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,P>TIES & ,GOV]NM5T 

#aigeaige 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

,TEXT 3 

,X,V3 ,POLITICAL ,COLLABORATION 
,X,V,I3 ,LIB]T>IANS & ,REPUBLICANS 
,X,V,I,I3 ,! ,9T]NAL ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 

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,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,C,O,L,L,A,B,O,R,A,T,I,O,N 

,?\< ! AIM ( ?IS BOOK IS AS ACCURATE A DESCRIPTION AS POSSIBLE ( ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION DUR+ ! YE>S #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i1 ! AU?OR CONSID]S IT ESS5TIAL TO PRES5T A PICTURE1 H[EV] BRIEF1 ( ! POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* !SE EXP]IM5TS W]E UND]TAK5 & C>RI$ \T1 SO ?AT C]TA9 FACTS MAY BE UND]/OOD MORE CLE>LY4 ,?IS WAS DONE 9 ! *APT] ON ,MAT]IALS = A ,REVOLUTION BUT WE NE$ TO ADD1 ESPECIALLY = READ]S ACQUA9T$ ) LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & DOCTR9ES1 SOME NECESS>Y DETAILS4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! \TBREAK ( ?IS REVOLUTION WAS P>T ( !1 REPLY ( ! EXTREME ,LEFT TO ! ,FRANCOI/ ATTACK4 ,?AT EXTREME ,LEFT1 :I* 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES WAS ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I41 HAD & HAS ALWAYS MADE 9TRANSIG5T ANTI-GOV]NM5TALISM & ANTI-/ATISM A PR(ESSION ( FAI?4 ,N[1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY WE SAW ! MO/ P[]FUL LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION 9 ! WORLD1 :I* HAD ALWAYS PROCLAIM$ ! SUP]IORITY ( ITS WELL F\ND$ *OICE ( DIRECT ACTION2 :I*1 CONSEQU5TLY1 W\LD HAVE REJECT$ AS A JOKE 9 BAD TA/E ! ?\<T ( ONE DAY 5T]+ A M9I/RY1 S5D F\R M9I/]S TO ! GOV]NM5T3 ,JUAN ,PEIRO 7,M9I/] = ,9DU/RY71 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] 7,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE71 ,JUAN ,LOPEZ 7,M9I/] ( ,=EIGN ,COMM]CE7 & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 EXTREMI/ AN>*I/ & 9TRANSIG5T DEMAGOGUE IF EV] !RE WAS ONE 7,M9I/] ( ,HEAL?74 ,BE=E ?AT ?REE M9I/]S-MODE/LY REF]R$ TO AS 0,C\NCILORS0 9 ,CATALAN-HAD 5T]$ ! ,B>CELONA GOV]NM5T1 MODE/LY CALL$ ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! AU?OR WAS NOT 9 ,SPA9 AT ! TIME & !RE=E DID NOT 9CUR EI!R DIRECT OR 9DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY 9 ?AT EXTRAORD9>Y VOLTE FACE1 & :5 HE DID >RIVE 9 ,SPA9 ! NEW M9I/]S W]E ALREADY 9 (FICE4 ,HE IS NO LESS UNEASY 9 TRY+ TO (F] AN EXPLANATION :I* HE FEELS NECESS>Y1 = M9I/]IAL COLLABORATION & P>TICIPATION = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCILS1 EX]T$ DIFF]5T 9FLU5CES1 BO? NEGATIVE-ESPECIALLY 9 ! =M] -& POSITIVE-ESPECIALLY 9 ! LATT]-BUT (T5 DECISIVE SO F> AS ! ATTITUDE ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS CONC]N$4 

,LET US SAY /RAI<T \T ?AT :AT DROVE ! AN>*I/S 9 ! FIR/ PLACE TO 5T] ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T WAS ! W>1 ! ,FRANCOI/ ATTACK & ! FE> ( SEE+ ! IMPLANTATION ( A FASCISM 9 ,SPA9 ! CATA/ROPHIC CONSEQU5CES ( :I* W]E EASY TO =ESEE4 

,9 FACT1 9 SPITE ( ! BRAGG+ & ! 9EPT \TBIDD+ 5GAG$ 9 BY ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5TS1 ! ORATORS1 ! J\RNALI/S :O ADDRESS$ !MSELVES TO ! MASSES-&1 ALAS1 ALSO LIB]T>IAN AGITATORS-! UNC]TA9TY ( ULTIMATE VICTORY AFFECT$ MANY EV5 BE=E ! ,FRANCOI/ =CES HAD 9 ! S\? REA*$ ! GATES ( ,MADRID OR HAD GA9$ GR\ND & TAK5 OR SURR\ND$ SOME T[NS 9 ! NOR!RN REGION1 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION LIV+ 9 ! P>T ( ,SPA9 /ILL CALL$ REPUBLICAN1 WAS ABOVE AN DOM9AT$ BY ! FE> ( A ,FRANCOI/ VICTORY & DID NOT UND]/& ?AT ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL =CES ORGANIZ$ 9 P>TIES & ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS DID NOT CON/ITUTE A UNIT$ FRONT4 ,NOT BE+ ! PRISON]S ( POLITICO-PHILOSOPHIC PR9CIPLES1 ! PEOPLE WANT$ ! ,C4,N4,T4 & EV5 ! CONSID]ABLY LESS IMPORTANT ,F4,A4,I4 TO 5T] ! GOV]NM5T 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE A COORD9ATION :I* !Y DEEM$ 9DISP5SABLE4 

,! LEAD]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 BEH9D :OM W]E TO BE F\ND ?OSE ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 7& IT WAS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 !M71 FIR/ ( ALL DID :AT !Y C\LD 9 ORD] NOT TO GIVE 94 ,!Y W]E UND\BT$LY 9SPIR$ BY !IR TRADITIONAL ATTITUDE ( OPPOSITION TO ALL GOV]NM5TALISM & !RE=E TO ALL GOV]NM5TAL P>TIES4 ,BUT 9 FACT 9 ! FACE ( ! GR[+ DANG]1 ! GREATE/ UNIFICATION POSSIBLE WAS NE$$4 ,!Y ?\<T UP A REVOLUTION>Y SOLUTION3 ! GOV]NM5T W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL COMPOS$ ( FIVE MEMB]S FROM ! ,C4,N4,T41 FIVE FROM ! ,U4,G4,T4 & F\R FROM ! REPUBLICAN P>TIES4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y S\<T TO MAKE CLE> ! SUPREMACY ( ! WORK]S' ,SYNDICAL ORGANIZATIONS OV] ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 & SO KILL TWO BIRDS ) ONE /ONE4 

,BAS$ ON ! NUM]ICAL /R5G? ( ! RESPECTIVE ORGANISMS ?IS REPRES5TATION C\LD APPE> TO BE JU/IFI$4 ,BUT ! TRU? IS ALSO ?AT ! POLITICAL P>TIES HAD BEH9D !M A CURR5T ( OP9ION CONSI/+ ( ! ELECTORATE4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,U4,G4,T4 /ILL HAD1 9 A ,SPA9 :I* WAS HALF OCCUPI$ BY ! ,FRANCOI/ =CES1 AB\T #a1#b1 MEMB]S EA*-P]HAPS ! ,U4,G4,T4 HAD SLI<TLY FEW] BUT ITS MEMB]S W]E1 BY AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY1 UND] SOCIALI/ 9FLU5CE2 !IR /RUCTURE WAS SOCIALI/ JU/ AS ?AT ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS LIB]T>IAN4 ,! MAJORITY ( MEMB]S W\LD NOT !RE=E HAVE ACCEPT$ ?IS TAKE-9 :I* W\LD HAVE DECEIV$ NO ONE4 

,NO MORE ANYWAY ?AN ! /ATESM51 POLITICIANS & PR(ESSIONAL LEAD]S 9 ! DIFF]5T P>TIES :OSE 9FLU5CE WAS A V]Y REAL ONE = ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 & IT NE$$ A M9IMUM ( COMMONS5SE TO REALIZE ?IS4 

,& YET1 ! IDEA ( ! CON/ITUTION ( A UNIFI$ BLOC WAS GA9+ GR\ND ) MANY PEOPLE1 EV5 AMONG ! LIB]T>IANS4 ,ONE ( !M1 ,HORACIO ,PRIETO1 ! !N SECRET>Y ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 UND]TOOK TO CONV9CE HIS COMRADES ( ! NECESSITY ( CROSS+ ! ,RUBICON BY 5T]+ A COALITION GOV]NM5T4 ,TO ?AT 5D HE HAD BE5 9 T\* ) ,L>GO ,CABALL]O :O HAD BECOME ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL1 AN OLD POLITICAL CAMPAIGN] ( ! WIREPULL+ K9D1 .<#a.> :O HAV+ PLAY$ ! ,LEFTI/ ROLE )9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY DUR+ ! P]IOD PREC$+ ! ,FRANCOI/ UPRIS+1 ?\<T ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 M9I/]S-TO-BE W\LD SUPPORT HIM AGA9/ HIS POLITICAL OPPON5TS ( ! MOM5T1 ESPECIALLY ! ,COMMUNI/S :OSE 9FLU5CE WAS GR[+ RAPIDLY4 ,!RE WAS AGREEM5T 9 PR9CIPLE BETWE5 ! TWO M54 ,ALL ?AT REMA9$ WAS TO CONV9CE ?OSE MO/ QUALIFI$ TO TAKE ! P]IL\S LEAP4 

,JUAN ,LOPEZ & ,JUAN ,PEIRO :O W]E MORE SYNDICALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y ?AN AN>*I/1 ACCEPT$4 ,!N ! ,F4,A4,I4 LEAD]S1 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ! BOL/]+ ( !IR EGOS OV]COM+ ! 9TRANSIG5CE ( PR9CIPLES4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !Y ALREADY HAD ! PREC$5T ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 :]E1 !RE TOO1 PURE AN>*I/S V]Y EASILY AB&ON$ !IR !ORETICAL VIRG9ITY4 

,NEV]!LESS1 :OEV] EXAM9ES ! FACTS COMPLETELY OBJECTIVELY1 ) A S9C]E DESIRE AT UND]/&+1 MU/ ADMIT ?AT ! SITUATION WAS NOT AN EASY ONE4 ,ILE ONLY WAY ( ESCAP+ FROM ! DILEMMA 7M9I/]IAL COLLABORATION OR ! WEAK5+ ( ! RESI/ANCE TO ! FASCI/ ATTACK7 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! ORGANIZATION1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T AUTONOM\S1 ( ! /RUGGLE LOYALLY C>RI$ \T BY US ALONGSIDE ! (FICIAL >MIES ?ANKS TO A COMBATIVE =CE SEEK+ ITS 9SPIRATION 9 ! ME?ODS ( ! GU]ILL]OS4 ,BUT LET US ADMIT IT3 ! IMAG9ATION = SU* A POLICY WAS LACK+4 ,BACK 9 #aica ! AU?OR 9 HIS BOOK ,PROBLEMAS ,ECONOMICOS DE LA ,REVOLUCION ,ESPANOLA1 HAD DEVOT$ A *APT] TO ! QUE/ION ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE 9 :I*1 )\T PLAY+ AT BE+ ! /RATEGI/ OR TACTICIAN1 HE DREW ATT5TION TO ! =M ( COMBAT EMPLOY$ BY ! 0CAUDILLO0 SU* AS ,EL ,EMPEC9ADO & - O!R H]OES ( ! W> AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON :]E ,MASS5A & O!R 05FANTS *]IES DE LA VICTOIRE0 HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ BY ! ILL->M$ PEASANTS4 ,IT W>N$ AGA9/ ! ]ROR ( B[+ TO MODEM MILIT>Y ME?ODS1 9/EAD ( HAV+ REC\RSE TO ! TACTICS ( REVOLUTION>Y W>1 9V5T$ LONG BE=E ,MAO ,TSE-,TUNG DEF9$ IT 9 HIS [N WAY4 

,?OSE :O IMPROVIS$ AS LEAD]S & MILIT>Y COMM&]S HAD NO IDEAS AT ALL ON ! SUBJECT4 ,NEI!R ,DURRUTI AB\T :OM ONE HE>S SO MU* NOR ,G>CIA ,OLIV] :O HAD PLAC$ HIMSELF AT ! HEAD ( ! ,CATALAN MILITIAS & HAD DRAWN UP W> PLANS :I* IMMOBILIZ$ ,DURRUTI AT ! GATES ( ,S>RAGOSSA1 !N HA/ILY AB&ON$ HIS PO/ TO BECOME1 ( ALL PEOPLE1 ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE4 ,! 9ITIATIVE FAIL$3 ! 5EMY WAS GIV5 ! TIME TO RE9=CE HIS >MAM5T1 ! TIME TO *OOSE HIS T]RA9 & ! MO/ FAVORABLE MOM5T TO LAUN* HIS (F5SIVES4 ,! TACTICAL G5IUS ?AT ,MAKHNO HAD GIV5 PRO( ( 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 :5 HE OBLIG$ ,G5]AL ,D5IK9 TO HALT HIS ADVANCE ON ,MOSC[1 WAS COMPLETELY LACK+4 

,& \R EM95T P]SONAGES1 OR :O V]Y QUICKLY CONSID]$ !MSELVES SU*1 W]E NO MORE EQUAL TO ! TASK AT ! POLITICAL LEVEL ?AN !Y W]E AT ! MILIT>Y LEVEL4 ,!IR ROLE )9 ! GOV]NM5T WAS SIMPLY PITIFUL4 ,AFT] !Y HAD BE5 \/$ FROM IT1 !Y COMPLA9$ ?AT ! ,/AL9I/S1 SOCIALI/S & REPUBLICANS HAD BLOCK$ ALL !IR 9ITIATIVES1 & !Y W]E RI<T4 ,UN=TUNATELY !Y L5T !MSELVES TO ?IS GAME 9 :I* !Y W]E ALWAYS ! DUPES & ! LOS]S4 

,:5 ONE DRAWS UP ! BALANCE %EET ( ?IS COLLABORATION1 ! CONCLUSION ONE COMES TO IS ?AT FROM EV]Y PO9T ( VIEW ?IS EXCURSION 9 ! CORRIDORS ( P[] WAS NEGATIVE4 ,ONE CAN ADMIT 9 EXTRAORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES -- & !Y W]E -- ?AT IF1 OV] & ABOVE HIS LOYALTY TO HIS PR9CIPLES A MAN IS FAC$ ) ! DILEMMA ( P]SONALLY CONTAM9AT+ HIMSELF TO S]VE A CAUSE :I* IS GREAT] ?AN HIM1 HE HAS ! RI<T1 & EV5 ! DUTY1 TO PREF] CONTAM9ATION4 ,HI/ORY1 & AS IT HAPP5S1 ?AT ( REVOLUTIONS1 (F]S SU* CASES4 ,BUT !RE WAS DEVIATION & RIDICULE1 9 PLAY+ ! ADV]S>Y'S GAME1 & 9 SAV+ NO?+ AT ALL4 

,! ONLY CON/RUCTIVE1 VALID1 IMPORTANT A*IEVEM5T DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> WAS 9 FACT ?AT ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ON ! FR+E ( P[]4 ,! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVIZATIONS1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE1 ! SYNDICALISATIONS ( SOCIAL S]VICES1 AN ?AT1 :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO HOLD \T = NE>LY ?REE YE>S & )\T :I* ,FRANCO W\LD HAVE TRIUMPH$ 9 A MATT] ( WEEKS1 WAS ! A*IEVEM5T ( ?OSE :O CREAT$1 ORGANIZ$ )\T CONC]N+ !MSELVES ) M9I/RIES & M9I/]S4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! CONDUCT ( ! W> & RESI/ANCE TO ,FRANCO1 \R M9I/]S W]E UNABLE TO SECURE ANY?+ ?AT WAS USEFUL4 ,WE HAVE EV5 SE5 !M E*O+ ! SL&]S MADE BY ,CABALL]O AGA9/ ! DEF5D]S ( ,MALAGA1 ACCUS$ ( HAV+ H&$ OV] ! T[N TO ,FRANCO1 :]EAS ! WAY !Y HAD BE5 SY/EMATICALLY DES]T$ BY ! GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT BUT LEAD TO ! T[N FALL+ 9TO ! 5EMY'S H&S4 .<#b.> ,! ,>AGON FRONT :I* OP5$ ! WAY EI!R = ! ,FRANCOI/S TO ,CATALONIA OR = ! ANTIFASCI/ TROOPS T[>DS ! HE>T ( ,OLD ,CA/ILE1 WAS SY/EMATICALLY SABOTAG$1 DEPRIV$ ( WEAPONS1 AIRCRAFT & ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ YE> ( ! W> IT W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO BREAK ?R\< ?AT FRONT :I* ! FASCI/S W]E HOLD+ ) A FEW ?\S& MOBILE TROOPS PROVID$ ) FA/ MEANS ( TRANSPORT :I* C\LD QUICKLY MOVE 9 :]EV] AN (F5SIVE WAS LAUN*$ BY \R =CES4 ,IT WAS NOT DONE1 DUE TO A LACK ( %ELLS & AMMUNITION1 & ?IS MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO RELIEVE ! ,MADRID FRONT1 & RESULT$ 9 ! MASSACRE ( T5S ( ?\S&S ( COMBATANTS TO NO PURPOSE4 ,9/EAD !Y PREF]R$ TO SY/EMATICALLY S5D >MS TO ! ,C5TRAL FRONT1 :I* WAS ! LEA/ VULN]ABLE1 ON ! FASCI/ SIDE1 BUT :]E ! ,/AL9I/S W]E 9 CONTROL4 ,! ,RUSSIAN G5]ALS CONDUCT$ ! OP]ATIONS ON ! ,&ALUSIAN & ,E/REMADURA FRONTS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO W94 ,& (T5 \R =CES1 MADE TO LAUN* AN (F5SIVE1 F\ND !MSELVES FAC$ BY MU* L>G] =CES & W]E OBLIG$ TO RETREAT AT BAYONET PO9T TO AVOID ANNIHILATION1 LEAV+ BEH9D L>GE NUMB]S ( CASUALTIES4 ,IT WAS AS IF ! ,/AL9I/ & FASCI/ G5]ALS W]E AGRE$ AB\T ! MASSACRE ( \R M54 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,/AL9 WAS CAPABLE ( SU* ?+S & WORSE2 MANY ACC\NTS ( ! W> JU/IFY SU* AN HYPO!SIS4 

,ANO!R ASPECT ( ! SABOTAGE :I* CONTRIBUT$ TO ! R\T WAS ! REFUSAL BY ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T TO GIVE F9ANCIAL AID TO ! ,B>CELONA ,G5]ALITAI TO PUR*ASE >MS OR ! RAW MAT]IALS ) :I* TO MAKE !M4 

,AGA9/ ALL ?IS \R M9I/]S DID NO?+1 EI!R BECAUSE !Y C\LD NOT OR W\LD NOT4 ,!IR PROTE/S FELL ON DEAF E>S1 BUT !Y DID NOT D5\NCE ?AT SABOTAGE 0BECAUSE WE W]E COLLABORAT+ 9 ! GOV]NM5T & %\LD NOT AIR \R DIFF]5CES 9 PUBLIC04 ,M5 LIKE ! ,/AL9I/ ,JESUS ,H]N&EZ1 :O ON ORD]S FROM ,MOSC[ 5G9E]$ ,CABALL]O'S OV]?R[1 HAVE REC\NT$ H[ ! POLICY ( ! GOV]NM5T WAS CONDUCT$ ON ORD]S FROM ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,COM9T]N1 & ONE CAN SAY ?AT ! BE/ ALLIES ,FRANCO1 HAD W]E !SE MA/] MANOEUV]]S3 :O W]E QUITE UNCONC]N$ ) ! DISAGREEM5TS & PROTE/S ( ! 0AN>*I/0 M9I/]S4 

,WE !RE=E REPEAT ?AT 9 FACE ( !SE GREAT NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL POLITICAL PROBLEMS1 9 FACE ( !@9E DIFFICULTIES = :I* !Y W]E NOT CUT \T1 EV5 = ! MAJOR ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AT NATIONAL LEVEL ! MILITANTS :O PLAY$ LEAD+ ROLES W]E NOT EQUAL TO ! SITUATION4 ,9 A SITUATION ( UNILAT]AL DOM9ATION & BY ! USE ( DICTATOR%IP :I* SIL5CES ! MALCONT5TS & DISCONT5TM5T1 & ! USE ( =CE TO :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD REC\RSE1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE MI/AKES & REMA9 9 P[]4 ,IT WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( ?AT4 

,BUT ,I ALSO WI% TO PUT ON RECORD ?AT ONE ( ! LESSONS TO1 RETA9 FROM ?AT COLLABORATIONI/ 9DISCRETION WAS ! H>M RESULT+ FROM ! POISON ( P[]4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! RANK & FILE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 REMA9$ S\ND1 REM>KABLY S\ND1 AS W]E ! LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS WE MET 9 ! ,COLLECTIVES OR AT ! HEAD ( SYNDICALISATIONS4 ,EAG] TO CON/RUCT1 ) AN 5?USIA/IC EF=T ( WILL1 DET]M9$ TO REALIZE ?AT IDEAL1 !Y LET ! M9I/]S1 ! GOV]NORS1 ! POLICE *IEFS1 M9I/RY (FICIALS1 /ATE (FICIALS & BABBL+ NON5TITIES GE/ICULATE4 ,BUT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( LIB]T>IANS :O HAD /RAY$ FROM !IR [N MILIEU W]E 9TOXICAT$ BY GOV]NM5TALISM ) A RAPIDITY ?AT WAS HE>TBREAK+4 ,SOME W\LD HAVE />T$ A NEW POLITICAL P>TY BUT = ! OPPOSITION ( ! RANK & FILE4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,V,I 

,L,I,B,],T,>,I,A,N,S ,& ,R,E,P,U,B,L,I,C,A,N,S 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ! CONTACT BETWE5 LIB]T>IANS & REPUBLICANS FIR/ APPE>S 9 ! =M ( A COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MON>*Y1 BUT !RE >E ALSO O!R EXPLANATIONS4 ,FROM ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#i? ,C5TURY SOME ,REPUBLICAN FACTIONS FELT AN ACTIVE SYMPA?Y = 0! WORK]S04 ,& C]TA9 AFF9ITIES ( ?\<T W]E SOON TO EM]GE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SAID ?AT IT WAS ,PI Y ,M>GALL ! GREAT LEAD]1 ?9K] & !ORETICIAN ( F$]ALI/ REPUBLICANISM :O WAS ! FIR/ TO TRANSLATE ! WORKS ( ,PR\DHON4 ,& IT WAS AS A RESULT ( !SE TRANSLATIONS ?AT AN>*I/ ?\<T WAS BORN 9 ,SPA94 ,FROM ANO!R QU>T] ! C5TRALI/ REPUBLICAN ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A WROTE ONE1 AMONG HIS MANY BOOKS1 ) ! TITLE ,EL ,COLECTIVISMO ,AGR>IA 5 ,ESPANA1 GA!R+ TOGE!R SY/EMATICALLY ALL ! EXAMPLES ( MUTUAL AID ?AT EXI/$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS BOOK C\LD WELL HAVE BORNE ,KROPOTK9'S NAME1 & W\LD BE A SUITABLE SEQUEL TO ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,AMONG ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HE IS /ILL HELD 9 WELL DES]V$ E/EEM2 & HE ALSO HELPS ONE TO UND]/& :Y ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION WAS POSSIBLE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,FUR!RMORE1 AT ! TIME ( ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 9 #a#h#g#b1 ! GREAT REPUBLICAN JURI/ ,NICOLAS ,SALM]ON1 AN EM95T P]SONALITY UNIV]SALLY ADMIR$1 ELOQU5TLY DEF5D$ 9 ! ,P>LIAM5T ?IS WORK]S' REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION'S RI<T TO EXI/4 

,BUT ABOVE ALL1 IT IS 9 ! LOCAL CONTACTS1 9 MANY PROV9CIAL T[NS & NUM]\S VILLAGES ?AT ! E/EEM & SUPPORT ( ! REPUBLICANS = ! LIB]T>IANS WAS MANIFE/$4 ,ESPECIALLY ) ! F$]ALI/ REPUBLICANS4 ,9 ! P]IODS ( REPRESSION :5 ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,SYNDICATES W]E MADE ILLEGAL AS WELL AS ! ,C4,N4,T4 ITSELF1 !IR PREMISES W]E ALWAYS OP5 TO US & WE MET !RE FREELY1 WELCOM$ ) A FRI5D%IP :I* WAS UNFAIL+4 

,BESIDES1 A QU>T] ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 W]E REPUBLICANS4 ,! REASON WAS ?AT HAV+ TO *OOSE BETWE5 ?AT ORGANIZATION :I* WAS ESS5TIALLY LIB]T>IAN1 & ! ,U4,G4,T4 :I* WAS /ATE SOCIALI/ !Y PREF]R$ \RS1 :OSE PR9CIPLES W]E ! GREAT] GU>ANTEE ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 :]EAS ,M>XISM1 :I* ! ,U4,G4,T4 LEAD]S FAVOR$1 SEEM$ TO !M A ?REAT = ! FUTURE 70! DANG] ( A NEW ,MIDDLE ,AGES = HUMANITY0 SOME ( !M TOLD ME74 

,ONE WILL !RE=E NOT BE SURPRIS$ ?AT NOT ONLY SOME LAWY]S1 MO/LY REPUBLICAN F$]ALI/S1 SU* AS ,FRANCISCO ,LAYRET1 ASSASS9AT$ BY ! EMPLOY]S' GUNM5 9 #a#i#b#a1 & ,$U>DO ,B>RIOB]O1 A JURI/ & TAL5T$ WRIT]1 %OT BY ! ,FRANCOI/S1 & MANY O!RS :OSE NAMES N[ ESCAPE ME1 W]E ALWAYS AT \R DISPOSAL4 

,AT ! TIME ( \R ,REVOLUTION 9 #aicf ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC HAD BE5 9 EXI/5CE = ONLY FIVE YE>S4 ,9 SU* A %ORT TIME ONLY ! POLITICIANS-AMONG !M ,ALEJ&RO ,L]R\X1 = A LONG TIME A RI<TI/ & CONS]VATIVE-HAD HAD TIME TO BE CORRUPT$4 ,MANY RANK & FILE =CES HAD REMA9$ S\ND & = !SE M5 REPUBLICANISM EMBODI$ ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,?US :5 ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES EM]G$1 MANY ( !M ACCEPT$ ADM9I/RATIVE PO/S ESPECIALLY 9 ACC\NTANCY4 ,BELONG+ MA9LY TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES !Y HAD RECEIV$ A TE*NICAL TRA9+ & $UCATION :I* MADE !M EFFICI5T COLLABORATORS4 ,LIB]T>IAN IDEAS HAD ?US P5ETRAT$ MANY REPUBLICAN M9DS4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aicg ?IS WRIT] WAS ONE ( ! SPEAK]S AT A L>GE MEET+ ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ,CA/ELLON DE LA4 ,PLANA4 ,HALF ! AUDI5CE1 ( SOME #e11 W]E REPUBLICANS :O HAD REMA9$ HONE/4 ,IT ALSO EXPLA9S H[ IT WAS POSSIBLE TO 9TRODUCE LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL RE=MS 9 ?AT T[N 9 ! CONDITIONS :I* WE HAVE DESCRIB$ ELSE:]E4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,V,I,I 

,! ,9,T,],N,A,L ,C,\,N,T,]-,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,A COMPLETE ACC\NT ( ! BEHAVIOR ( ! GOV]NM5T AU?ORITIES TO ! DIV]SE A*IEVEM5TS ( SOCIALIZATION1 UND]TAK5 & REALIZ$ BY ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS DUR+ ! P]IOD #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i W\LD %[ CONTRADICTORY ATTITUDES :I* C\LD BE COMM5T$ ON 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,?AT ! ,M9I/RY ( ,9DU/RY1 :I* 9 ! E>LY MON?S WAS 9 ! H&S ( A ,C4,N4,T4 MILITANT1 ,JUAN ,PEIRO1 DID 9 SOME CASES HELP UND]TAK+S BY F9ANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS1 SU* AS WAS ! CASE ( ! ,S4,I4,C4,E4,P4 9 ,ELDA1 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION4 ,BUT 9 G5]AL1 ?AT AID HAD AS ITS OBJECTIVE NOT SO MU* TO HELP SOCIALIZATION1 :I* WAS NOT APPROV$ (1 BUT TO SAVE ! POLITICAL SITUATION BY SUPPORT+ W> 9DU/RIES4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! ,/AL9I/S1 :5 !Y W]E LAY+ D[N ! LAW 9SIDE ! GOV]NM5T1 TO SABOTAGE EV5 ! MANUFACTURE ( GOODS NE$$ = ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FRANCOI/ >MIES4 

,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! GOV]NM5T AU?ORITIES AS WELL AS ! ,/AL9I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ON MANY OCCASIONS WAG$ W> ON ! SOCIAL A*IEVEM5TS WE HAVE BE5 DESCRIB+4 ,IT WILL NOT COME AMISS TO 5UM]ATE SOME ( ! MORE NOTORI\S ) :I* WE W]E ACQUA9T$4 

,!SE EV5TS W]E SOMETIMES ACCOMPANI$ BY 9CR$IBLE VIOL5CE4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE >M$ CONFRONTATIONS BETWE5 ! BUILD]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVES & ! GOV]NM5T =CES OCCURR$ 9 ! REGION ( ! ,LEVANTE4 ,9 VIEW ( ! GR[+ /R5G? ( ! ,COLLECTIVES !Y REPRES5T$ AS IT W]E ! ALT]NATIVE P[] TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 7BY !N 9/ALL$ 9 ,VAL5CIA7 9 ! EV5T ( MILIT>Y VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO'S =CES4 ,! GOV]NM5T REACT$ TO ?IS ?REAT BY LAUN*+ AN (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,DULY MILIT>IZ$1 ! 0C>AB9]OS01 A BRAN* ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 & ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 ANO!R POLICE CORPS1 CREAT$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC1 W]E *OS5 = ?IS (F5SIVE ! FIR/ ( :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,LEVANTE 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g4 ,! ATTACK]S CAME FROM ,ALICANTE & ,MURCIA4 ,!IR =CES 9CLUD$ AN >TILL]Y SECTION ) L>GE NUMB]S ( MA*9E GUNS & TANKS :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] EMPLOY$ AT ! FRONT :]E !Y W]E %ORT ( !M4 7,EI<TE5 W]E C\NT$ 9 ! ,G&IA REGION & ?IRTE5 9 ! ,ALF>A DEL ,PATRI>CA REGION47 

,\R PEASANT COMRADES1 :O W]E EXPECT+ ! ATTACK1 HAD GOT READY TO RESI/1 & F\<T ) RIFLES1 REVOLV]S & TWO ANTI-TANK GUNS4 ,! GOV]NM5T =CES PLANN$ TO CONV]GE ON ,CULL]A & ON ,ALF>A1 /RATEGIC PO9TS = EV5TUAL OP]ATIONS4 ,BUT ALMO/ ! :OLE REGION ROSE 9 >MS1 & 9 RESPONSE TO ! AL>M BELLS :I* W]E WIDELY US$1 PEOPLE JO9$ !M FROM ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES >M$ ) %OTGUNS1 TO GIVE ASSI/ANCE TO ! LOCALITIES UND] ATTACK4 ,H& GR5ADES W]E WIDELY US$ & TWO BATTALIONS ( ! ,IRON ,COLUMN FOLL[$ BY TWO MORE ( ! ,CONF$]AL ,COLUMN 7( ! ,C4,N4,T47 CAME ALL ! WAY FROM ! ,T]UEL FRONT TO ,SEGORBE4 ,! CANTONAL F$]ATIONS ( ,JATIVA1 ,C>CAG5TE1 ,G&IA1 ,SUECA HAV+ GA!R$ !IR =CES1 E/ABLI%$ ! 0,G&IA ,FRONT0 :ILE ?OSE FROM ,CAT>ROJA1 ,LIRIA1 ,MONCADA1 ,PAT]NA & ,BURRIANA E/ABLI%$ ! 0,VILLANESA ,FRONT04 

,9 ,CULL]A & ITS 5VIRONS ! /RUGGLE LA/$ F\R DAYS AT ! 5D ( :I* ! (FICIAL TROOPS1 BE+ UNABLE TO ADVANCE1 *ANG$ !IR PLANS & MOV$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,SILLA4 ,F9ALLY ! 9T]V5TION ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 BR\<T ! /RUGGLE TO AN 5D4 ,PRISON]S & CAPTUR$ >MS W]E EX*ANG$1 BUT 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+ SOME ( \R PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY MEMB]S ( ! LIB]T>IAN Y\?1 W]E IMPRISON$ & ONLY RELEAS$ LAT]4 ,!RE W]E DEAD & W\ND$1 BUT ! ,COLLECTIVES W]E NOT DE/ROY$2 9DE$ ! NUMB] 9CREAS$ AT AN EV5 FA/] RATE4 

,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ! :OLE OP]ATION HAD BE5 M\NT$ BY ! ,W> ,M9I/]1 ! RI<T W+ SOCIALI/ ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO1 9 AGREEM5T ON ?IS OCCASION ) ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :OM HE HAT$ BUT ) :OM HE WAS RECONCIL$ = ?IS V5TURE4 

"9 

,9 ,CATALONIA TOO ! MILIT>Y =CES 9 ! RE>GU>D HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ MORE QUICKLY ?AN ! =CES :O W]E LANGUI%+ )\T >MS ALONG ! ,>AGON FRONT4 ,& :5 ,COMPANYS1 PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 IMPLICITLY OR TACITLY ) ! O!R POLITICAL P>TIES1 ?\<T ! TIME HAD COME HE APPROV$ ( :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ ! 0,MAY ,DAYS0 #aicg :I* 5D$ 9 ! EVICTION ( \R M9I/]S & ( \R COMRADES 9 HI< (FICIAL PO/S1 & 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ TAKE-OV] 9 RECORD TIME ( ! POLICE CORPS1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES & ! ALREADY 9FILTRAT$ >MY4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ! P]SECUTIONS />T$ AGA9/ \R =CES & WE LO/ GR\ND EV]Y:]E EXCEPT 9 PRODUCTION4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLES ( HO/ILITY WAS ! EMBITT]$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( URBAN TRANSPORT 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD ONLY ASK$ ?AT #c.0 ( ITS RECEIPTS %\LD BE PAID 9 TAXES TO ! ,F9ANCE M9I/RY2 & ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T PRESUMABLY TO DEMON/RATE ! SUP]IORITY ( F$]ALISM & DEC5TRALIZATION DEM&$ PAYM5T ( #ad DIFF]5T TAXES4 ,BUT BO? GOV]NM5TS W]E V]Y C>EFUL NOT TO UPSET ! NEW SOCIALIZ$ ORGANIZATION1 KN[+ ONLY TOO WELL ?AT IT C\LD NOT REPLACE IT1 & ?AT TO P>ALYZE ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT 9 A CITY LIKE ,B>CELONA & 9 ! SUBURBS W\LD CAUSE ! K9D ( *AOS :I* W\LD PLAY 9TO ! H&S ( FASCISM4 

,! ,/AL9I/S :O HAD NO SU* SCRUPLES RECEIV$ ! ORD] TO SABOTAGE & AS IS !IR WONT1 C>RI$ IT \T CONSCI5TI\SLY4 ,HAV+ BE5 REMOV$ FROM ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE 9 :I* BY RI<TS !Y %\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 BECAUSE !Y REPRES5T$ AN 9SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY & NEV] MISS$ AN OPPORTUNITY TO PUT A BRAKE ON ! 5?USIASM ?AT EXI/$ BY DIV]SE & MA*IAVELLIAN MANEUV]S1 !Y DID NOT H[EV] /OP RAIS+ OB/ACLES & CREAT+ DIFFICULTIES4 

,!Y W5T AB\T ! TASK 9 MANY WAYS4 ,= 9/ANCE !Y HAD SUCCE$$ 9 BECOM+ A MAJORITY 9 AN 5G9E]+ WORK%OP :]E #bd WORK]S MADE SP>E P>TS -- TO BE EXACT1 BE>+S -- )\T :I* ! TRAMC>S W\LD GR9D TO A /&/ILL4 ,!Y DID NOT REFUSE TO WORK2 9DE$ !Y =MALLY UND]TOOK TO SUPPLY :AT WAS ASK$ ( !M4 ,BUT A MON? AFT] ! DELIV]Y DATE E/ABLI%$ ! BE>+S HAD /ILL NOT BE5 MADE4 ,:5 EV5TUALLY !Y W]E MADE !Y W]E ! WRONG SIZE4 ,IT WAS P>TLY AS A MEANS ( DEF5D+ ITSELF AGA9/ SU* =MS ( SABOTAGE ?AT ! ,SYNDICATE PUR*AS$ AN ULTRA MOD]N ELECTRIC FURNACE4 

,ANO!R MANEUV] CONSI/$ 9 FOM5T+ DISAGREEM5TS & DISPUTES BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( ! TRANSPORT NETWORK4 ,! ,/AL9I/S HAD MANAG$ TO BECOME ! MAJORITY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ONE ( ! TWO L>GE BUS COMPANIES4 ,! TRAMWAY WORK]S B\<T A TICKET :5 !Y US$ ! BUSSES BUT S*OOL$ BY !IR COMMITTEE ! BUS COMPANY'S EMPLOYES DID NOT PAY :5 !Y TRAVEL$ ON ! TRAMS4 ,?IS CAUS$ FRICTION1 :I* IS :AT !Y WANT$4 ,AN 5D WAS PUT TO1 ?IS SITUATION BY ?REAT5+ TO HAVE REC\RSE TO /RONG ACTION4 

,AGA9 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! =MS ( SABOTAGE W]E P]FECT$ BY ADAPT+ ONESELF TO *ANGES 9 ! SITUATION4 ,?REE NEW ELEM5TS W]E TAK5 9TO1 ACC\NT3 

A7 ,! GR[+ NE$ FELT BY ! POPULATION TO GIVE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM TOP PRIORITY -- A VIEW ) :I* \R COMRADES CONCURR$1 BUT A RETURN TO MANAGEM5T ALONG CAPITALI/ L9ES ( ! TRAMWAYS & O!R 5T]PRISES W\LD1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 /R5G!N ! POSSIBILITIES ( DEFEAT4 

B7 ,! 5TRY ( (FICIAL ,COMMUNI/S 9TO ! ,W> & ,9DU/RY ,M9I/RY AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g4 

C7 ,! RI<TS POSSESS$ BY ?AT ,M9I/RY TO REQUISITION1 ?R\< ITS AG5TS CUNN+LY PLAC$1 ! TE*NICAL MEANS NE$$ = ! PRODUCTION ( >MS & AMMUNITION4 

,!SE AG5TS1 OR M9I/]IAL REPRES5TATIVES1 />T$ BY DEM&+ DELIV]Y ( ! *EMICAL PRODUCTS US$ = WELD+ ! RAILS1 ) ! PRETEXT ( US+ !M = ! MANUFACTURE ( EXPLOSIVES4 ,\R COMRADES COMPLI$ 9 ORD] NOT TO BE ACCUS$ ( HAMP]+ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCO BUT !N S5T TE*NICALLY QUALIFI$ M5 TO ,FRANCE TO BUY EQUIPM5T BAS$ ON ELECTRODES 7AS ALREADY DESCRIB$7 & ! MANEUV] WAS NEUTRALIZ$4 ,AS TO ! REQUISITION$ *EMICAL PRODUCTS1 !Y W]E LEFT TO GO BAD 9 SOME W>EH\SES :]E !Y HAD BE5 DUMP$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S4 

,SOME WEEKS LAT] SEV]AL (FIC]S SPECIALLY 9/RUCT$1 ) A WRITT5 ORD] FROM ! ,W> ,M9I/RY 9 ,VAL5CIA1 PRES5T$ !MSELVES TO REQUISITION ! LATE/ MODEL ,AM]ICAN LA!1 ?\< ! ,M9I/RY C\LD HAVE EASILY PUR*AS$ SEV]AL 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM OR ELSE:]E4 .<#a.> ,\R COMRADES (F]$ RESI/ANCE TO ?IS CONFISCATION1 & AS ! EXCUSES CON/ANTLY ADVANC$ W]E ! NE$S ( W>1 TO :I* !Y CONTRIBUT$ )\T REMUN]ATION1 (F]$ TO WORK EV5 MORE H\RS )\T PAYM5T 9 ORD] TO1 SATISFY ! NE$S ?AT !Y 9VOK$4 ,! (F] WAS REFUS$4 ,!Y WANT$ ! MA*9E 9 ORD] TO DISORGANIZE ! ,B>CELONA TRANSPORT S]VICES4 

,9 AN ATTEMPT AT CONCILIATION1 \R COMRADES SUGGE/$ EX*ANG+ TWO MILL+ MA*9ES ( ! MO/ REC5T DESIGN1 & :I* ! ,W> ,M9I/RY C\LD HAVE B\<T ABROAD1 = TWO O!R1 OLD] MODELS4 ,?IS EX*ANGE L$ TO AN UNEXPECT$ DISCOV]Y4 

,A TE*NICIAN DELEGAT$ BY ! ,SYNDICATE TO GO & *OOSE ! TWO MA*9ES (F]$ 9 EX*ANGE = !IRS F\ND !M 9 A SECRET DEPOT TO :I* HE WAS TAK54 ,IT WAS SITUAT$ 9 A PLACE CALL$ ,S>RIA1 NE> ,B>CELONA1 & \R A/\ND$ COMRADE SAW !RE #h O!R MILL+ MA*9ES1 SOME #d RECTIFI]S & SOME HUNDR$ LA!S4 

,:AT W]E !SE MA*9ES DO+ !RE :5 !Y W]E SO BADLY NE$$ BY ! >MS FACTORIES & :5 !RE W]E NONE AT ALL 9 O!R REGIONS8 ,P]HAPS !Y W]E WAIT+ TO BR+ !M \T :5 !Y W\LD BE 9 P[] AT NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,?IS NOT HAV+ HAPP5$ ! MA*9ES REMA9$ :]E !Y W]E4 ,!Y W]E LEFT TO ! ,FRANCOI/S TO USE4 

"9 

,! ,/AL9I/S W5T FUR!R4 ,9 ! ,>AGON C\NTRYSIDE :]E ! VILLAGES W]E MORE SCATT]$1 LESS D5SELY POPULAT$ & LESS ORGANIZ$ = /RUGGLE BEH9D ! FRONTS ?AN W]E ?OSE 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 !Y SUCCE$$ 9 ALMO/ COMPLETELY DE/ROY+ ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,! ME?OD US$ WAS ! FOLL[+4 

,9 ,JUNE #aicg AFT] ! DECISIVE ,MAY ,DAYS 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! ,/AL9I/ ,URIBE1 ! NEW ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE1 PUBLI%$ A DECREE BY :I* HE LEGALIZ$ ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES ?R\<\T ! ,SPANI% T]RITORY1 :ATEV] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 9 :I* !Y HAD BE5 =M$4 ,= ANYONE :O KNEW :AT A VIGOR\S CAMPAIGN ?IS MAN HAD WAG$ AGA9/ ! SOCIAL CREATIONS ( ! PEASANT REVOLUTION>IES1 ?IS AB\T TURN WAS SURPRIS+4 ,= MON?S HE HAD BE5 DELIV]+ RADIO SPEE*ES ADVIS+ PEASANTS NOT TO JO9 ! ,COLLECTIVES1 URG+ ! SMALLHOLD]S TO OPPOSE !M & COMBAT !M BY EV]Y MEANS1 & HE WAS SPEAK+ 9 HIS CAPACITY AS A M9I/]1 SO MU* SO ?AT ! CONS]VATIVES & REACTION>IES :O REMA9$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE FELT !Y W]E BE+ GIV5 (FICIAL SUPPORT1 :ILE ?OSE :O HESITAT$ AB\T JO9+ CONCLUD$ ?AT IF ! E/ABLI%M5T WAS EXPRESS+ ITSELF AGA9/ !SE NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 !Y W\LD NOT LA/ V]Y LONG AFT] ! VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO2 SO BETT] NOT TO RISK TAK+ ! PLUNGE4 

,NOT SATISFI$ ) ?IS CAMPAIGN1 ,URIBE ORGANIZ$ ! ,PEASANT ,F$]ATION ( ! ,LEVANTE1 :I* ! DEF5D]S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! L& JO9$ 5 MASSE4 ,/AL9I/S & FASCI/S RUBB$ %\LD]S CORDIALLY4 ,! ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y UNIT$ FRONT WAS ?US ON ! M>*4 

,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! T>DY LEGISLATION HAD CAUS$ SO MU* SURPRISE1 ! MORE SO S9CE GR\PS ( ,Y\NG ,COMMUNI/S W]E ORGANIZ$ TO SPREAD !MSELVES 9 ,CATALONIA & ! ,LEVANTE1 O/5SIBLY ) ! 9T5TION ( HELP+ ! PEASANTS TO H>VE/ & GA!R ! CROPS4 ,! ,/AL9I/ PRESS PUBLI%$ :OLE COLUMNS ( COMMUNIQUES1 REPORTS & SLOGANS PRAIS+ ?IS :OLEHE>T$ COLLABORATION ( ! 0%OCK BRIGADES04 

,?OSE :O KNEW ! TRADITIONAL TACTICS ( !SE IMPLACABLE 5EMIES ( ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS C\LD HAVE NO ILLUSIONS AB\T ! AIMS ( ! CAMPAIGN4 ,IT WAS A CASE ( 9FILTRATION ( ! AGR>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 FOLL[+ A TRADITIONAL ME?OD1 ( US+ !M OR ( DE/ROY+ !M FROM )94 

,BUT 9 ?AT MON? ( ,JUNE ! (F5SIVE 9 ,>AGON WAS LAUN*$ ON A SCALE & US+ ME?ODS SO F> NOT EXP]I5C$4 ,! TIME = H>VE/+ WAS DRAW+ NE>1 :I* EXPLA9S A LOT4 ,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! C>AB9]OS1 (T5 L$ BY M5 ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :O HAD KN[N H[ TO SECURE PO/S ( COMM&1 />T$ TO HOLD UP AT PI/OL PO9T FOOD LORRIES GO+ FROM ONE PROV9CE TO ANO!R1 & TAK+ !M TO !IR B>RACKS4 ,A LITTLE LAT] ! SAME C>AB9]OS TRAV]S$ ! ,COLLECTIVES1 & 9 ! NAME ( ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF ) HEADQU>T]S 9 ,B>BA/RO1 DEM&$ L>GE QUANTITIES ( CORN4 

,! ,>AGON ,COLLECTIVES C\LD NOT BE ACCUS$ ( MEANNESS1 ESPECIALLY T[>DS ! FI<T+ =CES :I* )\T !IR SUPPLIES W\LD HAVE QUICKLY DIS9TEGRAT$ 7WE HAVE GIV5 ELSE:]E MANY PRO(S ( ?IS74 ,BUT !Y W]E WAIT+ = ! H>VE/ TO OBTA9 BY B>T] ! GOODS !Y !MSELVES NE$$1 9 SOME CASES URG5TLY4 ,& TO H& OV] L>GE QUANTITIES ( CORN AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! H>VE/ )\T COMP5SATION1 = SOME CANTONS SU* AS ,B9EF> :I* HAD GIV5 EV]Y?+ -- C]EALS1 POTATOES1 OIL1 MEAT -- ?IS PROVOK$ AMONG SOME ( ! POPULATION A DISCONT5T :I* WAS EXPLOIT$ BY !M4 ,= NO?+ WAS DEM&$ FROM ! SMALL L&[N]S2 & ! SAME POLICY WAS LAT] ADOPT$ 9 ! ,LEVANTE4 .<#b.> 

,?IS DEM& WAS IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ BY ANO!R4 ,ALWAYS ON ORD]S FROM ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF 9 ,B>BA/RO1 :I* 9 TURN WAS COV]$ BY ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,M9I/] ( ,W> 9 ,VAL5CIA1 ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO1 !Y />T$ REQUISITION+ MANU MILIT>I ALL TRANSPORT ?\< AT ?AT MOM5T IT WAS VITAL = MOV+ ! H>VE/$ CROPS4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$ ?AT ! ,COLLECTIVES HAD ALMO/ ALWAYS PROCUR$ !IR TRANSPORT BY B>T]1 (T5 DEPRIV+ !MSELVES ( FOOD & O!R ESS5TIALS4 ,! LORRIES W]E AMONG ! ACQUISITIONS ( :I* !Y W]E JU/LY PR\D4 ,! C>AB9]OS TOOK EV]Y?+1 OR ALMO/1 BRUTALLY ON ! PRETEXT IF ITS BE+ NE$$ = W> TRANSPORT4 

,AT ! SAME TIME MORE CONSCRIPTS W]E CALL$ UP ) ! PRETEXT ( AN IMM95T (F5SIVE4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! H>VE/ SOME #e Y\?S LEFT ,ESPLUS1 A VILLAGE :I* HAD ALREADY PROVID$ SO MANY VOLUNTE]S = ! FRONTS4 ,! O!R VILLAGES W]E LIKEWISE DEPRIV$ ( !IR Y\NG M54 ,BUT ! Y\NG PEOPLE ( ! SAME AGE GR\P :O W]E DO+ NO?+ 9 ,CATALONIA W]E NOT CALL$ UP UNTIL LAT]4 

,/ILL 9 ,>AGON AT ! SAME P]IOD TROOPS FROM ! FRONT L9E W]E )DRAWN & BILLET$ 9 H\SES 9 VILLAGES C>EFULLY SELECT$ = !IR /RATEGIC POSITIONS4 ,!SE =CES CAME FROM O!R REGIONS2 !Y LIV$ A C>EFREE1 P>ASITICAL EXI/5CE1 EAT+1 L\NG+1 PLAY+ PELOTA ALL DAY LONG4 ,!Y W]E TO BE US$ :5 ! TIME WAS RIPE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! PEASANTS :O HAD A*IEV$ ! MIRACLE ( CULTIVAT+ & S[+ MORE L& ?AN BE=E SAW ! CORN FALL FROM ! E>S 9 ! FIELDS DUE TO A LACK ( H&S TO GA!R IT4 

,SIMULTANE\SLY ! PRESS CAMPAIGN CONT9U$4 ,PLAY+ AS USUAL A D\BLE GAME1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY C\LD PROVE TO SOME ?AT IT SUPPORT$ ! ,COLLECTIVES1 BY PRODUC+ ! TEXT ( ! ,URIBE DECREE1 .<#c.> & EVID5CE ( ! DISPAT* ( Y\? BRIGADES TO WORK 9 ! FIELDS1 :]EAS 9 FACT IT WAS DE/ROY+1 9 ORD] TO BREAK UP A REVOLUTION ?AT IT DID NOT CONTROL1 ECONOMIC RES\RCES VITAL TO ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 

,!N ONE DAY AT ! 5D ( ,JULY1 ! BRUTAL ATTACK WAS LAUN*$ BY A MOBILE BRIGADE L$ BY ! COMM&+ (FIC] ,LI/] :OSE TROOPS W]E1 9 ! FOLL[+ MON?1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! (F5SIVE ON ,BEL*ITE1 TO RETREAT ) SU* ALACRITY BE=E ! FASCI/S ?AT !Y /OPP$ ONLY :5 !Y W]E FIFTY KILOMET]S FROM ! FRONT4 

,! F9AL \TCOME ( ! ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y (F5SIVE WAS ?AT #c.0 ( ! ,COLLECTIVES W]E COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 ,9 ,ALCOLEA DE ,C9CA1 ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL :I* MANAG$ ! ,COLLECTIVE W]E >RE/$1 ! RESID5TS ( ! ,OLD ,PEOPLE'S ,H\SE W]E DRIV5 \T4 ,!RE W]E >RE/S 9 ,M>1 DE LAS ,MATAS1 9 ,MONZON1 9 ,B>BA/RO & ELSE:]E4 ,PILLAG+ ALSO OCCURR$ 9 MO/ PLACES4 ,COOP]ATIVE W>EH\SES1 MUNICIPAL FOOD DEPOTS W]E RANSACK$1 FURNITURE BROK5 UP4 ,! GOV]NOR ( ,>AGON1 :O REPRES5T$ ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T FOLL[+ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON-:I* SEEM$ TO BE ! SIGNAL = ! G5]AL (F5SIVE-TRI$ TO OPPOSE ?IS PLUND]+4 ,HE WAS S5T PACK+4 

,AT ! PEASANTS' NATIONAL PL5UM :I* WAS HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA ON #bb ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#c#g1 ! DELEGATION ( ! REGIONAL ,COMITE ( ,>AGON PRES5T$ A REPORT :I* IS SUMM$ UP AS FOLL[S3 

0,MORE ?AN SIX HUNDR$ ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVES HAVE BE5 PUT 9 PRISON4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS NOM9AT$ MANAGEM5T COMMISSIONS :I* HAVE SEIZ$ ! FOOD W>EH\SES & HAVE DI/RIBUT$ SUPPLIES HAPHAZ>DLY4 ,! L&1 DRAFT ANIMALS & AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5TS HAVE BE5 RETURN$ TO ! MEMB]S ( FASCI/ FAMILIES OR TO FASCI/S :O HAD BE5 LEFT UNMOLE/$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION4 

0,! H>VE/ HAS BE5 DI/RIBUT$ SIMIL>LY1 AS WELL AS ! ANIMALS RAIS$ BY ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ,COLLECTIVE PIGG]IES1 /ABLES1 /OCKY>DS1 B>NS HAVE BE5 DE/ROY$4 ,9 SOME VILLAGES1 SU* AS ,BORDON & ,CALACEITE1 EV5 !IR SE$ /OCKS HAVE BE5 TAK5 AWAY FROM ! PEASANTS1 !REBY PREV5T+ !M FROM S[+ ! FIELDS ?AT HAD BE5 PREP>$40 

,SU* EXACTIONS NATURALLY BORE !IR FRUITS4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! ,COLLECTIVES W]E RE=M$ BUT !Y W]E F> FROM ATTA9+ TO !IR E>LI] HEI<TS4 ,! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 & ! CONS]VATIVES GA9$ ! UPP] H&1 ! MORE SO S9CE A NUMB] ( ?OSE :O HAD JO9$ ?IS VA/ MOVEM5T ( SOCIALIZATION & :O W\LD HAVE BELONG$ TO IT AGA9 HAD !Y BE5 FREE TO *OOSE1 NO LONG] D>$ TO />T AGA94 

,!N ! ,FRANCOI/S FOLL[$ ! ,COMMUNI/S1 & NO?+ REMA9$ ( ! CON/RUCTIVE WORK ( ! ,>AGON ,COLLECTIVES O!R ?AN SOME ( ! TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5TS4 

,MU* REMA9S TO BE WRITT5 AB\T ! MANEUV]S ADOPT$ BY ! NON-FASCI/ OPPON5TS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALIZATION DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,WE WILL LIMIT \RSELVES TO TWO MORE EXAMPLES ( ! ME?ODS US$ BY !M4 ,ONE1 :I* ! ,SYNDICATE ( ! WOOD 9DU/RY HAD EXPOS$ AT ! TIME1 CONSI/$ 9 KEEP+ T5S ( ?\S&S ( UNEMPLOY$ 9 IDL5ESS RA!R ?AN GIVE ! ,SYNDICATES ! MONEY DI/RIBUT$ AMONG !M1 9 ORD] TO CREATE NEW 9DU/RIES OR TO KEEP GO+ ?OSE :I* W]E ESS5TIAL BUT W]E 9 DIFFICULTIES4 ,! WA/EFUL SP5D+ WAS PREF]R$ TO ! /R5G!N+ ( ! NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 

,& :51 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD] ,COMOR]A BECAME ,M9I/] ( ,F9ANCE AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 ! MEANS ( /RUGGLE HE ADOPT$ W]E ORIG9AL4 ,IT WAS CLE> ?AT IT WAS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE TO DE/ROY ! \T/&+ 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SYNDICATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,TO ATTEMPT TO DO SO W\LD HAVE P>ALYZ$ PRODUCTION OV]NI<T4 ,SO1 ,COMOR]A HAD REC\RSE TO TWO COMPLEM5T>Y PROC$URES2 ON ! ONE H& HE DEPRIV$ !@9 FACTORIES ( RAW MAT]IALS OR DELIV]IES DID NOT >RIVE ON TIME1 ?US RESULT+ 9 PRODUCTION DELAYS :I* W]E KN[+LY CRITICIZ$2 ON ! O!R H& !Y PAID = ! DELIV]IES ( CLO?1 CLO?+1 >MS1 ETC41 ) A DELAY :I* AFFECT$ ! WORK]S [N BUDGETS4 ,AS ! WAGES W]E DI/RIBUT$ UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! ,SYNDICATES1 IT WAS AGA9/ ! DELEGATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & AGA9/ ! ORGANISM ( :I* !Y W]E ! REPRES5TATIVES ?AT ! DISCONT5T ( ONE SECTION ( ! WORK]S WAS DIRECT$4 

,?IS SABOTAGE1 ?IS >T ( TURN+ ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! CLEV] MANEUV]S AGA9/ ?OSE :O SUFF]$ ITS CONSEQU5CES1 REM9DS ONE ( :AT HAPP5$ DUR+ ! FIR/ EI<TE5 MON?S ON ! ,>AGON FRONT4 

,WE HAD NO >MS1 = :AT WAS BE+ MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,B>CELONA WAS VIRTUALLY NIL2 & ?IS PREV5T$ US FROM LAUN*+ (F5SIVES :I* W\LD HAVE RELIEV$ ! ,MADRID FRONT1 & EV5 P]HAPS MADE POSSIBLE AN ADVANCE BEYOND ,S>AGOSSA4 ,! MANY DESP]ATE ATTEMPTS :I* TOOK PLACE W]E PAID = 9 HUGE LOSSES ( LIFE4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$1 ! UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO CAPTURE ,HUESCA1 A T[N ) A NORMAL POPULATION ( #a#h11 CO/ US #b1 LIVES4 

,BY CONTRA/ ! ,MADRID FRONT WAS1 L>GELY SUPPLI$1 ?ANKS TO ,RUSSIAN >MS SUPPLIES 7PAID = 9 ADVANCE1 9 GOLD7' BUT ) :I* IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO P5ETRATE ! SOLID DEF5SES1 BACK$ BY ! ,SI]RAS1 ( \R OPPON5TS4 ,\R MILITIAS ON ! ,>AGON FRONT W]E RAG+ )9 AT BE+ CONDEMN$ TO IMPOT5CE & AT BE+ USELESSLY MASSACR$4 ,& ! ,/AL9I/ PRESS 9 ,MADRID PUBLI%$ C>TOONS SU* AS ! ONE 9 :I* A MILITIAMAN IS PORTRAY$ SP5D+ HIS TIME QUIETLY FI%+ ON ! BANKS ( ! ,EBRO 9/EAD ( FI<T+ TO RELIEVE ! CAPITAL :I* WAS DEF5D+ ITSELF ) DIFFICULTY4 

,ONE CAN IMAG9E ! REP]CUSSIONS ?AT ?IS WAY ( PRES5T+ ! FACTS HAD ON ! M9DS ( UN9=M$ READ]S & ON PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,FOOTNOTES - ,*APT] #ae 

#a4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O HAD BE5 A C\NSELOR TO ! DICTATOR ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A2 HE RESIGN$ :5 ! LATT] WAS 9 HIS DECL9E AS WAS ! MON>*Y4 ,LABOR ,M9I/] 9 ! ,REPUBLIC & PR(ESSIONAL LEAD] ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 HE WAS A SY/EMATIC OPPON5T ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ?\< LAT] HE GOT CLOS] TO !M :5 IT SUIT$ HIS POLITICAL 5DS4 

#b4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 AFT] HE HAD BECOME HEAD ( GOV]NM5T1 TOLD A DELEGATION :O HAD COME TO ASK = >MS TO DEF5D ,MALAGA3 0,= ,MALAGA NOT A C>TRIDGE1 NOT A RIFLE60 ,! FACT WAS ?AT 9 ! ,DEF5SE ,COMITES 9 ?AT T[N1 AS ! AU?OR WAS ABLE TO SEE = HIMSELF1 ! ,CABALL]OITES W]E 9 A M9ORITY4 

,FOOTNOTES - ,*APT] #ag 

#a4 ,SOME PEOPLE MI<T >GUE ?AT ! NON9T]V5TION PACT SIGN$ BY ,LEON ,BLUM PREV5T$ !M FROM OBTA9+ ! EQUIPM5T = MANUFACTUR+ >MS4 ,9 FACT !RE HAS BE5 A LOT ( EXAGG]ATION ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,! ,FRANCO-,SPANI% L& FRONTI]S REMA9$ AT LEA/ HALF-OP5 = DELIV]Y ( >MS1 AMMUNITION1 TOOLS1 & EV5 AIRCRAFT4 ,UND] ! PRESSURE ( CIRCUM/ANCES ,BLUM APPE>$ TO SUBSCRIBE TO ! BLOCKADE ( ,SPA9 BUT 9 REALITY HE SAW TO IT ?AT AS MU* AS POSSIBLE WAS DELIV]$1 & MANY W]E ! LORRIES :I* 'CROSS$ AT ,PUIGC]DA1 ,BORG-,MADAME1 OR AT ,LA ,JONQU]A1 C>RY+ USEFUL LOADS = ! ANTI-,FRANCOI/ /RUGGLE4 

#b4 ,9 ?AT YE> ! ,COMMUNI/S ORGANIZ$ A ,UNIT$ ,LEVANTE ,C\NCIL = ! EXPORT ( CITRUS FRUIT 7,C4,L4,U4,E47 TO COMPETE AGA9/1 & IF POSSIBLE RU9 ! ,F,],E,C,A,L,E1 CREAT$ BY ! ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES ( ! ,LEVANTE4 

#c4 ,TO ?IS DAY 7#a#i#f#i7 ! ,C4,P4 /ATES TO ?OSE :O HAVE REC5TLY JO9$ & DO NOT KN[ :AT HAPP5$1 & LEADS !M TO BELIEVE ?AT IT WAS ?ANKS TO ! ,URIBE DECREE ?AT ! ,COLLECTIVES W]E ORGANIZ$4 

,FROM 3 ,LIB,COM4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,P>T #e -- ,ADD$4 

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