0,EA* ,CRUEL] ,?AN ! ,LA/0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,LA/ MON?1 A CR[D TORE D[N A ,CONF$]ATE MONUM5T 9 ,*APEL ,HILL1 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 CONT9U+ A TRADITION ( ICONOCLASM 9ITIAT$ 9 NE>BY ,DURHAM A YE> AGO AFT] ! CLA%ES 9 ,*>LOTTESVILLE4 ,N[1 AS WE APPROA* ,COLUMBUS ,DAY #b#a#h1 A PANEL ( EXP]TS IS DEBAT+ ! FATE ( ! ,COLUMBUS /ATUE 9 ,/4 ,L\IS1 :]E SEV]AL O!R REC5T /RUGGLES HAVE TAK5 PLACE AGA9/ POLICE & :ITE SUPREMACY4 ,IT'S A GOOD TIME TO REVISIT ! COLONIZATION ( ! SO-CALL$ ,NEW ,WORLD & ,NATIVE1 ,AFRICAN1 & UND]CLASS RESI/ANCE AGA9/ IT4 

,?IS /ORY EXT5DS FROM ! ISL&S ( ! ,C>IBBEAN TO ! SETTLEM5T ?AT BECAME ,/4 ,L\IS1 *>T+ ! ORIG9S ( ! /ATUE ?AT /&S 9 ,T[] ,GROVE ,P>K TODAY4 ,! FOLL[+ TEXT CONTA9S MANY DESCRIPTIONS ( GRAPHIC VIOL5CE--! VIOL5CE ?AT WAS NECESS>Y TO IMPOSE ,EUROPEAN COLONIALISM1 :ITE SUPREMACY1 CAPITALISM1 & ULTIMATELY ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ON ?IS L&4 ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS SET ?IS VIOL5CE 9 MOTION2 ,H5RY ,%AW1 ! COMMISSION] ( ! /ATUE 9 ,/4 ,L\IS & ! F\ND] ( ! ,MISS\RI ,BOTANICAL ,G>D51 P]PETUAT$ IT--AS DO ?OSE :O V5]ATE !IR LEGACY TODAY4 

,?IS TEXT IS ADAPT$ FROM ! =?COM+ HI/ORICAL WORK1 0,MANY ,MIS*EIFES ( ,V]Y ,DANG]\S ,CONSEQU5CE03 ,MISS\RI ,SLAV]Y & ,RESI/ANCE BY ,LEOPOLD ,TREBIT*4 

,! ,CONQUE/ ( ! ,C>IBBEAN 

,9 ,OCTOB] #a#d#i#b1 ,COLUMBUS L&$ ON ,GUANAHANI1 AN ISL& 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN POPULAT$ BY ! ,TA9O PEOPLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! ,TA9O 0BR\<T US P>ROTS & BALLS ( COTTON & SPE>S & MANY O!R ?+S1 :I* !Y EX*ANG$ = ! GLASS BEADS & HAWKS' BELLS4 ,!Y WILL+LY TRAD$ EV]Y?+ !Y [N$444 ,!Y DO NOT BE> >MS1 & DO NOT KN[ !M1 = ,I %[$ !M A SWORD1 !Y TOOK IT BY ! $GE & CUT !MSELVES \T ( IGNORANCE4 ,!Y HAVE NO IRON4 ,!IR SPE>S >E MADE ( CANE444 ,!Y W\LD MAKE F9E S]VANTS444 ,) FIFTY M5 WE C\LD SUBJUGATE !M ALL & MAKE !M DO :ATEV] WE WANT40 ,*RI/5+ ! ISL& ,SAN ,SALVADOR1 ,COLUMBUS BEGAN ! 5SLAVEM5T & G5OCIDE ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS--?\< IT DIDN'T GO AS EASILY AS HE HAD ANTICIPAT$4 

,9 ,DECEMB]1 ,COLUMBUS CAME UPON ! ISL& ( ,AYITI1 HOME TO SOME:]E BETWE5 #a1 & #c11 ,TA9O4 ,KN[+ ! P[] ( NAMES1 ! ,SPANI>DS R5AM$ ! ,TA9OS' HOME 0,HISPANIOLA40 ,ON ,*RI/MAS ,DAY1 ONE ( ,COLUMBUS'S %IPS1 ! ,SANTA ,M>IA1 SANK :ILE DOCK$ ALONG ! ISL&1 & HE ORD]$ ! REMNANTS ( IT US$ TO BUILD ,LA ,NAVIDAD1 ! FIR/.<#a.> ,EUROPEAN COLONIAL SETTLEM5T 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,HE !N SET SAIL TO RETURN TO ,SPA9 ) GOLD1 P>ROTS1 & SIX ,TA9O SLAVES4 

,COLUMBUS RETURN$ A YE> LAT] ) #ag %IPS1 #ac M51 #b CAVALRY1 & SUG>CANE = CULTIVATION4 ,NO LONG] 9T]E/$ 9 F9D+ ,ASIA1 ,COLUMBUS N[ FANTASIZ$ AB\T COLONIZ+ ,HISPANIOLA = ,SPA9 & GETT+ 0AS MU* GOLD AS .<! ,K+ & ,QUE5 REQUIRE.>444 & AS MANY SLAVES AS !Y ASK40 ,BUT :5 HE >RIV$ AT ,HISPANIOLA1 HE F\ND ! =T BURN$ TO ! GR\ND & ! ,SPANI>DS HE HAD /ATION$ !RE KILL$ BY ! ,TA9O1 ,CIGUAYO1 & ,MACORIX TRIBES4 ,:ILE ,COLUMBUS WAS AWAY1 HIS M5 HAD ABDUCT$ & RAP$ ,NATIVE PEOPLE1 :I* ! LOCALS W\LD NOT TOL]ATE4 

,?IS WAS H>DLY ! MISCONDUCT ( UNSUP]VIS$ UND]L+S4 ,COLUMBUS WAS WELL AW>E ( ! CONQUI/ADORS' DESIRE = SEX SLAVES2 ON HIS RETURN TRIP TO ,HISPANIOLA1 HE WAS ALREADY AW>D+ CONCUB9ES TO HIS (FIC]S4 ,9 #a#e1 ,COLUMBUS WROTE A FRI5D ?AT 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN1 0,A HUNDR$ CA/ELLANOES.<#b.> >E AS EASILY OBTA9$ = A WOMAN AS = A F>M1 & IT IS V]Y G5]AL & !RE >E PL5TY ( DEAL]S :O GO AB\T LOOK+ = GIRLS2 ?OSE FROM N9E TO T5 >E N[ 9 DEM&40 

,OV] ! C\RSE ( ,COLUMBUS'S SECOND VOYAGE1 HE E/ABLI%$ A NUMB] ( =TS & VILLAGES ALONG ! S\? ( ! ISL& & 9 ! 9T]IOR TO F9D GOLD4 ,AMONG !SE E>LY SETTLEM5TS WAS ,SANTO ,DOM+O1 A HUB ( ,EUROPEAN COLONIALISM = ! NEXT FEW HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,ANY 9HABITANTS ?AT ! ,SPANI>DS F\ND W]E TREAT$ AS S]FS & =C$ TO BR+ !IR LORD A QUOTA ( GOLD4 ,?OSE :O W]E UNABLE OR UNWILL+ TO MEET ! QUOTA W]E BEAT51 TORTUR$1 :IPP$1 MAIM$1 & KILL$4 ,BY ! 5D ( #a#d#i#d1 #g ,TA9OS W]E 9 OP5 REVOLT4 

,) DIFFICULTY1 ,SPA9 CRU%$ ! UPRIS+1 & 9 ITS AFT]MA? BEGAN TO UND]/& ?AT !Y C\LD MAKE BETT] USE ( ,HISPANIOLA AS A SUG> PLANTATION LAID \T 9 ! SEMI-FEUDAL 5COMI5DA MODEL4 ,!Y SAW N[ ?AT ! ,TA9O W\LD MAKE BETT] SLAVES ?AN S]FS4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( #a#d#i#e-#a#d#i#f1 ! ,TA9O W]E =C$ TO GIVE UP TRADITIONAL FOODS = ,SPANI% CROPS1 ?\< MANY REFUS$ TO PLANT OR H>VE/ ! COLONIZ]S' FUEL & *OSE FA/+ & />VATION 9/EAD4 

,( ! FIR/ #e ,NATIVE SLAVES ,COLUMBUS S5T BACK TO ,SPA91 #be DI$ 5 R\TE4 ,HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S MORE SLAVES W\LD DIE OV] ! NEXT FEW DECADES WORK+ 9 ! GOLD M9ES & SUG> PLANTATIONS ( ,HISPANIOLA & RESI/+ ,SPANI% DOM9ATION4 ,BY #a#e#h1 NOT EV5 A FULL G5]ATION AFT] !IR FIR/ CONTACT ) ,EUROPEANS1 ,HISPANIOLA'S ,9DIG5\S POPULATION HAD DROPP$ TO #f14 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE WITNESS :O >RIV$ 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN 9 #a#e#b1 0,! LONG] .<! ,SPANI%.> SP5T 9 ! REGION1 ! MORE +5I\S W]E ! TORM5TS1 EA* CRUEL] ?AN ! LA/1 ?AT !Y 9FLICT$ ON !IR VICTIMS40 

,BORIK5 & ,XAYMACA 

,! ,SPANI% HAD KN[N AB\T ,BORIK51 :I* !Y R5AM$ ,PU]TO ,RICO1 S9CE #a#d#i#c1 BUT IT WASN'T UNTIL ! DISCOV]Y ( GOLD 9 ! E>LY #a#eS ?AT !Y WANT$ TO SETTLE IT4 ,BY N[1 ,COLUMBUS WAS DEAD1 BUT O!R VICI\S COLONIZ]S1 9CLUD+ HIS SON ,DIEGO ,COLON1.<#c.> HAD TAK5 HIS PLACE4 

,9 #a#e#h1 ,JUAN ,PONCE DE ,LEON & A SLEW ( CONQUI/ADORS W]E S5T TO ! ISL& TO BUILD A =TIFI$ SETTLEM5T1 ,CAP>RA1 & 5?RALL$ ! LOCAL ,TA9OS4 ,LIFE UND] ! ,SPANI% WAS CRUEL2 AFT] ?REE YE>S ( SLAV]Y 9 ! GOLD M9ES1 5DUR+ ! HABITUAL RAPE ( ,NATIVE SLAVES1 ! ,TA9O HAD HAD 5\<4 ,9 A D>+ ACT ( H]ESY1 A GR\P ( SLAVES CORN]$ A CONQUI/ADOR ALONG A RIV] & TRI$ TO DR[N HIM--!Y WI%$ TO KN[ :E!R OR NOT ! ,SPANI% W]E TRULY GODS4 ,ONCE DEAD1 ! ILLUSION ( ,SPANI% SUP]IORITY WAS GONE4 ,%ORTLY AFT]1 ! ,TA9O SACK$ ! T[N ( ,SOTOMAYOR1 KILL+ EI<TY & SEV]ELY W\ND+ ,G5]AL ,CRI/OBAL DE ,SOTOMAYOR4 

,PONCE DE ,LEON RESPOND$ BY 5GAG+ ! ,TA9O 9 A S]IES ( BATTLES4 ,TO PUNI% !M & TEA* O!RS A LESSON1 ,PONCE DE ,LEON ORD]$ #f EXECUTIONS1 BUT MANY ESCAP$ FROM ! ISL& OR KILL$ !MSELVES BE=E ! ,SPANI% C\LD KILL !M4 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 SOME ( ,GOV]NOR ,DIEGO ,COLON'S SLAVES RAN AWAY & WAG$ W> ON ! ,SPANI% = A FEW MON?S4 ,TRY AS !Y MI<T1 ON BO? ! SMALL & L>GE SCALE1 ! ,SPANI% HAD GREAT DIFFICULTY SUBDU+ ! ,NATIVE ,C>IBBEAN POPULATION4 

,AT ! TIME ( FIR/ CONTACT ) ,EUROPEANS1 !RE W]E BETWE5 #f1 & ONE MILLION PEOPLE LIV+ ON ,PU]TO ,RICO & ! NE>BY ,JAMAICA4 ,AFT] =TY YE>S ( WORK1 DISEASE1 & TORTURE1 ONLY #b ,NATIVE PEOPLE REMA9$4 ,! ,SPANI>DS1 ACCORD+ TO ,B>TOLOME DE LAS ,CASAS1 0P]PETRAT$ ! SAME \TRAGES & COMMITT$ ! SAME CRIMES AS BE=E1 DEVIS+ YET FUR!R REF9EM5TS ( CRUELTY1 MURD]+ ! NATIVE PEOPLE1 BURN+ & ROA/+ !M ALIVE1 ?R[+ !M TO WILD DOGS & !N OPPRESS+1 TORM5T+1 & PLAGU+ !M ) TOIL D[N ! M9ES & ELSE:]E40 

,BY ! #a#e#dS1 ,AFRICAN SLAVES HAD BEGUN TO FILL ! ,TA9OS' MIS]ABLE VACANCIES4 ,SOME:]E BETWE5 #a#a11 & #a11 ,AFRICANS W]E KIDNAPP$ FROM !IR HOMEL&S TO SUPPLY ! LABOR DEM&$ BY ,EUROPE'S RUL+ CLASS ?R\<\T ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,BETWE5 #i11 & #b11 PEOPLE >E BELIEV$ TO HAVE DI$ 9 ! C\RSE ( BE+ 5SLAV$ BY ! RI* & P[]FUL ( WE/]N ,AFRICA & :ILE BE+ TRANSPORT$ BY ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS HE>TLESS 5\< TO TRADE 9 SLAVES4 

,CAOBANA 

,9 ,AUGU/ #a#e#a#a1 ,DIEGO ,VELAZQUEZ SET (F FROM ,HISPANIOLA TO CAPTURE ,CAOBANA1 :I* HE *RI/5$ ,CUBA4 ,TO HIS DISMAY1 F\R HUNDR$ ,TA9OS BEAT HIM !RE TO W>N ! LOCAL ,GUANAHATABEY1 ,CIBONEY1 & ,TA9O AB\T ! ,SPANI%4 ,ACCORD+ TO FOLKLORE1 ,HATUEY1 A ,TA9O FROM ,HISPANIOLA & AN 9FLU5TIAL FIGURE 9 ,NATIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! COLONIZATION ( ,CUBA1 %[$ ! 9HABITANTS A BASKET ( GOLD & W>N$ !M3 

0,H]E IS ! ,GOD ! ,SPANI>DS WOR%IP4 ,= !SE !Y FI<T & KILL2 = !SE !Y P]SECUTE US & ?AT IS :Y WE HAVE TO ?R[ !M 9TO ! SEA444 ,!Y TELL US1 !SE TYRANTS1 ?AT !Y ADORE A ,GOD ( PEACE & EQUALITY1 & YET !Y USURP \R L& & MAKE US !IR SLAVES4 ,!Y SPEAK TO US ( AN IMMORTAL S\L & ( !IR ET]NAL REW>DS & PUNI%M5TS1 & YET !Y ROB \R BELONG+S1 TAKE \R WOM51 VIOLATE \R DAU<T]S40 

,FEW ( ! LI/5]S BELIEV$ ?AT ANYONE C\LD BE SO CRUEL & MO/ DECID$1 AT FIR/1 NOT TO JO9 HIM4 

,= MON?S1 ,HATUEY & O!R GU]RILLAS KEPT ! ,SPANI% CONF9$ TO !IR =T1 ,B>ACOA1 ?R\< A CAMPAIGN ( H>ASSM5T1 9TIMIDATION1 & SNIP+4 ,EV5TUALLY1 H[EV]1 ,HATUEY WAS CAPTUR$ & CONDEMN$ TO BE BURN$ AT ! /AKE4 ,BE=E HIS EXECUTION ON ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #a#e#a#b1 A ,DOM9ICAN PRIE/ ASK$ ,HATUEY IF HE W\LD LIKE TO BE BAPTIZ$ SO HE C\LD GO TO ,HEAV5 & BE SP>$ DAMNATION 9 ,HELL4 0,>E !RE ,SPANI>DS 9 ,HEAV580 HE ASK$4 

0,YES10 REPLI$ ! PRIE/4 

0,!N ,I PREF] ,HELL40 

,AS ,SPA9 BEGAN TO E/ABLI% FOO?OLDS 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN1 ,K+ ,F]D9&O ,I,I & ,QUE5 ,ISABELLA ,I ISSU$ A DECREE JU/IFY+ ,9DIG5\S SLAV]Y4 ,IT WAS TO BE READ TO ALL ,NATIVE PEOPLE UPON FIR/ CONTACT ) ,EUROPEANS4 ,! DECREE DECL>$ ?AT ALL HUMANITY1 9CLUD+ ,9DIANS1 W]E EQUALS1 & ?AT ,GOD HAD LEFT C]TA9 PEOPLE--POPES & K+S--9 *>GE ON E>? TO DO HIS BIDD+4 ,! ,POPE HAD GIV5 ,SPA9 FREE REIGN ( ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,W\LD ! ,9DIANS SUBMIT TO ,GOD'S REPRES5TATIVES & DO HIS WILL--?AT IS1 W\LD !Y SUBJUGATE !MSELVES & BECOME OB$I5T ,SPANI% SUBJECTS8 ,IF NOT1 !N1 

0,) ! HELP ( ,GOD1 WE %ALL P[]FULLY 5T] 9TO Y\R C\NTRY1 & %ALL MAKE W> AGA9/ Y\ 9 ALL WAYS & MANN]S ?AT WE CAN1 & %ALL SUBJECT Y\ TO ! YOKE & OB$I5CE ( ! ,*UR* & ( !IR HI<NESSES2 WE %ALL TAKE Y\1 & Y\R WIVES1 & Y\R *ILDR51 & %ALL MAKE SLAVES ( !M1 & AS SU* %ALL SELL & DISPOSE ( !M AS !IR HI<NESSES MAY COMM&2 & WE %ALL TAKE AWAY Y\R GOODS1 & %ALL DO Y\ ALL ! MIS*IEF & DAMAGE ?AT WE CAN1 AS TO VASSALS :O DO NOT OBEY1 & REFUSE TO RECEIVE !IR LORD1 & RESI/ & CONTRADICT HIM3 & WE PROTE/ ?AT ! DEA?S & LOSSES :I* %ALL ACCRUE FROM ?IS >E Y\R FAULT1 & NOT ?AT ( !IR HI<NESSES1 OR \RS1 NOR ( !SE CAVALI]S :O COME ) US40 

,LA ,FLORIDA 

,>\ND ?IS TIME1 ,SPA9 BECAME 9T]E/$ 9 COLONIZ+ ,FLORIDA4 ,) ?REE %IPS FULL ( TWO HUNDR$ M51 ,JUAN ,PONCE DE ,LEON L&$ ON ! WE/ COA/ ( ,FLORIDA 9 ,ESCAMPABA & WAS GREET$ BY ! ,CALUSA4.<#d.> ,?\< ! ,SPANI% HAD NEV] HE>D ( ! ,CALUSA1 ! ,CALUSA HAD HE>D PL5TY AB\T !M--REFUGEES HAD BE5 >RIV+ FROM ,CUBA = TWO YE>S4 ,ON ! T5? DAY ( ! ,SPANI% VISIT1 ! ,CALUSA ATTACK$ !M1 KILL+ A FEW & DRIV+ ! RE/ BACK TO !IR %IPS4 ,! NEXT DAY1 EI<TY CANOES ATTACK$ ! ,SPANI% & =C$ !M TO RETREAT TO ,PU]TO ,RICO4 

,>RIV+ HOME1 ! ,SPANI% F\ND !IR B>ELY FIVE-YE>-OLD CAPITOL1 ,CAP>RA1 9 DIS>RAY4 ,9 ,PONCE DE ,LEON'S ABS5CE1 ! ,TA9O HAD RIS5 UP ALONG ) ,KAL9AGOS.<#e.> FROM A NE>BY ISL&4 ,!Y ATTACK$ ! T[N & BURN$ MU* ( IT TO ! GR\ND1 9CLUD+ ,PONCE DE ,LEON'S H\SE1 ! SEAT ( COLONIAL P[]4 

,F\R YE>S LAT]1 ON HIS RETURN FROM ! ,YUCATAN1 ,FRANCISCO ,H]N&EZ DE ,CORDOBA /OPP$ 9 S\?WE/ ,FLORIDA--BUT ! ,CALUSA QUICKLY DROVE HIM \T4 ,PONCE DE ,LEON RETURN$ TO ,FLORIDA 9 #aeba ) TWO HUNDR$ M51 PRIE/S1 F>M]S1 >TISANS1 FIFTY HORSES & O!R DOME/IC ANIMALS1 & F>M+ IMPLEM5TS4 ,YET ONCE AGA91 ! ,CALUSA DROVE !M \T AS WELL1 MORTALLY W\ND+ ,PONCE DE ,LEON HIMSELF ) A POISON-TIPP$ >R[4 ,SEV]AL MORE ATTEMPTS W]E MADE OV] ! YE>S--BUT O!R ?AN ,*RI/IAN MISSIONS1 :I* ALT]$ & DE/ROY$ ,NATIVE LIFE 9 !IR [N WAY1 ,FLORIDA REMA9$ UNSUBJUGAT$ = G5]ATIONS MORE4 

,BE=E ! SC5E %IFTS TO ,MISS\RI1 LET'S CONSID] TWO MORE EXAMPLES ( 5SLAVEM5T & RESI/ANCE 9 ?AT ]A1 BEG9N+ ) ! ,BAHORUCO ,M>OONS ( ,HISPANIOLA1 A COLONY ( ESCAPEES F\ND$ BY ,M5CIA & ,5RIQUILLO4 

,5RIQUILLO WAS BORN 9 ! MID-#a#d#iS1 A ,TA9O SUBJECT ( ! ,SPANI%4 ,AS A *ILD1 HE WITNESS$ ! NE> DE/RUCTION ( HIS PEOPLE4 ,:ILE ATT5D+ PEACE TALKS 9 #a#e#c1 HIS FA!R & EI<TY O!R ,TA9O DELEGATES W]E LOCK$ 9 A BUILD+ :I* ! ,SPANI% SET FIRE TO4 ,! CONQUI/ADORS KILL$ ANYONE :O MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ! FLAMES4 ,5RIQUILLO WAS TAK5 & RAIS$ BY ,DOM9ICANS1 AMONG !M ,B>TOLOME DE LAS ,CASAS4 

,9 #a#e#a#i1 ,M5CIA WAS RAP$ BY H] SLAVE MA/]4 ,:5 H] HUSB& ,5RIQUILLO TRI$ TO HAVE ! ,SPANI>D PROSECUT$1 :I* WAS !ORETICALLY A RI<T ( ! ,TA9O1 HE WAS PUBLICLY :IPP$ = ASS]T+ HIMSELF4 ,M5CIA & ,5RIQUILLO ASSESS$ !IR SITUATION4 ,! NEW WORLD ,COLUMBUS HAD IMPOS$ ON !M WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY RAPE1 ,SPANI% IMPUNITY1 & O!R CRUELTIES ( SLAVE LIFE1 ! G5OCIDE ( !IR PEOPLE1 & ! ACUTE PA9 ( LOS+ LOV$ ONES4 ,! ,*UR*1 ! SUPPOS$ MORAL COMPASS ( ,SPANI% COLONIZATION1 HAD SID$ ) !IR MA/]4 ,NO1 ?IS NEW WORLD IS NO PLACE TO LIVE1 ,M5CIA & ,5RIQUILLO DECID$4 ,!Y TOOK (F = ! ,BAHORUCO ,M\NTA9S4 

,9 ! HI<L&S1 !IR CAMP SL[LY GREW 9TO A M>OON COMMUNITY ( ,NATIVE & ,AFRICAN RUNAWAYS ( ALL AGES1 :O TOGE!R F\<T ! ,SPANI%4 ,AFT] F\RTE5 YE>S & ! SLAVES' GU]RILLA W> BR++ ! COMM]CE ( ,HISPANIOLA TO A GR9D+ HALT1 ! ,SPANI% (F]$ ! M>OONS A TRUCE4 ,SADLY1 ,5RIQUILLO PASS$ AWAY A YE> AFT] IT WAS SIGN$1 & F\R YE>S LAT] ! ,SPANI% R5EG$ ON ! DEAL4 ,TRU/ NO CONTRACT PROMIS+ FRE$OM4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! ,BAHORUCO ,M>OON CAMP WAS GETT+ (F ! GR\ND1 ON ,*RI/MAS ,DAY #a#e#b#a1 BETWE5 #b & #d ( ,DIEGO ,COLON'S SLAVES ROSE UP4 ,TOGE!R1 !Y KILL$ !IR OV]SE]S1 ,COLON'S LIVE/OCK1 & BURN$ FIELDS ( SUG>CANE4 ,! GR\P MADE ITS WAY TO AT LEA/ ONE O!R PLANTATION BE=E BE+ /OPP$2 ! REVOLT LEFT N9E ,SPANI>DS DEAD4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! 9SURG5TS W]E IMPORT$ ,AFRICAN SLAVES1 MAK+ ?IS ONE ( ! FIR/ KN[N ,AFRICAN SLAVE REVOLTS 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,RETALIATION WAS FA/ & SEV]E--MO/ P>TICIPANTS W]E LIKELY CAPTUR$1 TORTUR$1 & EXECUT$4 

,BE=E ! REVOLT1 MO/ ,SPANI% SLAVE [N]S PREF]R$ ,AFRICAN-BORN SLAVES1 ASSUM+ ?AT !Y W\LD BE MORE DISORI5T$ & DEP5D5T ON !IR MA/]S1 UNABLE TO COMMUNICATE ) EA* O!R OR F5D = !MSELVES 9 ! WILD]NESS4 ,DESPITE !SE OB/ACLES1 ! REBELS HAD BE5 EFFECTIVE1 & SPILL$ ,SPANI% BLOOD WAS MAK+ ! COLONIZ]S RE?9K !IR /RATEGY4 ,)9 TWO WEEKS1 ,GOV]NOR ,COLON PASS$ ! ,C>IBBEAN'S FIR/ ORD9ANCES CONC]N+ ,AFRICAN SLAVES4 

,COLON DECRE$ ?AT SLAVES C\LD NOT LEAVE !IR MA/]'S PROP]TY )\T !IR MA/]'S P]MISSION1 & EV5 !N !IR MOBILITY W\LD BE RE/RICT$4 ,:AT SLAVES W]E ALL[$ TO BUY & SELL WAS ALSO CURTAIL$1 & NO SLAVES1 NOT EV5 LOYAL ONES1 W]E ALL[$ TO BE> >MS4 

,!SE LAWS1 ALONGSIDE O!RS 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,SPANI% 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN & SUPPLEM5T$ BY ! :ITE SUPREMACI/ CU/OMS ( ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 EV5TUALLY =M$ ! F\NDATION = COLONIAL & /ATE LAW ELSE:]E 9 ! SO-CALL$ ,NEW ,WORLD--= EXAMPLE1 9 ,MISS\RI4 ,BUT JU/ AS REPRESSIVE TRADITIONS F\ND !IR WAY TO ! ,%[ ,ME ,/ATE1 SO DID CU/OMS ( RESI/ANCE1 SPREAD BY SUBV]SIVE /ORYTELL]S & ! 9SURG5TS !MSELVES AS !Y W]E PRESS$1 9D5TUR$1 5SLAV$1 & TRANSPORT$ ?R\<\T ! 9CREAS+LY GLOBALIZ$ WORLD ( ! FOLL[+ C5TURIES4 

,\R /ORY N[ MOVES TWO ?\S& MILES NOR?WE/ & TWO & A HALF C5TURIES =W>D 9 HI/ORY4 

,! ,GR[? ( ,MISS\RI 

,9 #a#g#f#c1 AT ! 5D ( ! ,SEV5 ,YE>S ,W>1 ! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS %IFT$ ,EUROPE'S COLONIES3 ,ILL9OIS BECAME P>T ( ,BRITA9'S COLONY ( ,VIRG9IA1 :I* N[ /RET*$ FROM ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN ALL ! WAY TO ! ,MISSISSIPPI4 ,! L&S WE/ ( ! ,MISSISSIPPI CAME UND] ,SPANI% RULE & 7TO CONFUSE ?+S FUR!R = ! MOD]N AUDI5CE7 ,MISS\RI & NOR!RN ,>KANSAS W]E KN[N AS ,SPANI% ,YLL9OIS4 ,! NAME WAS A CORRUPTION ( ! ,9OKA PEOPLE1 :O1 ALONG ) ! L&1 W]E MISNAM$ ! ,ILL9OIS4 ,9 REALITY1 AL?\< MON>*S & M]*ANTS FROM ?\S&S ( MILES AWAY CLAIM$ TO [N :AT WE CALL ,MISS\RI & ,ILL9OIS1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS W]E /ILL ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! REGION'S 9HABITANTS4 ,! FEW ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S ?R\<\T ! >EA W]E LIV+ 9 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS' HOMES--& KNEW IT1 UNLIKE MANY ( !IR HEIRS TODAY4 ,!Y DEP5D$ ON ! REGION'S TRIBES = SURVIVAL & PR(IT4 

,AS ,BRITI% LAW TOOK EFFECT 9 ,ILL9OIS1 MANY ,FR5* SLAVE [N]S1 FE>+ REP]CUSSIONS ?AT C\LD H>M !IR F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S1 MOV$ ACROSS ! RIV] TO ,MISS\RI4 ,DUR+ ?IS COLONIAL P]IOD SPANN+ ! #a#gS1 SOME M]*ANTS BR\<T SLAVES TO WORK 9 !IR M9ES 9 C5TRAL ,ILL9OIS & S\!RN ,MISS\RI1 BUT MANY ,FR5* SETTL]S W]5'T 9T]E/$ 9 MANUFACTUR+ A PRODUCT1 PREF]R+ TO TRADE = ,NATIVE FURS4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 TRAD+ T[NS LIKE ,/4 ,L\IS1 SOME SLAVES WORK$ 9 ! FIELDS OR %IPP+1 BUT MO/ S]V$ AS DOME/IC HELP OR P]=M$ O!R =MS ( H\SEHOLD LABOR4 ,MO/ SLAVES W]E ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS2 A FEW W]E ,AFRICAN4 

,NATURALLY1 SLAVES :O REBELL$ MADE USE ( ! SAME TOOLS !Y W]E =C$ TO USE EV]Y DAY4 ,! COLONIAL ]A ( SLAVE RESI/ANCE SAW CON/ANT PETTY !FT & MANY L>GE-SCALE BURGL>IES C>RI$ \T BY SLAVES 9 ! %IPP+ & S]VICE 9DU/RIES1 NOT TO M5TION COOKS BURN+ D[N !IR MA/]S' B>NS & HOMES OR POISON+ !M & !IR FAMILIES4 

,9 LATE SUMM] ( #a#g#h#e1 A S]IES ( FIRES RIPP$ ?R\< ! VILLAGE ( ,/4 ,L\IS1 LIKELY SET BY DISGRUNTL$ SLAVES4 ,TWO MON?S LAT]1 ?REE MORE B>NS W]E SET ABLAZE AS COV] = ELEV5 ,NATIVE & ,AFRICAN SLAVES TO ESCAPE4 ,!Y M>OON$ TOGE!R = A MON?1 LIV+ (F ( ! WILD]NESS & :AT !Y C\LD PILLAGE FROM ! FEW ,EUROPEAN SETTLEM5TS ( EA/]N ,MISS\RI4 ,SADLY1 F\R ( ! RUNAWAYS W]E CAU<T :ILE TRY+ TO FREE O!RS 9 ,/4 ,*>LES & ,/4 ,L\IS4 ,! FATE ( ! O!R SEV5 REMA9S UNKN[N--P]HAPS !Y W]E ADOPT$ BY ONE ( ! REGION'S TRIBES OR JO9$ ! 9T]RACIAL ,MISSISSIPPI ,RIV] PIRATES ( S\!RN ,MISS\RI4 

,! 5SLAV$ POPULATION ( ,/4 ,L\IS /RUCK ANO!R MAJOR BL[ AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS 9 ! E>LY #a#hS1 :5 ! SLAVES ( ,PI]RE & ,AUGU/E ,*\TEAU TRI$ TO LI<T !IR MA/]S' MANSIONS ON FIRE4 ,! TWO BRO!RS1 KN[N AS ! ,RIV] ,B>ONS1 CONTROLL$ ! FUR TRADE COM+ \T ( ! ,MISS\RI ,RIV]--! LONGE/ RIV] 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,AS ! WEAL?IE/ M5 9 T[N1 !Y HELD CONSID]ABLE POLITICAL & LEGAL P[]4 

,MANY ( !IR SLAVES W]E ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN1 & ACCORD+ TO ,SPANI% LAW1 !IR 5SLAVEM5T HAD BE5 ILLEGAL = OV] A DECADE4 ,BUT ! CR[N WAS BAS$ 9 ,NEW ,ORLEANS1 A ?REE- OR F\R-MON? TRIP UP/REAM TO ,/E4 ,G5EVIEVE OR ,/4 ,L\IS & A #ab TO #b DAY RETURN TRIP D[N/REAM--SO ! P[]FUL M]*ANTS CONDUCT$ !MSELVES AS !Y PLEAS$4 

,BE=E ! FIRES W]E SET1 A NUMB] ( ! ,*\TEAUS' SLAVES HAD RUN AWAY OR SU$ = !IR FRE$OM4 ,TO PUNI% !M1 ,AUGU/E ,*\TEAU HAD ?REE ( HIS MO/ ASS]TIVE SLAVES TI$ TO /AKES & BEAT54 ,! FIR/ >SON ATTEMPT TOOK PLACE 9 ! WAKE ( !SE :IPP+S1 BUT ! FIRE WAS EXT+UI%$ BE=E IT DID MU* DAMAGE4 

,PI]RE ,*\TEAU WAS NOT SO LUCKY4 ,?REE YE>S LAT]1 HE /OOD \TSIDE 9 ! FREEZ+ NI<T AIR & WAT*$ 09 ! SPACE ( ONE H\R444 ! FLAMES DEV\R ! FRUITS ( #be YE>S ( UNREMITT+ WORK40 ,HE WAS L>GELY SPEAK+ AB\T O!RS' WORK1 ( C\RSE4 

,BY ! TIME ,MISS\RI BECAME A T]RITORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #a#h#d1 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN SETTL]S HAD BE5 TRICKL+ 9TO ! >EA FROM ! ,UPL& ,S\? = AT LEA/ A G5]ATION1 BR++ ) !M !IR SLAVES & RACIAL CU/OMS ( L& SETTLEM5T4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 WEAL?Y ,S\!RN]S FROM ! PLANTATION CLASS W5T WE/ ACROSS ! ,MISS\RI ,RIV] ) !IR SLAVES1 SETTL+ ! MIDDLE ( ! /ATE TO =M ,LITTLE ,DIXIE4 ,POOR] ,S\!RN]S ) FEW] OR NO SLAVES T5D$ T[>DS ! ,OZ>KS 9 S\!RN ,MISS\RI & NOR!RN ,>KANSAS4 ,BY ! TIME ,MISS\RI GA9$ /ATEHOOD 9 #a#h#b#a1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN SLAV]Y HAD TRANSITION$ 9TO ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN BONDAGE4 ,POPULATION1 CULTURE1 & LAW ALSO %IFT$ FROM ,FR5* & ,SPANI% TO ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN4 ,?IS TRANSITION WAS H>DLY SMOO?4 

,SETTL]S FROM ,VIRG9IA1 ,K5TUCKY1 & ,T5NESSEE SKIRMI%$ ) & EV5TUALLY F\<T W>S AGA9/ ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS4 ,SOME ( !SE GR\PS HAD BE5 DRIV5 TO ,MISS\RI A FEW G5]ATIONS BE=E2 O!RS HAD BE5 LIV+ 9 ! REGION S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( TIME4 ,WI%+ TO TRANS=M ! FREE WILD]NESS 9TO PRIVATIZ$ F>ML&1 ! SETTL]S AIM$ TO DRIVE ,NATIVE PEOPLES FROM !IR HUNT+ GR\NDS & HOMES4 

,BY ! TIME ,MISS\RI WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS A /ATE 9 #a#h#b#a1 HUNDR$S IF NOT ?\S&S ( SETTL]S W]E /REAM+ 9TO & ?R\< ! /ATE ANNUALLY4 ,MO/ ( !SE ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN IMMIGRANTS HAD BE5 ABUS+ PEOPLE ( COLOR = G5]ATIONS4 ,MANY HAD BE5 RAIS$ BY P>5TS & GR&P>5TS :O [N$ SLAVES OR F\<T W>S ( REMOVAL AGA9/ ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS TO ! EA/4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#hS1 EV5 ?OSE :O HAD NOT PREVI\SLY PLAY$ AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( :ITE SUPREMACY W]E PLUGG+ 9TO TWO HUNDR$ YE>S ( ,BRITI% SETTL] TRADITIONS4 

,AS WE/W>D EXPANSION ACCEL]AT$ 9 ! MID-#a#hS1 ,MISS\RI M]*ANTS GREW RI* (F ! ?\S&S ( IMMIGRANTS & TRAD]S GO+ UP & D[N ITS RIV]S4 ,MONEY CONT9U$ TO P\R 9 AS OV]L& R\TES LIKE ! ,SANTA ,FE & ,OREGON ,TRAILS W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 ! T]RITORY4 ,BLACK /EAMBOAT WORK]S1 B>MAIDS1 FIELD H&S1 COOKS1 S]VANTS1 /EV$ORES1 & WA%WOM5--BO? SLAVE & FREE--PLAY$ AN 9TEGRAL ROLE 9 SUPPLY+ & S]V+ ?IS MASS MIGRATION1 ?\< HI/ORIANS HAVE L>GELY R5D]$ !M 9VISIBLE4 

,H5RY ,%AW ,>RIVES ON ! ,SC5E 

,Y\NG ,H5RY ,%AW TRAVEL$ FROM ,BRITA9 TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 >RIV+ 9 ?IS BOOM T[N AT ! HE>T ( #a#h#bS WE/W>D EXPANSION4 ,BACK HOME1 HIS FAMILY [N$ CUTL]Y FACTORIES1 & ,%AW HOP$ TO UNLOAD !IR PRODUCT ON WE/W>D SETTL]S4.<#f.> ,EV5TUALLY1 ,%AW BECAME WEAL?Y BEYOND HIS WILDE/ DREAMS1 TAPP+ 9TO ! OV]:ELM+ TIDE ( SETTL]S & OBTA9+ MILIT>Y CONTRACTS ) ALL N9E ,U,S =TS WE/ ( ! ,MISSISSIPPI4 ,AS SETTL]S DISPLAC$ ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS FUR!R WE/1 ,U,S SOLDI]S DID ! ACTUAL KILL+--US+ ,%AW'S H>DW>E1 TOOLS1 & CUTL]Y ?R\<\T !IR DAY-TO-DAY LIVES4 

,BUT M]*ANTS WORK TWO WAYS1 & :ILE ,%AW IMPORT$ GOODS1 HE WAS EXPORT+ COTTON1 TOBACCO1 LEAD1 & SUG>--ALL MADE ) SLAVE LABOR4 ,BY ! #a#h#dS1 HE HAD BECOME A BILLIONAIRE BY TODAY'S /&>DS1 ABLE TO RETIRE & T\R ! ROYAL G>D5S ( ,EUROPE4 ,IT'S NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,%AW1 :O MADE HIS WEAL? (F ! BACKS ( SLAVES & ! BLOOD ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS1 *OSE TO HONOR ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS4 ,WE %\LD VIEW ! /ATUE HE COMMISSION$ 9 LI<T ( ! CONTEXT 9 :I* IT WAS ]ECT$4 

,= ?OSE :O CONSID] TRAD+ & BUS9ESS REMOV$ FROM ! BLOOD & GORE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 LET'S CONCLUDE ) A FEW ANECDOTES ?AT HI<LI<T :AT SORT ( P]SON ,H5RY ,%AW WAS4 

,FROM ! #a#h#bS TO #a#h#eS1 ,%AW [N$ AT LEA/ ELEV5 PEOPLE4 ,BY ! #a#h#eS1 !Y W]E PROV+ UNRULY4 ,9 ,MAY #a#h#e#d1 #b-YE>-OLD ,S>AH RAN AWAY FROM ,%AW ) H] F\R-YE>-OLD SON4 ,%AW IMM$IATELY PLAC$ AN AD DESCRIB+ ,S>AH AS 0M$IUM HEI<T1 SL5D]1 CONSUMPTIVE MAKE1 & BAD TEE?1 SOME ( :I* HAVE BE5 GOLD PLUGG$ 9 FRONT0 & H] SON AS 0A /RONG1 HE>TY LOOK+ *ILD1 ) CURLY HAIR40 ,HE 9/RUCT$ ANYONE :O C\LD F9D !M TO TAKE !M TO ,B]N>D ,LYN*'S SLAVE P5 D[NT[N1 COLLOQUIALLY KN[N AS HIS 0N--- P510 PROMIS+ TO PAY @s#c = ,S>AH & @s#a = ! BOY4 ,!IR FATE REMA9S UNKN[N--LET'S HOPE !Y MADE IT \T6 

,! FOLL[+ SUMM]1 ,ES!R & TWO ( H] *ILDR5 RAN AWAY FROM ,%AW4 ,!Y LIKELY DISAPPE>$ 9TO ONE ( ! MANY NETWORKS SET UP BY FREE & 5SLAV$ BLACK PEOPLE 9 ! D5SELY POPULAT$ ,/4 ,L\IS >EA4 ,EV5TUALLY1 !Y MADE CONTACT ) ,M>Y ,MEA*UM1 AN ABOLITIONI/ FROM ! LOCAL BLACK UPP] CLASS4 

,ON ! NI<T ( ,MAY #b#a1 ,M>Y ,MEA*UM & A FREE BLACK MAN NAM$ ,ISAAC HELP$ ,ES!R1 H] TWO KIDS1 & SIX O!R RUNAWAYS CROSS ! ,MISSISSIPPI JU/ NOR? ( D[NT[N4 ,!Y MAY HAVE BE5 HEAD+ T[>DS ! M>OON T[N ( ,BROOKLYN1 ,ILL9OIS1 A MAJOR DE/9ATION ON ! ,UND]GR\ND ,RAILROAD JU/ S\? ( !IR PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 :5 !Y REA*$ ,ILL9OIS1 !Y W]E IMM$IATELY 9T]CEPT$ BY A GR\P ( SLAVE CAT*]S2 9 ! RESULT+ *AOS1 ONLY F\R ( ! RUNAWAYS W]E ABLE TO ESCAPE4 ,ES!R1 H] *ILDR51 ,M>Y1 & ,ISAAC W]E ALL >RE/$4 ,M>Y & ,ISAAC W]E *>G$ ) SLAVE /EAL+1 :ILE ,ES!R & H] *ILDR5 W]E RETURN$ TO ,H5RY ,%AW4 

,%AW HAD ,ES!R :IPP$1 BEAT51 &1 9 AN ACT ( UNIMAG9ABLE CRUELTY1 SOLD S\? AWAY FROM H] *ILDR54 ,NO ONE %\LD EV] HAVE ?IS RI<T--TO SEP>ATE LOV+ P>5TS FROM !IR *ILDR54.<#g.> ,%AW NOT ONLY HAD IT1 BUT WIELD$ IT4 

,ES!R'S ESCAPE MAY HAVE BE5 ! F9AL /RAW = ,%AW1 H[EV]4 ,)9 A C\PLE ( YE>S1 HE HAD RID HIMSELF ( ALL HIS SLAVES4 ,KEEP+ !M WAS SIMPLY TOO MU* TR\BLE4 ,HI/ORIANS LIKE TO SAY HE DID ?IS = HUMANIT>IAN REASONS1 BUT IT WAS CLE>LY BECAUSE HIS SLAVES HAD MADE [N+ !M MORE TR\BLE ?AN IT WAS WOR?4 

,N[ADAYS1 ( C\RSE1 PEOPLE PREF] TO REMEMB] ,%AW = ! FL[]S 9 ! ,MISS\RI ,BOTANICAL ,G>D54 ,?IS IS EASI] ?AN RECKON+ ) ! SEA ( BLOOD ?AT FILLS ! C5TURIES BEH9D US4 

,/ATUES1 ,/REETS1 & ,NAMES 

,/ATUES1 /REETS1 & 9/ITUTIONS >E TYPICALLY US$ TO HONOR PEOPLE FROM ! SAME T]RIBLE CLASS AS ,H5RY ,%AW & ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS4 ,WE (T5 IGNORE ! /ORIES BEH9D !SE NAMES ON ACC\NT ( ! BANALITY & OBSCURITY ( ! PA/4 ,P]HAPS WE ALSO DO SO BECAUSE ( ! MONOTONY ( LIFE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! BUILD+S & /REETS !MSELVES--OR ELSE1 AT BE/1 BECAUSE WE'VE 9FUS$ !M ) \R [N MEAN+4 

,! ,COLUMBUS /ATUE IS ONE ( C\NTLESS M>KS UPON ! SC>R$ L&SCAPE ( ,/4 ,L\IS4 ,BUT WE %\LD NOT REMOVE ! /ATUE SIMPLY 9 ORD] TO HAVE HIM \T ( \R M9DS4 ,P]HAPS ,COLUMBUS %\LD /AY1 COV]$ 9 A NEW COAT ( R$ EV]Y ,OCTOB]1 ) A NEW PLAQUE READ+1 SIMPLY1 0,M,U,R,D,],]4 ,R,A,P,I,/4 ,C,O,L,O,N,I,Z,]40 

,AS WE 5T] AN ]A ( EXPOS+ !SE M51 LET US DO MORE ?AN SIMPLY R5AME 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E /ILL EXCLUSIVE CONC5TRATIONS ( WEAL?1 KN[L$GE1 & P[]4 ,IF A /REET WE'RE =C$ TO TRAV]SE AS COMMUT]S ON \R WAY TO EXPLOITATIVE JOBS OR BOR+ CLASSES IS R5AM$ AFT] SOMEONE WE LIKE1 IT WILL /ILL BE A P>T ( \R BOR+ COMMUTE4 ,IF NEI<BORHOODS >E R5AM$ AFT] BETT] PEOPLE1 BUT WE'RE /ILL POLIC$ & EXCLUD$ OR ONLY ALL[$ TO EXI/ AS CONSUM]S1 WE WILL HAVE FAIL$ ONCE MORE4 ,9DE$1 :AT'S ! USE ( R5AM+ ,%AW ,B\LEV>D IF Y\NG M5 LIKE ,VON,D]RIT ,MY]S1 ,JR4 >E /ILL GUNN$ D[N !RE BY POLICE ) IMPUNITY8.<#h.> ,\R TASK IS NOT SIMPLY TO *ANGE ! NAMES ?AT SANCTIFY AN ALI5AT+ & OPPRESSIVE SOCIETY1 BUT TO FUNDAM5TALLY TRANS=M ?IS SOCIETY4 

,LIKEWISE1 WE %\LD TAKE C>E NOT TO ELEVATE ! 9DIVIDUALS ?AT WE \RSELVES GA9 9SPIRATION TO POSITIONS ( GLORY 9 PLACE ( ! H]OES ( :ITE SUPREMACY4 ,BETT] !RE BE NONE ABOVE US1 & NONE BEL[4 ,LET'S NOT JU/ TOPPLE ! MONUM5TS1 BUT UPROOT ! P$E/ALS AS WELL4 

,= A GREAT LEVEL+1 BO? SOCIAL & MAT]IAL1 

,LEOPOLD ,TREBIT*1 ,SEPTEMB] #bah 

,FUR!R ,READ+ 

,SOME ( ! MANY S\RCES CORROBORAT+ ?IS N>RATIVE3 

,! ,C>IBBEAN 

,9DIG5\S ,NAMES ( ,C>IBBEAN ,ISL&S 

,P>ADISE ,LO/3 ,! ,TA9O ,REBELLION ( #aeaa 

,HATUEY 

,5RIQUILLO 

,TAMBI5 LA LLUVIA 7,EV5 ! ,RA97 -- ,A FILM SET 9 ,BOLIVIA AB\T A ,EUROPEAN FILM CREW TRY+ TO TELL ! /ORY ( ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS & ,NATIVE RESI/ANCE DUR+ ! ,WAT] ,W>S ( #b4 

,AFRICA 

,LOSE ,Y\R ,MO!R3 ,A ,J\RNEY ,ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC ,SLAVE ,R\TE1 ,SAIDIYA ,H>TMAN 

,! ,SLAVE ,%IP3 ,A ,HUMAN ,HI/ORY1 ,M>CUS ,R$IK] 

,! ,HANG+ ( ,ANGELIQUE3 ,! ,UNTOLD ,/ORY ( ,CANADIAN ,SLAV]Y & ! ,BURN+ ( ,OLD ,MONTREAL1 ,AFUA ,COOP]--,:ILE ?IS BOOK FOCUSES MA9LY ON SLAV]Y 9 ,CANADA 9 ! #a#gS1 IT ALSO CONTA9S AN EXCELL5T SECTION ON ! ,AFRICAN SLAVE-TRADE CONDUCT$ BY ! ,PORTUGUESE 9 ! #a#dS BE=E ! COLONIZATION ( ! ,AM]ICAS4 

,COLUMBUS 

,! ,J\RNAL ( ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS 7,DUR+ ,HIS ,FIR/ ,VOYAGE1 #a#d#i#b-#i#c7 

,EXC]PTS BY ,ABOLI% ,COLUMBUS ,DAY FROM ,F\R ,VOYAGES BY ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS 

,A ,%ORT ,ACC\NT ( ! ,DE/RUCTION ( ! ,9DIES1 ,B>TOLOME DE LAS ,CASAS 

0,A ,MOHAWK P]SPECTIVE ON ! SUFF]+ ( ,HAITI10 ,D\G ,GEORGE-,KAN5TIIO 

,COLUMBUS ,DAY8 ,TRUE ,LEGACY3 ,CRUELTY & ,SLAV]Y1 ,]IC ,KASUM 

,& = EXTRA CR$IT1 SOME (F-!-CUFF COMM5TS AB\T ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS4 

,MISS\RI 

,:AT ,IT'S ,LIKE ,TO ,RE5ACT ,/4 ,L\IS ,HI/ORY10 ,J>RETT ,M$L9--,AN 9T]VIEW ) ,NATA%IA ,GRIFF91 :O1 ALONG ) H] *ILDR51 RE5ACTS ,ES!R'S ATTEMPT$ ESCAPE AT ! ,M>Y ,MEA*UM ,FRE$OM ,CROSS+ 

,FREE ,BLACK ,COMMUNITIES & ! ,UND]GR\ND ,RAILROAD3 ,! ,GEOGRAPHY ( ,RESI/ANCE1 ,*]YL ,JANIF] ,LA,RO*E 

,M>Y ,MEA*UM 

,H5RY ,%AW3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,LEGACY1 ,WILLIAM ,B>NABY ,FAH]TY1 ,S4,J4 

.<#a.> ,?IS 0FIR/0 DOES NOT 9CLUDE VISITS BY ,AFRICANS1 ,VIK+S1 ,ASIANS1 OR ,BASQUE FI%]MAN TO ! ,AM]ICAS4 

.<#b.> ,SPANI% CURR5CY4 

.<#c.> ,COLUMBUS'S ,SPANI% NAME1 ,CRI/OBAL ,COLON1 R\<LY TRANSLATES TO 0,*RI/-BE>] ! ,COLONIZ]40 

.<#d.> ,! ,SPANI% RECORD$ ,ESCAMPABA AS ! ,CALUSAS' NAME = !IR K+DOM4 ,! NAME ,CALUSA COMES FROM ONE ( ! TRIBE'S LEAD]S 9 ! #a#e#fS1 :O ! ,SPANI% R5AM$ ,C>LOS4 ,!IR NAME = !MSELVES HAS BE5 COMPLETELY LO/4 

.<#e.> ,! ,KAL9AGO WORD = PEOPLE1 K>IBNA1 BECAME ! ,EUROPEAN WORD = ! TRIBE1 ,C>IB1 AS WELL AS ! >EA 9 G5]AL1 ! ,C>IBBEAN1 & ! ,5GLI% WORD CANNIBAL4 ,?\< ,EUROPEANS TOLD MANY /ORIES ( ,KAL9AGO CANNIBALISM1 LITTLE OR NO EVID5CE ( IT ACTUALLY EXI/S4 ,SUSPICI\SLY1 CANNIBALISM WAS CONSID]$ AN UNP>DONABLE S91 GR\NDS = ! LEGAL 5SLAVEM5T ( ,NATIVE PEOPLE4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ,EUROPEAN COLONIAL P[]S W]E CONSUM+ ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( HUMANS ANNUALLY ?R\< SLAV]Y1 =C$ LABOR 9 M9ES1 & NASC5T PLANTATIONS 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE GOLD & O!R PRODUCTS4 

.<#f.> ,! P>T ( ,5GL& 9 :I* ,%AW GREW UP & :]E HIS FAMILY'S FACTORIES W]E LOCAT$ WAS 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,LUDDITE ,TRIANGLE4 ,AN ADOLESC5T DUR+ ! ,LUDDITE UPRIS+1 ,%AW MAY HAVE WITNESS$ ! MA*9E-BREAK+1 AS WELL AS HIS FAMILY'S RESPONSE4 ,IT W\LD ALSO BE FASC9AT+ TO LE>N HIS POSITION 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,CIVIL ,W> 7,MISS\RIANS W]E V]Y DIVID$ ON ! W>1 & SUPPOS$LY !RE'S NO PRO( ( :I* SIDE ,%AW SUPPORT$7 & ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE ( #a#h#g#g1 :I* WAS KN[N LOCALLY AS ! ,/4 ,L\IS ,COMMUNE4 ,IT IS EASY TO IMAG9E HIS C\NTRY E/ATE1 N[ KN[N AS ! ,BOTANICAL ,G>D5 & ,T[] ,GROVE ,P>K1 S]V+ AS A REFUGE = ! BESIEG$ [N+ CLASS ( ,/4 ,L\IS4 

.<#g.> ,TODAY1 NE>LY A MILLION MO!RS >E 5SLAV$ 9 ! MOD]N ,AM]ICAN PRISON SY/EM OR ELSE CAU<T UP 9 ! C\RTS1 P>OLE1 & PROBATION--NOT TO M5TION ! FAMILIES SEP>AT$ BY ,U,S ,IMMIGRATION & ,CU/OMS ,5=CEM5T4 

.<#h.> ,VON,D]ITT 0,DROOP0 ,MY]S1 ,JR4 WAS KILL$ ,OCTOB] #h1 #b#a#d1 LESS ?AN A MON? AFT] ,MI*AEL ,BR[N4 ,HIS DEA? LEAD TO ANO!R WAVE ( ANTI-POLICE M>*ES1 PROP]TY DAMAGE1 & BURN+ ,U,S FLAGS4 ,! CITY GOV]NM5T & POLICE DEF5D$ ! (FIC] :O MURD]$ HIM1 ,JASON ,FLAN]Y1 & CLAIM$ TO HAVE CLE>$ HIM ( ANY WRONGDO+4 ,NOT UNTIL ,FLAN]Y CRA%$ HIS POLICE CRUIS] :ILE DRUNK & HI< ON COCA9E A FEW YE>S LAT] DID ! POLICE DEP>TM5T F9ALLY JUDGE HIS CONDUCT UNACCEPTABLE & FIRE HIM4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #a#g? ,JUNE #bba FROM CRIME?9C4COM47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bbb 3 0,EA* ,CRUEL] ,?AN ! ,LA/0 -- ,ADD$4 

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