,$UCATION ( ! ,MASSES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,E/ELLE ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/ 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/1 0,$UCATION ( ! ,MASSES0 ,DREADN\<T ,PAMPHLET ,NO4 #a1 #a#i#a#h1 #af PAGES1 PRICE #aD2 
,PUBLI%$3 BY ,! ,DREADN\<T ,PUBLI%]S1 #aeb ,FLEET ,/REET1 ,E4,C4#d42 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D4 

,FROM 9T]NAL EVID5CE IT LOOKS AS IF ?IS WAS AN >TICLE WRITT5 9 ,WORK]S ,DREADN\<T A YE> OR TWO PREVI\SLY & REPUBLI%$ AS A PAMPHLET 9 #aibb 

0,Y\ CANNOT $UCATE ! MASS40 

,H[ (T5 ?AT PHRASE IS HE>D 9 ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T2 & :AT A CRUEL BLASPHEMY AGA9/ ! HUMAN M9D IS CONTA9$ 9 ?OSE CRUEL WORDS6 

,! FACTS ( HI/ORY EXPOSE ! FALSITY ( ! SILLY SAY+1 :I* COMES ) PECULI>LY ILL GRACE FROM ?OSE :O PR(ESS TO BE SCI5TIFIC WORK]S = A ,COMMUNI/ ,MILL5NIUM 9 :I* ALL %ALL BE CULTUR$1 EQUAL C[ORK]S = ! ,COMMONWEAL4 

,NEV]!LESS IT IS (T5 PRECISELY AMONG ?OSE ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S :O MAKE ! L\DE/ BOA/ ?AT !Y >E SCI5TIFIC /UD5TS & WORK]S = ! CAUSE1 ?AT ! EVIL SAY+ IS (T5E/ HE>D & REPEAT$ P>ROT-LIKE4 

,! PHRASE S\NDS MORE LOGICAL1 ?\< IT IS NO LESS UNJU/1 :5 IT IS US$ BY ! W\LD-BE DICTATORS & ADMIR]S ( DICTATOR%IP1 :O CONSID] ?AT ! MASS ( ! E>?'S PEOPLE %\LD BE BUT PAWNS1 TO BE US$ = ! PR(IT ( SOME FEW CONTROLL+ RUL]S4 ,SU* OP9IONS MAY BE UTT]$ BY ?OSE :O >E SATISFI$ ) A /ATE ( SOCIETY :I* DEVELOPS A PRIVILEG$ CLASS S]V$ BY TOIL+ MILLIONS1 TO :OM CULTURE IS D5I$1 LE/ !Y ASPIRE TO BE O!R ?AN HEW]S ( WOOD & DRAW]S ( WAT] & TO DEVELOP ALSO ! HI<] ATTRIBUTES ( ! HUMAN BE+4 ,NO ONE :O DESIRES AN EQUALIT>IAN SOCIETY %\LD C\NT5ANCE SU* AN IGNOBLE VIEW4 

,*EMICAL & ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS >E MAK+ POSSIBLE AN EV] GREAT] & MORE EXCELL5T PRODUCTION1 ) A LESS] EXP5DITURE ( LABOR4 ,!RE=E FROM ?IS TIME ONW>DS HUMANITY MAY FREE ITSELF :5 IT *OOSES FROM ! NECESSITY ( DIVID+ ITSELF 9TO ?9K+1 CULTUR$ CLASSES1 ON ! ONE H&1 & LABOR+ EXPLOIT$ CLASSES ON ! O!R4 ,TRUE ,SOCIALI/S1 & ABOVE ALL TRUE ,COMMUNI/S1 MU/ NOT ONLY BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( $UCAT+ ! MASS1 BUT MU/ LOYALLY D$ICATE !MSELVES TO ! LABOR 9VOLV$1 BO? 9 SELF-$UCATION & 9 ASSI/+ O!RS TO ACQUIRE $UCATION4 

,FEW ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY PIONE]S ( MASS $UCATION 9 ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES CLAIM$ TO BELIEVE 9 G5]AL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,NOT !IRS WAS ,COMMUNI/ VISION ( A CLASSLESS ORD] ( SOCIETY1 ,= ! MO/ P>T !Y LIMIT$ !IR AMBITIONS TO BE/[+ UPON ! *ILDR5 ( ! MASSES ! SIMPLE/ RUDIM5TS ( READ+1 WRIT+ & >I?METIC4 ,SOME *IEFLY AIM$ AT SECUR+ ! SALVATION ( ! S\LS ( ! MASSES AFT] DEA?1 BY TEA*+ !M RELIGI\S HYMNS & PRECEPTS1 & GIV+ !M ! KN[L$GE1 ( READ+ :I* W\LD 5ABLE !M TO READ ! ,BIBLE & FOLL[ ! ,*UR* S]VICE4 ,SOME HOP$ ?AT IF ! IGNORANCE ( ! POOR *ILDR5 W]E 5LI<T5$ !Y W\LD BEHAVE ) GREAT] DECORUM & PROVE MORE USEFUL EMPLOYES4 ,EV5 ! LEA/ BROADM9D$ ( ! $UCATIONALI/S RECOGNIZ$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! OPPRESS$ MASSES W]E POSSESS$ ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE :I* C\LD BE TRA9$ & CULTIVAT$4 

,YET ! TASK ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY $UCATIONALI/S WAS A GIGANTIC ONE4 ,! *ILDR5 ( ! WORK]S W]E S5T TO WORK 9 M9ES & FACTORIES SOMETIMES SO E>LY AS FIVE YE>S ( AGE1 & W]E KEPT AT !IR LABORS = UPW>DS ( TWELVE H\RS A DAY4 ,! ILL-PAID P>5TS W]E =C$ TO DEP5D ON ! E>N+S ( !IR *ILDR54 ,IT V]Y (T5 HAPP5$ ?AT ! FA!R WAS UNEMPLOY$1 ! MO!R & *ILDR5 BE+ *OS5 9 PREF]5CE BECAUSE !IR WAGE WAS SMALL]4 

,PUBLIC MONEY WAS NOT !N DEVOT$ TO $UCATION4 ,ONLY *>ITABLE FUNDS OR ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! POOR P>5TS !MSELVES C\LD BE DEP5D$ ON TO F9ANCE ! S*OOLS4 ,ELEM5T>Y $UCATION WAS NOT YET COMPULSORY4 

,MO/ ( ! *ILDR5 EI!R RECEIV$ NO $UCATION AT ALL OR ATT5D$ ,SUNDAY S*OOLS4 ,9 MANY DI/RICTS !RE W]E NO DAY S*OOLS1 9 SOME DI/RICTS !RE W]E NOT EV5 ,SUNDAY S*OOLS4 ,!RE W]E A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( 0,NATIONAL0 & 0,BRITI%0 S*OOLS MA9TA9$ BY VOLUNT>Y DONATIONS4 ,SOME POOR M5 & WOM5 RAN S*OOLS AS PRIVATE V5TURES ( !IR [N1 OBTA9+ A MEAG] LIV+ FROM ! P5CE PAID BY ! P>5TS ( POOR *ILDR54 ,!SE TEA*]S1 SOME ( !M DISABL$ WORKM51 SOME WID[S1 W]E = ! MO/ P>T !MSELVES LITTLE $UCAT$1 HAV+ TAK5 TO TEA*+ AS ! ONLY MEANS ( OBTA9+ A LIVELIHOOD4 ,! ,REPORT ( ! ,ROYAL ,COMMISSION 9TO 0,! ,EMPLOYM5T & ,CONDITION ( ,*ILDR5 9 ,M9ES & ,MANUFACTURES0 PRES5T$ 9 #a#h#d#h1 REVEAL$ A TRAGIC CONDITION ( AFFAIRS4 

,! ,COMMISSION]S /AT$3 -  

0,! FUNDS ( ! ,NATIONAL & ,BRITI% S*OOLS >E UTT]LY 9SUFFICI5T TO 5ABLE ! ,COMMITTEES ( MANAGEM5T TO 9/RUCT A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( TEA*]S4 

0,) ONE EXCEPTION1 ALL ! ,COMMISSION]S CONCUR 9 EXPRESS+ A /RONG OP9ION ( ! G5]AL WANT ( QUALIFICATION = !IR (FICE ( ! P]SONS AT PRES5T 5GAG$ 9 ! TASK ( 9/RUCTION1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! TEA*]S BE+ IGNORANT & UNTRA9$1 & )\T ! SLI<TE/ CONCEPTION ( ANY REGUL> SY/EM OR ME?OD ( TEA*+40 

,! ,SUNDAY S*OOL TEA*]S W]E UNPAID4 ,IT WAS COMMON = !M TO GIVE !IR S]VICES 9 ROTATION1 EA* TEA*] ATT5D+ ONE ,SUNDAY A MON?4 ,MANY ,NATIONAL & ,BRITI%4 S*OOL TEA*]S W]E ALSO UNPAID4 ,! ,SUB-,COMMISSION] = ,LANCA%IRE /AT$ 9 RELATION TO ! M9+ POPULATION3- 

0,IT WAS MY 9T5TION TO HAVE LAID BE=E ! ,C5TRAL ,BO>D EVID5CE ( ! EFFECTS ( $UCATION 4444 ,I F\ND1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! CASE WAS HOPELESS2 !RE W]E SO FEW EI!R ( COLLI]S OR !IR *ILDR5 :O HAD EV5 RECEIV$ ! FIR/ RUDIM5TS ( $UCATION40 

,9 ,OLDHAM & ITS VIC9ITY = A POPULATION ( UPW>DS ( #a1 PEOPLE1 !RE WAS ONLY ONE SMALL PUBLIC DAY S*OOL = WORK+ CLASS *ILDR51 & ONE 9FANT S*OOL1 ALSO 0SOME PETTY DAME S*OOLS ( ! POORE/ DESCRIPTION TO :I* ! *ILDR5 >E S5T TO BE \T ( ! WAY10 & SOME FACTORY S*OOLS = *ILDR5 EMPLOY$ !RE BETWE5 N9E & ?IRTE5 YE>S ( AGE4 ,( SU* FACTORY S*OOLS ! FOLL[+ DISMAL ACC\NT IS GIV53 

0,! S*OOLS :I* ANSW] ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! ,FACTORIES ,ACT1 9 REG>D TO ! *ILDR5 WORK+ %ORT TIME1 BETWE5 ! AGES ( N9E & ?IRTE51 COMMONLY HAVE MA/]S APPO9T$ BY ! FACTORY [N]S !MSELVES1 :O1 9 MAK+ ! APPO9TM5T1 >E MORE 9FLU5C$ BY A FEEL+ ( *>ITY T[>DS SOME DEP5D5T ?AN BY ANY >DOR 9 ! CAUSE ( 9/RUCTION4 ,! S*OOL FEE IS G5]ALLY /OPP$ BY ! EMPLOY] \T ( ! *ILDR5'S WAGES & HE PAYS ! TEA*]S4444 ,TO %[ ! LI<T 9 :I* SU* ?+S >E REG>D$1 YOND] H\SE AT ! CORN] HAS UND] IT A CELL>1 & 9 ?AT CELL>1 IS KEPT ! S*OOL = ! 5ORM\S FACTORY ON ! O!R SIDE4 ,! ,ACT REQUIRES AN ATT5DANCE ( ONLY TWO H\RS1 & ! 9/RUCTION IS SU* AS ! CONSCI5TI\S FEEL+S ( SU* P]SONS AS >E EMPLOY$ !RE MAY PROMPT40 

,F\R-FIF?S ( ! Y\NG PEOPLE ( ,OLDHAM W]E REPORT$ TO BE ATT5D+ ,SUNDAY S*OOLS :IL/3- 

0,NOT ONE 9 FIVE CAN WRITE 4444 & IF ! NUMB] ( MISSPELL$ & ILLEGIBLE SCRAWLS BE D$UCT$ ! /AT$ PROPORTION WILL BE CONSID]ABLY R$UC$40 ,! ,SUNDAY S*OOLS ( ,OLDHAM W]E BEGUN 9 #a#g#i#c4 ,!Y W]E AT FIR/ MA9LY SECUL>2 BUT GRADUALLY ! RELIGI\S BODIES =BADE O!R 9/RUCTION ?AN READ+ & ,SCRIPTURE LESSONS 9 !SE S*OOLS4 ,( ! NOR? ,LANCA%IRE COAL FIELDS IT WAS REPORT$3 - 0,! $UCATION ( ! WORKPEOPLE HAS BE5 ALMO/ :OLLY NEGLECT$4444 D>KNESS REIGNS ?R\<\T40 

,AMONG ,LANCA%IRE *ILDR5 9T]ROGAT$ BY ! ,COMMISSION]S SU* REPLIES AS ! FOLL[+ W]E COMMON3- 

0,I NEV] W5T TO S*OOL 9 MY LIFE2 ,I CAN NEI!R1 READ NOR WRITE40 

0,NAY1 ,I WORK H]E 9 ! D>K SIX DAYS2 ,I CAN'T %UT MYSELF UP ON ,SUNDAYS TOO40 

,9 ! ,WE/ ,RID+ ( ,YORK%IRE ! REPORT DECL>ES3- 

0,! ONLY PROVISION = ! $UCATION ( ! COLLI] POPULATION IS ,SUNDAY-S*OOLS40 

,BRAD=D & ,LE$S4 

0,! GREAT MAJORITY RECEIVE NO S*OOL 9/RUCTION :ATEV]4 ,9 MO/ ,SUNDAY S*OOLS NO ATTEMPT IS MADE TO CONVEY SECUL> 9/RUCTION BEYOND READ+40 

,HALIFAX NEI<BORHOOD4 

0,! ,SUB-,COMMISSION]S EXAM9$ #bai *ILDR5 & Y\NG P]SONS AT ! BOTTOM ( COAL PITS & F\ND ONLY #ha ?AT C\LD READ AN EASY BOOK1 NOT MORE ?AN #ae C\LD WRITE !IR NAMES444 ! :OLE ( ! REMA9+ NUMB] W]E 9CAPABLE ( CONNECT+ TWO SYLLABLES TOGE!R40 

,IT WAS E/IMAT$ ?AT NOT ONE 9 SEV5TE5 ( ! ,YORK%IRE COLLI]Y *ILDR5 WAS ABLE TO READ OR WRITE4 ,9 ONE PLACE 9 ,YORK%IRE ) A POPULATION ( #b1 P]SONS1 ! ONLY 9/RUCTION1 BESIDE ! MI/RESS ( A DAME S*OOL WAS3 

0,AN OLD CRIPPLE1 ! WISE MAN ( ! C\NTY1 SPOK5 ( ) UNFEIGN$ REV]5CE BY ! WITNESSES EXAM9$ 9 ?IS NEI<BORHOOD1 & :O UNIT$ ! (FICES ( S*OOLMA/] & =TUNE TELL]40 

0,NEV] W5T TO DAY1 NI<T1 OR EV5+ S*OOL40 

0,NONE ( US EV] W5T TO DAY S*OOL OR ,SUNDAY S*OOL40 ,SU* REPLIES W]E CON/ANTLY MADE BY ! *ILDR5 TO ! 9QUIRIES ( ! ,COMMISSION]S4 

,! ,/AF=D%IRE 9QUIRY REVEAL$ ?AT BY F> ! GREAT] NUMB] ( *ILDR5 9 EMPLOYM5T DID NOT ATT5D EV5 ! ,SUNDAY S*OOLS4 0,WE >E TOO H>D WORK$ = ?AT10 MANY ( !M SAID1 & SOME EXPLA9$ ?AT ON ,SUNDAY3 -  

0,WE HAVE D9N] AT ONE & !N GO UP/AIRS & LIE D[N ON \R BACKS = ?REE OR F\R H\RS OR MORE & 5JOY \R RE/40 

,9 ,S\? ,/AF=D%IRE1 ,LEICE/]1 & ,W>WICK%IRE1 :]E *ILDR5 W]E COMMONLY S5T TO WORK AT FIVE YE>S ( AGE1 ! *IEF MEANS ( $UCATION WAS REPORT$ TO BE ! ,SUNDAY S*OOL4 

,9 ,S\? ,/AF=D%IRE IT WAS REPORT$ ?AT !RE W]E NO S*OOLS ( ANY K9D = LESS ?AN A F\R? ( ! UN$UCAT$ Y\?4 ,EV5 ,SUNDAY S*OOLS W]E ABS5T 9 MANY P>TS4 

,9 ,%ROP%IRE2 -  

0,! *ILDR5 DEP5D *IEFLY = ! LITTLE $UCATION !Y RECEIVE 9 ,SUNDAY S*OOLS40 

,FROM ,D]BY%IRE ! REPORTS W]E ! SAME3 

0,!RE >E NO O!R MEANS ( 9/RUCTION = ! *ILDR5 EMPLOY$ 9 LABOR ?AN ,SUNDAY S*OOLS4 ,!RE >E 9DE$ SOME ,NATIONAL S*OOLS1 FROM :I*1 H[EV]1 ! COLLI] *ILDR5 >E EXCLUD$ BY ! RULES ( ! S*OOLS4 ,! CON/ANT ANSW] ( ! COAL [N]S & AG5TS1 ',NO ,S*OOL1 NO READ+ ROOM1 NO CLUB1 NOR ANY?+ ( ! SORT CONNECT$ ) !SE COAL WORKS4'0 

,FROM ,CUMB]L& ! SAME /ORY4 

0,! M5TAL DE/ITUTION 9 :I* ! COLLI]'S *ILDR5 >E GR[+ UP IS FE>FULLY GREAT40 

,FROM ,DURHAM3 -  

0,) ! EXCEPTION ( ! $UCATION !Y RECEIVE AT ,SUNDAY S*OOL4 444 ! COLLI] *ILDR5 ( ?IS GREAT DI/RICT RECEIVE NO $UCATION ( ANY K9D :ATEV]40 

,9 ,DURHAM & ,NOR?UMB]L& MANY TEA*]S W]E DISABL$ WORKM52 SOME TAU<T = A FEW MON?S ( ! YE> & WORK$ 9 ! PITS ! RE/ ( ! TIME4 ,!IR KN[L$GE WAS LIMIT$ AS 9TELLIG5T PITM5 COMPLA9$3 -  

0,:5 AN ACCID5T HAS R5D]$ A WORKMAN 9CAPABLE ( BODILY LABOR & R$UC$ HIM TO ! CONDITION ( A P5SION] HE (T5 PROPOSES HIMSELF AS A C&IDATE = A S*OOLMA/]%IP1 & %\LD A VACANCY OCCUR 9 ! COLLI]Y :]E HIS MIS=TUNE HAPP5$ HE DEEMS HIMSELF & IS DEEM$ BY O!RS 9DISPUTABLY 5TITL$ TO ! SUFFRAGES ( ALL P>TIES40 

,FROM ,NOR? ,WALES WAS REPORT$3 

0,AMONG ! COLLI] BOYS NOT ONE 9 T5 READ ) 0ANY?+ APPROA*+ CORRECTNESS4 ,IT IS AN UNCOMMON CIRCUM/ANCE TO MEET ) ONE :O CAN READILY WRITE & CA/ ACC\NTS40 

,FROM ,S\? ,WALES CAME MAY SU* REPORTS3 -  

0,! MEANS ( $UCATION >E ADEQUATE ONLY TO ! $UCATION ( A V]Y SMALL PROPORTION ( ! RIS+ G5]ATION4444 ,9 ! P>I% ( ,GELLIGAN1 = 9/ANCE1 ) A POPULATION ( #a#e11 !RE >E F\R S*OOLS ) AN ATT5DANCE 9 ! :OLE ( #h TO #i1 BE+ LITTLE MORE ?AN ONE-SIX? ( ! POPULATION40 

0,! S*OOLS ( ! L[E/ ORD]40 

0,S*OOL+ IS \T ( ! QUE/ION1 !RE NOT HAV+ BE5 A S*OOLMA/] 9 ! VILLAGE = SOME TIME4 

0,FEW M5 ( ?IS NEI<BORHOOD S5D !IR *ILDR5 TO S*OOL2 9DE$ IF !Y HAD ! DESIRE !RE IS NO S*OOL = !M4 ,ONE-F\R? PROBABLY KN[ !IR LETT]S2 C]TA9LY NOT MORE40  

0,I CONSID] ! RIS+ G5]ATION MORE IGNORANT ?AN ! PRES5T40 

0,I %\LD C]TA9LY BE )9 B\NDS :5 SAY+ ?AT NOT ONE GR[N MALE OR FEMALE 9 FIFTY CAN READ40 

,! $UCATIONAL /ATE ( ! FACTORY POPULATION WAS SAID TO BE GREATLY SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! M9+4 ,YET IT WAS REPORT$ FROM ,BIRM+HAM ?AT ONLY #d#h4#e P] C5T1 ( *ILDR5 BETWE5 #e & #ae YE>S W]E RECEIV+ 9/RUCTION2 A FEW 9 DAY1 ! MAJORITY 9 ,SUNDAY S*OOLS1 & #e#a4#e P] C5T4 W]E NOT RECEIV+ ANY =M ( 9/RUCTION :ATSOEV]4 

,9 ,WOLV]HAMPTON NOT HALF ! *ILDR5 W5T EV5 TO ,SUNDAY S*OOLS1 ! MAJORITY RECEIV+ NO $UCATION AT ALL4 

,9 ,%EFFIELD ONLY AB\T A ?IRD ( ! *ILDR5 ATT5D$ S*OOL1 & ( !SE #f#c4#d#c P] C5T C\LD NOT WRITE EV5 FAIRLY4 ,MANY ( ! TEA*]S W]E 0SC>CELY ABLE TO READ & QUITE UNABLE TO WRITE !IR [N NAME40 ,9 ,%EFFIELD ONE ( ! TEA*]S WAS A CONVICT$ FELON1 :O HAD TAK5 TO TEA*+ SIMPLY BECAUSE HE C\LD F9D NO O!R S\RCE ( EMPLOYM5T4 

,A ,LAMBE? %OPKEEP] WAS DESIR\S ( EMPLOY+ A GIRL & BOY ABLE TO READ WRIT+1 ! ONE TO S]VE 9 ! %OP1 ! O!R TO DELIV] P>CELS4 ,?\< F\R OR FIVE *ILDR5 APPLI$ EA* DAY = ! WORK1 HE HAD TO WAIT SIX WEEKS BE=E HE WAS ABLE TO DISCOV] TWO :O C\LD FULFILL ?IS SIMPLE REQUIREM5T4 

,A MI/RESS 9 A ,BIRM+HAM S*OOL WAS ASK$ :E!R %E GAVE MORAL 9/RUCTION TO ! *ILDR54 ,%E REPLI$3 0,NO1 ,I CANNOT AF=D IT = #cD4 A WEEK0 7! FEE PAID BY ! P>5TS74 ,ANO!R ANSW]$1 0,H[ IS IT LIKELY :5 !Y CAN H>DLY SAY !IR ,A4,B4,C80 

,! TEA*]S1 UNTRA9$ & UN$UCAT$1 HAD LITTLE 9FLU5CE ) !IR S*OL>S4 ,ONE ( ! COMMISSION]S 9 ! ,BIRM+HAM DI/RICT REPLI$ 0?AT SEV]AL ( ! ,NATIONAL & ,BRITI% *>ITY DAY S*OOLS HE VISIT$ W]E 9 A /ATE APPROA*+ TO RIOT\S40 

,! ,SUNDAY S*OOL TEA*]S W]E 0SELECT$ FROM ! CONGREGATION RA!R ON ! GR\NDS ( MORAL & RELIGI\S CONDUCT ?AN ( ANY PECULI> FITNESS = ! (FICE ( TEA*]40 ,?IS COMMISSION] ADD$ ?AT AL?\< 9/RUCTION 9 ! EXI/+ S*OOLS WAS3 -  

0) FEW EXCEPTIONS EXCLUSIVELY LIMIT$ TO RELIGI\S KN[L$GE1 A MO/ AWFUL IGNORANCE WAS G5]ALLY EV9C$ UPON ?IS4 ,9 ! ,SUNDAY S*OOLS ( ! ,E/ABLI%$ ,*UR* & 9 ?OSE ( SOME DISS5T+ CONGREGATIONS1 READ+ 9 ! ,SCRIPTURES1 OR RELIGI\S BOOKS1 IS ! ONLY 9/RUCTION GIV54 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! *ILDR5 :O HAVE ATT5D$ NO O!R S*OOLS ?AN ?OSE1 & !Y CON/ITUTE A L>GE CLASS1 HAVE NO KN[L$GE ( WRIT+ OR ACC\NTS4 ,AS REG>DS ANY G5]AL 9=MATION EV5 ( ! MO/ LIMIT$ K9D1 SU* AS ! SITUATION ( ,SCOTL&1 ! NAMES ( ! F\R QU>T]S ( ! ,GLOBE1 ETC1 DO NOT ?9K ?AT MORE ?AN A DOZ5 ( ?OSE :OM ,I QUE/ION$1 9CLUD+ A L>GE NUMB] ( Y\NG P]SONS BETWE5 ?IRTE5 & EI<TE5 YE>S ( AGE1 HAD ANY KN[L$GE AT ALL UPON ! SUBJECT4 ,( ! HI/ORY ( !IR [N C\NTRY LITTLE OR NO?+ WAS KN[N40 

,A ,WOLV]HAMPTON ,COMMISSION] REPORT$3 -  

0,ONE Y\NG P]SON ( SEV5TE5 YE>S DID NOT KN[ H[ MANY TWO & TWO MADE1 NOR H[ MANY F>?+'S !RE W]E 9 TWOP5CE1 EV5 :5 ! MONEY WAS PLAC$ 9 HIS H&4 ,SOME BOYS HAD NEV] HE>D ( SU* A PLACE AS ,LONDON1 NOR ( ,WILL5HALL1 :I* IS ONLY ?REE MILES DI/ANT1 & 9 CON/ANT COMMUNICATION ) ,WOLV]HAMPTON4 ,SOME HAVE NEV] HE>D ! NAME ( ,H] ,MAJE/Y1 NOR SU* NAMES AS ,WELL+TON1 ,NELSON1 ,BONAP>TE4 4444 ,AMONG ALL ?OSE :O HAD NEV] EV5 HE>D SU* NAMES AS ,/4 ,PAUL1 ,MOSES1 OR ,SOLOMON1 !RE WAS A G5]AL KN[L$GE ( ! *>ACT]S & C\RSE ( LIFE ( ,DICK ,TURP91 ! HI<WAYMAN1 & MORE P>TICUL>LY ( ,JACK ,%EPP>D1 ! ROBB] & PRISON-BREAK]40 

,?REE-F\R?S ( ! *ILDR5 EMPLOY$ 9 ! POTT]IES ( ,/AF=D%IRE C\LD NEI!R READ NOR WRITE4 ,*ILD EMPLOYM5T DEPOPULAT$ ! S*OOLS4 ,A S*OOL TEA*] AT ,RISLEY1 9 ,LANCA%IRE1 SAID3 0,:5 ,I FIR/ CAME 9TO ?IS DI/RICT MY S*OL>S /AY$ MU* LONG] ) ME1 BUT N[ ?AT A *ILD ( SEV5 YE>S OLD CAN E>N #bS4 #fD4 TO #cS4 P] WEEK ! TEMPTATION TO S5D !M TO WORK IS TOO GREAT = ! P>5TS40 

,WE HAVE NOT DWELT UPON ! T]RIBLE PHYSICAL H>D%IPS IMPOS$ UPON ! *ILDR5 :OM IT WAS S\<T TO $UCATE4 ,IT WAS ALL1 TOO COMMON = *ILDR5 TO BE ILL F$1 ILL CLO!D1 & H>%LY ILL-TREAT$ :IL/ WORK+ UPW>DS ( TWELVE H\RS A DAY4 ,WITNESS AFT] WITNESS TE/IFI$ ?AT !Y KNEW ( *ILDR5 COM+ TO WORK )\T BREAKFA/ AT SEV5 A4M41 & WORK+ TILL EI<T P4M4 )\T FOOD4 ,MANY *ILDR5 W]E APPR5TIC$ TO SMALL MA/]S BY :OM !Y W]E MA9TA9$4 ,IT WAS TE/IFI$ BY WITNESS AFT] WITNESS ?AT (FAL1 ! FLE% ( ANIMALS ?AT HAD DI$1 & MEAT & FI% ?AT HAD GONE BAD WAS (T5 B\<T = APPR5TICES1 SOME MA/]S KEEP+ #c OR #d ( ! UN=TUNATE *ILDR54 

,ALL SORTS ( MANUFACTUR+ WORK WAS C>RI$ ON UND] CRUDE & BRUTAL CONDITIONS4 ,! *ILDR5 ?RU/ 9TO PREMATURE & EXCESSIVE LABOR1 SUFF]$ FROM OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES & MAL=MATION4 ,! ,NOTT+HAM LACE WORK]S W]E AFFLICT$ ) EYE TR\BLES4 ,! POTT]Y WORK]S FROM LEAD P>ALYZES & COLLIC 9 ! GLAZ+ DEP>TM5TS1 & 9JURY TO ! LUNGS 9 ! SC\R+ ROOMS4 ,! GLASSBL[]S FROM BL9DNESS1 RHEUMATISM1 & O!R AILM5TS4 ,! M9+ *ILDR5 HAD ! H>DE/ LOT ( ALL1 & W]E SO TIR$ BY !IR TOIL ?AT !Y (T51 HAD TO BE L$ OR C>RI$ HOME FROM ! PITS & USUALLY FELL ASLEEP BE=E !Y C\LD BE PUT TO B$4 ,!Y W]E FREQU5TLY 9JUR$ BY FALLS ( COAL OR ROCK1 OR BY ! TUBS & MA*9]Y4 ,!IR WORK BE+ MA9LY TO PU% OR DRAG ! TUBS ALONG ! N>R[ WORK+S1 WAS EXCESSIVELY >DU\S2 !Y BECAME DW>F$1 B[LEGG$1 CRIPPL$ & O!RWISE DE=M$1 SUFF]$ FROM CURVATURE ( ! SP9E1 ABCESSES & BOILS ON ! HEAD FROM PU%+ ! COAL TUBS ) IT2 & ON ! BACK FROM GETT+ IT SCRAP$ ON ! ROCKS AS !Y B5T TO !IR LOAD1 & FROM C>RY+ COAL ON ! BACK4 ,!Y CONTRACT$ HE>T TR\BLE ?R\< EXCESSIVE EX]TION1 LUNG TR\BLE ?R\< ! LACK ( V5TILATION 9 ! M9ES1 EYE TR\BLE1 RHEUMATISM1 BOILS FROM WORK+ 9 SALT WAT]1 RUPTURE & DISEASE ( GL&S & JO9TS4 

,EV]Y OCCUPATION1 5T]$ UPON SO E>LY & FOLL[$ UND] SU* BAD CONDITIONS1 BR\<T ITS CROP ( ILLS4 ,! $UCATIONALI/ MI<T ALMO/ HAVE BE5 P>DON$ :O 9 ?OSE DAYS HAD SAID DESPAIR+3 0,ONE CANNOT $UCATE ! MASS40 ,YET PROGRESSIVE PEOPLE CONT9U$ TO P]SEV]E1 & FROM AMONG ! MO/ MIS]ABLY EXPLOIT$ >OSE SOME :O /ROVE TO RAISE !MSELVES1 & !IR FELL[S4 

,! /ATE ( ! WORK]S 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :I* ! REPORT ( ! ,ROYAL ,COMMISSION ( #ahdc RECALLS TO US1 IS NOT ! /ATE ( ! WORK]S 9 ?IS C\NTRY TO-DAY4 ,Y\ WILL ADMIT ?AT FELL[ WORK]S 9 ! EMANCIPATION MOVEM5T4 ,Y\ WILL ADMIT ?AT MU* HAS BE5 DONE TO SPREAD 5LI<T5M5T & TO MAKE 5LI<T5M5T POSSIBLE BY ?OSE :O W5T BE=E US4 

,IT WILL PR(IT US NO?+ TO DISC\NT ! EF=TS ( ! PIONE]S BY ! FALSE ASS]TION ?AT EV]Y?+ DONE TO BR+ $UCATION TO ! MASSES WAS DONE PURELY TO MAKE !M MORE USEFUL TO ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS4 

,! EXPLOIT+ CLASS WAS 9DE$ BY NO MEANS SO F> SEE+1 EV5 9 SELF-9T]E/1 AS SU* A C\RSE W\LD D5OTE4 ,! EXPLOIT+ CLASS1 AS A CLASS1 WAS OPPOS$ TO POPUL> $UCATION1 & RET>D$ EV]Y /EP ( ITS PROGRESS4 

,! UNREAD9ESS ) :I* ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS MET PROGRESSIVE 5DEAVOR1 EV5 9 A MATT] :I* MU/ ADVANTAGE ITSELF1 IS %[N BY ! FI]CE FI<T MADE BY ! VE/$ 9T]E/S ( ! DAY AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( RAILWAYS & ! LOCOMOTIVE4 ,! L&LORDS1 :O W]E TO GA9 SO MU* FROM ! RAILWAYS1 W]E 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ !M4 

,?OSE :OSE GUID+ MOTIVE 9 LIFE HAS BE5 TO PRES]VE !IR P]SONAL PRIVILEGES & TO S]VE !IR P]SONAL GA9S1 HAVE ALWAYS OPPOS$ $UCATIONAL & O!R RE=MS AFFECT+ ! MASSES4 ,! LOV]S ( HUMANITY1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :OSE LOVE WAS LIMIT$1 HAVE C>RI$ ?R\< SU* RE=MS1 9 SPITE ( ! PREJUDIC$1 ! SELFI% & ! IGNORANT 9 ALL CLASSES4 

,HAV+ BEGUN ) ! ?REE 0,R'S0 AT ! ,SUNDAY S*OOL ! RE=M] ( SUCCESSIVE G5]ATIONS1 !IR [N IDEAS EXP&+ ) SUCCESS1 W5T ON TO E/ABLI% COMPULSORY PRIM>Y $UCATION = ALL *ILDR51 SPECIAL S*OOLS = DEFECTIVES1 SECOND>Y S*OOLS1 EV5+ S*OOLS1 UNIV]SITY EXT5SION LECTURES1 TE*NICAL S*OOLS & CLASSES1 S*OL>%IPS1 ! UNIV]SITIES1 & SO ON1 TILL ! VA/ $UCATIONAL NET-WORK WE HAVE TO-DAY HAS BE5 BUILT UP4 

,GRANT$ ?AT $UCATION IS /ILL GREATLY DEFECTIVE TO-DAY2 BUT FEW PREJUDIC$ P]SONS >E F\ND TO EXPRESS A D\BT ?AT IF ! REQUISITE C>E BE EXP5D$1 ! AV]AGE *ILD CAN BE R5D]$ CAPABLE ( ASSIMILAT+ A UNIV]SITY $UCATION4 ,BY LAW IT IS 9SI/$ ?AT EV]Y *ILD %ALL BE GIV5 A PRIM>Y $UCATION1 UNLESS IT IS IMBECILE OR 9SANE1 & EV5 IF IT BE M5TALLY DEFICI5T OR AN 9VALID1 SOME SORT ( $UCATION %ALL BE PROVID$ = IT4 

,$UCATIONALI/S DO NOT /OP %ORT AT ATTEMPT+ ! $UCATION ( ! MASSES 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ?IS ) A COMPACTLY SITUAT$1 & RELATIVELY SMALL POPULATION4 

,! WORK ( $UCATION IS BE+ C>RI$ ON EV5 BY PEOPLE :O DO NOT CLAIM TO HOLD ! F>-REA*+ EQUALIT>IAN IDEAS ( ,COMMUNISM1 9 SU* VA/ & DIFFICULT C\NTRIES AS ,9DIA1 :]E ! BURD5 IS WEI<T$ BY DIFF]5CES ( RACE & TONGUE1 DIFFICULTY ( TRANSPORT & TRAVEL1 & PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 L>GE >EAS1 & BY ! FACT ?AT SOME ( ! COMMUNITIES HAVE DEVELOP$ ONLY AN E>LY =M ( CIVILIZATION ( !IR [N4 

,! $UCATIONALI/ IS TAK+ TO SU* PEOPLES ! BASIC RUDIM5TS ( $UCATION1 READ+1 WRIT+ & >I?METIC & O!R BRAN*ES ( LE>N+4 ,PRIM>Y1 SECOND>Y & HI<] $UCATION IS C>RI$ ON 9 ,9DIA BY ! NATIVE & ,EUROPEAN $UCATIONALI/S1 & BY ! DEP>TM5TS ( ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! COMPLETE ]ADICATION ( ILLIT]ACY 9 ,9DIA IS AIM$ AT4 ,NAY1 MORE1 V>I\S $UCATIONAL MOVEM5TS AIM AT 9CULCAT+ 9 ! PEOPLE1 EV5 9 ! MO/ PRIMITIVE TRIBES1 !IR [N RELIGI\S & POLITICAL IDEALS1 ESPECIALLY ! LATT]4 ,! DOCTR9ES CONFLICT1 BUT ! PROPAG&I/S P]SEV]E4 ,! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T MAKES CONSID]ABLE EF=TS TO SPREAD IMP]IALISM OR RA!R LOVE ( ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE1 & ALSO ! CURR5T ,GOV]NM5T VIEW ( ! DUTIES ( A CITIZ5 AMONG ! S*OOL *ILDR51 ! /UD5TS & ! PEOPLE 9 G5]AL4 

,! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T KN[S ?AT ! MASSES1 EV5 ( VA/ ,9DIA1 )1 ITS DIV]SE RACES & CULTURES1 CAN BE $UCAT$ & 9FLU5C$4 ,IT USES ITS P[] L>GELY TO DIRECT ! SORT ( $UCATION ?AT %ALL BE GIV54 

,:5 ! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T WAS DET]M9+ ITS $UCATIONAL POLICY 9 ,9DIA YE>S AGO1 ,SIR ,H4 ,LAWR5CE ADVIS$ ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T %\LD $UCATE ! HI<] CLASSES ( ,9DIA & LEAVE !M TO $UCATE ! L[] CLASSES4 ,SIR ,JOHN ,LAWR5CE1 HIS BRO!R1 URG$ ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T %\LD $UCATE ! L[] CLASSES & LEAVE ! HI<] CLASSES TO $UCATE !MSELVES4 ,! POLICY ( ,SIR ,H4 ,LAWR5CE PREVAIL$4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ONLY #c4#c#i P] C5T4 ( ! ,9DIAN PEOPLE >E T\*$ BY ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM1 :IL/ ! PROPORTION ( ! ,9DIAN MALE POPULATION 9 ! SECOND>Y S*OOLS & UNIV]SITIES IS ACTUALLY HI<] ?AN 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES4 ,! MORE PRIVILEG$ SECTIONS ( ,9DIAN SOCIETY HAVE GRASP$ $UCATION = !MSELVES & 9 ! MA91 HAVE LEFT ! MASSES 9 IGNORANCE4 ,9 ?IS !Y HAVE FOLL[$ ! G5]AL EXAMPLE4 ,9DIA HAS HAD ITS QUOTA ( ALTRUI/S & 5?USIA/S = ! COMMONWEAL4 

,EV]Y MOVEM5T & EV]Y 9T]E/ ?AT DESIRES TO *ANGE OR MA9TA91 OR 9 ANY WAY AFFECT ! SOCIAL ORD]1 MU/ GO TO ! MASSES 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS4 ,=CE MAY OV]?R[ GOV]NM5TS1 & SET UP GOV]NM5TS1 BUT EV5 GOV]NM5TS CANNOT LONG REMA91 UNLESS !Y OBTA9 ! ACQUIESC5CE ( ! GOV]N$4 ,/ILL MORE AN EQUALIT>IAN SOCIETY1 FUNCTION+1 NOT UND] AU?ORITY & ECONOMIC PRESSURE1 BUT BY ! COMMON WILL1 CAN NEV] >ISE & FL\RI% SAVE BY ! ACTIVE COOP]ATION ( ! MASSES4 

,LET US FACE ! FACTS1 COMRADES1 ! $UCATION ( ! MASSES IS A L>GE & /R5U\S TASK1 BUT !RE CAN BE NO COMMUNISM UNTIL ! MASSES DESIRE ,COMMUNISM & ACT ,COMMUNISM4 

,WE CANNOT TAKE P>T 9 ! WORK ( $UCATION TILL WE >E \RSELVES DEEPLY IMBU$ ) ! ,COMMUNI/ IDEAL & UNLESS \R ?\<TS & \R DESIRES >E CON/ANTLY TURN+ T[>DS IT4 

,COMMUNISM4 

,A SY/EM ( SOCIETY 9 :I* ! L&1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & DI/RIBUTION >E HELD 9 COMMON4 

,PRODUCTION IS = USE1 AS & :5 REQUIR$1 NOT = PR(IT1 EX*ANGE OR SALE4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION IS BY ?OSE :O DO ! WORK4 

,EA* WORK%OP IS AN AUTONOM\S UNIT WORK+ ! G5]AL WELF>E & MUTUAL H>MONY ) ! O!R WORK%OPS PRODUC+ ! LIKE UTILITY1 ALSO ) ?OSE FROM :OM ! RAW MAT]IAL IS RECEIV$ & TO :OM ! F9I%$ >TICLES >E TRANSMITT$4 

,COMMUNISM IS A CLASSLESS ORD] ( SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL %ALL HAVE LEISURE & CULTURE1 & ALL %ALL BE SECUR$ FROM WANT4 

,= FUR!R 9=MATION APPLY TO ! ,MANAG]1 0,WORK]'S ,DREADN\<T10 #a#e#b1 ,FLEET ,/REET1 ,E4,C4#d4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,$UCATION ( ! ,MASSES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,$UCATION ( ! ,MASSES -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/