,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T 

#aifd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TAGS 3 H>MONIZATION ( MAN & NATURE1 NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 VIABILITY ( ! PLANET1 MANIPULATION ( ! BIOC5OSE1 MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 FLORA & FAUNA1 URBAN AIR POLLUTION1 DIVISION ( LABOR1 =MS ( LIFE1 MU5Z] & W9/ANLEY4 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS MANUSCRIPT WAS PROVID$ TO ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES BY ! AU?OR4 

,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T 

BY ,LEWIS ,H]B] 7PSEUDONYM = ,MURRAY ,BOOK*97 

.<,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,BOOK*9@&_?#a#d#f2S NEWSLETT] ,COMM5T 9 #aifd & REPUBLI%$ 9 ! ,BRITI% MON?LY ,AN>*Y 9 #a#i#f#e4.>  

,9 ALMO/ EV]Y P]IOD S9CE ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T HAS BE5 HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY A BRAN* ( SCI5CE1 (T5 9 CONJUNCTION ) A S*OOL ( PHILOSOPHY4 

  

,PHOTO BY BADDOG:ISKAS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,A/RONOMY 9 ! TIME ( ,COP]NICUS & ,GALILEO HELP$ TO GUIDE A SWEEP+ MOVEM5T ( IDEAS FROM ! M$IEVAL WORLD1 RIDDL$ BY SUP]/ITION1 9TO ONE P]VAD$ BY A CRITICAL RATIONALISM1 OP5LY NATURALI/IC & HUMANI/IC 9 \TLOOK4  ,DUR+ ! ,5LI<T5M5T@&_?#a#e#a2! ]A ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION@&_?#a#e#a2?IS LIB]ATORY MOVEM5T ( IDEAS WAS RE9=C$ BY ADVANCES 9 ME*ANICS & MA!MATICS4  ,! ,VICTORIAN ,]A WAS %AK5 TO ITS V]Y F\NDATIONS BY EVOLUTION>Y !ORIES 9 BIOLOGY & AN?ROPOLOGY1 BY ,M>X@&_?#a#d#f2S REWORK+ ( ,RIC>DIAN ECONOMICS1 & T[>D ITS 5D1 BY ,FREUDIAN PSY*OLOGY4 

,9 \R [N TIME WE HAVE SE5 ! ASSIMILATION ( !SE ONCE LIB]ATORY SCI5CES BY ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL ORD]4  ,9DE$1 WE HAVE BEGUN TO REG>D SCI5CE ITSELF AS AN 9/RUM5T ( CONTROL OV] ! ?\<T PROCESSES & PHYSICAL BE+ ( MAN4  ,?IS DI/RU/ ( SCI5CE & ( ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD IS NOT )\T JU/IFICATION4  @&_?#a#d#g2,MANY S5SITIVE PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY >TI/S1@&_?#a#d#h2 OBS]VES ,ABRAHAM ,MASL[1 @&_?#a#d#g2>E AFRAID ?AT SCI5CE BESMIR*ES & DEPRESSES1 ?AT IT TE>S ?+ AP>T RA!R ?AN 9TEGRAT+ !M1 !REBY KILL+ RA!R ?AN CREAT+4@&_?#a#d#h2  ,:AT IS P]HAPS EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 MOD]N SCI5CE HAS LO/ ITS CRITICAL $GE4  ,L>GELY FUNCTIONAL OR 9/RUM5TAL 9 9T5T1 ! BRAN*ES ( SCI5CE ?AT ONCE TORE AT ! *A9S ( MAN >E N[ US$ TO P]PETUATE & GILD !M4  ,EV5 PHILOSOPHY HAS YIELD$ TO 9/RUM5TALISM & T5DS TO BE LITTLE MORE ?AN A BODY ( LOGICAL CONTRIVANCES1 ! H&MAID5 ( ! COMPUT] RA!R ?AN ! REVOLUTION>Y4  

,!RE IS ONE SCI5CE1 H[EV]1 ?AT MAY YET RE/ORE & EV5 TRANSC5D ! LIB]ATORY E/ATE ( ! TRADITIONAL SCI5CES & PHILOSOPHIES4  ,IT PASSES RA!R LOOSELY UND] ! NAME ( @&_?#a#d#g2ECOLOGY@&_?#a#d#h2@&_?#a#e#a2A T]M CO9$ BY ,HAECKEL A C5TURY AGO TO D5OTE @&_?#a#d#g2! 9VE/IGATION ( ! TOTAL RELATIONS ( ! ANIMAL BO? TO ITS 9ORGANIC & TO ITS ORGANIC 5VIRONM5T4@&_?#a#d#h2  ,AT FIR/ GLANCE ,HAECKEL@&_?#a#d#f2S DEF9ITION S\NDS 9NOCU\S 5\<2 & ECOLOGY1 N>R[LY CONCEIV$ AS ONE ( ! BIOLOGICAL SCI5CES1 IS (T5 R$UC$ TO A V>IETY ( BIOMETRICS 9 :I* FIELD WORK]S FOCUS ON FOOD *A9S & /ATI/ICAL /UDIES ( ANIMAL POPULATIONS4  ,!RE IS AN ECOLOGY ( HEAL? ?AT W\LD H>DLY (F5D ! S5SIBILITIES ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,M$ICAL ,ASSOCIATION & A CONCEPT ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT W\LD CON=M TO ! MO/ WELL-5G9E]$ NOTIONS ( ! ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ,PLANN+ ,COMMISSION4 

,BROADLY CONCEIV$1 H[EV]1 ECOLOGY DEALS ) ! BALANCE ( NATURE4  ,9ASMU* AS NATURE 9CLUDES MAN1 ! SCI5CE BASICALLY DEALS ) ! H>MONIZATION ( NATURE & MAN4  ,?IS FOCUS HAS EXPLOSIVE IMPLICATIONS4  ,! EXPLOSIVE IMPLICATIONS ( AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA* >ISE NOT ONLY FROM ! FACT ?AT ECOLOGY IS 9TR9SICALLY A CRITICAL SCI5CE@&_?#a#e#a29 FACT1 CRITICAL ON A SCALE ?AT ! MO/ RADICAL SY/EMS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY FAIL$ TO ATTA9@&_?#a#e#a2BUT IT IS ALSO AN 9TEGRATIVE & RECON/RUCTIVE SCI5CE4  ,?IS 9TEGRATIVE1 RECON/RUCTIVE ASPECT ( ECOLOGY1 C>RI$ ?R\< TO ALL ITS IMPLICATIONS1 LEADS DIRECTLY 9TO AN>*IC >EAS ( SOCIAL ?\<T4  ,= 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO A*IEVE A H>MONIZATION ( MAN & NATURE )\T CREAT+ A HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AT LIVES 9 A LA/+ BALANCE ) ITS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 

,! ,CRITICAL ,NATURE ( ,ECOLOGY 

,LET US EXAM9E ! CRITICAL $GE ( ECOLOGY@&_?#a#e#a2A UNIQUE FEATURE ( ! SCI5CE 9 A P]IOD ( G5]AL SCI5TIFIC DOCILITY4 

,BASICALLY1 ?IS CRITICAL $GE D]IVES FROM ! SUBJECT-MATT] ( ECOLOGY@&_?#a#e#a2FROM ITS V]Y DOMA94  ,! ISSUES ) :I* ECOLOGY DEALS >E IMP]I%ABLE 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y CANNOT BE IGNOR$ )\T BR++ 9TO QUE/ION ! VIABILITY ( ! PLANET1 9DE$ ! SURVIVAL ( MAN HIMSELF4  ,! CRITICAL $GE ( ECOLOGY IS DUE NOT SO MU* TO ! P[] ( HUMAN REASON@&_?#a#e#a2A P[] ?AT SCI5CE HALL[$ DUR+ ITS MO/ REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS@&_?#a#e#a2BUT TO A /ILL HI<] P[]1 ! SOV]EIGNTY ( NATURE OV] MAN & ALL HIS ACTIVITIES4  ,IT MAY BE ?AT MAN IS MANIPULABLE1 AS ! [N]S ( ! MASS M$IA >GUE1 OR ?AT ELEM5TS ( NATURE >E MANIPULABLE1 AS ! 5G9E]S DEMON/RATE BY !IR DAZZL+ A*IEVEM5TS1 BUT ECOLOGY CLE>LY %[S ?AT ! TOTALITY ( ! NATURAL WORLD@&_?#a#e#a2NATURE TAK5 9 ALL IS ASPECTS1 CYCLES1 & 9T]RELATION%IPS@&_?#a#e#a2CANCELS \T ALL HUMAN PRET5SIONS TO MA/]Y OV] ! PLANET4  ,! GREAT WA/EL&S ( ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ! ]OD$ HILLS ( ,GREECE1 ONCE >EAS ( A ?RIV+ AGRICULTURE OR A RI* NATURAL FLORA1 >E HI/ORIC EVID5CE ( NATURE@&_?#a#d#f2S REV5GE AGA9/ HUMAN P>ASITISM4 

,YET NONE ( !SE HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES COMP>E 9 WEI<T & SCOPE ) ! EFFECTS ( MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S DESPOLIATION@&_?#a#e#a2& NATURE@&_?#a#d#f2S REV5GE@&_?#a#e#a2S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 & ESPECIALLY S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4  ,ANCI5T EXAMPLES ( HUMAN P>ASITISM W]E ESS5TIALLY LOCAL 9 SCOPE2 !Y W]E PRECISELY EXAMPLES ( MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S POT5TIAL = DE/RUCTION & NO?+ MORE4  ,(T5 !Y W]E COMP5SAT$ BY REM>KABLE IMPROVEM5T 9 ! NATURAL ECOLOGY ( A REGION1 AS WITNESS ! ,EUROPEAN PEASANTRY@&_?#a#d#f2S SUP]B REWORK+ ( ! SOIL DUR+ C5TURIES ( CULTIVATION & ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ,9CA AGRICULTURI/S 9 T]RAC+ ! ,&ES ,M\NTA9S DUR+ PRE-,COLUMBIAN TIMES4   

,MOD]N MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S DESPOLIATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T IS GLOBAL 9 SCOPE1 LIKE HIS IMP]IALISM4  ,IT IS EV5 EXTRAT]RE/RIAL1 AS WITNESS ! DI/URBANCES ( ! ,VAN ,ALL5 ,BELT A FEW YE>S AGO4  ,TODAY HUMAN P>ASITISM DISRUPTS MORE ?AN ! ATMOSPH]E1 CLIMATE1 WAT] RES\RCES1 SOIL1 FLORA1 & FAUNA ( A REGION2 IT UPSETS VIRTUALLY ALL ! BASIC CYCLES ( NATURE & ?REAT5S TO UND]M9E ! /ABILITY ( ! 5VIRONM5T ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE4 

,AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! SCOPE ( MOD]N MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S DISRUPTIVE ROLE1 IT HAS BE5 E/IMAT$ ?AT ! BURN+ ( FOSSIL FUELS 7COAL & OIL7 ADDS #f MILLION TONS ( C>BON DIOXIDE TO ! AIR ANNUALLY1 AB\T 4#c P]C5T ( ! TOTAL ATMOSPH]IC MASS@&_?#a#e#a2?IS1 ,I MAY ADD1 ASIDE FROM AN 9CALCULABLE QUANTITY ( TOXICANTS4  ,S9CE ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ! OV]ALL ATMOSPH]IC MASS ( C>BON DIOXIDE HAS 9CREAS$ BY #ac P]C5T OV] E>LI]1 MORE /ABLE1 LEVELS4  ,IT C\LD BE >GU$ ON V]Y S\ND !ORETICAL GR\NDS ?AT ?IS GR[+ BLANKET ( C>BON DIOXIDE1 BY 9T]CEPT+ HEAT RADIAT$ FROM ! E>? 9TO \T] SPACE1 WILL LEAD TO RIS+ ATMOSPH]IC TEMP]ATURES1 TO A MORE VIOL5T CIRCULATION ( AIR1 TO MORE DE/RUCTIVE /ORM PATT]NS1 & EV5TUALLY TO A MELT+ ( ! POL> ICE CAPS 7POSSIBLY 9 TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES71 RIS+ SEA LEVELS1 & ! 9UNDATION ( VA/ L& >EAS4  ,F> REMOV$ AS SU* A DELUGE MAY BE1 ! *ANG+ PROPORTION ( C>BON DIOXIDE TO O!R ATMOSPH]IC GASES IS A W>N+ ( ! IMPACT MAN IS HAV+ ON ! BALANCE ( NATURE4 

,A MORE IMM$IATE ECOLOGICAL ISSUE IS MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S EXT5SIVE POLLUTION ( ! E>?@&_?#a#d#f2S WAT]WAYS4  ,:AT C\NTS H]E IS NOT ! FACT ?AT MAN BEF\LS A GIV5 /REAM1 RIV]1 OR LAKE@&_?#a#e#a2A ?+ HE HAS DONE = AGES@&_?#a#e#a2BUT RA!R ! MAGNITUDE ?AT WAT] POLLUTION HAS REA*$ 9 ! PA/ TWO G5]ATIONS4 

,NE>LY ALL ! SURFACE WAT]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E POLLUT$4  ,MANY ,AM]ICAN WAT]WAYS >E OP5 CESSPOOLS ?AT PROP]LY QUALIFY AS EXT5SIONS ( URBAN SEWAGE SY/EMS4  ,IT W\LD BE A EUPHEMISM TO DESCRIBE !M ANY LONG] AS RIV]S OR LAKES4  ,MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 L>GE PORTIONS ( GR\NDWAT] >E SUFFICI5TLY POLLUT$ TO BE UNDR9KABLE1 EV5 M$ICALLY HAZ>D\S1 & A NUMB] ( LOCAL HEPATITIS EPIDEMICS HAVE BE5 TRAC$ TO POLLUT$ WELLS 9 SUBURBAN >EAS4  ,9 CONTRA/ TO SURFACE-WAT] POLLUTION1 GR\NDWAT] OR SUBSURFACE WAT] POLLUTION IS IMM5SELY DIFFICULT TO ELIM9ATE & T5DS TO L+] ON = DECADES AFT] ! S\RCES ( POLLUTION HAVE BE5 REMOV$4 

,AN >TICLE 9 A MASS CIRCULATION MAGAZ9E APPROPRIATELY DESCRIBES ! POLLUT$ WAT]WAYS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS @&_?#a#d#g2,\R ,DY+ ,WAT]S4@&_?#a#d#h2  ,?IS DESPAIR+ APOCALYPTIC DESCRIPTION ( ! WAT] POLLUTION PROBLEM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REALLY APPLIES TO ! WORLD AT L>GE4  ,! WAT]S ( ! E>?1 CONCEIV$ AS FACTORS 9 A L>GE ECOLOGICAL SY/EM1 >E LIT]ALLY DY+4  ,MASSIVE POLLUTION IS DE/ROY+ ! RIV]S & LAKES (  

,AFRICA1 ,ASIA1 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA AS M$IA ( LIFE1 AS WELL AS ! LONG-ABUS$ WAT]WAYS ( HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ CONT95TS4  ,EV5 ! OP5 SEA HAS NOT BE5 SP>$ FROM EXT5SIVE POLLUTION4  ,I SPEAK H]E NOT ONLY ( RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS FROM NUCLE> BOMB TE/S & P[] REACTORS1 :I* APP>5TLY REA* ALL ! FLORA & FAUNA ( ! SEA4  ,IT SUFFICES TO PO9T \T ?AT ! DIS*>GE ( DIESEL OIL WA/ES FROM %IPS 9 ! ,ATLANTIC HAS BECOME A MASSIVE POLLUTION PROBLEM1 CLAIM+ M>9E LIFE 9 5ORM\S NUMB]S EV]Y YE>4 

,ACC\NTS ( ?IS K9D CAN BE REPEAT$ = VIRTUALLY EV]Y P>T ( ! BIOSPH]E4  ,PAGES CAN BE WRITT5 ON ! IMM5SE LOSSES ( PRODUCTIVE SOIL ?AT OCCUR ANNUALLY 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CONT95T ( ! E>?2 ON ! EXT5SIVE LOSS ( TREE COV] 9 >EAS VULN]ABLE TO ]OSION2 ON LE?AL AIR POLLUTION EPISODES 9 MAJOR URBAN >EAS2 ON ! WORLDWIDE DI/RIBUTION ( TOXIC AG5TS1 SU* AS RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES & LEAD2 ON ! *EMICALIZATION ( MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T@&_?#a#e#a2ONE MI<T SAY HIS V]Y D9N] TABLE@&_?#a#e#a2) PE/ICIDE RESIDUES & FOOD ADDITIVES4  ,PIEC$ TOGE!R LIKE BITS ( A JIGSAW PUZZLE1 !SE AFFRONTS TO ! 5VIRONM5T =M A PATT]N ( DE/RUCTION ?AT HAS NO PREC$5T 9 MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S LONG HI/ORY ON ! E>?4 

,OBVI\SLY1 MAN C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS A HI<LY DE/RUCTIVE P>ASITE1 :O ?REAT5S TO DE/ROY HIS HO/@&_?#a#e#a2! NATURAL WORLD@&_?#a#e#a2& EV5TUALLY HIMSELF4  ,9 ECOLOGY1 H[EV]1 ! WORD P>ASITE1 US$ 9 ?IS OV]SIMPLIFI$ S5SE1 IS NOT AN ANSW] TO A QUE/ION BUT RAISES A QUE/ION ITSELF4  ,ECOLOGI/S KN[ ?AT A DE/RUCTIVE P>ASITISM ( ?IS K9D USUALLY REFLECTS A DISRUPTION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SITUATION2 9DE$1 MANY SPECIES1 SEEM+LY HI<LY DE/RUCTIVE UND] ONE SET ( CONDITIONS1 >E EM95TLY USEFUL UND] ANO!R SET ( CONDITIONS4  ,:AT IMP>TS A PR(\NDLY CRITICAL FUNCTION TO ECOLOGY IS ! QUE/ION RAIS$ BY MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S DE/RUCTIVE ACTIVITIES3   ,:AT IS ! DISRUPTION ?AT HAS TURN$ MAN 9TO A DE/RUCTIVE P>ASITE8  ,:AT PRODUCES A =M ( HUMAN P>ASITISM ?AT NOT ONLY RESULTS 9 VA/ NATURAL IMBALANCES BUT ALSO ?REAT5S ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( HUMANITY ITSELF8   

,! TRU? IS ?AT MAN HAS PRODUC$ IMBALANCES NOT ONLY 9 NATURE BUT MORE FUNDAM5TALLY 9 HIS RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[ MAN@&_?#a#e#a29 ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( HIS SOCIETY4  ,TO /ATE ?IS ?\<T MORE PRECISELY3  ! IMBALANCES MAN HAS PRODUC$ 9 ! NATURAL WORLD >E CAUS$ BY ! IMBALANCES HE HAS PRODUC$ 9 ! SOCIAL WORLD4  ,A C5TURY AGO IT W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO REG>D AIR POLLUTION & WAT] CONTAM9ATION AS ! RESULT ( GRE$1 PR(IT-SEEK+1 & COMPETITION@&_?#a#e#a29 %ORT1 AS ! RESULT ( ! ACTIVITIES ( 9DU/RIAL B>ONS & SELF-SEEK+ BUREAUCRATS4  ,TODAY ?IS EXPLANATION W\LD BE A GROSS OV]SIMPLIFICATION4  ,IT IS D\BTLESS TRUE ?AT MO/ B\RGEOIS 5T]PRISES >E /ILL GUID$ BY A PUBLIC-BE-DAMN$ ATTITUDE1 AS WITNESS ! REACTIONS ( P[] UTILITIES1 AUTOMOBILE CONC]NS1 & /EEL CORPORATIONS TO POLLUTION PROBLEMS4  ,BUT A MORE DEEP-ROOT$ PROBLEM ?AN ! ATTITUDE ( ! [N]S IS ! SIZE ( ! FIRMS !MSELVES@&_?#a#e#a2!IR 5ORM\S PHYSICAL PROPORTIONS1 !IR LOCATION 9 A P>TICUL> REGION1 !IR D5SITY ) RESPECT TO A COMMUNITY OR A WAT]WAY1 !IR REQUIREM5TS = RAW MAT]IALS & WAT]1 & !IR ROLE 9 ! NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 

,:AT WE >E SEE+ TODAY IS A CRISIS NOT ONLY 9 NATURAL ECOLOGY BUT ABOVE ALL 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4  ,MOD]N SOCIETY1 ESPECIALLY AS WE KN[ IT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE1 IS BE+ ORGANIZ$ R\ND IMM5SE URBAN BELTS AT ONE EXTREME1 A HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE AT ! O!R EXTREME1 & CAPP+ BO? A SWOLL51 BUREAUCRATIZ$ ANONYM\S /ATE APP>ATUS4  ,IF WE LEAVE ALL MORAL CONSID]ATIONS ASIDE = ! MOM5T & EXAM9E ! PHYSICAL /RUCTURE ( ?IS SOCIETY1 :AT MU/ NECESS>ILY IMPRESS US IS ! 9CR$IBLE LOGI/ICAL PROBLEMS IT IS OBLIG$ TO SOLVE@&_?#a#e#a2PROBLEMS ( TRANSPORTATION1 ( D5SITY1 ( SUPPLY 7RAW MAT]IALS1 MANUFACTUR$ COMMODITIES1 & FOOD/UFFS71 ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ( 9DU/RIAL LOCATION1 & SO =?4  ,! BURD5 ?IS TYPE ( URBANIZ$ & C5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY PLACES ON ANY CONT95TAL >EA IS 5ORM\S4  ,IF ! PROCESS ( URBANIZ+ MAN & 9DU/RIALIZ+ AGRICULTURE W]E TO CONT9UE UNABAT$1 IT W\LD MAKE MU* ( ! E>? 9 HOSPITABLE = VIABLE1 HEAL?Y HUMAN BE+S & R5D] VA/ >EAS UTT]LY UN9HABITABLE4   

,ECOLOGI/S >E (T5 ASK$1 RA!R TAUNT+LY1 TO LOCATE ) SCI5TIFIC EXACTNESS ! ECOLOGICAL BREAK+ PO9T ( NATURE@&_?#a#e#a2PRESUMABLY ! PO9T AT :I* ! NATURAL WORLD WILL CAVE 9 ON MAN4  ,?IS IS EQUIVAL5T TO ASK+ A PSY*IATRI/ = ! PRECISE MOM5T :5 A NEUROTIC WILL BECOME A NONFUNCTIONAL PSY*OTIC4  ,NO SU* ANSW] IS EV]Y LIKELY TO BE AVAILABLE4  ,BUT ! ECOLOGI/ CAN SUPPLY A /RATEGIC 9SI<T 9TO ! DIRECTIONS MAN SEEMS TO BE FOLL[+ AS A RESULT ( HIS SPLIT ) ! NATURAL WORLD4  

,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ECOLOGY1 MAN IS DANG]\SLY SIMPLIFY+ HIS 5VIRONM5T4  ,! MOD]N CITY REPRES5TS A REGRESSIVE 5CROA*M5T ( ! SYN!TIC ON ! NATURAL1 ( ! 9ORGANIC 7CONCRETE1 METALS1 & GLASS7 ON ! ORGANIC1 & ( CRUDE1 ELEM5TAL /IMULI ON V>IEGAT$1 WIDE-RANG+ ONES4  ,! #aVA/ URBAN BELTS N[ DEVELOP+ 9 9DU/RIALIZ$ >EAS ( ! WORLD >E NOT ONLY GROSSLY (F5SIVE TO EYE & E> BUT >E BECOM+ *RONICALLY SMOG-RIDD51 NOISY1 & VIRTUALLY IMMOBILIZ$ BY CONGE/ION4 

,?IS PROCESS ( SIMPLIFY+ MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S 5VIRONM5T & R5D]+ IT 9CREAS+LY ELEM5TAL & CRUDE HAS A CULTURAL AS WELL AS A PHYSICAL DIM5SION4  ,! NE$ TO MANIPULATE IMM5SE URBAN POPULATIONS@&_?#a#e#a2TO TRANSPORT1 FE$1 EMPLOY1 $UCATE1 & SOMEH[ 5T]TA9 MILLIONS ( D5SELY CONC5TRAT$ PEOPLE DAILY@&_?#a#e#a2LEADS TO A CRUCIAL DECL9E 9 CIVIC & SOCIAL /&>DS4  ,A MASS CONCEPT ( HUMAN RELATIONS@&_?#a#e#a2TOTALIT>IAN1 C5TRALI/IC1 & REGIM5T$ 9 ORI5TATION@&_?#a#e#a2T5DS TO DOM9ATE ! MORE 9DIVIDUAT$ CONCEPTS ( ! PA/4  ,BUREAUCRATIC TE*NIQUES ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T T5D TO REPLACE HUMANI/IC APPROA*ES4  ,ALL ?AT IS SPONTANE\S1 CREATIVE1 & 9DIVIDUAT$ IS CIRCUMSCRIB$ BY ! /&>DIZ$1 ! REGULAT$1 & ! MASSIFI$4  ,! SPACE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS /EADILY N>R[$ BY RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ UPON HIM BY A FACELESS1 IMP]SONAL SOCIAL APP>ATUS4  ,ANY RECOGNITION ( UNIQUE P]SONAL QUALITIES IS 9CREAS+LY SURR5D]$ TO ! NE$S@&_?#a#e#a2MORE PRECISELY1 ! MANIPULATION@&_?#a#e#a2( ! GR\P1 9DE$1 ( ! L[E/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( ! MASS4  ,A QUANTITATIVE1 /ATI/ICAL APPROA*1 A BEEHIVE MANN] ( DEAL+ ) MAN1 T5DS TO TRIUMPH OV] ! PRECI\S1 9DIVIDUALIZ$-QUALITIES APPROA* ?AT PLACES ITS /RONGE/ EMPHASIS ON P]SONAL UNIQU5ESS1 FREE EXPRESSION1 & CULTURAL COMPLEXITY4 

,! SAME REGRESSIVE SIMPLIFICATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T OCCURS 9 MOD]N AGRICULTURE4#b ,! MANIPULAT$ PEOPLE 9 MOD]N CITIES MU/ BE F$1 & FE$+ !M 9VOLVES AN EXT5SION ( 9DU/RIAL F>M+4  ,FOOD PLANTS MU/ BE CULTIVAT$ 9 A MANN] ?AT ALL[S = A HI< DEGREE ( ME*ANIZATION@&_?#a#e#a2NOT TO R$UCE HUMAN TOIL BUT TO 9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY & EFFICI5CY1 TO MAXIMIZE 9VE/M5TS1 & TO EXPLOIT ! BIOSPH]E4  ,ACCORD+LY1 ! T]RA9 MU/ BE R$UC$ TO A FLAT PLA9@&_?#a#e#a2TO A FACTORY FLOOR1 IF Y\ WILL--& NATURAL V>IATIONS 9 TOPOGRAPHY MU/ BE DIM9I%$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4  ,PLANT GR[? MU/ BE CLOSELY REGULAT$ TO MEET ! TI<T S*$ULES ( FOOD-PROCESS+ PLANTS4  ,PL[+1 SOIL F]TILIZATION1 S[+1 & H>VE/+ MU/ BE H&L$ ON A MASS SCALE1 (T5 9 TOTAL DISREG>D ( ! NATURAL ECOLOGY ( AN >EA4  ,L>GE >EAS ( L& MU/ BE US$ TO CULTIVATE A S+LE CROP@&_?#a#e#a2A =M ( PLANTATION AGRICULTURE ?AT L5DS ITSELF NOT ONLY TO ME*ANIZATION BUT ALSO TO PE/ 9FE/ATION4  ,A S+LE CROP IS ! IDEAL 5VIRONM5T = ! PROLIF]ATION ( PE/ SPECIES4  ,F9ALLY1 *EMICAL AG5TS MU/ BE US$ LAVI%LY TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY 9SECTS1 WE$S1 & PLANT DISEASES1 TO REGULATE CROP PRODUCTION1 & TO MAXIMIZE SOIL EXPLOITATION4  ,! REAL SYMBOL ( AGRICULTURE IS NOT ! SICKLE 7OR = ?AT MATT] ! TRACTOR7 BUT ! AIRPLANE4  ,! MOD]N FOOD CULTIVATOR IS REPRES5T$ NOT BY ! PEASANT1 YEOMAN1 OR EV5 ! AGRONOMI/@&_?#a#e#a2M5 :O C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO HAVE AN 9TIMATE RELATION%IP ) ! UNIQUE QUALITIES ( ! L& ON :I* !Y GR[ CROPS@&_?#a#e#a2BUT ! PILOT & *EMI/1 = :OM SOIL IS A M]E RES\RCE1 AN 9ORGANIC RAW MAT]IAL4 

,! SIMPLIFICATION PROCESS IS C>RI$ /ILL FUR!R BY AN EXAGG]AT$ REGIONAL 79DE$ NATIONAL7 DIVISION ( LABOR4  ,IMM5SE >EAS ( ! PLANET >E 9CREAS+LY RES]V$ = SPECIFIC 9DU/RIAL TASKS OR R$UC$ TO DEPOTS ( RAW MAT]IALS4  ,O!RS >E TURN$ 9TO C5T]S ( URBAN POPULATION1 L>GELY OCCUPI$ ) COMM]CE & TRADE4  ,CITIES & REGIONS 79 FACT1 C\NTRIES & CONT95TS7 >E SPECIFICALLY ID5TIFI$ ) SPECIAL PRODUCTS@&_?#a#e#a2,PITTSBUR<1 ,CLEVEL&1 & ,Y\NG/[N ) /EEL1 ,NEW ,YORK ) F9ANCE1 ,BOLIVIA ) T91 ,>ABIA ) OIL1 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA ) 9DU/RIAL GOODS1 & ! RE/ ( ! WORLD ) RAW MAT]IAL ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R4  ,! COMPLEX ECOSY/EMS :I* MAKE UP ! REGIONS ( A CONT95T >E SUBM]G$ BY ! ORGANIZATION ( 5TIRE NATIONS 9TO ECONOMICALLY RATIONALIZ$ 5TITIES1 EA* A WAY-/ATION 9 A VA/ 9DU/RIAL BELT SY/EM1 GLOBAL 9 ITS DIM5SIONS4  ,IT IS ONLY A MATT] ( TIME BE=E ! MO/ ATTRACTIVE >EAS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE SUCCUMB TO ! CONCRETE MIX]1 JU/ AS MU/ ( ! ,EA/]N SEA%ORE >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE ALREADY SUCCUMB$ TO SUBDIVISIONS & BUNGAL[S4  ,:AT REMA9S 9 ! WAY ( NATURAL BEAUTY WILL BE DEBAS$ BY TRAIL] LOTS1 CANVAS SLUMS1 @&_?#a#d#g2SC5IC@&_?#a#d#h2 HI<WAYS1 MOTELS1 FOOD /ALLS1 & ! OIL SLICKS ( MOTOR BOATS4 

,! PO9T IS ?AT MAN IS UNDO+ ! WORK ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION4  ,BY CREAT+ VA/ URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS ( CONCRETE1 METAL1 & GLASS1 BY OV]RID+ & UND]M9+ ! COMPLEX1 SUBTLY ORGANIZ$ ECOSY/EMS ?AT CON/ITUTE LOCAL DIFF]5CES 9 ! NATURAL WORLD@&_?#a#e#a29 %ORT1 BY REPLAC+ A HI<LY COMPLEX ORGANIC 5VIRONM5T ) A SIMPLIFI$1 9ORGANIC ONE@&_?#a#e#a2MAN IS DISASSEMBL+ ! BIOTIC PYRAMID ?AT SUPPORT$ HUMANITY = C\NTLESS MILL5NIA4  ,9 ! C\RSE ( REPLAC+ ! COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS ON :I* ALL ADVANC$ LIV+ ?+S DEP5D ) MORE ELEM5T>Y RELATION%IPS1 MAN IS /EADILY RE/OR+ ! BIOSPH]E TO A /AGE ?AT WILL BE ABLE TO SUPPORT ONLY SIMPL] =MS ( LIFE4  ,IF ?IS GREAT REV]SAL ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS CONT9UES1 IT IS BY NO MEANS FANCIFUL TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! PRECONDITIONS = HI<] =MS ( LIFE WILL BE IRREP>ABLY DE/ROY$ & ! E>? WILL BECOME 9CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ MAN HIMSELF4 

,ECOLOGY D]IVES ITS CRITICAL $GE NOT ONLY FROM ! FACT ?AT IT ALONE1 AMONG ALL ! SCI5CES PRES5TS ?IS AWESOME MESSAGE TO HUMANITY BUT BECAUSE IT ALSO PRES5TS ?IS MESSAGE 9 A NEW SOCIAL DIM5SION4  ,FROM AN ECOLOGICAL VIEWPO9T1 ! REV]SAL ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION IS ! RESULT ( APPALL+ CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 /ATE & COMMUNITY1 9DU/RY & HUSB&RY1 MASS MANUFACTURE & CRAFTSMAN%IP1 C5TRALISM & REGIONALISM1 ! BUREAUCRATIC SCALE & ! HUMAN SCALE4  

,! ,RECON/RUCTIVE ,NATURE ( ,ECOLOGY 

,UNTIL REC5TLY1 ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE ! CONTRADICTIONS CREAT$ BY URBANIZATION1 C5TRALIZATION1 BUREAUCRATIC GR[?1 & /ATIFICATION W]E VIEW$ AS A VA9 C\NT]DRIFT TO @&_?#a#d#g2PROGRESS@&_?#a#d#h2 @&_?#a#e2A C\NT]DRIFT ?AT C\LD BE DISMISS$ AS *IM]ICAL AT BE/ & REACTION>Y AT WOR/4  ,! AN>*I/ WAS REG>D$ AS A =LORN VISION>Y1 A SOCIAL \TCA/1 FILL$ ) NO/ALGIA = ! PEASANT VILLAGE OR ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE4  ,HIS YE>N+S = A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY & = A HUMANI/IC COMMUNITY AT ONE ) NATURE & ! NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL@&_?#a#e#a2! SPONTANE\S 9DIVIDUAL1 UNFETT]$ BY AU?ORITY@&_?#a#e#a2W]E VIEW$ AS ! REACTIONS ( A ROMANTIC1 ( A DECLASS$ CRAFTSMAN OR AN 9TELLECTUAL @&_?#a#d#g2MISFIT4@&_?#a#d#h2  ,HIS PROTE/ AGA9/ C5TRALIZATION & /RATIFICATION SEEM$ ALL ! LESS P]SUASIVE BECAUSE IT WAS SUPPORT$ PRIM>ILY BY E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS@&_?#a#e#a2BY UTOPIAN1 O/5SIBLY @&_?#a#d#g2UNREALI/IC@&_?#a#d#h2 NOTIONS ( :AT MAN C\LD BE1 NOT ( :AT HE WAS4  ,TO ?IS PROTE/1 OPPON5TS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T@&_?#a#e#a2LIB]ALS1 RI<TI/S1 & AU?ORIT>IAN @&_?#a#d#g2LEFTI/S@&_?#a#d#h2@&_?#a#e#a2>GU$ ?AT !Y W]E ! VOICES ( HI/ORIC REALITY1 ?AT !IR /ATI/ & C5TRALI/ NOTIONS W]E ROOT$ 9 ! OBJECTIVE1 PRACTICAL WORLD4  

,TIME IS NOT V]Y K9D TO ! CONFLICT ( IDEAS4  ,:ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 ! VALIDITY ( LIB]T>IAN & NONLIB]T>IAN VIEWS A FEW YE>S AGO1 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HAS R5D]$ VIRTUALLY ALL OBJECTIONS TO AN>*I/ ?\<T MEAN+LESS TODAY4  ,! MOD]N CITY & /ATE1 ! MASSIVE COAL-/EEL TE*NOLOGY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ! LAT]1 MORE RATIONALIZ$ SY/EMS ( MASS PRODUCTION & ASSEMBLY-L9E SY/EMS ( LABOR ORGANIZATION1 ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION1 ! /ATE & ITS BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS@&_?#a#e#a2ALL HAVE REA*$ !IR LIMITS4  ,:ATEV] PROGRESSIVE OR LIB]ATORY ROLE !Y MAY HAVE POSSESS$ HAS CLE>LY BECOME 5TIRELY REGRESSIVE & OPPRESSIVE4  ,!Y >E REGRESSIVE NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y ]ODE ! HUMAN SPIRIT & DRA9 ! COMMUNITY ( ALL ITS COHESIV5ESS1 SOLID>ITY1 & E?ICO-CULTURAL /&>DS2 !Y >E REGRESSIVE FROM AN OBJECTIVE /&PO9T1 FROM AN ECOLOGICAL /&PO9T4  ,= !Y UND]M9E NOT ONLY ! HUMAN SPIRIT & ! HUMAN COMMUNITY BUT ALSO ! VIABILITY ( ! PLANET & ALL LIV+ ?+S ON IT4 

,IT CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY ?AT ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTS ( A BALANC$ COMMUNITY1 A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 A HUMANI/IC TE*NOLOGY1 & A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY@&_?#a#e#a2!SE RI* LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTS >E NOT ONLY DESIRABLE BUT NECESS>Y4  ,NOT ONLY DO !Y BELONG TO ! GREAT VISIONS ( MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S FUTURE2 !Y N[ CON/ITUTE ! PRECONDITIONS = HUMAN SURVIVAL4  ,! PROCESS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS C>RI$ !M FROM AN E?ICAL1 SUBJECTIVE DIM5SION 9TO A PRACTICAL OBJECTIVE DIM5SION4  ,:AT WAS ONCE REG>D$ AS IMPRACTICAL & VISION>Y HAS BECOME EM95TLY PRACTICAL4  ,& :AT WAS ONCE REG>D$ AS PRACTICAL & OBJECTIVE HAS BECOME EM95TLY IMPRACTICAL & IRRELEVANT 9 T]MS ( MAN@&_?#a#d#f2S DEVELOPM5T T[>D A FULL]1 UNFETT]$ EXI/5CE4  ,IF COMMUNITY1 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 A HUMANI/IC1 LIB]ATORY TE*NOLOGY1 & DEC5TRALIZATION >E CONCEIV$ ( M]ELY AS REACTIONS TO ! PREVAIL+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS@&_?#a#e#a2A VIGOR\S NAY TO ! YEA ( :AT EXI/S TODAY@&_?#a#e#a2A COMPELL+1 OBJECTIVE CASE CAN N[ BE MADE = ! PRACTICALITY ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 

,?IS REJECTION ( ! PREVAIL+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS ACC\NTS1 ,I ?9K1 = ! EXPLOSIVE GR[? ( 9TUITIVE AN>*ISM AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE TODAY4  ,!IR LOVE ( NATURE IS A REACTION AGA9/ ! HI<LY SYN!TIC QUALITIES ( \R URBAN 5VIRONM5T & ITS %ABBY PRODUCTS4  ,!IR 9=MALITY ( DRESS & MANN]S IS A REACTION AGA9/ ! =MALIZ$1 /&>DIZ$ NATURE ( MOD]N 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ LIV+4  ,!IR PR$ISPOSITION = DIRECT ACTION IS A REACTION AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRATIZATION & C5TRALIZATION ( SOCIETY4  ,!IR T5D5CY TO DROP \T1 TO AVOID TOIL & ! RAT-RACE1 REFLECTS A GR[+ ANG] T[>D ! M9DLESS 9DU/RIAL R\T9E BR$ BY MOD]N MASS MANUFACTURE 9 ! FACTORY1 ! (FICE1 OR ! UNIV]SITY4  ,!IR 9T5SE 9DIVIDUALISM IS1 9 ITS [N ELEM5TAL WAY1 A DE FACTO DEC5TRALIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE@&_?#a#e#a2A P]SONAL ABDICATION FROM MASS SOCIETY4 

,:AT IS MO/ SIGNIFICANT AB\T ECOLOGY IS ITS ABILITY TO CONV]T ?IS (T5 NIHILI/IC REJECTION ( ! /ATUS QUO 9TO AN EMPHATIC AFFIRMATION ( LIFE--9DE$1 9TO A RECON/RUCTIVE CR$O = A HUMANI/IC SOCIETY4  ,! ESS5CE ( ECOLOGY@&_?#a#d#f2S RECON/RUCTIVE MESSAGE CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 ! WORD DIV]SITY4  ,FROM AN ECOLOGICAL VIEWPO9T1 BALANCE & H>MONY 9 NATURE1 9 SOCIETY1 & BY 9F]5CE 9 BEHAVIOR1 >E A*IEV$ NOT BY ME*ANICAL /&>DIZATION BUT BY ITS OPPOSITE1 ORGANIC DIFF]5TIATION4  ,?IS MESSAGE CAN BE UND]/OOD CLE>LY ONLY BY EXAM9+ ITS PRACTICAL MEAN+4  

,LET US CONSID] ! ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLE ( DIV]SITY@&_?#a#e#a2:AT ,*>LES ,ELTON CALLS ! @&_?#a#d#g2CONS]VATION ( V>IETY@&_?#a#d#h2@&_?#a#e#a2AS IT APPLIES TO BIOLOGY1 SPECIFICALLY TO AGRICULTURE4  ,A NUMB] ( /UDIES@&_?#a#e#a2,LOTKA@&_?#a#d#f2S & ,VOLT]RA@&_?#a#d#f2S MA!MATICAL MODELS1 ,GAUSE@&_?#a#d#f2S EXP]IM5TS ) PROTOZOA & MITES 9 CONTROLL$ 5VIRONM5TS1 & EXT5SIVE FIELD RESE>*@&_?#a#e#a2CLE>LY DEMON/RATE ?AT FLUCTUATIONS 9 ANIMAL & PLANT POPULATIONS1 RANG+ FROM MILD TO PE/LIKE PROPORTIONS1 DEP5D HEAVILY UPON ! NUMB] ( SPECIES 9 AN ECOSY/EM & ! DEGREE ( V>IETY 9 ! 5VIRONM5T4  ,! GREAT] ! V>IETY ( PREY & PR$ATORS1 ! MORE /ABLE ! POPULATION2 ! MORE DIV]SIFI$ ! 5VIRONM5T 9 T]MS ( FLORA & FAUNA1 ! LESS LIKELY !RE IS TO BE ECOLOGICAL 9/ABILITY4  ,/ABILITY IS A FUNCTION ( COMPLEXITY1 V>IETY1 & DIV]SITY3  IF ! 5VIRONM5T IS SIMPLIFI$ & ! V>IETY ( ANIMAL & PLANT SPECIES IS R$UC$1 FLUCTUATIONS 9 POPULATION BECOME M>K$ & T5D TO GET \T ( CONTROL4  ,!Y T5D TO REA* PE/ PROPORTIONS4 

,9 ! CASE ( PE/ CONTROL1 MANY ECOLOGI/S N[ CONCLUDE ?AT WE CAN AVOID ! REPETITIVE USE ( TOXIC *EMICALS SU* AS 9SECTICIDES & H]BICIDES BY ALL[+ = A GREAT] 9T]PLAY AMONG LIV+ ?+S4  ,WE MU/ ALL[ MORE ROOM = NATURAL SPONTANEITY1 = ! DIV]SE BIOLOGICAL =CES ?AT MAKE UP AN ECOLOGICAL SITUATION4  @&_?#a#d#g2,EUROPEAN 5TOMOLOGI/S N[ SPEAK ( MANAG+ ! 5TIRE PLANT-9SECT COMMUNITY1@&_?#a#d#h2 OBS]VES ,ROB]T ,L4 ,RUDD4  @&_?#a#d#g2,IT IS CALL$ MANIPULATION ( ! BIOC5OSE4  ,! BIOC5ETIC 5VIRONM5T IS V>IES1 COMPLEX & DYNAMIC4  ,AL?\< NUMB]S ( 9DIVIDUALS WILL CON/ANTLY *ANGE1 NO ONE SPECIES WILL NORMALLY REA* PE/ PROPORTIONS4  ,! SPECIAL CONDITIONS :I* ALL[ HI< POPULATIONS ( A S+LE SPECIES 9 A COMPLEX ECOSY/EM >E R>E EV5TS4  ,MANAGEM5T ( ! BIOC5OSE OR ECOSY/EM %\LD BECOME \R GOAL1 *ALL5G+ AS IT IS4@&_?#a#d#h2#c 

,! @&_?#a#d#g2MANIPULATION@&_?#a#d#h2 ( ! BIOC5OSE 9 A MEAN+FUL WAY1 H[EV]1 PRESUPPOSES A F>-REA*+ DEC5TRALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE4  ,:]EV] FEASIBLE1 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE MU/ GIVE WAY TO SOIL & AGRICULTURAL HUSB&RY2 ! FACTORY FLOOR MU/ YIELD TO G>D5+ & HORTICULTURE4  ,I DO NOT WI% TO IMPLY ?AT WE MU/ SURR5D] ! GA9S ACQUIR$ BY L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE & ME*ANIZATION4  ,:AT ,I DO CONT5D1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ! L& MU/ BE CULTIVAT$ AS ?\< IT W]E A G>D52 ITS FLORA MU/ BE DIV]SIFI$ & C>EFULLY T5D$1 BALANC$ BY A FAUNA & TREE %ELT] APPROPRIATE TO ! REGION4  ,DEC5TRALIZATION IS IMPORTANT1 MOREOV]1 = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! AGRICULTURI/ AS WELL AS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE4  ,FOOD CULTIVATION1 PRACTIC$ 9 A TRULY ECOLOGICAL S5SE1 PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! AGRICULTURI/ IS FAMILI> ) ALL ! FEATURES & SUBTLETIES ( ! T]RA9 ON :I* ! CORPS >E GR[N4  ,HE MU/ HAVE A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( ! PHYSIOGRAPHY ( ! L&1 ITS V>IEGAT$ SOILS@&_?#a#d#f2@&_?#a#e#a2CROP L&1 =E/ L&1 PA/URE L&@&_?#a#e#a2M9]AL & ORGANIC CONT5T1 & ITS MICROCLIMATE1 & HE MU/ BE 5GAG$ 9 A CONT9U+ /UDY ( ! EFFECTS PRODUC$ BY NEW FLORA & FAUNA4  ,HE MU/ DEVELOP HIS S5SITIVITY TO ! L&@&_?#a#d#f2S POSSIBILITIES & NE$S :ILE BECOM+ AN ORGANIC P>T ( ! AGRICULTURAL SITUATION4  ,WE CAN H>DLY HOPE TO A*IEVE ?IS HI< DEGREE ( S5SITIVITY & 9TEGRATION 9 ! FOOD CULTIVATOR )\T R$UC+ AGRICULTURE TO A HUMAN SCALE1 )\T BR++ AGRICULTURE )9 ! SCOPE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4  ,TO MEET ! DEM&S ( AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA* TO FOOD CULTIVATION1 AGRICULTURE MU/ BE RESCAL$ FROM HUGE 9DU/RIAL F>MS TO MOD]ATE-SIZ$ UNITS4 

,! SAME REASON+ APPLIES TO A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( 5]GY RES\RCES4  ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 9CREAS$ ! QUANTITY ( 5]GY AVAILABLE TO 9DU/RY1 BUT IT DIM9I%$ ! V>IETY ( 5]GY RES\RCES US$ BY MAN4  ,AL?\< IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES RELI$ PRIM>ILY ON ANIMAL P[] & HUMAN MUSCLES1 COMPLEX 5]GY PATT]NS DEVELOP$ 9 MANY REGIONS ( ,EUROPE1 9VOLV+ A SUBTLE 9TEGRATION ( RES\RCES SU* AS W9D & WAT] P[]1 & A V>IETY ( FUELS 7WOOD1 PEAT1 COAL1 VEGETABLE />*ES1 & ANIMAL FATS74   

,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION OV]:ELM$ & L>GELY DE/ROY$ !SE REGIONAL 5]GY PATT]NS1 REPLAC+ !M FIR/ ) A S+LE 5]GY SY/EM 7COAL7 & LAT] ) A DUAL SY/EM 7COAL & PETROLEUM74  ,REGIONS DISAPPE>$ AS MODELS ( 9TEGRAT$ 5]GY PATT]NS@&_?#a#e#a29DE$1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( 9TEGRATION ?R\< DIV]SITY WAS OBLIT]AT$4  ,AS ,I 9DICAT$ E>LI]1 MANY REGIONS BECAME PR$OM9ANTLY M9+ >EAS1 (T5 DEVOT$ TO ! PRODUCTION ( A FEW COMMODITIES4  ,WE NE$ NOT REVIEW ! ROLE ?IS BREAKD[N 9 TRUE REGIONALISM HAS PLAY$ 9 PRODUC+ AIR & WAT] POLLUTION1 ! DAMAGE IT HAS 9FLICT$ ON L>GE >EAS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & ! DEPLETION ( \R PRECI\S HYDROC>BON FUELS4 

,WE CAN1 ( C\RSE1 TURN TO NUCLE> FUELS1 BUT IT IS *ILL+ TO ?9K ( ! LE?AL RADIOACTIVE WA/ES ?AT W\LD REQUIRE DISPOSAL IF P[] REACTORS W]E \R MAJOR 5]GY S\RCE4  ,EV5TUALLY AN 5]GY SY/EM BAS$ ON RADIOACTIVE MAT]IALS W\LD LEAD TO ! WIDESPREAD CONTAM9ATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T@&_?#a#e#a2AT FIR/ 9 A SUBTLE =M1 BUT LAT] ON A MASSIVE & PALPABLY DE/RUCTIVE SCALE4 

,OR WE C\LD APPLY ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES TO ! SOLUTION ( \R 5]GY PROBLEMS4  ,WE C\LD TRY TO REE/ABLI% E>LI] REGIONAL 5]GY PATT]NS1 US+ A COMB9$ SY/EM ( 5]GY PROVID$ BY W9D1 WAT]1 & SOL> P[]4  ,WE W\LD BE AID$ BY MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ DEVICES ?AN ANY KN[N 9 ! PA/4  ,WE HAVE N[ DESIGN$ W9D TURB9ES ?AT C\LD SUPPLY ELECTRICITY 9 A NUMB] ( M\NTA9\S >EAS TO MEET ! ELECTRIC P[] NE$S ( A COMMUNITY ( #e1 PEOPLE4  ,WE HAVE P]FECT$ SOL> 5]GY DEVICES ?AT YIELD TEMP]ATURES HI< 5\< 9 W>M] LATITUDES TO DEAL ) MO/ METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS4  ,US$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) HEAT PUMPS1 MANY SOL> DEVICES C\LD PROVIDE AS MU* AS ?REE QU>T]S@&_?#a#e#a2IF NOT ALL@&_?#a#e#a2( ! HEAT REQUIR$ TO COM=TABLY MA9TA9 A SMALL FAMILY H\SE4  ,& AT ?IS WRIT+ ! ,FR5* >E COMPLET+ A TIDAL DAM AT ! M\? ( ! ,RANCE ,RIV] 9 ,BRITTANY ?AT IS EXPECT$ TO PRODUCE MORE ?AN #e MILLION KIL[ATT-H\RS ( ELECTRICITY A YE>4  ,9 TIME ! ,RANCE ,RIV] PROJECT WILL MEET MO/ ( ! ELECTRICAL NE$S ( NOR!RN ,FRANCE4 

,SOL> DEVICES1 W9D TURB9ES1 & HYDROELECTRIC RES\RCES TAK5 S+LY DO NOT PROVIDE A SOLUTION = \R 5]GY PROBLEMS & ! ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION CREAT$ BY CONV5TIONAL FUELS4  ,PIEC$ TOGE!R AS A MOSAIC1 AS AN ORGANIC 5]GY PATT]N DEVELOP$ FROM ! POT5TIALITIES ( A REGION1 !Y C\LD AMPLY MEET ! NE$S ( A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY4  ,9 SUNNY LATITUDES WE C\LD RELY MORE HEAVILY ON SOL> 5]GY ?AN ON COMBU/IBLE FUELS4  ,9 >EAS M>K$ BY ATMOSPH]IC TURBUL5CE1 WE C\LD RELY MORE HEAVILY ON W9D DEVICES1 & 9 SUITABLE COA/AL >EAS OR 9L& REGIONS ) A GOOD NETWORK ( RIV]S1 ! GREAT] P>T ( \R 5]GY W\LD COME FROM HYDROELECTRIC 9/ALLATIONS4  ,9 ALL CASES1 WE W\LD USE A MOSAIC ( NONCOMBU/IBLE1 COMBU/IBLE1 & NUCLE> FUELS4  ,! PO9T ,I WI% TO MAKE IS ?AT BY DIV]SIFY+ \R 5]GY RES\RCES1 BY ORGANIZ+ !M 9TO AN ECOLOGICALLY BALANC$ PATT]N WE C\LD COMB9E W9D1 SOL>1 & WAT] P[] 9 A GIV5 REGION TO MEET ALL ! 9DU/RIAL & DOME/IC NE$S ( A COMMUNITY ) ONLY A M9IMAL USE ( HAZ>D\S FUELS4  ,& EV5TUALLY WE MI<T SOPHI/ICATE ALL \R NONCUMBU/ION 5]GY DEVICES TO A PO9T :]E ALL H>MFUL S\RCES ( 5]GY C\LD BE ELIM9AT$4  

,AS 9 ! CASE ( AGRICULTURE1 H[EV]1 ! APPLICATION ( ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES TO 5]GY RES\RCES PRESUPPOSES A F>-REA*+ DEC5TRALIZATION ( SOCIETY & A TRULY REGIONAL CONCEPT ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4  ,TO MA9TA9 A L>GE CITY REQUIRES IMM5SE QUANTITIES ( COAL & PETROLEUM4  ,BY CONTRA/1 SOL>1 W9D1 & TIDAL 5]GY CAN REA* US MA9LY 9 SMALL PACKETS2 EXCEPT = SPECTACUL> TIDAL DAMS1 ! NEW DEVICES SELDOM PROVIDE MORE ?AN A FEW ?\S& KIL[ATT-H\RS ( ELECTRICITY4  ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT WE WILL EV] BE ABLE TO DESIGN SOL> COLLECTORS ?AT CAN FURNI% US ) IMM5SE BLOCKS ( ELECTRIC P[] PRODUC$ BY A GIANT /EAM PLANT2 IT IS EQUALLY DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( A BETT] ( W9D TURB9ES ?AT WILL PROVIDE US ) 5\< ELECTRICITY TO ILLUM9ATE ,MANHATTAN ,ISL&4  ,IF HOMES & FACTORIES >E HEAVILY CONC5TRAT$1 DEVICES = US+ CLEAN S\RCES ( 5]GY WILL PROBABLY REMA9 M]E PLAY?+S1 BUT IF URBAN COMMUNITIES >E R$UC$ 9 SIZE & WIDELY DISP]S$ OV] ! L&1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y !SE DEVICES CANNOT BE COMB9$ TO PROVIDE US ) ALL ! AM5ITIES ( AN 9DU/RIALIZ$ CIVILIZATION4  ,TO USE SOL>1 W9D1 & TIDAL P[] EFFECTIVELY1 ! MEGALOPOLIS MU/ BE DEC5TRALIZ$4  ,A NEW TYPE ( COMMUNITY1 C>EFULLY TAILOR$ TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS & RES\RCES ( A REGION1 MU/ REPLACE ! SPRAWL+ URBAN BELTS ?AT >E EM]G+ TODAY4#d 

,AN OBJECTIVE CASE = DEC5TRALIZATION1 TO BE SURE1 DOES NOT 5D ) A DISCUSSION ( AGRICULTURE & ! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY COMBU/IBLE 5]GY RES\RCES4  ,! VALIDITY ( ! DEC5TRALI/ CASE CAN BE DEMON/RAT$ = NE>LY ALL ! @&_?#a#d#g2LOGI/ICAL@&_?#a#d#h2 PROBLEMS ( \R TIME4  ,LET ME CITE AN EXAMPLE FROM ! PROBLEMATICAL >EA ( TRANSPORTATION4  ,A GREAT DEAL HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! H>MFUL EFFECTS ( GASOL9E-DRIV5 MOTOR VEHICLES@&_?#a#e#a2!IR WA/EFULNESS1 !IR ROLE 9 URBAN AIR POLLUTION1 ! NOISE !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ! CITY 5VIRONM5T1 ! 5ORM\S DEA? TOLL !Y CLAIM ANNUALLY 9 ! L>GE CITIES ( ! WORLD & ON HI<WAYS4  ,9 A HI<LY URBANIZ$ CIVILIZATION1 IT W\LD BE MEAN+LESS TO REPLACE !SE NOXI\S VEHICLES ) CLEAN1 EFFICI5T1 VIRTUALLY NOISELESS1 & C]TA9LY SAF] BATT]Y-P[]$ VEHICLES  ,! BE/ ELECTRIC C>S MU/ BE RE*>G$ AB\T EV]Y HUNDR$ MILES@&_?#a#e#a2A FEATURE ?AT LIMITS !IR USEFULNESS = TRANSPORTATION 9 L>GE CITIES4  ,9 A SMALL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY1 H[EV]1 IT W\LD BE FEASIBLE TO USE !SE ELECTRIC VEHICLES = URBAN OR REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION & E/ABLI% MONORAIL NETWORKS = LONG-DI/ANCE TRANSPORTATION4  

,IT IS FAIRLY WELL KN[N ?AT GASOL9E-P[]$ VEHICLES CONTRIBUTE 5ORM\SLY TO URBAN AIR POLLUTION1 & !RE IS A /RONG S5TIM5T TO @&_?#a#d#g25G9E]@&_?#a#d#h2 ! MORE NOXI\S FEATURES ( ! AUTOMOBILE 9TO OBLIVION4  ,\R AGE *>ACT]I/ICALLY TRIES TO SOLVE ALL ITS IRRATIONALITIES ) A GIMMICK@&_?#a#e#a2AFT]BURN]S = TOXIC GASOL9E FUMES1 ANTIBIOTICS = ILL HEAL?1 TRANQUILIZ]S = PSY*IC DI/URBANCES4  ,BUT ! PROBLEM ( URBAN AIR POLLUTION IS TOO 9TRACTABLE = GIMMICKS1 P]HAPS MORE 9TRACTABLE ?AN WE C>E TO BELIEVE4  ,BASICALLY AIR POLLUTION IS CAUS$ BY HI< POPULATION D5SITIES1 BY AN EXCESSIVE CONC5TRATION ( PEOPLE 9 A SMALL >EA4  ,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 D5SELY CONC5TRAT$ 9 A L>GE CITY1 NECESS>ILY PRODUCE S]I\S LOCAL AIR POLLUTION M]ELY BY !IR DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES4  ,!Y MU/ BURN FUELS = DOME/IC & 9DU/RIAL REASONS2 !Y MU/ CON/RUCT OR TE> D[N BUILD+S 7! A]IAL DEBRIS PRODUC$ BY ?OSE ACTIVITIES IS A MAJOR S\RCE ( URBAN AIR POLLUTION72 !Y MU/ DISPOSE ( IMM5SE QUANTITIES ( RUBBI%2 !Y MU/ TRAVEL ON ROADS ) RUBB] TIRES 7! P>TICLES PRODUC$ BY ! ]OSION ( TIRES & ROADWAY MAT]IALS ADD SIGNIFICANTLY TO AIR POLLUTION4  ,:ATEV] POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES WE ADD TO AUTOMOBILES & P[] PLANTS1 ! IMPROVEM5T !SE DEVICES WILL PRODUCE 9 ! QUALITY ( URBAN AIR WILL BE MORE ?AN CANCEL$ \T BY FUTURE MEGALOPOLITAN GR[?4   

,!RE IS MORE TO AN>*ISM ?AN DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES4  ,IF ,I HAVE EXAM9$ !SE POSSIBILITIES 9 SOME DETAIL1 IT HAS BE5 TO DEMON/RATE ?AN AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 F> FROM BE+ A REMOTE IDEAL1 HAS BECOME A PRECONDITION = ! PRACTICE ( ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES4  ,TO SUM UP ! CRITICAL MESSAGE ( ECOLOGY3  IF WE DIM9I% V>IETY 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 WE DEBASE ITS UNITY & :OL5ESS4  ,WE DE/ROY ! =CES MAK+ = NATURAL H>MONY & /ABILITY1 = A LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM1 & :AT IS EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANT1 WE 9TRODUCE AN ABSOLUTE RETROGRESSION 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATURAL WORLD ?AT MAY EV5TUALLY R5D] ! 5VIRONM5T UNFIT = ADVANC$ =MS ( LIFE4  ,TO SUM UP ! RECON/RUCTIVE MESSAGE ( ECOLOGY3  IF WE WI% TO ADVANCE ! UNITY & /ABILITY ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 IF WE WI% TO H>MONIZE IT ON EV] HI<] LEVELS ( DEVELOPM5T1 WE MU/ CONS]VE & PROMOTE V>IETY4  ,TO BE SURE1 M]E V>IETY = ITS [N SAKE IS A VACU\S GOAL4  ,9 NATURE1 V>IETY EM]GES SPONTANE\SLY4  ,! CAPACITIES ( A NEW SPECIES >E TE/$ BY ! RIGORS ( CLIMATE1 BY ITS ABILITY TO DEAL ) PR$ATORS1 & BY ITS CAPACITY TO E/ABLI% & 5L>GE ITS NI*E4  ,YET ! SPECIES ?AT SUCCE$S 9 5L>G+ ITS NI*E 9 ! 5VIRONM5T ALSO 5L>GES ! ECOLOGICAL SITUATION AS A :OLE4  ,TO BORR[ ,E4 ,A4 ,GUTK9D@&_?#a#d#f2S PHRASE1 IT @&_?#a#d#g2EXP&S ! 5VIRONM5T1@&_?#a#d#h2 BO? = ITSELF & = ! SPECIES ) :I* IT 5T]S 9TO A BALANC$ RELATION%IP4#e 

,H[ DO !SE CONCEPTS APPLY TO SOCIAL !ORY8  ,TO MANY READ]S ,I SUPPOSE1 IT %\LD SUFFICE TO SAY ?AT1 9ASMU* AS MAN IS P>T ( NATURE1 AN EXP&+ NATURAL 5VIRONM5T 5L>GES ! BASIS = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4  ,BUT ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION1 ,I ?9K1 GOES MU* DEEP] ?AN MANY ECOLOGI/S & LIB]T>IANS SUSPECT4  ,AGA91 ALL[ ME TO RETURN TO ! ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLE ( :OL5ESS & BALANCE AS A PRODUCT ( DIV]SITY4  ,KEEP+ ?IS PR9CIPLE 9 M9D1 ! FIR/ /EP T[>D AN ANSW] IS PROVID$ BY A PASSAGE 9 ,H]B]T ,READ@&_?#a#d#f2S ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*ISM4  ,9 PRES5T+ HIS @&_?#a#d#g2MEASURE ( PROGRESS1@&_?#a#d#h2 ,READ OBS]VES3  @&_?#a#d#g2,PROGRESS IS MEASUR$ BY ! DEGREE ( DIFF]5TIATION )9 A SOCIETY4  ,IF ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A UNIT 9 A CORPORATE MASS1 HIS LIFE WILL BE LIMIT$1 DULL1 & ME*ANICAL4  ,IF ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A UNIT ON HIS [N1 ) SPACE & POT5TIALITY = SEP>ATE ACTION1 !N HE MAY BE MORE SUBJECT TO ACCID5T OR *ANCE1 BUT AT LEA/ HE CAN EXP& & EXPRESS HIMSELF4  ,HE CAN DEVELOP--DEVELOP 9 ! ONLY REAL MEAN+ ( ! WORLD@&_?#a#e#a2DEVELOP 9 CONSCI\SNESS ( /R5G?1 VITALITY1 & JOY4@&_?#a#d#h2 

,READ@&_?#a#d#f2S ?\<T1 UN=TUNATELY1 IS NOT FULLY DEVELOP$1 BUT IT PROVIDES AN 9T]E/+ PO9T ( DEP>TURE4  ,:AT FIR/ /RIKES US IS ?AT BO? ! ECOLOGI/ & ! AN>*I/ PLACE A /RONG EMPHASIS ON SPONTANEITY4  ,! ECOLOGI/1 9S(> AS HE IS MORE ?AN A TE*NICIAN1 T5DS TO REJECT ! NOTION ( @&_?#a#d#g2P[] OV] NATURE4@&_?#a#d#h2  ,H SPEAKS 9/EAD ( @&_?#a#d#g2/E]+@&_?#a#d#h2 HIS WAY ?\< AN ECOLOGICAL SITUATION1 ( MANAG+ RA!R ?AN RECREAT+ AN ECOSY/EM4  ,! AN>*I/1 9 TURN1 SPEAKS 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL SPONTANEITY1 ( RELEAS+ ! POT5TIALITIES ( SOCIETY & HUMANITY1 ( GIV+ FREE & UNFETT]$ RE9 TO ! CREATIVITY ( PEOPLE4  ,EA* IT ITS [N WAY REG>DS AU?ORITY AS 9HIBITORY1 AS A WEI<T LIMIT+ ! CREATIVE POT5TIAL ( A NATURAL & SOCIAL SITUATION4  ,!IR OBJECT IS NOT TO RULE A DOMA9 BUT TO RELEASE IT4  ,!Y REG>D 9SI<T1 REASON1 & KN[L$GE AS MEANS = FULFILL+ ! POT5TIALITIES ( A SITUATION1 AS FACILITAT+ ! WORK+ \T ( ! LOGIC ( A SITUATION1 NOT ( REPLAC+ ITS POT5TIALITIES ) PRECONCEIV$ NOTIONS OR DI/ORT+ !IR DEVELOPM5T 9TO DOGMAS4 

,RETURN+ N[ TO ,READ@&_?#a#d#f2S WORDS1 :AT /RIKES US NEXT IS ?AT LIKE ! ECOLOGI/1 ! AN>*I/ VIEWS DIFF]5TIATION AS A MEASURE ( PROGRESS4  ,! ECOLOGI/ USES ! T]M BIOTIC PYRAMID 9 SPEAK+ ( BIOLOGICAL ADVANCES2 ! AN>*I/1 ! WORD 9DIVIDUATION TO D5OTE SOCIAL ADVANCES4  ,IF WE GO BEYOND ,READ1 WE WILL OBS]VE ?AT1 TO BO? ! ECOLOGI/ & ! AN>*I/1 AN EV]-5L>G+ UNITY IS A*IEV$ BY GR[+ DIFF]5TIATION4  ,AN EXP&+ :OLE IS CREAT$ BY ! DIV]SIFICATION & 5RI*M5T ( ! P>TS4  

,JU/ AS ! ECOLOGI/ SEEKS TO ELABORATE ! RANGE ( AN ECOSY/EM & PROMOTE A FREE 9T]PLAY AMONG SPECIES1 SO ! AN>*I/ SEEKS TO ELABORATE ! RANGE ( SOCIAL EXP]I5CE & REMOVE ALL FETT]S TO ITS DEVELOPM5T4  ,AN>*ISM IS NOT ONLY A /ATELESS SOCIETY BUT ALSO A H>MONIZ$ SOCIETY ?AT EXPOSES MAN TO ! /IMULI PROVID$ BY BO? AGR>IAN & URBAN LIFE1 TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & M5TAL ACTIVITY1 TO UNREPRESS$ S5SUALITY & SELF-DIRECT$ SPIRITUALITY1 TO COMMUNAL SOLID>ITY & 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T1 TO REGIONAL UNIQU5ESS & WORLDWIDE BRO!RHOOD1 TO SPONTANEITY & SELF-DISCIPL9E1 TO ! ELIM9ATION ( TOIL & ! PROMOTION ( CRAFTSMAN%IP4  ,9 \R S*IZOID SOCIETY1 !SE GOALS >E REG>D$ AS MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE DUALITIES1 %>PLY OPPOS$4  ,!Y APPE> AS DUALITIES BECAUSE ( ! V]Y LOGI/ICS ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY@&_?#a#e#a2! SEP>ATION ( T[N & C\NTRY1 ! SPECIALIZATION ( LABOR1 ! ATOMIZATION ( MAN--& IT W\LD BE PREPO/]\S TO BELIEVE ?AT !SE DUALITIES C\LD BE RESOLV$ )\T A G5]AL IDEA ( ! PHYSICAL /RUCTURE ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4  ,WE CAN GA9 SOME IDEA ( :AT SU* A SOCIETY W\LD BE LIKE BY READ+ ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS@&_?#a#d#f2S ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E & ! WRIT+S ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK94  ,BUT !SE >E M]E GLIMPSES4  ,!Y DO NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! PO/@&_?#a#e2,WORLD ,W> ,I,I DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY & ! CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECOLOGY4  ,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO EMB>K ON @&_?#a#d#g2UTOPIAN@&_?#a#d#h2 WRIT+1 BUT C]TA9 GUIDEL9ES CAN BE PRES5T$ EV5 9 A G5]AL DISCUSSION4  ,& 9 PRES5T+ !SE GUIDEL9ES1 ,I AM EAG] TO EMPHASIZE NOT ONLY ! MORE OBVI\S ECOLOGICAL PREMISES ?AT SUPPORT !M BUT ALSO ! HUMANI/IC ONES4 

,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY %\LD BE A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY TO E/ABLI% A LA/+ BASIS = ! H>MONIZATION ( MAN & NATURE1 BUT ALSO TO ADD NEW DIM5SIONS TO ! H>MONIZATION ( MAN & MAN4  ,! ANCI5T ,GREEKS1 WE >E (T5 REM9D$1 W\LD HAVE BE5 HORRIFI$ BY A CITY :OSE SIZE & POPULATION PRECLUD$ A FACE-TO-FACE1 (T5 FAMILI> RELATION%IP BETWE5 CITIZ5S4  ,TODAY !RE IS PLA9LY A NE$ TO R$UCE ! DIM5SIONS ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY@&_?#a#e#a2P>TLY TO SOLVE \R POLLUTION & TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS1 P>TLY ALSO TO CREATE REAL COMMUNITIES4  ,9 A S5SE1 WE MU/ HUMANIZE HUMANITY4  ,ELECTRONIC DEVICES1 SU* AS TELEPHONES1 TELEGRAPHS1 RADIOS1 TELEVISION RECEIV]S1 & COMPUT]S %\LD BE US$ AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE TO M$IATE ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4  ,9 MAK+ COLLECTIVE DECISIONS@&_?#a#e#a2& ! ANCI5T ,A!NIAN ECCLESIA WAS1 9 SOME WAYS1 A MODEL = MAK+ SOCIAL DECISIONS DUR+ ! CLASSICAL P]IOD@&_?#a#e#a2ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY %\LD HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO ACQUIRE 9 FULL ! MEASURE ( ANYONE :O ADDRESSES ! ASSEMBLY4  ,!Y %\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO ABSORB HIS ATTITUDES1 /UDY HIS EXPRESSIONS1 & WEI< HIS MOTIVES AS WELL AS HIS IDEAS 9 A DIRECT P]SONAL 5C\NT] & ?R\< FULL DEBATE & FACE-TO-FACE DISCUSSION4 

,\R SMALL COMMUNITIES %\LD BE ECONOMICALLY BALANC$ & WELL R\ND$1 P>TLY SO ?AT !Y CAN MAKE FULL USE ( LOCAL RAW MAT]IALS & 5]GY RES\RCES1 P>TLY ALSO TO 5L>GE ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL /IMULI TO :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E EXPOS$4  ,! MEMB] ( A COMMUNITY :O HAS A PR$ILECTION = 5G9E]+1 = 9/ANCE1 %\LD BE 5C\RAG$ TO /EEP HIS H&S 9 HUMMUS2 ! MAN ( IDEAS %\LD BE 5C\RAG$ TO EMPLOY HIS MUSCULATURE2 ! @&_?#a#d#g29BORN@&_?#a#d#h2 F>M] %\LD GA9 A FAMILI>ITY ) ! WORK+S ( A ROLL+ MILL4  ,TO SEP>ATE ! 5G9E] FROM ! SOIL1 ! ?9K] FROM ! SPADE1 & ! F>M] FROM ! 9DU/RIAL PLANT MAY WELL PROMOTE A DEGREE ( VOCATIONAL OV]SPECIALIZATION ?AT LEADS TO A DANG]\S MEASURE ( SOCIAL CONTROL BY SPECIALI/S4  ,:AT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 PR(ESSIONAL & VOCATIONAL SPECIALIZATION W\LD PREV5T SOCIETY FROM A*IEV+ A VITAL GOAL3  ! HUMANIZATION ( NATURE BY ! TE*NICIAN & ! NATURALIZATION ( SOCIETY BY ! BIOLOGI/4 

,I SUBMIT ?AT AN AN>*I/ COMMUNITY W\LD APPROXIMATE A CLE>LY DEF9ABLE ECOSY/EM@&_?#a#e#a2IT W\LD BE DIV]SIFI$1 BALANC$1 & H>MONI\S4  ,IT IS >GUABLE :E!R SU* AN ECOSY/EM W\LD ACQUIRE ! CONFIGURATION ( AN URBAN 5TITY ) A DI/9CT C5T]1 SU* AS WE F9D 9 ! ,GREEK POLIS OR ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 OR :E!R1 AS ,GUTK9D PROPOSES1 SOCIETY W\LD CONSI/ ( WIDELY DISP]S$ COMMUNITIES )\T A DI/9CT C5T]4  ,9 EI!R CASE1 ! ECOLOGICAL SCALE = ANY ( !SE COMMUNITIES W\LD BE ! SMALLE/ BIOME CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ A POPULATION ( MOD]ATE SIZE4 

,A RELATIVELY SELF-SUFFICI5T COMMUNITY1 VISIBLY DEP5D5T ON ITS 5VIRONM5T = ! MEANS ( LIFE1 W\LD GA9 A NEW RESPECT = ! ORGANIC 9T]RELATION%IPS ?AT SU/A9 IT4  ,9 ! LONG RUN1 ! ATTEMPT TO APPROXIMATE SELF-SUFFICI5CY W\LD1 ,I ?9K1 PROVE MORE EFFICI5T ?AN ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( A NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT PREVAILS TODAY4  ,AL?\< !RE W\LD D\BTLESS BE MANY DUPLICATIONS ( SMALL 9DU/RIAL FACILITIES FROM COMMUNITY TO COMMUNITY1 ! FAMILI>ITY ( EA* GR\P ) ITS LOCAL 5VIRONM5T & ITS ECOLOGICAL ROOTS W\LD MAKE = A MORE 9TELLIG5T & MORE LOV+ USE ( ITS 5VIRONM5T4  ,I SUBMIT ?AT F> FROM PRODUC+ PROV9CIALISM1 RELATIVE SELF-SUFFICI5CY W\LD CREATE A NEW MATRIX = 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNAL DEVELOPM5T@&_?#a#e#a2A ON5ESS ) ! SURR\ND+S ?AT W\LD VITALIZE ! COMMUNITY4 

,! ROTATION ( CIVIC1 VOCATIONAL1 & PR(ESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES W\LD /IMULATE ALL ! S5SES 9 ! BE+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 R\ND+ \T NEW DIM5SIONS 9 SELF-DEVELOPM5T4  ,9 A COMPLETE SOCIETY WOE C\LD HOPE AGA9 TO CREATE COMPLETE M52 9 A R\ND$ SOCIETY1 R\ND$ M54  ,9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD ! ,A!NIANS1 = ALL !IR %ORTCOM+S & LIMITATIONS1 W]E ! FIR/ TO GIVE US A NOTION ( ?IS COMPLET5ESS4  @&_?#a#d#g2,! POLIS WAS MADE = ! AMATEUR1@&_?#a#d#h2 ,KITTO TELLS US4  @&_?#a#d#g2,ITS IDEAL WAS ?AT EV]Y CITIZ5 7MORE OR LESS1 ACCORD+ AS ! POLIS WAS DEMOCRATIC OR OLIG>*IC7 %\LD PLAY ?IS P>T 9 ALL ( ITS MANY ACTIVITIES@&_?#a#e#a2AN IDEAL ?AT IS RECOGNIZABLY DESC5D$ FROM ! G5]\S ,HOM]IC CONCEPTION ( >ETE AS AN ALL-R\ND EXCELL5CE & AN ALL-R\ND ACTIVITY4  ,IT IMPLIES A RESPECT = ! :OL5ESS OR ! ON5ESS ( LIFE1 & A CONSEQU5T DISLIKE ( SPECIALIZATION4  ,IT IMPLIES A CONTEMPT = EFFICI5CY@&_?#a#e#a2OR RA!R A MU* HI<] IDEAL ( EFFICI5CY2 AN EFFICI5CY :I* EXI/S NOT 9 ONE DEP>TM5T ( LIFE1 BUT 9 LIFE ITSELF4@&_?#a#d#h2#f  ,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 AL?\< IT W\LD SURELY ASPIRE = MORE1 C\LD H>DLY HOPE TO A*IEVE LESS ?AN ?IS /ATE ( M9D4 

,IF ! ME%+ ( ECOLOGICAL & AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES IS EV] A*IEV$ 9 PRACTICE1 SOCIAL LIFE W\LD YIELD A S5SITIVE DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN & NATURAL DIV]SITY1 FALL+ TOGE!R 9TO A WELL-BALANC$1 H>MONI\S UNITY4  ,RANG+ FROM COMMUNITY ?R\< REGION TO 5TIRE CONT95TS1 WE W\LD SEE A COLORFUL DIFF]5TIATION ( HUMAN GR\PS & ECOSY/EMS1 EA* DEVELOP+ ITS UNIQUE POT5TIALITIES & EXPOS+ MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY TO A WIDE SPECTRUM ( ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 & BEHAVIORAL /IMULI4  ,FALL+ )9 \R PURVIEW W\LD BE AN EXCIT+1 (T5 DRAMATIC1 V>IETY ( COMMUNAL =MS@&_?#a#e#a2H]E M>K$ BY >*ITECTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ADAPTATIONS TO SEMI>ID BIOMES1 !RE TO GRASSL&S1 ELSE:]E BY ADAPTATION TO =E/$ >EAS4  ,WE W\LD WITNESS A DYNAMIC 9T]PLAY BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL & GR\P1 COMMUNITY & 5VIRONM5T1 HUMANITY & NATURE4  ,FRE$ FROM AN OPPRESSIVE R\T9E1 FROM P>ALYZ+ REPRESSIONS & 9SECURITIES1 FROM ! BURD5S ( TOIL & FALSE NE$S1 FROM ! TRAMMELS ( AU?ORITY & IRRATIONAL COMPULSION1 9DIVIDUALS W\LD F9ALLY BE 9 A POSITION1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 TO FULLY REALIZE !IR POT5TIALITIES AS MEMB]S ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY & ! NATURAL WORLD4  

,OBS]VATIONS ON @&_?#a#d#g2,CLASSICAL@&_?#a#d#h2 ,AN>*ISM & ,MOD]N ,ECOLOGY 

,! FUTURE ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WILL DEP5D UPON ITS ABILITY TO APPLY BASIC LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES TO NEW HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS4  ,!SE PR9CIPLES >E NOT DIFFICULT TO DEF9E@&_?#a#e#a2A /ATELESS1 DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON ! COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4  ,!RE IS ALSO AN AN>*I/ E?IC1 IF NOT ME?ODOLOGY1 :I* ,BAKUN9 BASICALLY SUMM>IZ$ :5 HE SAID3  @&_?#a#d#g2,WE CANNOT ADMIT1 EV5 AS A REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION1 A SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP1 BECAUSE :5 ! REVOLUTION BECOMES CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( SOME 9DIVIDUALS1 IT BECOMES 9EVITABLY & IMM$IATELY REACTION4@&_?#a#d#h2  7,!RE IS ALSO NE$1 ,I FE>1 = A VIGOR\S1 UNCOMPROMIS+ >TICLE ON @&_?#a#d#g2,TAK+ ,AN>*ISM ,S]I\SLY4@&_?#a#d#h2  ,!RE >E F> TOO MANY SO-CALL$ AN>*I/S1 COM=TABLY SITUAT$ 9 ! MILL5>IAN WORLD ( B\RGEOIS RE=M@&_?#a#e#a2& ITS MANY (FICIAL & MAT]IAL REW>DS@&_?#a#e#a2:OSE NOTIONS CAN BE REG>D$ AS M]E EXT5SIONS ( ,ADAM ,SMI?4  ,BUT ?AT IS A SEP>ATE MATT]47  ,:AT DISQUIETS ME1 = ! PRES5T1 IT ! WORD CLASSICAL AS APPLI$ TO AN>*ISM1 A WORD =TUNATELY ?AT IS USUALLY DECORAT$ BY QUOTATION M>KS4  ,! WORD HAS /RANGE CONNOTATIONS = A MOVEM5T :OSE V]Y LIFE-BLOOD IS A F]V5T ICONOCLASM1 NOT ONLY ) RESPECT TO AU?ORITY 9 SOCIETY AT L>GE1 BUT 9 ITSELF4 

,TO MY ?9K+1 AN>*ISM CONSI/S ( A BODY ( IMP]I%ABLE IDEALS ?AT M5 HAVE TIR$ TO APPROXIMATE = ?\S&S ( YE>S 9 ALL >EAS ( ! WORLD4  ,! CONTEXT ( !SE IDEALS HAS *ANG$ ) TIME1 BUT BASIC LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES HAVE ALT]$ V]Y LITTLE ?R\< ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4  ,IT IS VITALLY IMPORTANT ?AT AN>*I/S GRASP ! *ANG+ HI/ORICAL CONTEXT 9 :I* !SE IDEALS HAVE BE5 APPLI$1 LE/ !Y NE$LESSLY /AGNATE BECAUSE ( ! P]SI/5CE ( OLD =MULAS 9 NEW SITUATIONS4 

,9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 AN>*ISM FIR/ APPE>$ AS A MOVEM5T ( ! PEASANTRY & YEOMANRY AGA9/ DECL9+ FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS4  ,9 ,G]MANY ITS =EMO/ SPOKESMAN DUR+ ! ,PEASANT ,W>S WAS ,?OMAS ,MU5Z]2 9 ,5GL&1 ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY1 A LEAD+ P>TICIPANT 9 ! ,DIGG] MOVEM5T4  ,! CONCEPTS HELD BY ,MU5Z] & ,W9/ANLEY W]E SUP]BLY ATTUN$ TO ! NE$S ( !IR TIME@&_?#a#e#a2A HI/ORICAL P]IOD :5 ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION LIV$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & :5 ! MO/ MILITANT REVOLUTION>Y =CES CAME FROM AN AGR>IAN WORLD4  ,IT W\LD BE PA9FULLY ACADEMIC TO >GUE :E!R ,MU5Z] & ,W9/ANLEY C\LD HAVE A*IEV$ !IR IDEALS4  ,:AT IS ( REAL IMPORTANCE IS ?AT !Y SPOKE TO !IR TIME2 !IR AN>*I/ CONCEPTS FOLL[$ NATURALLY FROM ! RURAL SOCIETY ?AT FURNI%$ ! B&S ( ! PEASANT >MIES 9 ,G]MANY & ! ,NEW ,MODEL 9 ,5GL&4 

,) ,JACQUES ,R\X1 ,JEAN ,V>LET1 & ! ,5RAGES ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 WE F9D A REAPPLICATION ( SUB/ANTIALLY ! SAME CONCEPTS HELD BY ,MU5Z] & ,W9/ANLEY TO A NEW HI/ORICAL CONTEXT3  ,P>IS 9 #a#g#i#c@&_?#a#e#a2A CITY ( NE>LY #g1 PEOPLE1 COMPOS$ 7AS ,RUDE TELLS US7 ( @&_?#a#d#g2SMALL %OPKEEP]S1 PETTY TRAD]S1 CRAFTSM51 J\RNEYM51 LABOR]S1 VAGRANTS1 & ! CITY POOR4@&_?#a#d#h2  ,R\X & ,V>LET ADDRESS !MSELVES TO A BASICALLY CLASSLESS PEOPLE :O MI<T PROP]LY BE COMP>$ ) ! SULL5 ,NEGRO MASSES 9 ! ,WATTS DI/RICT ( ,LOS ,ANGELES4  ,!IR AN>*ISM IS URBANIZ$1 SO TO SPEAK2 IT IS FOCUS$ ON ! NE$ TO /ILL ! PANGS ( HUNG]1 ON ! MIS]Y ( ! POOR 9 ! RE/LESS ,GRAVILLI]S DI/RICT4  ,!IR AGITATION T5DS TO C5T] MORE ON ! CO/ ( LIV+ ?AN ON ! R$I/RIBUTION ( L&1 MORE ON POPUL> CONTROL OV] ! ADM9I/RATION ( ,P>IS ?AN ON ! =MATION ( COMMUNAL BRO!RHOODS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4  

,PR\DHON1 9 HIS [N WAY1 PROBES ! V]Y VITALS ( ?IS CONTEXT4  ,HE SPEAKS DIRECTLY TO ! NE$S ( ! CRAFTSMAN1 :OSE WORLD & VALUES >E BE+ ?REAT5$ BY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4  ,9 ! BACKGR\ND ( NE>LY ALL HIS WORKS IS ! VILLAGE ECONOMY ( ! ,FRAN*E-,COMTE1 ! MEMORIES ( ,BURGILLE-5-,M>NAY1 & ! T\R DE ,FRANCE HE MADE AS A J\RNEYMAN 9 ! PR9T+ TRADE4  ,A B5IGN PAT]FAMILIAS1 AN >TISAN AT HE>T :O LOA!D ,P>IS 7@&_?#a#d#g2,I SUFF] FROM MY EXILE1@&_?#a#d#h2 HE WROTE FROM ,P>IS1 @&_?#a#d#g2,I DETE/ ,P>ISIAN CIVILIZATION 4 4 4 ,I %ALL NEV] BY ABLE TO WRITE EXCEPT ON ! BANKS ( ! ,D\BS1 ! ,OGNON & ! ,L\E@&_?#a#d#h271 ! FACT YET REMA9S ?AT ! V]Y ,P>ISIANS :O W]E TO @&_?#a#d#g2/ORM ! HEAV5S@&_?#a#d#h2 9 #a#h#c1 9 #a#h#d#h1 & AGA9 9 ! ,COMMUNE ( #ahga W]E MA9LY >TISANS1 NOT FACTORY WORK]S1 & IT WAS !SE M5 :O W]E TO ADH]E TO ,PR\DHON@&_?#a#d#f2S DOCTR9ES4  ,AGA91 MY PO9T IS ?AT ! ,PR\DHONIAN AN>*I/S W]E M5 ( !IR TIMES & DEALT ) ! PROBLEMS FROM :I* /EMM$ MO/ ( ! SOCIAL UNRE/ 9 ,FRANCE@&_?#a#e#a2! PA9FUL1 AGONIZ+ DE/RUCTION ( ! H&ICRAFT WORK]S4  

,9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 AN>*I/ ?\<T F9DS ITSELF 9 A NEW HI/ORICAL CONTEXT@&_?#a#e#a2A P]IOD M>K$ BY ! RISE ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4  ,ITS MO/ EFFECTIVE EXPRESSION = ! TIME IS TO BE F\ND LESS 9 ! WORKS ( ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 ?AN 9 ! LESS P]MAN5T >TICLES & SPEE*ES ( ,*RI/IAN ,CORNELISS51 ,PI]RE ,MONATTE1 @&_?#a#d#g2,BIG ,BILL@&_?#a#d#h2 ,HAYWOOD1 ,>M&O ,BOR<I1 & ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]@&_?#a#e#a29 %ORT1 9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4  ,?AT MANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LEAD]S %\LD HAVE DRIFT$ FROM AN>*I/ NOTIONS TO A RE=MI/ TRADE-UNION \TLOOK %\LD NOT SURPRISE US2 9 ?IS RESPECT !Y (T5 FOLL[$ ! *ANG+ M5TALITY ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS & ITS GR[+ /AKE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,IF WE LOOK BACK1 !N1 WE F9D ?AT AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 9S(> AS !Y HAVE BE5 MORE ?AN ?AT P]SONAL IDEA ( A FEW ISOLAT$ 9TELLECTUALS1 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 CLO!D 9 A HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4  ,BE=E ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 AN>*I/ DOCTR9ES ROSE ON ! FULL SWELL ( PEASANT DISCONT5T4  ,BETWE5 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! HI/ORICAL WAVE ?AT C>RI$ !SE DOCTR9ES =W>D WAS >TISAN DISCONT5T4  ,& BETWE5 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 AN>*ISM@&_?#a#e#a2?IS TIME1 TOGE!R ) ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM@&_?#a#e#a2FL[$ AN EBB$ AS MOVEM5TS ) ! =TUNES ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 

,!RE IS /ILL WIDESPREAD PEASANT DISCONT5T 9 ! WORLD TODAY3  9DE$1 ! S\RCE ( ! MO/ VIOL5T DISCONT5T WILL BE F\ND 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,ASIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ,AFRICA4  ,!RE >E /ILL CRAFTSM5 :OSE SOCIAL POSITION IS BE+ UND]M9$ BY MOD]N TE*NOLOGY2 & !RE >E /ILL MILLIONS ( 9DU/RIAL WORKS = :OM ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A BRUTE1 IMM$IATE FACT ( LIFE4  ,MANY ASPECTS ( ! OLD] AN>*I/ PROGRAMS1 SOPHI/ICAT$ BY HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE & MATUR$ BY LAT] ?9K]S1 D\BTLESS /ILL APPLY TO MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD4 

,BUT ! FACT REMA9S ?AT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9 MANY C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE1 A NEW HI/ORICAL CONTEXT IS EM]G+ = AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4  ,! DI/+UI%+ FEATURE ( ?IS NEW CONTEXT IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( GIGANTIC URBAN BELTS1 ! 9CREAS+ C5TRALIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE 9TO /ATE CAPITALISM1 ! EXT5SION ( AUTOMAT$ MA*9]Y TO ALL >EAS ( PRODUCTION1 ! BREAKD[N ( ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS CLASS /RUCTURE 7,I REF] H]E TO ! DECL9E ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 NOT M]ELY TO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! OLD ROBB] B>ONS71 ! USE ( @&_?#a#d#g2WELF>E@&_?#a#d#h2 TE*NIQUES TO /IFLE MAT]IAL DISCONT5T1 ! ABILITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE@&_?#a#e#a2MORE PRECISELY1 ! /ATE@&_?#a#e#a2TO DEAL ) ECONOMIC DISLOCATIONS & CRISES1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A W> ECONOMY1 & ! REALIGNM5T ( IMP]IALI/ NATIONS >\ND ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES@&_?#a#e#a2:AT IS CRUDELY CALL$ ! ,PAX ,AM]ICANA4 ,?IS NEW ]A ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 :I* HAS SUPPLANT$ ! OLD] ]A ( 9DU/RIAL LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM1 MU/ BE DEALT ) E>NE/LY & )\T REG>D TO E>LI] PRECEPTS BY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4  ,TO FAIL TO MEET ?IS !ORETICAL *ALL5GE WILL DOOM ALL EXI/+ MOVEM5TS TO A L+]+1 BURD5SOME /AGNATION4 

,NEW PROBLEMS HAVE >IS5 TO :I* AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA* (F]S A MORE MEAN+FUL >5A ( DISCUSSION ?AN ! OLD] SYNDICALI/ APPROA*4  ,LIFE ITSELF COMPELS ! AN>*I/ TO CONC]N HIMSELF 9CREAS+LY ) ! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE1 ) ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ALONG HUMANI/IC L9ES1 ) ! SUBCULTURES CREAT$ BY NEW1 (T5 9DEF9ABLE /RATA@&_?#a#e#a2/UD5TS1 UNEMPLOYABLES1 AN IMM5SE BOHEMIA ( 9TELLECTUALS1 & ABOVE ALL A Y\? ?AT BEGAN TO GA9 SOCIAL AW>5ESS ) ! PEACE MOVEM5T & CIVIL RI<TS /RUGGLES ( ! E>LY #a#i#fS4  ,:AT KEEPS ALL /RATA & CLASSES 9 A /ATE ( A/ONI%+ SOCIAL MOBILITY & 9SECURITY IS ! ADV5T ( A COMPUT]IZ$ & AUTOMAT$ TE*NOLOGY@&_?#a#e#a2= IT IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO PR$ICT ! VOCATIONAL OR PR(ESSIONAL FUTURE ( MO/ PEOPLE 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD4  

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ?IS V]Y TE*NOLOGY IS RIPE ) PROMISE ( A TRULY LIB]AT$ SOCIETY4  ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R1 MU/ EXPLORE ?IS PROMISE 9 DEP?4  ,IT MU/ ?OR\<LY ASSIMILATE ?IS TE*NOLOGY@&_?#a#e#a2MA/] ITS DEVELOPM5T1 POSSIBILITIES1 & APPLICATIONS & REVEAL ITS PROMISE 9 HUMANI/IC T]MS4  ,! WORLD IS ALREADY BESET ) ME*ANICAL @&_?#a#d#g2UTOPIAS@&_?#a#d#h2 ?AT MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLE ,HUXLEY@&_?#a#d#f2S BRAVE NEW WORLD & ,ORWELL@&_?#a#d#f2S #aihd ?AN ! ORGANIC UTOPIAS ( ,?OMAS ,MORE & ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS@&_?#a#e#a2! HUMANI/IC TR5D 9 UTOPIAN ?9K+4  ,ONLY AN>*ISM CAN 9FUSE ! PROMISE ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY ) AN ORGANIC P]SPECTIVE1 ) A MAN-ORI5T$ DIRECTION4  ,ECOLOGY PROVIDES A SUP]B APPROA* TO ! FULFILLM5T ( ?IS HI/ORIC RESPONSIBILITY4  ,IT IS MORE ?AN LIKELY ?AT IF ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T DOES NOT TAKE ?IS RESPONSIBILITY S]I\SLY & APPLY ITSELF FULLY TO ! JOB ( TRANSLAT+ ! PROMISE ( TE*NOLOGY 9TO AN 5VISIONABLE BODY ( GUIDEL9ES1 A TE*NOCRATIC1 ME*ANI/IC APPROA* WILL T5D TO DOM9ATE MOD]N ?9K+ ON ! FUTURE4  ,M5 WILL BE ASK$ TO RESIGN !MSELVES TO @&_?#a#d#g2IMPROV$@&_?#a#d#h2 & GIMMICK-RIDD5 V]SION ( EXI/+ URBAN MON/ROSITIES1 ( A MASS SOCIETY1 ( A C5TRALIZ$1 BUREAUCRATIC /ATE4  ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT !SE MON/ROSITIES HAVE P]MAN5CE OR /ABILITY2 QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y WILL SEE! ) UNRE/1 REGRESS T[>D A NEW B>B>ISM1 & EV5TUALLY FALL BE=E ! REV5GE ( ! NATURAL WORLD4  ,BUT SOCIAL CONFLICT WILL BE R$UC$ TO ITS MO/ ELEM5TAL1 BRUTI% T]MS1 & IT IS QUE/IONABLE 9DE$ IF MANK9D WILL BE ABLE TO REGA9 ITS VISION ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

,!RE IS A FASC9AT+ DIALECTIC 9 ! HI/ORIC PROCESS4  ,\R AGE CLOSELY RESEMBLES ! ,R5AISSANCE1 SOME F\R C5TURIES AGO4  ,FROM ! TIME ( ,?OMAS ,MORE TO ?AT ( ,VAL5T9 ,&REAE1 ! BREAKD[N ( FEUDAL SOCIETY PRODUC$ A /RANGE1 9T]M$IATE SOCIAL ZONE1 & 9DEF9ABLE EPO*1 :5 OLD 9/ITUTIONS W]E CLE>LY 9 DECL9E & NEW ONES HAD NOT YET >IS54  ,! HUMAN M9D1 FRE$ FROM ! BURD5 ( TRADITION1 ACQUIR$ UNCANNY P[]S ( G5]ALIZATION & IMAG9ATION4  ,ROAM+ FREELY & SPONTANE\SLY OV] ! 5TIRE REALM ( EXP]I5CE1 IT PRODUC$ A/ONI%+ VISIONS1 (T5 F> TRANSC5D+ ! MAT]IAL LIMITATIONS ( ! TIME4  ,5TIRE SCI5CES & S*OOLS ( PHILOSOPHY W]E F\ND$ 9 ! SWEEP ( AN ESSAY OR A PAMPHLET4  ,IT WAS A TIME :5 NEW POT5TIALITIES HAD REPLAC$ ! OLD ACTUALITIES1 :5 ! G5]AL1 LAT5T ) NEW POSSIBILITIES1 HAD REPLAC$ ! BURD5SOME P>TICUL>S ( FEUDAL SOCIETY1 :5 MAN1 /RIPP$ ( TRADITIONAL FETT]S1 HAD TURN$ FROM A TRANSFIX$ CREATURE 9TO A VITAL1 SE>*+ BE+4  ,! E/ABLI%$ FEUDAL CLASSES W]E BREAK+ D[N1 & ) !M NE>LY AL ! VALUES ( ! M$IEVAL WORLD4  ,A NEW SOCIAL MOBILITY1 A RE/LESS1 ALMO/ GYPSY-LIKE YE>N+ = *ANGE1 P]VAD$ ! ,WE/]N WORLD4  ,9 TIME1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CRY/ALLIZ$ \T ( ?IS FLUX1 BR++ ) IT AN 5TIRELY NEW BODY ( 9/ITUTIONS1 CLASSES1 VALUES@&_?#a#e#a2& *A9S@&_?#a#e#a2TO REPLACE FEUDAL CIVILIZATION4  ,BUT = A TIME ! WORLD WAS LOOS5+ ITS %ACKLES1 & IT /ILL S\<T A DE/9Y ?AT WAS F> LESS DEF9$ ?AN WE SUPPOSE TODAY1 ) \R RETROSPECTIVE @&_?#a#d#g2HI/ORICAL@&_?#a#d#h2 ATTITUDES4  ,?IS WORLD HAUNTS US LIKE AN UN=GETTABLE DAWN1 RI*LY T9T$1 9EFFABLY BEAUTIFUL1 LAD5 ) ! PROMISE ( BIR?4 

,TODAY1 9 ! LA/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 WE TOO >E LIV+ 9 A P]IOD ( SOCIAL DIS9TEGRATION4  ,! OLD CLASSES >E BREAK+ D[N1 ! OLD VALUES >E 9 DIS9TEGRATION1 & ! E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS@&_?#a#e#a2SO C>EFULLY DEVELOP$ BY TWO C5TURIES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T@&_?#a#e#a2>E DECAY+ BE=E \R EYES4  ,LIKE \R ,R5AISSANCE =EBE>S1 WE LIVE 9 AN EPO* ( POT5TIALITIES1 ( G5]ALITIES1 & WE TOO >E SE>*+1 SEEK+ A DIRECTION FROM ! FIR/ LI<TS ON ! HORIZON4  ,IT WILL NO LONG] DO1 ,I ?9K1 TO ASK ( AN>*ISM ?AT IT M]ELY FREE ITSELF FROM N9ETE5?-C5TURY FETT]S & UPDATE ITS !ORIES TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4  ,9 A TIME ( SU* 9/ABILITY1 EV]Y DECADE TELESCOPES A G5]ATION ( *ANGE UND] /ABLE CONDITIONS4  ,WE MU/ LOOK EV5 FUR!R1 TO ! C5TURY ?AT LIES AHEAD2 WE CANNOT BE EXTRAVAGANT 5\< 9 RELEAS+ ! IMAG9ATION ( MAN4 

#a  ,= 9SI<T 9TO ?IS PROBLEM1 ! READ] MAY CONSULT ,*>LES ,S4 ,ELTON1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,9VASIONS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,JOHN ,WILEY @& ,SONS1 #a#i#e#c72 ,$W>D ,HYAMS1 ,SOIL & ,CIVILIZATION 7,LONDON3  ,?AMES & ,HUDSON1 #a#i#e#b72 ,LEWIS ,H]B]1 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 7,NEW ,YORK3  ,KNOPF1 #a#i#f#b72 & ,RA*EL ,C>SON1 ,SIL5T ,SPR+@&_?#a#e#a2?IS LA/ TO BE READ LESS AS A DIATRIBE AGA9/ PE/ICIDES ?AN AS A PLEA = ECOLOGICAL DIV]SIFICATION4 

#b ,= 9SI<T 9TO ?IS PROBLEM1 ! READ] MAY CONSULT ,*>LES ,S4 ,ELTON1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,9VASIONS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,JOHN ,WILEY @& ,SONS1 #a#i#e#c72 ,$W>D ,HYAMS1 ,SOIL & ,CIVILIZATION 7,LONDON3  ,?AMES & ,HUDSON1 #a#i#e#b72 ,LEWIS ,H]B]1 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 7,NEW ,YORK3  ,KNOPF1 #a#i#f#b72 & ,RA*EL ,C>SON1 ,SIL5T ,SPR+@&_?#a#e#a2?IS LA/ TO BE READ LESS AS A DIATRIBE AGA9/ PE/ICIDES ?AN AS A PLEA = ECOLOGICAL DIV]SIFICATION4 

#c  ,RUDD@&_?#a#d#f2S USE ( ! WORD MANIPULATION IS LIKELY TO CREATE ! ]RONE\S IMPRESSION ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL SITUATION CAN BE R$UC$ TO SIMPLE ME*ANICAL T]MS4  ,LE/ ?IS IMPRESSION >ISE1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE ?AT \R KN[L$GE ( AN ECOLOGICAL SITUATION & ! PRACTICAL USE ( ?IS KN[L$GE IS A MATT] ( 9SI<T & UND]/&+ RA!R ?AN P[]4  ,ELTON1 ,I ?9K1 /ATES ! CASE = ! MANAGEM5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL SITUATION :5 HE WRITES3  @&_?#a#d#g2,! WORLD@&_?#a#d#f2S FUTURE HAS TO BE MANAG$1 BUT ?IS MANAGEM5T W\LD NOT BE JU/ LIKE A GAME ( *ESS@&_?#a#e#a2.<BUT.> MORE LIKE /E]+ A BOAT4@&_?#a#d#h2 

#d  ,LEWIS ,H]B]1 ,CRISIS 9 ,\R ,CITIES 7,NEW ,J]SEY3  ,PR5TICE-,HALL1 #a#i#f#e71 #a#i#d4 

#e  ,I DO NOT WI% TO SADDLE ,GUTK9D ) ! NOTIONS ,I HAVE ADVANC$ ABOVE1 BUT ,I BELIEVE ! READ] W\LD B5EFIT 5ORM\SLY BY READ+ ,GUTK9D@&_?#a#d#f2S  MA/]FUL DISCUSSION ( COMMUNITIES1 ,! ,EXP&+ ,5VIRONM5T 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS74  

#f  ,H4,D4 ,F4 ,KITTO1 ,! ,GREEKS 7,*ICAGO3  ,ALD9E1 #a#i#f#d71 #a#f#a4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifc 3 ,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T -- ,UPDAT$4 

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