,D> ,FUR 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TAGS 3 BAS9 ( ! BAHR-EL->AB1 9HABITANTS ( D>-=1 MOHAMM$ ! TUNISIAN1 KORD(AN & WADAI1 SULTAN ( D>-=1 M>RAH RANGE1 M>RAH M\NTA9S1 RA9Y SEASON1 S\!RN REGION1 NILE BAS94 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY TXMX #b1,C,C ,B,Y ,C,C-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,D,>-,=4 

 ,D,>-,=1 OR ! 0,C\NTRY ( ,FUR10 MORE COMMONLY CALL$ ,D>FUR1 BY FUS+ ! TWO WORDS 9 A SIMIL> FA%ION TO ?AT 9 :I* ! ,FR5* SAY 0,ANGLET]RE10 9/EAD ( 0,PAYS DES ,ANGLAIS10 IS ! REGION :I* /RET*ES WE/ ( ,KORD(AN ON ! R\TE TO ! RIV] ,NIG]4 ,D>-,= DOES NOT 5TIRELY BELONG TO ! ,NILE BAS94 ,ITS WE/]N SLOPE1 :I* HAS AS YET BE5 EXPLOR$ BUT BY FEW TRAVEL]S1 APPE>S TO LOSE ITS WAT]S 9 DEPRESSIONS ) NO \TLET2 BUT IF ! RA9FALL W]E SUFFICI5TLY ABUNDANT ! WADIES ( ?IS REGION1 *ANG$ 9TO P]MAN5T WAT]C\RSES1 W\LD ULTIMATELY REA* ,LAKE  ,TSAD4  

 ,! /REAMS DRA9+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,NILE ALSO RUN DRY 9 ! PLA9S1 EXCEPT 9 ! SEASON ( ! KH>IF1 :5 ! /REAMLETS RIS+ 9 ! S\!RN P>T ( ,M\NT ,M>RAH FALL 9TO ! ,BAHR-EL-,>AB4 ,WADY-,MELEK1 OR ,W$-EL-,MEK1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! 0,ROYAL ,VALLEY10 ALSO CALL$ ,WADY-,MAS-,SUL1 :I* RUNS TO ! NOR?-EA/ ( ,D>-,= T[>DS ! GREAT B5D ( ! ,NILE1 IS ALSO FLOOD$ ) WAT] DUR+ RA9Y YE>S1 POSSIBLY = T5 OR FIFTE5 DAYS TOGE!R2 BUT IT NEV] REA*ES ! ,NILE1 ITS M\? BE+ BLOCK$ BY %IFT+ S&S4 ,! 5ORM\S FLUVIAL B$1 NE>LY ALWAYS DRY1 MI<T ROLL D[N A VOLUME EQUAL TO ?AT ( ! ,RHONE OR ! ,RH9E4 ,ITS S&/ONE OR LIME/ONE CLIFFS1 H]E & !RE 9T]RUPT$ BY LAVA /REAMS1 >E FROM #c TO #c MILES AP>T1 :IL/ ! HOLL[S >E FILL$ ) TREES1 :I* =M A CONT9U\S L9E LIKE A B& ( V]DURE 9 ! MID/ ( ! DES]T4  

 ,! EA/]N HALF ( ,D>-,=1 BELONG+ TO ! ,NILE BAS91 IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T FROM A POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 PROBABLY ON ACC\NT ( ! COMM]CIAL ATTRACTION EX]CIS$ BY ! ,NILOTIC T[NS1 & BECAUSE1 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ! M\NTA9S1 :]E WAT] IS MORE PL5TIFUL1 ! PEOPLE NATURALLY SETTLE D[N 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,D>-,= IS A SECOND ,KORD(AN1 BUT ON A MU* L>G] SCALE4 ,>\ND A C5TRAL DI/RICT DOTT$ ) SETTL$ VILLAGES /RET*ES ! ZONE ( ! WILD]NESS & GRASSY SAVANNAHS4  

 ,A C\NTRY ( ?IS DESCRIPTION CAN SC>CELY HAVE ANY FIX$ B\ND>IES2 H]E CAMPS1 WELLS1 CLUMPS ( ACACIAS OR BRU%WOOD1 & BLEA*$ BONES >E ! SIGNS BY :I* ! TRAVEL] KN[S HE IS CROSS+ FROM ONE DI/RICT 9TO ANO!R4 ,AS F> AS CAN BE JUDG$1 )\T ATTEMPT+ AN AT PRES5T IMPOSSIBLE APPROXIMATION1 ! >EA ( ,D>-,= & ITS DEP5D5CIES MAY BE E/IMAT$ AT #b1 SQU>E MILES4 ,?IS EXT5T ( C\NTRY IS B\ND$ TO ! NOR? BY ! DES]T1 EA/ BY ,KORD(AN1 S\? BY ! ,BAHR-EL-,>AB1 & WE/ BY ,WADAI1 :IL/ ITS TOTAL POPULATIONS1 ACCORD+ TO ,NA*TIGAL1 AM\NTS TO AT LEA/ #d114 ,MASON1 H[EV]1 :O HAS ALSO VISIT$ ?IS C\NTRY1 ?9KS ?AT ! POPULATION DOES NOT EXCE$ ONE MILLION & A HALF4  

,P,R,O,G,R,E,S,S ,( ,D,I,S,C,O,V,],Y4 

 ,D>-,=1 :OSE CAPITAL IS MORE ?AN #cf MILES FROM ! ,NI#aE 9 A /RAI<T L9E1 IS TOO F> REMOV$ FROM ?IS GREAT COMM]CIAL R\TE TO HAVE BE5 FREQU5TLY VISIT$4 ,IT WAS NOT KN[N EV5 AT ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY EXCEPT BY NAME1 & IT WAS !N ?AT IT 5T]$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9TO ! HI/ORY ( GEOGRAPHY1 ?ANKS TO ! VOYAGE ( ! ,5GLI%MAN1 ,BR[N1 :O REMA9$ 9 ! C\NTRY ?REE YE>S1 AL?\< RA!R AS A CAPTIVE ?AN A FREE MAN4 ,AN ,>AB1 ,MOHAMM$ EL ,TUNSY1 OR ! 0,TUNISIAN10 DWELT /ILL LONG] 9 ,D>-,=1 & WROTE A V]Y 9T]E/+ WORK UPON IT1 :I* HAS S9CE BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,FR5*4 ,IT IS /ILL ! ONLY BOOK :I* CONTA9S ! FULLE/ & MO/ VALUABLE ACC\NT ( ! HI/ORY1 MANN]S1 & CU/OMS ( ! ,D>-,=IANS4  

 ,! ,FR5*MAN ,CUNY 9 #aheh PRES5T$ HIMSELF AT ! C\RT ( ,EL-,FA%]1 BUT HE MY/]I\SLY DI$ !RE A FEW DAYS AFT] HIS >RIVAL1 & NOT EV5 HIS DI>Y FROM ,EL-,OBEID TO ,EL-,FA%] HAS BE5 PRES]V$4 ,! SOV]EIGN ( ,D>-,= HAD D\BTLESS WI%$ TO ACT UP TO ! NAME BE/[$ ON HIS C\NTRY1 0! M\SE TRAP ( ,9FIDELS10 :O1 IT IS SAID1 0CAN EASILY COME 91 BUT NEV] GET \T AGA940  

 ,IT WAS TO ,NA*TIGAL1 ! ?IRD ,EUROPEAN VISITOR1 ?AT FELL ! HONOR ( DESCRIB+1 = ! FIR/ TIME DUR+ ?IS C5TURY1 ! 9T]IOR ( A C\NTRY HI!RTO SO LITTLE KN[N4 ,?IS EXPLOR] WAS /ILL 9 ,D>-,= :5 ! SLAVE-DEAL] ,ZIBEHR COMM5C$ ITS CONQUE/1 :I* WAS SOON AFT]W>DS A*IEV$ 9 ! NAME ( ! ,EGYPTIAN ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! C\NTRY WAS OP5$ TO TRAVEL]S1 & ! ,EUROPEAN /AFF (FIC]S W]E ABLE TO DRAW UP A MAP ( IT2 BUT ! ,EGYPTIAN OCCUPATION HAS NOT EV5 LA/$ T5 YE>S4 ,! GOV]NOR NOM9AT$ BY ! ,KH$IVE IS A PRISON] ( ! 9SURG5T ,MUSSULMANS1 & ! FRONTI] ( ,D>-,= IS AGA9 =BIDD5 TO EXPLOR]S = A TIME4  

,P,H,Y,S,I,C,A,L ,F,E,A,T,U,R,E,S 

 ,MORE TRU?FULLY ?AN TO MO/ O!R C\NTRIES ! EXPRESSION 0BACKBONE0 MAY BE APPLI$ TO ! M\NTA9 SY/EM ( ,D>-,=4 ,H]E ALMO/ MORE ?AN ELSE:]E ! :OLE LIV+ ORGANISM--/REAMS1 PLANTS1 ANIMALS1 MAN HIMSELF & HIS HI/ORY-- >E ATTA*$ TO ! MA9 RANGES AS TO ! BONES ( A SKELETON4 ,)\T ! M\NTA9S ( ,M>RAH !RE W\LD BE NO ,D>-,=4 ,?IS *A9 ( LAVAS & GRANITES1 :OSE G5]AL %APE IS ?AT ( A CRESC5T1 COMM5CES NOR? ( ! F\RTE5? DEGREE ( LATITUDE1 & AFT] RUNN+ S\?W>DS = A DI/ANCE ( AB\T #ab MILES1 SWEEPS R\ND TO ! WE/4 ,AT ! PO9T :]E ,NA*TIGAL CROSS$ IT1 T[>DS ITS NOR!RN EXTREMITY1 IT BE>S ! NAME ( ,K]AK]I1 :I* SIGNIFIES 0RUBBI%10 OR 0RABBIT-BURR[10 :I* T]M HAS BE5 PROCUR$ = IT BY ! ?\S&S ( CRUMBL+ BLOCKS COV]+ ITS SLOPES4  

 ,AT ! HI<E/ PO9T1 :I* IS CROSS$ BY ! R\TE FROM ,WADAI TO ,EL-,FA%]1 ,NA*TIGAL DET]M9$ AN APPROXIMATE HEI<T ( #c1#e#e#c FEET1 :I* ! NEI<BOR+ SUMMITS EXCE$ BY FROM #e TO #a1 FEET4 ,DUR+ !IR %ORT OCCUPATION ( ! C\NTRY ! (FIC]S ( ! ,EGYPTIAN >MY1 NOTABLY ,MASON1 ,PURDY1 & ,MESS$AGLIA1 P>TIALLY EXPLOR$ ! 9T]IOR ( ! UPL&S1 MEASUR+ SOME ( ! CRE/S :I* OV]LOOK ! RE/ ( ! L(TY GRANITE MASSES4 ,ONE ( !M1 ?AT ( ,TURA1 
                 

9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! *A91 RISES TO A HEI<T ( #d1#h FEET4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! CULM9AT+ PO9T ( ! ,M>RAH RANGE ATTA9S AN ALTITUDE ( #f1#a FEET1 OR AB\T #b1#f#f FEET ABOVE ! L[-LY+ PLA9S ( ,D>-,=4 ,! ROCKS ( ,M>RAH CONTA9 NUM]\S CAV]NS1 SEV]AL ( :I* =M]LY S]V$ AS PRISONS1 SOME = ! SONS ( PR9CES1 O!RS = ! VIZI]S4  

 ,TO ! NOR? & S\? >E SECOND>Y *A9S & ISOLAT$ MASSES LIKE ?OSE ( ,KORD(AN4 ,SU* >E ! SUP]B ,GURG]  ,M\NTA9S TO ! NOR?-WE/1 & ! ,JEBEL-,SI1 /&+ QUITE ALONE 9 ! PLA9 & T]M9AT$ BY AN 5ORM\S CRAG 9 %APE ( A ?RONE4 ,A VILLAGE IS P]*$ R\ND !SE ESC>PM5TS1 PROTECT$ BY A CIRCUL> 5CLOSURE4 ,9 ! MORE REMOTE REGIONS ( C5TRAL ,D>-,= >E ALSO A FEW ISOLAT$ UPL&S4 ,! CONF9ES ( ,WADAI1 T[>DS ! NOR?-WE/ ANGLE ( ,D>-,=1 >E 9DICAT$ FROM AF> BY ! ,JEBEL-,ABU-,AHRAZ1 OR ! 0,M\NTA9 ( ! ,FA!R ( ! ,ACACIAS40 ,A SECOND HEI<T1 BETT] KN[N1 AS IT COMM&S ! TRAVAIL R\TE FROM ,KOBEH TO ,SIUT TO ! WE/1 DEVELOPS ITS PEAKS1 SU* AS ! ,JEBEL-,DOR & ! ,JEBEL-,ANKA1 9 A L9E ) ! NOR!RN CONT9UATION ( ! MA9 AXIS ( ! ,M>RAH RANGE4  

 ,TO ! NOR?-EA/ ( ,D>-,=1 ! ,JEBEL-,M$OB LIFTS ITS S&/ONE WALLS & GRANITE CUPOLAS1 H]E & !RE BROK5 BY LAVA /REAMS1 TO A HEI<T ( NE>LY #d1 FEET4 ,BEYOND ?IS PO9T EXT5DS ! PLATEAU ( ! ,JEBEL-,A91 SKIRT$ BY ! ,WADY-,MELEK4 ,TO ! EA/ ! ,JEBEL-EL-,HILLET1 :I* IS SKIRT$ BY ! R\TE FROM ,EL-,FA%] TO ,EL-,OBEID1 & TO ! S\?1 9 ! HYDROGRAPHIC BAS9 ( ! ,BAHR-EL-,>AB1 >E /ILL SEV]AL O!R ISOLAT$ UPL&S1 CONNECT$ BY NO 9T]M$IATE RIDGES ) ! ,M>RAH HI<L&S4 ,! ,JEBEL-,HADID1 ONE ( !SE GR\PS ( HILLS1 IS V]Y RI* 9 IRON ORES4 ,SOME #c MILES TO ! S\?-WE/ ( ! ,JEBEL-,DANGO1 ANO!R M\NTA9 MASS RIS+ ABOVE A PLA91 >E ! COPP]-M9ES ( ,H(RAH1 CELEBRAT$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( C5TRAL ,AFRICA4 ,! M9]AL VE9 :I* IS N[ BE+ WORK$ LIES ON ! RI<T BANK ( ! ,BAHR-EL-,F]TIT1 AN AFFLU5T ( ! ,BAHR-EL-,>AB4 ,AN EXCAVATION1 #e FEET LONG BY #e FEET BROAD1 ) A MEAN DEP? ( #a FEET1 HAS BE5 DUG \T BY ! M9]S1 & %AFTS1 N[ AB&ON$1 HAVE BE5 SUNK 9 ALL DIRECTIONS )9 A RADIUS ( #a1#f#f FEET FROM ! PIT4 ,IT WAS MA9LY ) A VIEW TO OBTA9 !SE COPP]-M9ES ?AT ! ,KH$IVE CAUS$ ,D>-,= TO BE OCCUPI$4 ,FEW O!R REGIONS HAVE BE5 ! CAUSE ( MORE W>S BETWE5 ! ,AFRICAN POPULATIONS ?AN !SE N[ VALUELESS M9]AL B$S4  

,H,Y,D,R,O,G,R,A,P,H,I,C ,S,Y,/,E,M4 

 ,! RA9FALL & ! WAT]S ( ! WADIES >E REGULAT$ BY ! ATMOSPH]IC CURR5TS1 AS 9 ,KORD(AN2 H[EV]1 IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ! HI<] MEAN ELEVATION & ! GREAT] EXT5T ( ! ,D>-,= HI<L&S CAUSE MORE ( ! RA9-BE>+ W9DS TO BE >RE/$1 ?US SECUR+ A MORE COPI\S RA9FALL = ?IS REGION4  

 ,NE> ! C5T] ( ?IS M\NTA9\S DI/RICT1 9 A CLOS$ AMPHI!AT]1 LIES A LAKE :I* HAS NEV] YET BE5 VISIT$ BY ,EUROPEAN TRAVEL]S4  

 ,! RA9S >E MORE ABUNDANT 9 ! WE/]N REGION ( ,D>-,=2 & AS CONCAVE SIDE ( ! CRESC5T-%AP$ ,M>RAH RANGE FACES WE/W>DS1 ! WAT] C\RSES ( ?IS WAT]%$ ALL CONV]GE ON ! MA9 BRAN*1 ! ,WADY-,AZUM1 A RELATIVELY COPI\S /REAM1 AL?\< ITS B$ IS DRY = A PORTION ( ! YE>4 ,ON ! CONVEX SLOPE ( ! ,M>RAH ,M\NTA9S ! RUNN+ WAT]S1 DIV]G+ EA/ & S\?W>DS1 BECOME LO/ 9 ! DES]T1 & H5CE >E UNABLE TO UNITE !IR S&Y B$S 9 ONE COMMON HYDROGRAPHIC SY/EM4 ,ON ! S\!RN SLOPE ALONE1 :]E ! RA9S FALL MORE FREQU5TLY1 ! RIV]S HAVE A LONG] C\RSE & CON/ITUTE V]ITABLE FLUVIAL BAS9S4 ,?US1 DUR+ ! RA9Y SEASON1 ! ,WADY-,AMOR & ! ,WADY-EL-,KO COMB9E TO FILL A RAHAD OR LAKE ( CONSID]ABLE SIZE1 AT :I* ! ,RIZEGAT ,BAGG>AS WAT] !IR CATTLE4  

 ,F>!R WE/W>DS1 O!R WADIES S5D D[N DUR+ ! KH>IF A SUFFICI5T VOLUME TO CAUSE ! FLOODS TO SPREAD \T 9TO VA/ TEMPOR>Y LAKES1 9 :I* ! DUNES & >GILACE\S HILLS APPE> LIKE ISL&S4 ,H]E & !RE >E EV5 SOME LAKES 9 ! /EPPE1 SU* AS ,LAKE ,TAIMO1 9 :I* WAT] IS F\ND AT ! HEI<T ( ! DRY SEASON4 ,NEV]!LESS ,WILSON & ,FELK9 /ATE ?AT AT ,%EKKA1 DUR+ ! DRY MON?S1 ! PEOPLE USE ! JUICE ( ! WAT]-MELON 9/EAD ( WAT] = H\SEHOLD PURPOSES1 & ?AT ! CATTLE HAVE SC>CELY ANY O!R LIQUID TO DR9K4 ,! UPP] ,BAHR-EL-,>AB1 :I* RECEIVES ! SURPLUS ( ALL ! WADIES ( S\!RN ,D>-,=1 IS FLOOD$ ?R\<\T ! YE>1 & 9 ! ,BAHR-EL-,F]TIT1 A NOR!RN AFFLU5T ( ! ,BAHR-EL-,>AB1 WAT] IS ALWAYS TO BE OBTA9$ AT A DEP? ( A FEW 9*ES BEL[ ! SURFACE4 ,! FI% TAKE REFUGE 9 ! DEEP POOLS EXCAVAT$ BY ! CURR5T AT ! BASE ( ! ROCKS1 & ! RIV] IS SAID TO BE NAVIGABLE DUR+ ! KH>IF4 ,! S\!RN REGION1 :I* IS (T5 FLOOD$1 IS ! LEA/ HEAL?Y4 ,:IL/ ?AT ( ! NOR?1 BE+ DRI]1 & AT ! SAME TIME LY+ AT A HI<] ELEVATION1 IS G5]ALLY SALUBRI\S4  

,F,L,O,R,A4 

 ,! FLORA ( ,D>-,= IS ID5TICAL ) ?AT ( ,KORD(AN1 AT LEA/ 9 ! REGION :I* IS NOT WAT]$ BY ! AFFLU5TS ( ! ,BAHR-EL-,>AB4 ,! PLANTS & WILD BEA/S1 AS WELL AS ! CULTIVAT$ SPECIES ( ! DOME/IC ANIMALS1 DIFF] 9 NO RESPECT 9 ! TWO REGIONS4 ,! SAME LIV+ =MS & PRODUCTS >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! CORRESPOND+ CLIMATIC ZONES2 H[EV]1 ! WE/]N REGION ( ,D>-,=1 :]E WAT] IS MORE ABUNDANT1 & ! LAY] ( VEGETABLE HUMMUS ?ICK]1 IS BY F> ! RI*E/ 9 V>IETY ( SPECIES4  

 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES1 WOODS & GROVES >E F\ND ONLY ON ! BANKS ( ! WADIES1 ! 9T]M$I>Y TRACTS PRES5T+ ! APPE>ANCE ( A /EPPE OR EV5 A DES]T4 ,ACACIAS1 TAM>ISKS & SYCAMORES >E ! COMMONE/ V>IETIES ( TREES4 ,! BAOBAB1 :I* 9 ,D>-,= IS ALSO US$ AS A RES]VOIR DUR+ ! DRY SEASON1 F9DS ITS NOR!RN LIMIT T[>DS ! MIDDLE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ! M\NTA9S ! BRAN*+ EUPHORBIAS RECALL ! FLORA ( ! ,ABYSS9IAN PLATEAU2 H]E >E ALSO F\ND C$>S1 ORANGE-TREES1 CITRONS & POMEGRANATES1 :I* REM9D$ ! ,ITALIAN ,MESS$AGLIA ( HIS C\NTRY4 ,BE=E ! W>1 ! FRUIT ( ! TAM>ISK1 KNEAD$ 9TO SMALL CAKES1 WAS EXPORT$ TO ,NUBIA & ,EGYPT4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ VALUABLE TREES IS ! HIGLIK 7BALC9ITES ,A,EGYPTIACA71 :OSE FRUIT1 NEGLECT$ 9 ! Z]IBA REGION1 IS US$ AS AN ALIM5T BY ! ,=IANS4 ,! FRUIT1 MADE 9TO A PA/E ) P\ND$ ROOTS1 IS ALSO US$ AS SOAP1 :IL/ ! Y\NG LEAVES & %OOTS MAKE AN EXCELL5T SEASON+4 ,! A%ES YIELD A K9D ( PICKLE1 ALSO EMPLOY$ 9 !IR DIET1 & ITS WOOD BURNS )\T GIV+ \T SMOKE4 ,?US ! HIGLIK IS TO ! ,=IANS :AT ! DATE IS TO ! ,EGYPTIANS4 ,! PALM IS R>ELY SE51 AL?\< ! WE/]N DI/RICTS POSSESS ! W9E PALM 7RAPHIA V9IF]A74 ,D>-,= & ,KORD(AN >E COMPRIS$ BETWE5 TWO ZONES ( VEGETATION1 TO ! NOR? ?AT ( ! DATE1 & TO ! S\? ?AT ( ! DELEB PALM4  

,F,A,U,N,A4 

 ,! S\!RN P>T ( ,D>-,= ALSO =MS ! NOR!RN B\ND>Y ( ! =E/ ZONE1 :I*1 H[EV]1 ?ANKS TO ! RA9S1 5CROA*ES T[>DS ! NOR? ON ! BAS9 ( ! ,BAHR-EL-,>AB4 ,H]E /RET* ! D5SE =E/S ( ,EL-,HALLAH1 FREQU5T$ BY ! ELEPHANT1 RH9OC]OS1 GIRAFFE1 & BUFFALO1 :I* >E *AS$ BY ! ,BAGG>A HUNT]S ( ! ,KAMBANIEH OR ,HABANIEH TRIBE4 ,! O/RI*1 & V>I\S SPECIES ANTELOPE1 >E ALSO F\ND 9 L>GE NUMB]S 9 ! SURR\ND+ /EPPES2 BUT ! PLA9S ( ! NOR!RN PROV9CES >E ! FAVORITE RESORT ( ! O/RI* HUNT]S1 & ! F9E/ FEA!RS >E PROCUR$ FROM ?IS REGION4  

 ,9 ! VA/ /EPPES :I* 9T]V5E BETWE5 ,KORD(AN & ,D>-,=1 ! NOMAD PA/ORS 5GAGE TWICE YE>LY1 BE=E & AFT] ! RA9Y SEASON1 9 A G5]AL BATTUE4 ,ALL ! DOME/IC ANIMALS ( ! TRIBE1 SU* AS ! CAMELS1 HORSES & OX51 US$ AS M\NTS OR BEA/S ( BURD51 >E BR\<T 9TO REQUISITION & DRIV5 TO ! HUNT+ GR\ND1 :]E ! BEAT]S SPREAD \T 9TO A CIRCLE SO AS TO DRIVE ! GAME T[>DS ! 5TRANCE ( A N>R[ PASSAGE /REWN ) TRAPS & WELL GU>D$ AT ! \TLET4 ,HORSEM5 !N FALL UPON ! CAPTIVE ANIMALS & MASSACRE !M BE=E !Y HAVE TIME TO DE/ROY OR FREE !MSELVES FROM ! TRAPS4 ,OCCASIONALLY AS MANY AS ?REE HUNDR$ L>GE ANIMALS--ANTELOPES1 GNUS1 & BUFFALOES-->E ?US OBTA9$ 9 ONE DAY1 & ! TRIBE >E 9 ?IS WAY 5ABL$ TO PAY ! >RE>S ( !IR TAXES4 ,9 ! S\!RN REGION ( ,D>-,=1 ! >DHA1 OR :ITE ANTS1 EXI/ 9 SU* NUM]\S COLONIES ?AT :OLE =E/S >E DE/ROY$ BY !M4 ,9 TIMES ( WANT ! NATIVES EAT !SE T]MITES1 MIX$ ) ! FRUIT ( ! TAM>9D4 ,AFT] SUNSET !Y LI<T FIRES BE=E ! PYRAMIDAL HILLS ( ! 0:ITE ANTS10 :O RU% \T 9 ?\S&S1 & ?US :OLE BOXES >E PACK$ ) !M 0LIKE ! BOXES ( CURRANTS 9 ,GREECE40  

,9,H,A,B,I,T,A,N,T,S ,( ,D,>-,=4 

 ,! RACE ( 0PURE ,=IANS10 AS ,MOHAMM$ ! ,TUNISIAN CALL$ !M1 OCCUPY ! M\NTA9\S REGION 9 ! C5T] ( ! C\NTRY4 ,AS F> AS CAN BE JUDG$ BY ! MEAG] REPORTS ON ! TRIBES ?AT HAVE BE5 /UDI$ BY TRAVEL]S1 !Y >E ,NIGRITIANS ( A D>K BR[N COMPLEXION1 ! NOSE FLAT & ! =EHEAD L[ & REC$+4 ,!Y >E DIVID$ 9TO SEV]AL GR\PS1 ( :I* ! MO/ IMPORTANT >E ! ,KUNJ>A1 :O TILL REC5TLY RUL$ OV] ! C\NTRY1 & GOV]N$ ,KORD(AN BE=E ! >RIVAL ( ! ,EGYPTIANS4 ,AL?\< CONSID]$ AS ,NAS-EL-,BELID1 OR A 0/UPID PEOPLE10 ! ,=IANS HAVE AT LEA/ ?IS ADVANTAGE1 ?AT !Y LACK CRUELTY & AV>ICE ( !IR NEI<BORS4 ,UND] !IR RULE ! PEOPLE ( ,KORD(AN 9CREAS$ & PROSP]$1 :]EAS !Y HAVE BECOME IMPOV]I%$ & DECREAS$ S9CE ! DEP>TURE ( ! ,KUNJ>AS4 ,! ,KUNJ>A LANGUAGE1 :I* AFT] ,>ABIC IS ?AT MO/ G5]ALLY SPOK5 9 ,D>-,=1 IS SAID PROBABLY TO BELONG TO ! ,NUBIAN GR\P4 ,BUT ,LEPSIUS HAS DISCOV]$ ?AT !RE >E ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! SPEE* ( ! ,NUBAS & ?AT ( ! ,KUNJ>AS4  

 ,! ,MASSABAT NOMADS1 :O >E F\ND 9 ! PLA9S BETWE5 ,D>- ,= & ,KORD(AN1 >E ALSO SAID TO BE ( ,=IAN RACE1 AL?\< !Y >E N[ ASSIMILAT$ TO ! ,>ABS 9 SPEE*4  

 ,!RE >E MOREOV] NUM]\S O!R COMMUNITIES1 :OSE CLASSIFICATION IS A MATT] ( GREAT DIFFICULTY4 ,ALL CALL !MSELVES ,>ABS1 SO AS TO APPE> ( MORE NOBLE EXTRACTION2 BUT ! BULK ( !M >E PROBABLY ALLI$ TO ! ,=IANS4 ,! P[]FUL ,MASSALIT TRIBES1 SEV]AL ( :I* LIVE 9 COMPLETE 9DE-P5D5CE ON ! WE/]N FRONTI]S ( ,D>-,= & 9 ,WADAI1 >E AMONG ?OSE TRIBES BELIEV$ TO BE ( ABORIG9AL DESC5T4 ,TILL REC5TLY !Y W]E 9 CON/ANT FEUD ) ! ,HABANIEH TRIBE1 :O OCCUPY MORE ESPECIALLY ! S\!RN REGION ( ,D>-,=2 BUT PEACE HAS N[ BE5 RE/OR$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,NA*TIGAL1 SOME ( !SE PEOPLE >E /ILL ADDICT$ TO AN?ROPOPHAGY4  

,! ,>,A,B,S ,( ,D,>-,=4 

 ,! NOR!RN P>T ( ! C\NTRY1 ON ! V]GE ( ! DES]T BETWE5 ,KORD(AN & ,WADAI1 IS PEOPL$ BY ,B>ABRA IMMIGRANTS1 ,ZOGAWAHS1 ,BIDEYATS1 & MANY O!RS1 & EV5 BY ,BI%>9S FROM ,EA/]N  ,NUBIA4 ,!RE >E NUM]\S ,WADAI COLONIES 9 ,D>-,= :I*1 LIKE ! O!R NATIVES ( ! WE/]N C\NTRIES1 >E G5]ALLY KN[N BY ! NAME ( ,TAKRUR OR ,TAK>IR4 ,D>-,= HAS ALSO BE5 COLONIZ$ BY ,FULAS1 BELONG+ TO ! SAME RACE AS ?OSE ( ,WE/]N ,AFRICA1 & BY ,HOMRS1 ,HAMRS1 OR ,B5I-,HAMRANS1 :O POSSESS MANY CAMELS1 & :O CLAIM TO HAVE COME FROM ,M>OCCO4 ,!Y LIVE PR9CIPALLY TO ! NOR?-EA/ ( ! ,M>RAH ,M\NTA9S1 9 ! ,OM-,B$R OASIS1 & TO ! WE/ 9 ! ,WADV-,B>EH1 :]E !Y PRACTICE SORC]Y2 SOME ( !IR FAMILIES HAVE EV5 P5ETRAT$ AS F> AS ,KORD(AN4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,5SOR1 ! ,HOMRS >E DI/+UI%$ FROM ! O!R 9HABITANTS ( ,D>-,= BY ! RESPECT :I* !Y %[ TO !IR WIVES4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! /RANG]S CONSI/ ( ,>ABS1 OR ( 0PEOPLES ASSIMILAT$ TO ! ,>ABS10 :O HAVE COME FROM ! NOR? & EA/4 ,ALREADY SOME C5TURIES AGO1 & PROBABLY EV5 AT A P]IOD ANT]IOR TO ! ,HEGIRA1 NOMADS FROM ! ,>ABIAN P59SULA HAD P5ETRAT$ 9TO ,D>-,=4 ,! ,TUNJUR OR ,TUNZ]1 :O GOV]N$ ! C\NTRY & :OSE DESC5DANTS /ILL LIVE 9 ! M\NTA9S & PLA9S SITUAT$ S\? ( ,EL-,FA%]1 CLAIM TO BE ,>ABS & >E CONSID]$ AS SU*1 AL?\< !Y >E NOT ,MOHAMM$ANS1 & AL?\< ! PEOPLES 9 !SE C\NTRIES >E USUALLY CLASS$ ACCORD+ TO !IR RELIGION4 ,9 ! OP9ION ( ,LEJEAN CAN !Y >E NOT ,>ABS1 BUT ,TUBBU TRIBES :O HAVE MIGRAT$ FROM ! NOR?-WE/4 ,! ,MUSSULMAN 0,>ABS0 ALSO1 :O ROAM 9 ! PLA9S1 DIVID$ 9TO NUM]\S GR\PS1 >E EVID5TLY ( MIX$ ORIG91 LIKE ?OSE ( ,KORD(AN1 :OM !Y RESEMBLE 9 CU/OMS & SPEE*4 ,9 S\!RN ,D>-,= ALL ! TRIBES BELONG TO ! GREAT ,BAGG>A FAMILY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MOHAMM$ ! ,TUNISIAN1 *ILDR5 BORN ( MIX$ ,>AB & ,= P>5TS DIE AT AN E>LY AGE1 :IL/ ?OSE BORN ( P>5TS ( ! SAME RACE >E USUALLY ( S\ND & VIGOR\S CON/ITUTION4 ,CONSUMPTION IS EXTREMELY R>E AMONG !M1 & ?IS MALADY IS ALMO/ UNKN[N ELSE:]E 9 ,D>-,=4  

,S,O,C,I,A,L ,U,S,A,G,E,S4 

 ,! CIVILIZATION ( ! ,=IANS IS ( ,MUSSULMAN ORIG91 & ! ,>ABS HAVE EVID5TLY BE5 ! 9/RUCTORS ( ! NATION4 ,LIT]ATURE & SCI5CE1 IF !SE TWO T]MS CAN BE US$ 9 CONNECTION ) A PEOPLE :O HAVE SC>CELY EM]G$ FROM B>B>ISM1 >E R$UC$ TO A /UDY ( ! ,KORAN4 ,A FEW MAGICAL PRACTICES1 PROBABLY ( ,AFRICAN ORIG91 >E M+L$ ) ! ,>AB TRADITIONS2 & EV5 DUR+ ?IS C5TURY HUMAN SACRIFICES W]E MADE AT ! *IEF ROYAL C]EMONIES4 ,ON ! ACCESSION ( EV]Y SOV]EIGN1 & ON O!R OCCASIONS1 TWO Y\NG BRO!RS W]E SACRIFIC$ ) GREAT POMP1 & ! K+ ) HIS HI< FUNCTION>IES FEA/$ !IR FLE%4  

 ,AGRICULTURE IS /ILL 9 A V]Y RUDIM5T>Y /ATE1 !IR PL[ CONSI/+ ( K9D ( HOE :I* A MAN DRAGS AFT] HIM4 ,BUT ?IS OCCUPATION IS1 NEV]!LESS1 HI<LY HONOR$4 ,=M]LY ! SULTAN ( ,D>-,=1 LIKE ! K+ ( ! ,FUNJ 9 ,S5>1 ! EMP]OR ( ,*9A1 & O!R SOV]EIGNS1 WAS EXTREMELY PR\D ( BE+ ! FIR/ S[] 9 HIS K+DOM4 ,AFT] ! RA9S HE W5T =? 9 GREAT POMP ACCOMPANI$ BY ! ,/ATE DIGNIT>IES & A HUNDR$ Y\NG & H&SOME WOM51 & CA/ ! SE$ 9TO A PREP>$ FIELD1 ALL ! C\RTI]S IMITAT+ HIM4 ,!N ! PEOPLE S[$ 9 !IR TURN EA* 9 HIS [N FIELD1 & :5 ! H>VE/ RECOMP5S$ HIS TOIL1 ! FAI?FUL SUBJECT (F]$ UP HIS HOMAGE TO ! 0ROYAL F>M]40  

 ,NE>LY ALL ! M\NTA9 REGION IS P]FECTLY CULTIVAT$ 9 T]RACES1 & PRODUCES C]EALS & COTTON4 ,BUT ACCORD+ TO ,5SOR1 AT MO/ A HUNDR$? P>T ( >ABLE L&S ON ! PLA9S HAS BE5 RECLAIM$4 ,9DU/RIES 9 ,D>-,= >E /ILL 9 A V]Y UNDEVELOP$ /ATE1 EXCEPT ?OSE ( BRICKWORK & POTT]Y4 ,BUT ! COTTON /UFFS ?AT >E WOV5 9 ! T5TS >E V]Y DURABLE & MU* S\<T AFT]4 ,BY ! NATIVES !Y >E EV5 PREF]R$ TO ?OSE SOLD BY ! ,DONGOLA M]*ANTS1 :I* >E ( ,EUROPEAN OR ,AM]ICAN MANUFACTURE4 ,!SE LATT] >E G5]ALLY US$ AS MONEY1 BUT SALT BRICKS >E ALSO EMPLOY$ AS A MEANS ( EX*ANGE4  

,C,O,M,M,],C,I,A,L ,R,E,L,A,T,I,O,N,S4 

 ,S9CE ! ANNEXATION ( ,D>-,= TO ! VA/ ,EGYPTIAN POSSESSIONS1 COMM]CIAL RELATIONS HAD BECOME FREQU5T ) ! ,NILE4 ,! C>AVANS FREQU5TLY J\RNEY$ BETWE5 ! RIV] & ,EL-,FA%] BY ! M>KET-T[NS ( ,KORD(AN1 OR ELSE DIRECTLY T[>DS ,DABBEH1 ON ! GREAT B5D ( ! RIV]4 ,S9CE #ahge ! ,EGYPTIAN ,GOV]NM5T HAS EV5 PROJECT$ A FUTURE L9E ( RAILWAY FOLL[+ ! NATURAL R\TE (F]$ BY ! B$ ( ! ,WADY-,MELEK1 :I* IS G5]ALLY %UNN$ BY ! C>AVANS ON ACC\NT ( ! DANG] ( ATTACK FROM M>AUD]S4 ,BE=E ! ,EGYPTIAN CONQUE/1 NE>LY ALL ! TRAFFIC ( ,D>-,= ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD WAS CONDUCT$ BY ! M$IUM ( ! 0GREAT C>AVAN10 :I* WAS 9CREAS$ BY ! NUM]\S SMALL] 0KAFILAHS10 SETT+ \T FROM ! BANKS ( ! ,TSAD & ,NIG]4  

 ,EV]Y YE>1 OR ELSE EV]Y TWO OR ?REE YE>S1 ACCORD+ TO ! POLITICAL SITUATION & ! /ATE ( ! M>KETS1 ! ,TAKRUR PILGRIMS B&$ !MSELVES TOGE!R 9 A KAFILAH 9 NOR!RN ,D>-,=1 & ! M]*ANTS COMB9$ ) !M 9 ORD] TO TAKE P>T AT ONCE 9 ?IS PI\S DUTY & 9 A PR(ITABLE WORK4 ,! GREAT C>AVAN CONSI/$ OCCASIONALLY ( SOME ?\S&S ( P]SONS & FIFTE5 ?\S& CAMELS4 ,?IS MOV+ >MY1 :I* NONE ( ! PILLAG+ /EPPE TRIBES D>$ TO ATTACK1 DID NOT TAKE ! DIRECTION ( ,KH>TUM1 OR EV5 ?AT ( ! ,NUBIAN ,NILE4 ,GUID$ BY ! />S1 ! SUN1 & OLD BEAT5 PA?S1 IT M>*$ FROM /ATION TO /ATION 9 A NOR!RLY DIRECTION1 ATTA9+ ! ,NILE AT ,SIUT4 ,LIKE ! C>AVAN ( ,KORD(AN1 IT HAD ITS P>TICUL> R\TE1 WELLS1 & OASES1 & H5CE DID NOT RUN ! RISK ( HAV+ TO FI<T = ! POSSESSION ( ! WAT] GU%+ =? H]E & !RE 9 ! DES]T4 ,MOREOV] IT WAS SPLIT UP 9TO SEV]AL SECTIONS1 :I* FOLL[$ EA* O!R AT A FEW DAYS' 9T]VAL1 SO AS TO GIVE ! WAT] TIME TO COLLECT AGA9 AT ! BOTTOM ( ! WELLS4  

 ,SOME C>AVANS1 COMPELL$ TO MOVE RAPIDLY1 COMPLET$ ! J\RNEY 9 =TY-FIVE DAYS2 BUT !Y USUALLY RE/$ AT ! /ATIONS & 9 ! OASES1 & DID NOT >RIVE 9 ! VALLEY ( ! ,NILE TILL AFT] A J\RNEY ( TWO OR ?REE MON?S4 ,BE>+ ! VALUABLE PRODUCTS ( C5TRAL ,AFRICA--IVORY1 O/RI* FEA!RS1 GUM1 TAM>9DS1 SK9S ( WILD BEA/S1 & RH9OC]OS HORNS1 TO :I* W]E ADD$ SLAVES1 EUNU*S & ! BULK ( ! CAMELS ( ! C>AVAN--! M]*ANTS USUALLY REMA9$ AB\T SIX MON?S 9 ,EGYPT1 AWAIT+ ! RETURN ( ! PILGRIMS FROM ,MECCA4 ,!Y !N SET \T ON !IR RETURN J\RNEY TO ,D>-,= LAD5 ) WOOL5 GOODS1 PE>LS1 GLASS TR9KETS1 & *AS$ WEAPONS1 >TICLES LI<T ( WEI<T BUT ( GREAT VALUE1 = ! TRANSPORT ( :I* !Y DID NOT REQUIRE SU* A LONG CONVOY ( ANIMALS4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! ,FR5* EXP$ITION 9TO ,EGYPT1 ,G5]AL ,BONAP>TE1 DESIR+ TO OP5 UP RELATIONS ) ! ,SULTAN ( ,D>-,= BY MEANS ( !SE C>AVANS1 ASK$ HIM TO S5D 9 EX*ANGE = HIS M]*&ISE1 0TWO ?\S& BLACK SLAVES1 OV] SIXTE5 YE>S ( AGE1 /RONG & VIGOR\S40  

,T,O,P,O,G,R,A,P,H,Y4 

 ,D>-,= IS NATURALLY DIVID$ 9TO A C5TRAL PROV9CE1 ?AT ( ! M\NTA9\S REGION1 FROM :I* ! WAT]C\RSES DESC5D1 & :]E ! MA/]S ( ! C\NTRY HAVE NE>LY ALWAYS RESID$1 & 9TO ! PROV9CES ( ! SURR\ND+ L&S1 9CLUD+ ! REGION ( ! /EPPES4 ,! D> OR C5TRAL REGION1 :I* COMPRISES ! HI<L&S1 IS KN[N BY ! NAME ( ,TORRA2 ! O!RS >E T]M$ ACCORD+ TO !IR GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION1 ,D>-,TOKONAVI OR 0! NOR?10 ,DALI OR 0! EA/10 ,UMA OR 0! S\?10 ,DIMA OR 0! S\?-WE/10 & ,EL-,<>B OR 0! WE/40 ,MOREOV]1 ALL ! WELL-DEF9$ GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS BE> ! NAME ( D>1 OR 0C\NTRY10 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! POLITICAL ADM9I/RATIVE DECISIONS4  

,E,L-,F,A,%,]--,K,O,B,E,H--,T,O,R,A4 

 ,! PRES5T ,FA%]1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! 0 ,RESID5CE10 IS SITUAT$ AT A HEI<T ( #b1#d#e#f FEET ON ! EA/]N SLOPE ( ,D>-,=1 BETWE5 TWO S&Y HILLS1 & ON ! $GE ( ! ,T5DELTI LAKELET1 :I* IS F$ BY A WADY DESC5D+ FROM ! NOR!RN ,M>RAH HILLS4 ,ITS CURR5T1 BE+ RETA9$ BY A DYKE1 SUPPLIES ! 9HABITANTS ) WAT] = MORE ?AN HALF ( ! YE>2 H[EV]1 BE=E ! RA9Y SEASON ! B$ ( ! LAKE HAS TO BE EXCAVAT$ TO A DEP? ( OV] #c FEET BE=E DR9K+ WAT] CAN BE PROCUR$4 ,EL-,FA%] LIES NE>LY MIDWAY BETWE5 ! CAPITALS ( ,KORD(AN & ,WADAI1 ON ! REGUL> C>AVAN R\TE4 ,IT IS NOT ! L>GE/ T[N 9 ! C\NTRY1 BE+ M]ELY A GR\P ( CLAY HUTS ?AT*$ ) /RAW1 )1 ACCORD+ TO ,5SOR1 A POPULATION 9 #ahge ( M]ELY #b1#f#e P]SONS4  

 ,! PR9CIPAL CITY1 :I* WAS ALSO ! 0RESID5CE0 T[>DS ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 IS ,KOBEH1 ALSO LY+ ON ! C>AVAN R\TE SOME #c MILES TO ! NOR? WE/4 ,( ALL ! T[NS ( ,D>-,=1 IT IS ! ONLY PLACE :I* BOA/S ( A FEW /ONE H\SES1 A PRO( ( ! 9FLU5CE ( A REMOTE CIVILIZATION4 ,!SE H\SES BELONG TO ! M]*ANTS OR ! HEADS ( ! C>AVANS1 & >E SURR\ND$ BY HUTS SIMIL> TO ?OSE :I* >E F\ND 9 ALL O!R T[NS & VILLAGES ( ?IS C\NTRY4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( LA/ C5TURY1 ,BR[N E/IMAT$ ITS POPULATION AT #f1 P]SONS4  

 ,OM%ANGA1 SITUAT$ NE>LY MIDWAY BETWE5 ,EL-,FA%] & ,EL-,OBEID1 AT ! JUNCTION ( ! ,%EKKA R\TE1 IS ALSO A L>GE T[N1 PROVID$ ) AN ABUNDANCE ( EXCELL5T WAT]1 :I* IS CONTA9$ 9 WELLS #ac FEET DEEP4 ,S\?-WE/ ( ,EL-,FA%]1 9 AN UPL& M\NTA9 VALLEY1 ! T[N ( ,TORA1 ,TORRA1 OR ,TORAN1 :I* HAS GIV5 ITS NAME TO ! C5TRAL PROV9CE  ( ,=1 IS ALSO SAID TO BE REG>D$ AS A K9D ( CAPITAL1 & H]E >E ALL ! ROYAL TOMBS4  

 ,S9CE ! ,EGYPTIANS HAVE OBTA9$ POSSESSION ( ! C\NTRY1 NEW T[NS BE5 F\ND$1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( :I* IS ,FOJEH OR ,FOJA1 ! >RIVAL /ATION ! ,EGYPTIAN C>AVANS4 ,! OASIS ( ,OM-,B$R1 AB\T #f MILES TO ! NOR?1 HAS NO SETTL$ VILLAGES1 AL?\< IT IS ! C5T] ( ! ,HOMR POPULATIONS4 ,AT TIMES OV] SIX ?\S& P]SONS & FIFTY ?\S& CAMELS ASSEMBLE TOGE!R ON ! TEMPOR>Y CAMP+-GR\ND4  

,D,>,A--,%,E,K,K,A--,T,U,E,%,A4 

 ,D>A1 9 ! NOR!RN REGION ( ! PROV9CE1 TILL REC5TLY 5JOY$ SOME LITTLE DI/9CTION AS ! RESID5CE ( AN ,EGYPTIAN MUDIR OR GOV]NOR1 & AS ! C>JRU /ATION BETWE5 ,DOM-,SULEIMAN & ,EL-,OBEID4 ,A M]E GR\P ( TOKULS1 IT LIES NE> ! LEFT BANK ( ! ,WADY-,AMUR1 ON :I* ALSO /&S ! VILLAGE  ( ,M5OVA*I1 AB\T #f MILES F>!R NOR?4 ,NE> H]E 9 #ahgd WAS F\<T DECISIVE BATTLE :I* CO/ ,K+ ,BRAHIM HIS LIFE1 & CONV]T$ ,D>-,= 9TO ,EGYPTIAN PROV9CE4  

 ,TO ! S\?-EA/ ! T[N ( ,%EKKA OR ,%AKKA1 :I* /ILL LIES )9 LIMITS ( ! ANCI5T K+DOM  ( ,=1 WAS ! *IEF T[N ( ! PROV9CE ( ,BAHR-EL-,<AZAL1 UND] ! KH$IVAL RULE4 ,IT IS PEOPL$ ) ,JELLABIS OR 0M]*ANTS10 AS IS ALSO ! CASE ) A SMALL GR\P ( VILLAGES1 BE>+1 ! NAME ( ,KOBE%1 BUT :I* IS USUALLY T]M$ ,KALAKA1 LIKE ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY4 ,MIDWAY BETWE5 ,%EKKA & ,EL- ,FA%]1 ! PR9CIPAL C>AVAN /ATION IS ,TUE%A1 A SECOND GR\P ( VILLAGES :OSE NAME IS BUT TOO WELL KN[N ?R\<\T ! ,MUSSULMAN WORLD4 ,IT IS A DEPOT = SLAVES1 :O >E H]E G5]ALLY MADE EUNU*S BE=E BE+ =W>D$ TO ,EGYPT4 ,! R\TES CONV]G+ ON ,TUE%A >E COV]$ ) ! BLEA*+ BONES ( !SE UN=TUNATE PEOPLE1 :OM NO ONE ?9KS IT WOR? :ILE TO BURY4  

 ,9 ITS WE/]N DIVISION1 BEYOND ! ,M>RAH ,M\NTA9S1 ,D>-,= APPE>S TO POSSESS NO GR\PS ( SETTL$ HABITATIONS DES]V+ ! NAME ( T[N OR VILLAGE4 ,H]E IT IS EV]Y:]E CONT]M9\S ) ! P[]FUL ,MAHOMM$AN K+DOM  ( ,WADAI1 ) :I* IT IS CONNECT$ BY ONLY ONE KN[N MILIT>Y OR C>AVAN HI<WAY4 ,! DRA9AGE ALSO LIES 9 ! SAME DIRECTION1 ALL ! /REAMS RIS+ ON ! WE/]N SLOPES ( ! ,M>RAH RANGE FL[+ 9T]MITT5TLY ?R\< ! ,BA?A & ! ,BAHR-ES-,SALAMAT WE/W>DS TO ! BAS9 ( ,LAKE ,TSAD4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,D> ,FUR -- ,UPDAT$4 

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