ICS ON ! GRAVITY ( ! DISEASE1 ! =MS & SOCIAL CAUSES ( CONTAGION1 ! PROPOS]S \TL9$ ! DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! /RUGGLE = ITS PREV5TION3 EXAM9ATION ( MO!RS-TO-BE1 G5]AL PROGRESS 9 HYGI5E1 GREAT] USE ( 0! PICK & %OVEL0 TO KNOCK D[N MORE 9SALUBRI\S H\SES & SLUM QU>T]S1 V]ITABLE BRE$+ GR\NDS1 & TO REBUILD ON BASES DICTAT$ BY HYGI5IC CONSID]ATIONS2 TRANS=MATION ( S*OOL SITES1 PREF]ABLY \TSIDE ! T[N C5T]S ,!RE FOLL[$ ! 5UM]ATION ( ! MEANS ( DIRECT /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EVIL4 

,SO F> AS ! T[NS1 L>GE & SMALL1 W]E CONC]N$ ! BASIC +R$I5T ACCEPT$ WAS ?AT O,G,B,P ANTI-TUB]CUL> DISP5S>IES /RATEGICALLY SITUAT$1 ALWAYS ACCORD+ TO A G5]AL PLAN CORRESPOND+ AT ! SAME TIME ) ! NUMB] ( HOMES AFFECT$1 & ! D5SITY & WAY ( LIFE ( ! 9HABITANTS4 ,?ANKS TO ! SPECIALI/ DOCTORS AT !IR DISPOSAL1 !SE DISP5S>IES W\LD 5GAGE 9 A SY/EMATIC TRACK+ D[N ( ! DISEASE 9 ! ,COLLECTIVES1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! Y\NG 7S*OOLS1 9/ITUTES1 UNIV]SITIES1 WORK%OPS1 B>RACKS74 ,! DOCTORS ?US DETAIL$ W\LD MA9TA9 A NECESS>Y & OBLIGATORY CONTACT1 PREP>+ REPORTS & C>D 9DEXES :I* W\LD BE C>EFULLY CLASSIFI$ & UTILIZ$4 

,! T[NS W\LD BE ! SEAT ( ! C5TRAL DISP5S>IES :I* W\LD COORD9ATE ! ACTIVITIES ( ?OSE E/ABLI%$ 9 LESS IMPORTANT LOCALITIES 9 ORD] TO FOLL[ ME?ODICALLY ! RESULTS OBTA9$ & TO MODIFY OR IMPROVE ! ME?ODS ( ACT+ ON ! /R5G? ( ! LESSONS LE>N$ FROM EXP]I5CE4 ,EA* DI/RICT 9 ,B>CELONA W\LD HAVE TO HAVE AT LEA/ ONE DISP5S>Y & IT WAS ALSO PROPOS$ TO E/ABLI% ONE 9 SOME 7#b#f7 ,CATALAN T[NS 9CLUD+ ! PROV9CIAL CAPITALS4 

,ALL !SE C5T]S W\LD HAVE TO BE 9 ORGANIC CONTACT ) ! EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONTROL SET UP 9 ! ,CATALAN CAPITAL1 9 ORD] TO FOLL[ ! PROGRESS ( ! /RUGGLE BE+ WAG$ ?R\<\T ! REGION4 

,SO F> AS ! IMM$IATE TASKS W]E CONC]N$ !RE WAS A PRECISE /ATI/IC ( NUMB]S ( TUB]CUL\S PATI5TS ADMITT$ TO ! HOSPITALS ( ,CATALONIA1 ! NUMB] ( B$S AVAILABLE & ! NUMB] TO BE 9/ALL$ URG5TLY4 ,IT HAD BE5 POSSIBLE TO COLLECT & COORD9ATE ?IS 9=MATION AS A RESULT ( ! WORK DONE BY ! ,SYNDICATES & AT ! ,F$]ATION :I* 5COMPASS$ ! :OLE 5T]PRISE4 

,MU* RESE>* /ILL REMA9$ TO BE DONE & !SE 9ITIATIVES HAD TO BE IMPLEM5T$ 9 ! O!R REGIONS ( ,SPA94 ,WE DO NOT KN[ :5 ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 DONE4 ,BUT IF ! NEW SOCIETY HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$1 SU* AN ORGANIZATION W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 LONG 9 EM]G+ EV]Y:]E4 ,= ! SOCIALIZATION ( M$IC9E WAS NOT JU/ AN 9ITIATIVE ( MILITANT LIB]T>IAN DOCTORS ,:]EV] WE W]E ABLE TO MAKE A /UDY ( VILLAGES & SMALL T[NS TRANS=M$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 M$IC9E & EXI/+ HOSPITALS HAD BE5 MUNICIPALIZ$1 EXP&$1 PLAC$ UND] ! EGIS ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,:5 !RE W]E NONE1 !Y W]E IMPROVIS$4 ,! SOCIALIZATION ( M$IC9E WAS BECOM+ EV]YBODY'S CONC]N1 = ! B5EFIT ( ALL4 ,IT CON/ITUT$ ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #ab 

.<#a.> ,BE=E #aicf ! PRODUCTION ( ELECTRICITY = ! :OLE ( ,SPA9 HAD = YE>S REMA9$ AT AB\T #c1 MILLION K4W41 ALL FROM HYDRAULIC P[] S\RCES4 ,A GREAT NUMB] ( B>RAGES W]E LAT] CON/RUCT$ BUT IT WAS REALIZ$ A LITTLE LATE 9 ! DAY ?AT !Y ONLY FILL$ TO AB\T A ?IRD ( !IR CAPACITY4 ,IT !RE=E BECAME NECESS>Y TO 9T5SIFY !RMIC PRODUCTION4 

.<#b.> ,BECAUSE ( ! DISP]SAL ( ! P]SONNEL 9 PRODUCTION UNITS ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA ! QUE/ION POSES ITSELF AS TO H[ ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES NOM9AT$ !SE DELEGATES4 ,& WE MU/ ADMIT TO NOT HAV+ 9QUIR$ 9TO ?IS PO9T :5 WE W]E GA!R+ ! MAT]IAL = ?IS /UDY4 

.<#c.> ,A M\NTA9 RIS+ TO #eh M4 ITS L[] SLOPES COV]$ ) P9ES DOM9ATES ,B>CELONA4 

.<#d.> ,SAN*EZ HAD COME \T ( PRISON ) ?\S&S ( O!R COMRADES AS A RESULT ( ! AMNE/Y GRANT$ AFT] ! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f4 

.<#e.> ,A HILL 9 ,B>CELONA DOM9AT$ BY A =TRESS :]E ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] WAS EXECUT$ 9 #a#i#i4 

.<#f.> ,! FIR/ 9CREASES TOOK PLACE TW5TY MON?S AFT] ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS ! RESULT ( ! 9CREASE 9 ! PRICES ( RAW MAT]IALS & ! CO/ ( LIV+1 :I* 9VOLV$ WAGE 9CREASES4 

.<#g.> ,TO !SE SUMS MU/ BE ADD$ TAXES :I* O!R SOCIALIZ$ UND]TAK+S ALSO PAID4 ,! ,VAL5CIA C5TRAL GOV]NM5T DEM&$ #c .0 ON ! GROSS RECEIPTS2 BUT ! ,CATALAN ,GOV]NM5T1 ) ITS SEAT 9 ,B>CELONA1 DEM&$ :AT IT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY RECEIV+ FROM ! =EIGN CAPITALI/ COMPANY3 NO LESS ?AN #ad DIFF]5T TAXES :I* MADE A TOTAL ( #d MILLION PESETAS4 ,! ,SYNDICATE REQUE/$ MEET+ ) ! GOV]NM5T & AFT] M9OR DISCUSSIONS AGREEM5T WAS REA*$ ) A LUMP SUM PAYM5T ( #aa MILLION PESETAS4 

.<#h.> ,WORK DISCIPL9E AB\T :I* ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] WAS1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 MORE /RICT BECAUSE !RE WAS A CONC]N NOT TO FAIL1 BUT TO PROVE A GREAT] ADM9I/RATIVE ABILITY & GREAT] PRODUCTION WAS TO BE F\ND ALSO 9 ! TRAMWAYS SYNDICATE1 :OSE DECISIONS 9 ! CASES ( DRUNK5NESS1 V]Y R>E & DEEPLY REPUGNANT TO ,SPANI>DS1 W]E ALWAYS TAK5 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLIES4 ,! /EPS TAK5 W\LD CONSI/ 9 SUSP5SION FROM WORK & ! MAN'S PAY W\LD BE H&$ TO HIS WIFE1 = SEV]AL WEEKS1 ?US GIV+ H] ! POSSIBILITY TO EX]CISE H] RI<TS TO DEAL ) ! H\SEHOLD BUDGET4 

.<#i.> ,9 ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ! RATIO WAS & IS 9 ! ORD] ( #ah TO #a4 

.<#a.> ,= ?IS REASON ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T GU>ANTE$ PAYM5T ( A FIX$ 9T]E/ ON =EIGN CAPITAL 9VE/$ 9 ! ,SPANI% RAILWAYS4 

.<#a#a.> ,9 ! FIR/ TWO OR ?REE MON?S ( ! W> ! ,REPUBLICANS W]E MA/]S ( ! SEAS ?ANKS TO ! SUP]IOR P[] ( ! CRUIS] ,JAIME ,I :I* WAS 9 !IR H&S4 ,?IS ALL[$ !M TO MA9TA9 COA/AL %IPP+ :I* WAS ( IMPORTANCE SEE+ ?AT MO/ ( ! PR9CIPAL CITIES W]E ON ! COA/4 ,BUT :5 ! ,FRANCOI/S REV]S$ ! SITUATION ) ! CRUIS] ,CAN>IAS1 COA/AL %IPP+ SUFF]$ & EV5TUALLY SUPPLIES ( COAL TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN REGION COMPLETELY DRI$ UP4 

.<#a#b.> ,! COORD9ATION ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! TWO NETWORKS ?R\< A ,LIAISON ,COMITE LOCAT$ 9 ,B>CELONA WAS1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 A P]MAN5T >RANGEM5T4 

.<#a#c.> ,:O DI$ REC5TLY 9 EXILE 9 ,MEXICO4 

.<#a#d.> ,9 #aig ?AT ,SOCIETY CONT9U$ TO EXI/ 9 SPITE ( ,FRANCOISM4 

.<#a#e.> ,WE %\LD ALSO M5TION ?AT MANY LECTURES HAD BE5 GIV5 OV] ! YE>S BY SYMPA!TIC DOCTORS 9 ! ,C5TROS ,OBR]OS 7WORK]S' C5T]S71 ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,B\RSES DE ,TRAVAIL 9 ,FRANCE1 & ?\< ! >*ITECTURE WAS LESS IMPOS+ ! SPIRIT WAS MORE MILITANT4 

.<#a#f.> ,SIMIL> ORGANISMS C]TA9LY >OSE AT ! SAME TIME 9 O!R T[NS 9 ,SPA93 ! FIGURES GIV5 AT ! ,VAL5CIA ,CONGRESS MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO ASSUME ?IS4 ,BUT ! AU?OR WAS UNABLE TO C>RY HIS 9QUIRY FUR!R4 

.<#a#g.> ,AS WELL AS ! NUMB] ( DIRECT SUPPORT]S ONE MU/ ADD ! SUPPORT GIV5 BY NUMB]S ( DOCTORS1 NURSES1 ETC41 :O DID NOT ?9K IT WOR? JO9+ ! ,SYNDICATE4 

.<#a#h.> ,!SE DIFF]5CES W]E NOT LIMIT$ TO ,SPA91 BUT W]E MORE PRON\NC$ 9 ,SPA9 ?AN 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 & PUT GREAT] PRESSURE ON ! NE$ = *ANGE4 

.<#a#i.> ,!SE T[NS W]E ! CAPITALS ( ! F\R ,CATALAN PROV9CES4 

.<#b.> ,A MEANS ( COMP>ISON3 9 ,B>CELONA AT ?AT TIME 7,JULY #a#i#c#g7 A GOOD WORK] E>N$ AN AV]AGE ( #ce TO #d PESETAS A MON? = AN EI<T H\R DAY4 

.<#b#a.> ,ONE F9DS H]E :AT IS P]HAPS RA!R MORE A HUMAN T5D5CY & MORAL PHILOSOPHY ?AN A RATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE = ! COORD9ATION & CONT9UAL H>MONIZATION ( EF=TS4 

.<#b#b.> ,?AT ! LIB]T>IANS %\LD HAVE ?\<T ( SU* A SOLUTION :I* IMPLIES ! RECOGNITION ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE 7BUT ! RECOGNITION ( A FACT DOES NOT IMPLY APPROVAL ( IT7 MAY SURPRISE & %OCK ! !ORETICIANS :O IGNORE ! PRACTICAL FACTS4 ,BUT FIR/LY NEI!R ?IS ,SYNDICATE NOR ANY ,SYNDICATE POSSESS$ ! FUNDS ACCUMULAT$ BY ! ,/ATE S]VICES ?ANKS TO SPECIAL LEGISLATION1 & :I* MU/ HAVE 9VOLV$ VA/ SUMS4 ,!N AS WE HAVE REPEAT$ MANY TIMES1 WE W]E 9 A MIX$ & MO/ COMPLICAT$ SITUATION 9 :I* ?O ,/ATE1 ! GOV]NM5T & ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 REMNANTS ( PRIVATE CAPITAL & 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY P]SI/$1 9 :I* EV5 ! SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY PAID TAXES1 ETC4 ,9 ?IS SITUATION1 MANY ACTIVITIES ESCAP$ \R CONTROL4 

.<#b#c.> ,WE HAVE NOT AT H& ! FIGURES ( VOTES CA/ = ! ,RI<T W+ P>TIES AT ! ,FEBRU>Y ELECTIONS ( #aicf 9 ! PROV9CES :I* CON/ITUT$ 0,REPUBLICAN0 ,SPA9 9 ! P]IOD #a#i#c#f-#c#i BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE W]E QUITE A L>GE NUMB]4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ANTI-,FRANCOI/S LIV+ 9 ! PROV9CES OCCUPI$ BY ,FRANCO W]E R$UC$ TO SIL5CE4 ,IF ONE RECOGNIZES ?AT AT ! 5D ( ! FIR/ YE> ,FRANCO DOM9AT$ A HALF ( ! ,SPANI% POPULATION1 ! NUM]ICAL ADVANTAGE WAS ALREADY ON HIS SIDE1 UNLIKE :AT WAS BE+ AFFIRM$ BY DEMAGOGUES :O W]E /UPID 5\< TO ACTUALLY BELIEVE :AT !Y W]E SAY+4 

.<#b#d.> ,H]E IS JU/ ONE :I* WE REC\NT )\T PLEASURE1 BUT :I* SPEAKS VOLUMES ON ! MORAL CORRUPTION ?AT ! EX]CISE ( P[] BR+S ) IT4 ,TWO LIB]T>IAN NURSES HAD ORGANIZ$ AT GREAT CO/ 9 TIME & +5UITY1 A COTTAGE HOSPITAL 9 ! SMALL ,&ALUSIAN T[N ( ,RONDA1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,MALAGA4 ,AS !Y LACK$ F9ANCIAL RES\RCES TO PUR*ASE SOME ( ! EQUIPM5T !Y DECID$ TO GO TO ,VAL5CIA TO SEE ! ,HEAL? ,M9I/] :O BELONG$ TO ! SAME MOVEM5T4 ,!Y CALL$ AT H] RESID5CE BUT ONLY F\ND ! *AUFFEUR1 :O TOOK !M 9 ! M9I/]'S C> TO H] (FICE4 ,! M9I/]'S ONLY REACTION WAS TO 9VEI< AGA9/ ! *AUFFEUR = HAV+ TAK5 ! TWO WOM5 9 H] C> & )\T H] P]MISSION4 ,!N \R TWO ,&ALUSIANS LET FLY1 & ! M9I/] W9C$4 ,BUT ! TWO NURSES LEFT EMPTY H&$4 

.<#b#e.> ,& SIGN$ RESPECTIVELY BY ,JOSE ,IBUZQUIZA 7! ,BASQUE E>LI] REF]R$ TO71 ,C&IDO ,P5A & ,F4 ,TADEO ,CAMPUZANO4 

.<#b#f.> ,WE HAD NOT YET COME TO ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W>4 

,FROM 3 ,LIB,COM4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigd 3 ,P>T #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,P>T #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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