,P>T #d ,T[NS & ,ISOLAT$ ,A*IEVEM5TS #aigeaige ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL ,TEXT 3 ,X,I,I,I3 ,T[N ,COLLECTIVIZATIONS ,ELDA & ! ,S,I,C,E,P ,GRANOLL]S ,HOSPITALET DE ,LLOBREGAT ,RUBI ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA ,SOCIALIZATION 9 ,ALICANTE ,X,I,V3 ,ISOLAT$ ,A*IEVEM5TS ,! ,BOOT & ,%OEMAK]S ( ,L]IDA ,! ,VAL5CIA ,FL\R ,MILLS ,! ,*OCOLATE ,COOP]ATIVE ( ,TORR5TE ,! ,AGR>IAN ,GR\PS ( ,T]RASSA ,*,A,P,T,] ,X,I,I,I ,T,[,N ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N,S ,9 ! V>IETY ( =MS ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ! ORGANIZATION :I* WE %ALL CALL MUNICIPALI/1 :I* WE C\LD ALSO CALL COMMUNALI/1 & :I* HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ,SPANI% TRADITIONS ?AT HAVE REMA9$ LIV+1 DES]VES A PLACE TO ITSELF4 ,IT IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! LEAD+ ROLE ( ! T[N1 ! COMMUNE1 ! MUNICIPALITY1 ?AT IS1 TO ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! LOCAL ORGANIZATION :I* EMBRACES ! CITY AS A :OLE4 ,! O!R 9/ITUTIONS1 EV5 ! MO/ MOD]N & :I*1 BECAUSE !Y >E ! MO/ MOD]N1 >E NOT AS DEEPLY ROOT$3 ,SYNDICATES1 COOP]ATIVES1 EV5 COMMUNITIES1 >E A P>T ( ! :OLE1 EXCEPT = SOME ,COLLECTIVES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE 9 ,>AGON1 BUT >E NOT ! :OLE1 DO NOT EMBODY ! COLLECTIVE S\L4 ,IT IS :AT ONE F9DS 9 A SMALL 9DU/RIAL T[N SU* AS ,GRANOLL]S 9 ,CATALONIA ) #a#h1 9HABITANTS1 9 AN IMPORTANT VILLAGE SU* AS ,B9EF> 9 ,>AGON OR 9 PROV9CIAL CAPITALS ) BIGG] POPULATIONS BUT RELATIVELY LESS 9DU/RIALIZATION1 SU* AS ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 OR ,ALICANTE 9 ! ,LEVANTE4 ,EV5 :5 ! ,SYNDICATE EXI/S & PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IT DOES NOT DIRECT ! :OLE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 CONTR>Y TO ! CONCEPTS ( ! !ORETICIANS ( SYNDICALISM4 ,9 SOME CASES1 AS 9 ,FRAGA1 & 9 ,RUBI1 ! DIRECT ORGANIZATION BY ! CITY1 EMBRAC+ ! :OLE1 M]GES ) ?AT ( ! PRODUC+ ,COLLECTIVE1 & ONE C\LD SAY ?AT ! TWO /RUCTURES 9T]P5ETRATE4 ,LOCALLY1 SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! :OLE ASS]T$ ITSELF1 & ! ( ! T[N WAS CONFIRM$1 :I* RE9=C$ ITS P]SONALITY VIS-A-VIS ! ,/ATE AS WELL AS ! FRE$OMS & ! PRACTICE ( 9DEP5D5CE SO F> AS SOCIAL LIFE WAS CONC]N$4 #a4 ,ELDA & ! ,S4,I4,C4,E4,P4 ,SITUAT$ 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,ALICANTE1 ,ELDA IS A SMALL T[N ) A POPULATION ( #b#e14 ,IT IS AT ! SAME TIME ! C5T] ( AN AGRICULTURAL >EA & ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 BE+ WELL SITUAT$ = TRANSPORT & ON A RIV] :I* IS H>NESS$ = HYDRAULIC P[]4 ,AS SO (T5 WAS ! CASE 9 ! ,LEVANTE REGION1 \R MOVEM5T WAS SOLIDLY E/ABLI%$ !RE = MORE ?AN ?REE QU>T]S ( A C5TURY4 ,ELDA WAS ! SC5E ( SOCIAL CONFLICTS1 HI/ORIC /RIKES AS DRAMATIC AS ANY 9 ,SPA94 ,COMBATS M>K$ BY AN EXTRAORD9>Y GR&EUR W]E WAG$1 SU* AS ! ONE LA/+ = ?REE MON?S BY ! WORK]S 9 ! %OE-MAK+ 9DU/RY TO DEM& ?AT A MILITANT BLACKLI/$ BY ! EMPLOY]S %\LD BE RE5GAG$4 ,ONE %\LD NEV] =GET ?AT MORAL REASONS HAVE AT LEA/ AS MU* AS MAT]IAL REASONS1 9SPIR$ & SUPPORT$ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,SYNDICATES F\ND$ & ACTIVAT$ BY ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS4 ,) SU* ANTEC$5TS & EXP]I5CE ( ! /RUGGLE IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ONCE ! FASCI/ M5ACE HAD BE5 /RANGL$1 AT LEA/ AT LOCAL LEVEL1 & \R COMRADES BE+1 AS W]E ! REPUBLICANS & SOCIALI/S1 CONV9C$ ?AT ,FRANCO W\LD SOON BE DEFEAT$1 .<#a.> !Y UND]TOOK ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION = :I* !Y HAD /RUGGL$ = SO LONG4 ,NEV]!LESS ! POLITICAL SITUATION 9 ,ELDA WAS NOT ! SAME AS 9 ,ALCOY1 NOT F> DI/ANT1 & FUR!RMORE \R COMRADES HAD MA9TA9$ A RESIDUE ( ! COMMUNALI/ SPIRIT :I* IS TO BE F\ND1 ALONGSIDE MORE MOD]N CONCEPTS1 9 ! HI/ORIC WORK ( ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIOLOGI/S4 ,!SE REASONS & ! DESIRE SO WIDESPREAD AMONG ! POPULATION TO MA9TA9 ! UNIT$ ANTI-,FRANCOI/ FRONT SO LONG AS ! /RUGGLE LA/$ AT A NATIONAL LEVEL1 RESULT$ 9 ! LIB]T>IANS ( ,ELDA ACCEPT+ TO 5T] ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL R5EW$ UND] ! PRESSURE ( CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DIFF]5T MOVEM5TS & P>TIES1 W]E APPO9T$4 ,! ,U4,G4,T4 & ! ,C4,N4,T4 EA* HAD FIVE DELEGATES ?\< ! LATT] WAS NUM]ICALLY /RONG]4 ,! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS1 :OSE LEAD] WAS ,MANUEL ,AZANA1 ! CANTANK]\S ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 HAD TWO1 AS DID ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY2 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ONLY HAD ONE & WAS BY F> ! WEAKE/ ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,9 ?IS %>+ \T ! SOCIALI/ CURR5T WAS SOME:AT AT AN ADVANTAGE1 = ! MEMB]S ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 W\LD NORMALLY ACT 9 CONC]T ) ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H& ! SITUATION (T5 T5D$ TO MAKE ! RE=MI/ SYNDICATES ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 FOLL[ ! REVOLUTION>IES 7?\< ONE CAN ALSO CITE MANY CASES1 & ?IS BOOK IS FULL ( SU* CASES1 9 :I* !SE SAME RE=MI/S W]E ! ACTIVE OPPON5TS ( SOCIALISM74 ,IT WAS NOT ! CASE H]E4 ,NEV]!LESS1 FROM ! FIR/ DAY1 ! 9ITIATIVE = ! NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE CAME NATURALLY FROM \R COMRADES4 ,IT WAS UND\BT$LY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT AS 9 ,GRANOLL]S1 ,G]ONA1 ,HOSPITALET & ,VAL5CIA TO NAME A FEW1 ! MAYOR WAS A LIB]T>IAN4 ,! NEW C\NCILORS BEGAN TO TRANS=M ! /RUCTURE ( ! MUNICIPAL ORGANISM FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP4 ,UNTIL !N IT HAD BE5 ABOVE ALL A HAV5 = AN 9]T PETTY BUREAUCRACY )\T 9ITIATIVE1 & UNORGANIZ$4 ,! MAYOR HAD TWO DEPUTIES & A C\NCILOR :O HAD TO ADVISE HIM 9 HIS ACTIVITIES1 BUT ?AT SMALL WORLD SLEPT ! SLEEP ( SMALL PROV9CIAL MON>*I/ OR REPUBLICAN T[NS4 ,TRADITIONS W]E !RE=E TURN$ UPSIDE D[N1 & ! C\NCIL /RUCTUR$ MORE OR LESS 9 ! SAME WAY AS 9 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES1 BY L>GE ACTIVE GR\P+S4 ,FIR/ A 0DEF5SE SECTION WAS SET UP1 !N ONE = PUBLIC $UCATION1 ONE = WORK BAS$ ON ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION ( ! LOCALITY1 ONE = AGRICULTURE1 ONE = HEAL? & SOCIAL ASSI/ANCE4 ,UP TO !N PUBLIC $UCATION HAD BE5 MORE ?AN NEGLECT$1 & MANY *ILDR5 DID NOT GO TO S*OOL4 ,! MUNICIPAL SECTION CONC]N$ TACKL$ ?IS PROBLEM )\T CONSID]ATIONS ( CO/1 APPEAL$ TO ! BUILD+ WORK]S' ,SYNDICATE & )9 FIVE MON?S TWO NEW S*OOLS W]E READY1 ONE = #d & ! O!R = #g *ILDR54 ,MORE W\LD HAVE BE5 DONE IF IT HAD NOT BE5 NECESS>Y TO REQUISITION ! CLUB :]E PREVI\SLY ?OSE ( 0HI<]0 SOCIAL CIRCLES 9 ,ELDA US$ TO MEET1 9 ORD] TO BILLET MILITIAM5 9 TRA9+ BE=E GO+ TO ! FRONT4 ,!N IT WAS NECESS>Y AT ! SAME TIME TO ORGANIZE RECEPTION C5T]S = Y\NG/]S FROM ,MADRID1 :O W]E AMONG ! #a1#e REFUGEES :O HAD BE5 EVACUAT$ TO RELIEVE ! CONGE/ION 9 ! BESIEG$ CITY4 ,! LIB]T>IAN ,AT5EO & ! LOCAL F$]ATION ( SYNDICATES HAD TO PUT !IR PREMISES AT ! DISPOSAL ( !SE UNEXPECT$ GUE/S4 ,ALL !SE DIFFICULTIES DID NOT PREV5T ! SECTION = HEAL? & HYGI5E FROM MAK+ *ANGES 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! HOSPITAL1 ! S]VICES ( :I* HAD BE5 QUITE 9ADEQUATE4 ,?REE NEW DOCTORS W]E 5GAG$ AS WELL AS TWO AUXILI>IES & TWO MIDWIVES :OSE S]VICES W]E FREE1 :I* WAS AN 9NOVATION4 ,9 ! E>LY MON?S ( #aicg A PROJECT WAS ON FOOT = ! 9/ALLATION ( SANATORIA & CL9ICS4 ,9 A WORD1 !Y M>*$ BOLDLY T[>DS ! MUNICIPAL SOCIALIZATION ( M$IC9E4 ,BUT ,ELDA1 AS WE HAVE PO9T$ \T1 WAS AN 9DU/RIAL C5T]4 ,>\ND ?IS C5T] :I* WAS KN[N = ! IMPORTANT %OE 9DU/RY ?AT DEVELOP$ !RE1 = ITS TANN]IES1 & LEA!R 9DU/RY1 GRAVITAT$ F\R O!R LOCALITIES ( LESS IMPORTANCE1 5GAG$ 9 ! SAME 9DU/RY1 A NUMB] ( :OSE WORK]S W]E EMPLOY$ AT ! FACTORIES 9 ,ELDA4 ,! SMALL T[N ( ,PETREL ALONE HAD #c1#e %OE WORK]S ( BO? SEXES :ILE ,MONOV>1 ,NOVELDA & ,SAX #b12 #g1#e W]E EMPLOY$ 9 ,ELDA ( :OM #d1#e W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,BUT ! IMPORTANT SOCIAL A*IEVEM5TS C\LD NOT BE REALIZ$ EV]Y:]E EQUALLY4 ,!SE A*IEVEM5TS APPE> 9 TWO DIFF]5T =MS4 ,9 ,ELDA !RE WAS A GR\P ( A DOZ5 FACTORIES 5TIRELY SOCIALIZ$1 :I* EMPLOY$ #b1#h WORK]S4 ,!IR ORGANIZATION REM9DS ONE ( :AT ONE OBS]V$ 9 O!R CASES SO F> AS ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! WORK >E CONC]N$4 ,EA* FACTORY HAD AT ITS HEAD A COMITE CONSI/+ ( FIVE TE*NICAL DELEGATES 7\R COMRADES 9SI/$ ON ! ADJECTIVE1 :I* !Y ?\IAN CONNOTATION FROM ! DELEGATION7 REPRES5T+ ! FIVE MA9 OP]ATIONS 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( %OES4 ,TO !SE FIVE DELEGATES A SIX? WAS ADD$1 REPRES5T+ ! WORK & ! WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 ! /ORES4 ,! TWELVE SOCIALIZ$ FACTORIES W]E1 !N1 MANAG$ BY !SE TWELVE COMITES CONTROLL$ BY ! ORD9>Y & EXTRAORD9>Y WORK]S' ASSEMBLIES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !SE TWELVE COMITES ACT$ 9 CONC]T ) ! ,SYNDICATE :I* COORD9AT$ ! WORK1 C5TRALIZ+ ! /ATI/ICS ( PRODUCTION & RES]VES4 ,?US :ATEV] AUTONOMY WAS POSSIBLE 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ACTIVITIES WAS ALLI$ TO SOLID>ITY 9 ! COLLECTIVE EF=T4 ,NATURALLY1 ! FACTORIES DID NOT TRADE ON !IR [N ACC\NT4 ,ALL ! SALES OP]ATIONS W]E C>RI$ \T UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,IT WAS 9 ! SOCIALIZ$ FACTORIES ( ,ALCOY ?AT ,I 5C\NT]$ A NEW K9D ( DELEGATION3 ! MORAL DELEGATION4 ,9 EA* UND]TAK+ TWO WORK]S1 ONE FROM ! ,U4,G4,T41 ! O!R FROM ! ,C4,N4,T41 ELECT$ BY !IR COMRADES1 W]E 9/RUCT$ TO MA9TA9 GOOD RELATIONS1 5C\RAGE 5?USIASM1 & A SPIRIT ( H>MONY1 & /IMULATE IF NE$ BE A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY4 7,& YET ! PRECAUTION WAS PROBABLY NOT NECESS>Y4 ,AS MY COMRADES PO9T$ \T1 0,!RE WAS NO NE$ TO IMPOSE ANY K9D ( DISCIPL9E = FROM ! FIR/ H\R !RE WAS ! K9D ( SELF-DISCIPL9E :I* COMES FROM ! CONVICTION ?AT ONE IS WORK+ = ! COMMUNITY407 ,AP>T FROM SOME DETAILS1 :I* HAVE !IR IMPORTANCE1 ! =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT WE HAVE BRIEFLY DESCRIB$ WAS NO DIFF]5T FROM ! K9D WE HAVE OBS]V$ ELSE:]E4 ,BUT :AT WAS MO/ ORIG9AL 9 ! A*IEVEM5TS AT ,ELDA WAS ! CREATION ( ! ,S4,I4,C4,E4,P4 79ITIALS = 0,SYNDICATE ( ! ,FOOTWE> ,9DU/RY 9 ,ELDA & ,PETREL074 ,?IS ,SYNDICATE WAS MORE LIKE A CONSORTIUM ( A NEW K9D4 ,IT WAS F\ND$ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 ONLY A MON? AFT] ! EV5TS ?AT %OOK ,SPA94 ,! %OE 9DU/RY :I* WAS ALREADY WORK+ AT ONLY #f.0 ( ITS PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY1 WAS ?REAT5$ ) A COMPLETE /OPPAGE4 ,& ) IT1 ! :OLE ECONOMIC LIFE TOTT]$1 AS WELL AS ! NEW ORD] :I* HAD TO BE SUPPORT$ AT ALL CO/S TO PREV5T ,FRANCOISM FROM MAK+ 9ROADS4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT1 ?R\< ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ) ! AGREEM5T ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ALL AVAILABLE MEANS HAD TO BE BR\ANTEES (F]$ BY ! TWO ,UNIONS1 !Y P]SUAD$ ! EMPLOY]S TO RAISE LOANS FROM ! LOCAL BANKS ON !IR PROP]TIES & ASSETS1 ) :I* TO DEAL ) ! SITUATION4 ,! ,SYNDICATES UND]TOOK TO BE CO-GU>ANTORS4 ,9 ADDITION ! ,M9I/RY = ,9DU/RY GRANT$ A CR$IT ( #g MILLION PESETAS4 #e#g#e1 PESETAS A WEEK WAS NE$$1 ( :I* #c1 = WAGES4 ,ONLY !N C\LD PRODUCTION BE RESUM$1 & MA9TA9$4 ,BUT ALL ?IS REQUIR$ COORD9ATION 9 ! ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL EF=TS AS WELL AS 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( WORK4 ,! ,S4,I4,C4,E4,P4 WAS !RE=E SET UP1 & COV]$ EIGE & SMALL1 DOTT$ ALL OV] ! REGION & TO ! F\R LOCALITIES M5TION$ & 9VOLV+ #a#b1#e WORK]S1 M5 & WOM54 ,CON/ITUT$ BY ! FACTORIES :I* W]E AT ! CONTROL /AGE 7! EMPLOY]S /ILL REMA9$1 BUT S]V$ MA9LY TO PROVIDE ! FUNDS TAK5 \T ( !IR BANK ACC\NTS71 ! ,S4,I4,C4,E4,P41 ! EFFECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( :I* WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S' DELEGATES1 C5TRALIZ$ & COORD9AT$ ! :OLE ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT PUR*AS$ & DI/RIBUT$ RAW MAT]IALS ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S & ,SPECIALIZATIONS ( ! DIFF]5T UND]TAK+S1 IT MADE PAYM5TS & SETTL$ DEBTS4 ,IT H&L$ 9COME FROM SALES1 GIV+ NO?+ TO ! EMPLOY]S ?AT C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS PR(ITS4 ,ANYWAY1 PR(ITS W]E NOT POSSIBLE 9 ! SITUATION AS IT WAS1 = ! NON SOCIALIZ$ FACTORIES W]E CLOS$ SEV]AL DAYS A WEEK & ,S4,I4,C4,E4,P4 HELP$ !M1 ?ANKS TO HELP FROM ! SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RIES1 BY %>+ \T ! ORD]S = >MY BOOTS RECEIV$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,S4,I4,C4,E4,P4 WORK$ H>D TO F9D NEW BUY]S4 ,HAV+ ASK$ ! FACTORIES TO PRODUCE NEW %OE MODELS1 IT RECEIV$ #i & !Y MANAG$ ?R\< A M>KET+ ORGANIZATION :I* EXT5D$ FROM ! COA/S ( ! ,CANTABRIAN SEA1 & ! ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC TO ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 TO DISPOSE ( QUITE L>GE QUANTITIES4 ,BUT NOT 9 SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES TO ESCAPE ! DIFFICULTIES RESULT+ FROM ! W>4 ,! W>EH\SES [N$ BY ! ,S4,I4,C4,E4,P4 9 ,ELDA1 ,VAL5CIA & ,B>CELONA1 AS WELL AS ! FACTORY W>EH\SES1 W]E FULL ( UNSOLD GOODS1 VALU$ AT SOME #a MILLION PESETAS4 #b4 ,GRANOLL]S ,SITUAT$ A LITTLE TO ! NOR? ( ,B>CELONA1 ,GRANOLL]S :I* HAD A POPULATION ( #a#h1 9 #a#i#c#f1 WAS AT ! SAME TIME A CANTONAL *IEF T[N1 AN IMPORTANT COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL C5T]1 AS W]E MANY O!RS 9 ?IS P>T ( ,CATALONIA4 ,\R MOVEM5T W5T BACK TO ! BEG9N+S ( SOCIALISM 9 ,SPA91 ?AT IS TO AB\T #a#h#g4 ,AS ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 UNION ACTIVITY PR$OM9AT$1 ) BITT] /RUGGLES1 DET]M9$ EF=TS AT ORGANIZATION1 REPRESSIONS1 EMPTY P]IODS & MAGNIFIC5T REVIVALS4 ,\R EFFECTIVE /R5G? DEP5D$ ON CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,BUT = A V]Y LONG TIME1 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S BELONG+ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 AV]AG$ #c14 ,IT WAS LESS DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 & ALSO1 AFT] A PASS+ REAWAK5+ UND] ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 ! FIR/ GOV]NM5T ( :I* WAS SOCIALI/ & REPUBLICAN1 ! SECOND OP5LY ,RI*Y4 ,SO MU* SO1 ?AT 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 9 SPITE ( ! AMNE/Y ?AT HAD MEANT ! RELEASE ( #c1 LIB]T>IANS FROM ! PRISONS1 !RE W]E NOT MORE ?AN #b1 MEMB]S 9 ! ,SYNDICATES ( ,GRANOLL]S4 ,) ! UNLEA%+ ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> & ! ,REVOLUTION1 SOON ! ,SYNDICATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD #f1 WORK]S FROM ! FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 BUILD+ TRADES1 TRANSPORT1 ETC4 ,! REMA9D]-TE*NICIANS :O CONSID]$ !MSELVES A CLASS AP>T1 ,C\NCIL EMPLOYES1 CIVIL S]VANTS & BUREAUCRATS-TOTAL+ #a11 JO9$ ! ,U4,G4,T4 ,\R MILITANTS1 5LI MADE FIR/ DEM&S & MO/ ( !M LEFT IMM$IATELY = ! ,>AGON FRONT4 ,ONLY SOME SIX OR SEV5 ( ?OSE :O PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! SYNDICATES AT LOCAL & REGIONAL LEVEL W]E LEFT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 A LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT WAS MANIFE/+ ITSELF AMONG A SECTION ( ! POPULATION1 ) A V]Y CLE> CONCEPTION ( \R GOALS ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,?US1 TWO DAYS AFT] ! 5D ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ,B>CELONA1 ?AT IS ON ,JULY #b#b1 #a#i#c#f1 ! BUILD+ WORK]S DECID$-& HI/ORICALLY IT WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ 9ITIATIVES ( ITS K9D-TO SOCIALIZE !IR WORK4 ,!Y CALL$ AN ASSEMBLY TO :I* !Y 9VIT$ ! EMPLOY]S1 MO/LY SMALL CONTRACTORS1 & PROPOS$ TO !M TO 0COLLECTIVIZE0 SYNDICALLY ALL BUILD+ TRADES4 ,& :AT MAY APPE> SURPRIS+ IS ?AT ! EMPLOY]S ACCEPT$ /RAIDS 9 ! PR9T+ TRADE4 ,IT WAS FOLL[$ BY %OE RETAIL %OPS2 & IT SPREAD AS IF BY A MIRACLE 9 ALL BRAN*ES ( WORK & HUMAN ACTIVITIES :]E UNTIL !N ! SOCIAL CLASSES HAD OPPOS$ EA* O!R4 ,GRANOLL]S SOCIALIZ$ BUT 9 ITS [N WAY1 & ! WAY IT DID SO DES]VES LOOK+ AT MORE CLOSELY4 ,! G5]AL PATT]N WAS ?AT FROM ! BEG9N+ ! ,SYNDICATES W]E BO? ! 9ITIATORS & MANAG]S ( ! NEW CREATIONS4 ,H5CE ! T]M 0SYNDICALISATION0 :I* WE HAVE US$ PURPOSELY 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! K9D ( CONFUSION CAUS$ BY ! DIFF]5T ME?ODS ADOPT$ OR FOLL[$1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,BUT ?IS SYNDICALIS+ CONCEPTION WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY COMMUNALISM :I* (T5 TOOK FIR/ PLACE4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y \R COMRADES 9 ,GRANOLL]S MADE UP !IR M9DS TO C>RY \T A COMMUNAL /RUCTURAL PLAN1 AS PROPOS$ BY \R COMRADE ,DR4 ,ISAAC ,PU5TE .<#b.> A TAL5T$ PROPAG&I/ :O HAD ELABORAT$ A PROJECT = ! T[N ( ! FUTURE 9 A S]IES ( >TICLES PUBLI%$ BY ! MAGAZ9E ,E/UDIOS1 & 9 :I* HE ADVOCAT$ A REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ON ! BASIS ( F$]AT$ COMMUNES4 ,!SE >TICLES HAD BE5 GA!R$ 9TO A BOOKLET ( SOME #f PAGES ) ! TITLE ,COMUNISMO ,LIB]T>IO1 & ! CLE> & ATTRACTIVE TEXT1 COMPLET$ ) DIAGRAMS & GRAPHS1 HAD BE5 ABSORB$ BY MANY LIB]T>IANS4 ,9 REALITY1 9 SPITE ( V]Y POSITIVE 9DICATIONS AT LOCAL LEVEL1 !SE PROPOSALS W]E 9SUFFICI5T IF ONE APPROA*$ ! ECONOMY ) ! M5TALITY ( AN ECONOMI/1 BE>+ 9 M9D EXI/+ ORGANIC SOLID>ITY AT A NATIONAL LEVEL2 & FUR!RMORE1 ! EXI/5CE ( ! F$]ATIONS ( 9DU/RY :I* 9 FACT LEAN$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ?AT ,ORGANIZATION 9 T]MS ( ! :OLE ( ,SPA91 WAS ALSO 9 CONTRADICTION ) ?AT LIMIT$ VISION ( ?+S4 ,BUT BECAUSE ,ISAAC ,PU5TE'S CONCEPTS W]E COMMUNALI/1 !Y W]E BETT] UND]/OOD & MORE EASILY ACCEPT$ :5 \R COMRADES 9 ,GRANOLL]S SUGGE/$ TO ! O!R ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS TO PUT !M 9TO OP]ATION4 ,& :5 ! WRIT] W5T TO /UDY ! ,ORGANIZATION & ! FUNCTION+ ( ! NEW SOCIAL ,ORGANIZATION ON ! SPOT1 HE NOT$ ON ! ONE H& ?AT ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN HAD DISAPPE>$1 ?AT !RE W]E NO MORE EMPLOY]S OR EMPLOYES1 & ON ! O!R ?AT ALL ! ANTI-FASCI/S 9CLUD+ \R MOVEM5T HAD COME TOGE!R FRAT]NALLY 9 ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 :I* HAD SUPREME CONTROL OV] LOCAL LIFE AS A :OLE4 ,! G5]AL ADM9I/RATION ( ,GRANOLL]S WAS MANAG$ BY ELEV5 DEP>TM5TS1 TAK+ 9 ALL SOCIAL ACTIVITIES1 E/ABLI%$ AT ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 & :I* CONSI/$ ( TW5TY-TWO DELEGATES2 SIX FROM ,AZANA'S ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS1 SIX FROM ! ,C4,N4,T41 F\R FROM ! ,U4,G4,T41 TWO FROM ! %>E-CROPP]S UNION 7,CATALAN RABASSAIRES1 :OSE ONLY DESIRE WAS TO BECOME ! [N]S ( ! L& !Y CULTIVAT$7 & TWO FROM ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 7! ,M>XI/ P>TY ) ,TROTSKYI/ LEAN+S74 ,( ! ELEV5 DEP>TM5TS1 FIVE W]E 5TRU/$ TO ! ,C4,N4,T41 :I* %[S CLE>LY ITS IMPORTANCE1 MORE ECONOMIC ?AN POLITICAL4 ,9 ADDITION ?IS ,ORGANIZATION1 EV] 5T]PRIS+1 HAD E/ABLI%$ 9DEP5D5TLY AN ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL CONSI/+ ( A DELEGATE FROM EA* ,SYNDICATE1 = ! ,SYNDICATES W]E ! DRIV+ =CE ( ALL LOCAL 9DU/RIES4 ,?IS ,C\NCIL MET EV]Y WEEK ) ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! CORRESPOND+ MUNICIPAL DEP>TM5T4 ,?US MUNICIPAL SECTION & ,C\NCIL COORD9AT$ !IR EF=TS2 BUT 9 FACT ! 9ITIATIVE MO/LY CAME FROM \R COMRADES & FROM ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,C4,N4,T4 ,SYNDICATES :I* WAS ! BE/ 9=M$ ON MATT]S CONC]N+ PRODUCTION & ! ,ORGANIZATION ( WORK4 ,! ECONOMIC SECTION ( ! COMMUNE SET UP A 0TE*NICAL BUREAU0 CONSI/+ ( ?REE EXP]TS1 & :I* 9 AGREEM5T ) ! SYNDICAL ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL1 /E]$ ! WORK ( ! 9DU/RIAL UND]TAK+S4 ,GRAPHS & *>TS REF]R+ TO EA* 9DU/RY1 W]E CON/ANTLY 9 ! H&S ( ! EXP]TS1 SO ?AT IF ONE 9QUIR$ AB\T ANY 9DU/RY1 COLOR$ *>TS1 ONE COLOR = EA* 9DU/RY1 W\LD BE PRODUC$ %[+ :]E EA* UND]TAK+ WAS LOCAT$1 ?US BUILD+ UP A NETWORK ( COORD9AT$ ACTIVITIES4 ,MANAG$ 9 ?IS WAY1 ALL ! UND]TAK+S1 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S BUT AT ! SAME TIME BELONG$ TO ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,& ! MAJOR POLICY DECISIONS W]E NOT ! RESULT ( SYNDICAL 9ITIATIVE ONLY1 = OV] & ABOVE ! LATT] >E 9T]E/S :I*1 LET US FACE IT1 DIRECT ! :OLE4 ,BUT ONE %\LD RECOGNIZE ?AT ! MUTUAL TOL]ATION MET ) !RE WAS QUITE1 EXCEPTIONAL4 "9 ,! ,SYNDICATE WAS AT ALL TIMES A PRIME-MOV]4 ,ALL K9DS ( 9ITIATIVES T5D+ TO IMPROVE ! OP]ATION & /RUCTURE ( ! LOCAL ECONOMY C\LD BE ATTRIBUT$ TO IT4 ,?US 9 A V]Y %ORT TIME1 SEV5 COLLECTIVIZ$ HAIRDRESS+ SALONS W]E SET UP ?R\< ITS EF=TS1 REPLAC+ AN UNKN[N NUMB] ( %ABBY E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,ALL ! WORK%OPS & M9I-FACTORIES ON %OE PRODUCTION W]E REPLAC$ BY ONE L>GE FACTORY 9 :I* ONLY ! BE/ MA*9ES W]E US$1 & :]E NECESS>Y SANIT>Y PROVISIONS = ! HEAL? ( ! WORK]S W]E MADE4 ,SIMIL> IMPROVEM5TS W]E MADE 9 ! 5G9E]+ 9DU/RY :]E NUM]\S SMALL1 D>K & /IFL+ F\NDRIES W]E REPLAC$ BY A FEW L>GE WORK+ UNITS 9 :I* AIR & SUN W]E FREE TO P5ETRATE4 ,! JO9]S & CAB9ET MAK]S' %OPS UND]W5T ! SAME *ANGES4 ,SOCIALIZATION W5T H& 9 H& ) RATIONALIZATION4 ,?IS 9DU/RIAL REORGANIZATION DID NOT PREV5T *ANGES DICTAT$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES 9 ! MA*9]Y ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,!Y W]E CONSID]$ NECESS>Y FROM ! BEG9N+ BY ! CORRESPOND+ SECTION ( ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL ON ! GR\NDS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,IF ONE AGRE$ TO BUILD A MORE JU/ SOCIAL ORD]1 IT WAS IMP]ATIVE ?AT EV]Y 9HABITANT ( ,GRANOLL]S %\LD HAVE ! SAME POSSIBILITIES ( SECUR+ N\RI%M5T4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,ECONOMIC ,(FICE ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY SET UP FIVE COMMUNAL DI/RIBUTIVE W>EH\SES LOCAT$ 9 ! DIFF]5T QU>T]S ACCORD+ TO !IR POPULATION D5SITY1 REPLAC+ ! ALL TOO NUM]\S SMALL %OPS4 ,!Y HAD />T$ ) A FUNDAM5TAL MEASURE :I* WAS ALSO TAK5 9 O!R PLACES2 FROM ! BEG9N+ ! AGRICULTURAL C\NCILOR PUR*AS$ FROM ! PEASANTS 9 ! NEIEAS :O W]E V]Y 9DIVIDUALI/IC & V]Y SUSPICI\S1 & DID NOT ORGANIZE !MSELVES COLLECTIVELY -- ! PRODUCE ( !IR TOIL4 ,! RAPACI\S MIDDLEMAN1 ! T\T & ! SPECULATIVE BUY] DISAPPE>$ ALTOGE!R4 ,BUT !Y ALSO WANT$ HIM TO DISAPPE> 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PRODUC] & CONSUM]4 ,=CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES (F]$ ! OPPORTUNITY & ! JU/IFICATION = NEW MEASURES TO BE TAK53 ! RATION+ ( FOOD/UFFS AS A RESULT ( ! W>1 =TUNATELY MADE IT NECESS>Y TO TAKE /EPS 9 TIME TO PREV5T S]I\S FOOD %ORTAGES4 .<#c.> ,A FOOD (FICE WAS !RE=E SET UP :I* />T$ BY CONTROLL+ PRODUCE RECEIV$ & SOLD BY ! TRADESPEOPLE4 ,!N A C>D 9DEX FILE WAS PREP>$1 9 :I* WAS 5T]$ ! NUMB] & AGE ( ! MEMB]S ( EA* FAMILY4 ,! QUANTITY & TYPE ( FOOD/UFFS TO :I* EV]YONE WAS 5TITL$ WAS /IPULAT$ 9 AGREEM5T ) ! DOCTORS4 ,& ON !SE BASES EV]Y FAMILY RECEIV$ EA* WEEK A BOOKLET 9 :I* !IR 5TITLEM5T TO BREAD1 OIL1 DRI$ BEANS1 GROC]IES1 ETC41 WAS M>K$4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! DAILY & WEEKLY CONSUMPTION ( DIFF]5T FOOD/UFFS C\LD BE OBTA9$ = ! :OLE T[N & >RANGEM5TS MADE = SECUR+ ! NECESS>Y SUPPLIES 9 ADVANCE4 ,A SIMIL> CONTROL WAS MA9TA9$ ON QUANTITIES ( FOOD/UFFS COM+ 9TO ! COMMUNAL W>EH\SES4 ,IT WAS ALSO BY ?IS MEANS ?AT ?AT P>T ( SOCIALIZATION :I* WAS ACCEPTABLE TO ! PEASANTS1 CAME TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 = ! PEASANTS WELCOM$ ! ELIM9ATION ( ! MIDDLEM54 ,9 MO/ ( ! #db CANTONAL VILLAGES TRADITIONAL COMM]CE DISAPPE>$4 ,! PR(ITS FROM ! SALE ( V>I\S COMMODITIES PROVID$ ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL ) ! RES\RCES NE$$ = O!R COMMUNAL TASKS4 ,NOBODY WAS CONDEMN$ TO ISOLATION OR DI/RESS4 ,TRADESPEOPLE OBLIG$ TO CLOSE UP %OP BY COMPETITION OR MUNICIPAL ACTION .<#d.> F\ND !MSELVES BE+ GIV5 MORE USEFUL JOBS -- EV5 IF IT W]E ONLY 9 ! DI/RIBUTION C5T]S4 ,NOBODY REMA9$ )\T WORK1 & UNEMPLOYM5T1 :I* WAS WIDESPREAD BE=E ,JULY #a#i1 HAD COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$4 ,ALL WORK]S1 :E!R !Y WORK$ ! /IPULAT$ NUMB]S ( H\RS OR NOT1 HAD !IR MAT]IAL EXI/5CE ASSUR$ ?ANKS TO ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY ( REMUN]ATION4 ,! COMRADES ( ,GRANOLL]S HAD GIV5 ?\Y & ILL-LIT4 ,ON ! O!R H& !RE W]E ?REE COM=TABLE1 WELL BUILT CONV5TS :OSE OCCUPANTS HAD EVAPORAT$ 9TO ?9 AIR4 ,!Y W]E CONV]T$ 9TO ?REE F9E S*OOLS :I* ACCOMMODAT$ ALL ! T[N'S *ILDR54 ,9DE$ !RE WAS 5\< ROOM = N[ PUPILS4 ,! CLASSROOMS ,I VISIT$ W]E SPACI\S1 LIE & MOVABLE TABLES = ! V]Y Y\NG1 & ! SMALL *AIRS MADE TO MAT*4 ,! 9T]IOR GALL]IES1 ! %[] ROOM1 ! C\RTY>DS1 ! LAVATORIES1 C5TRAL HEAT+1 ALL ?IS WAS 9/ALL$1 OR PUR*AS$1 9 A MATT] ( A FEW MON?S4 ,! 9ITIAL EXP5DITURE AM\NT+ TO #c1 PESETAS & MORE HAD BE5 SET ASIDE4 .<,PO/SCRIPT4 ,LAT] ON ,GRANOLL]S WAS RAZ$ TO ! GR\ND BY ! ,FRANCOI/ AIR =CE4.> #c4 ,HOSPITALET DEL ,LLOBREGAT ,SITUAT$ TO ! S\? ( ,B>CELONA1 ,HOSPITALET WAS DIVID$ 9TO ?REE QUITE DI/9CT DI/RICTS ) A POPULATION ( #e14 #a#c1 \T ( ! #a#d1 REGI/]$ WAGE E>N]S W]E EMPLOY$ 9 9DU/RY4 ,A ?\S& MORE W]E 5GAG$ 9 9T5SIVE HORTICULTURE1 :I* CONTRIBUT$ TO FE$+ ! L>GE NEI #a4 ,BUT EV5 BE=E ! REVOLUTION ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 W]E 5GAG$ !RE 9 SOCIAL ACTIVITY ON AN 9T5SIVE SCALE4 ,BY ,JULY #ah ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD #h1 MEMB]S2 EI =CES CONT9U$ TO M\NT GU>D AT ! B>RICADES1 KEEP+ A WAT* ON TWO ROADS LEAD+ TO ,B>CELONA 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ANY 5EMY CONC5TRATION1 & TO WIPE \T ANY (F5SIVE ADVANCE 9 ! L>GE C5T]S4 ,IT WAS 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT ! CON/RUCTIVE REVOLUTION BEGAN4 ,IT />T$ ) AGRICULTURE1 :I* WAS 9 ! H&S ( A GREAT NUMB] ( SMALL PROPRIETORS :O EMPLOY$ SKILL$ LABOR 7?US NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! LATIFUNDIA 9 ,>AGON1 ,CA/ILE1 ,&ALUSIA OR ,E/REMADURA74 ,& JU/ AS ! [N]S ( WORK%OPS & FACTORIES AB&ON$ PRODUCTION 9 FACE ( EXPROPRIATION :I* !Y W]E EXPECT+1 SO ! L&$ PROPRIETORS GAVE UP !IR CULTIVATIONS :I* W]E BE+ %RIVEL$ UP BY ! SUN & ! LACK ( IRRIGATION1 OR :I* W]E BE+ 9VAD$ BY WE$S4 ,ON ! O!R H& A QU>T] ( ! L& WORK]S W]E UNEMPLOY$ & O!RS WORK$ ONLY A ?REE DAY WEEK4 ,UNEMPLOY$ & EMPLOY$ CALL$ AN ASSEMBLY TO :I* ! SMALL PROPRIETORS W]E ALSO 9VIT$ & :]E ALL AGRE$ TO SOCIALIZE IMM$IATELY WORK ON ! L&4 ,& ! 0,PEASANTS' ,COLLECTIVE0 WAS BORN2 =M] EMPLOY]S & EMPLOYES JO9$ AS EQUALS1 & IT AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 :OSE MILITANTS W]E1 ONCE AGA91 ! BE/ ORGANIZ]S4 ,WORK TE*NIQUES *ANG$ IMM$IATELY4 ,L>GE SCALE CULTIVATION BAS$ ON A G5]AL PLAN REPLAC$ ! /RIPS WORK$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL [N]S1 (T5 ) POOR EQUIPM5T1 OR BY ! DAY WORK] 5GAG$ TWO OR ?REE TIMES A WEEK4 ,BUT MONEY SUBSI/$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 & WAS AN 9DISP5SABLE 9/RUM5T = OBTA9+ MA*9]Y1 TOOLS1 WORK+ ANIMALS1 OR = SECUR+ ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE 9-BETWE5 H>VE/S4 ,ALL RES\RCES W]E REQUISITION$1 9CLUD+ ?OSE AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! =M] PROPRIETORS1 & REALIZ+ ?AT EXCEPTIONAL EF=TS W]E NE$$1 = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS NOT A MUSICAL FE/IVAL1 !Y REJECT$1 AS DID ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA1 ! #ae .0 9CREASE 9 WAGES & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! SIX H\R DAY DEMAGOGICALLY DECRE$ BY ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* DEMON/RAT$ BY ?IS ATTEMPT TO W9 OV] ! WORK]S ITS POLITICAL SKILL & ITS IGNORANCE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEMS4 ,AFT] ?AT ! WORK]S ( ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 BRIGADAS AS 9 ,T>RAGONA & ,TORTOSA1 & P]FECT$ !IR ORGANIZATION4 ,! BRIGADAS W\LD LEAVE 9 ! MORN+1 EA* TO ITS TASK1 ACCORD+ TO :AT W]E CONSID]$ TO BE ! MO/ URG5T JOBS4 ,! >EA CULTIVAT$ WAS 9CREAS$ BY A ?IRD4 ,IT CONSI/$ ( #a1#d#g HECT>ES DIVID$ 9TO #* ZONES1 #ce ( :I* W]E IRRIGAT$4 "9 ,LOCAL 9DU/RIES W5T ?R\< /AGES ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY ADOPT$ 9 ?AT REVOLUTION4 ,FIR/ CAME ! CONTROL ( ! UND]TAK+S1 L>GE & SMALL1 BY ! ,COMITE NOM9AT$ BY ! WORK]S ON ! SPOT4 ,?AT WAS = ! MORE PROSP]\S FACTORIES1 ?OSE :]E ! EMPLOYES HAD ONLY P>T TIME EMPLOYM5T -- & !RE MANY -- W]E IMM$IATELY COLLECTIVIZ$1 & !IR [N]S PUT ON ! SAME FOOT+ AS ! PRODUC]S4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 W]E CREAT+ ! ,C\NCILS = ! 9T5SIFICATION ( PRODUCTION1 :I* OBLIG$ ! SUP]VIS$ EMPLOY]S TO 5GAGE ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,BUT ?IS MEASURE C\LD NOT PRODUCE LA/+ RESULTS1 = ! LACK ( RAW MAT]IALS 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY & ! LACK ( \TLETS = ! MANUFACTUR$ CLO? 9EVITABLY PRODUC$ A R$UCTION 9 \TPUT & SALES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! G5]AL ECONOMY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AGA9 ?R\< ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 POPUL> ,COMMISSIONS = FOOD SUPPLIES W]E />T$ & ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,MUNICIPALITY1 :I* \R COMRADES HAD JO9$4 ,!SE ,COMMISSIONS HAD AS !IR TASK TO PROVIDE FOOD = ! UNEMPLOY$2 !Y W]E KEPT GO+ LAT]1 = ! >RIVAL ( L>GE NUMB]S ( REFUGEES FROM ?OSE P>TS ( ,>AGON OV]RUN BY ! ,FRANCOI/ >MY CREAT$ A NEW K9D ( UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES HAD AT !IR HEAD 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE ,COMITES NOM9AT$ BY ! WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 !M4 ,PRODUCTION & SALES CONT9U$ 9 EA* ONE4 ,BUT V]Y SOON IT WAS CLE> ?AT ?IS SITUATION GAVE RISE TO COMPETITION BETWE5 ! FACTORIES1 OR A LACK ( SOLID>ITY1 CREAT+ RIVALRIES :I* W]E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! SOCIALI/ & LIB]T>IAN \TLOOK4 ,SO ! ,C4,N4,T4 LAUN*$ ! WAT*WORD3 0,ALL 9DU/RIES MU/ BE RAMIFI$ 9 ! ,SYNDICATES1 COMPLETELY SOCIALIZ$1 & ! REGIME ( SOLID>ITY :I* WE HAVE ALWAYS ADVOCAT$ BE E/ABLI%$ ONCE = ALL40 ,! IDEA WON SUPPORT IMM$IATELY4 ,! FIR/ TO />T W]E ! HAIRDRESS]S1 !N WORK]S 9 ! 5T]TA9M5TS 9DU/RY1 :ATEV] !IR TRADE1 & ! WOODWORK]S 7CAB9ET MAK]S1 JO9]S1 C>P5T]S71 BUILD+ WORK]S1 FOOD WORK]S & URBAN TRANSPORT4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #aicg ! METAL WORK]S JO9$ ! MOVEM5T4 ,! *EMICAL 9DU/RY SOON FOLL[$4 ,9 SU* COMPLEX CIRCUM/ANCES UNEXPECT$ PROBLEMS >OSE & MADE !MSELVES FELT4 ,9 ,HOSPITALET AS ELSE:]E ECONOMIC UPHEAVAL MADE SOME 9DU/RIES MORE PROSP]\S :ILE O!RS W]E WORK+ AT A LOSS4 ,SOME WORK]S & !IR FAMILIES W]E BETT] PAID ?AN O!RS4 ,TO RIITY ( ! DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES4 ,& ! PROBLEM WAS TO />T A COMMON FUND :I* W\LD 5SURE ?AT ALL WORK]S1 :E!R !Y W]E 9 A JOB OR NOT1 W\LD RECEIVE ! SAME REMUN]ATION4 ,AS A FIR/ /EP1 F9ANCIAL SOLID>ITY WAS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 9DU/RIES ) ! SETT+ UP ( A G5]AL ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL ON :I* !Y EA* HAD TWO REPRES5TATIVES4 ,9DU/RIES MAK+ A PR(IT W\LD 9=M ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION ( ! ,C\NCIL1 :I* CLOSELY SCRUT9IZ$ ! ACC\NTS ( ! DIFF]5T 5T]PRISES4 ,! RES\RCES ?US MADE AVAILABLE W]E US$ TO ASSI/ ! LOSS-MAK+ 9DU/RIES :I* W\LD RECEIVE ! MONEY REQUIR$ TO PUR*ASE RAW MAT]IALS & EQUIPM5T NE$$ = PRODUCTION4 ,:5 SU* AM\NTS W]E L>GE1 ALL ! DELEGATES FROM ! DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES W\LD EXAM9E ! F9ANCIAL & TE*NICAL /ATE ( ! 9DU/RY REQUIR+ AID & AFT] HE>+ OBS]VATIONS1 OP9IONS1 ADVICE1 & CRITICISM :5 !RE WAS REASON = IT1 ! FUNDS W]E PROVID$4 ,?IS SOLID>ITY WAS SOON TO BE COMPLET$ BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! FAMILY WAGE4 ,A DETAIL$ C5SUS WAS MADE ON ?IS SUBJECT1 ! RESULTS ( :I* W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY4 ,AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT1 !Y W]E ALSO EXAM9+ ! QUE/ION ( ! RE/RUCTUR+ ( 9DU/RIES4 ,A G5]AL 9V5TORY HAD BE5 DRAWN UP1 NOT ONLY TO E/ABLI% ! NE$S ( ! POPULATION & ITS RES\RCES1 BUT ALSO AS TO :I* 9DU/RIES %\LD BE RETA9$ & :I* ELIM9AT$4 ,AS HAPP5$ EV]Y:]E1 \R COMRADES 9 ,HOSPITALET ALSO DEALT IMM$IATELY ) ! PROBLEM ( PUBLIC $UCATION4 ,\T ( #h1 *ILDR5 ( S*OOL AGE1 ONLY #d1 ATT5D$ S*OOL REGUL>LY4 ,! O!RS C\LD NOT DUE TO A %ORTAGE ( S*OOL PLACES1 CLO?+1 FOOTWE> & BOOKS4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 DID NOT WANT TO SOLVE SU* A GRAVE PROBLEM ) !IR MEANS ONLY4 ,!Y DECID$ TO JO9 !IR EF=TS TO ?OSE ( O!R ANTI-FASCI/ BODIES FROM :OM !Y EXPECT$ A FAVORABLE RESPONSE4 ,AT A MEET+ TO :I* 9VITATIONS W]E S5T TO ! MILITANTS ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS1 \R COMRADES PRES5T$ !IR PLAN = RE=M+ PUBLIC $UCATION1 :I* WAS ACCEPT$4 ,& NOBLY UNIT$1 ! ?REE FACTIONS SET AB\T ! R5OVATION ( S*OOL+4 ,9 SIX MON?S1 9 SPITE ( ! DIFFICULT G5]AL SITUATION1 !Y A*IEV$ WOND]S4 ,BUILD+S W]E CON/RUCT$1 O!RS TRANS=M$ OR ADAPT$1 & #b1#e NEW PUPILS W]E ABLE TO SIT 9 NEW CLASSES1 ROOMI]1 BRIY S*OOLTEA*]S ( BO? SEXES :O W]E MORE 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! SPIRIT ( ! NEW TIMES1 & :O HELD WEEKLY MEET+S TO DISCUSS !IR RESPECTIVE EXP]I5CES4 ,! C>E %[N = *ILDR5 DID NOT 5D !RE4 ,! MUNICIPALITY ORGANIZ$ A L>GE CRE*E :]E P>5TS C\LD LEAVE !IR BABES :ILE !Y W5T AB\T !IR BUS9ESS4 ,9 ! FACTORIES :]E WOM5 WORK$1 *ILDR5'S NURS]IES W]E SET UP2 ! FIR/ WAS 9AUGURAT$ 9 ! WORK]S' ,COLLECTIVE ,T4 ,SALA4 .<#e.> ,!Y ALSO SUCCE$$ 9 FITT+ \T A MAT]NITY HOME :]E WORK+ WOM51 :O UNTIL !N HAD HAD !IR *ILDR5 UND] DEPLORABLE 9SANIT>Y CONDITIONS1 RECEIV$ ! TREATM5T PRESCRIB$ BY !IR CONDITION4 ,A GYNECOLOGI/ 9SPIR$ ! >*ITECT :O C>RI$ \T ! NECESS>Y ALT]ATIONS4 ,& EV]Y ,?URSDAY FREE C9EMA %[S = *ILDR5 W]E GIV5 9 ALL ! HALLS1 TO 9/RUCT1 & AMUSE DEP5D+ ON ! PROGRAMS 9TELLIG5TLY SELECT$4 "9 ,SUPPLEM5T>Y DETAILS REG>D+ HEAL?3 IMM$IATELY AFT] !IR VICTORY ! REVOLUTION>IES DECID$ ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ,HOSPITALET %\LD HAVE CL9ICS1 DISP5S>IES1 HOSPITALS1 DOCTORS1 ALL ! ATT5TION TO :I* !Y W]E 5TITL$4 ,IT WAS RAPIDLY PUT 9TO EFFECT1 & AS WIDELY AS MEANS ALL[$1 ?AT IS TO SAY TO A LESS] DEGREE ?AN HAD BE5 DESIR$1 = 9 ,HOSPITALET DOCTORS CONT9U$ TO LIVE ON :AT !Y RECEIV$ FROM !IR P>5TS4 ,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#g1 SOCIALIZATION ( M$IC9E HAD NOT YET BE5 FULLY A*IEV$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 BESIDES ! MAT]NITY HOSPITAL A L>GE CANTONAL HOSPITAL HAD BE5 BUILT :I* CON=M$ TO MOD]N CONCEPTS ( M$IC9E4 ,FROM ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID1 IT IS CLE> ?AT TO SYNDICAL ACTIVITY WAS ADD$ COMMUNAL ACTIVITY1 & ?AT BO? (T5 ADVANC$ TOGE!R1 = ! COMMUNALI/ SPIRIT WAS /RONG AMONG \R COMRADES 9 ,HOSPITALET 7,JOSE ,X5A1 ! MAYOR1 WAS AN AN>*I/74 ,!Y C\LD HAVE TAK5 OV] ! LOCAL ,C\NCIL HAD !Y WI%$4 ,!IR HONE/Y1 !IR FEEL+ = ANTI-FASCI/ SOLID>ITY1 & BECAUSE !Y DID NOT WANT TO PROVOKE TOO HO/ILE REACTIONS FROM ! O!R ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS1 PREV5T$ !M FROM DO+ SO4 ,!Y 9VIT$ ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT TO JO9 !M 9 SETT+ UP ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL :I* W\LD CONSI/ ( TW5TY F\R MEMB]S4 ,!Y REPLI$ ) A REFUSAL4 ,AS A RESULT !RE W]E ONLY EI ASSEMBLIES1 EI!R 9 ! L>GE/ HALL 9 ! C5T] ( ! T[N1 OR 9 ! \TLY+ DI/RICTS1 :]E IT 9=M$ ! PEOPLE1 :O FREELY ATT5D$1 :AT HAD BE5 DONE & :AT IT WAS PROPOS$ TO DO4 ,! AUDI5CE WAS FREE TO ASK QUE/IONS & EXPRESS ANY OBJECTIONS4 ,!RE WAS NO QUE/ION !RE=E ( P>TY POLITICS1 ( DECISIONS TAK5 9 SECRET1 ( SLEIIAN SOLUTIONS :I* !Y HAD ALWAYS ADVOCAT$4 ,9 BRIEF1 ! LIB]T>IANS ( ,HOSPITALET ACT$ ACCORD+ TO A MUNICIPALI/ CONCEPT :I* CORRESPOND$ TO !IR PREF]5CES & :I* IMPOS$ ITSELF4 ,!Y DEF9$ ! FUNCTIONS ( ! COMMUNE1 & ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,FROM !M ! FUNCTIONS ( ! LATT] W]E 9TEGRAT$ ) ?OSE ( ! =M]1 AS ! P>T IS TO ! :OLE4 ,& JU/ AS ! ISOLAT$ SYNDICATE NO LONG] EXI/$1 EA* ONE ( !M HAV+ TO CONSULT ! O!RS BE=E LAUN*+ ITSELF ON A NEW 5T]PRISE1 SO NEI!R DID ! ,SYNDICATES & !IR F$]ATION IMPOSE !MSELVES :5 ! MATT]S DISCUSS$ CONC]N$ ALL ! 9HABITANTS4 ,?US1 $UCATION1 TRANSPORT1 PUBLIC WORKS1 HEAL?1 SOCIAL ASSI/ANCE1 PLANN+1 CONC]N$ EV]YBODY4 ,!RE=E ALL ! POPULATION WAS 9VIT$ TO DECIDE4 ,TO CONCLUDE1 ! FOLL[+ IS ! TEXT ( A LEAFLET :I* ! ,T4 ,SALA ,COLLECTIVE DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! T[N & :I* WAS ADDRESS$ TO MO!RS ) FAMILIES4 0,COMRADE3 ,WE (F] Y\ ! ,*ILDR5'S ,H\SE SO ?AT Y\R *ILD CAN RECEIVE !RE1 UP TO ! AGE ( FIVE1 ! BE/ ATT5TION DUR+ WORK+ DAYS :5 9 ! PA/ & UNTIL N[1 HE WAS TURN$ \T ONTO ! /REET2 & EV5 :5 Y\ C\LD LEAVE HIM ) SOMEONE HE WAS NOT RECEIV+ ! $UCATION & ATT5TION NE$$ TO MAKE EV5TUALLY A PHYSICALLY HEAL?Y & BALANC$ P]SON4 0,! AIM ( ! ,*ILDR5'S ,H\SE IS NOT ONLY ?AT ( PROVID+ HIM ) EV]Y ATT5TION1 & TO RELIEVE Y\ ( SOME ( Y\R *ORES4 ,IT GOES MU* FUR!R4 ,! CONDITIONS 9 :I* Y\ HAVE LIV$ HAVE PREV5T$ Y\ FROM GETT+ ! 9=MATION Y\ NE$ 9 ORD] TO BR+ UP Y\R *ILD S5SIBLY4 ,= ?IS REASON WE HAVE ORGANIZ$1 AS WELL AS WE CAN1 ALL ! NECESS>Y CONV5I5CES1 & TO 5SURE PLEASANT SURR\ND+S = Y\R *ILD1 WE HAVE MADE SURE ?AT HE LACKS NO?+ 9 ! WAY ( HYGI5E1 $UCATION1 FOOD1 & M$ICAL SUP]VISION4 ,ALL WILL BE 9 ! H&S ( SKILL$ P]SONNEL4 0,! ,*ILDR5'S ,H\SE WILL BE ORGANIZ$ 9 TWO MA9 SECTIONS3 ONE = ! Y\NGE/ FROM BIR? UP TO #b YE>S ( AGE2 ! O!R = *ILDR5 BETWE5 #b & #e YE>S4 ,AT EA* /AGE HE WILL RECEIVE ALL ?AT HE NE$S SO F> AS DIET1 RECREATION & DEVELOPM5T ( HIS APTITUDES >E CONC]N$4 ,& IT WILL BE A GOOD ?+ IF MO!RS TAKE ACC\NT ( ! GUIDANCE (F]$ BY ! P]SONNEL SO ?AT ! WORK ( ! ,*ILDR5'S ,H\SE IS CONT9U$ )9 ! HOME4 0,= ALL !SE REASONS1 Y\ WILL UND]/& ?AT IT IS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! *ILD ?AT WE >E TODAY (F]+ Y\ ! ,*ILDR5'S ,H\SE40 ,ONE C]TA9LY F9DS /YLI/IC CLUMS9ESS 9 ! TEXT1 BUT !RE IS NO?+ CLUMSY AB\T ! FEEL+S BEH9D ?IS 9ITIATIVE4 #d4 ,RUBI ,?IS SMALL ,CATALAN T[N HAD #a1 9HABITANTS 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,HALF ! WORK]S W]E 5GAG$ 9 V>I\S EMPLOYM5TS1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( :I* WAS ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,! ONLY SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD E/ABLI%$ ROOTS WAS ! ,C4,N4,T4 :I* 9 NORMAL TIMES HAD FROM #a1#e-#b1 MEMB]S4 ,BUT TO ! ACTIVITIES 9VOLV+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE & DIRECT ACTION :I* BELONG TO ?AT FIIAN =CE ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,F4,A4,I4 -- !RE WAS A PRACTICAL SPIRIT & A*IEVEM5TS TOO (T5 OV]LOOK$4 ,S9CE #ahic ,RUBI BOA/$ A COOP]ATIVE1 ORGANIZ$ BY \R COMRADES1 ) AN AV]AGE MEMB]%IP ( #d :I* WAS D\BL$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,FUR!RMORE 9 #aib MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD B\ BROKE \T1 NOT ONE BUT TWO SU* S*OOLS W]E OP5 & FUNCTION+4 ,LET US ADD1 9 ORD] TO APPRECIATE MORE FULLY ! BALANC$ \TLOOK ( \R COMRADES1 ?AT FROM ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 A NUMB] ( !M1 = PROPAG&A REASONS1 BELONG$ TO ! REPUBLICAN ,C5T]1 ?US 9DICAT+ A SPIRIT ( TOL]ANCE :I* C\LD ONLY AUGUR POSITIVE RESULTS4 ,ALL >\ND ,RUBI AGRICULTURE WAS ( SOME IMPORTANCE4 ,! L>GE E/ATES1 ?\< NOT AS L>GE AS 9 O!R REGIONS1 DOM9AT$ IT1 W]E G5]ALLY F>M$ BY ! [N]S :O1 BESIDES1 LEAS$ SOME ( !IR L& 9 RETURN = A QU>T]1 A ?IRD OR A HALF ( ! H>VE/4 ,?IS RU?LESSNESS WAS CONFIRM$ BY A DETAIL :I* REM9DS ONE1 ?\< IT WAS WORSE1 ( A SIMIL> CASE M5TION$ 9 ! *APT] ON ,GRATIS 9 ,>AGON3 ! DR9K+ WAT] ?AT WAS CONSUM$ 9 ,RUBI HAD ITS S\RCE ON ! L& ( ONE ( ! PROPRIETORS1 & HE *>G$ = IT 4 4 4 ,9 ,RUBI ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ! C\NT]-ATTACK TO ! ,FRANCOI/ ATTACK1 = )\T IT \R =CES1 IMPORTANT AS !Y W]E1 C\LD NOT HAVE A*IEV$ !IR OBJECTIVES4 ,IT CLE>LY UND]L9ES ! FAILURE ( 9SURRECTIONAL ATTEMPTS BE=E #a#i#c#f1 TO :I* WE HAVE ALREADY REF]R$4 ,BUT FAC$ ) ! ATTACK1 ALL 5EMIES ( FASCISM F\ND !MSELVES SIDE BY SIDE4 ,FROM ! B\RGEOIS ,CATALANI/S TO ! AN>*I/S1 UNITY HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$4 ,& AS WAS ! CASE ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 \R COMRADES MORE RESOLUTE1 MORE PREP>$ = '! /RUGGLE1 W]E SOON MA/]S ( ! /REETS4 ,ONCE ! DANG] HAD PASS$1 M5 W]E S5T 7OR M5 W5T7 TO ! ,>AGON FRONT :I* WAS BE+ E/ABLI%$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! FICELONA TO CONSOLIDATE ! SITUATION4 ,& TO CONSOLIDATE IT FUR!R1 COLLECTIVIZATIONS W]E />T$4 ,TO GU>ANTEE FOOD SUPPLIES1 BASIC FOOD/UFFS W]E ! FIR/ CONC]N4 ,9 ,RUBI !RE W]E A DOZ5 BAK]IES ON :I* BREAD SUPPLIES DEP5D$4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 DECID$ TO DEAL ) ! MATT] & CONC5TRAT$ ! :OLE PRODUCTION 9 ITS PREMISES :]E MO/ ( ! EMPLOY]S & ALL ! WORK]S AGRE$ TO WORK ) A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY ?AT BROOK$ NO FAILURES4 ,NEXT 9 IMPORTANCE W]E ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT4 ,ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,SYNDICATE A PR(ESSIONAL ,COLLECTIVE WAS CREAT$4 ,! SMALL EMPLOY]S JO9$1 BR++ ) !M SOME #b LORRIES1 A NUMB] ( BUSSES1 & SOME #ae MOTOR C>S4 ,! ADM9I/RATION ( ?IS ,COLLECTIVE WAS E/ABLI%$ AT ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 .<#f.> ,ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY WAS 9TEGRAT$ ) ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ?AT WAS TAK+ PLACE4 ,!RE W]E SOME #a MASONS & AB\T #ae LABOR]S2 9 ,RUBI1 AS 9 ,GRANOLL]S & ,ALICANTE1 !SE SMALL CONTRACTORS JO9$ & BR\I\S SITES4 ,& ACC\NTANCY WAS PUT 9 ! H&S ( ! SPECIALI/ DEEM$ ! MO/ ABLE4 ,9 ,B>CELONA ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY WAS P>ALYZ$ BY ! DEP>TURE ( ! EMPLOY]S1 :O HAD NO 9T5TION ( BUILD+ BLOCKS ( ,HATS1 OR C>RY+ \T REPAIRS TO R5T$ PREMISES :5 ! LOT W\LD BE TAK5 AWAY FROM !M IF ! ,REVOLUTION TRIUMPH$4 ,BUT 9 ,RUBI !RE WAS PL5TY ( WORK1 = :AT WAS BE+ DONE WAS URG5TLY NE$$ BY ! 9HABITANTS 9 G5]AL1 & ! ,MUNICIPALITY HAD ! FUNDS TO GU>ANTEE PAYM5T4 ,= 9/ANCE TWO BRIDGES W]E BE+ BUILT TO SPAN A WIDE RAV9E1 A PROJECT :I* HAD UNTIL !N REMA9$ A WILD DREAM 9 SPITE ( ! NE$ = IT4 ,WORK WAS ALSO PROCE$+ UND] ! EGIS ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY ON A GR\P ( S*OOL BUILD+S :I* W\LD PROVIDE HUNDR$S ( *ILDR5 ) PLACES & = :I* 9CID5TALLY ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT WAS CONTRIBUT+ TO ! CO/1 ?\< IT %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$ ?AT PUBLIC $UCATION WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! LIB]T>IANS4 .<#g.> ,A L5G? ( ! ROAD :I* CROSS$ ! T[N WAS WID5$ TO MAKE IT EASI] = ! BUSSES2 A GREAT NUMB] ( H\SES W]E REPAIR$2 A #a1#e MET] *ANNEL WAS CON/RUCT$ TO C>RY WAT] TO ! L& BE+ WORK$ BY ! PEASANTS & 9 ?IS CONNECTION AB&ON$ & FILL$-9 WELLS W]E RE9/AT$ & WAT] RAIS$ BY ELECTRIC PUMPS SPECIALLY 9/ALL$ TO IRRIGATE ! CULTIVATIONS4 ,ALL ?IS WORK WAS MANAG$ BY A TE*NICAL ,COMMISSION ( FIVE OR SIX MEMB]S NOM9AT$ BY ! ASSEMBLY ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,( ?IS P]SONNEL ! ONLY ONES PAID 9 !IR CAPACITY AS PR(ESSIONALS W]E ! DIRECTOR & TWO SECRET>IES4 ,9 ORD] TO BE ASSI/$ 9 !SE MANY TASKS1 ! BUILD]S ,COLLECTIVE ASK$ = & OBTA9$ ! HELP ( FACTORY WORK]S ON !SE CONTRACTS = TWO H\RS EV]Y ,SUNDAY4 ,! CAB9ET-MAK]S & JO9]S ALSO1 CREAT$ !IR ,COLLECTIVE :I* E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 A HUGE WORK%OP EQUIPP$ ) MOD]N TOOLS & PROVID+ HYGI5IC WORK+ CONDITIONS PREVI\SLY UNKN[N4 ,NEV] HAD !Y PRODUC$ SO MU* FURNITURE 9 ,RUBI1 ,I WAS TO BE REM9D$ BY ONE ( ! PRIME-MOV]S 9 RECOLLECT+ ?IS WOR?:ILE 9ITIATIVE4 ,! AGRICULTURAL ,COLLECTIVE WAS CON/ITUT$ ) ! F>MS SEIZ$ FROM ! L>GE PROPRIETORS4 ,?AT REPRES5T$ ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! CULTIVABLE >EA4 #be AGRICULTURAL WORK]S JO9$ ?IS EXT5SIVE PRODUCTIVE UND]TAK+4 ,!RE W]E SIX ORGANIZ$ ZONES2 EA* CONC]N$ ) A SPECIALTY3 M>KET G>D5+1 =E/RY1 VITICULTURE1 PA/URE1 C]EALS1 FRUIT4 ,! MANAG+ ,COMMISSION WAS NOM9AT$ BY ! G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY1 & IT 9 ITS TURN NOM9AT$ ! DELEGATE = EA* SECTION4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 & IT WAS G5]ALLY ! CASE :]E ,COLLECTIVES W]E CONC]N$1 ! CORPORATIVE SPIRIT HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,WORK]S MOV$ FROM ONE SECTION TO ANO!R :5 NECESS>Y4 ,& !Y ADMITT$ MEASURES :I* W5T AGA9/ !IR [N PRODUCTION SPECIALTY4 ,AMONG ! 9ITIATIVES TAK5 UND] PRESSURE FROM IMM$IATE NECESSITIES1 WAS ! GRUBB+ ( V9ES 9 ORD] TO PLANT :EAT4 ,& ?\< ! L& WAS NOT ! MO/ SUITABLE = ! PURPOSE1 9 ,RUBI !Y W\LD HAVE ALMO/ SUCCE$$ 9 GR[+ SUFFICI5T :EAT TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS IF ! ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES :I* EXT5D$ ?R\<\T ! REGION HAD NOT HAD SEV]E REP]CUSSIONS ON ?IS SMALL T[N4 ,!RE REMA9$ A FEW 09DIVIDUALI/S0 \TSIDE !SE REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATIONS2 BUT ! MAJORITY ADVANC$ ) ! NEW ORD]4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT A NUMB] ( Y\NG M5 & WOM5 HAD LEFT !IR FAMILIES 9 ORD] TO JO94 ,BA*ELOR QU>T]S HAD TO BE ORGANIZ$ = !M4 ,ONE ( ! PRIME-MOV]S ASSUR$ ME ?AT 0NO?+ IMMORAL EV] TOOK PLACE0 BETWE5 !SE Y\NG/]S1 :O ANYWAY W]E H\S$ 9 SEGREGAT$ QU>T]S4 ,! COOP]ATIVE DID NOT RE/ ON ITS LAURELS4 ,AP>T FROM D\BL+ ITS MEMB]%IP1 ! P>T IT PLAY$ 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS CONSEQU5TLY EXP&$ & N9E NEW DEPOTS OR SALES PO9TS W]E SET UP4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! CONT9UATION ( PRIVATE TRAD+1 OBVI\SLY UND] SOME CONTROL4 ,! RETAIL]S W]E SUPPORT$ BY ! FOOD SUPPLIES SECTION ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T4 ,RUBI (F]S A V]Y *>ACT]I/IC EXAMPLE ( DEVELOPM5T SO F> AS ! G5]AL ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY IS CONC]N$4 ,:5 ! EV5TS ( ,JULY #aicf TOOK PLACE ! MAJORITY ( ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL CONSI/$ ( ,LEFT ,CATALANI/S :OSE LEAD]1 ,LUIS ,COMPANYS WAS PRESID5T ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T2 ON ,AUGU/ #f1 ?AT IS ?REE WEEKS AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION />T$1 FAC$ ) ! PR$OM9ANCE ( \R =CES & ! SOCIAL UPHEAVALS :I* TOOK PLACE ?R\< !IR EF=TS1 ?IS MAJORITY RESIGN$4 ,ITS SITUATION WAS MADE EV5 MORE DIFFICULT BECAUSE ! F>M]S -- ! RABASSAIRES -- SUPPORT$ ! UPHEAVAL1 AS DID ALSO ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 ,BUT BECAUSE \R COMRADES DID NOT WI% TO MISUSE ! VICTORY2 BECAUSE ! URG5CY ( ! W> DEM&$ ?AT !Y REMA9 UNIT$ TO PREV5T ,SPA9 FROM BE+ H&$ OV] TO ,FRANCO2 BECAUSE ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS SUPPORT$ ! SOCIAL RE=MS1 .<#h.> ! NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL ?AT WAS !N SET UP CONSI/$ ( SIX MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & SIX REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,CATALANI/ AVANT-G>DE4 ,BUT ! NEW LAW ( ,FEBRU>Y #aicg HAV+ ORDA9$ ?AT ALL ! POLITICAL P>TIES %\LD BE REPRES5T$ 7?IS WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MANEUV]S7 ! DEF9ITIVE ,C\NCIL CONSI/$ ( SEV5 MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 SEV5 ,LEFT ,CATALANS1 TWO ,U4,G4,T4-]S 7! LOCAL SECTION ( :I* WAS !N SET UP BY ! EF=TS ( ! ,COMMUNI/S :O S\ND$ ! AL>M = ! SMALL REACTION>Y PROPRIETORS 9 ORD] TO SCOT* COLLECTIVIZATION71 & TWO MEMB]S ( ! ,ACCIO ,CATALANA P>TY4 ,SO MANY DIFF]5T T5D5CIES COEXI/+ AGA9/ !IR WILLS 9 ! ,C\NCIL *AMB]1 C\LD ONLY GIVE RISE TO FRICTION & CONFRONTATIONS1 = CLE>LY ?OSE :O W]E OPPOS$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM CONSID]$ ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS GO+ MU* TOO F>4 ,= !IR P>T \R COMRADES W]E OPPOS$ TO ! ,C\NCIL'S TRADITIONAL WAY ( OP]AT+ :I* WAS ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL1 & 9 :I* ! /]ILE P>TY GAMES1 FREQU5TLY CONDUCT$ OV] ! TELEPHONE BY ! ,COMMITTEES E/ABLI%$ 9 ! L>GE CITIES1 W\LD 5D BY REVIV+ ! OLD ORD] ( ?+S4 ,BUT1 /R5G!N$ BY ! SUPPORT ( ! ,SYNDICATES1 ! V>I\S ,COLLECTIVES & EV5 ! ,COOP]ATIVE1 !Y DID NOT GIVE 94 ,SO ! P>TIES DECID$ NOT TO COLLABORATE ANY LONG] 9 ! PRACTICAL TASKS ( A MUNICIPAL NATURE1 OR )9 ! JURISDICTION ( ! ,C\NCIL4 ,\R COMRADES HAD !RE=E TO TAKE OV] ! MO/ IMPORTANT DUTIES3 FOOD SUPPLIES1 PUBLIC WORKS1 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE4 ,!Y W]E SO SUCCESSFUL ?AT ! ORGANIZ]S ) :OM ,I DISCUSS$ !SE A*IEVEM5TS FIFTE5 YE>S LAT] HAD TE>S 9 !IR EYES 9 RECALL+ ?AT LO/ P>ADISE4 #e4 ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 *IEF T[N ( ! PROV9CE BE>+ ITS NAME1 HAD A POPULATION ( #e1 :5 ! REVOLUTION EXPLOD$4 ,\R MOVEM5T !RE WAS NOT IMPORTANT4 ,!RE IS A TW(OLD EXPLANATION = ?IS WEAKNESS3 ON ! ONE H& 9DU/RY WAS NOT V]Y ADVANC$1 & ?IS HAD NOT GIV5 MU* SCOPE = A P[]FUL SYNDICAL =CE2 ON ! O!R1 IF 9 ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRYSIDE ONE FREQU5TLY CAME ACROSS PROPRIETORS ) A LIB]T>IAN \TLOOK1 ! GREAT MAJORITY DID NOT GO BEYOND REPUBLICANISM4 ,N[1 9 ,CA/ELLON & ITS 5VIRONS1 REPUBLICANISM WAS POPUL>1 & AS ! ,REPUBLIC WAS ONLY FIVE YE>S OLD ITS SUPPORT]S HAD NOT HAD TIME TO BE SWALL[$ UP 9 ! MORASS CREAT$ BY ! NEW REGIME4 ,:I* EXPLA9S :Y ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ! FASCI/ W]E DEFEAT$ AT LOCAL LEVEL1 & :Y ! POPULATION ACCEPT$ )\T TOO MU* DIFFICULTY ! LOCAL TASK ( TRANS=MATION UND]TAK5 BY \R COMRADES4 ,IT IS WOR?:ILE ADD+ ?AT A MAJORITY ( REPUBLICANS :O W]E UNION M5 *OSE ! ,C4,N4,T4 = !Y FE>$ ! DANG] ( /ATISM & /ATE CONTROL :I* !Y =ESAW 9 A TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ FUTURE1 & 9 ! P>TY CLAIM+ TO LEAD IT4 ,?IS WAS1 9 FACT1 NOT UNUSUAL 9 ,SPA94 .<#i.> ,! ,U4,G4,T4 HAD MORE MEMB]S ?AN ITS RIVAL ! ,C4,N4,T41 BUT !Y W]E WORK]S :OSE SOCIALI/ ASPIRATIONS HAD REMA9$ 9TACT4 ,!SE CIRCUM/ANCES RESULT$ 9 ! FOLL[+ SITUATION3 ?AT AT \R MEET+S MORE ?AN A HALF ( ! AUDI5CE ?\< NOT LIB]T>IANS1 APPLAUD$ \R SPEAK]S4 ,CIRCUM/ANCES MADE ! TASK ( \R COMRADES EASI] )\T1 = ALL ?AT1 SWEEP+ AWAY ! OB/ACLES4 ,! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS W]E HELPLESS 9 ?IS NEW SITUATION 9 :I* = !M EV]Y?+ HAD BE5 TURN$ UPSIDE D[N4 ,FUR!RMORE MANY EMPLOY]S & L&[N]S W]E FASCI/S OR CRYPTO-FASCI/S2 O!RS W]E NOT BUT ALL ! SAME BELONG$ TO ! ,RITIES & HOP$ = A VICTORY ( ! 9SURG5T G5]ALS4 ,\R COMRADES KNEW BE=EH& :AT !Y WANT$ 9 A SITUATION SU* AS ! ONE ?AT PRES5T$ ITSELF4 ,!Y />T$ !RE=E BY ORGANIZ+ CONTROL ,COMIT#iS 9 ! UND]TAK+S4 ,!SE ,COMITES HAD ALREADY BE5 ACCEPT$ ?REE YE>S E>LI] :5 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS ,LABOR ,M9I/] & 9 ORD] TO CALM ! REVOLUTION>Y PASSIONS ( ! WORK]S & TO LIMIT !IR DEM&S1 HAD LEGALIZ$ ! CREATION ( !SE NEW ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!RE WAS N[ !RE=E NO REASON = LEGALLY OPPOS+ !IR EXT5SION1 & ! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E OBLIG$ TO ALL[ !M TO BE CREAT$ & DEVELOP$4 ,& NEW POSITIONS W]E RAPIDLY CAPTUR$2 ! EMPLOY]S W]E NOT CONC]N$ TO MA9TA9 PRODUCTION AT ITS NORMAL LEVEL1 EV5 LESS TO CON/RUCT >MOR$ C>S & TO MANUFACTURE COMBAT WEAPONS4 ,SO ! WORK]S1 GUID$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T41 TOOK !IR PLACES & />T$ MANAG+ ! WORK4 ,?US IT WAS ?AT ON ,OCTOB] #b1 #aicf ! METAL WORK]S' ,SYNDICATE DECID$ TO TAKE OV] SOME WORK%OPS4 ,TO ?AT 5D !Y NOM9AT$ A ,COMITE = EXPROPRIATION1 TE*NICAL ADM9I/RATION & ECONOMY :I* TOOK ON ! SPOT ! FOLL[+ MEASURES3 #a7 ,PROCE$ TO A DETAIL$ 9V5TORY ( ALL ! WORK%OPS & LOCAL G>AGES4 #b7 ,PREP>E /ATI/ICS ( WAGE E>N]S & EMPLOY]S ( ?OSE G>AGES & WORK%OPS4 ,!N IT ORGANIZ$ FIVE SECTIONS TO BE 9 *>GE ( WORK2 5G9E]+1 F\NDRY1 METAL WORK1 T9PLAT+1 G>AGES4 ,SOON ! BUILD+ WORK]S & WOODWORK]S ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES SIMIL>LY & ALMO/ ALL1 IF NOT ALL1 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS SOCIALIZ$ UND] ! EGIS ( LIB]T>IAN ,SYNDICATES4 ,WE WILL TAKE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! METAL WORK]S & ! G>AGES ?AT HAD JO9$ !M1 AS ! MODEL = ALL ! 9DU/RIES4 ,ONE REASON = SU* A *OICE IS ?AT IT WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN* ( PRODUCTION4 ,TO />T ) ! SYNDICAL ,COMITE1 :I* 9CLUD$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE A TE*NICAL ,COMMISSION CONC]N$ ) G5]AL MANAGEM5T ( WORK 9 ALL E/ABLI%M5TS2 ?IS ,COMMISSION WAS ELECT$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY1 & REPLAC$ ! SPECIALIZ$ EMPLOY]S & ! TE*NICIANS :O HAD DEFECT$4 ,IT WAS ALSO 5TRU/$ ) ALLOCAT+ LABOR 9 ! WORK%OPS & G>AGES ACCORD+ TO POSSIBILITIES ( PRODUCTION EQUIPM5T1 ORGANIZATION & IMPORTANCE4 ,9DE$ ONE PROCE$$ AS MORE OR LESS ELSE:]E TO A REGR\P+ :I* ELIM9AT$ ! 9/ALLATIONS ?AT W]E TOO SMALL TO BE ECONOMIC1 & CON/ITUT$ OR 5L>G$ O!R PRODUCTION UNITS1 MAK+ !M MORE MOD]N & BETT] EQUIPP$ = ! WORK TO BE DONE & = ! WORK]S4 ,9 EV]Y WORK%OP OR G>AGE ! WORK]S' ASSEMBLY NOM9AT$ A NON-BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE4 ,ALL ! COMMISSIONS W]E 9 CONTACT ) ! SYNDICAL TE*NICAL ,COMMISSION1 & ?OSE 9 *>GE MET EV]Y EV5+ ) IT TO DIRECT G5]AL ACTIVITIES4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION SPECIALLY CONC]N$ ITSELF ) ! H&L+ ( MONEY1 :I* CONT9U$ TO EXI/ =1 LET US REPEAT IT UNCEAS+LY1 WE W]E 9 A MIX$ SOCIETY1 ! POLITICAL PATT]N ( :I* WAS PR$OM9ANTLY REPUBLICAN & :]E ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 EV5 )\T ALWAYS BE+ REALLY HO/ILE1 CON/ITUT$ AN IMPORTANT LOCAL ELEM5T4 ,IT WAS ?IS ,COMMISSION :I* PAID WORK]S 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CATEGORIES E/ABLI%$ BY ! SYNDICAL ASSEMBLIES3 TE*NICIANS1 COMM]CIAL AG5TS1 SKILL$ WORK]S1 SEMI-SKILL$ WORK]S1 APPR5TICES4 ,IT WAS FUR!RMORE DIVID$ 9TO FIVE SECTIONS ' CORRESPOND+ TO ! WORK CATEGORIES4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT SECTIONS HAD ONE EMPLOYEE NOM9AT$ BY ! SYNDICAL C\NCIL4 ,! WORK%OPS & G>AGES C>RI$ \T ! WORK 7REPAIRS1 REPLACEM5T ( P>TS1 ETC47 REQUIR$ BY ! CU/OM]S LIV+ 9 ,CA/ELLON & ITS 5VIRONS1 OR EV5 BY PASS+ CU/OM]S4 ,IF = EXAMPLE ! [N] OR DRIV] ( A C> WANT$ REPAIRS TO BE DONE TO IT1 HE W\LD GO TO A G>AGE & ASK = AN E/IMATE4 ,! RESPONSIBLE DELEGATE W\LD TELL HIM H[ MU* IT CO/ & ! CU/OM] W\LD PAY NOT ! WORK]S DO+ ! WORK BUT TO ! ,SYNDICATE & GIV5 A RECEIPT = PAYM5T :I* HE W\LD !N TAKE TO ! G>AGE OR WORK%OP :]E ! WORK WAS TO BE C>RI$ \T4 ,?US ALL ACC\NT+ WAS C5TRALIZ$1 & ALL G>AGES1 5G9E]+ WORK%OPS & F\NDRIES HAD A COMMON TREASURY4 ,BUT EA* OP]ATION WAS SCRUPUL\SLY RECORD$1 SO AS TO BE 9 A POSITION TO FOLL[ 9 DETAIL ! ECONOMIC LIFE1 ( EA* WORK UNIT4 ,:I* DID NOT PREV5T SECTIONS 5JOY+ SURPLUSES FROM GIV+ SUPPORT TO ?OSE WORK+ AT A LOSS :5 ! CASE >OSE4 .<#a.> ,EV]Y MON? ! TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCIL PRES5T$ ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! ,SYNDICATE ) A REPORT :I* WAS -EXAM9$ & DISCUSS$ IF NECESS>Y1 & F9ALLY APPROV$ OR TURN$ D[N BY A MAJORITY4 ,MODIFICATIONS W]E 9TRODUC$ :5 ?IS MAJORITY ?\IAN DEMOCRACY4 ,SU* W]E ! NORMS ADOPT$ 9 ALL TRADES1 & ALL LOCALLY SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RIES4 ,BUT LET US GO DEEP] 9 \R ANALYSIS4 ,AS ONE CAN WELL IMAG9E1 =M] EMPLOY]S W]E NOT ADMITT$ 9TO ! ,SYNDICATE2 NEV]!LESS !Y W]E ACCEPT$ AS PRODUC]S 9 ! WORK%OPS4 ,?OSE :O = PHYSICAL OR M5TAL REASONS C\LD NOT WORK & W]E )\T MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE RECEIV$ A WAGE SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! WORK]S4 ,FROM ! PR(ESSIONAL PO9T ( VIEW WORK]S WI%+ TO ADVANCE TO A HI<] CATEGORY C\LD DO SO1 BUT W]E REQUIR$ TO UND]GO AN EXAM9ATION 9 !ORY & PRACTICE BE=E ! C5TRAL C\NCIL ( ! ,SYNDICATE & ! WORK%OP DELEGATES4 ,F9ALLY1 :5 ! CASE >OSE1 ! ,SYNDICATE APPLI$ -- ON ! ACCEPTANCE BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY -- DISCIPL9>Y MEASURES4 ,?IS IS ! ONLY CASE ?AT WE HAVE MET & NOT$ BUT CANNOT AFFIRM ?AT !RE W]E NOT O!RS4 ,9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & BELIEV+ ?AT ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! EMPLOY] JU/IFI$ UNUSUAL NEGLIG5CE1 SOME WORK]S DISPLAY$ EXCESSIVE LAXITY 7?IS ALSO OCCURR$ AMONG BUILD+ WORK]S 9 ,ALICANTE74 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 AT ! ASSEMBLY HELD ON ,DECEMB] #c A RESOLUTION WAS ADOPT$ -- WE DO NOT KN[ :E!R BY A MAJORITY OR UNANIM\SLY -- ! TEXT ( :I* WAS PR9T$ ON PO/]S :I* W]E DISPLAY$ 9 ALL ! WORK%OPS4 ,T,O ,C,O,M,R,A,D,E,S ,& ,W,O,R,K,%,O,P ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E,S ,COMRADES1 #a7 ,! WORK%OP DELEGATES >E NOM9AT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! RULE MADE BY Y\ & BY ! ,COMITE4 #b7 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ,>TICLE #e ( ! REGULATIONS1 !SE DELEGATES >E RESPONSIBLE = TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE QUE/IONS 9 ! WORK%OPS4 #c7 ,9 AGREEM5T )1 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#i#c#f1 A VOTE ( CONFID5CE WAS GIV5 TO !SE ,DELEGATES1 9 CASES ( 9DISCIPL9E OR FAILURE TO C>RY \T !IR DUTIES BY ! COMRADES COMPRIS+ ! WORK%OP P]SONNEL1 DISCIPL9>Y MEASURES CONSID]$ NECESS>Y %\LD BE TAK5 TO 5SURE ! SMOO? RUNN+ & SATISFACTORY PROGRESS ( ! WORK 9 ! ,SYNDICATE'S WORK%OPS4 #d7 ,!SE DELEGATES WILL NOT BE ABLE TO APPLY SEV]E SANCTIONS1 SU* AS ! DISMISSAL ( A COMRADE FROM A WORK%OP1 )\T ! AGREEM5T ( ! ,COMITE & ( ! MANAGEM5T ,COMMISSION ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 #e7 ,ANY COMRADE HAV+ CAUSE TO COMPLA9 ( ! DELEGATE EI!R = UNION MATT]S OR 9 CONNECTION ) ! WORK %\LD1 9 ORD] NOT TO CREATE CONFUSION1 AB/A9 FROM DIRECT & P]SONAL CRITICISM2 BUT WILL REF] TO ! COMRADES ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,C\NCIL :O WILL TAKE ! NECESS>Y DECISIONS4 #f7 ,ALL CURR5T MATT]S CONC]N+ ! WORK OR UNION MATT]S :I* WILL >ISE AMONG COMRADES 9 ! WORK%OPS WILL HAVE TO BE DEALT ) ?R\< ! RESPECTIVE DELEGATES4 ,ALL ( :I* WE COMMUNICATE TO DELEGATES & COMRADES = !IR 9=MATION4 ,CA/ELLON1 ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#c#g4 ,ONCE AGA9 WE OBS]VE ?AT ! S]I\SNESS ) :I* EV]Y?+ IS DEALT ) TO 5SURE ! SUCCESS ( ! WORK]S' A*IEVEM5TS1 IMPLIES A DISCIPL9E FREELY ACCEPT$1 & CONSID]$ AS A GU>ANTEE = SUCCESS4 ,& UND\BT$LY1 ALL SAID & DONE1 IT IS BETT] ?AT !RE %\LD BE EXCESSIVE DEM&S SO F> AS RESPONSIBILITY IS CONC]N$ ?AN AN IRRESPONSIBILITY :I* W\LD LEAD TO A MELT+ AWAY & FAILURE4 ,BUT ! ACTIVITY ( \R COMRADES WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO ! ORGANIZ+ ( 9DU/RIES4 ,!Y W]E 9TEGRAT$ 9 ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 :]E1 9CID5TALLY1 !Y W]E 9 A M9ORITY4 ,!Y W]E NOT GOOD TALK]S OR BRILLIANT ORATORS1 BUT 9TELLIG5T1 !IR PRACTICAL OR HUMAN S5SE WAS NOT DE=M$ BY A POLITICIAN'S M5TALITY1 & !Y KNEW H[ TO DEF5D ) CONVICTION ! CON/RUCTIVE 9ITIATIVES :I* FL[$ FROM !IR IDEAS & FROM ! NEW SITUATION4 ,AMONG ! PROPOS$ RE=MS WAS ! FAMILY WAGE & ! SOCIALIZATION ( M$IC9E BY ! MUNICIPALITY1 ,! O!R C\NCILORS1 REPUBLICANS & SOCIALI/S 7SUPPORT]S ( ,L>GO1 ,CABALL]O7 :O ADVOCAT$ MANY RE=MS :5 !Y W]E 9 OPPOSITION1 TURN$ !M D[N1 9VOK+ ! REPUBLICAN CON/ITUTION1 EXI/+ LAWS & ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES4 ,BUT UN=TUNATELY = ! POLITICIANS1 ! ,C\NCIL SITT+S W]E PUBLIC1 & ! WORK]S AS WELL AS !IR WOM5FOLK ATT5D$ !SE MEET+S ) 9T]E/4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT MANY ,U4,G4,T4 MEMB]S1 DISAPPO9T$ BY ! ANTISOCIALI/ BEHAVIOR ( !IR SOCIALI/ LEAD]S1 W5T OV] TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ?R\<\T ! PROV9CE ! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ROSE AT AN UNEXPECT$ RATE4 ,IT WAS ! 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T ( A SOCIETY 9 A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION4 ,! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 DID NOT CORRESPOND+LY FALL1 = ! SMALL >TISAN-EMPLOY]S1 OPPOS$ TO SOCIALIZATION1 C>ETAK]S1 G5]ALLY ! DEF5D]S ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 (FICE EMPLOYES ) ! S\LS ( BUREAUCRATS1 TRADESM51 5EMIES ( COOP]ATIVES1 & SMALLHOLD]S3 :O BELIEV$ ?AT WE 9T5D$ TO1 LEAVE !M )\T ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & DEPRIVE !M ( !IR H>VE/ :5 ! TIME CAME1 JO9$ 5 MASSE ! RE=MI/ ORGANIZATION ,U4,G4,T4 9 :I* ! COMMUNI/S W]E SPREAD+ !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,RIY & COM=TABLE HOME1 = ! BUILD+ REPAIRS & NECESS>Y BUILD+ W]E UND]TAK5 AS SOON AS ! NE$ = !M WAS REALIZ$4 ,IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T ?AT JU/ AS ! DISPOSSESS$ L&LORD NOT ABLE TO WORK W\LD RECEIVE A NORMAL WAGE1 ! SMALL PROPRIETOR WAS ALL[$ TO OCCUPY ! H\SE :I* HE HAD BUILT BY HIS [N EF=TS4 ,?IS SOCIALIZATION ( H\S+ WAS NOT UNCOMMON4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA APPE>S TO US TO HAVE HAD SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,IT PROVES ! POSSIBILITY ( A*IEV+ V]Y BOLD RE=MS 9 A SOCIETY :I* HAS NOT 5TIRELY EM]G$ FROM ITS ORIG9AL POLITICAL FRAMEWORK4 ,IT DEMON/RATES ?AT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN .*OSYNDICALISM4ORG.> CAN1 IF CONDUCT$ 9TELLIG5TLY1 ) PRACTICAL ABILITY1 TACT1 & NOBILITY ( SPIRIT1 LOSES MU* ( ITS H>%NESS & GA9 9 EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,9 ANY CASE IT OP5S UP NEW HORIZONS1 AS IT DID 9 ?OSE LOCALITIES :]E ONLY SOME 9DU/RIES W]E SOCIALIZ$ BECAUSE !Y W]E ! ONLY ONES ) SUFFICI5TLY /RONG REVOLUTION>Y CADRES1 :]EAS ! O!RS HAD NONE AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,! TWELVE MILLION MEMB]S ( CONSUM]S COOP]ATIVES 9 ,BRITA9 DO NOT PREV5T ! EXI/5CE ( PRIVATE COMM]CE4 ,= ! P>TISANS ( ! CREATION ( A NEW SOCIETY1 MANY /EPS C\LD BE TAK5 )\T ! %$D+ ( BLOOD4 #f4 ,SOCIALIZATION 9 ,ALICANTE ,) ,ELDA1 ,JATIVA & ,CA/ELLON1 ,ALICANTE1 CAPITAL ( ! PROV9CE 9 :I* !SE T[NS >E LOCAT$1 HAD A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ) A LIB]T>IAN \TLOOK ( LONG /&+ :I* KEPT GO+ COME HELL OR HI< WAT] ?R\<\T ! SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ?AT REGION4 ,& 9 ! EV5TS :I* OP5$ ! ROAD TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! TRADITIONAL SOLID>ITY EXI/+ BETWE5 ?OSE T[NS1 !IR SYNDICATES & !IR F$]AT$ LIB]T>IAN GR\P+S MADE POSSIBLE ! A*IEVEM5T ( :AT EA* ISOLAT$ T[N W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE BE5 UNABLE EV5 TO UND]TAKE4 ,= ! >M$ =CES ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 ! ANTI-FASCI/ COMBAT GR\PS SET UP BY \R COMRADES OR ) !IR P>TICIPATION1 PREV5T$1 H]E TOO1 ! REACTION>Y ELEM5TS FROM TAK+1 9DE$ ( EV5 ATTEMPT+ TO TAKE1 BY ASSAULT ! REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,PEACE WAS NOT !RE=E S]I\SLY UPSET1 & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D ALL[$ ITSELF TO BE DIS>M$4 ,TO REALIZE !IR IDEAL \R COMRADES HAD BEH9D !M \R ,SYNDICATES3 FIR/LY ! METALLURGI/S'1 NUM]ICALLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ONE1 GR\P+ ALL METAL WORK]S4 ,!N ! BUILD+ ,SYNDICATE1 ) AN 9DU/RIAL /RUCTURE & 9CLUD+ MASONS1 QU>RYM51 PLA/]]S1 JO9]S1 C>P5T]S1 PA9T]S1 RO(]S1 ETC4 ,!N ! CLO?+ ,SYNDICATE ) TAILORS1 DRESSMAK]S1 HOSI]Y & L+]IE SPECIALI/S2 !N1 9 ORD] ( IMPORTANCE CAME ! ,FOOD ,SYNDICATE1 ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 & F9ALLY ! L& & M>ITIME TRANSPORT ,SYNDICATE4 ,NEV]!LESS IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! ,U4,G4,T4 ALSO HAD A ,BUILD+ ,SYNDICATE1 A ,FI%+ ,9DU/RY ,SYNDICATE 7A BRAN* ( ! ,FOOD ,SYNDICATE7 & ANO!R 9 ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY4 ,?IS DID NOT 9 FACT CON/ITUTE AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE = =G+ AHEAD4 ,ALICANTE IS ONE ( ! EXAMPLES :]E SOCIALI/ RANK & FILE WORK]S1 ?\< MEMB]S ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 REFUS$ TO OBEY ! ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTIVES ( !IR LEAD]S4 ,! FACTS WE >E REPRODUC+ W]E NOT OBTA9$ ON ! SPOT4 ,!Y >E BAS$ ON ! TE/IMONY ( MILITANTS :O TOOK P>T 9 ?IS CON/RUCTIVE TASK & :O EXPLA9$ IT TO ! AU?OR 9 DISCUSSIONS HE HAD ) !M AFT] ,FRANCO'S TRIUMPH4 ,WE REPRODUCE :AT SEEMS TO US TO BE MO/ IMPORTANT1 & 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 ORIG9AL1 ASPECTS = !Y CORRESPOND$ TO A P>TICUL> SOCIAL & LOCAL SITUATION AS WELL AS1 IT MU/ BE SAID1 TO ! \TLOOK ( ! PEOPLE CONC]N$4 ,SOCIALIZATION ( ,BUILD+ -- ,! BUILD+ 9DU/RY WAS 9 ! H&S ( SMALL CONTRACTORS4 ,AT AN ASSEMBLY SPECIALLY CALL$1 ! ,SYNDICATE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 BUILD+ WORK]S DECID$ TO TAKE POSSESSION ( BUILD+ PLANT & EQUIPM5T & TO SOCIALIZE ITS USE4 ,?IS WAS DONE4 ,9 EA* CASE1 AN 9V5TORY WAS DRAWN UP ( ALL ! TOOLS & RAW MAT]IALS CONTROLL$ BY EA* ( ! DISPOSSESS$ EMPLOY]S1 = ! PURPOSE ( COMP5SATION4 ,AN UNUSUAL PROC$URE & CONTR>Y TO ! BASIC PR9CIPLE ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 BUT IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ! CONTRACTORS W]E SMALL EMPLOY]S1 & AS WAS V]Y (T5 ! CASE1 !Y (T5 WORK$ H>D] ?AN !IR EMPLOYES4 ,WE WILL SOON BE SEE+ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS4 ,=1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 9 ! SY/EM :I* MADE ! ,SYNDICATE 9TO ! COORD9ATOR & DIRECTOR ( WORK AS A :OLE1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SELECT ON EA* SITE SOMEONE TO BE RESPONSIBLE TO HIS COMRADES & TO ! SYNDICAL COORD9AT+ COMMITTEE4 ,?IS P]SON1 9EVITABLY1 HAD TO BE CAPABLE ( RUNN+ ! SITE2 ?AT IS1 SOMEONE HAV+ TE*NICAL EXP]I5CE4 ,N[1 9 G5]AL1 ! EMPLOY]S 9 ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY W]E BETT] TRADESM5 ?AN ! WAGE E>N]S4 ,& AS !Y DID NOT WI% TO RUN ! RISK ( FAILURE ) S]I\S1 IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES1 IT WAS FROM AMONG ! EMPLOY]S ?AT ! SITE MANAG]S W]E SELECT$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 PRACTICE IT TRANSPIR$ ?AT !SE EX-SMALL CONTRACTORS :O ACCEPT$ ! NEW SITUATION )\T TOO MU* DIFFICULTY1 HAD A GREAT] S5SE ( DUTY ?AN ?AT ( ! AV]AGE WORK]1 ACCU/OM$ TO BE+ GIV5 ORD]S & NOT TO TAK+ RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,& ?AT !Y PAID MORE ATT5TION TO ! QUALITY ( ! WORK ?AN !IR NEW COMRADES4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 AS 9 O!RS1 IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO PUT 9TO OP]ATION AT ONE /ROKE ! ABSOLUTE EQUALITY ( WAGES1 = 9 ! MIDDLE ( A REVOLUTION IT WAS UNWISE TO PROVOKE CONFLICTS :I* W\LD ONLY HAMP] PRODUCTION4 ,= ALL !SE REASONS ! ,SYNDICATES FELT OBLIG$ TO E/ABLI% A DIFF]5CE 9 REMUN]ATION4 ,WORK]S )\T TE*NICAL RESPONSIBILITIES RECEIV$ #a PESETAS A DAY & ?OSE ) RECEIV$ #a#d4 ,?IS WAS 9 ALL PROBABILITY FACILITAT$ BY ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( ! NUMB]S ( MEMB]S ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 :O1 HAD SUPPORT$ ! SYNDICALISATION & W]E UPSETT+ \R COMRADES4 ,BUT ONCE AGA9 :AT WAS ESS5TIAL WAS ! SMOO? RUNN+1 & QUALITY1 ( ! WORK2 ONE C\LD NOT RISK HAV+ NEW CON/RUCTIONS OR REPAIR$ BUILD+S NE$+ ATT5TION AFT] ONLY A FEW MON?S4 ,?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 A JU/IFICATION = A RETURN TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T1 ANYWAY1 ?AT WAGES W]E FIX$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! ,SYNDICATE1 CONSEQU5TLY ) AT LEA/ ! APPROVAL ( ! MAJORITY ( WORK]S :O B[$ TO !SE FACTS ( LIFE4 ,! BUILD+ ,SYNDICATE !RE=E EX]CIS$ CONTROL OV] ! SITES AS A :OLE1 ( ! =M] UND]TAK+S TRANS=M$ 9TO SECTIONS OR CELLS1 9 A REGIME ! FRAMEWORK ( :I* HAD REMA9$ REPUBLICAN4 ,A SITUATION REM9ISC5T ( ! SITUATION 9 ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA4 ,AN IMPORTANT P>T ( SOCIAL LIFE /ILL CON=M$ TO ! E/ABLI%$ JURIDICAL PR9CIPLES2 SOCIAL CLASSES /ILL EXI/$ AS DID P>ASITIC OR PRIVILEG$ /RATA -- ?\< ! IMPORTANCE ( ! LATT] HAD CONSID]ABLY DIM9I%$ & WAS GO+ ON DECREAS+ -- F9ANCE CAPITAL1 ) V]Y R$UC$ P[]S1 MIDDLEM5 9 DI/RIBUTION CONT9U$ TO EXPLOIT ! POPULATION BUT W]E T5D+ TO BE R$UC$ TO /RAIT5$ CIRCUM/ANCES BY GR[+ COOP]ATIVES2 BUT ALSO OP]AT+ ALONG P>ALLEL L9ES W]E TRADES1 9DU/RIES1 S]VICES & PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES1 (T5 AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 :I* W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S1 PREVI\SLY WAGE E>N]S SUBJECT$- TO ! EMPLOY+ CLASS1 :O HAD N[ BECOME MA/]S ( !IR [N DE/9Y4 ,! BUILD+ ,SYNDICATE CONSI/$ ( #e MASONS1 #he PA9T]S 9 ADDITION TO ! RO(]S1 ! LOCKSMI?S1 >*ITECTS1 ETC4 ,! UNITS ( WORK W]E DULY ORGANIZ$ & REPAIR WORK ON BUILD+S & REPA9T+ BRICKWORK ON H\SES WAS />T$ & *>GEABLE TO ! PROPRIETORS4 ,CONTACT WAS MADE ) ! MUNICIPALITY = PUBLIC WORKS1 & CON/RUCTION WORK :I* DEP5D$ ON ITS GOODWILL & F9ANCIAL RES\RCES4 ,SU* WORK 9CLUD$ REPAIRS TO S*OOLS & HOSPITALS4 ,NEW BUILD+S SPRANG UP1 & AS AIR RAIDS W]E EXPECT$1 %ELT]S = ! CIVIL POPULATION CON/RUCT$4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE ME*ANISM DEMON/RATES ONCE AGA9 ! T5D5CY ALREADY NOT$ 9 MANY PLACES TO GET EV]YBODY TO TAKE ON G5]AL RESPONSIBILITIES .<#a#a.> OR TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,BUT AS WELL AS HAV+ A TE*NICAL REPRES5TATIVE 9 *>GE ( ! WORK ON EA* SITE1 !RE WAS ALSO A UNION DELEGATE *OS51 BY ! WORK]S4 ,BETWE5 !M !Y PREP>$ E/IMATES = PROJECTS4 ,!RE WAS CLOSE & CON/ANT COLLABORATION1 EV]Y EF=T WAS MADE TO 5C\RAGE 5?USIASM1 MORAL SUPPORT1 & TO APPEAL TO ! 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI5CE4 ,& :5 A CONTRACT WAS COMPLET$ & ! BALANCE %EET %[$ A PR(IT ! ,SYNDICATE CONGRATULAT$ ! WORK]S ON ! SITE1 JU/ AS IT EXPRESS$ DISAPPROVAL :5 A LOSS WAS MADE4 ,ONE MAY WELL ASK :Y ! PR(ITS W]E NOT %>$ AMONG ! WORK]S :OSE EF=TS PRODUC$ !M4 ,SIMPLY BECAUSE ANY PR(ITS W]E KEPT = ACTS ( SOLID>ITY4 ,?US1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! E/ATE [N]S OR ! PO/PONEM5T ( BUILD+ CONTRACTS1 CREAT$ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( TEMPOR>Y UNEMPLOYM5T1 BUT = ALL ?AT !RE W]E NO REAL UNEMPLOY$4 ,?ANKS TO ! FUNDS HELD BY ! ,SYNDICATE IT WAS POSSIBLE TO ALL[ GR\PS ( MASONS1 PA9T]S1 ETC41 TO TAKE A RE/ 9 TURN4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T WAS !REBY CONV]T$ 9TO HOLIDAYS OR LEISURE DAYS4 ,! ,CANN+ ,9DU/RY -- ,?IS 9DU/RY WAS CONC]N$ ABOVE ALL ) FRUITS & VEGETABLES1 :I* W]E PRODUC$ 9 L>GE QUANTITIES 9 ?IS REGION ( ! ,LEVANTE4 ,BUT FOLL[+ ! CONCEPT OR PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIZATION BE+ 9T]DEP5D5T ) RELAT$ 9DU/RIES IT 9CLUD$ ALSO ! WORK]S DEAL+ ) ! MANUFACTURE1 PREP>ATION1 PACK+ -- & NOT ONLY WOOD5 PACK+ BOXES = DISPAT* BUT ALSO T9 CANS4 ,! /RUCTURE & OP]ATION ( ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION WAS AS FOLL[S3 ,! UND]TAK+S G5]ALLY EMPLOY$ A L>GE NUMB] ( H&S1 & ! ASSEMBLIES :]E WOM5 W]E 9 A MAJORITY1 NAM$ AT !IR PLACES ( WORK A DELEGATE1 MAN OR WOMAN1 RESPONSIBLE = #b WORK]S4 ,9 !IR TURN ! RESPONSIBLE DELEGATES MET TO NOM9ATE A P]SON TO BE RESPONSIBLE = ! :OLE 5T]PRISE4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A DELEGATE FROM ! ,SYNDICATE = EA* SECTION1 TO SUP]VISE WORK]S' WORK+ CONDITIONS 9 ! (FICES1 WORK%OPS1 W>EH\SES1 DEPOTS1 ETC4 ,NATURALLY ! DELEGATES W]E !MSELVES WORK]S 9 ! UND]TAK+S4 ,FRUIT & VEGETABLES W]E SUPPLI$ BY ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES4 ,! FRAT]NAL COORD9ATION BETWE5 WORK]S ON ! L& & 9 9DU/RY & BETWE5 !IR RESPECTIVE ORGANISMS WAS !RE=E BE+ EXT5D$ & COMPLET$4 ,IF ONE ADDS TO IT ! COLLABORATION EXI/+ BETWE5 ! ,SYNDICATES & ! ,MUNICIPALITIES ONE CAN SEE ! CON/ITUTION ( A SOCIAL ORGANISM ! DIFF]5T P>TS ( :I* H>MONIZ$ & COMPLET$1 9/EAD ( OPPOS+1 EA* O!R4 ,! PRES]VES W]E W>EH\S$ & PUT AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,FOOD ,SYNDICATE1 :I* SOLD !M TO ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCILS ( ! REGION & TO ! PROV9CIAL COMMISSIONS = FOOD SUPPLIES2 ! ,QU>T]MA/]-,G5]AL'S DEP>TM5T ITSELF WAS AMONG ! BUY]S4 ,BREAD MAK+ -- ,BETWE5 !M ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T4 ,SYNDICATES SOCIALIZ$ ! BAK]IES4 ,! HORNOS 7! BAKEH\SES7 BECAME BAK]Y ,NO4 #a1 ,NO4 #b1 ,NO4 #c & SO ON4 ,FL\R SUPPLIES W]E EQUITABLY %>$ AMONG !M1 & F9ANCES W]E HELD 9 COMMON4 ,AS DESCRIB$ 9 O!R CASES1 ! P]SONNEL ( EA* UND]TAK+ ELECT$ A RESPONSIBLE DELEGATE :O WAS SUP]VIS$ BY ! ,SYNDICATE1 :I* 9 ITS TURN WAS RESPONSIBLE TO !M4 ,CLO?+ -- ,MO/ ( ! FACTORY & WORK%OP [N]S RETIR$ FROM ! UND]TAK+S :]E !Y NO LONG] GAVE ! ORD]S1 & ( :I* !Y W]E NO LONG] ! [N]S4 ,! UND]TAK+ DELEGATE SELECT$ BY ASSEMBLIES ( ! 5T]PRISE1 & RESPONSIBLE TO ! ,SYNDICATE :I* COORD9AT$ ! :OLE1 CON/ITUT$ ! AXLE ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL ME*ANISM4 ,A CU/OM] REQUIR+ A SUIT OR AN OV]COAT W\LD SELECT ! WORK%OP ( HIS *OICE1 :]E HE W\LD BE PROVID$ ) A LI/ ( PRICES ACCORD+ TO ! QUALITY ( MAT]IALS REQUIR$4 ,9 EX*ANGE = ! MONEY PAID \T HE W\LD BE GIV5 A RECEIPT FROM A TRIPLICATE RECEIPT BOOK & ! :OLE1 PROC$URE WAS AS ALREADY DESCRIB$4 .<#a#b.> ,CUTT]S & O!R WORK]S REPLAC$ EMPLOY]S 9 MANAG+ ! WORK4 ,WAGES W]E #a PESETAS A DAY = M5 & WOM54 ,SOME ( ! BE/ TAILORS W\LD BE PAID #ab PESETAS4 ,!SE HANGOV]S ( 9EQUALITY CAN BE EXPLA9$ = ! SAME REASONS AS ADVANC$ = ! BUILD+ WORK]S4 ,BUT ?IS 9EQUALITY WAG V]Y SMALL COMP>$ ) :AT IT HAD BE5 :5 !RE WAS AN EMPLOY]4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !SE >E PROBLEMS :I* A MOVEM5T ( *ANGE %\LD /UDY4 ,! ,METALLURGICAL ,9DU/RY -- ,9 ! SOME:AT SUMM>Y CLASSIFICATIONS 9SPIR$ BY ! DESIRE = UNIFICATION1 METALLURGY 9 ,ALICANTE 5COMPASS$ EV]Y?+ FROM ! JEWELRY TRADE TO ! IRON BOIL] WORKS4 ,BUT NATURALLY ! JEWELRY TRADE PLAY$ NO P>T 9 ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( SYNDICAL PRODUCTION4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T4 W]E 9 AGREEM5T & WORK$ TOGE!R4 ,!Y CON/ITUT$ ! ,I4,M4,S4,A4 7! ,SOCIALIZ$ ,METALLURGICAL ,9DU/RIES ( ,ALICANTE74 ,?IS COMPLEX WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 SECTIONS :I* 9CLUD$ A G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9TEGRAT$ BY A WORK ,COMMISSION1 A TE*NICAL ,COMMISSION1 A PUR*ASES & SALES ,COMMISSION1 AN ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION1 ETC4 ,! WORK]S NOM9AT$ ON ! SPOT !IR DELEGATES :O ACT$ 9 AGREEM5T ) ! UNION ,C\NCIL4 ,! TWO SYNDICAL ORGANIZATIONS W]E 9 CONTACT ) ! DELEGATES ON ! ,C\NCIL ( ,I4,M4,S4,A4 ,! WORK%OPS LIKE ! BAKEH\SES1 W]E ID5TIFI$ BY NUMB]S4 ,!Y W]E P>TS ( A L>GE 9T]DEP5D5T :OLE4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,X,I,V ,I,S,O,L,A,T,$ ,A,*,I,E,V,E,M,5,T,S ,! ,REVOLUTION DID NOT ALWAYS MANAGE TO SOCIALIZE ALL ! WORK%OPS1 WORKS1 & FACTORIES ( ! E/ABLI%$ 9DU/RIES 9 A LOCALITY OR 9 A REGION4 ,! RESI/ANCE ( ! POLITICAL =CES ALLI$ TO :AT REMA9$ ( ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF1 MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO GO BEYOND C]TA9 LIMITS4 ,ON ! O!R H& SOME UND]TAK+S W]E FREQU5TLY CUT (F SOME:]E 9 ! PROV9CE4 ,OR AGA9 ! WORK]S HAD NOT BE5 WON OV] QUICKLY 5\< BY ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS ON A NATIONAL SCALE4 ,& ACCORD+ TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 SOME E/ABLI%M5TS :I* HAD REMA9$ \TSIDE W]E COLLECTIVIZ$1 OR ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES ?R\< ACT+ ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE -- OR BY IMITAT+ :AT WAS BE+ DONE ELSE:]E4 ,SU* WAS ALSO ! CASE ) AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,A*IEVEM5TS ( ?IS K9D W]E FAIRLY R>E 9 ! ,CATALAN C\NTRYSIDE1 ! PEASANT !RE BE+ MORE 9CL9$ T[>DS 9DIVIDUAL SMALLHOLD+S1 ?AN T[>DS ! SOCIAL COMMUNITY4 ,! ,CATALAN AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES RESULT$ !RE=E 9 GR\P+S :I* CANNOT BE COMP>$ ) ! ,F$]ATION ( ,>AGON1 ! ,LEVANTE & ! ,C5T]4 ,NEV]!LESS !SE A*IEVEM5TS W]E NUM]\S & DES]VE TO BE LI/$ & /UDI$ 9 DEP?4 ,& EV5 ?\< IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO 9CLUDE !IR HI/ORY 9 ! G5]AL /RUCTURE -- LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL -- !Y >E ( CONSID]ABLE 9T]E/4 ,9 MANY CASES EA* W\LD DES]VE A MONOGRAPH TO ITSELF4 ,IF JU/ ONE ( !M HAD BE5 REALIZ$1 TODAY IT W\LD >\SE ! 9T]E/ ( RE=M]S ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,H]E >E SOME EXAMPLES1 ONE AGR>IAN1 ! REMA9D] ( AN 9DU/RIAL NATURE1 :I* SURELY S]VE TO FUR!R ILLU/RATE ! MULTIPLICITY ( CREATIVE 9ITIATIVES AB\T :I* ONE CANNOT EV] SAY 5\<4 #a4 ,! ,BOOT & ,%OEMAK]S ( ,L]IDA ,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! ,FRANCOI/ UPRIS+1 & UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! HOPES ?AT ! ,CIVIL ,W> HAD >\S$1 SOME %OEMAK]S 9 ,L]IDA 7CAPITAL ( ! PROV9CE ( ! SAME NAME7 :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T MET NOT ONLY TO SEE 9 :AT WAY !Y C\LD P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RUGGLE BUT H[ TO ORGANIZE A NEW WAY ( LIFE4 ,! ,REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES HAD VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$ SO NO?+ PREV5T$ !M FROM MAK+ ! EXP]IM5T4 ,) !M AT ?AT MEET+ WAS A SMALL EMPLOY] & HIS SON4 ,SOON O!R WORK]S ATTA*$ !MSELVES TO ! ORIG9AL GR\PS2 O!R SMALL EMPLOY]S DID LIKEWISE4 ,& !Y ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES ON A COLLECTIVI/ BASIS4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION BR\T$ ! SAID M9I/] [$ ! ,L]IDA %OEMAK]S' ,COMMUNITY SOME MILLIONS4 ,=TUNATELY ! MEMB]S MANAG$ BY %OE REPAIRS1 BY MAK+ %OES TO MEASURE1 AS WELL AS BY GR[+ SOME ( !IR [N FOOD1 TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES & !IR FAMILIES4 #b4 ,! ,VAL5CIA ,FL\R ,MILLS ,! UPHEAVAL CAUS$ 9 ! POLITICAL DOMA9 BY ! ,FRANCOI/ ATTACK NATURALLY HAD REP]CUSSIONS 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD TOO4 ,A MORE OR LESS 9T5SIVE DISORGANIZATION TOOK PLACE 9 ?OSE SECTORS ( VITAL IMPORTANCE TO ! POPULATION4 ,! AU?ORITIES W]E 9CAPABLE ( TAK+ ANY ACTION ( ! SLIGELY 9EFFICI5T PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,= 9/ANCE ONE SAW ?IS 9 ! CASE ( FL\R SUPPLIES = ,VAL5CIA1 :]E ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD SET ITSELF UP ) ALL ITS BUREAUCRACY4 ,SOME DELEGATES ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T4 :O WORK$ 9 ! FOOD 9DU/RY1 HAD TO MEET TO DEAL ) ! GRAVE %ORTAGES :I* V]Y SOON APPE>$1 & CON/ITUT$ ONE ( ! FACTORS LEAD+ TO DISORGANIZATION :I* ! FASCI/S W\LD HAVE S\T$ TO OP]ATE UND] ! MANAGEM5T ( A WORK]S' C\NCIL ( MEMB]S ( ! TWO WORK]S' UNIONS3 ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T4 ,9 NORMAL TIMES ,VAL5CIA RECEIV$ & CONSUM$ #a1 SACKS ( FL\R DAILY4 ,BUT ! SITUATION HAD BECOME MORE COMPLICAT$ AS A RESULT ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 & MORE BREAD WAS NE$$ TO MAKE UP = %ORTAGES ( O!R FOOD/UFFS4 ,FROM ! ,FR5* FRONTI] TO ,GIBRALT>1 ,EA/]N ,SPA9 WAS NOT A PRODUC] ( :EAT2 ! GREAT CORN BELTS1 AS WE HAVE PO9T$ \T1 W]E 9 ,CA/ILE & ,&ALUSIA1 :I* FELL TO ,FRANCO 9 ! E>LY DAYS4 ,FUR!RMORE ! ,LEVANTE HAD ! ADDITIONAL BURD5 ( AN EV]-GR[+ NUMB] ( REFUGEES4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 :]E !RE WAS NO TIME TO LOSE1 S9CE ! DAILY BREAD HAD TO BE ASSUR$1 ! FAIRLY MOD]N MILLS QUICKLY PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,BUT ! SUPPLIES ( :EAT REQUIR$ W]E SOON UND] ! ?UMB ( ! ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE1 ! COMMUNI/ ,URIBE1 :O WAS C]TA9LY OBLIG$ TO ECONOMIZE & PLAN HIS /OCKS1 BUT :O ON ! O!R H& TOOK GOOD C>E NOT TO SEEK TO E/ABLI% AGREEM5T ) ! 0,SOCIALIZ$ ,FL\R ,MILLS0 GR\P+4 ,KILL ! REVOLUTION ?AT !Y CANNOT CONTROL3 SU* HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! ATTITUDE ( ! COMMUNI/S FROM ,M>X ONW>DS4 ,?AT GR\P+ OP]AT$ JU/ ! SAME4 ,! G5]AL ORGANIZATION WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO SECTIONS4 ,ONE1 ! PUR*AS+ SECTION :OSE AG5TS SC\R$ ! C\NTRYSIDE & EV5 W5T 9TO SOME REGIONS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,FRANCOI/S1 = SUPPLIES ( :EAT4 ,! O!R1 ! SALES SECTION1 :I* UND]TOOK ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! FL\R TO ! ,VAL5CIA BAK]S4 ,A ?IRD1 COMPLEM5T>Y SECTION ( AN ADM9I/RATIVE NATURE1 WAS CONC]N$ ) /ATI/ICS1 CORRESPOND5CE1 >*IVES1 ACC\NTS4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ! ORGANIZ+ ,COMITE1 CONSI/+ 5TIRELY ( COMRADES ( ! ,U4,G4-,T4 & ,C4,N4,T41 PRES5T$ ! ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE ) !IR CONCLUSIONS BAS$ ON ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION3 #a7 ,ALL CORN /OCKS 9 ! NATIONAL T]RITORY TO BE REQUISITION$4 #b7 ,DI/RIBUTION TO ! PROV9CES ON ! BASIS ( !IR RESPECTIVE NE$S4 #c7 ,FREEZE ! PRICE AT NOT MORE ?AN #de PESETAS P] #a KILOS4 #d7 ,IMPORT IMM$IATELY SUPPLIES FROM ,RUSSIA & ,>G5T9A4 ,!IR DEM&S W]E IGNOR$4 ,! PRECI\S C]EAL WAS SOON TO BE 9 %ORT SUPPLY1 :I* CAME AS NO SURPRISE TO ANYONE EV] SO SLID ! HEAL? ( WORK]S1 MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 CALL$ A MEET+ :I* TOOK PLACE ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#i#c#f4 ,! EMPLOY]S W]E 9VIT$ AS WELL AS ! WAGE E>N]S4 ,& AS HAPP5$ ON MANY O!R OCCASIONS1 EMPLOY]S & WORK]S W]E 9 AGREEM5T TO GO =W>D4 ,?US IT WAS ?AT !Y UNANIM\SLY AGRE$ TO ORGANIZE ! 0,COOP]ATIVE ( ! ,*OCOLATE ,WORK]S ( ,TORR5TE04 ,WORK WAS />T$ IMM$IATELY ON ! CON/RUCTION ( A L>GE BUILD+ SIT$ NE> ! RAILWAY1 9 ORD] TO FACILITATE ! UNLOAD+ ( RAW MAT]IALS & ! DISPAT* ( ! F9I%$ >TICLES4 ,! :OLE CONSI/$ ( FIVE SECTIONS1 EA* #e MET]S LONG BY #c WIDE4 ,! FIR/1 US$ = MANUFACTURE1 SOON HAD #de MA*9ES ALL AT WORK2 SOME HAD BE5 PROVID$ BY !IR [N]S :ILE ! O!RS HAD TO1 BE SPECIALLY ACQUIR$4 ,! SECOND SECTION ( ! BUILD+ WAS US$ = LESS] OP]ATIONS :I* CONSI/$ 9 GIV+ ! >TICLES !IR *>ACT]I/IC %APE4 ,! ?IRD WAS = /OR+ RAW MAT]IALS2 ! F\R?1 = ! PROCESS ( TORREFACTION OR ( PREP>ATION2 F9ALLY1 ! FIF? WAS ! WELL-EQUIPP$ COLD /ORE4 ,NEV] BE=E HAD ONE SE5 9 ,SPA9 A *OCOLATE & CONFECTION]Y FACTORY AS WELL ORGANIZ$ OR AS L>GE4 ,! HUNDR$S ( M5 & WOM5 WORK]S :O W]E EMPLOY$ 9 ! UND]TAK+ GAVE PRO( ( A T\*+ SUPPORT = ! 5T]PRISE4 ,:5 FROM ! BEG9N+ !RE WAS A QUE/ION ( PAY+ !M A HI<] WAGE ?AN ! EMPLOY]S HAD PAID 9 ! PA/ !Y REFUS$ TO ACCEPT1 DECID+ TO WAIT UNTIL ! COOP]ATIVE HAD MADE ITS FIR/ PR(ITS4 ,IT WAS ALSO L>GELY DUE TO !IR 9ITIATIVE ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( A LOCAL 0TURRON0 7N\GAT7 WAS UND]TAK5 AS WELL AS ( A NUMB] ( >TICLES ( A SIMIL> K9D4 ,! COOP]ATIVE -- :I* 9 FACT WAS MORE LIKE A COMMUNITY ?AN A COOP]ATIVE -- WAS MANAG$ BY A WORK]S' C\NCIL CONSI/+ ( SIX WORK]S FROM ! E/ABLI%M5T1 EA* EQUALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( ! FACTORY & ( ! QUALITY ( ! PRODUCT4 #d4 ,! ,AGR>IAN ,GR\PS 9 ,T>RASA ,T>RASA WAS ESS5TIALLY A MANUFACTUR+ C5T] SITUAT$ #c KM4 FROM ,B>CELONA4 ,= A LONG TIME ! PR9CIPLE 9DU/RY !RE WAS ! MANUFACTURE ( WOOL5 CLO? FROM RAW MAT]IALS PROVID$ PR9CIPALLY BY ! %EEP FROM ,LA ,MAN*A1 RI* 9 W9DMILLS & POOR PA/URES & ?I/LES4 ,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T H]E GOES BACK A LONG WAY1 & ! SYNDICAL TRADITION WAS TAK5 TO HE>T BY ! T[N'S #c1 9HABITANTS4 ,BUT AT ! MOM5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ( ,T>RASA W]E1 LIKE ?OSE ( MANY O!R T[NS1 F> FROM HAV+ ACQUIR$ ! TE*NICAL PREP>ATION NE$$ TO UND]TAKE ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,?AT & ! OPPOSITION ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES ) :OM WE CO-EXI/$1 EXPLA9S 9 P>T :Y LONG AFT] ! WORK]S HAD SEIZ$ ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 ! ,SYNDICATES HAD /ILL NOT TAK5 OV] !IR MANAGEM5T4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY :I* TRULY HAD BE5 SOCIALIZ$1 ! O!R 9DU/RIES W]E /ILL1 AFT] SIX MON?S4 AT ! /AGE ( CONTROL OR MANAGEM5T ,COMITES1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AT ! /AGE ( ABSORB+ ! EMPLOY] :5 HE WAS ON ! SC5E -- BUT ! L>GE FACTORIES (T5 BELONG$ TO ANONYM\S %>E HOLD]S-& ) ! MANAGEM5T & ADM9I/RATION ( ! UND]TAK+ BY ! WORK]S EMPLOY$ !RE4 .<#a.> ,I VISIT$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE FACTORIES1 :]E ,I HAD WORK$ AS A LABOR] SOME TW5TY YE>S PREVI\SLY4 ,IT WAS MANAG$ BY A 0TE*NICAL ,COMITE DIVID$ 9TO SEV5 P>TS2 TE*NICAL1 SYNDICAL1 WORK1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 COMM]CIAL1 PROPAG&A1 9SURANCE4 #a1#c M5 & WOM5 WORK$ !RE4 ,NO?+ 9DICAT$ ANY SL[+ UP ( !IR EF=TS4 ,9 ALL !IR TASKS !SE WORK]S %[$ ! SAME DILIG5CE AS UND] ! PREVI\S REGIME4 ,NO EMPLOY]S1 OR =EM5 AS 9 ! PA/2 BUT ONE C\LD READ ON ! FACES ! JOY ?AT CAME FROM ! SATISFACTION ( WORK+ =' & BY ONESELF4 ,BUT :AT WAS BE+ DONE ON ! L& >\ND ,T>RASA W5T MU* FUR!R ?AN :AT W5T ON 9 ! FACTORIES4 "9 ,! ,SYNDICATE ( L&WORK]S :I* DIRECTS & SUP]VISES !M WAS F\ND$ AFT] ,JULY #a#i4 ,BE=E ?AT !RE HAD 9 FACT NOT BE5 ANY AGRICULTURAL UNION ORGANIZATION EXCEPT = A PEASANT SECTION ( ! LOCAL G5]AL ,SYNDICATE4 ,BUT ) ! TRIUMPH OV] ! ,FRANCOI/S &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 OV] ! REACTION>Y & CONS]VATIVE ,RI$4 ,SOME W]E ,B>CELONA G5TLEM51 :O HAD HAD SECOND RESID5CES BUILT & SURR\ND$ BY LAWNS & :]E !Y W5T TO RELAX = TWO OR ?REE MON?S A YE>4 ,! O!RS W]E UN5T]PRIS+ SEMI-AGRICULTURI/S :O AB&ON$ !IR E/ATES TO ! BRAMBLES & WILD RABBITS4 ,\R COMRADES KNEW ?IS & SET TO WORK AT ONCE4 ,! ,PEASANTS' ,SYNDICATE IMM$IATELY TOOK OV] ?IS NEW S\RCE ( WEAL?4 ,ITS MEMB]S W]E RE9=C$ BY 9DU/RIAL WORK]S SUFFICI5TLY DISC]N+ TO SEE H[ MU* C\LD BE DONE4 ,AT ! 5D ( SIX MON?S1 SIXTE5 COLLECTIVE F>MS HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$4 ,! T]RA9 WAS TOO UNEV5 = L>GE SCALE CULTIVATION TO BE POSSIBLE2 BUT H]E AGA9 A G5]AL TR5D 9 ! :OLE CON/RUCTIVE EF=T 9 LIB]T>IAN ,SPA9 WAS MANIFE/4 ,! L&S ( NEIMS & E/ATES W]E BR\BRICULTURE4 ,! ,SYNDICATE PREP>$ RECORDS FROM DATA SUPPLI$ BY ! F>M MANAG+ ,COMITES ( ! LOCAL >EA ( EA* & ! DIFF]5T CULTIVATIONS4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! FUTURE YIELDS C\LD BE E/IMAT$4 ,! ,SYNDICATE'S ROLE WAS LIMIT$ TO ?IS & TO ! CREATION ( NEW COMMUNITIES :5 IT C\LD SECURE MORE L&4 ,! COMMUNITIES W]E ORGANIZ$ ON ! SPOT2 !IR MANAGEM5T ,COMITE CONSI/$ ( A DELEGATE = AGRICULTURE1 ONE = LIVE/OCK1 ONE = WORK+ TOOLS & EQUIPM5T2 ONE = ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT4 ,! WORK]S :O NOM9AT$ !M1 JU/ AS ! DELEGATES !MSELVES1 WORK$ FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET 9 ACCORDANCE ) DECISIONS TAK5 AT !IR MEET+S4 ,SOME HUNDR$ WORK]S W]E 5GAG$ 9 =E/RY1 BAS$ ON ! SAME ZONE & ALSO MANAG$ BY A TE*NICAL ,COMITE CONSI/+ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( DIFF]5T SECTIONS1 ,!RE TOO ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMITE WORK$ ALONGSIDE !IR COMRADES4 ,! AGR>IAN COMMUNITIES ( ,T>RASA W]E NOT CONT5T ) SECUR+ AS MU* FROM ! SEIZ$ L&S AS !Y C\LD4 ,!Y HAD GREAT] AMBITIONS4 ,MORE & MORE L& WAS BE+ CLE>$ ( ?I/LES1 BRAMBLES & PL[$ READY = CULTIVATION4 ,& ON ! HILLSIDES & ! HEI$ ( WE$S !Y S[$4 ,ONE TYPICAL EXAMPLE WAS ?AT ( ! COMMUNITY ,SOL Y ,VIDA 7,SUN & ,LIFE74 ,! [N] HAD NORMALLY EMPLOY$ SIX WORK]S4 ,!RE W]E N[ =TY :O W]E KEPT BUSY ALL ! TIME1 9T5SIVE CULTIVATION HAV+ REPLAC$ >ABLE F>M+4 ,BUT NOT ONLY WAS MO/ ( ! CULTIVABLE L& NOT CULTIVAT$1 OR LEFT AS POOR PA/URE1 !RE W]E ALSO :OLE >EAS ( =E/ ) D5SE UND]GR[? :I* W]E NOT PRODUC+ A WOR?:ILE RETURN4 ,! TRACTOR & M5'S EF=TS PRODUC$ MIRACLES4 ,9 A %ORT TIME #ad HECT>ES W]E BR\ & PEA* OR*>D4 ,MEAN:ILE !Y HAD TO LIVE 9 BETWE5 S[+ & H>VE/+4 ,?AT WAS :]E SOLID>ITY CAME 9TO ! PICTURE4 ,! =E/RY SECTION :I* SOLD ITS PRODUCTS )\T DIFFICULTY 7COAL WAS NO LONG] >RIV+ FROM ! ,A/URIAS & LOGS = FIRES & *>COAL W]E WELCOME7 HELP$ ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES4 ,COMRADES FROM ! T[N ALSO MADE !IR CONTRIBUTION4 ,SOME W\LD COME ON ,SUNDAYS TO WORK ON ! L&1 & HELP ON REPAIRS TO ! L&WORK]S' HOMES1 ALL )\T PAYM5T4 ,AMONG !SE RECRUITS !RE W]E SOME :O HAD VOLUNT>ILY GIV5 UP A #i PESETAS A WEEK WAGE 9 ! FACTORIES TO COME & JO9 9 ?IS CREATION ( A NEW LIFE1 = #f PESETAS4 ,AFT] VISIT+ ALMO/ ALL ! COMMUNITIES ,I W5T TO 9SPECT ONE ( ! F9E/ ACCOMPLI%M5TS 9 ?IS REGION4 ,AS MO/ ( ! MASONS W]E UNEMPLOY$ !IR ,SYNDICATE MADE >RANGEM5TS ) ! ,PEASANTS' ,SYNDICATE1 & S5T #ae M5 TO CLE> & CLEAN L&1 9 ! M\NTA9\S P>TS1 :I* S]V$ ONLY TO %ELT] ROD5TS & O!R CREATURES :O W]E PLAY+ HAVOC ) ! CROPS4 ,I SAW !SE COMRADES FELL TREES1 REMOVE TREE ROOTS1 *OP & SAW BRAN*ES1 /ACK LOGS & FAGOTS1 PREP>E ! OV5S & RAW MAT]IALS = MAK+ *>COAL4 ,EA* TEAM ACCOMPLI%$ A PRECISE P>T ( ! TASK & !Y LEFT BEH9D !M L& READY = CULTIVATION4 ,ON ! BASIS ( GUIDANCE COM+ FROM ! L&WORK]S' ,SYNDICATE SOME COMMUNITIES SPECIALIZ$ 9 KEEP+ PIGS1 O!RS C[S4 ,! WORK WAS RATIONALIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( AVAILABLE L& & CLIMATIC CONDITIONS4 ,MANY COMRADES W]E S5T TO ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,S*OOL 9 ,>5YS-DE-,M> NE>BY1 TO /UDY ! BE/ AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES4 ,! >EA CULTIVAT$ BY ! #af COMMUNITIES WAS #g HECT>ES & !Y W]E PROPOS+ TO D\BLE ! >EA BY CLE>+ SOME ( ! LEVEL L& FROM ! #d1 HECT>ES ( =E/ L&S4 ,FOOTNOTES - ,*APT] #ac #a4 ,! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5TS 5GAG$ 9 DEMAGOGY :I* COMPLETELY DECEIV$ ! MASSES1 & GREATLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! F9AL DEFEAT4 #b4 ,%OT BY ! ,FRANCOI/S4 #c4 ,IT %\LD BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT ,CATALONIA WAS MA9LY 9DU/RIAL1 & EV5 A L>GE P>T ( ! ,LEVANTE PRODUC$ NEI!R CORN NOR MEAT1 NOR ! DRI$ VEGETABLES :I* !Y CONSUM$4 ,IT WAS TO WEI< HEAVILY ON ! SITUATION 9 DUE C\RSE4 #d4 ,ONE ( ! MEANS US$ WAS TO /OP SUPPLY+ !M & TO RES]VE ! GOODS ?AT C\LD BE OBTA9$ = ! COMMUNAL W>EH\SES4 #e4 ,SEE AT ! 5D ( ?IS *APT] ! LEAFLET ?AT WAS DI/RIBUT$ ON ! SUBJECT4 #f4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT 9 ?IS CASE ! PR(ESSIONAL ,COLLECTIVE WAS NOT 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,9DE$ IT EMANAT$ FROM IT4 #g4 ,WE MU/ HONE/LY RECOGNIZE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT SOMETIMES HELP$ USEFUL 5T]PRISES ) F9ANCE2 & :ILE REGRETT+ ?AT ALL TOO (T5 IT DISP5S$ FUNDS 9DISCRIM9ATELY1 CREAT+ /AGNATION1 :I* AS WE %ALL SEE LAT]1 C\LD DO UNTOLD DAMAGE4 #h4 ,ONE CAN LOGICALLY ASSUME ?AT ! RELATIONS1 (T5 CORDIAL1 ?AT HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ OV] MANY YE>S BETWE5 ! LIB]T>IANS & REPUBLICANS MADE MUTUAL UND]/&+ POSSIBLE4 #i4 ,SEE ,LIB]T>IANS & ,REPUBLICANS 9 ,P>T ,V ( ?IS VOLUME4 #a4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! G>AGE WORK%OPS E/ABLI%$ ALONG ! ROAD FROM ,B>CELONA TO ,VAL5CIA HAD MORE WORK ?AN ?OSE DOTT$ AB\T ! T[N4 #a#a4 ,TO ASSI/ ?IS G5]AL 5T]PRISE & ! COLLABORATION BETWE5 ! ,SYNDICATES & ! ,MUNICIPALITY1 ! LATT] WAIV$ ALL TAXES ON ! ,BUILD+ ,SYNDICATE = ?REE MON?S4 #a#b4 ,SEE *APT]S ON ,FRAGA & ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA4 ,FOOTNOTE - ,*APT] #ad #a4 ,9 PRES5T-DAY 7#a#i#g#c7 T]MS WE C\LD SPEAK ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,FROM 3 ,LIB,COM4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigd 3 ,P>T #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,P>T #d -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/