,DEAD ZONES ( ! IMAG9ATION 
,ON VIOL5CE1 BUREAUCRACY1 & 9T]PRETIVE LABOR 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,AB/RACT 

,! EXP]I5CE ( BUREAUCRATIC 9COMPET5CE1 CONFUSION1 & ITS ABILITY TO CAUSE O!RWISE 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE TO BEHAVE \TRI<T FOOLI%LY1 OP5S UP A S]IES ( QUE/IONS AB\T ! NATURE ( P[] OR1 MORE SPECIFICALLY1 /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 ,! UNIQUE QUALITIES ( VIOL5CE AS A =M ( ACTION MEANS ?AT HUMAN RELATIONS ULTIMATELY F\ND$ ON VIOL5CE CREATE LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( ! IMAG9ATION1 :]E ! RESPONSIBILITY TO DO ! 9T]PRETIVE LABOR REQUIR$ TO ALL[ ! P[]FUL TO OP]ATE OBLIVI\S TO MU* ( :AT IS GO+ ON >\ND !M1 FALLS ON ! P[]LESS1 :O ?US T5D TO EMPA?IZE ) ! P[]FUL F> MORE ?AN ! P[]FUL DO ) !M4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC IMPOSITION ( SIMPLE CATEGORICAL S*EMES ON ! WORLD IS A WAY ( MANAG+ ! FUNDAM5TAL /UPIDITY ( SU* SITUATIONS4 ,9 ! H&S ( SOCIAL !ORI/S1 SU* SIMPLIFI$ S*EMATA CAN BE S\RCES ( 9SI<T2 :5 5=C$ ?R\< /RUCTURES ( CO]CION1 !Y T5D TO HAVE PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 

,?IS ESSAY IS AN EXPLORATION ( C]TA9 >EAS ( HUMAN LIFE ?AT HAVE T5D$ TO MAKE AN?ROPOLOGI/S UNCOM=TABLE3 ?OSE >EAS ( />KNESS1 SIMPLICITY1 OBLIVI\SNESS1 & \TRI<T /UPIDITY 9 \R LIVES MADE POSSIBLE BY VIOL5CE4.<#a.> ,BY 0VIOL5CE0 H]E1 ,I AM NOT REF]R+ TO ! K9D ( OCCASIONAL1 SPECTACUL> ACTS ( VIOL5CE ?AT WE T5D TO ?9K ( FIR/ :5 ! WORD IS 9VOK$1 BUT AGA91 ! BOR+1 HUMDRUM1 YET OMNIPRES5T =MS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE ?AT DEF9E ! V]Y CONDITIONS ( \R EXI/5CE1 ! SUBTLE OR NOT-SO-SUBTLE ?REATS ( PHYSICAL =CE ?AT LIE BEH9D EV]Y?+ FROM 5=C+ RULES AB\T :]E ONE IS ALL[$ TO SIT OR /& OR EAT OR DR9K 9 P>KS OR O!R PUBLIC PLACES1 TO ! ?REATS OR PHYSICAL 9TIMIDATIONS OR ATTACKS ?AT UND]P9 ! 5=CEM5T ( TACIT G5D] NORMS4 

,LET US CALL !SE >EAS ( VIOL5T SIMPLIFICATION4 ,!Y AFFECT US 9 ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( \R LIVES4 ,YET NO ONE LIKES TO TALK AB\T !M V]Y MU*4 ,9DE$1 ONE MI<T >GUE ?AT SOCIAL !ORI/S SEEM TO HAVE A P>TICUL> AV]SION TO DEAL+ ) ! SUBJECT BECAUSE IT RAISES PR(\ND ISSUES ( ! /ATUS ( SOCIAL !ORY ITSELF1 & AN?ROPOLOGI/S DISLIKE TALK+ AB\T !M MO/ ( ALL1 BECAUSE AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E DRAWN1 ABOVE ALL1 TO :AT MI<T BE CALL$ >EAS ( SYMBOLIC RI*NESS OR D5SITY ( MEAN+1 :]E 0?ICK DESCRIPTION0 BECOMES POSSIBLE4 ,! PREF]5CE IS UND]/&ABLE4 ,BUT IT T5DS TO W>P \R P]CEPTIONS ( :AT P[] ACTUALLY IS1 & H[ IT OP]ATES1 9 WAYS ?AT >E BO? DECID$LY SELF-S]V+1 & ?AT 9 OV]LOOK+ /RUCTURAL BL9DNESS1 EFFECTIVELY BECOME =MS ( /RUCTURAL BL9DNESS !MSELVES4 

,LET ME BEG9 ) A BRIEF /ORY AB\T BUREAUCRACY4 

,OV] ! LA/ YE> MY MO!R HAD A S]IES ( /ROKES4 ,IT SOON BECAME OBVI\S ?AT %E W\LD EV5TUALLY BE 9CAPABLE ( LIV+ AT HOME )\T ASSI/ANCE2 S9CE H] 9SURANCE W\LD NOT COV] HOME C>E1 A S]IES ( SOCIAL WORK]S ADVIS$ US TO PUT 9 = ,M$ICAID4 ,TO QUALIFY = ,M$ICAID H[EV]1 ONE'S TOTAL WOR? CAN ONLY AM\NT TO SIX ?\S& DOLL>S4 ,WE >RANG$ TO TRANSF] H] SAV+S--?IS WAS1 ,I SUPPOSE1 TE*NICALLY A SCAM1 ?\< IT'S A PECULI> SORT ( SCAM S9CE ! GOV]NM5T EMPLOYS ?\S&S ( SOCIAL WORK]S :OSE MA9 WORK SEEMS TO BE TELL+ CITIZ5S H[ TO DO IT--BUT %ORTLY !REAFT]1 %E HAD ANO!R V]Y S]I\S /ROKE1 & F\ND H]SELF 9 A NURS+ HOME UND]GO+ LONG-T]M REHABILITATION4 ,:5 %E EM]G$ FROM !RE %E W\LD DEF9ITELY NE$ HOME C>E1 BUT !RE WAS A PROBLEM3 H] SOCIAL SECURITY *ECK WAS BE+ DEPOSIT$ DIRECTLY1 %E WAS B>ELY ABLE TO SIGN H] NAME1 SO UNLESS ,I ACQUIR$ P[] ( ATTORNEY OV] H] ACC\NT & WAS ?US ABLE TO PAY H] MON?LY R5T BILLS = H]1 ! MONEY W\LD IMM$IATELY BUILD UP & DISQUALIFY H]1 EV5 AFT] ,I FILL$ \T ! 5ORM\S RAFT ( ,M$ICAID DOCUM5TS ,I NE$$ TO FILE TO QUALIFY H] = P5D+ /ATUS4 

,I W5T TO H] BANK1 PICK$ UP ! REQUISITE =MS1 & BR\<T !M TO ! NURS+ HOME4 ,! DOCUM5TS NE$$ TO BE NOT>IZ$4 ,! NURSE ON ! FLOOR 9=M$ ME !RE WAS AN 9-H\SE NOT>Y1 BUT ,I NE$$ TO MAKE AN APPO9TM5T2 %E PICK$ UP ! PHONE & PUT ME ?R\< TO A DISEMBODI$ VOICE :O !N TRANSF]R$ ME TO ! NOT>Y4 ,! NOT>Y PROCE$$ TO 9=M ME ?AT ,I FIR/ HAD TO GET AU?ORIZATION FROM ! HEAD ( SOCIAL WORK1 & HUNG UP4 ,SO ,I ACQUIR$ HIS NAME & ROOM NUMB] & DULY TOOK ! ELEVATOR D[N/AIRS1 APPE>$ AT HIS (FICE--ONLY TO DISCOV] HE WAS1 9 FACT1 ! DISEMBODI$ VOICE ON ! PHONE4 ,! HEAD ( SOCIAL WORK PICK$ UP ! PHONE1 SAID 0,M>JORIE1 ?AT WAS ME1 Y\'RE DRIV+ ?IS MAN CRAZY ) ?IS NONS5SE & Y\'RE DRIV+ ME CRAZY TOO10 & PROCE$$ TO SECURE ME AN APPO9TM5T = E>LY ! NEXT WEEK4 

,! NEXT WEEK ! NOT>Y DULY APPE>$1 ACCOMPANI$ ME UP/AIRS1 MADE SURE ,I'D FILL$ \T MY SIDE ( ! =M 7AS HAD BE5 REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZ$ TO ME71 & !N1 9 MY MO!R'S PRES5CE1 PROCE$$ TO FILL \T H] [N4 ,I WAS A LITTLE PUZZL$ ?AT %E DIDN'T ASK MY MO!R TO SIGN ANY?+1 ONLY ME1 BUT ,I FIGUR$ %E MU/ KN[ :AT %E WAS DO+4 ,! NEXT DAY ,I TOOK IT TO ! BANK1 :]E ! WOMAN AT ! DESK TOOK ONE LOOK1 ASK$ :Y MY MO!R HADN'T SIGN$ IT1 & %[$ IT TO H] MANAG] :O TOLD ME TO TAKE IT BACK & DO IT RI<T4 ,APP>5TLY ! NOT>Y HAD NO IDEA :AT %E WAS DO+4 ,SO ,I GOT NEW =MS1 FILL$ \T MY SIDE ( EA*1 & MADE A NEW APPO9TM5T4 ,ON ! APPO9T$ DAY ! NOT>Y DULY APPE>$1 & AFT] SOME AWKW>D REM>KS AB\T ! DIFFICULTIES CAUS$ BY EA* BANK HAV+ ITS [N1 COMPLETELY DIFF]5T P[] ( ATTORNEY =M1 WE PROCE$$ UP/AIRS4 ,I SIGN$1 MY MO!R SIGN$--) SOME DIFFICULTY--& ! NEXT DAY ,I RETURN$ TO ! BANK4 ,ANO!R WOMAN AT A DIFF]5T DESK EXAM9$ ! =MS & ASK$ :Y ,I HAD SIGN$ ! L9E :]E IT SAID TO WRITE MY NAME & PR9T$ MY NAME ON ! L9E :]E IT SAID TO SIGN4 

0,I DID8 ,WELL1 ,I JU/ DID EXACTLY :AT ! NOT>Y TOLD ME TO DO40 

0,BUT IT SAYS CLE>LY 'SIGNATURE' H]E40 

0,OH1 YES1 IT DOES1 DOESN'T IT8 ,I GUESS %E TOLD ME WRONG4 ,AGA94 ,WELL444ALL ! 9=MATION IS /ILL !RE1 ISN'T IT8 ,IT'S JU/ ?OSE TWO BITS ?AT >E REV]S$4 ,SO IS IT REALLY A PROBLEM8 ,IT'S K9D ( PRESS+ & ,I'D REALLY RA!R NOT HAVE TO WAIT TO MAKE ANO!R APPO9TM5T40 

0,WELL1 NORMALLY WE DON'T EV5 ACCEPT !SE =MS )\T ALL ! SIGNATORIES BE+ H]E 9 P]SON40 

0,MY MO!R HAD A /ROKE4 ,%E'S B$RIDD54 ,?AT'S :Y ,I NE$ P[] ( ATTORNEY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE40 

,%E SAID %E'D *ECK ) ! MANAG]1 & AFT] T5 M9UTES RETURN$ 7) ! MANAG] HANG+ JU/ )9 E>%OT 9 ! BACKGR\ND7 TO ANN\NCE ! BANK C\LD NOT ACCEPT ! =MS 9 !IR PRES5T /ATE--& 9 ADDITION1 EV5 IF !Y W]E FILL$ \T CORRECTLY1 ,I W\LD /ILL NE$ A LETT] FROM MY MO!R'S DOCTOR C]TIFY+ ?AT %E WAS M5TALLY COMPET5T TO SIGN SU* A DOCUM5T4 

,I PO9T$ \T ?AT NO ONE HAD M5TION$ ANY SU* LETT] PREVI\SLY4 

0,:AT80 ! MANAG] SUDD5LY 9T]JECT$4 0,:O GAVE Y\ ?OSE =MS & DIDN'T TELL Y\ AB\T ! LETT]80 

,S9CE ! CULPRIT WAS ONE ( ! MORE SYMPA!TIC BANK EMPLOYES1 ,I DODG$ ! QUE/ION1 NOT+ 9/EAD ?AT 9 ! BANKBOOK IT WAS PR9T$1 QUITE CLE>LY1 09 TRU/ = ,DAVID ,GRAEB]40 ,HE ( C\RSE REPLI$ ?AT W\LD ONLY MATT] IF %E WAS DEAD4 

,AS IT HAPP5$1 ! :OLE PROBLEM SOON BECAME ACADEMIC3 MY MO!R DID 9DE$ DIE A FEW WEEKS LAT]4 

,AT ! TIME1 ,I F\ND ?IS EXP]I5CE EXTREMELY DISCONC]T+4 ,HAV+ L$ AN EXI/5CE COMP>ATIVELY 9SULAT$ FROM ?IS SORT ( ?+1 ,I F\ND MYSELF CONT9UALLY ASK+ MY FRI5DS3 IS ?IS :AT ORD9>Y LIFE1 = MO/ PEOPLE1 IS REALLY LIKE8 ,MO/ W]E 9CL9$ TO SUSPECT IT WAS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! NOT>Y WAS UNUSUALLY 9COMPET5T4 ,/ILL1 ,I HAD TO SP5D OV] A MON?1 NOT LONG AFT]1 DEAL+ ) ! RAMIFY+ CONSEQU5CES ( ! ACT ( AN ANONYM\S CL]K 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,DEP>TM5T ( ,MOTOR ,VEHICLES :O 9SCRIB$ MY GIV5 NAME AS 0,DAID0--NOT TO M5TION ! ,V]IZON CL]K :O SPELL$ MY SURNAME 0,GRUEB]40 ,BUREAUCRACIES PUBLIC & PRIVATE APPE>--= :ATEV] HI/ORICAL REASONS--TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO GU>ANTEE ?AT A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION ( ACTORS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO P]=M !IR TASKS AS EXPECT$4 ,IT ALSO EXEMPLIFIES :AT ,I HAVE COME TO ?9K ( AS ! DEF9+ FEATURE ( C]TA9 UTOPIAN =MS ( PRACTICE3 ?AT IS1 ONES :]E ?OSE MA9TA9+ ! SY/EM1 ON DISCOV]+ ?AT IT WILL REGUL>LY PRODUCE SU* FAILURES1 CONCLUDE ?AT ! PROBLEM IS NOT ) ! SY/EM ITSELF BUT ) ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! HUMAN BE+S 9VOLV$--OR1 9DE$1 ( HUMAN BE+S 9 G5]AL4 

,AS AN 9TELLECTUAL1 PROBABLY ! MO/ DI/URB+ ?+ WAS H[ DEAL+ ) !SE =MS SOMEH[ R5D]$ ME /UPID TOO4 ,H[ C\LD ,I NOT HAVE NOTIC$ ?AT ,I WAS PR9T+ MY NAME ON ! L9E ?AT SAID 0SIGNATURE0 & ?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ,I HAD BE5 9VE/+ A GREAT DEAL ( M5TAL & EMOTIONAL 5]GY 9 ! :OLE AFFAIR8 ,! PROBLEM1 ,I REALIZ$1 WAS ?AT MO/ ( ?IS 5]GY WAS GO+ 9TO A CONT9UAL ATTEMPT TO TRY TO UND]/& & 9FLU5CE :OEV]1 AT ANY MOM5T1 SEEM$ TO HAVE SOME K9D ( BUREAUCRATIC P[] OV] ME--:5 ALL ?AT WAS REQUIR$ WAS ! ACCURATE 9T]PRETATION ( ONE OR TWO ,LAT9 WORDS1 & A CORRECT P]=MANCE ( C]TA9 PURELY ME*ANICAL FUNCTIONS4 ,SP5D+ SO MU* ( MY TIME WORRY+ AB\T H[ NOT TO SEEM LIKE ,I WAS RUBB+ ! NOT>Y'S FACE 9 H] 9COMPET5CE1 OR IMAG9+ :AT MI<T MAKE ME SEEM SYMPA!TIC TO V>I\S BANK (FICIALS1 MADE ME LESS 9CL9$ TO NOTICE :5 !Y TOLD ME TO DO SOME?+ FOOLI%4 ,IT WAS AN OBVI\SLY MISPLAC$ /RATEGY1 S9CE 9S(> AS ANYONE HAD ! P[] TO B5D ! RULES !Y W]E USUALLY NOT ! PEOPLE ,I WAS TALK+ TO2 MOREOV]1 IF ,I DID 5C\NT] !M1 ,I WAS CON/ANTLY BE+ REM9D$ ?AT IF ,I DID COMPLA91 EV5 AB\T A PURELY /RUCTURAL ABSURDITY1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE RESULT W\LD BE TO GET SOME JUNIOR FUNCTION>Y 9 TR\BLE4 

,AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 PROBABLY ! MO/ CURI\S ?+ = ME WAS H[ LITTLE TRACE ANY ( ?IS T5DS TO LEAVE 9 ! E?NOGRAPHIC LIT]ATURE4 ,AFT] ALL1 WE AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE MADE SOME?+ ( A SPECIALTY \T ( DEAL+ ) ! RITUALS SURR\ND+ BIR?1 M>RIAGE1 DEA?1 & SIMIL> RITES ( PASSAGE4 ,WE >E P>TICUL>LY CONC]N$ ) RITUAL GE/URES ?AT >E SOCIALLY EFFICACI\S3 :]E ! M]E ACT ( SAY+ OR DO+ SOME?+ MAKES IT SOCIALLY TRUE4 ,YET 9 MO/ EXI/+ SOCIETIES AT ?IS PO9T1 IT IS PRECISELY PAP]WORK1 RA!R ?AN ANY O!R =MS ( RITUAL1 ?AT IS SOCIALLY EFFICACI\S4 ,MY MO!R1 = EXAMPLE1 WI%$ TO BE CREMAT$ )\T C]EMONY2 MY MA9 MEMORY ( ! FUN]AL HOME ?\< WAS ( ! PLUMP1 GOOD-NATUR$ CL]K :O WALK$ ME ?R\< A F\RTE5-PAGE DOCUM5T HE HAD TO FILE 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 A DEA? C]TIFICATE1 WRITT5 9 BALLPO9T ON C>BON PAP] SO IT CAME \T 9 TRIPLICATE4 0,H[ MANY H\RS A DAY DO Y\ SP5D FILL+ \T =MS LIKE ?AT80 ,I ASK$4 ,HE SI<$4 0,IT'S ALL ,I DO10 HOLD+ UP A H& B&AG$ FROM SOME K9D ( 9CIPI5T C>PAL TUNNEL SYNDROME4 ,BUT )\T ?OSE =MS1 MY MO!R W\LD NOT BE1 LEGALLY--H5CE SOCIALLY--DEAD4 

,:Y1 !N1 >E !RE NOT VA/ E?NOGRAPHIC TOMES AB\T ,AM]ICAN OR ,BRITI% RITES ( PASSAGE1 ) LONG *APT]S AB\T =MS & PAP]WORK8 ,!RE IS AN OBVI\S ANSW]4 ,PAP]WORK IS BOR+4 ,ONE CAN DESCRIBE ! RITUAL SURR\ND+ IT4 ,ONE CAN OBS]VE H[ PEOPLE TALK AB\T OR REACT TO IT4 ,BUT :5 IT COMES TO ! PAP]WORK ITSELF1 !RE JU/ >5'T ?AT MANY 9T]E/+ ?+S ONE CAN SAY AB\T IT4 

,AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E DRAWN TO >EAS ( D5SITY4 ,! 9T]PRETATIVE TOOLS WE HAVE AT \R DISPOSAL >E BE/ SUIT$ TO W5D \R WAY ?R\< COMPLEX WEBS ( MEAN+ OR SIGNIFICATION3 TO UND]/& 9TRICATE RITUAL SYMBOLISM1 SOCIAL DRAMAS1 POETIC =MS1 OR K9%IP NETWORKS4 ,:AT ALL !SE HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y T5D TO BE BO? 9F9ITELY RI*1 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 OP5-5D$4 ,IF ONE SETS \T TO EXHAU/ EV]Y MEAN+1 MOTIVE1 OR ASSOCIATION PACK$ 9 TO A S+LE ,SWAZI ,NCWALA RITUAL1 ,BAL9ESE COCKFI<T1 ,Z&E WIT*CRAFT ACCUSATION1 OR ,MEXICAN FAMILY SAGA1 ONE C\LD EASILY SP5D A LIFETIME2 & QUITE A NUMB] ( !M1 IF ONE ALSO S\<T TO TRACE ! FAN ( RELATIONS ) O!R ELEM5TS 9 ! L>G] SOCIAL OR SYMBOLIC FIELDS SU* WORK 9V>IABLY OP5S UP4 ,PAP]WORK 9 CONTRA/ IS DESIGN$ TO BE MAXIMALLY SIMPLE & SELF-CONTA9$4 ,EV5 :5 =MS >E COMPLEX1 EV5 BAFFL+LY COMPLEX1 IT'S BY AN 5DLESS ACCRETION ( V]Y SIMPLE YET APP>5TLY CONTRADICTORY COMPON5TS1 LIKE A MAZE MADE \T ! 5DLESS JUXTAPOSITION ( TWO OR ?REE V]Y SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL ELEM5TS4 ,& LIKE A MAZE1 IT DOESN'T REALLY OP5 ON ANY?+ \TSIDE ITSELF4 ,AS A RESULT1 !RE JU/ ISN'T V]Y MU* TO 9T]PRET4 ,A ,GE]TZIAN 0?ICK DESCRIPTION0 ( A MORTGAGE APPLICATION1 = EXAMPLE1 W\LD NOT REALLY BE POSSIBLE1 NO MATT] H[ D5SE ! DOCUM5T4 ,EV5 IF SOME DEFIANT S\L SET \T TO WRITE ONE JU/ TO PROVE IT C\LD BE DONE1 IT W\LD BE EV5 H>D] TO IMAG9E ANYONE ACTUALLY READ+ IT4 

,I,I 

,NOVELI/S (T5 DO MANAGE TO MAKE GREAT LIT]ATURE \T ( ! APP>5T CIRCUL>ITY & EMPT9ESS1 NOT TO M5TION IDIOCY1 ( BUREAUCRACY--BUT L>GELY BY EMBRAC+ IT1 & PRODUC+ LIT]>Y WORKS ?AT P>TAKE ( SOME?+ LIKE ! SAME MAZELIKE1 S5SELESS =M4 ,AS A RESULT1 ALMO/ ALL GREAT LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT TAKES ! =M ( HORROR-COM$Y4 ,FRANZ ,KAFKA'S ,! TRIAL 7#a#i#b#e7 IS ( C\RSE ! P>ADIGM1 BUT ONE CAN CITE ANY NUMB] ( O!RS3 FROM ,/ANISLAW ,LEM'S ,MEMOIRS F\ND 9 A BA?TUB 7#a#i#f#a71 :I* IS PRETTY MU* /RAI<T ,KAFKA1 TO ,ISMAIL ,KAD>E'S ,PALACE ( DREAMS 7#a#i#h71 ,S>AMAGO'S ,ALL ! NAMES 7#a#i#i#i71 OR WORK ?AT'S SIMPLY 9=M$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC SPIRIT 7E4G41 ALMO/ ANY?+ BY ,JORGE ,LUIS ,BORGES74 ,JOSEPH ,HELL]'S ,CAT*-#b#b 7#a#i#f#a71 :I* TAKES ON MILIT>Y BUREAUCRACIES1 & ,SOME?+ HAPP5$ 7#a#i#g#d71 AB\T CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES1 >E CONSID]$ LATT]-DAY MA/]WORKS 9 ?IS G5RE4 ,AS IS ,DAVID ,FO/] ,WALLACE'S ,! PALE K+ 7#b#a#a71 AN IMAG9ATIVE M$ITATION ON ! NATURE ( BOR$OM SET 9 A ,MIDWE/]N (FICE ( ! ,U,S ,9T]NAL ,REV5UE ,S]VICE4 ,IT'S 9T]E/+ ?AT JU/ AB\T ALL !SE WORKS ( FICTION NOT ONLY EMPHASIZE ! COMIC S5SELESSNESS ( BUREAUCRATIC LIFE1 BUT MIX IT ) AT LEA/ UND]TONES ( VIOL5CE4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y EMPHASIZE ! V]Y ASPECTS MO/ LIKELY TO BE SIDE/EPP$ 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5TIFIC LIT]ATURE4 

,N[ IT'S TRUE !RE >E WORKS ( AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT E*O SOME ( !SE !MES3 ONE ?9KS1 = 9/ANCE1 ( ,JACK ,GOODY'S REFLECTION ON ! IDEA ( ! LI/ 9 ,! DOME/ICATION ( ! SAVAGE M9D 7#a#i#g#g71 :I* IS JU/ AS MU* AB\T ! BIR? ( SELF-5CLOS+ BUREAUCRATIC SY/EMS ( CLASSIFICATION AS ,ROL& ,B>!S' ,SADE1 ,F\RI]1 ,LOYOLA 7#a#i#g#a7 IS AB\T ! MOM5T SU* LOGIC CAME TO BE APPLI$--AT LEA/ IMAG9ATIVELY--TO ABSOLUTELY EV]Y CORPOREAL ASPECT ( HUMAN LIFE3 PASSIONS1 SEXUAL ACTS1 OR RELIGI\S DEVOTION4 ,BUT MO/ >E NOT EXPLICITLY AB\T BUREAUCRACY AT ALL4 ,)9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON BUREAUCRACY ITSELF1 9 TURN1 !RE >E WORKS ?AT E*O SOME?+ ( ! ABSURDI/ MODE SO PREVAL5T 9 LIT]ATURE3 ,MAT!W ,HULL'S WORK ON PAP]WORK AS RITUAL 7#b#h1 #b#a1 #b#a#b71 ,AKHIL ,GUPTA'S REC5T ,R$ TAPE 7#b#a#b71 :I* DIRECTLY TAKES ON ! FAILURES ( ,9DIAN BUREAUCRACIES TO ALLEVIATE POV]TY1 OR ,&REW ,MA!WS' WORK ON ! ,MEXICAN =E/RY S]VICE 7#b#e1 #b#a#a74 ,BUT !SE >E SOME:AT EXCEPTIONAL4 ,! REAL CORE ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON BUREAUCRACY1 EV5 AT ! HEI<T ( ! 0LIT]>Y TURN10 TOOK ! COMPLETELY OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 ASK+ NOT :Y BUREAUCRACY PRODUCES ABSURDITY1 BUT RA!R1 :Y SO MANY PEOPLE BELIEVE ?IS IS ! CASE4 ,! S+LE BE/-KN[N AN?ROPOLOGICAL WORK ON BUREAUCRACY IS ,MI*AEL ,H]ZFELD'S ,! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ( 9DIFF]5CE 7#a#i#i#b71 :I* BEG9S BY FRAM+ ! QUE/ION ?USLY3 

.<,I.>N MO/ 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES--:]E ! /ATE IS SUPPOS$ TO BE A RESPECT] ( P]SONS--PEOPLE RAIL 9 QUITE PR$ICTABLE WAYS AGA9/ ! EVILS ( BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] ?AT !IR \TRAGE IS (T5 UNJU/IFI$2 :AT C\NTS IS !IR ABILITY TO DRAW ON A PR$ICTABLE IMAGE ( MALFUNCTION4 ,IF ONE C\LD NOT GRUMBLE AB\T 0BUREAUCRACY10 BUREAUCRACY ITSELF C\LD NOT EASILY EXI/3 BO? BUREAUCRACY & ! /]EOTYPICAL COMPLA9TS AB\T IT >E P>TS ( A L>G] UNIV]SE ?AT WE MI<T CALL1 QUITE SIMPLY1 ! IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE ( ACC\NTABILITY4 7#a#i#i#b3 #c7 

,TO UND]/& ! SY/EM 9 CULTURAL T]MS--?AT IS1 TO F9D ! >EAS ( SYMBOLIC RI*NESS1 RIFE = AN?ROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS1 :]E ITS VICTIMS CAN REPRES5T !MSELVES AS ,*RI/LIKE1 = EXAMPLE1 & IMAG9E LOCAL (FICIALS AS EMBODIM5TS ( ,ORI5TAL ,DESPOTISM--ONE HAS TO MOVE \T ( ! (FICES 5TIRELY & 9TO ! CAFES4 

,! SYMBOLIC ROOTS ( ,WE/]N BUREAUCRACY >E NOT TO BE S\<T1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 9 ! (FICIAL =MS ( BUREAUCRACY ITSELF1 AL?\< SIGNIFICANT TRACES MAY BE DISCOV]$ !RE4 ,!Y SUBSI/ ABOVE ALL 9 POPUL> REACTIONS TO BUREAUCRACY--9 ! WAYS 9 :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE ACTUALLY MANAGE & CONCEPTUALIZE BUREAUCRATIC RELATIONS4 7#a#i#i#b3 #h7.<#b.> 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ,H]ZFELD & O!RS :O HAVE FOLL[$ 9 HIS WAKE 7E4G41 ,NAV>O-,YA%9 #b#b7 EXPLICITLY D5Y ?AT IMM]SION 9 BUREAUCRATIC CODES & REGULATIONS CAN1 9 FACT1 CAUSE PEOPLE TO ACT 9 WAYS ?AT 9 ANY O!R CONTEXT W\LD BE CONSID]$ IDIOTIC4 ,JU/ AB\T ANYONE IS AW>E FROM P]SONAL EXP]I5CES ?AT !Y REGUL>LY DO4 ,YET = PURPOSES ( CULTURAL ANALYSIS1 TRU? IS R>ELY CONSID]$ AN ADEQUATE EXPLANATION4 ,AT BE/ ONE CAN EXPECT A 0YES1 BUT4440--) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! 0BUT0 9TRODUCES EV]Y?+ ?AT'S REALLY 9T]E/+ & IMPORTANT3 = 9/ANCE1 ! WAY ?AT COMPLA9TS AB\T ?AT IDIOCY SUBTLY ACT TO RE9SCRIBE ! COMPLA9]S AS SUBJECTS )9 ! SAME MORAL FIELD ( ACC\NTABILITY ?AT BUREAUCRATS 9HABIT1 ! WAY ?IS CREATES A C]TA9 CONCEPTION ( ! NATION1 & SO ON4 

,:5 WE MOVE AWAY FROM E?NOGRAPHY & 5T] MORE R>IFI$ DOMA9S ( SOCIAL !ORY1 EV5 ?AT 0YES1 BUT0 HAS BE5 KN[N TO DISAPPE>4 ,9 FACT1 ONE (T5 F9DS A REM>KABLE SYMPA?Y--D>E ONE SAY1 S5SE ( AFF9ITYP--BETWE5 S*OL>S1 :O G5]ALLY D\BLE AS ACADEMIC BUREAUCRATS1 & ! BUREAUCRATS !Y /UDY4 ,CONSID] ! HEGEMONIC ROLE1 9 ,U,S SOCIAL !ORY1 ( ,MAX ,WEB] 9 ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS1 & ( ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT S9CE ! #a#i#gS4 ,!IR POPUL>ITY1 NO D\BT1 HAD MU* TO DO ) ! EASE ) :I* EA* C\LD BE ADOPT$ AS A K9D ( ANTI-,M>X1 !IR !ORIES PUT =? 7USUALLY 9 CRUDELY SIMPLIFI$ =M7 TO >GUE ?AT P[] IS NOT SIMPLY OR PRIM>ILY A MATT] ( ! CONTROL ( PRODUCTION BUT RA!R A P]VASIVE1 MULTIFACET$1 & UNAVOIDABLE FEATURE ( ANY SOCIAL LIFE4 ,I ALSO ?9K IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT !SE SOMETIMES APPE> TO BE ! ONLY TWO 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE 9 HUMAN HI/ORY ?AT HONE/LY BELIEV$ ?AT BUREAUCRACY IS *>ACT]IZ$ PRIM>ILY BY ITS EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,WEB] SAW BUREAUCRATIC =MS ( ORGANIZATION--PUBLIC & PRIVATE--AS ! V]Y EMBODIM5T ( IMP]SONAL RATIONALITY1 & AS SU*1 SO OBVI\SLY SUP]IOR TO ALL O!R POSSIBLE =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT !Y ?REAT5$ TO 5GULF EV]Y?+1 LOCK+ HUMANITY 9 A JOYLESS 0IRON CAGE10 B]EFT ( SPIRIT & *>ISMA 7#a#i#e#h3 #a#h#a74 ,F\CAULT WAS MORE SUBV]SIVE1 BUT 9 A WAY ?AT MADE BUREAUCRATIC P[] MORE EFFECTIVE1 NOT LESS4 ,9 HIS WORK ON ASYLUMS1 CL9ICS1 PRISONS1 & ! RE/1 BODIES1 SUBJECTS--EV5 TRU? ITSELF--ALL BECOME ! PRODUCTS ( ADM9I/RATIVE DISC\RSES4 ,?R\< CONCEPTS LIKE GOV]NM5TALITY & BIOP[]1 /ATE BUREAUCRACIES 5D UP %AP+ ! P>AMET]S ( HUMAN EXI/5CE 9 WAYS F> MORE 9TIMATE ?AN ANY?+ ,WEB] MI<T HAVE IMAG9$4 

,IT'S H>D TO AVOID ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 9 EI!R CASE1 !IR POPUL>ITY [$ MU* TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITY SY/EM DUR+ ?IS P]IOD HAD ITSELF BECOME 9CREAS+LY AN 9/ITUTION D$ICAT$ TO PRODUC+ FUNCTION>IES = AN IMP]IAL ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 ,DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W>1 ?IS WAS (T5 FAIRLY EXPLICIT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! E>LY YE>S :5 BO? ,BOASIANS LIKE ,MEAD & ,B5$ICT & ,WEB]IANS LIKE ,GE]TZ (T5 F\ND !MSELVES OP]AT+ )9 ! MILIT>Y-9TELLIG5CE APP>ATUS1 OR EV5 FUND$ BY ,C,I,A FRONTS 7,ROSS #a#i#i#h74.<#c.> ,GRADUALLY1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! CAMPUS MOBILIZATIONS ( ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 ?IS K9D ( COMPLICITY WAS MADE AN ISSUE4 ,MAX ,WEB]--OR1 TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 ?AT V]SION ( ,WEB] PROMOT$ BY SOCIOLOGI/S LIKE ,P>SONS & ,%ILS 7#a#i#e#a71 :I* GRADUALLY BECAME ! BASIS = ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T 0MOD]NIZATION !ORY0--CAME TO BE SE5 AS ! EMBODIM5T ( EV]Y?+ RADICALS WI%$ TO REJECT4 ,BUT IT WASN'T LONG BE=E ,F\CAULT1 :O HAD BE5 :ISK$ \T ( HIS RETREAT 9 ,TUNISIA & PLAC$ 9 ! ,COLLEGE DE ,FRANCE AFT] ! UPRIS+ ( ,MAY #a#i#f#h1 BEGAN TO FILL ! GAP4 ,ONE MI<T EV5 SPEAK H]E ( ! GRADUAL EM]G5CE ( A K9D ( DIVISION ( LABOR )9 ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITIES1 ) ! OPTIMI/IC SIDE ( ,WEB] RE9V5T$ 79 EV5 MORE SIMPLIFI$ =M7 = ! ACTUAL TRA9+ ( BUREAUCRATS UND] ! NAME ( 0RATIONAL *OICE !ORY10 :ILE HIS PESSIMI/IC SIDE WAS RELEGAT$ TO ! ,F\CAULDIANS4 ,F\CAULT'S ASC5DANCY1 9 TURN1 WAS PRECISELY )9 ?OSE FIELDS ( ACADEMIC 5DEAVOR ?AT BO? BECAME ! HAV5 = =M] RADICALS1 & W]E ALMO/ COMPLETELY DIVORC$ FROM ANY ACCESS TO POLITICAL P[]--OR1 9CREAS+LY1 FROM ANY 9FLU5CE ON SOCIAL MOVEM5TS AS WELL4 ,?IS GAVE ,F\CAULT'S EMPHASIS ON ! 0P[]_/KN[L$GE0 NEXUS--! ASS]TION ?AT =MS ( KN[L$GE >E ALWAYS ALSO =MS ( SOCIAL P[]1 9DE$1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MS ( SOCIAL P[]--A P>TICUL> APPEAL4 

,NO D\BT1 ANY SU* POCKET HI/ORICAL SUMM>Y CAN ONLY BE A BIT C>ICATURI% & UNFAIR4 ,/ILL1 ,I ?9K !RE IS A PR(\ND TRU? H]E4 ,IT IS NOT JU/ ?AT WE >E DRAWN TO >EAS ( D5SITY1 :]E \R SKILLS AT 9T]PRETATION >E BE/ DEPLOY$4 ,WE ALSO HAVE AN 9CREAS+ T5D5CY TO ID5TIFY :AT'S 9T]E/+ ) :AT'S IMPORTANT1 & TO ASSUME PLACES ( D5SITY >E ALSO PLACES ( P[]4 ,! P[] ( BUREAUCRACY %[S JU/ H[ MU* ?IS IS (T5 NOT ! CASE4 

,?IS ESSAY IS NOT1 H[EV]1 PRIM>ILY AB\T BUREAUCRACY--OR EV5 AB\T ! REASONS = ITS NEGLECT 9 AN?ROPOLOGY & RELAT$ DISCIPL9ES4 ,IT IS REALLY AB\T VIOL5CE4 ,:AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO >GUE IS ?AT SITUATIONS CREAT$ BY VIOL5CE--P>TICUL>LY /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 BY :I* ,I MEAN =MS ( P]VASIVE SOCIAL 9EQUALITY ?AT >E ULTIMATELY BACK$ UP BY ! ?REAT ( PHYSICAL H>M--9V>IABLY T5D TO CREATE ! K9DS ( WILLFUL BL9DNESS WE NORMALLY ASSOCIATE ) BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES4 ,TO PUT IT CRUDELY3 IT IS NOT SO MU* ?AT BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES >E 9H]5TLY /UPID1 OR EV5 ?AT !Y T5D TO PRODUCE BEHAVIOR ?AT !Y !MSELVES DEF9E AS /UPID1 BUT RA!R1 ?AT !Y >E 9V>IABLY WAYS ( MANAG+ SOCIAL SITUATIONS ?AT >E ALREADY /UPID BECAUSE !Y >E F\ND$ ON /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 ,I ?9K ?IS APPROA* ALL[S POT5TIAL 9SI<TS 9TO MATT]S ?AT >E1 9 FACT1 BO? 9T]E/+ & IMPORTANT3 = 9/ANCE1 ! ACTUAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?OSE =MS ( SIMPLIFICATION TYPICAL ( SOCIAL !ORY1 & ?OSE TYPICAL ( ADM9I/RATIVE PROC$URES4 

,I,I,I 

,WE >E NOT US$ TO ?9K+ ( NURS+ HOMES OR BANKS OR EV5 ,H,M,OS AS VIOL5T 9/ITUTIONS--EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 ! MO/ AB/RACT & METAPHORICAL S5SE4 ,BUT ! VIOL5CE ,I'M REF]R+ TO H]E IS NOT EPI/EMIC4 ,IT'S QUITE CONCRETE4 ,ALL ( !SE >E 9/ITUTIONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! ALLOCATION ( RES\RCES )9 A SY/EM ( PROP]TY RI<TS REGULAT$ & GU>ANTE$ BY GOV]NM5TS 9 A SY/EM ?AT ULTIMATELY RE/S ON ! ?REAT ( =CE4 0,=CE10 9 TURN1 IS JU/ A EUPHEMI/IC WAY TO REF] TO VIOL5CE4 

,ALL ( ?IS IS OBVI\S 5\<4 ,:AT'S ( E?NOGRAPHIC 9T]E/1 P]HAPS1 IS H[ R>ELY CITIZ5S 9 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES ACTUALLY ?9K AB\T ?IS FACT1 OR H[ 9/9CTIVELY WE TRY TO DISC\NT ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,?IS IS :AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 = GRADUATE /UD5TS TO BE ABLE TO SP5D DAYS 9 ! /ACKS ( UNIV]SITY LIBR>IES POR+ OV] !ORETICAL TRACTS AB\T ! DECL9+ IMPORTANCE ( CO]CION AS A FACTOR 9 MOD]N LIFE1 )\T EV] REFLECT+ ON ?AT FACT ?AT1 HAD !Y 9SI/$ ON !IR RI<T TO 5T] ! /ACKS )\T %[+ A PROP]LY /AMP$ & VALIDAT$ ,I,D1 >M$ M5 W\LD 9DE$ BE SUMMON$ TO PHYSICALLY REMOVE !M1 US+ :ATEV] =CE MI<T BE REQUIR$4 ,IT'S ALMO/ AS IF ! MORE WE ALL[ ASPECTS ( \R EV]YDAY EXI/5CE TO FALL UND] ! PURVIEW ( BUREAUCRATIC REGULATIONS1 ! MORE EV]YONE CONC]N$ COLLUDES TO D[NPLAY ! FACT 7P]FECTLY OBVI\S TO ?OSE ACTUALLY RUNN+ ! SY/EM7 ?AT ALL ( IT ULTIMATELY DEP5DS ON ! ?REAT ( PHYSICAL H>M4 

,ACTUALLY1 ONE C\LD MAKE ! SAME >GUM5T AB\T ! WAY ?AT ! T]M 0/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE0 ITSELF IS DEPLOY$ 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL !ORY--BECAUSE ! WAY ,I AM US+ IT H]E IS QUITE DECID$LY UNCONV5TIONAL4 ,! T]M ITSELF TRACES BACK TO DEBATES )9 ,PEACE ,/UDIES 9 ! #a#i#fS2 IT WAS CO9$ BY ,JOHANN ,GALTUNG 7#a#i#f#i1 #a#i#g#e2 CF4 ,LAWL] #a#i#i#e71 TO MEET ! *>GE ?AT TO DEF9E 0PEACE0 AS ! M]E ABS5CE ( ACTS ( PHYSICAL ASSAULT IS TO OV]LOOK ! PREVAL5CE ( MU* MORE 9SIDI\S /RUCTURES ( HUMAN EXPLOITATION4 ,GALTUNG FELT ! T]M 0EXPLOITATION0 WAS TOO LOAD$1 [+ TO ITS ID5TIFICATION ) ,M>XISM1 & PROPOS$ AS AN ALT]NATIVE 0/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE0--I4E41 ANY 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5T ?AT1 BY ITS V]Y OP]ATION1 REGUL>LY CAUSES PHYSICAL OR PSY*OLOGICAL H>M TO A C]TA9 PORTION ( ! POPULATION1 OR IMPOSES LIMITS ON !IR FRE$OM4 ,/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE C\LD ?US BE DI/+UI%$ FROM BO? 0P]SONAL VIOL5CE0 7VIOL5CE BY AN ID5TIFIABLE HUMAN AG5T7 & 0CULTURAL VIOL5CE0 7?OSE BELIEFS & ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! WORLD ?AT JU/IFY ! 9FLICTION ( H>M74 ,?IS IS ! H[ ! T]M HAS MA9LY BE5 TAK5 UP 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE AS WELL 7E4G41 ,B\RGOIS #b#a2 ,F>M] #b#d1 #b#e2 ,GUPTA #b#a#b74 ,PAUL ,F>M]1 = 9/ANCE1 WRITES ?AT HE F\ND ! T]M APT 9 DESCRIB+ ! SUFF]+ & E>LY DEA? ( SO MANY ( ! POOR ,HAITIAN F>M]S AMONG :OM HE WORK$ & TREAT$1 

BECAUSE SU* SUFF]+ IS 0/RUCTUR$0 BY HI/ORICALLY GIV5 7& (T5 ECONOMICALLY DRIV57 PROCESSES & =CES ?AT CONSPIRE--:E!R ?R\< R\T9E1 RITUAL1 OR1 AS IS MORE COMMONLY ! CASE1 ! H>D SURFACES ( LIFE--TO CON/RA9 AG5CY4 ,= MANY1 9CLUD+ MO/ ( MY PATI5TS & 9=MANTS1 *OICES BO? L>GE & SMALL >E LIMIT$ BY RACISM1 SEXISM1 POLITICAL VIOL5CE1 & GR9D+ POV]TY4 7,F>M] #b#b3 #d7 

,9 ALL !SE =MULATIONS1 0/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE0 IS TREAT$ AS /RUCTURES ?AT HAVE VIOL5T EFFECTS1 :E!R OR NOT ACTUAL PHYSICAL VIOL5CE IS 9VOLV$4 ,?IS IS ACTUALLY QUITE DIFF]5T FROM MY [N =MULATION1 MORE CONSONANT ) ! FEM9I/ TRADITION 7E4G41 ,S*EP]-,HU<ES #a#i#i#b2 ,NORD/ROM & ,M>T9 #a#i#i#b71 :I* SEES !SE MORE AS /RUCTURES ( VIOL5CE--S9CE IT IS ONLY ! CON/ANT FE> ( PHYSICAL VIOL5CE ?AT MAKES !M POSSIBLE1 & ALL[S !M TO HAVE VIOL5T EFFECTS4 ,RACISM1 SEXISM1 POV]TY1 !SE CANNOT EXI/ EXCEPT 9 AN 5VIRONM5T DEF9$ BY ! ULTIMATE ?REAT ( ACTUAL PHYSICAL =CE4 ,TO 9SI/ ON A DI/9CTION ONLY MAKES S5SE IF ONE WI%ES1 = SOME REASON1 TO ALSO 9SI/ ?AT !RE C\LD BE1 = EXAMPLE1 A SY/EM ( PATRI>*Y ?AT OP]AT$ 9 ! TOTAL ABS5CE ( DOME/IC VIOL5CE1 OR SEXUAL ASSAULT--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 NO SU* SY/EM HAS EV] BE5 OBS]V$4 

,GIV5 ! WORLD AS IT ACTUALLY EXI/S1 ?IS CLE>LY MAKES NO S5SE4 ,IF1 SAY1 !RE IS A PLACE :]E WOM5 >E EXCLUD$ FROM C]TA9 SPACES = FE> ( PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL ASSAULT1 :AT PRECISELY IS A*IEV$ BY MAK+ A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ACTUAL ATTACKS1 ! FE> ?OSE ATTACKS 9SPIRE1 ! ASSUMPTIONS ?AT MOTIVATE M5 TO C>RY \T SU* ASSAULTS OR POLICE TO FEEL ! VICTIM 0HAD IT COM+10 & ! RESULTANT FEEL+ ON ! P>T ( MO/ WOM5 ?AT !SE >E NOT ! K9D ( SPACES WOM5 REALLY \<T TO BE 98 ,OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 TO DI/+UI% ALL ( !SE1 9 TURN1 FROM ! 0ECONOMIC0 CONSEQU5CES ( WOM5 :O CANNOT BE HIR$ = C]TA9 JOBS AS A RESULT4 ,!Y ALL =M A S+LE /RUCTURE ( VIOL5CE4.<#d.> 

,! ULTIMATE PROBLEM ) ,GALTUNG'S APPROA*1 AS ,CATIA ,CON=T9I 7#b#f7 NOTES1 IS ?AT IT VIEWS 0/RUCTURES0 AS AB/RACT1 FREE-FLOAT+ 5TITIES2 :5 :AT WE >E REALLY REF]R+ TO H]E >E MAT]IAL PROCESSES1 9 :I* VIOL5CE1 & ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE1 PLAY A CRUCIAL1 CON/ITUTIVE ROLE4 ,9 FACT ONE C\LD >GUE IT'S ?IS V]Y T5D5CY T[>D AB/RACTION ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE = EV]YONE 9VOLV$ TO IMAG9E ?AT ! VIOL5CE UPHOLD+ ! SY/EM IS SOMEH[ NOT RESPONSIBLE = ITS VIOL5T EFFECTS4 

,AN?ROPOLOGI/S W\LD DO WELL NOT TO MAKE ! SAME MI/AKE4 

,ALL ?IS BECOMES EV5 CLE>] :5 ONE LOOKS AT ! ROLE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,9 MANY ( ! RURAL COMMUNITIES AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E MO/ FAMILI> )1 :]E MOD]N ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUES >E EXPLICITLY SE5 AS ALI5 IMPOSITIONS1 MANY ( !SE CONNECTIONS >E MU* EASI] TO SEE4 ,9 ! P>T ( RURAL ,MADAGASC> :]E ,I DID MY FIELDWORK1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT GOV]NM5TS OP]ATE PRIM>ILY BY 9SPIR+ FE> WAS SE5 AS OBVI\S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY SIGNIFICANT GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE 9 ! M9UTIAE ( DAILY LIFE 7VIA BUILD+ CODES1 OP5 CONTA9] LAWS1 ! M&ATORY LIC5S+ & 9SURANCE ( VEHICLES1 & SO ON71 IT BECAME ALL ! MORE APP>5T ?AT ! MA9 BUS9ESS ( GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACY WAS ! REGI/RATION ( TAXABLE PROP]TY4 ,ONE CURI\S RESULT WAS ?AT IT WAS PRECISELY ! SORT ( 9=MATION ?AT WAS AVAILABLE FROM ! ,MALAGASY >*IVES = ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES = ! COMMUNITY ,I WAS /UDY+--PRECISE FIGURES AB\T ! SIZE ( EA* FAMILY & ITS HOLD+S 9 L& & CATTLE 7& 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD1 SLAVES7--?AT ,I WAS LEA/ ABLE TO ATTA9 = ! TIME ,I WAS !RE1 SIMPLY BECAUSE ?AT WAS PRECISELY :AT MO/ PEOPLE ASSUM$ AN \TSID] COM+ FROM ! CAPITAL W\LD BE LIKELY TO BE ASK+ AB\T1 & !RE=E1 ?AT :I* !Y W]E LEA/ 9CL9$ TO TELL !M4 

,:AT'S MORE1 ONE RESULT ( ! COLONIAL EXP]I5CE WAS ?AT :I* MI<T BE CALL$ 0RELATIONS ( COMM&0--BASICALLY1 ANY ONGO+ RELATION%IP 9 :I* ONE ADULT R5D]S ANO!R AN EXT5SION ( HIS OR H] WILL--HAD BECOME ID5TIFI$ ) SLAV]Y1 & SLAV]Y1 ) ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ! /ATE4 ,9 ! COMMUNITY ,I /UDI$1 SU* ASSOCIATIONS W]E MO/ LIKELY TO COME TO ! =E :5 PEOPLE W]E TALK+ AB\T ! GREAT SLAVE-HOLD+ FAMILIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY :OSE *ILDR5 W5T ON TO BECOME ! CORE ( ! COLONIAL-]A ADM9I/RATION1 L>GELY 7IT WAS ALWAYS REM>K$7 BY D9T ( !IR DEVOTION TO $UCATION & SKILL ) PAP]WORK4 ,9 O!R CONTEXTS1 RELATIONS ( COMM&--P>TICUL>LY 9 BUREAUCRATIC CONTEXTS--W]E L+UI/ICALLY COD$4 ,!Y W]E FIRMLY ID5TIFI$ ) ,FR5*2 ,MALAGASY1 9 CONTRA/1 WAS SE5 AS ! LANGUAGE APPROPRIATE TO DELIB]ATION1 EXPLANATION1 & CONS5SUS-BAS$ DECISION-MAK+4 ,M9OR FUNCTION>IES1 :5 !Y WI%$ TO IMPOSE >BITR>Y DICTATES1 W\LD ALMO/ 9V>IABLY SWIT* TO ,FR5*4 ,I P>TICUL>LY REMEMB] ONE OCCASION :5 AN (FICIAL :O HAD HAD MANY CONV]SATIONS ) ME 9 ,MALAGASY1 & HAD NO IDEA ,I EV5 UND]/OOD ,FR5*1 WAS FLU/]$ ONE DAY TO DISCOV] ME DROPP+ BY AT EXACTLY ! MOM5T EV]YONE HAD DECID$ TO GO HOME E>LY4 0,! (FICE IS CLOS$10 HE ANN\NC$1 9 ,FR5*1 0IF Y\ HAVE ANY BUS9ESS Y\ MU/ RETURN TOMORR[ AT #h ,A,M40 ,:5 ,I PRET5D$ CONFUSION & CLAIM$1 9 ,MALAGASY1 NOT TO UND]/& ,FR5*1 HE PROV$ UTT]LY 9CAPABLE ( REPEAT+ ! S5T5CE 9 ! V]NACUL>1 BUT JU/ KEPT REPEAT+ ! ,FR5* OV] & OV]4 ,O!RS LAT] CONFIRM$ :AT ,I SUSPECT$3 ?AT IF HE HAD SWIT*$ TO ,MALAGASY1 HE W\LD AT ! V]Y LEA/ HAVE HAD TO EXPLA9 :Y ! (FICE HAD CLOS$ AT SU* AN UNUSUAL TIME4 ,FR5* IS ACTUALLY REF]R$ TO 9 ,MALAGASY AS 0! LANGUAGE ( COMM&0--IT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( CONTEXTS :]E EXPLANATIONS1 DELIB]ATION1 & ULTIMATELY1 CONS5T1 WAS NOT REALLY REQUIR$1 S9CE !Y W]E 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS PREMIS$ ON ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE4.<#e.> 

,9 ,MADAGASC>1 BUREAUCRATIC P[] WAS SOME:AT R$EEM$ 9 MO/ PEOPLE'S M9DS BY ITS TIE TO $UCATION1 :I* WAS HELD 9 NE>-UNIV]SAL E/EEM4 ,COMP>ATIVE ANALYSIS SUGGE/S !RE IS A DIRECT RELATION1 H[EV]1 BETWE5 ! LEVEL ( VIOL5CE EMPLOY$ 9 A BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM1 & ! LEVEL ( ABSURDITY IT IS SE5 TO PRODUCE4 ,KEI? ,BRECK5RIDGE 7#b#h71 = EXAMPLE1 HAS DOCUM5T$ AT SOME L5G? ! REGIMES ( 0P[] )\T KN[L$GE10 TYPICAL ( COLONIAL ,S\? ,AFRICA1 :]E CO]CION & PAP]WORK L>GELY SUB/ITUT$ = ! NE$ = UND]/&+ ,AFRICAN SUBJECTS4 ,! ACTUAL 9/ALLATION ( AP>!ID 9 ! #a#i#eS1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS H]ALD$ BY A NEW PASS SY/EM ?AT WAS DESIGN$ TO SIMPLIFY E>LI] RULES ?AT OBLIG$ ,AFRICAN WORK]S TO C>RY EXT5SIVE DOCUM5TATION ( LABOR CONTRACTS1 SUB/ITUT+ A S+LE ID5TITY BOOKLET1 M>K$ ) !IR 0NAMES1 LOCALE1 F+]PR9TS1 TAX /ATUS1 & !IR (FICIALLY PRESCRIB$ 'RI<TS' TO LIVE & WORK 9 ! T[NS & CITIES0 7,BRECK5RIDGE #b#e3 #h#d71 & NO?+ ELSE4 ,GOV]NM5T FUNCTION>IES APPRECIAT$ IT = /REAML9+ ADM9I/RATION1 POLICE = RELIEV+ !M ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( HAV+ TO ACTUALLY TALK TO ,AFRICAN WORK]S--! LATT] UNIV]SALLY REF]R$ TO AS ! DOMPAS 7OR 0/UPID PASS071 = PRECISELY ?AT REASON4 ,&REW ,MA!WS' 7#b#e1 #b#a#a7 BRILLIANT E?NOGRAPHY ( ! ,MEXICAN =E/RY S]VICE 9 ,OAXACA LIKEWISE DEMON/RATES ?AT IT IS PRECISELY ! /RUCTURAL 9EQUALITY ( P[] BETWE5 GOV]NM5T (FICIALS & LOCAL F>M]S ?AT ALL[S =E/]S TO REMA9 9 A K9D ( IDEOLOGICAL BUBBLE1 MA9TA9+ SIMPLE BLACK-&-:ITE IDEAS AB\T =E/ FIRES 7= 9/ANCE71 ?AT ALL[ !M TO REMA9 PRETTY MU* ! ONLY PEOPLE 9 ,OAXACA :O DON'T UND]/& :AT EFFECTS !IR REGULATIONS ACTUALLY HAVE4 

,!RE >E TRACES ( ! L9K BETWE5 CO]CION & ABSURDITY EV5 9 ! WAY WE TALK AB\T BUREAUCRACY 9 ,5GLI%4 ,NOTE1 = EXAMPLE1 H[ MO/ ( ! COLLOQUIAL T]MS ?AT SPECIFICALLY REF] TO BUREAUCRATIC FOOLI%NESS--,S,N,A,F,U1 ,CAT*-#b#b1 & ! LIKE--D]IVE FROM MILIT>Y SLANG4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 POLITICAL SCI5TI/S HAVE LONG OBS]V$ A 0NEGATIVE CORRELATION10 AS ,DAVID ,APT] 7#a#i#f#e1 #a#i#g#a7 PUT IT1 BETWE5 CO]CION & 9=MATION3 ?AT IS1 :ILE RELATIVELY DEMOCRATIC REGIMES T5D TO BE AWA% 9 TOO MU* 9=MATION1 AS EV]YONE BOMB>DS POLITICAL AU?ORITIES ) EXPLANATIONS & DEM&S1 ! MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & REPRESSIVE A REGIME1 ! LESS REASON PEOPLE HAVE TO TELL IT ANY?+--:I* IS :Y SU* REGIMES >E =C$ TO RELY SO HEAVILY ON SPIES1 9TELLIG5CE AG5CIES1 & SECRET POLICE4 

,I,V 

,VIOL5CE'S CAPACITY TO ALL[ >BITR>Y DECISIONS1 & ?US TO AVOID ! K9D ( DEBATE1 CL>IFICATION1 & R5EGOTIATION TYPICAL ( MORE EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS1 IS OBVI\SLY :AT ALL[S ITS VICTIMS TO SEE PROC$URES CREAT$ ON ! BASIS ( VIOL5CE AS /UPID OR UNREASONABLE4 ,ONE MI<T SAY1 ?OSE RELY+ ON ! FE> ( =CE >E NOT OBLIG$ TO 5GAGE 9 A LOT ( 9T]PRETATIVE LABOR1 & ?US1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 DO NOT4 

,?IS IS NOT AN ASPECT ( VIOL5CE ?AT HAS RECEIV$ MU* ATT5TION 9 ! BURGEON+ 0AN?ROPOLOGY ( VIOL5CE0 LIT]ATURE4 ,! LATT] HAS T5D$ 9/EAD TO MOVE 9 EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 EMPHASIZ+ ! WAYS ?AT ACTS ( VIOL5CE >E MEAN+FUL & COMMUNICATIVE4 ,NEIL ,:ITEHEAD1 = 9/ANCE1 9 A REC5T COLLECTION SIMPLY 5TITL$ ,VIOL5CE 7#b#d71 GOES SO F> AS TO 9SI/ ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S NE$ TO EXAM9E :Y PEOPLE >E EV] WONT TO SPEAK ( 0MEAN+LESS VIOL5CE0 AT ALL4 ,VIOL5CE1 HE SUGGE/S1 IS BE/ UND]/OOD AS ANALOG\S ) POETRY3 

,VIOL5T ACTIONS1 NO LESS ?AN ANY O!R K9D ( BEHAVIORAL EXPRESSION1 >E DEEPLY 9FUS$ ) CULTURAL MEAN+ & >E ! MOM5T = 9DIVIDUAL AG5CY )9 HI/ORICALLY EMB$D$ PATT]NS ( BEHAVIOR4 ,9DIVIDUAL AG5CY1 UTILIZ+ EXTANT CULTURAL =MS1 SYMBOLS1 & ICONS1 MAY ?US BE CONSID]$ 0POETIC0 = ! RULE-GOV]N$ SUB/RATE ?AT UND]LIES IT1 & = H[ ?IS SUB/RATE IS DEPLOY$1 ?R\< :I* NEW MEAN+S & =MS ( CULTURAL EXPRESSION EM]GE4 7,:ITEHEAD #b#d3 #i-#a7 

,:5 ,I OBJECT TO ?IS EMPHASIS ON ! MEAN+FUL NATURE ( VIOL5CE1 ,I'M NOT TRY+ TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL PO9T IS 9 ANY WAY UNTRUE4 ,IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO D5Y ?AT ACTS ( VIOL5CE >E1 TYPICALLY1 MEANT AS ACTS ( COMMUNICATION1 OR ?AT !Y T5D TO BE SURR\ND$ BY SYMBOLS & G5]ATE MY?S4 ,YET IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT1 JU/ AS 9 ! CASE ( BUREAUCRACY1 ?IS IS AN >EA :]E AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E P>TICUL>LY 9CL9$ TO CONFUSE 9T]PRETIVE DEP? ) SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE3 ?AT IS1 TO ASSUME ?AT ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ASPECT ( VIOL5CE IS ALSO1 NECESS>ILY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,YES1 VIOL5T ACTS T5D TO HAVE A COMMUNICATIVE ELEM5T4 ,BUT ?IS IS TRUE ( ANY O!R =M ( HUMAN ACTION AS WELL4 ,IT /RIKES ME ?AT :AT IS REALLY IMPORTANT AB\T VIOL5CE IS ?AT IT IS P]HAPS ! ONLY =M ( HUMAN ACTION ?AT HOLDS \T EV5 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( HAV+ SOCIAL EFFECTS )\T BE+ COMMUNICATIVE4 

,TO BE MORE PRECISE3 VIOL5CE MAY WELL BE ! ONLY =M ( HUMAN ACTION BY :I* IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE RELATIVELY PR$ICTABLE EFFECTS ON ! ACTIONS ( A P]SON AB\T :OM Y\ UND]/& NO?+4 ,PRETTY MU* ANY O!R WAY ONE MI<T TRY TO 9FLU5CE ANO!R'S ACTIONS1 ONE AT LEA/ HAS TO HAVE SOME IDEA :O !Y ?9K !Y >E1 :O !Y ?9K Y\ >E1 :AT !Y MI<T WANT \T ( ! SITUATION1 & :AT !IR AV]SIONS & PROCLIVITIES >E4 ,HIT !M OV] ! HEAD H>D 5\< & ALL ( ?IS BECOMES IRRELEVANT4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! EFFECTS ONE CAN HAVE BY DISABL+ OR KILL+ SOMEONE >E V]Y LIMIT$1 BUT !Y >E REAL 5\<--& CRITICALLY1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO KN[ 9 ADVANCE EXACTLY :AT !Y WILL BE4 ,ANY ALT]NATIVE =M ( ACTION CANNOT1 )\T SOME SORT ( APPEAL TO %>$ MEAN+S OR UND]/&+S1 HAVE ANY PR$ICTABLE EFFECTS AT ALL4 ,:AT'S MORE1 :ILE ATTEMPTS TO 9FLU5CE O!RS BY ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE DO REQUIRE SOME LEVEL ( %>$ UND]/&+1 !SE CAN BE PRETTY M9IMAL4 ,MO/ HUMAN RELATIONS--P>TICUL>LY ONGO+ ONES1 :E!R BETWE5 LONG/&+ FRI5DS OR LONG/&+ 5EMIES-->E EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$1 D5SE ) EXP]I5CE & MEAN+4 ,MA9TA9+ !M REQUIRES A CON/ANT & (T5 SUBTLE WORK ( 9T]PRETATION1 ( 5DLESSLY IMAG9+ O!RS' PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,?REAT5+ O!RS ) PHYSICAL H>M ALL[S ! POSSIBILITY ( CUTT+ ?R\< ALL ?IS4 ,IT MAKES POSSIBLE RELATIONS ( A F> MORE S*EMATIC K9D 7I4E41 0CROSS ?IS L9E & ,I WILL %OOT Y\074 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE :Y VIOL5CE IS SO (T5 ! PREF]R$ WEAPON ( ! /UPID4 ,9DE$1 ONE MI<T SAY IT IS ONE ( ! TRAG$IES ( HUMAN EXI/5CE ?AT ?IS IS ! ONE =M ( /UPIDITY TO :I* IT IS MO/ DIFFICULT TO COME UP ) AN 9TELLIG5T RESPONSE4 

,I DO NE$ TO 9TRODUCE ONE CRUCIAL QUALIFICATION H]E4 ,IF TWO P>TIES 5GAG$ 9 A RELATIVELY EQUAL CONTE/ ( VIOL5CE--SAY1 G5]ALS COMM&+ OPPOS+ >MIES--!Y HAVE GOOD REASON TO TRY TO GET 9SIDE EA* O!R'S HEADS4 ,IT IS REALLY ONLY :5 ONE SIDE HAS AN OV]:ELM+ ADVANTAGE 9 !IR CAPACITY TO CAUSE PHYSICAL H>M ?AT !Y NO LONG] NE$ TO DO SO4 ,BUT ?IS HAS V]Y PR(\ND EFFECTS1 BECAUSE IT MEANS ?AT ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC EFFECT ( VIOL5CE--ITS ABILITY TO OBVIATE ! NE$ = :AT ,I W\LD CALL 09T]PRETIVE LABOR0--BECOMES MO/ SALI5T :5 ! VIOL5CE ITSELF IS LEA/ VISIBLE1 9 FACT1 :]E ACTS ( SPECTACUL> PHYSICAL VIOL5CE >E LEA/ LIKELY TO OCCUR4 ,!SE >E SITUATIONS ( :AT ,I'VE REF]R$ TO AS /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT SY/EMATIC 9EQUALITIES BACK$ UP BY ! ?REAT ( =CE CAN BE TREAT$ AS =MS ( VIOL5CE 9 !MSELVES4 ,= ?IS REASON1 SITUATIONS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE 9V>IABLY PRODUCE EXTREME LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION4 

,!SE EFFECTS >E (T5 MO/ VISIBLE :5 ! /RUCTURES ( 9EQUALITY TAKE ! MO/ DEEPLY 9T]NALIZ$ =MS4 ,A CON/ANT /APLE ( #a#i#eS ,AM]ICAN SITUATION COM$IES1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS JOKES AB\T ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( UND]/&+ WOM54 ,! JOKES 7ALWAYS1 ( C\RSE1 TOLD BY M57 REPRES5T$ WOM5'S LOGIC AS FUNDAM5TALLY ALI5 & 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,ONE NEV] HAD ! IMPRESSION ! WOM5 9 QUE/ION HAD ANY TR\BLE UND]/&+ M54 ,! REASONS >E OBVI\S3 WOM5 HAD NO *OICE BUT TO UND]/& M52 ?IS WAS ! HEYDAY ( A C]TA9 IMAGE ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 & WOM5 ) NO ACCESS TO !IR [N 9COME OR RES\RCES HAD LITTLE *OICE BUT TO SP5D A GREAT DEAL ( TIME & 5]GY UND]/&+ :AT !IR M5FOLK ?\<T WAS GO+ ON4 ,HOPEFULLY1 AT ?IS PO9T1 ,I DO NOT HAVE TO PO9T \T ?AT PATRI>*AL >RANGEM5TS ( ?IS SORT >E PRIMA FACIE EXAMPLES ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE2 !Y >E NORMS SANCTION$ BY ! ?REAT ( PHYSICAL H>M 9 5DLESS SUBTLE & NOT-SO-SUBTLE WAYS4 ,& ?IS K9D ( RHETORIC AB\T ! MY/]IES ( WOMANK9D APPE>S TO BE A P]5NIAL FEATURE ( !M4 ,G5]ATIONS ( WOM5 NOVELI/S--,VIRG9IA ,WOOLF COMES MO/ IMM$IATELY TO M9D 7E4G41 ,WOOLF #a#i#b#g7--HAVE ALSO DOCUM5T$ ! O!R SIDE ( SU* >RANGEM5TS3 ! CON/ANT EF=TS WOM5 5D UP HAV+ TO EXP5D 9 MANAG+1 MA9TA9+1 & ADJU/+ ! EGOS ( OBLIVI\S & SELF-IMPORTANT M51 9VOLVE A CONT9UAL WORK ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION1 OR :AT ,I'VE CALL$ 09T]PRETIVE LABOR40 ,?IS C>RIES OV] ON EV]Y LEVEL4 ,WOM5 >E ALWAYS EXPECT$ TO IMAG9E :AT ?+S LOOK LIKE FROM A MALE PO9T ( VIEW4 ,M5 >E ALMO/ NEV] EXPECT$ TO RECIPROCATE4 ,SO DEEPLY 9T]NALIZ$ IS ?IS PATT]N ( BEHAVIOR ?AT MANY M5 REACT TO ! SUGGE/ION ?AT !Y MI<T DO O!RWISE1 AS IF IT W]E AN ACT ( VIOL5CE 9 ITSELF4 ,A POPUL> EX]CISE AMONG HI< S*OOL CREATIVE WRIT+ TEA*]S 9 ,AM]ICA1 = EXAMPLE1 IS TO ASK /UD5TS TO IMAG9E !Y HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$1 = A DAY1 9TO SOMEONE ( ! OPPOSITE SEX1 & DESCRIBE :AT ?AT DAY MI<T BE LIKE4 ,! RESULTS1 APP>5TLY1 >E UNCANNILY UNI=M4 ,! GIRLS ALL WRITE LONG & DETAIL$ ESSAYS ?AT CLE>LY %[ !Y HAVE SP5T A GREAT DEAL ( TIME ?9K+ AB\T ! SUBJECT4 ,USUALLY1 A GOOD PROPORTION ( ! BOYS REFUSE TO WRITE ! ESSAY 5TIRELY4 ,?OSE :O DO MAKE IT CLE> !Y HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ CONCEPTION :AT BE+ A TE5AGE GIRL MI<T BE LIKE1 & DEEPLY RES5T HAV+ TO ?9K AB\T IT4.<#f.> 

,NO?+ ,I AM SAY+ H]E IS P>TICUL>LY NEW TO ANYONE FAMILI> ) ,FEM9I/ ,/&PO9T ,!ORY OR ,CRITICAL ,RACE ,/UDIES4 ,9DE$1 ,I WAS ORIG9ALLY 9SPIR$ TO !SE BROAD] REFLECTIONS BY A PASSAGE BY BELL HOOKS3 

,AL?\< !RE HAS NEV] BE5 ANY (FICIAL BODY ( BLACK PEOPLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :O HAVE GA!R$ AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S &_/OR E?NOGRAPH]S TO /UDY :IT5ESS1 BLACK FOLKS HAVE1 FROM SLAV]Y ON1 %>$ 9 CONV]SATIONS ) ONE ANO!R 0SPECIAL0 KN[L$GE ( :IT5ESS GLEAN$ FROM CLOSE SCRUT9Y ( :ITE PEOPLE4 ,DEEM$ SPECIAL BECAUSE IT IS NOT A WAY ( KN[+ ?AT HAS BE5 RECORD$ FULLY 9 WRITT5 MAT]IAL1 ITS PURPOSE WAS TO HELP BLACK FOLKS COPE & SURVIVE 9 A :ITE SUPREMACI/ SOCIETY4 ,= YE>S BLACK DOME/IC S]VANTS1 WORK+ 9 :ITE HOMES1 ACT$ AS 9=MANTS :O BR\<T KN[L$GE BACK TO SEGREGAT$ COMMUNITIES--DETAILS1 FACTS1 PSY*OANALYTIC READ+S ( ! :ITE 0,O!R40 7HOOKS #a#i#i#b3 #a#f#e7 

,IF !RE IS A FLAW 9 ! FEM9I/ LIT]ATURE1 ,I W\LD SAY1 IT'S ?AT IT CAN BE1 IF ANY?+1 TOO G5]\S1 T5D+ TO EMPHASIZE ! 9SI<TS ( ! OPPRESS$ OV] ! BL9DNESS OR FOOLI%NESS ( !IR OPPRESSORS4.<#g.> 

,C\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP A G5]AL !ORY ( 9T]PRETIVE LABOR8 ,WE'D PROBABLY HAVE TO BEG9 BY RECOGNIZ+ ?AT !RE >E TWO CRITICAL ELEM5TS H]E ?AT1 :ILE L9K$1 NE$ TO BE =MALLY DI/+UI%$4 ,! FIR/ IS ! PROCESS ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION AS A =M ( KN[L$GE1 ! FACT ?AT )9 RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION1 IT IS G5]ALLY ! SUBORD9ATES :O >E EFFECTIVELY RELEGAT$ ! WORK ( UND]/&+ H[ ! SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 QUE/ION REALLY WORK4 ,ANYONE :O HAS EV] WORK$ 9 A RE/AURANT KIT*51 = EXAMPLE1 KN[S ?AT IF SOME?+ GOES T]RIBLY WRONG & AN ANGRY BOSS APPE>S TO SIZE ?+S UP1 HE IS UNLIKELY TO C>RY \T A DETAIL$ 9VE/IGATION1 OR EV51 TO PAY S]I\S ATT5TION TO ! WORK]S ALL SCRAMBL+ TO EXPLA9 !IR V]SION ( :AT HAPP5$4 ,HE IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO TELL !M ALL TO %UT UP & >BITR>ILY IMPOSE A /ORY ?AT ALL[S 9/ANT JUDGM5T3 I4E41 0Y\'RE ! NEW GUY1 Y\ MESS$ UP--IF Y\ DO IT AGA91 Y\'RE FIR$40 ,IT'S ?OSE :O DO NOT HAVE ! P[] TO HIRE & FIRE :O >E LEFT ) ! WORK ( FIGUR+ \T :AT ACTUALLY DID GO WRONG SO AS TO MAKE SURE IT DOESN'T HAPP5 AGA94 ,! SAME ?+ USUALLY HAPP5S ) ONGO+ RELATIONS3 EV]YONE KN[S ?AT S]VANTS T5D TO KN[ A GREAT DEAL AB\T !IR EMPLOY]S' FAMILIES1 BUT ! OPPOSITE ALMO/ NEV] OCCURS4 ,! SECOND ELEM5T IS ! RESULTANT PATT]N ( SYMPA!TIC ID5TIFICATION4 ,CURI\SLY1 IT WAS ,ADAM ,SMI?1 9 HIS ,!ORY ( MORAL S5TIM5TS 7#a#g#f#b71 :O FIR/ OBS]V$ ! PH5OM5ON WE N[ REF] TO AS 0COMPASSION FATIGUE40 ,HUMAN BE+S1 HE PROPOS$1 >E NORMALLY 9CL9$ NOT ONLY TO IMAG9ATIVELY ID5TIFY ) !IR FELL[S1 BUT AS A RESULT1 TO SPONTANE\SLY FEEL ONE ANO!R'S JOYS & SORR[S4 ,! POOR1 H[EV]1 >E SO CONSI/5TLY MIS]ABLE ?AT O!RWISE SYMPA!TIC OBS]V]S FACE A TACIT *OICE BETWE5 BE+ 5TIRELY OV]:ELM$1 OR SIMPLY BLOTT+ \T !IR EXI/5CE4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT :ILE ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM ( A SOCIAL LADD] SP5D A GREAT DEAL ( TIME IMAG9+ ! P]SPECTIVES (1 & G5U9ELY C>+ AB\T1 ?OSE ON ! TOP1 IT ALMO/ NEV] HAPP5S ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,:E!R ONE IS DEAL+ ) MA/]S & S]VANTS1 M5 & WOM51 EMPLOY]S & EMPLOYES1 RI* & POOR1 /RUCTURAL 9EQUALITY--:AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE--9V>IABLY CREATES HI<LY LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,S9CE ,I ?9K ,SMI? WAS RI<T TO OBS]VE ?AT IMAG9ATION T5DS TO BR+ ) IT SYMPA?Y1 ! RESULT IS ?AT VICTIMS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE T5D TO C>E AB\T ITS B5EFICI>IES F> MORE ?AN ?OSE B5EFICI>IES C>E AB\T !M4 ,?IS MI<T WELL BE1 AFT] ! VIOL5CE ITSELF1 ! S+LE MO/ P[]FUL =CE PRES]V+ SU* RELATIONS4 

,V 

,ALL ?IS1 ,I ?9K1 HAS SOME 9T]E/+ !ORETICAL IMPLICATIONS4 

,N[1 9 CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIALIZ$ DEMOCRACIES1 ! LEGITIMATE ADM9I/RATION ( VIOL5CE IS TURN$ OV] TO :AT IS EUPHEMI/ICALLY REF]R$ TO AS 0LAW 5=CEM5T0--P>TICUL>LY1 TO POLICE (FIC]S1 :OSE REAL ROLE1 AS POLICE SOCIOLOGI/S HAVE REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZ$ 7E4G41 ,BITTN] #a#i#g1 #a#i#h#e2 ,WADD+TON #a#i#i#i2 ,NEOCLE\S #b71 HAS MU* LESS TO DO ) 5=C+ CRIM9AL LAW ?AN ) ! SCI5TIFIC APPLICATION ( PHYSICAL =CE TO AID 9 ! RESOLUTION ( ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS4 ,POLICE >E1 ESS5TIALLY1 BUREAUCRATS ) WEAPONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY1 OV] ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S OR SO1 BECOME ! ALMO/ OBSESSIVE OBJECTS ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION 9 POPUL> CULTURE4 ,IT HAS COME TO ! PO9T ?AT IT'S NOT AT ALL UNUSUAL = A CITIZ5 9 A CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIALIZ$ DEMOCRACY TO SP5D SEV]AL H\RS A DAY READ+ BOOKS1 WAT*+ MOVIES1 OR VIEW+ ,T,V %[S ?AT 9VITE !M TO LOOK AT ! WORLD FROM A POLICE PO9T ( VIEW1 & TO VIC>I\SLY P>TICIPATE 9 !IR EXPLOITS4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ALL ?IS ?R[S AN ODD WR9KLE 9 ,WEB]'S DIRE PROPHECIES AB\T ! IRON CAGE3 AS IT TURNS \T1 FACELESS BUREAUCRACIES DO SEEM 9CL9$ TO ?R[ UP *>ISMATIC H]OES ( A SORT1 9 ! =M ( AN 5DLESS ASSORTM5T ( MY?IC DETECTIVES1 SPIES1 & POLICE (FIC]S--ALL1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 FIGURES :OSE JOB IS TO OP]ATE PRECISELY :]E ! BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES = ORD]+ 9=MATION 5C\NT]1 & APPEAL TO1 G5U9E PHYSICAL VIOL5CE4 

,EV5 MORE /RIK+1 ,I ?9K1 >E ! IMPLICATIONS = ! /ATUS ( !ORY ITSELF4 

,BUREAUCRATIC KN[L$GE IS ALL AB\T S*EMATIZATION4 ,9 PRACTICE1 BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URE 9V>IABLY MEANS IGNOR+ ALL ! SUBTLETIES ( REAL SOCIAL EXI/5CE & R$UC+ EV]Y?+ TO PRECONCEIV$ ME*ANICAL OR /ATI/ICAL =MULAS4 ,:E!R IT'S A MATT] ( =MS1 RULES1 /ATI/ICS1 OR QUE/IONNAIRES1 IT IS ALWAYS A MATT] ( SIMPLIFICATION4 ,USUALLY IT'S NOT SO DIFF]5T ?AN ! BOSS :O WALKS 9TO ! KIT*5 TO MAKE >BITR>Y SNAP DECISIONS AS TO :AT W5T WRONG3 9 EI!R CASE IT IS A MATT] ( APPLY+ V]Y SIMPLE PREEXI/+ TEMPLATES TO COMPLEX & (T5 AMBIGU\S SITUATIONS4 ,! RESULT (T5 LEAVES ?OSE =C$ TO DEAL ) BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ) ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y >E DEAL+ ) PEOPLE :O HAVE1 = SOME >BITR>Y REASON1 DECID$ TO PUT ON A SET ( GLASSES ?AT ONLY ALL[S !M TO SEE ONLY TWO P]C5T ( :AT'S 9 FRONT ( !M4 ,BUT DOESN'T SOME?+ V]Y SIMIL> HAPP5 9 SOCIAL !ORY8 ,AN E?NOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION1 EV5 A V]Y GOOD ONE1 CAPTURES AT BE/ TWO P]C5T ( :AT'S HAPP5+ 9 ANY P>TICUL> ,NU] FEUD OR ,BAL9ESE COCKFI<T4 ,A !ORETICAL WORK WILL NORMALLY FOCUS ON ONLY A T9Y P>T ( ?AT1 PLUCK+ P]HAPS ONE OR TWO /R&S \T ( AN 5DLESSLY COMPLEX FABRIC ( HUMAN CIRCUM/ANCE1 & US+ !M AS ! BASIS ON :I* TO MAKE G5]ALIZATIONS3 SAY1 AB\T ! DYNAMICS ( SOCIAL CONFLICT1 ! NATURE ( P]=MANCE1 OR ! PR9CIPLE ( HI]>*Y4 ,I AM NOT TRY+ TO SAY !RE'S ANY?+ WRONG 9 ?IS K9D ( !ORETICAL R$UCTION4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,I AM CONV9C$ SOME SU* PROCESS IS NECESS>Y IF ONE WI%ES TO SAY SOME?+ DRAMATICALLY NEW AB\T ! WORLD4 

,CONSID] ! ROLE ( /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS1 SO FAM\SLY 5DORS$ BY ,$MUND ,LEA* 9 ! FIR/ ,MAL9[SKI ,MEMORIAL ,LECTURE 7#a#i#e#i7 ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY AGO4 ,N[ADAYS /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS IS CONSID]$ DEF9ITIVELY PASSE1 & ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS' CORPUS1 VAGUELY RIDICUL\S4 ,?IS /RIKES ME AS UN=TUNATE4 ,C]TA9LY ! IDEA ?AT /RUCTURALISM PROVIDES SOME K9D ( G5ETIC KEY TO UNLOCK ! MY/]IES ( HUMAN CULTURE HAS BE5 JU/IFIABLY AB&ON$2 BUT TO LIKEWISE AB&ON EV5 ! PRACTICE ( /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 ROBS US ( ONE \R MO/ +5I\S TOOLS4 ,BECAUSE ! GREAT M]IT ( /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS IS ?AT IT PROVIDES A WELL-NI< FOOLPRO( TE*NIQUE = DO+ :AT ANY GOOD !ORY %\LD DO1 NAMELY SIMPLIFY+ & S*EMATIZ+ COMPLEX MAT]IAL 9 SU* A WAY AS TO BE ABLE TO SAY SOME?+ UNEXPECT$4 ,?IS IS 9CID5TALLY H[ ,I CAME UP ) ! PO9T AB\T ,WEB] & H]OES ( BUREAUCRACY ?REE P>AGRAPHS ABOVE4 ,IT ALL CAME FROM AN EXP]IM5T DEMON/RAT+ /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS TO /UD5TS AT A SEM9> 9 ,YALE2 ,I HAD JU/ LAID \T H[ VAMPIRES C\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS /RUCTURAL 9V]SIONS ( W]EWOLVES 7& ,FRANK5/E91 ( ! ,MUMMY71 & SOMEONE SUGGE/$ WE TRY ! SAME ?+ ON O!R G5RES4 ,I QUICKLY E/ABLI%$1 TO MY [N SATISFACTION AT LEA/1 ?AT ,JAMES ,BOND WAS A /RUCTURAL 9V]SION ( ,%]LOCK ,HOLMES4 ,IT WAS 9 MAPP+ \T ! FIELD ?AT BECAME VISIBLE ONCE WE SET \T ?AT 9ITIAL OPPOSITION ?AT ,I CAME TO REALIZE ?AT EV]Y?+ H]E WAS ORGANIZ$ PRECISELY >\ND ! RELATION BETWE5 9=MATION & VIOL5CE--JU/ AS ONE W\LD EXPECT = H]OES ( A BUREAUCRATIC AGE4 

,= MY [N P>T1 ,I PREF] TO SEE SOMEONE LIKE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS AS A H]OIC FIGURE1 A MAN ) ! %E] 9TELLECTUAL C\RAGE TO PURSUE HIS MODEL AS F> AS IT W\LD GO1 NO MATT] H[ OBVI\SLY ABSURD ! RESULTS C\LD SOMETIMES BE--OR1 IF Y\ PREF]1 H[ MU* VIOL5CE HE ?US DID TO REALITY4 

,AS LONG AS ONE REMA9S )9 ! DOMA9 ( !ORY1 !N1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT SIMPLIFICATION CAN BE A =M ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! PROBLEMS >ISE :5 ! VIOL5CE IS NO LONG] METAPHORICAL4 ,H]E LET ME TURN FROM IMAG9>Y COPS TO REAL ONES4 ,A =M] ,L,A,P,D (FIC] TURN$ SOCIOLOGI/ 7,COOP] #a#i#i#a71 OBS]V$ ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ?OSE BEAT5 BY POLICE TURN \T NOT TO BE GUILTY ( ANY CRIME4 0,COPS DON'T BEAT UP BURGL>S10 HE OBS]V$4 ,! REASON1 HE EXPLA9$1 IS SIMPLE3 ! ONE ?+ MO/ GU>ANTE$ TO EVOKE A VIOL5T REACTION FROM POLICE IS TO *ALL5GE !IR RI<T TO 0DEF9E ! SITUATION40 ,IF :AT ,I'VE BE5 SAY+ IS TRUE1 !N ?IS IS JU/ :AT WE'D EXPECT4 ,! POLICE TRUN*EON IS PRECISELY ! PO9T :]E ! /ATE'S BUREAUCRATIC IMP]ATIVE = IMPOS+ SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE S*EMA1 & ITS MONOPOLY ( CO]CIVE =CE1 COME TOGE!R4 ,IT ONLY MAKES S5SE !N ?AT BUREAUCRATIC VIOL5CE %\LD CONSI/ FIR/ & =EMO/ ( ATTACKS ON ?OSE :O 9SI/ ON ALT]NATIVE S*EMATA OR 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IF ONE ACCEPTS ,PIAGET'S 7#a#i#c#f7 FAM\S DEF9ITION ( MATURE 9TELLIG5CE AS ! ABILITY TO COORD9ATE BETWE5 MULTIPLE P]SPECTIVES 7OR POSSIBLE P]SPECTIVES7 ONE CAN SEE1 H]E1 PRECISELY H[ BUREAUCRATIC P[]1 AT ! MOM5T IT TURNS TO VIOL5CE1 BECOMES LIT]ALLY A =M ( 9FANTILE /UPIDITY4 

,IF ,I HAD MORE TIME ,I W\LD SUGGE/ :Y ,I FEEL ?IS APPROA* C\LD SUGGE/ NEW WAYS TO CONSID] OLD PROBLEMS4 ,FROM A ,M>XIAN P]SPECTIVE1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE MI<T NOTE ?AT MY NOTION ( 09T]PRETIVE LABOR0 ?AT KEEPS SOCIAL LIFE RUNN+ SMOO?LY IMPLIES A FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! DOMA9 ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION 7! PRODUCTION ( P]SONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS7 :]E ! IMAG9ATIVE LABOR IS RELEGAT$ TO ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM1 & A DOMA9 ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION :]E ! IMAG9ATIVE ASPECTS ( WORK >E RELEGAT$ TO ?OSE ON ! TOP4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 ?\<1 /RUCTURES ( 9EQUALITY PRODUCE LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,I W\LD ALSO PROPOSE ?AT :AT WE >E US$ TO CALL+ 0ALI5ATION0 IS L>GELY ! SUBJECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( LIV+ 9SIDE SU* LOPSID$ /RUCTURES4 ,?IS 9 TURN HAS IMPLICATIONS = ANY LIB]ATORY POLITICS4.<#h.> ,= PRES5T PURPOSES1 ?\<1 LET ME JU/ DRAW ATT5TION TO SOME ( ! IMPLICATIONS = AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,ONE IS ?AT MANY ( ! 9T]PRETIVE TE*NIQUES WE EMPLOY HAVE1 HI/ORICALLY1 S]V$ AS WEAPONS ( ! WEAK F> MORE (T5 ?AN AS 9/RUM5TS ( P[]4 ,9 AN ESSAY 9 ,WRIT+ CULTURE1 ,R5ATO ,ROSALDO 7#a#i#h#f7 MADE A FAM\S >GUM5T ?AT :5 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 ANNOY$ ?AT NO ONE W\LD SPEAK TO HIM1 5D$ UP GAZ+ AT A ,NU] CAMP ( ,MUOT ,DIT 0FROM ! DOOR ( HIS T5T10 HE R5D]$ IT EQUIVAL5T TO A ,F\CAULDIAN ,PANOPTICON4 ,! LOGIC SEEMS TO BE ?AT ANY KN[L$GE GA!R$ UND] UNEQUAL CONDITIONS S]VES A DISCIPL9>Y FUNCTION4 ,TO ME1 ?IS IS ABSURD4 ,B5?AM'S ,PANOPTICON WAS A PRISON4 ,!RE W]E GU>DS4 ,PRISON]S 5DUR$ ! GAZE1 & 9T]NALIZ$ ITS DICTATES1 BECAUSE IF !Y TRI$ TO ESCAPE1 OR RESI/1 !Y C\LD BE PUNI%$1 EV5 KILL$4.<#i.> ,ABS5T ! APP>ATUS ( CO]CION1 SU* AN OBS]V] IS R$UC$ TO ! EQUIVAL5T ( A NEI<BORHOOD GOSSIP1 DEPRIV$ EV5 ( ! SANCTION ( PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,UND]LY+ ! ANALOGY1 ,I ?9K1 IS ! ASSUMPTION ?AT COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE ( ?IS SORT IS AN 9H]5T P>T ( ANY IMP]IAL PROJECT4 ,EV5 ! BRIEFE/ EXAM9ATION ( ! HI/ORICAL RECORD ?\< MAKES CLE> ?AT EMPIRES T5D TO HAVE LITTLE OR NO 9T]E/ 9 DOCUM5T+ E?NOGRAPHIC MAT]IAL4 ,!Y T5D TO BE 9T]E/$ 9/EAD 9 QUE/IONS ( LAW & ADM9I/RATION4 ,= 9=MATION ON EXOTIC M>RIAGE CU/OMS OR MORTU>Y RITUAL1 ONE ALMO/ 9V>IABLY HAS TO FALL BACK ON TRAVEL]S' ACC\NTS--ON ! LIKES ( ,H]ODOTUS1 ,IBN ,BATTUTA1 OR ,ZHANG ,QIAN--?AT IS1 ON DESCRIPTIONS ( ?OSE L&S :I* FELL \TSIDE ! JURISDICTION ( :ATEV] /ATE ! TRAVEL] BELONG$ TO4.<#a.> 

,HI/ORICAL RESE>* REVEALS ?AT ! 9HABITANTS ( ,MUOT ,DIT W]E1 9 FACT1 L>GELY =M] FOLL[S ( A PROPHET NAM$ ,GWEK :O HAD BE5 VICTIMS ( ,R,A,F BOMB+ & =C$ DISPLACEM5T ! YE> BE=E 7,JOHNSON #a#i#g#i1 #a#i#h#b1 #a#i#i#d7--! :OLE AFFAIR BE+ OCCASION$ BY FAIRLY TYPICAL BUREAUCRATIC FOOLI%NESS 7BASIC MISUND]/&+S AB\T ! NATURE ( P[] 9 ,NU] SOCIETY1 ATTEMPTS TO SEP>ATE ,NU] & ,D9KA POPULATIONS ?AT HAD BE5 5TANGL$ = G5]ATIONS1 & SO =?74 ,:5 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D WAS !RE !Y W]E /ILL SUBJECT TO PUNITIVE RAIDS FROM ! ,BRITI% AU?ORITIES4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D WAS ASK$ TO GO TO ,NU]L& BASICALLY AS A SPY4 ,AT FIR/ HE REFUS$1 !N F9ALLY AGRE$2 HE LAT] SAID BECAUSE HE 0FELT SORRY = !M40 ,HE APPE>S TO HAVE C>EFULLY AVOID$ GA!R+ ! SPECIFIC 9=MATION ! AU?ORITIES W]E REALLY AFT] 7MA9LY1 AB\T ! PROPHETS ?AT !Y SAW AS LEAD]S ( RESI/ANCE71 :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 DO+ HIS BE/ TO USE HIS MORE G5]AL 9SI<TS 9TO ! WORK+S ( ,NU] SOCIETY TO DISC\RAGE SOME ( !IR MORE IDIOTIC ABUSES1 AS HE PUT IT1 TO 0HUMANIZE0 ! AU?ORITIES 7,JOHNSON #a#i#h#b3 #b#d#e74 ,AS AN E?NOGRAPH]1 !N1 HE 5D$ UP DO+ SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE TRADITIONAL WOM5'S WORK3 KEEP+ ! SY/EM FROM DISA/] BY TACTFUL 9T]V5TIONS MEANT TO PROTECT ! OBLIVI\S & SELF-IMPORTANT M5 9 *>GE FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR BL9DNESS4 

,W\LD IT HAVE BE5 BETT] TO HAVE KEPT ONE'S H&S CLEAN8 ,!SE /RIKE ME AS QUE/IONS ( P]SONAL CONSCI5CE4 ,I SUSPECT ! GREAT] MORAL DANG]S LIE ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T LEVEL4 ,! QUE/ION = ME IS :E!R \R !ORETICAL WORK IS ULTIMATELY DIRECT$ AT UNDO+ OR DISMANTL+ SOME ( ! EFFECTS ( !SE LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( IMAG9ATION1 OR :E!R--AS CAN SO EASILY HAPP5 :5 EV5 \R BE/ IDEAS COME TO BE BACK$ UP BY BUREAUCRATICALLY ADM9I/]$ VIOL5CE--WE 5D UP RE9=C+ !M4 

,V,I 

,SOCIAL !ORY ITSELF C\LD BE SE5 AS A K9D ( RADICAL SIMPLIFICATION1 A =M ( CALCULAT$ IGNORANCE1 MEANT TO REVEAL PATT]NS ONE C\LD NEV] O!RWISE BE ABLE TO SEE4 ,?IS IS AS TRUE ( ?IS ESSAY AS ( ANY O!R4 ,IF ?IS ESSAY HAS L>GELY SIDE/EPP$ ! EXI/+ AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON BUREAUCRACY1 VIOL5CE1 OR EV5 IGNORANCE1.<#a#a.> IT IS NOT BECAUSE ,I DON'T BELIEVE ?IS LIT]ATURE (F]S 9SI<T1 BUT RA!R BECAUSE ,I WANT$ TO SEE :AT DIFF]5T 9SI<TS C\LD BE GA9$ BY LOOK+ ?R\< A DIFF]5T L5S--OR1 ONE MI<T EV5 SAY1 A DIFF]5T SET ( BL9D]S4 

,/ILL1 SOME BL9D]S HAVE DIFF]5T EFFECTS ?AN O!RS4 ,I BEGAN ! ESSAY AS ,I DID--AB\T ! PAP]WORK SURR\ND+ MY MO!R'S ILLNESS & DEA?--TO MAKE A PO9T4 ,!RE >E DEAD ZONES ?AT RIDDLE \R LIVES1 >EAS SO DEVOID ( ANY POSSIBILITY ( 9T]PRETIVE DEP? ?AT !Y SEEM TO REPEL ANY ATTEMPT TO GIVE !M VALUE OR MEAN+4 ,!Y >E SPACES1 AS ,I DISCOV]$1 :]E 9T]PRETIVE LABOR NO LONG] WORKS4 ,IT'S H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT WE DON'T LIKE TO TALK AB\T !M4 ,!Y REPEL ! IMAG9ATION4 ,BUT IF WE IGNORE !M 5TIRELY1 WE RISK BECOM+ COMPLICIT 9 ! V]Y VIOL5CE ?AT CREATES !M4 

,IT IS ONE ?+ TO SAY ?AT1 :5 A MA/] :IPS A SLAVE1 HE IS 5GAG+ 9 A =M ( MEAN+FUL1 COMMUNICATIVE ACTION1 CONVEY+ ! NE$ = UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE1 & AT ! SAME TIME TRY+ TO CREATE A T]RIFY+ MY?IC IMAGE ( ABSOLUTE & >BITR>Y P[]4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS TRUE4 ,IT IS QUITE ANO!R TO 9SI/ ?AT IS ALL ?AT IS HAPP5+1 OR ALL ?AT WE NE$ TO TALK AB\T4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF WE DO NOT GO ON TO EXPLORE :AT 0UNQUE/ION+0 ACTUALLY MEANS--! MA/]'S ABILITY TO REMA9 COMPLETELY UNAW>E ( ! SLAVE'S UND]/&+ ( ANY SITUATION1 ! SLAVE'S 9ABILITY TO SAY ANY?+ EV5 :5 %E BECOMES AW>E ( SOME DIRE PRACTICAL FLAW 9 ! MA/]'S REASON+1 ! =MS ( BL9DNESS OR /UPIDITY ?AT RESULT1 ! FACT !SE OBLIGE ! SLAVE TO DEVOTE EV5 MORE 5]GY TRY+ TO UND]/& & ANTICIPATE ! MA/]'S CONFUS$ P]CEPTIONS-->E WE NOT1 9 H[EV] SMALL A WAY1 DO+ ! SAME WORK AS ! :IP8 ,!RE IS A REASON :Y ,ELA9E ,SC>RY 7#a#i#h#e3 #b#h7 CALL$ TORTURE A =M ( 0/UPIDITY40 ,IT'S NOT REALLY AB\T MAK+ ITS VICTIMS TALK4 ,ULTIMATELY1 IT'S AB\T ! V]Y OPPOSITE4 

,!RE IS ANO!R REASON ,I BEGAN ) ?AT /ORY4 ,AS MY APP>5TLY 9EXPLICABLE CONFUSION OV] ! SIGNATURES MAKES CLE>1 SU* DEAD ZONES CAN1 TEMPOR>ILY AT LEA/1 R5D] ANYBODY /UPID--9 ! SAME WAY1 ULTIMATELY1 AS MY POSITION AS A MALE ACADEMIC C\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE = ME TO WRITE A FIR/ DRAFT ( ?IS ESSAY 5TIRELY OBLIVI\S TO ! FACT ?AT MANY ( ITS >GUM5TS W]E SIMPLY REPRODUC+ COMMONPLACE FEM9I/ IDEAS4 ,ALL ( !SE =MS ( BL9DNESS ULTIMATELY /EM FROM TRY+ TO NAVIGATE \R WAY ?R\< SITUATIONS MADE POSSIBLE BY /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 ,IT WILL TAKE 5ORM\S AM\NT ( WORK TO BEG9 TO CLE> AWAY !SE DEAD ZONES4 ,BUT RECOGNIZ+ !IR EXI/5CE IS A NECESS>Y FIR/ /EP4 

,ACKN[L$GM5TS 

,I'D LIKE TO ?ANK ,DAVID ,APT]1 ,KEI? ,BRECK5RIDGE1 ,GIOVANNI DA ,COL1 ,KRYZ/9A ,FEV]V>Y1 ,&REJ ,GRUBACIC1 ,CASEY ,HI<1 ,MAT!W ,HULL1 ,J5NIF] ,JACKSON1 ,]ICA ,LAGALISSE1 ,LAUR5 ,LEVE1 ,&REW ,MA!WS1 ,*RI/9A ,MOON1 ,/U>T ,ROCKEFELL]1 ,M>9A ,SITR91 ,/EVE ,CUPID ,!ODORE1 & ,HYLTON ,:ITE = ADVICE1 SUGGE/IONS & 5C\RAGEM5T ON ?IS PROJECT4 ,! ESSAY IS D$ICAT$ TO MY MO!R1 9 HONOR ( H] MORAL POLITICAL COMMITM5T1 IRREV]5CE1 & COMMON S5SE4 

,DAVID ,APT]4 #a#i#f#e4 ,! POLITICS ( MOD]NIZATION4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,DAVID ,APT]4 #a#i#g#a4 ,*OICE & ! POLITICS ( ALLOCATION3 ,A DEVELOPM5TAL !ORY4 ,NEW ,HAV53 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,ROL& ,B>!S4 7#a#i#h#i7 #a#i#g#a4 ,SADE1 ,F\RI]1 ,LOYOLA4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,EGON ,BITTN]4 #a#i#g4 ,ASPECTS ( POLICE WORK4 ,BO/ON3 ,NOR!A/]N ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,EGON ,BITTN]4 #a#i#h#e4 0,! CAPACITY TO USE =CE AS ! CORE ( ! POLICE ROLE40 ,9 ,MORAL ISSUES 9 POLICE WORK1 $IT$ BY ,FR$]ICK ,ELLI/ON1 ,MI*AEL ,FELDB]G1 #a#e#b#f4 ,SAVAGE1 ,M,D3 ,R[MAN & ,LITTLEFIELD4 

,PHILIPPE ,B\RGOIS4 #b#a4 0,! P[] ( VIOL5CE 9 W> & PEACE3 ,PO/-,COLD ,W> LESSONS FROM ,EL ,SALVADOR40 ,E?NOGRAPHY #b 7#a73 #e-#c#d4 

,KEI? ,BRECK5RIDGE4 #b#e4 0,V]WO]D'S BUREAU ( PRO(3 ,TOTAL 9=MATION 9 ! MAK+ ( AP>!ID40 ,HI/ORY ,WORK%OP ,J\RNAL #e#i3 #h#c-#a#h4 

,KEI? ,BRECK5RIDGE4 #b#h4 0,P[] )\T KN[L$GE3 ,?REE N9ETE5? C5TURY COLONIALISMS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA40 ,J\RNAL ( ,NATAL & ,ZULU ,HI/ORY #b#f3 #c-#c#a4 

,C4 ,A4 ,J4 ,COADY #a#i#h#f4 0,! IDEA ( VIOL5CE40 ,J\RNAL ( ,APPLI$ ,PHILOSOPHY #c 7#a73 #c-#a#i4 

,CATIA ,CON=T9I4 #b#f4 0,GALTUNG1 VIOL5CE1 & G5D]3 ,! CASE = A PEACE /UDIES_/FEM9ISM ALLIANCE40 ,PEACE & ,*ANGE #ca 7#c73 #c#c#c-#f#g4 

,M>C ,COOP]4 #a#i#i#a4 0,DUM DA DUM-DUM40 ,VILLAGE ,VOICE1 ,APRIL #a#f1 #a#i#i#a3 #b#h-#c#c4 

,ROY ,DILLEY4 #b#a4 0,REFLECTIONS ON KN[L$GE PRACTICES & ! PROBLEM ( IGNORANCE40 ,! ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE 7,N4,S473 ,S#a#g#f-,S#a#i#b4 

,E4 ,E4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#d4 ,! ,NU]3 ,! POLITICAL SY/EM & MODE ( LIVELIHOOD ( A ,NILOTIC PEOPLE4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,PAUL ,F>M]4 #b#d4 0,AN AN?ROPOLOGY ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE40 ,CURR5T ,AN?ROPOLOGY #de 7#c73 #c#e-#b#e4 

,PAUL ,F>M]4 #b#e4 ,PA?OLOGIES ( P[]3 ,HEAL?1 HUMAN RI<TS1 & ! NEW W> ON ! POOR4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,ROSA-,L9DA ,FREGOSO4 #b#a4 ,T]RORIZ+ WOM53 ,FEM9ICIDE 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,DURHAM1 ,N,C3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,MI*EL ,F\CAULT4 #a#i#g#g4 ,DISCIPL9E & PUNI%3 ,! BIR? ( ! PRISON4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R&OM ,H\SE4 

,MI*EL ,F\CAULT4 #a#i#h#h4 ,P[]_/KN[L$GE3 ,SELECT$ 9T]VIEWS & O!R WRIT+S1 #a#i#g#b-#a#i#g#g4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R&OM ,H\SE4 

,ILANA ,G]%ON1 ,DHOOLEKA ,S>HADI ,RAJ4 #b4 0,9TRODUCTION3 ,! SYMBOLIC CAPITAL ( IGNORANCE40 ,SOCIAL ,ANALYSIS #dd 7#b73 #c-#a#d4 

,JOHAN ,GLATUNG4 #a#i#f#i4 0,VIOL5CE1 PEACE1 & PEACE RESE>*40 ,J\RNAL ( ,PEACE ,RESE>* #f3 #a#f#g-#i#a4 

,JOHAN ,GLATUNG4 #a#i#g#e4 ,PEACE3 RESE>*1 $UCATION1 ACTION3 ,ESSAYS 9 PEACE RESE>*4 ,VOL4 #a4 ,COP5HAG53 ,*RI/IAN ,EJL]S4 

,JACK ,GOODY4 #a#i#g#g4 ,! DOME/ICATION ( ! SAVAGE M9D4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#g4 ,LO/ PEOPLE3 ,MAGGIC & ! LEGACY ( SLAV]Y 9 ,MADAGASC>4 ,BLOOM+TON3 ,9DIANA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#i4 ,DIRECT ACTION3 ,AN E?NOGRAPHY4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#a#a4 0,REVOLUTION 9 REV]SE40 ,9 ,REVOLUTIONS 9 REV]SE3 ,ESSAYS ON POLITICS1 VIOL5CE1 >T & IMAG9ATION1 #d#a-#f#f4 ,LONDON3 ,M9OR ,COMPOSITIONS4 

,AKHIL ,GUPTA4 #b#a#b4 ,R$ TAPE3 ,BUREAUCRACY1 /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 & POV]TY 9 ,9DIA4 ,DURHAM1 ,N,C3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,S&RA ,H>D+ #b#d4 ,! FEM9I/ /&PO9T !ORY READ]3 ,9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL CONTROV]SIES4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,NANCY ,H>TSOCK4 #a#i#h#i4 0,F\CAULT ON P[]3 ,A !ORY = WOM580 ,9 ,FEM9ISM_/PO/MOD]NISM1 $IT$ BY ,L9DA ,NI*OLSON1 #a#e#g-#g#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,JOSEPH ,HELL]4 #a#i#f#a4 ,CAT* #b#b4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,SIMON @& ,S*U/]4 

,JOSEPH ,HELL]4 #a#i#g#d4 ,SOME?+ HAPP5$4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE4 

,MI*AEL ,H]ZFELD4 #a#i#i#b4 ,! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ( 9DIFF]5CE3 ,EXPLOR+ ! SYMBOLIC ROOTS ( WE/]N BUREAUCRACY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,B]G4 

,CASEY ,HI<1 ,ANN ,H4 ,KELLY1 ,JONA?AN ,MAIR #b#a#b4 ,! AN?ROPOLOGY ( IGNORANCE3 ,AN E?NOGRAPHIC APPROA*4 ,LONDON3 ,PALGRAVE4 

,COL9 ,HOAG4 #b#a#a4 0,ASSEMBL+ P>TIAL P]SPECTIVES3 ,?\<TS ON ! AN?ROPOLOGY ( BUREAUCRACY40 ,PO,L,> #cd 7#a73 #h#a-#i#d4 

BELL HOOKS4 #a#i#i#b4 0,REPRES5TATIONS ( :IT5ESS 9 ! BLACK IMAG9ATION40 ,9 ,BLACK LOOKS3 ,RACE & REPRES5TATION3 #a#f#e-#g#h4 ,BO/ON3 ,S\? ,5D ,BOOKS4 

,MAT!W ,HULL4 #b#h4 0,RUL$ BY RECORDS3 ,! APPROPRIATION ( L& & ! MISAPPROPRIATION ( LI/S 9 ,ISLAMABAD40 ,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGI/ #ce 7#d73 #e#a-#a#h4 

,MAT!W ,HULL4 #b#a4 0,DOCUM5TS & BUREAUCRACY40 ,ANNUAL ,REVIEW ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY #d#a3 #b#e#a-#f#g4 

,MAT!W ,HULL4 #b#a#b4 ,GOV]NM5T ( PAP]3 ,! MAT]IALITY ( BUREAUCRACY 9 URBAN ,PAKI/AN4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,D\GLAS ,H4 ,JOHNSON #a#i#g#i4 0,COLONIAL POLICY & PROPHECY3 ! ',NU] SETTLEM5T' #a#i#b#i-#a#i#c40 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY ( ,OX=D ,X_/#a3 #a-#b4 

,D\GLAS ,H4 ,JOHNSON4 #a#i#h#b4 0,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 ! ,NU]1 & ! ,SUDAN POLITICAL S]VICE40 ,AFRICAN ,AFFAIRS #ha 7#c#b#c73 #b#c#a-#d#f4 

,D\GLAS ,H4 ,JOHNSON4 #a#i#i#d4 ,NU] PROPHETS4 ,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS4 

,ISMAIL ,KAD>E4 #a#i#h4 ,! PALACE ( DREAMS4 ,LONDON3 ,H>VILLE ,PRESS4 

,FRANZ ,KAFKA4 7#a#i#b#e7 #b4 ,! TRIAL4 ,LONDON3 ,P5GU94 

,PET] ,LAWL]4 #a#i#i#e4 ,A QUE/ION ( VALUES3 ,JOHANN ,GALTUNG'S PEACE RESE>*4 ,B\LD]1 ,C,O3 ,LYNNE ,RI5N]4 

,$MUND ,LEA*4 #a#i#e#i4 ,RE?9K+ AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,/ANISLAW ,LEM4 7#a#i#f#a7 #a#i#g#c4 ,MEMOIRS F\ND 9 A BA?TUB4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,M>9] ,BOOKS4 

,&REW ,S4 ,MA!WS #b#e4 0,P[]_/KN[L$GE1 P[]_/IGNORANCE3 ,=E/ FIRES & ! /ATE 9 ,MEXICO40 ,HUMAN ,ECOLOGY #cc 7#f73 #g#i#e-#h#b4 

,&REW ,S4 ,MA!WS4 #b#a#a4 ,9/ITUT+ NATURE3 ,AU?ORITY1 EXP]TIZE1 & P[] 9 ,MEXICAN =E/S1 #a#i#b#f-#b#a#a4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,M,I,T ,PRESS4 

,L9SEY ,MC,GOEY4 #b#g4 0,ON ! WILL TO IGNORANCE 9 BUREAUCRACY40 ,ECONOMY & ,SOCIETY #cf 7#b73 #b#a#b-#c#e4 

,YAEL ,NAV>O-,YA%94 #b#b4 ,FACES ( ! /ATE3 ,SECUL>ISM & PUBLIC LIFE 9 ,TURKEY4 ,PR9CETON3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,M>K ,NEOCLE\S4 #b4 ,! FABRICATION ( SOCIAL ORD]3 ,A CRITICAL !ORY ( POLICE P[]4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,C>OLYN ,NORD/ROM1 ,JOANN ,M>T9 #a#i#i#b4 ,! PA?S TO DOM9ATION1 RESI/ANCE1 & T]ROR4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,TALCOTT ,P>SONS1 ,$W>D ,A4 ,%ILS #a#i#e#a4 ,T[>D A G5]AL !ORY ( ACTION4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,JEAN ,PIAGET4 7#a#i#c#f7 #a#i#f#c4 ,! ORIG9S ( 9TELLIG5CE 9 *ILDR54 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,W4 ,W4 ,NORTON @& ,COMPANY4 

,R5ATO ,ROSALDO4 #a#i#h#f4 0,FROM ! DOOR ( HIS T5T3 ,! FIELDWORK] & ! 9QUISITOR40 ,9 ,WRIT+ CULTURE3 ,! POETICS & POLITICS ( FELDWORK1 $IT$ BY ,GEORGE ,M>CUS1 ,JAMES ,CLIF=D1 #g#g-#i#g4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,]IC ,B4 ,ROSS #a#i#i#h4 0,COLD W>RIORS )\T WEAPONS40 ,ID5TITIES #d 7#c-#d73 #d#g#e-#e#f4 

,JOSE ,S>AMAGO4 #a#i#i#i4 ,ALL ! NAMES4 ,LONDON3 ,V9TAGE4 

,ELA9E ,SC>RY4 #a#i#h#e4 ,! BODY 9 PA93 ,! MAK+ & UNMAK+ ( ! WORLD4 OX=D3 OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,NANCY ,S*EP]-,HU<ES4 #a#i#i#b4 ,DEA? )\T WEEP+3 ,! VIOL5CE ( EV]YDAY LIFE 9 ,BRAZIL4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS 

,MI*AEL ,SCOTT4 #b4 0,IGNORANCE IS COSMOS3 ,KN[L$GE IS *AOS3 ,>TICULAT+ A COSMOLOGICAL POL>ITY 9 ! ,SOLOMON ISL&S40 ,SOCIAL ,ANALYSIS #dd 7#b73 #e#f-#h#c4 

,ADAM ,SMI?4 7#a#g#f#a7 #b#b4 ,!ORY ( MORAL S5TIM5TS4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,P4 ,A4 ,J4 ,WADD+TON #a#i#i#i4 ,POLIC+ CITIZ5S3 ,AU?ORITY & RI<TS4 ,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ,COLLEGE ,LONDON ,PRESS4 

,DAVID ,FO/] ,WALLACE4 #b#a#a4 ,! PALE K+4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,LITTLE1 ,BR[N @& ,COMPANY4 

,MAX ,WEB]4 #a#i#e#h4 ,! ,PROTE/ANT E?IC & ! SPIRIT ( CAPITALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,SCRIBN]S4 

,B5 ,:ITE4 #b#g4 0,CLIF=D ,GE]TZ3 ,S+UL> G5IUS ( 9T]PRETIVE AN?ROPOLOGY40 ,DEVELOPM5T & ,*ANGE #* 7#f73 #a#a#h#g-#a#b#h4 

,VIRG9IA ,WOOLF4 #a#i#b#g4 ,TO ! LI<?\SE4 ,LONDON3 ,HOG>?4 

,WORLD ,M>* ( ,WOM54 #b#i4 0,VIOL5CE AGA9/ WOM540 ,COMMITTEE = ! ,ABOLITION ( ,?IRD ,WORLD ,DEBT4 

.<#a.> ,?IS ESSAY IS BAS$ ON ! #bf ,MAL9[SKI ,MEMORIAL ,LECTURE 5TITL$ 0,BEYOND P[]_/KN[L$GE3 ,AN EXPLORATION ( ! RELATION ( P[]1 IGNORANCE & /UPIDITY40 ,IT IS A SUB/ANTIALLY REVIS$ V]SION ( ! ONE ?AT1 = SOME YE>S1 WAS AVAILABLE ONL9E AT ! ,L,S,E WEBSITE4 ,?IS V]SION IS N[ MEANT TO BE CONSID]$ ! (FICIAL ONE = REF]5CE PURPOSES4 

.<#b.> ,= A GOOD REC5T SUMM>Y ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON BUREAUCRACY1 SEE ,HOAG 7#b#a#a74 

.<#c.> ,JU/ TO GIVE A S5SE ( ! CONNECTIONS H]E1 ,GE]TZ WAS A /UD5T ( ,CLYDE ,KLUCKHOHN AT ,H>V>D1 :O WAS NOT ONLY 0AN IMPORTANT CONDUIT = ,C,I,A >EA /UDIES FUNDS0 7,ROSS #a#i#i#h71 BUT HAD CONTRIBUT$ ! SECTION ON AN?ROPOLOGY TO ,P>SONS & ,%ILS' FAM\S ,WEB]IAN MANIFE/O = ! SOCIAL SCI5CES1 ,T[>D A G5]AL !ORY ( ACTION 7#a#i#e#a74 ,KLUCKHOHN CONNECT$ ,GE]TZ TO ,M,I,T'S ,C5T] = ,9T]NATIONAL ,/UDIES1 !N DIRECT$ BY ! =M] ,C,I,A ,DIRECTOR ( ,ECONOMIC ,RESE>*1 :I* 9 TURN CONV9C$ HIM TO WORK ON DEVELOPM5T 9 ,9DONESIA4 ,! ,C5T] HAD AS ITS DECL>$ AIM ! DEVELOPM5T ( 0AN ALT]NATIVE TO ,M>XISM0 L>GELY ?R\< :AT CAME TO BE KN[N AS MOD]NIZATION !ORY 7,:ITE #b#g7--AGA91 ON ,WEB]IAN GR\NDS4 

.<#d.> ,H5CE FEM9I/S (T5 NOTE \T ?AT 0VIOL5CE AGA9/ WOM5 IS /RUCTURAL0 7E4G41 ,FREGOSO #b#a3 #a#d#a2 ,WORLD ,M>* ( ,WOM5 #b#i7 9 ! S5SE ?AT ACTUAL PHYSICAL ATTACKS & ?REATS UND]P9 ! V]Y 9/ITUTIONS & >RANGEM5TS ?AT CAN !N BE DESCRIB$ AS 0/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE0 BECAUSE ( !IR EFFECTS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,CON=T9I 7#b#f3 #c#e7 OBS]VES ?AT ONCE ONE UND]/&S 0/RUCTURES0 AS MAT]IAL PROCESSES1 ONE CAN SEE NOT ONLY ?AT 0DIRECT VIOL5CE IS A TOOL US$ TO BUILD1 P]PETUATE1 & REPRODUCE /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE10 BUT MAKES POSSIBLE \R V]Y CATEGORIES ( MASCUL9ITY & FEM99ITY TO BEG9 )4 ,H>TSOCK 7#a#i#h#i7 MAKES ANALOG\S PO9TS 9 H] CRITIQUE ( ,F\CAULT4 

.<#e.> ,TO BE FAIR1 ONE REASON ?AT SO MANY :O USE ! T]M 0/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE0 IMAG9E ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE SU* /RUCTURES UNBACK$ BY PHYSICAL VIOL5CE IS ?AT !Y >E EMPLOY+ A TYPICALLY LIB]AL DEF9ITION ( 0VIOL5CE0 AS PHYSICAL ATTACKS ON O!RS1 OR EV5 A TYPICALLY CONS]VATIVE DEF9ITION ( VIOL5CE AS UNAU?ORIZ$ DAMAGE TO P]SONS ( PROP]TY1 RA!R ?AN ! MORE TYPICALLY RADICAL DEF9ITION ( VIOL5CE AS 9CLUD+ ?REATS ( PHYSICAL ATTACK 7,COADY #a#i#h#f2 CF4 ,GRAEB] #b#i3 #d#d#h-#d#i47 

.<#f.> OBVI\SLY1 ! IMM$IATE REASON TE5AGE BOYS OBJECT TO IMAG9+ !MSELVES AS GIRLS IS HOMOPHOBIA2 BUT ONE !N HAS TO ASK :Y ?AT HOMOPHOBIA IS SO P[]FUL 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 & :Y IT TAKES ! =M ?AT IT DOES4 ,AFT] ALL1 MANY TE5AGE GIRLS >E EQUALLY HOMOPHOBIC1 BUT IT DOES NOT SEEM TO /OP !M FROM TAK+ PLEASURE 9 IMAG9+ !MSELVES AS BOYS4 

.<#g.> ,! KEY TEXTS ON ,/&PO9T ,!ORY1 BY ,PATRICIA ,HILL ,COLL9S1 ,DONNA ,H>AWAY1 ,S&RA ,H>D+1 ,NANCY ,H>TSOCK & O!RS1 >E COLLECT$ 9 A VOLUME $IT$ BY ,H>D+ 7#b#d74 ,I MI<T ADD ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ?IS V]Y ESSAY PROVIDES A TELL+ EXAMPLE ( ! SORT ( G5D]$ OBLIVI\SNESS ,I'M DESCRIB+4 ,:5 ,I FIR/ FRAM$ ! PROBLEM1 ,I WASN'T EV5 AW>E ( ?IS BODY ( LIT]ATURE1 ?\< MY >GUM5T HAD CLE>LY BE5 9DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ BY IT--IT WAS ONLY ! 9T]V5TION ( A FEM9I/ FRI5D1 ,]ICA ,LAGALISSE1 :O PUT ME ON TO :]E MANY ( !SE IDEAS W]E ACTUALLY COM+ FROM4 

.<#h.> ,I HAVE EXPLOR$ SOME ( !SE IMPLICATIONS--CONC]N+ BO? ALI5ATION & LIB]ATORY POLITICS--FUR!R 9 AN ESSAY CALL$ 0,REVOLUTION 9 REV]SE0 7,GRAEB] #b#a#a74 

.<#i.> ,9 FACT1 ! WAY ! IMAGE ( ! PANOPTICON HAS BE5 ADOPT$ 9 ! ACADEMY1 AS AN >GUM5T AGA9/ ! PRIMACY ( VIOL5CE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y =MS ( P[]1 MI<T BE CONSID]$ A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( H[ ACADEMICS CAN BECOME COMPLICIT 9 ! PROCESS BY :I* /RUCTURES F\ND$ ON VIOL5CE CAN REPRES5T !MSELVES AS SOME?+ ELSE4 

.<#a.> ,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO DOCUM5T ! EBB & FL[ ( E?NOGRAPHIC 9T]E/ )9 DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL EMPIRES TO SEE IF !RE >E ANY CONSI/5T PATT]NS4 ,AS F> AS ,I'M AW>E1 ! FIR/ L>GE EMPIRE ?AT GA!R$ SY/EMATIC E?NOGRAPHIC1 CUL9>Y1 M$ICAL1 & SIMIL> 9=MATION FROM )9 ! EMPIRE W]E ! ,MONGOLS4 

.<#a#a.> ,!RE HAS BE5 ( LATE A M9OR BOOMLET 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL /UDIES ( IGNORANCE 7E4G41 ,G]%ON & ,RAJ #b2 ,SCOTT #b2 ,DILLEY #b#a2 ,HI<1 ,KELLY1 & ,MAIR #b#a#b71 & SOME ( ! MORE REC5T EXAMPLES EV5 TAKE SOME ( ! >GUM5TS ( MY ORIG9AL ,MAL9[SKI LECTURE 9TO CONSID]ATION4 ,BUT EV5 H]E1 ONE CAN OBS]VE AT LEA/ A SLI<T TUG PULL+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 AS :5 ,HI<1 ,KELLY1 & ,MAIR SUGGE/1 9 !IR 9TRODUCTION1 ?AT :ILE A POLITICAL CRITIQUE APPROA* TO ! SUBJECT IS NOT 9VALID1 A DI/9CTIVELY 0E?NOGRAPHIC APPROA*0 MU/ MEAN SEE+ IGNORANCE NOT 9 PURELY NEGATIVE T]MS1 AS ! ABS5CE ( KN[L$GE1 BUT 0AS A SUB/ANTIVE PH5OM5ON ) ITS [N HI/ORY0 & !RE=E TO UND]/& ITS 0PRODUCTIVITY0 7#b#a#b3 #a#e-#a#f74 ,?IS ( C\RSE S\NDS V]Y MU* LIKE ,F\CAULT ON P[]4 ,E?NOGRAPHY ABHORS A VACUUM4 ,BUT VACUUMS DO EXI/4 

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