,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM 

#baa 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9HALT 

,I4 ,PREFACE #g 

,I,I4 ,! ,NATION-,/ATE #i 

,A4 ,BASICS #i 

#a4 ,NATION-/ATE & ,P[] #i 

#b4 ,! ,/ATE & ITS ,RELIGI\S ,ROOTS #a 

#c4 ,BUREAUCRACY & ! ,NATION-,/ATE #ab 

#d4 ,NATION-,/ATE & ,HOMOG5EITY #ab 

#e4 ,NATION-,/ATE & ,SOCIETY #ac 

,B4 ,IDEOLOGICAL ,F\NDATIONS ( ! ,NATION-,/ATE #ae 

#a4 ,NATIONALISM #ae 

#b4 ,POSITIVI/ ,SCI5CE #ae 

#c4 ,SEXISM #af 

#d4 ,RELIGI\SNESS #ag 

,C4 ,! ,KURDS & ! ,NATION-,/ATE #ai 

,I,I,I4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM #ba 

,A4 ,P>TICIPATION & ! ,DIV]SITY ( ! ,POLITICAL ,L&SCAPE #bb 

,B4 ,! ,H]ITAGE ( ! ,SOCIETY & ! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,HI/ORICAL ,KN[L$GE #bc 

,C4 ,E?ICS & ,POLITICAL ,AW>5ESS #bd 

,D4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM & A ,DEMOCRATIC ,POLITICAL ,SY/EM #bf 

,E4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM & ,SELF-,DEF5SE #bh 

,F4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM ,V]SUS ,/RIVE = ,HEGEMONY #c 

,G4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ATE ,/RUCTURES AT A ,GLOBAL SCALE #ca 

,H4 ,CONCLUSION #cb 

,I,V4 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM #cc 

,V4 ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,PEOPLES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,POSSIBLE ,WAYS TO A ,SOLUTION #ce 

,WRIT+S BY ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN #de 

,I4 ,PREFACE 

,= MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S ! ,KURDI/AN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,P,K,K7 HAS BE5 /RUGGL+ = ! LEGITIMATE RI<TS ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 ,\R /RUGGLE1 \R FI<T = LIB]ATION TURN$ ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL ISSUE :I* AFFECT$ ! 5TIRE ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & BR\<T A SOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION )9 REA*4 ,:5 ! ,P,K,K WAS =M$ 9 ! #a#i#gS ! 9T]NATIONAL IDEOLOGICAL & POLITICAL CLIMATE WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! BIPOL> WORLD ( ! ,COLD ,W> & ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/ & ! CAPITALI/ CAMPS4 ,! ,P,K,K WAS 9SPIR$ AT ?AT TIME BY ! RISE ( DECOLONIALIZATION MOVEM5TS ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT WE TRI$ TO F9D \R [N WAY 9 AGREEM5T ) ! P>TICUL> SITUATION 9 \R HOMEL&4 ,! ,P,K,K NEV] REG>D$ ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION AS A M]E PROBLEM ( E?NICITY OR NATIONHOOD4 ,RA!R1 WE BELIEV$1 IT WAS ! PROJECT ( LIB]AT+ ! SOCIETY & DEMOCRATIZ+ IT4 ,!SE AIMS 9CREAS+LY DET]M9$ \R ACTIONS S9CE ! #a#i#iS4 ,WE ALSO RECOGNIZ$ A CAUSAL L9K BETWE5 ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION & ! GLOBAL DOM9ATION ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,)\T QUE/ION+ & *ALL5G+ ?IS L9K A SOLUTION W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE4 ,O!RWISE WE W\LD ONLY BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 NEW DEP5D5CIES4 ,SO F>1 ) A VIEW TO ISSUES ( E?NICITY & NATIONHOOD LIKE ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION1 :I* HAVE !IR ROOTS DEEP 9 HI/ORY & AT ! F\NDATIONS ( SOCIETY1 !RE SEEM$ TO BE ONLY ONE VIABLE4 SOLUTION3 ! CREATION ( A NATION-/ATE1 :I* WAS ! P>ADIGM ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY AT ?AT TIME4 ,WE DID NOT BELIEVE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ANY READY-MADE POLITICAL BLUEPR9TS W\LD BE ABLE TO SU/A9ABLY IMPROVE ! SITUATION ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,HAD IT NOT BE5 NATIONALISM & NATION-/ATES :I* HAD CREAT$ SO MANY PROBLEMS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/8 ,LET US !RE=E TAKE A CLOS] LOOK AT ! HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND ( ?IS P>ADIGM & SEE :E!R WE CAN MAP A SOLUTION ?AT AVOIDS ! TRAP ( NATIONALISM & FITS ! SITUATION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ BETT]4 

,I,I4 ,! ,NATION-,/ATE 

,A4 ,BASICS 

,) ! S$5T>IZATION ( PEOPLE !Y BEGAN TO =M AN IDEA ( ! >EA ?AT !Y W]E LIV+ 91 ITS EXT5SION & ITS B\ND>IES1 :I* W]E MO/LY DET]M9$ BY NATURE & FEATURES ( ! L&SCAPE4 ,CLANS & TRIBES ?AT HAD SETTL$ 9 A C]TA9 >EA & LIV$ !RE = A LONG P]IOD ( TIME DEVELOP$ ! NOTIONS ( A COMMON ID5TITY & ( ! HOMEL&4 ,! B\ND>IES BETWE5 :AT ! TRIBES SAW AS !IR HOMEL&S W]E NOT YET BORD]S4 ,COMM]CE1 CULTURE OR LANGUAGE W]E NOT RE/RICT$ BY ! B\ND>IES4 ,T]RITORIAL BORD]S REMA9$ FLEXIBLE = A LONG TIME4 ,FEUDAL /RUCTURES PREVAIL$ ALMO/ EV]Y:]E & N[ & !N DYNA/IC MON>*IES OR GREAT MULTI-E?NIC EMPIRES ROSE ) CONT9U\SLY *ANG+ BORD]S & MANY DIFF]5T LANGUAGES & RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES LIKE ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,EMPIRE1 ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE OR ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE4 ,!Y SURVIV$ LONG P]IODS ( TIME & MANY POLITICAL *ANGES BECAUSE !IR FEUDAL BASIS 5ABL$ !M TO DI/RIBUTE P[] FLEXIBLY OV] A WIDE RANGE ( SMALL] SECOND>Y P[] C5T]S4 

#a4 ,NATION-/ATE & ,P[] 

,) ! APPE>ANCE ( ! NATION-/ATE TRADE1 COMM]CE & F9ANCE PU%$ = POLITICAL P>TICIPATION & SUBSEQU5TLY ADD$ !IR P[] TO ! TRADITIONAL /ATE /RUCTURES4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATION-/ATE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ YE>S AGO W5T H& 9 H& ) ! UNREGULAT$ ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL ON ! ONE H& & ! UNH9D]$ EXPLOITATION ( ! FA/ GR[+ POPULATION ON ! O!R H&4 ,! NEW B\RGEOISIE :I* ROSE FROM ?IS REVOLUTION WANT$ TO TAKE P>T 9 ! POLITICAL DECISIONS & /ATE /RUCTURES4 ,CAPITALISM1 !IR NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM1 ?US BECAME AN 9H]5T COMPON5T ( ! NEW NATION-/ATE4 ,! NATION-/ATE NE$$ ! B\RGEOISIE & ! P[] ( ! CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO REPLACE ! OLD FEUDAL ORD] & ITS IDEOLOGY :I* RE/$ ON TRIBAL /RUCTURES & 9H]IT$ RI<TS BY A NEW NATIONAL IDEOLOGY :I* UNIT$ ALL TRIBES & CLANS UND] ! RO( ( ! NATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 CAPITALISM & NATION-/ATE BECAME SO CLOSELY L9K$ TO EA* O!R ?AT NEI!R C\LD BE IMAG9$ TO EXI/ )\T ! O!R4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS1 EXPLOITATION WAS NOT ONLY SANCTION$ BY ! /ATE BUT EV5 5C\RAG$ & FACILITAT$4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL ! NATION-/ATE MU/ BE ?\<T AS ! MAXIMUM =M ( P[]4 ,NONE ( ! O!R TYPES ( /ATE HAVE SU* A CAPACITY ( P[]4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS = ?IS IS ?AT ! UPP] P>T ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS HAS BE5 L9K$ TO ! PROCESS ( MONOPOLIZATION 9 AN EV]-MORE 9CREAS+ MANN]4 ,! NATION/ATE ITSELF IS ! MO/ DEVELOP$ COMPLETE MONOPOLY4 ,IT IS ! MO/ DEVELOP$ UNITY ( MONOPOLIES SU* AS TRADE1 9DU/RIAL1 F9ANCE & P[]4 ,ONE %\LD ALSO ?9K ( IDEOLOGICAL MONOPOLY AS AN 9DIVISIBLE P>T ( ! P[] MONOPOLY4 

#b4 ,! ,/ATE & ITS ,RELIGI\S ,ROOTS 

,! RELIGI\S ROOTS ( ! /ATE HAVE ALREADY BE5 DISCUSS$ 9 DETAIL 7,A4 ,OCALAN1 ,! ,ROOTS ( ,CIVILIZATION1 ,LONDON1 #b#g74 ,MANY CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL CONCEPTS & NOTIONS HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 RELIGI\S OR !OLOGICAL CONCEPTS OR /RUCTURES4 ,9 FACT1 A CLOS] LOOK REVEALS ?AT RELIGION & DIV9E IMAG9ATION BR\<T AB\T ! FIR/ SOCIAL ID5TITIES 9 HI/ORY4 ,!Y =M$ ! IDEOLOGICAL GLUE ( MANY TRIBES & O!R PRE-/ATE COMMUNITIES & DEF9$ !IR EXI/5CE AS COMMUNITIES4 

,LAT]1 AFT] /ATE /RUCTURES HAD ALREADY DEVELOP$1 ! TRADITIONAL L9KS BETWE5 /ATE1 P[] & SOCIETY BEGAN TO WEAK54 ,! SACR$ & DIV9E IDEAS & PRACTICES :I* HAD BE5 PRES5T AT ! ORIG9 ( ! COMMUNITY 9CREAS+LY LO/ !IR MEAN+ = ! COMMON ID5TITY & W]E1 9/EAD1 TRANSF]R$ ONTO P[] /RUCTURES LIKE MON>*S OR DICTATORS4 ,! /ATE & ITS P[] W]E D]IV$ FROM DIV9E WILL & LAW & ITS RUL] BECAME K+ BY ! GRACE ( ,GOD4 ,!Y REPRES5T$ DIV9E P[] ON E>?4 

,TODAY1 MO/ MOD]N /ATES CALL !MSELVES SECUL>1 CLAIM+ ?AT ! OLD BONDS BETWE5 RELIGION & /ATE HAVE BE5 SEV]$ & ?AT RELIGION IS NO LONG] A P>T ( ! /ATE4 ,?IS IS >GUABLY ONLY HALF ! TRU?4 ,EV5 IF RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS OR REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CL]GY DO NO LONG] P>TICIPATE 9 POLITICAL & SOCIAL DECISION-MAK+ !Y /ILL DO 9FLU5CE !SE DECISIONS TO AN EXT5T JU/ AS !Y >E 9FLU5C$ !MSELVES BY POLITICAL OR SOCIAL IDEAS & DEVELOPM5TS4 ,!RE=E1 SECUL>ISM1 OR LAICISM AS IT IS CALL$ 9 ,TURKEY1 /ILL CONTA9S RELIGI\S ELEM5TS4 ,! SEP>ATION ( /ATE & RELIGION IS ! RESULT ( A POLITICAL DECISION4 ,IT DID NOT COME NATURALLY4 ,?IS IS :Y EV5 TODAY P[] & /ATE SEEM TO BE SOME?+ GIV51 GOD-GIV5 WE MI<T EV5 SAY4 ,NOTIONS LIKE SECUL> /ATE OR SECUL> P[] REMA9 AMBIGU\S4 ,! NATION-/ATE HAS ALSO ALLOCAT$ A NUMB] ( ATTRIBUTES :I* S]VE TO REPLACE OLD] RELIGI\SLY ROOT$ ATTRIBUTES LIKE3 NATION1 FA!RL&1 NATIONAL FLAG1 NATIONAL AN!M1 & MANY O!RS4 ,P>TICUL>LY NOTIONS LIKE ! UNITY ( /ATE & NATION S]VE TO TRANSC5D ! MAT]IAL POLITICAL /RUCTURES & >E1 AS SU*1 REM9ISC5T ( ! PRE-/ATE UNITY ) ,GOD4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 PUT 9 ! PLACE ( ! DIV9E 

,:5 9 =M] TIMES A TRIBE SUBJUGAT$ ANO!R TRIBE ITS MEMB]S HAD TO WOR%IP ! GODS ( ! VICTORS4 ,WE MAY >GUABLY CALL ?IS PROCESS A PROCESS ( COLONIZATION1 EV5 ASSIMILATION4 ,! NATION-/ATE IS A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE ) QUASI-DIV9E ATTRIBUTES ?AT HAS COMPLETELY DIS>M$ ! SOCIETY & MONOPOLIZES ! USE ( =CE4 

#c4 ,BUREAUCRACY & ! ,NATION-,/ATE 

,S9CE ! NATION-/ATE TRANSC5DS ITS MAT]IAL BASIS1 ! CITIZ5S1 IT ASSUMES AN EXI/5CE BEYOND ITS POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT NE$S ADDITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ITS [N TO PROTECT ITS IDEOLOGICAL BASIS AS WELL AS LEGAL1 ECONOMIC & RELIGI\S /RUCTURES4 ,! RESULT+ EV]-EXP&+ CIVIL & MILIT>Y BUREAUCRACY IS EXP5SIVE & S]VES ONLY ! PRES]VATION ( ! TRANSC5D5T /ATE ITSELF1 :I* 9 TURN ELEVATES ! BUREAUCRACY ABOVE ! PEOPLE4 ,DUR+ ! ,EUROPEAN MOD]NITY ! /ATE HAD ALL MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL TO EXP& ITS BUREAUCRACY 9TO ALL /RATA ( ! SOCIETY4 ,!RE IT GREW LIKE CANC] 9FECT+ ALL LIFEL9ES ( ! SOCIETY4 ,BUREAUCRACY & NATION-/ATE CANNOT EXI/ )\T EA* O!R4 ,IF ! NATION-/ATE IS ! BACKBONE ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY IT C]TA9LY IS ! CAGE ( ! NATURAL SOCIETY4 ,ITS BUREAUCRACY SECURES ! SMOO? FUNCTION+ ( ! SY/EM1 SECURES ! BASIS ( ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS1 & SECURES ! PR(ITS = ! RELEVANT ECONOMIC ACTORS 9 BO? ! REAL-SOCIALI/ & ! BUS9ESS-FRI5DLY NATION-/ATE4 ,! NATION-/ATE DOME/ICATES ! SOCIETY 9 ! NAME ( CAPITALISM & ALI5ATES ! COMMUNITY FROM ITS NATURAL F\NDATIONS4 ,ANY ANALYSIS MEANT TO LOCALIZE & SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS NE$S TO TAKE A CLOSE LOOK AT !SE L9KS 

#d4 ,NATION-,/ATE & ,HOMOG5EITY 

,! NATION-/ATE 9 ITS ORIG9AL =M AIM$ AT ! MONOPOLIZATION ( ALL SOCIAL PROCESSES4 ,DIV]SITY & PLURALITY HAD TO BE F\<T1 AN APPROA* ?AT L$ 9TO ASSIMILATION & G5OCIDE4 ,IT DOES NOT ONLY EXPLOIT ! IDEAS & ! LABOR POT5TIAL ( ! SOCIETY & COLONIZE ! HEADS ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! NAME ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT ALSO ASSIMILATES ALL K9DS ( SPIRITUAL & 9TELLECTUAL IDEAS & CULTURES 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE ITS [N EXI/5CE4 ,IT AIMS AT CREAT+ A S+LE NATIONAL CULTURE1 A S+LE NATIONAL ID5TITY1 & A S+LE UNIFI$ RELIGI\S COMMUNITY4 ,?US IT ALSO 5=CES A HOMOG5E\S CITIZ5%IP4 ,! NOTION ( CITIZ5 HAS BE5 CREAT$ AS A RESULT ( ! QUE/ = SU* A HOMOG5EITY4 ,! CITIZ5%IP ( MOD]NITY DEF9ES NO?+ BUT ! TRANSITION MADE FROM PRIVATE SLAV]Y TO /ATE SLAV]Y4 ,CAPITALISM CAN NOT ATTA9 PR(IT 9 ! ABS5CE ( SU* MOD]N SLAVE >MIES4 ,! HOMOG5IC NATIONAL SOCIETY IS ! MO/ >TIFICIAL SOCIETY TO HAVE EV] BE5 CREAT$ & IS ! RESULT ( ! 0SOCIAL 5G9E]+ PROJECT04 ,!SE GOALS >E G5]ALLY ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! USE ( =CE OR BY F9ANCIAL 9C5TIVES & HAVE (T5 RESULT$ 9 ! PHYSICAL ANNIHILATION ( M9ORITIES1 CULTURES1 OR LANGUAGES OR 9 =C$ ASSIMILATION4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ TWO C5TURIES IS FULL ( EXAMPLES ILLU/RAT+ ! VIOL5T ATTEMPTS AT CREAT+ A NATION ?AT CORRESPONDS TO ! IMAG9>Y REALITY ( A TRUE NATION-/ATE4 

#e4 ,NATION-,/ATE & ,SOCIETY 

,IT IS (T5 SAID ?AT ! NATION-/ATE IS CONC]N$ ) ! FATE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE4 ,?IS IS NOT TRUE4 ,RA!R1 IT IS ! NATIONAL GOV]NOR ( ! WORLDWIDE CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 A VASSAL ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY :I* IS MORE DEEPLY 5TANGL$ 9 ! DOM9ANT /RUCTURES ( ! CAPITAL ?AN WE USUALLY T5D TO ASSUME3 ,IT IS A COLONY ( ! CAPITAL4 ,REG>DLESS H[ NATIONALI/ ! NATION/ATE MAY PRES5T ITSELF1 IT S]VES TO ! SAME EXT5T ! CAPITALI/ PROCESSES ( EXPLOITATION4 ,!RE IS NO O!R EXPLANATION = ! HORRIBLE R$I/RIBUTION W>S ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,?US ! NATION-/ATE IS NOT ) ! COMMON PEOPLE - IT IS AN 5EMY ( ! PEOPLES4 ,RELATIONS BETWE5 O!R NATION-/ATES & 9T]NATIONAL MONOPOLIES >E COORD9AT$ BY ! DIPLOMATS ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,)\T ! RECOGNITION BY O!R NATION-/ATES NONE ( !M C\LD SURVIVE4 ,! REASON CAN BE F\ND 9 ! LOGIC ( ! WORLDWIDE CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,NATION-/ATES :I* LEAVE ! PHALANX ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WILL BE OV]TAK5 BY ! SAME FATE ?AT ! ,SADDAM REGIME 9 ,IRAQ EXP]I5C$ OR IT WILL BE BR\<T TO ITS KNEES BY MEANS ( ECONOMIC EMB>GOES4 ,LET US N[ D]IVE SOME *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! NATION-/ATE FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,TURKEY4 

,B4 ,IDEOLOGICAL ,F\NDATIONS ( ! ,NATION-,/ATE 

,9 ! PA/ ! HI/ORY ( /ATES WAS (T5 EQUAT$ ) ! HI/ORY ( !IR RUL]S1 :I* L5T !M ALMO/ DIV9E QUALITIES4 ,?IS PRACTICE *ANG$ ) ! RISE ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,N[ ! 5TIRE /ATE WAS IDEALIZ$ & ELEVAT$ TO A DIV9E LEVEL4 

#a4 ,NATIONALISM 

,ASSUM+ ?AT WE W\LD COMP>E ! NATION-/ATE TO A LIV+ GOD !N NATIONALISM W\LD BE ! CORRESPOND5T RELIGION4 ,9 SPITE ( SOME SEEM+LY POSITIVE ELEM5TS1 NATION-/ATE & NATIONALISM %[ METAPHYSICAL *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 CAPITALI/ PR(IT & ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL APPE> AS CATEGORIES %R\D$ 9 MY/]Y4 ,!RE IS A NETWORK ( CONTRADICTORY RELATIONS BEH9D !SE T]MS ?AT IS BAS$ ON =CE & EXPLOITATION4 ,!IR HEGEMONIC /RIVE = P[] S]VES ! MAXIMIZATION ( PR(ITS4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 NATIONALISM APPE>S AS A QUASI-RELIGI\S JU/IFICATION4 ,ITS TRUE MISSION1 H[EV]1 IS ITS S]VICE TO ! VIRTUALLY DIV9E NATION-/ATE & ITS IDEOLOGICAL VISION :I* P]VADES ALL >EAS ( ! SOCIETY4 ,>TS1 SCI5CE1 & SOCIAL AW>5ESS3 NONE ( !M IS 9DEP5D5T4 ,A TRUE 9TELLECTUAL 5LI<T5M5T !RE=E NE$S A FUNDAM5TAL ANALYSIS ( !SE ELEM5TS ( MOD]NITY4 

#b4 ,POSITIVI/ ,SCI5CE 

,! P>ADIGM ( A POSITIVI/ OR DESCRIPTIVE SCI5CE =MS ANO!R IDEOLOGICAL PILL> ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,IT FUELS NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY BUT ALSO LAICISM :I* HAS TAK5 ! =M ( A NEW RELIGION4 ,ON ! O!R H& IT IS ONE ( ! IDEOLOGICAL F\NDATIONS ( MOD]NITY & ITS DOGMATA HAVE 9FLU5C$ ! SOCIAL SCI5CES SU/A9ABLY4 ,POSITIVISM CAN BE CIRCUMSCRIB$ AS A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROA* ?AT IS /RICTLY CONF9$ TO ! APPE>ANCE ( ?+S1 :I* IT EQUATES ) REALITY ITSELF4 ,S9CE 9 POSITIVISM APPE>ANCE IS REALITY1 NO?+ ?AT HAS NO APPE>ANCE CAN BE P>T ( REALITY4 ,WE KN[ FROM QUANTUM PHYSICS1 A/RONOMY1 SOME FIELDS ( BIOLOGY & EV5 ! GI/ ( ?\<T ITSELF ?AT REALITY OCCURS 9 WORLDS ?AT >E BEYOND OBS]VABLE EV5TS4 ,! TRU?1 9 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! OBS]V$ & ! OBS]V]1 HAS MY/IFI$ ITSELF TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT NO LONG] FITS ANY PHYSICAL SCALE OR DEF9ITION4 ,POSITIVISM D5IES ?IS & ?US1 TO AN EXT5T1 RESEMBLES ! IDOL WOR%IP+ ( ANCI5T TIMES1 :]E ! IDOL CON/ITUTES ! IMAGE ( REALITY4 

#c4 ,SEXISM 

,ANO!R IDEOLOGICAL PILL> ( ! NATION-/ATE IS ! SEXISM ?AT P]VADES ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 ,MANY CIVILIZ$ SY/EMS HAVE EMPLOY$ SEXISM 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE !IR [N P[]4 ,!Y 5=C$ WOM5'S EXPLOITATION & US$ !M AS A VALUABLE RES]VOIR ( *EAP LABOR4 ,WOM5 >E ALSO REG>D$ AS A VALUABLE RES\RCE 9 SO F> AS !Y PRODUCE (FSPR+ & PROVIDE ! REPRODUCTION ( M54 ,?US1 WOMAN IS BO? A SEXUAL OBJECT & A COMMODITY4 ,%E IS A TOOL = ! PRES]VATION ( MALE P[] & CAN AT BE/ ADVANCE TO BECOME AN ACCESSORY ( ! PATRI>*AL MALE SOCIETY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! SEXISM ( ! SOCIETY ( ! NATION-/ATE /R5G!NS ! P[] ( ! M52 ON ! O!R H& ! NATION/ATE TURNS ITS SOCIETY 9TO A COLONY BY ! EXPLOITATION ( WOM54 ,9 ?IS RESPECT WOM5 CAN ALSO BE REG>D$ AS AN EXPLOIT$ NATION4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION ! PATRI>*Y CONSOLIDAT$ ! TRADITIONAL FRAMEWORK ( HI]>*IES1 :I* 9 ! NATION-/ATE IS FUEL$ BY SEXISM4 ,SOCIALLY ROOT$ SEXISM IS JU/ LIKE NATIONALISM AN IDEOLOGICAL PRODUCT ( ! NATION-/ATE & ( P[]4 ,SOCIALLY ROOT$ SEXISM IS NOT LESS DANG]\S ?AN CAPITALISM4 ,! PATRI>*Y1 H[EV]1 TRIES TO HIDE !SE FACTS AT ANY RATE4 ,?IS IS UND]/&ABLE ) A VIEW TO ! FACT ?AT ALL P[] RELATIONS & /ATE IDEOLOGIES >E FUEL$ BY SEXI/ CONCEPTS & BEHAVIOR4 ,)\T ! REPRESSION ( ! WOM5 ! REPRESSION ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY IS NOT CONCEIVABLE4 ,! SEXISM )9 ! NATION-/ATE SOCIETY :ILE ON ! ONE H& GIVES ! MALE ! MAXIMUM P[] ON ! O!R H& TURNS ! SOCIETY ?R\< ! WOMAN 9TO ! WOR/ COLONY ( ALL4 ,H5CE WOMAN IS ! HI/ORICAL-SOCIETY'S COLONY NATION :I* HAS REA*$ ITS WOR/ POSITION )9 ! NATION-/ATE4 ,ALL ! P[] & /ATE IDEOLOGIES /EM FROM SEXI/ ATTITUDES & BEHAVIOR4 ,WOMAN'S SLAV]Y IS ! MO/ PR(\ND & DISGUIS$ SOCIAL >EA :]E ALL TYPES ( SLAV]Y1 OPPRESSION & COLONIZATION >E REALIZ$4 ,CAPITALISM & NATION-/ATE ACT 9 FULL AW>5ESS ( ?IS4 ,)\T WOMAN'S SLAV]Y NONE ( ! O!R TYPES ( SLAV]Y CAN EXI/ LET ALONE DEVELOP4 ,CAPITALISM & NATION-/ATE D5OTE ! MO/ 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ DOM9ANT MALE4 ,MORE BOLDLY & OP5LY SPOK53 CAPITALISM & NATION-/ATE >E ! MONOPOLISM ( ! DESPOTIC & EXPLOITATIVE MALE4 

#d4 ,RELIGI\SNESS 

,EV5 IF IT ACTS SEEM+LY LIKE A SECUL> /ATE1 ! NATION-/ATE DOES NOT %Y AWAY FROM US+ A MELANGE ( NATIONALISM & RELIGION = ITS PURPOSES4 ,! REASON IS SIMPLE3 RELIGION /ILL PLAYS AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 SOME SOCIETIES OR P>TS ( !M4 ,9 P>TICUL> ,ISLAM IS V]Y AGILE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,H[EV]1 RELIGION 9 ! AGE ( MOD]NITY DOES NO LONG] PLAY ITS TRADITIONAL ROLE4 ,:E!R IT IS A RADICAL ( A MOD]ATE BELIEF1 RELIGION 9 ! NATION-/ATE DOES NO LONG] HAVE A MISSION 9 ! SOCIETY4 ,IT CAN ONLY DO :AT IT IS P]MITT$ BY ! NATION-/ATE4 ,ITS /ILL EXI/+ 9FLU5CE & ITS FUNCTIONALITY1 :I* CAN BE MIS-US$ = ! PROMOTION ( NATIONALISM1 >E 9T]E/+ ASPECTS = ! NATION-/ATE4 ,9 SOME CASES RELIGION EV5 TAKES ON ! P>T ( NATIONALISM4 ,! ,%I'AH ( ,IRAN IS ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL IDEOLOGICAL WEAPONS ( ! ,IRANIAN /ATE4 ,9 ,TURKEY ! ,SUNNI IDEOLOGY PLAYS A SIMIL> BUT MORE LIMIT$ P>T4 

,C4 ,! ,KURDS & ! ,NATION-,/ATE 

,AFT] ! PREC$+ %ORT 9TRODUCTION 9TO ! NATION-/ATE & ITS IDEOLOGICAL BASICS WE WILL N[ SEE :Y ! F\NDATION ( A SEP>ATE ,KURDI% NATION-/ATE DOES NOT MAKE S5SE = ! ,KURDS4 ,OV] ! LA/ DECADES ! ,KURDS HAVE NOT ONLY /RUGGL$ AGA9/ REPRESSION BY ! DOM9ANT P[]S & = ! RECOGNITION ( !IR EXI/5CE BUT ALSO = ! LIB]ATION ( !IR SOCIETY FROM ! GRIP ( FEUDALISM4 ,H5CE IT DOES NOT MAKE S5SE TO REPLACE ! OLD *A9S BY NEW ONES OR EV5 5HANCE ! REPRESSION4 ,?IS IS :AT ! F\NDATION ( A NATION-/ATE W\LD MEAN 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,)\T OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY !RE WILL BE NO PLACE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLES4 ,?IS IS :Y ! F\ND+ ( A ,KURDI% NATION-/ATE IS NOT AN OPTION = ME4 ,! CALL = A SEP>ATE NATION-/ATE RESULTS FROM ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS OR ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE BUT DOES NOT REFLECT ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE S9CE ANO!R /ATE W\LD ONLY BE ! CREATION ( ADDITIONAL 9JU/ICE & W\LD CURTAIL ! RI<T TO FRE$OM EV5 MORE4 ,! SOLUTION TO ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION1 !RE=E1 NE$S TO BE F\ND 9 AN APPROA* ?AT WEAK5S ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY OR PU%ES IT BACK4 ,!RE >E HI/ORICAL REASONS1 SOCIAL PECULI>ITIES & ACTUAL DEVELOPM5TS AS WELL AS ! FACT ?AT ! SETTLEM5T >EA ( ! ,KURDS EXT5DS OV] ! T]RITORIES ( F\R DIFF]5T C\NTRIES :I* MAKE A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION 9DISP5SABLE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE IS ALSO ! IMPORTANT FACT ?AT ! 5TIRE ,MIDDLE ,EA/ SUFF]S FROM A DEMOCRACY DEFICIT4 ,?ANKS TO ! GEO/RATEGIC SITUATION ( ! ,KURDI% SETTLEM5T >EA SUCCESSFUL ,KURDI% DEMOCRATIC PROJECTS PROMISE TO ADVANCE ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ 9 G5]AL4 ,LET US CALL ?IS DEMOCRATIC PROJECT DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM4 

,I,I,I4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM 

,?IS K9D ( RULE OR ADM9I/RATION CAN BE CALL$ A NON-/ATE POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION OR A DEMOCRACY )\T A /ATE4 ,DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES MU/ NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! PROCESSES KN[N FROM PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,/ATES ONLY ADM9I/RATE :ILE DEMOCRACIES GOV]N4 ,/ATES >E F\ND$ ON P[]2 DEMOCRACIES >E BAS$ ON COLLECTIVE CONS5SUS4 ,(FICE 9 ! /ATE IS DET]M9$ BY DECREE1 EV5 ?\< IT MAY BE 9 P>T LEGITIMIZ$ BY ELECTIONS4 ,DEMOCRACIES USE DIRECT ELECTIONS4 ,! /ATE USES CO]CION AS A LEGITIMATE MEANS4 ,DEMOCRACIES RE/ ON VOLUNT>Y P>TICIPATION4 ,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM IS OP5 T[>DS O!R POLITICAL GR\PS & FACTIONS4 ,IT IS FLEXIBLE1 MULTI-CULTURAL1 ANTI-MONOPOLI/IC1 & CONS5SUS-ORI5T$4 ,ECOLOGY & FEM9ISM >E C5TRAL PILL>S4 ,9 ! FRAME ( ?IS K9D ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION AN ALT]NATIVE ECONOMY WILL BECOME NECESS>Y1 :I* 9CREASES ! RES\RCES ( ! SOCIETY 9/EAD ( EXPLOIT+ !M & ?US DOES JU/ICE TO ! MANIFOLD NE$S ( ! SOCIETY 

,A4 ,P>TICIPATION & ! ,DIV]SITY ( ! ,POLITICAL ,L&SCAPE 

,! CONTRADICTORY COMPOSITION ( ! SOCIETY NECESSITATES POLITICAL GR\PS ) BO? V]TICAL & HORIZONTAL =MATIONS4 ,C5TRAL1 REGIONAL & LOCAL GR\PS NE$ TO BE BALANC$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,ONLY !Y1 EA* = ITSELF1 >E ABLE TO DEAL ) ITS SPECIAL CONCRETE SITUATION & DEVELOP APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS = F>-REA*+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,IT IS A NATURAL RI<T TO EXPRESS ONE'S CULTURAL1 E?NIC1 OR NATIONAL ID5TITY ) ! HELP ( POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS RI<T NE$S AN E?ICAL & POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,:E!R NATION/ATE1 REPUBLIC1 OR DEMOCRACY - DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM IS OP5 = COMPROMISES CONC]N+ /ATE OR GOV]NM5TAL TRADITIONS4 ,IT ALL[S = EQUAL COEXI/5CE 

,B4 ,! ,H]ITAGE ( ! ,SOCIETY & ! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,HI/ORICAL ,KN[L$GE 

,!N AGA91 DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM RE/S ON ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( ! SOCIETY & ITS COLLECTIVE H]ITAGE4 ,IT IS NOT AN >BITR>Y MOD]N POLITICAL SY/EM BUT1 RA!R1 ACCUMULATES HI/ORY & EXP]I5CE4 ,IT IS ! (FSPR+ ( ! LIFE ( ! SOCIETY4 ,! /ATE CONT9U\SLY ORI5TATES ITSELF T[>DS C5TRALISM 9 ORD] TO PURSUE ! 9T]E/S ( ! P[] MONOPOLIES4 ,JU/ ! OPPOSITE IS TRUE = CONF$]ALISM4 ,NOT ! MONOPOLIES BUT ! SOCIETY IS AT ! C5T] ( POLITICAL FOCUS4 ,! HET]OG5E\S /RUCTURE ( ! SOCIETY IS 9 CONTRADICTION TO ALL =MS ( C5TRALISM4 ,DI/9CT C5TRALISM ONLY RESULTS 9 SOCIAL ]UPTIONS4 ,)9 LIV+ MEMORY PEOPLE HAVE ALWAYS =M$ LOOSE GR\PS ( CLANS1 TRIBES OR O!R COMMUNITIES ) F$]AL QUALITIES4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y W]E ABLE TO PRES]VE !IR 9T]NAL AUTONOMY4 ,EV5 ! 9T]NAL GOV]NM5T ( EMPIRES EMPLOY$ DIV]SE ME?ODS ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION = !IR DIFF]5T P>TS1 :I* 9CLUD$ RELIGI\S AU?ORITIES1 TRIBAL C\NCILS1 K+DOMS1 & EV5 REPUBLICS4 ,H5CE IT IS IMPORTANT TO UND]/&1 ?AT EV5 C5TRALI/ SEEM+ EMPIRES FOLL[ A CONF$]ATE ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE4 ,! C5TRALI/ MODEL IS NOT AN ADM9I/RATIVE MODEL WANT$ BY ! SOCIETY4 ,9/EAD1 IT HAS ITS S\RCE 9 ! PRES]VATION ( P[] ( ! MONOPOLIES4 

,C4 ,E?ICS & ,POLITICAL ,AW>5ESS 

,! CLASSIFICATION ( ! SOCIETY 9 CATEGORIES & T]MS AFT] A C]TA9 PATT]N IS PRODUC$ >TIFICIALLY BY ! CAPITALI/ MONOPOLIES4 ,:AT C\NTS 9 A SOCIETY LIKE ?AT IS NOT :AT Y\ >E BUT :AT Y\ APPE> TO BE4 ,! PUTATIVE ALI5ATION ( ! SOCIETY FROM ITS [N EXI/5CE 5C\RAGES ! )DRAWAL FROM ACTIVE P>TICIPATION1 A REACTION :I* IS (T5 CALL$ DIS5*ANTM5T ) POLITICS4 ,H[EV]1 SOCIETIES >E ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL & VALUE-ORI5T$4 ,ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 IDEOLOGICAL1 & MILIT>Y MONOPOLIES >E CON/RUCTIONS :I* CONTRADICT ! NATURE ( SOCIETY BY M]ELY /RIV+ = ! ACCUMULATION ( SURPLUS4 ,!Y DO NOT CREATE VALUES4 ,NOR CAN A REVOLUTION CREATE A NEW SOCIETY4 ,IT CAN ONLY 9FLU5CE ! E?ICAL & POLITICAL WEB ( A SOCIETY4 ,ANY?+ ELSE IS AT ! DISCRETION ( ! E?ICS-BAS$ POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,I M5TION$ ALREADY ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY 5=CES ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE4 ,! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y P[] C5T]S )9 ! SOCIETY HAVE BE5 DEPRIV$ ( !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,! NATION-/ATE AS A MOD]N SUB/ITUTE ( MON>*Y LEFT A WEAK5$ & DEF5SELESS SOCIETY BEH9D4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 LEGAL ORD] & PUBLIC PEACE ONLY IMPLY ! CLASS RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,P[] CON/ITUTES ITSELF 9 ! C5TRAL /ATE & BECOMES ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ADM9I/RATIVE P>ADIGMS ( MOD]NITY4 ,?IS PUTS ! NATION-/ATE 9 CONTRA/ TO DEMOCRACY & REPUBLICANISM4 ,\R PROJECT ( 0DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY0 IS MEANT AS AN ALT]NATIVE DRAFT TO MOD]NITY AS WE KN[ IT4 ,IT BUILDS ON DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM AS A FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL P>ADIGM4 ,DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY IS ! RO( ( AN E?ICS-BAS$ POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,AS LONG AS WE MAKE ! MI/AKE TO BELIEVE ?AT SOCIETIES NE$ TO BE HOMOG5E\S MONOLI?IC 5TITIES IT WILL BE DIFFICULT TO UND]/& CONF$]ALISM4 ,MOD]NITY'S HI/ORY IS ALSO A HI/ORY ( F\R C5TURIES ( CULTURAL & PHYSICAL G5OCIDE 9 ! NAME ( AN IMAG9>Y UNIT>Y SOCIETY4 ,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM AS A SOCIOLOGICAL CATEGORY IS ! C\NT]P>T ( ?IS HI/ORY & IT RE/S ON ! WILL TO FI<T IF NECESS>Y AS WELL AS ON E?NIC1 CULTURAL1 & POLITICAL DIV]SITY4 ,! CRISIS ( ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM IS AN 9H]5T CONSEQU5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ NATION-/ATE4 ,H[EV]1 ALL EF=TS ( ! NEOLIB]ALS TO *ANGE ! NATION-/ATE HAVE REMA9$ UNSUCCESSFUL4 ,! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ PROVIDES 9/RUCTIVE EXAMPLES4 

,D4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM & A ,DEMOCRATIC ,POLITICAL ,SY/EM 

,9 CONTRA/ TO A C5TRALI/ & BUREAUCRATIC UND]/&+ ( ADM9I/RATION & EX]CISE ( P[] CONF$]ALISM POSES A TYPE ( POLITICAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION :]E ALL GR\PS ( ! SOCIETY & ALL CULTURAL ID5TITIES CAN EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 LOCAL MEET+S1 G5]AL CONV5TIONS & C\NCILS4 ,?IS UND]/&+ ( DEMOCRACY OP5S ! POLITICAL SPACE TO ALL /RATA ( ! SOCIETY & ALL[S = ! =MATION ( DIFF]5T & DIV]SE POLITICAL GR\PS4 ,9 ?IS WAY IT ALSO ADVANCES ! POLITICAL 9TEGRATION ( ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,POLITICS BECOMES A P>T ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,)\T POLITICS ! CRISIS ( ! /ATE CANNOT BE SOLV$ S9CE ! CRISIS IS FUEL$ BY A LACK ( REPRES5TATION ( ! POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,T]MS LIKE F$]ALISM OR SELF ADM9I/RATION AS !Y CAN BE F\ND 9 LIB]AL DEMOCRACIES NE$ TO BE CONCEIV$ ANEW4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 !Y %\LD NOT BE CONCEIV$ AS HI]>*ICAL LEVELS ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! NATION-/ATE BUT RA!R AS C5TRAL TOOLS ( SOCIAL EXPRESSION & P>TICIPATION4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 WILL ADVANCE ! POLITICIZATION ( ! SOCIETY4 ,WE DO NOT NE$ BIG !ORIES H]E1 :AT WE NE$ IS ! WILL TO L5D EXPRESSION TO ! SOCIAL NE$S BY /R5G!N+ ! AUTONOMY ( ! SOCIAL ACTORS /RUCTURALLY & BY CREAT+ ! CONDITIONS = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,! CREATION ( AN OP]ATIONAL LEVEL :]E ALL K9DS ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL GR\PS1 RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES1 OR 9TELLECTUAL T5D5CIES CAN EXPRESS !MSELVES DIRECTLY 9 ALL LOCAL DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES CAN ALSO BE CALL$ P>TICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,! /RONG] ! P>TICIPATION ! MORE P[]FUL IS ?IS K9D ( DEMOCRACY4 ,:ILE ! NATION-/ATE IS 9 CONTRA/ TO DEMOCRACY1 & EV5 D5IES IT1 DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM CON/ITUTES A CONT9U\S DEMOCRATIC PROCESS4 

,! SOCIAL ACTORS1 :I* >E EA* = ITSELF F$]ATIVE UNITS1 >E ! G]M CELLS ( P>TICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y CAN COMB9E & ASSOCIATE 9TO NEW GR\PS & CONF$]ATIONS ACCORD+ TO ! SITUATION4 ,EA* ( ! POLITICAL UNITS 9VOLV$ 9 P>TICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY IS ESS5TIALLY DEMOCRATIC4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 :AT WE CALL DEMOCRACY !N IS ! APPLICATION ( DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES ( DECISION-MAK+ FROM ! LOCAL LEVEL TO ! GLOBAL LEVEL 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A CONT9U\S POLITICAL PROCESS4 ,?IS PROCESS WILL AFFECT ! /RUCTURE ( ! SOCIAL WEB ( ! SOCIETY 9 CONTRA/ TO ! /RIV+ = HOMOG5EITY ( ! NATION-/ATE1 A CON/RUCT ?AT CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ BY =CE ?US BR++ AB\T ! LOSS ( FRE$OM4 

,I HAVE ALREADY ADDRESS$ ! PO9T ?AT ! LOCAL LEVEL IS ! LEVEL :]E ! DECISIONS >E MADE4 ,H[EV]1 ! ?9K+ LEAD+ TO !SE DECISIONS NE$S TO BE 9 L9E ) GLOBAL ISSUES4 ,WE NE$ TO BECOME AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT EV5 VILLAGES & URBAN NEI<BORHOODS REQUIRE CONF$]ATE /RUCTURES4 ,ALL >EAS ( ! SOCIETY NE$ TO BE GIV5 TO SELF-ADM9I/RATION1 ALL LEVELS ( IT NE$ TO BE FREE TO P>TICIPATE4 

,E4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM & ,SELF-,DEF5SE 

,ESS5TIALLY1 ! NATION-/ATE IS A MILIT>ILY /RUCTUR$ 5TITY4 ,NATION-/ATES >E EV5TUALLY ! PRODUCTS ( ALL K9DS ( 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL W>F>E4 ,NONE ( ! EXI/+ NATION-/ATES HAS COME 9TO EXI/5CE ALL BY ITSELF4 ,9V>IABLY1 !Y HAVE A RECORD ( W>S4 ,?IS PROCESS IS NOT LIMIT$ TO !IR F\ND+ PHASE BUT1 RA!R1 IT BUILDS ON ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 ,! CIVIL LEAD]%IP ( ! /ATE IS ONLY AN ACCESSORY ( ! MILIT>Y APP>ATUS4 ,LIB]AL DEMOCRACIES EV5 \TDO ?IS BY PA9T+ !IR MILIT>I/IC /RUCTURES 9 DEMOCRATIC & LIB]AL COLORS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS DOES NOT KEEP !M FROM SEEK+ AU?ORIT>IAN SOLUTIONS AT ! HI<PO9T ( A CRISIS CAUS$ BY ! SY/EM ITSELF4 ,FASCI/ EX]CISE ( P[] IS ! NATURE ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,FASCISM IS ! PURE/ =M ( ! NATION-/ATE4 

,?IS MILIT>IZATION CAN ONLY BE PU%$ BACK ) ! HELP ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,SOCIETIES )\T ANY ME*ANISM ( SELF-DEF5SE LOSE !IR ID5TITIES1 !IR CAPABILITY ( DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+1 & !IR POLITICAL NATURE4 ,!RE=E1 ! SELF-DEF5SE ( A SOCIETY IS NOT LIMIT$ TO ! MILIT>Y DIM5SION ALONE4 ,IT ALSO PRESUPPOSES ! PRES]VATION ( ITS ID5TITY1 ITS [N POLITICAL AW>5ESS1 & A PROCESS ( DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,ONLY !N CAN WE TALK AB\T SELF-DEF5SE4 

,AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM CAN BE CALL$ A SY/EM ( SELF-DEF5SE ( ! SOCIETY4 ,ONLY ) ! HELP ( CONF$]ATE NETWORKS CAN !RE BE A BASIS TO OPPOSE ! GLOBAL DOM9ATION ( ! MONOPOLIES & NATION-/ATE MILIT>ISM4 ,AGA9/ ! NETWORK ( MONOPOLIES WE MU/ BUILD UP AN EQUALLY /RONG NETWORK ( SOCIAL CONF$]ACIES4 

,?IS MEANS 9 P>TICUL> ?AT ! SOCIAL P>ADIGM ( CONF$]ALISM DOES NOT 9VOLVE A MILIT>Y MONOPOLY = ! >M$ =CES1 :I* DO ONLY HAVE ! TASK ( 5SUR+ ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL SECURITY4 ,!Y >E UND] DIRECT CONTROL ( ! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! SOCIETY ITSELF MU/ BE ABLE TO DET]M9E !IR DUTIES4 ,ONE ( !IR TASKS WILL BE ! DEF5SE ( ! FREE WILL ( ! SOCIETY FROM 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 9T]V5TIONS4 ,! COMPOSITION ( ! MILIT>Y LEAD]%IP NE$S TO BE DET]M9$ 9 EQUAL T]MS & P>TS BY BO? ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & ! CONF$]ATE GR\P+S4 

,F4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM ,V]SUS ,/RIFE = ,HEGEMONY 

,9 DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM !RE IS NO ROOM = ANY K9D ( HEGEMONY /RIV+4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY TRUE 9 ! FIELD ( IDEOLOGY4 ,HEGEMONY IS A PR9CIPLE ?AT IS USUALLY FOLL[$ BY ! CLASSIC TYPE ( CIVILIZATION4 ,DEMOCRATIC CIVILIZATIONS REJECT HEGEMONIC P[]S & IDEOLOGIES4 ,ANY WAYS ( EXPRESSION :I* CUT ACROSS ! B\ND>IES ( DEMOCRATIC SELF-ADM9I/RATION W\LD C>RY SELF-ADM9I/RATION & FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION AD ABSURDUM4 ,! COLLECTIVE H&L+ ( MATT]S ( ! SOCIETY NE$S UND]/&+1 RESPECT ( DISS5T+ OP9IONS & DEMOCRATIC WAYS ( DECISIONMAK+4 ,?IS IS 9 CONTRA/ TO ! UND]/&+ ( LEAD]%IP 9 ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY :]E >BITR>Y BUREAUCRATIC DECISIONS ( NATION-/ATE *>ACT] >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! DEMOCRATIC-CONF$]ATE LEAD]%IP 9 L9E ) E?IC F\NDATIONS4 ,9 DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM LEAD]%IP 9/ITUTIONS DO NOT NE$ IDEOLOGICAL LEGITIMIZATION4 ,H5CE1 !Y NE$ NOT /RIVE = HEGEMONY 

,G4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ATE ,/RUCTURES AT A ,GLOBAL SCALE 

,AL?\< 9 DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM ! FOCUS IS ON ! LOCAL LEVEL1 ORGANIZ+ CONF$]ALISM GLOBALLY IS NOT EXCLUD$4 ,CONTR>IWISE1 WE NE$ TO PUT UP A PLAT=M ( NATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETIES 9 T]MS ( A CONF$]ATE ASSEMBLY TO OPPOSE ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS AS AN ASSOCIATION ( NATION-/ATES UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! SUP]P[]S4 ,9 ?IS WAY WE MI<T GET BETT] DECISIONS ) A VIEW TO PEACE1 ECOLOGY1 JU/ICE & PRODUCTIVITY 9 ! WORLD4 

,H4 ,CONCLUSION 

,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS A K9D ( SELFADM9I/RATION 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ADM9I/RATION BY ! NATION/ATE4 ,H[EV]1 UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES PEACEFUL COEXI/5CE IS POSSIBLE AS LONG AS ! NATION-/ATE DOES NOT 9T]F]E ) C5TRAL MATT]S ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,ALL SU* 9T]V5TIONS W\LD CALL = ! SELF-DEF5SE ( ! CIVIL SOCIETY4 

,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM IS NOT AT W> ) ANY NATION-/ATE BUT IT WILL NOT /& IDLY BY AT ASSIMILATION EF=TS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ OR ! F\NDATION ( A NEW /ATE DOES NOT CREATE SU/A9ABLE *ANGE4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 FRE$OM & JU/ICE CAN ONLY BE ACCOMPLI%$ )9 A DEMOCRATIC-CONF$]ATE DYNAMIC PROCESS4 

,NEI!R TOTAL REJECTION NOR COMPLETE RECOGNITION ( ! /ATE IS USEFUL = ! DEMOCRATIC EF=TS ( ! CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,! OV]COM+ ( ! /ATE1 P>TICUL>LY ! NATION-/ATE1 IS A LONG-T]M PROCESS4 

,! /ATE WILL BE OV]COME :5 DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM HAS PROV$ ITS PROBLEM-SOLV+ CAPACITIES ) A VIEW TO SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN1 ?\<1 ?AT ATTACKS BY NATION-/ATES HAVE TO BE ACCEPT$4 ,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ATIONS WILL SU/A9 SELF-DEF5SE =CES AT ALL TIMES4 ,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ATIONS WILL NOT BE LIMIT$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES )9 A S+LE P>TICUL> T]RITORY4 ,!Y WILL BECOME CROSS-BORD] CONF$]ATIONS :5 ! SOCIETIES CONC]N$ SO DESIRE4 

,I,V4 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM 

#a4 ,! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! PEOPLES 9CLUDES ! RI<T TO A /ATE ( !IR [N4 ,H[EV]1 ! F\NDATION ( A /ATE DOES NOT 9CREASE ! FRE$OM ( A PEOPLE4 ,! SY/EM ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ?AT IS BAS$ ON NATION-/ATES HAS REMA9$ 9EFFICI5T4 ,MEAN:ILE1 NATION-/ATES HAVE BECOME S]I\S OB/ACLES = ANY SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM IS ! CONTRA/+ P>ADIGM ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE4 

#b4 ,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM IS A NON-/ATE SOCIAL P>ADIGM4 ,IT IS NOT CONTROLL$ BY A /ATE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM IS ! CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONAL BLUEPR9T ( A DEMOCRATIC NATION4 

#c4 ,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM IS BAS$ ON GRASS-ROOTS P>TICIPATION4 ,ITS DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES LIE ) ! COMMUNITIES4 ,HI<] LEVELS ONLY S]VE ! COORD9ATION & IMPLEM5TATION ( ! WILL ( ! COMMUNITIES ?AT S5D !IR DELEGATES TO ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES4 ,= LIMIT$ SPACE ( TIME !Y >E BO? M\?PIECE & EXECUTIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ! BASIC P[] ( DECISION RE/S ) ! LOCAL GRASS-ROOTS 9/ITUTIONS4 

#d4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 DEMOCRACY CANNOT BE IMPOS$ BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ITS IMP]IAL P[]S :I* ONLY DAMAGE DEMOCRACY4 ,! PROPAGATION ( GRASS-ROOTS DEMOCRACY IS ELEM5T>Y4 ,IT IS ! ONLY APPROA* ?AT CAN COPE ) DIV]SE E?NICAL GR\PS1 RELIGIONS1 & CLASS DIFF]5CES4 ,IT ALSO GOES TOGE!R WELL ) ! TRADITIONAL CONF$]ATE /RUCTURE ( ! SOCIETY 

#e4 ,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM 9 ,KURDI/AN IS AN ANTI-NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T AS WELL4 ,IT AIMS AT REALIZ+ ! RI<T ( SELF-DEF5SE ( ! PEOPLES BY ! ADVANCEM5T ( DEMOCRACY 9 ALL P>TS ( ,KURDI/AN )\T QUE/ION+ ! EXI/+ POLITICAL BORD]S4 ,ITS GOAL IS NOT ! F\NDATION ( A ,KURDI% NATION/ATE4 ,! MOVEM5T 9T5DS TO E/ABLI% F$]AL /RUCTURES 9 ,IRAN1 ,TURKEY1 ,SYRIA1 & ,IRAQ ?AT >E OP5 = ALL ,KURDS & AT ! SAME TIME =M AN UMBRELLA CONF$]ATION = ALL F\R P>TS ( ,KURDI/AN 

,V4 ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,PEOPLES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,POSSIBLE ,WAYS TO A ,SOLUTION 

,! NATIONAL QUE/ION IS NOT A PHANTASM ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,NEV]!LESS IT WAS ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY :I* IMPOS$ ! NATIONAL QUE/ION ON ! SOCIETY4 ,! NATION REPLAC$ ! RELIGI\S COMMUNITY4 ,H[EV]1 ! TRANSITION TO A NATIONAL SOCIETY NE$S ! OV]COM+ ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY IF ! NATION IS NOT TO REMA9 ! DISGUISE ( REPRESSIVE MONOPOLIES4 

,AS NEGATIVE AS IS ! OV]-EMPHASIS ( ! NATIONAL CATEGORY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ AS SEV]E W\LD BE ! CONSEQU5CES ( NEGLECT+ ! COLLECTIVE NATIONAL ASPECT4 ,H5CE ! ME?OD 9 H&L+ ! ISSUE %\LD NOT BE IDEOLOGICAL BUT SCI5TIFIC & NOT NATION/ATI/ BUT BAS$ ON ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRATIC NATION & DEMOCRATIC COMMUNALISM4 ,! CONT5TS ( SU* AN APPROA* >E ! FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5TS ( DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY4 

,OV] ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES NATIONALISM & T5D5CY = NATION-/ATES HAVE BE5 FUEL$ 9 ! SOCIETIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,! NATIONAL ISSUES HAVE NOT BE5 SOLV$ BUT RA!R HAVE BE5 AGGRAVAT$ 9 ALL >EAS ( ! SOCIETY4 ,9/EAD ( CULTIVAT+ PRODUCTIVE COMPETITION ! CAPITAL 5=CES 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL W>S 9 ! NAME ( ! NATION-/ATE4 

,! !ORY ( COMMUNALISM W\LD BE AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! FRAMEWORK ( DEMOCRATIC NATIONS :I* DO NOT /RIVE = P[] MONOPOLIES IT MAY LEAD TO PEACE 9 A REGION :I* HAS ONLY BE5 ! FIELD ( GORY W>S & G5OCIDES4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT WE CAN SPEAK ( F\R MAJORITY NATIONS3 ,>ABS1 ,P]SIANS1 ,TURKS1 & ,KURDS4 ,I DO NOT WI% TO DIVIDE NATIONS 9TO MAJORITY OR M9ORITY AS ,I DO NOT F9D ?IS TO BE APPROPRIATE4 ,BUT DUE TO DEMOGRAPHIC CONSID]ATIONS ,I %ALL SPEAK ( MAJORITY NATIONS4 ,9 ! SAME CONTEXT WE MAY ALSO USE ! T]M M9ORITY NATIONS4 

#a4 ,!RE >E MORE ?AN TW5TY ,>AB NATION-/ATES :I* DIVIDE ! ,>AB COMMUNITY & DAMAGE !IR SOCIETIES BY W>S4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MA9 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE = ! ALI5ATION ( CULTURAL VALUES & ! APP>5T HOPELESSNESS ( ! ,>AB NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,!SE NATION-/ATES HAVE NOT EV5 BE5 ABLE TO =M A CROSS-NATIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITY4 ,!Y >E ! MA9 REASON ( ! PROBLEMATIC SITUATION ( ! ,>AB NATION4 ,A RELIGI\SLY MOTIVAT$ TRIBAL NATIONALISM TOGE!R ) A SEXI/ PATRI>*AL SOCIETY P]VADES ALL >EAS ( ! SOCIETY RESULT+ 9 DI/9CT CONS]VATISM & SLAVI% OB$I5CE4 ,NOBODY BELIEVES ?AT ! ,>ABS WILL BE ABLE TO F9D AN ,>AB NATIONAL SOLUTION TO !IR 9T]NAL & CROSSNATIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,H[EV]1 DEMOCRATIZATION & A COMMUNALI/ APPROA* MI<T PROVIDE SU* A SOLUTION4 ,!IR WEAKNESS T[>DS ,ISRAEL1 :I* ! ,>AB NATION-/ATES REG>D AS A COMPETITOR1 IS NOT ONLY ! RESULT ( 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT BY ! HEGEMONIC P[]S4 ,RA!R1 IT IS ! RESULT ( A /RONG 9T]NAL DEMOCRATIC & COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS )9 ,ISRAEL4 ,OV] ! LA/ C5TURY1 ! SOCIETY ( ! ,>AB NATION HAS BE5 WEAK5$ BY RADICAL NATIONALISM & ,ISLAMISM4 ,YET1 IF !Y >E ABLE TO UNITE COMMUNAL SOCIALISM :I* !Y >E NOT A /RANG] TO ) ?AT ( ! UND]/&+ ( A DEMOCRATIC NATION !N !Y MAY BE ABLE TO F9D !MSELVES A SECURE1 LONG-T]M SOLUTION4 

#b4 ,! ,TURKS & ,TURKM5S =M ANO!R 9FLU5TIAL NATION4 ,!Y %>E A SIMIL> UND]/&+S ( P[] & IDEOLOGY ) ! ,>ABS4 ,!Y >E /RICT NATION-/ATI/S & HAVE A PR(\ND RELIGI\S & RACIAL NATIONALISM 5GRAV$ 9 !M4 ,FROM A SOCIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ,TURKS & ,TURKM5S >E QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,TURKM5 & ,TURKI% >I/OCRACY RESEMBLE ! T5S$ RELATIONS BETWE5 ,B$\9S & ,>AB >I/OCRACY4 ,!Y =M A /RATUM :OSE 9T]E/S >E COMPATIBLE ) DEMOCRACY & COMMUNALISM4 ,! NATIONAL PROBLEMS >E QUITE COMPLEX4 ,! P[] /RIVE ( ! NATION-/ATE1 DI/9CT NATIONALISM & A SEXI/ PATRI>*AL SOCIETY PREVAIL & CREATE A V]Y CONS]VATIVE SOCIETY4 ,! FAMILY IS REG>D$ AS ! SMALLE/ CELL ( ! /ATE4 ,BO? 9DIVIDUALS & 9/ITUTIONS HAVE TAK5 9 !SE ASPECTS4 ,TURKI% & ,TURKM5 COMMUNITIES /RUGGLE = P[]4 ,O!R E?NIC GR\PS >E SUBJECT$ TO A DI/9CT POLICY ( SUBJUGATION4 ,! C5TRALI/ P[] /RUCTURES ( ! ,TURKI% NATION-/ATE & ! RIGID (FICIAL IDEOLOGY HAVE PREV5T$ A SOLUTION TO ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION UNTIL TODAY4 ,! SOCIETY IS MADE TO BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE TO ! /ATE4 ,!RE IS NO BALANCE BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! /ATE4 ,OB$I5CE IS REG>D$ AS ! GREATE/ VIRTUE 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ?IS1 ! !ORY ( ! DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY (F]S AN ADEQUATE APPROA* TO ALL NATIONAL COMMUNITIES 9 ,TURKEY TO SOLVE !IR NATIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,COMMUNITY BAS$ PROJECT ( A DEMOCRATIC ,TURKI% CONF$]ATION W\LD BO? /R5G!N ITS 9T]NAL UNITY & CREATE ! CONDITIONS = A PEACEFUL COEXI/5CE ) ! NEI<BORS ?AT IT LIVES )4 ,BORD]S HAVE LO/ ITS =M] MEAN+ :5 IT COMES TO SOCIAL UNITY4 ,9 SPITE ( GEOGRAPHIC B\ND>IES TODAY'S MOD]N COMMUNICATION TOOLS ALL[ = A VIRTUAL UNITY BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & COMMUNITIES :]EV] !Y >E4 ,A DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ATION ( ! ,TURKI% NATIONAL COMMUNITIES C\LD BE A CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD PEACE & ! SY/EM ( DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY4 

#c4 ,! ,KURDI% NATIONAL SOCIETY IS V]Y COMPLEX4 ,WORLDWIDE1 ! ,KURDS >E ! BIGGE/ NATION )\T A /ATE ( !IR [N4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 SETTL+ 9 !IR PRES5T SETTLEM5T >EAS S9CE ! ,NEOLI?IC4 ,AGRICULTURE & /OCK BRE$+ AS WELL AS !IR READ9ESS TO DEF5D !MSELVES US+ ! GEOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGES ( !IR M\NTA9\S HOMEL& HELP$ ! ,KURDS TO SURVIVE AS A NATIVE PEOPLE4 ,! ,KURDI% NATIONAL QUE/ION RISES FROM ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 D5I$ !IR RI<T TO NATIONHOOD4 ,O!RS TRI$ TO ASSIMILATE !M1 ANNIHILATE !M1 & 9 ! 5D FLATLY D5I$ !IR EXI/5CE4 ,NOT HAV+ A /ATE ( !IR [N HAS ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES4 ,! EXCRESC5CES ( /ATE-BAS$ CIVILIZATIONS HAVE ONLY BE5 TAK5 9 TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T4 ,?IS CAN BE A B5EFIT 9 ! REALIZATION ( ALT]NATIVE SOCIAL CONCEPTS BEYOND ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,!IR SETTLEM5T >EA IS DIVID$ BY ! NATIONAL BORD]S ( F\R C\NTRIES & LIES 9 A GEO-/RATEGICALLY IMPORTANT REGION1 ?US PROVID+ ! ,KURDS A /RATEGIC ADVANTAGE4 ,! ,KURDS DO NOT HAVE ! *ANCE TO =M A NATIONAL SOCIETY ?R\< ! USE ( /ATE-P[]4 ,AL?\< !RE IS A ,KURDI% POLITICAL 5TITY TODAY 9 ,IRAQI-,KURDI/AN1 IT IS NOT A NATION-/ATE BUT RA!R A P>A/ATAL 5TITY4 

,KURDI/AN HAD ALSO BE5 HOME TO ,>M5IAN & ,>AMAIC M9ORITIES BE=E !SE FELL VICTIMS TO G5OCIDES4 ,!RE >E ALSO SMALL] GR\PS ( ,>ABS & ,TURKS4 ,EV5 TODAY !RE >E MANY DIFF]5T RELIGIONS & FAI?S LIV+ SIDE BY SIDE !RE4 ,!RE ALSO RUDIM5TS ( A CLAN & TRIBAL CULTURE :ILE !RE IS ALMO/ NO PRES5CE ( URBAN CULTURE !RE4 

,ALL !SE PROP]TIES >E A BLESS+ = NEW DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL =MATIONS4 ,COMMUNAL COOP]ATIVES 9 F>M+ BUT ALSO 9 ! WAT] ECONOMY & ! 5]GY SECTOR (F] !MSELVES AS IDEAL WAYS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! SITUATION IS ALSO FAVORABLE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN E?ICAL POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,EV5 ! PATRI>*AL IDEOLOGY IS LESS DEEPLY ROOT$ H]E ?AN 9 ! NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES4 ,?IS IS B5EFICIAL = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY :]E WOM5'S FRE$OM & EQUALITY >E TO =M ONE ( ! MA9 PILL>S4 ,IT ALSO (F]S ! CONDITIONS = ! CREATION ( A DEMOCRATIC 5VIRONM5T-FRI5DLY NATION 9 L9E ) ! P>ADIGM ( ! DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY4 ,! CON/RUCTION ( A DEMOCRATIC NATION BAS$ ON MULTI-NATIONAL ID5TITIES IS ! IDEAL SOLUTION :5 FAC$ ) ! DEAD-5D /REET NATION-/ATE4 ,! EM]G+ 5TITY C\LD BECOME A BLUEPR9T = ! 5TIRE ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & EXP& DYNAMICALLY 9TO NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES4 ,CONV9C+ ! NEI<BOR+ NATIONS ( ?IS MODEL %ALL *ANGE ! FATE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & %ALL RE9=CE ! *ANCE ( DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY TO CREATE AN ALT]NATIVE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !RE=E1 ! FRE$OM ( ! ,KURDS & ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( !IR SOCIETY W\LD BE SYNONYM\S ) ! FRE$OM ( ! :OLE REGION & ITS SOCIETIES4 

#d4 ,! REASONS = TODAY'S PROBLEMS ( ! ,P]SIAN OR ,IRANIAN NATION CAN BE F\ND 9 ! 9T]V5TIONS ( HI/ORICAL CIVILIZATIONS & ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,AL?\< !IR ORIG9AL ID5TITY WAS A RESULT ( ,ZOROA/RIAN & ,MI?RAIC TRADITION !SE HAVE BE5 ANNULL$ BY A D]IVATIVE ( ,ISLAM4 ,MANI*EISM ?AT EM]G$ AS ! SYN!SIS ( ,JUDAISM1 ,*RI/IANITY & ,MOHAMM$ANISM ) ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY WAS NOT ABLE TO PREVAIL AGA9/ ! IDEOLOGY ( ! (FICIAL CIVILIZATION4 ,9DE$1 IT W5T NO FUR!R !N TO NURTURE ! TRADITION ( REBELLION4 ,IT HAS H5CE CONV]T$ ! ,ISLAMIC TRADITION 9TO ,%I'AH D5OM9ATION & ADOPT$ IT TO BE ITS LATE/ CIVILIZATIONAL IDEOLOGY4 ,PRES5TLY !RE >E EF=TS MADE TO MOD]NIZE ITSELF BY PASS+ ! ELEM5TS ( CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY ?R\< ITS ,%I'AH FILT]4 

,! ,IRANIAN SOCIETY IS MULTI-E?NIC & MULTI-RELIGI\S & BLESS$ ) A RI* CULTURE4 ,ALL NATIONAL & RELIGI\S ID5TITIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ CAN BE F\ND !RE4 ,?IS DIV]SITY IS 9 /RONG CONTRA/ TO ! HEGEMONIC CLAIM ( ! !OCRACY1 :I* CULTIVATES A SUBTLE RELIGI\S NATIONALISM & ! RUL+ CLASS DOES NOT %R9K BACK FROM ANTI-MOD]NI/ PROPAG&A :5EV] IT S]VES !IR 9T]E/S4 ,REVOLUTION>Y & DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES HAVE BE5 9TEGRAT$ BY ! TRADITIONAL CIVILIZATION4 ,A DESPOTIC REGIME SKILLFULLY GOV]NS ! C\NTRY4 ,! NEGATIVE EFFECTS ( ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN SANCTIONS >E NOT NEGLIGIBLE H]E4 

,DESPITE /RONG C5TRALI/ EF=TS 9 ,IRAN1 FROM ! GRASS-ROOTS ALREADY SOME K9D ( F$]ALISM EXI/S4 ,:5 ELEM5TS ( DEMOCRATIC CIVILIZATION & F$]ALI/ ELEM5TS 9CLUD+ ,AZ]IS1 ,KURDS1 ,BALU*IS1 ,>ABS1 & ,TURKM5S 9T]SECT1 ! PROJECT ( A 0,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ATION ( ,IRAN0 CAN EM]GE & BECOME ATTRACTIVE4 ,WOM5'S MOVEM5T & COMMUNAL TRADITIONS WILL PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE H]E 

#e4 ,! ,>M5IAN NATIONAL QUE/ION CONTA9S ONE ( ! GREATE/ TRAG$IES ?AT ! PROGRESS ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY HAS BR\<T AB\T 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,! ,>M5IANS >E A V]Y OLD PEOPLE4 ,!Y %>$ MU* ( !IR SETTLEM5T >EA ) ! ,KURDS4 ,:ILE ! ,KURDS LIVE PRIM>ILY ON AGRICULTURE & ANIMAL HUSB&RY ! ,>M5IANS 5GAG$ 9 >TS & CRAFTS4 ,JU/ LIKE ! ,KURDS1 ! ,>M5IANS CULTIVAT$ A TRADITION ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,AP>T FROM SOME %ORT EPISODES ! ,>M5IANS NEV] SUCCESSFULLY F\ND$ A /ATE4 ,!Y RELY ON ,*RI/IAN CULTURE :I* GIVES !M !IR ID5TITY & !IR FAI? 9 SALVATION4 ,BECAUSE ( !IR RELIGION !Y (T5 SUFF]$ REPRESSION AT ! H&S ( ! ,MUSLIM MAJORITY4 ,H5CE1 ! EM]G+ NATIONALISM BORE FRUIT ) ! ,>M5IAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,SOON !RE W]E DIFF]5CES ) ! ,TURKI% NATIONALI/S EV5TUALLY 5D+ 9 ! G5OCIDE ( ! ,>M5IANS BY ! ,TURKS4 

,AP>T FROM ! ,JEWS ! ,>M5IANS >E ! SECOND-L>GE/ PEOPLE :I* LIVE PRIM>ILY 9 ! ,DIASPORA4 ,! F\NDATION ( AN ,>M5IAN /ATE 9 ! WE/ ( ,AZ]BAIJAN1 H[EV]1 DID NOT SOLVE ! ,>M5IAN NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ! G5OCIDE CAN H>DLY BE PUT 9TO WORDS4 ,! SE>* = ! LO/ C\NTRY DEF9ES !IR NATIONAL PSY*E & IS AT ! HE>T ( ! ,>M5IAN QUE/ION4 ,! ISSUE IS AGGRAVAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT !SE >EAS HAVE BE5 SETTL$ BY O!R PEOPLE S9CE !N4 ,ANY CONCEPTS BAS$ ON A NATION-/ATE CANNOT (F] A SOLUTION4 ,!RE IS NEI!R A HOMOG5\S POPULATION /RUCTURE !RE NOR ANY CLE> BORD]S AS IS REQUIR$ BY ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,! ?9K+ ( !IR OPPON5TS MAY BE FASCI/2 H[EV]1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO ONLY BR+ ! G5OCIDE TO ONE'S M9D4 ,CONF$]ATE /RUCTURES C\LD BE AN ALT]NATIVE = ! ,>M5IANS4 ,! F\NDATION ( A DEMOCRATIC ,>M5IAN NATION 9 L9E ) ! P>ADIGM ( ! DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY PROMISES ! ,>M5IANS AN OPPORTUNITY TO RE9V5T !MSELVES4 ,IT C\LD 5ABLE !M TO RETURN TO !IR PLACE 9 ! CULTURAL PLURALITY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,9 ! EV5T ?AT !Y R5EW !MSELVES UND] ! ,>M5IAN DEMOCRATIC NATION NOT ONLY %ALL !Y CONT9UE TO PLAY !IR HI/ORICAL ROLE )9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ CULTURE BUT !Y %ALL ALSO F9D ! RI<T PA? TO LIB]ATION4 

#f4 ,9 MOD]N TIMES ! ,*RI/IAN ,>AMEANS 7,ASSYRIANS7 ALSO SUFF]$ ! FATE ( ! ,>M5IANS4 ,!Y TOO >E ONE ( ! OLDE/ PEOPLE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,!Y %>$ A SETTLEM5T >EA ) ! ,KURDS BUT ALSO ) O!R PEOPLE4 ,LIKE ! ,>M5IANS !Y SUFF]$ FROM REPRESSION BY ! ,MUSLIM MAJORITY PAV+ ! WAY = ,EUROPEAN-/YLE NATIONALISM AMONG ! ,>AMEAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,EV5TUALLY ! ,>AMEANS TOO FELL VICTIMS TO G5OCIDE AT ! H&S ( ! ,TURKS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! FASCI/ ,COMMITTEE ( ,UNITY & ,PROGRESS4 ,! COLLABORATIONI/ ,KURDS L5T A HELP+ H& 9 ?IS G5OCIDE4 ,! QUE/ION ( ,>AMEAN NATIONAL SOCIETY HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! CIVILIZATION BUT HAS ALSO DEVELOP$ FUR!R ) ,*RI/IANITY & IDEOLOGIES ( MOD]NITY4 ,= A SOLUTION !RE IS A NE$ = A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( ! ,>AMEANS4 ,!IR REAL SALVATION MAY BE TO BREAK AWAY FROM ! M5TALITY ( CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION & CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY & 9/EAD EMBRACE DEMOCRATIC CIVILIZATION & R5EW !IR RI* CULTURAL MEMORY AS AN ELEM5T ( DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY 9 ORD] TO RE-CON/RUCT !MSELVES AS ! 0,>AMEAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,NATION04 

#g4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE ALSO GIVES EXPRESSION TO ! OV]ALL PROBLEMATIC CULTURAL HI/ORY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,! SE>* = ! BACKDROP ( EXPULSION1 POGROMS & G5OCIDE AM\NTS TO BALANC+ ! ACC\NTS ( ! CIVILIZATIONS4 ,! ,JEW-I% COMMUNITY HAS TAK5 UP ! 9FLU5CES ( ! OLD ,SUM]IAN & ,EGYPTIAN CULTURES AS WELL AS ?OSE ( REGIONAL TRIBAL CULTURES4 ,IT HAS CONTRIBUT$ A LOT TO ! CULTURE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,LIKE ! ,>AMEANS !Y FELL VICTIMS TO EXTREME DEVELOPM5TS ( MOD]NITY4 ,AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND1 9TELLECTUALS ( ,JEWI% DESC5T DEVELOP$ A COMPLEX PO9T ( VIEW T[>DS !SE ISSUES4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS BY F> NOT 5\<4 ,= A SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEMS AS !Y EXI/ TODAY A R5EW$ APPROPRIATION ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ IS NE$$ ON A DEMOCRATIC BASIS4 ,! ,ISRAELI NATION/ATE IS AT W> S9CE ITS F\NDATION4 ,! SLOGAN IS3 AN EYE = AN EYE4 ,FIRE CANNOT BE F\<T BY FIRE1 ?\<4 ,EV5 IF ,ISRAEL 5JOYS RELATIVE SECURITY ?ANKS TO ITS 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT1 ?IS IS NOT A SU/A9ABLE SOLUTION4 ,NO?+ WILL BE P]MAN5TLY SAFE AS LONG AS ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY HAS NOT BE5 OV]COME4 

,! ,PALE/9E CONFLICT MAKES IT CLE> ?AT ! NATION-/ATE P>ADIGM IS NOT HELPFUL = A SOLUTION4 ,!RE HAS BE5 MU* BLOOD%$2 :AT REMA9S IS ! DIFFICULT LEGACY ( SEEM+LY IRRESOLVABLE PROBLEMS4 ,! ,ISRAEL-,PALE/9E EXAMPLE %[S ! COMPLETE FAILURE ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY & ! NATION-/ATE4 

,! ,JEWS BELONG TO ! CULTURE BE>]S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,D5IAL ( !IR RI<T TO EXI/5CE IS AN ATTACK ON ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ AS SU*4 ,!IR TRANS=MATION 9TO A DEMOCRATIC NATION JU/ AS = ,>M5IANS & ,>AMEANS W\LD MAKE !IR P>TICIPATION 9 A DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ATION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ EASI]4 ,! PROJECT ( AN 0,EA/-,AEGEAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ATION0 W\LD BE A POSITIVE />T4 ,/RICT & EXCLUSIVE NATIONAL & RELIGI\S ID5TITIES MAY EVOLVE 9TO FLEXIBLE & OP5 ID5TITIES UND] ?IS PROJECT4 ,ISRAEL MAY ALSO EVOLVE 9TO A MORE ACCEPTABLE OP5 DEMOCRATIC NATION4 ,UND\BT$LY ?\< ITS NEI<BORS MU/ ALSO GO ?R\< SU* A TRANS=MATION4 

,T5SIONS & >M$ CONFLICTS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ MAKE A TRANS=MATION ( ! P>ADIGM ( MOD]NITY SEEM 9EVITABLE4 ,)\T IT A SOLUTION ( ! DIFFICULT SOCIAL PROBLEMS & NATIONAL QUE/IONS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY (F]S AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! SY/EM ?AT IS UNABLE TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS4 

#h4 ,! ANNIHILATION ( ,HELL5IC CULTURE 9 ,ANATOLIA IS A LOSS ?AT CANNOT BE COMP5SAT$4 ,! E?NIC CLEANS+ >RANG$ BY ! ,TURKI% & ,GREEK NATION-/ATES 9 ! FIR/ QU>T] ( ! LA/ C5TURY HAS LEFT ITS M>K4 ,NO /ATE HAS ! RI<T TO DRIVE PEOPLE FROM !IR ANCE/RAL CULTURAL REGION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! NATION/ATES %[$ !IR 9HUMAN APPROA* T[>DS SU* ISSUES AGA9 & AGA94 ,! ATTACKS ON ! ,HELL5IC1 ,JEWI%1 ,>AMEAN & ,>M5IAN CULTURES W]E /EPP$ UP :ILE ,ISLAM SPREAD ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DECL9E ( ! ,MIDDLE-,EA/]N ,CIVILIZATION4 ,! ,ISLAMIC CULTURE HAS NEV] BE5 ABLE TO FILL ! EM]G+ VOID4 ,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY :5 ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY ADVANC$ 9TO ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ IT F\ND A CULTURAL DES]T CREAT$ BY SELF-9FLICT$ CULTURAL ]OSION4 ,CULTURAL DIV]SITY ALSO /R5G!NS ! DEF5SE ME*ANISM ( A SOCIETY4 ,MONOCULTURES >E LESS ROBU/4 ,H5CE1 ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ HAD NOT BE5 DIFFICULT4 ,! PROJECT ( A HOMOG5E\S NATION AS PROPAGAT$ BY ! NATION-/ATES FUR!R$ !IR CULTURAL DECL9E4 

#i4 ,! ,CAUCASIAN E?NIC GR\PS ALSO HAVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS :I* >E NOT 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,AGA9 & AGA9 !Y HAVE MIGRAT$ 9TO ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & /IMULAT$ ITS CULTURES4 ,!Y HAVE UNQUE/IONABLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ITS CULTURAL WEAL?4 ,! >RIVAL ( MOD]NITY ALMO/ MADE !SE M9ORITY CULTURES DISAPPE>4 ,!Y1 TOO1 W\LD F9D !IR ADEQUATE PLACE 9 A CONF$]ATE /RUCTURE4 

,F9ALLY1 LET ME /ATE AGA9 ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ >E DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! CLASS CIVILIZATION4 ,!Y HAVE TI<T5$ ) ! GLOBAL CRISIS ( ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,?IS MOD]NITY & ITS CLAIM TO DOM9ANCE CANNOT (F] ANY SOLUTIONS NOT TO M5TION A LONG-T]M P]SPECTIVE = ! ,MIDDLE-,EA/ REGION4 ,! FUTURE IS DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM4 

,WRIT+S BY ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN ,PRISON ,WRIT+S3 ,! ,ROOTS ( ,CIVILIZATION1 ,LONDON1 #bg ,I,S,B,N3 #i#g#h-#g#d#e#c#b#f#a#f ,PRISON ,WRIT+S3 ,! ,P,K,K & ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION 9 ! #b#a/ ,C5TURY1 ,LONDON1 #baa ,I,S,B,N3 #i#g#h-#i#e#f#g#e#a#d#i ,W> & ,PEACE 9 ,KURDI/AN1 ,COLOGNE1 #b#i1 ,P,D,F HTTP3_/_/WWW4FRE$OM-=-OCALAN4COM_/5GLI%_/D[NLOAD_/,OCALAN,W>-&-,PEACE-9-,KURDI/AN4PDF ,! ,ROAD ,MAP = ,DEMOCRATIZATION ( ,TURKEY & ,SOLUTION TO ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION 7,SUMM>Y71 ,COLOGNE1 #b#a#a1 ,P,D,F HTTP3_/_/WWW4FRE$OM-=-OCALAN4COM_/5GLI%_/D[NLOAD_/,ABDULLAH.-,OCALAN.--.-,!.-,ROAD.-,MAP.--.-,SUMM>Y4PDF 

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