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,! ,POSSIBILITIES ( ,AGRICULTURE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,NI*OLAS ,CUEVA1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE--,OV]-POPULATION PREJUDICE-- ,CAN ! SOIL ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 FE$ ITS 9HABITANTS8-- ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE-- ,COMP>$ ) AGRICULTURE 9 ,FRANCE2 9 ,BELGIUM2 9 ,D5M>K--,M>KET-G>D5+2 ITS A*IEVEM5TS--,IS IT PR(ITABLE TO GR[ :EAT 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA98-- ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURE3 9T5SIVE CULTURE 9 ! ,/ATES4 

,! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL HI/ORY ( ! WORLD DUR+ ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S HAS BE5 A HI/ORY ( DEC5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,IT WAS NOT A M]E %IFT+ ( ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( COMM]CE1 SU* AS ,EUROPE WITNESS$ 9 ! PA/1 :5 ! COMM]CIAL HEGEMONY MIGRAT$ FROM ,ITALY TO ,SPA91 TO ,HOLL&1 & F9ALLY TO ,BRITA93 IT HAD A MU* DEEP] MEAN+1 AS IT EXCLUD$ ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( COMM]CIAL OR 9DU/RIAL HEGEMONY4 ,IT HAS %[N ! GR[? ( QUITE NEW CONDITIONS1 & NEW CONDITIONS REQUIRE NEW ADAPTATIONS4 ,TO 5DEAVOR TO REVIVE ! PA/ W\LD BE USELESS3 A NEW DEP>TURE MU/ BE TAK5 BY CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 

,( C\RSE1 !RE WILL BE PL5TY ( VOICES TO >GUE ?AT ! =M] SUPREMACY ( ! PIONE]S MU/ BE MA9TA9$ AT ANY PRICE3 ALL PIONE]S >E 9 ! HABIT ( SAY+ SO4 ,IT WILL BE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! PIONE]S MU/ ATTA9 SU* A SUP]IORITY ( TE*NICAL KN[L$GE & ORGANIZATION AS TO 5ABLE !M TO BEAT ALL !IR Y\NG] COMPETITORS2 ?AT =CE MU/ BE RESORT$ TO IF NECESS>Y4 ,BUT =CE IS RECIPROCAL2 & IF ! GOD ( W> ALWAYS SIDES ) ! /RONGE/ BATTALIONS1 ?OSE BATTALIONS >E /RONGE/ :I* FI<T = NEW RI<TS AGA9/ \TGR[N PRIVILEGES4 ,AS TO ! HONE/ LONG+ = MORE TE*NICAL $UCATION--SURELY LET US ALL HAVE AS MU* ( IT AS POSSIBLE3 IT WILL BE A BOON = HUMANITY2 = HUMANITY1 ( C\RSE--NOT = A S+LE NATION1 BECAUSE KN[L$GE CANNOT BE CULTIVAT$ = HOME USE ONLY4 ,KN[L$GE & 9V5TION1 BOLDNESS ( ?\<T & 5T]PRISE1 CONQUE/S ( G5IUS & IMPROVEM5TS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION HAVE BECOME 9T]NATIONAL GR[?S2 & NO K9D ( PROGRESS--9TELLECTUAL1 9DU/RIAL OR SOCIAL--CAN BE KEPT )9 POLITICAL B\ND>IES2 IT CROSSES ! SEAS1 IT PI]CES ! M\NTA9S2 /EPPES >E NO OB/ACLE TO IT4 ,KN[L$GE & 9V5TIVE P[]S >E N[ SO ?OR\<LY 9T]NATIONAL ?AT IF A SIMPLE NEWSPAP] P>AGRAPH ANN\NCES TO-MORR[ ?AT ! PROBLEM ( /OR+ =CE1 ( PR9T+ )\T 9K+1 OR ( A]IAL NAVIGATION1 HAS RECEIV$ A PRACTICAL SOLUTION 9 ONE C\NTRY ( ! WORLD1 WE MAY FEEL SURE ?AT )9 A FEW WEEKS ! SAME PROBLEM WILL BE SOLV$1 ALMO/ 9 ! SAME WAY1 BY SEV]AL 9V5TORS ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES4#a ,CONT9UALLY WE LE>N ?AT ! SAME SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]Y1 OR TE*NICAL 9V5TION1 HAS BE5 MADE )9 A FEW DAYS' DI/ANCE1 9 C\NTRIES A ?\S& MILES AP>T2 AS IF !RE W]E A K9D ( ATMOSPH]E :I* FAVORS ! G]M9ATION ( A GIV5 IDEA AT A GIV5 MOM5T4 ,& SU* AN ATMOSPH]E EXI/S3 /EAM1 PR9T & ! COMMON /OCK ( KN[L$GE HAVE CREAT$ IT4 

,?OSE :O DREAM ( MONOPOLIZ+ TE*NICAL G5IUS >E !RE=E FIFTY YE>S BEH9D ! TIMES4 ,! WORLD--! WIDE1 WIDE WORLD--IS N[ ! TRUE DOMA9 ( KN[L$GE2 & IF EA* NATION DISPLAYS SOME SPECIAL CAPACITIES 9 SOME SPECIAL BRAN*1 ! V>I\S CAPACITIES ( DIFF]5T NATIONS COMP5SATE ONE ANO!R1 & ! ADVANTAGES :I* C\LD BE D]IV$ FROM !M W\LD BE ONLY TEMPOR>Y4 ,! F9E ,BRITI% WORKMAN%IP 9 ME*ANICAL >TS1 ! ,AM]ICAN BOLDNESS = GIGANTIC 5T]PRISE1 ! ,FR5* SY/EMATIC M9D1 & ! ,G]MAN P$AGOGY1 >E BECOM+ 9T]NATIONAL CAPACITIES4 ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,>M/RONG1 9 HIS WORKS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,ITALY & ,JAPAN1 HAS ALREADY COMMUNICAT$ TO ,ITALIANS & ,JAPANESE ?OSE CAPACITIES = MANAG+ HUGE IRON MASSES :I* HAVE BE5 NURTUR$ ON ! ,TYNE2 ! UPRO>I\S ,AM]ICAN SPIRIT ( 5T]PRISE P]VADES ! ,OLD ,WORLD2 ! ,FR5* TA/E = H>MONY BECOMES ,EUROPEAN TA/E2 & ,G]MAN P$AGOGY--IMPROV$1 ,I D>E SAY--IS AT HOME 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,SO1 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO KEEP LIFE 9 ! OLD *ANNELS1 IT W\LD BE BETT] TO SEE :AT ! NEW CONDITIONS >E1 :AT DUTIES !Y IMPOSE ON \R G5]ATION4 

,! *>ACT]S ( ! NEW CONDITIONS >E PLA91 & !IR CONSEQU5CES >E EASY TO UND]/&4 ,AS ! MANUFACTUR+ NATIONS ( ,WE/ ,EUROPE >E MEET+ ) /EADILY GR[+ DIFFICULTIES 9 SELL+ !IR MANUFACTUR$ GOODS ABROAD1 & GETT+ FOOD 9 EX*ANGE1 !Y WILL BE COMPELL$ TO GR[ !IR FOOD AT HOME2 !Y WILL BE B\ND TO RELY ON HOME CU/OM]S = !IR MANUFACTURES1 & ON HOME PRODUC]S = !IR FOOD4 ,& ! SOON] !Y DO SO ! BETT]4 

,TWO GREAT OBJECTIONS /&1 H[EV]1 9 ! WAY AGA9/ ! G5]AL ACCEPTANCE ( SU* CONCLUSIONS4 ,WE HAVE BE5 TAU<T1 BO? BY ECONOMI/S & POLITICIANS1 ?AT ! T]RITORIES ( ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN ,/ATES >E SO OV]CR[D$ ) 9HABITANTS ?AT !Y CANNOT GR[ ALL ! FOOD & RAW PRODUCE :I* >E NECESS>Y = ! MA9T5ANCE ( !IR /EADILY 9CREAS+ POPULATIONS4 ,!RE=E ! NECESSITY ( EXPORT+ MANUFACTUR$ GOODS & ( IMPORT+ FOOD4 ,& WE >E TOLD1 MOREOV]1 ?AT EV5 IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO GR[ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ALL ! FOOD NECESS>Y = ITS 9HABITANTS1 !RE W\LD BE NO ADVANTAGE 9 DO+ SO AS LONG AS ! SAME FOOD CAN BE GOT *EAP] FROM ABROAD4 ,SU* >E ! PRES5T TEA*+S & ! IDEAS :I* >E CURR5T 9 SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,& YET IT IS EASY TO PROVE ?AT BO? >E TOTALLY ]RONE\S3 PL5TY ( FOOD C\LD BE GR[N ON ! T]RITORIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE = MU* MORE ?AN !IR PRES5T POPULATIONS1 & AN IMM5SE B5EFIT W\LD BE D]IV$ FROM DO+ SO4 ,!SE >E ! TWO PO9TS :I* ,I HAVE N[ TO DISCUSS4 

,TO BEG9 BY TAK+ ! MO/ DISADVANTAGE\S CASE3 IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT ! SOIL ( ,GREAT ,BRITA91 :I* AT PRES5T YIELDS FOOD = ONE-?IRD ONLY ( ITS 9HABITANTS1 C\LD PROVIDE ALL ! NECESS>Y AM\NT & V>IETY ( FOOD = #d#a11 HUMAN BE+S :5 IT COV]S ONLY #e#f11 ACRES ALL TOLD--=E/S & ROCKS1 M>%ES & PEAT-BOGS1 CITIES1 RAILWAYS & FIELDS--\T ( :I* ONLY #c#c11 ACRES >E CONSID]$ AS CULTIVABLE8#b ,! CURR5T OP9ION IS1 ?AT IT BY NO MEANS CAN2 & ?AT OP9ION IS SO 9VET]ATE ?AT WE EV5 SEE M5 ( SCI5CE1 :O >E G5]ALLY CAUTI\S :5 DEAL+ ) CURR5T OP9IONS1 5DORSE ?AT OP9ION )\T EV5 TAK+ ! TR\BLE ( V]IFY+ IT4 ,IT IS ACCEPT$ AS AN AXIOM4 ,& YET1 AS SOON AS WE TRY TO F9D \T ANY >GUM5T 9 ITS FAVOR1 WE DISCOV] ?AT IT HAS NOT ! SLI<TE/ F\NDATION1 EI!R 9 FACTS OR 9 JUDGM5T BAS$ UPON WELL-KN[N FACTS4 

,LET US TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,J4 ,B4 ,LAWES' E/IMATES ( CROPS :I* W]E PUBLI%$ EV]Y YE> 9 ,! ,TIMES4 ,9 HIS E/IMATE ( ! YE> #ahhg HE MADE ! REM>K ?AT DUR+ ! EI<T H>VE/ YE>S #a#h#e#c-#a#h#f 0NE>LY ?REE-F\R?S ( ! AGGREGATE AM\NT ( :EAT CONSUM$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM WAS ( HOME GR[?1 & LITTLE MORE ?AN ONE-F\R? WAS D]IV$ FROM =EIGN S\RCES02 BUT FIVE-&-TW5TY YE>S LAT] ! FIGURES W]E ALMO/ REV]S$--?AT IS1 0DUR+ ! EI<T YE>S #a#h#g#i-#a#h#h#f1 LITTLE MORE ?AN ONE-?IRD HAS BE5 PROVID$ BY HOME CROPS & NE>LY TWO-?IRDS BY IMPORTS40 ,BUT NEI!R ! 9CREASE ( POPULATION BY #h11 NOR ! 9CREASE ( CONSUMPTION ( :EAT BY SIX-T5?S ( A BU%EL P] HEAD C\LD ACC\NT = ! *ANGE4 ,9 ! YE>S #a#h#e#c-#a#h#f ! SOIL ( ,BRITA9 N\RI%$ ONE 9HABITANT ON EV]Y TWO ACRES CULTIVAT$3 :Y DID IT REQUIRE ?REE ACRES 9 ORD] TO N\RI% ! SAME 9HABITANT 9 #a#h#h#g8 ,! ANSW] IS PLA93 M]ELY & SIMPLY BECAUSE AGRICULTURE HAD FALL5 9TO NEGLECT4 

,9 FACT1 ! >EA UND] :EAT HAD BE5 R$UC$ S9CE #a#h#e#c-#a#h#f BY FULL #a1#e#i1 ACRES1 & !RE=E ! AV]AGE CROP ( ! YE>S #a#h#h#c-#a#h#h#f WAS BEL[ ! AV]AGE CROP ( #a#h#e#c-#a#h#f BY MORE ?AN #d11 BU%ELS2 & ?IS DEFICIT ALONE REPRES5T$ ! FOOD ( MORE ?AN #g11 9HABITANTS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! >EA UND] B>LEY1 OATS1 BEANS1 & O!R SPR+ CROPS HAD ALSO BE5 R$UC$ BY A FUR!R #e#f1 ACRES1 :I*1 ALONE1 AT ! L[ AV]AGE ( ?IRTY BU%ELS P] ACRE1 W\LD HAVE REPRES5T$ ! C]EALS NECESS>Y TO COMPLETE ! ABOVE1 = ! SAME #g11 9HABITANTS4 ,IT CAN ?US BE SAID ?AT IF ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM IMPORT$ C]EALS = #a#g11 9HABITANTS 9 #a#h#h#g1 9/EAD ( = #a11 9 #a#h#f1 IT WAS SIMPLY BECAUSE MORE ?AN #b11 ACRES HAD GONE \T ( CULTIVATION4#c 

,!SE FACTS >E WELL KN[N2 BUT USUALLY !Y >E MET ) ! REM>K ?AT ! *>ACT] ( AGRICULTURE HAD BE5 ALT]$3 ?AT 9/EAD ( GR[+ :EAT1 MEAT & MILK W]E PRODUC$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,H[EV]1 ! FIGURES = #a#h#h#g1 COMP>$ ) ! FIGURES = #a#h#f1 %[ ?AT ! SAME D[NW>D MOVEM5T TOOK PLACE UND] ! HEADS ( GRE5 CROPS & ! LIKE4 ,! >EA UND] POTATOES WAS R$UC$ BY #b#h1 ACRES2 UND] TURNIPS BY #a#h1 ACRES2 & AL?\< !RE WAS AN 9CREASE UND] ! HEADS ( MANGOLD1 C>ROTS1 ETC41 /ILL ! AGGREGATE >EA UND] ALL !SE CROPS WAS R$UC$ BY A FUR!R #c#c1 ACRES4 ,AN 9CREASE ( >EA WAS F\ND ONLY = P]MAN5T PA/URE 7#b1#h1 ACRES7 & GRASS UND] ROTATION 7#a1#f1 ACRES72 BUT WE %\LD LOOK 9 VA9 = A CORRESPOND+ 9CREASE ( LIVE /OCK4 ,! 9CREASE ( LIVE /OCK :I* TOOK PLACE DUR+ ?OSE TW5TY-SEV5 YE>S WAS NOT SUFFICI5T TO COV] EV5 ! >EA RECLAIM$ FROM WA/E L&4#d 

,S9CE ! YE> #ahhg AFFAIRS W5T1 H[EV]1 FROM WORSE TO WORSE4 ,IF WE TAKE ,GREAT ,BRITA9 ALONE1 WE SEE ?AT 9 #ahhe ! >EA UND] ALL CORN CROPS WAS #h1#c#i#b1#f ACRES2 ?AT IS V]Y SMALL1 9DE$1 9 COMP>ISON TO ! >EA :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 CULTIVAT$2 BUT EV5 ?AT LITTLE WAS FUR!R R$UC$ TO #g1#d1#b#b#g ACRES 9 #a#h#i#e4 ,! >EA UND] :EAT WAS #b1#d#g#h1#c#a#h ACRES 9 #ahhe 7AS AGA9/ #c1#f#c1#c 9 #a#h#g#d72 BUT IT DW9DL$ AWAY TO #a1#d#a#g1#f#d#a ACRES 9 #a#h#i#e1 :ILE ! >EA UND] ! O!R C]EALS 9CREAS$ BY A TRIFLE ONLY--FROM #e1#a#i#h1#b#f ACRES TO #e1#d#f#b1#a#h#d -- ! TOTAL LOSS ON ALL C]EALS BE+ NE>LY #a11 ACRES 9 T5 YE>S6  ,ANO!R #e11 PEOPLE W]E ?US COMPELL$ TO GET !IR FOOD FROM ABROAD4 

,DID ! >EA UND] GRE5 CROPS 9CREASE CORRESPOND+LY1 AS IT W\LD HAVE DONE IF IT W]E ONLY ! *>ACT] ( AGRICULTURE ?AT HAD *ANG$8 ,NOT 9 ! LEA/6 ,?IS >EA WAS FUR!R R$UC$ BY NE>LY #e1 ACRES 7#c1#e#b#a1#f#b 9 #a#h#h#e1 #c1#b#b#e1#g#f#b 9 #a#h#i#e1 & #c1#f1 9 #a#i#i-#a#i#a#a74 ,OR WAS ! >EA UND] CLOV] & GRASSES 9 ROTATION 9CREAS$ 9 PROPORTION TO ALL !SE R$UCTIONS8 ,ALAS NO6 ,IT ALSO WAS R$UC$ 7#d1#f#e#d1#a#g#c ACRES 9 #a#h#h#e1 #d1#g#b#i1#h#a 9 #a#h#i#e1 & #d1#a#f#d1 ACRES 9 #a#i#i-#a#i#a#a74 ,9 %ORT1 TAK+ ALL ! L& ?AT IS UND] CROPS 9 ROTATION 7#a#g1#b#a1#d#i ACRES 9 #a#h#h#e1 #a#f1#a#f#f1#i#e ACRES 9 #a#h#i#e1 #a#d1#g#i#e1#e#g ONLY 9 #a#i#e1 & #a#d1#f#h#b1#e#e 9 #a#i#i-#a#i#a#a71 WE SEE ?AT )9 ! LA/ TW5TY-SIX YE>S ANO!R #b1#e1 ACRES W5T \T ( CULTIVATION1 )\T ANY COMP5SATION :ATEV]4 ,IT W5T TO 9CREASE ?AT ALREADY 5ORM\S >EA ( MORE ?AN #a#g11 ACRES 7#a#g1#d#f1 9 #a#i#i-#a#i#a#a7 MORE ?AN ONE-HALF ( ! CULTIVABLE >EA-- :I* GOES UND] ! HEAD ( 0P]MAN5T PA/URE10 & H>DLY SUFFICES TO FE$ ONE C[ ON EA* ?REE ACRES6 

,NE$ ,I SAY1 AFT] ?AT1 ?AT QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y ( :AT WE >E TOLD AB\T ! ,BRITI% AGRICULTURI/S BECOM+ 0MEAT-MAK]S 09/EAD ( 0:EAT-GR[]S10 NO CORRESPOND+ 9CREASE ( LIVE /OCK TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S4 ,F> FROM DEVOT+ ! L& FRE$ FROM C]EALS TO 0MEAT-MAK+10 ! C\NTRY FUR!R R$UC$ ITS LIVE /OCK 9 #a#h#h#e-#a#h#i#e1 & BEGAN TO %[ A SLI<T 9CREASE DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S ONLY4 ,IT HAD #f1#e#i#g1#i#f#d HEAD ( HORN$ CATTLE 9 #a#h#h#e1 #f1#c#e#d1#c#c#f 9 #a#h#i#e1 & #g1#e#g1#e#b 9 #a#i#i-#a#i#a#a2 #b#f1#e#c#d1#f %EEP 9 #a#h#h#e1 #b#e1#g#i#b1#b 9 #a#h#i#e1 & FROM #b#f1#e1 TO #b#g1#f#a1 9 #a#i#i-#a#i#a#a4 ,TRUE1 ! NUMB] ( HORSES 9CREAS$2 EV]Y BUT*] & GRE5GROC] RUNS N[ A HORSE 0TO TAKE ORD]S AT ! G5TS' DOORS0 79 ,SW$5 & ,SWITZ]L&1 BY ! WAY1 !Y DO IT BY TELEPHONE74 ,BUT IF WE TAKE ! NUMB]S ( HORSES US$ 9 AGRICULTURE1 UNBROK51 & KEPT = BRE$+1 WE F9D ONLY SMALL OSCILLATIONS BETWE5 #a1#d#h1#g#i 9 #ahhe & #a1#e#e#c1 9 #a#i#i4 ,BUT NUMB]S ( HORSES >E IMPORT$1 AS ALSO ! OATS & A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( ! HAY ?AT IS REQUIR$ = FE$+ !M4#e ,& IF ! CONSUMPTION ( MEAT HAS REALLY 9CREAS$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 IT IS DUE TO *EAP IMPORT$ MEAT1 NOT TO ! MEAT ?AT W\LD BE PRODUC$ 9 !SE ISL&S4#f 

,9 %ORT1 AGRICULTURE HAS NOT *ANG$ ITS DIRECTION1 AS WE >E (T5 TOLD2 IT SIMPLY W5T D[N 9 ALL DIRECTIONS4 ,L& IS GO+ \T ( CULTURE AT A P]IL\S RATE1 :ILE ! LATE/ IMPROVEM5TS 9 M>KET-G>D5+1 FRUIT-GR[+ & P\LTRY-KEEP+ >E BUT A M]E TRIFLE IF WE COMP>E !M ) :AT HAS BE5 DONE 9 ! SAME DIRECTION 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM & ,AM]ICA4 

,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S !RE WAS A SLI<T IMPROVEM5T4 ,! >EA UND] ALL CORN CROPS WAS SLI<TLY 9CREAS+1 & IT FLUCTUAT$ AB\T #g11 ACRES1 ! 9CREASE BE+ ESPECIALLY NOTABLE = :EAT 7#a1#i#f1 ACRES 9 #aiaa AS AGA9/ #a1#f#b#e1#d#e 9 #a#i#g71 :ILE ! >EAS UND] B>LEY & OATS W]E SLI<TLY DIM9I%$4 ,BUT ) ALL ?AT1 ! SURFACE UND] CORN CROPS IS /ILL NE>LY ONE-&-A-HALF MILLION ACRES  BEL[ :AT IT WAS 9 #ahhe & NE>LY TWO-&-A-HALF MILLION ACRES  BEL[ #a#h#g#d4 ,?IS REPRES5TS1 LET US REMEMB] IT1 ! BREAD FOOD ( T5 MILLION PEOPLE4 

,! CAUSE ( ?IS G5]AL D[NW>D MOVEM5T IS SELF-EVID5T4 ,IT IS ! DES]TION1 ! AB&ONM5T ( ! L&4 ,EA* CROP REQUIR+ HUMAN LABOR HAS HAD ITS >EA R$UC$2 & ALMO/ ONE-HALF ( ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S HAVE BE5 S5T AWAY S9CE #ahfa TO RE9=CE ! RANKS ( ! UNEMPLOY$ 9 ! CITIES1#g SO ?AT F> FROM BE+ OV]-POPULAT$1 ! FIELDS ( ,BRITA9 >E />V$ ( HUMAN LABOR1  AS ,JAMES ,CAIRD US$ TO SAY4 ,! ,BRITI% NATION DOES NOT WORK ON H] SOIL2 %E IS PREV5T$ FROM DO+ SO2  & ! W\LD-BE ECONOMI/S COMPLA9 ?AT ! SOIL WILL NOT N\RI% ITS 9HABITANTS6 

,I ONCE TOOK A KNAPSACK & W5T ON FOOT \T ( ,LONDON1 ?R\< ,SUSSEX4 ,I HAD READ ,LEONCE DE ,LAV]GNE'S WORK & EXPECT$ TO F9D A SOIL BUSILY CULTIVAT$2 BUT NEI!R R\ND ,LONDON NOR /ILL LESS FUR!R S\? DID ,I SEE M5 9 ! FIELDS4 ,9 ! ,WEALD ,I C\LD WALK = TW5TY MILES )\T CROSS+ ANY?+ BUT HEA? OR WOODL&S1 R5T$ AS PHEASANT-%OOT+ GR\NDS TO 0,LONDON G5TLEM510 AS ! LABOR]S SAID4 0,UNGRATEFUL SOIL0 WAS MY FIR/ ?\<T2 BUT !N ,I W\LD OCCASIONALLY COME TO A F>M AT ! CROSS+ ( TWO ROADS & SEE ! SAME SOIL BE>+ A RI* CROP2 & MY NEXT ?\<T WAS TEL SEIGNEUR1 TELLE T]RE1  AS ! ,FR5* PEASANTS SAY4 ,LAT] ON ,I SAW ! RI* FIELDS ( ! MIDL& C\NTIES2 BUT EV5 !RE ,I WAS /RUCK BY NOT P]CEIV+ ! SAME BUSY HUMAN LABOR :I* ,I WAS ACCU/OM$ TO ADMIRE ON ! ,BELGIAN & ,FR5* FIELDS4 ,BUT ,I CEAS$ TO WOND] :5 ,I LE>N$ ?AT ONLY #a1#c#h#c1 M5 & WOM5 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES WORK 9 ! FIELDS1 :ILE MORE ?AN #a#f11 BELONG TO ! 0PR(ESSIONAL1 DOME/IC1 9DEF9ITE1 & UNPRODUCTIVE CLASS10 AS !SE PITILESS /ATI/ICIANS SAY4 ,ONE MILLION HUMAN BE+S CANNOT PRODUCTIVELY CULTIVATE AN >EA ( #c#c11 ACRES1 UNLESS !Y CAN RESORT TO ! ,BONANZA F>M'S ME?ODS ( CULTURE4 

,AGA91 TAK+ ,H>R[ AS ! C5T] ( MY EXCURSIONS1 ,I C\LD WALK FIVE MILES T[>DS ,LONDON1 OR TURN+ MY BACK UPON IT1 & ,I C\LD SEE NO?+ EA/ OR WE/ BUT MEAD[ L& ON :I* !Y H>DLY CROPP$ TWO TONS ( HAY P] ACRE-- SC>CELY 5\< TO KEEP ALIVE ONE MIL* C[ ON EA* TWO ACRES4 ,MAN IS CONSPICU\S BY HIS ABS5CE FROM ?OSE MEAD[S2 HE ROLLS !M ) A HEAVY ROLL] 9 ! SPR+2 HE SPREADS SOME MANURE EV]Y TWO OR ?REE YE>S2 !N HE DISAPPE>S UNTIL ! TIME HAS COME TO MAKE HAY4 ,& ?AT--)9 T5 MILES FROM ,*>+ ,CROSS1 CLOSE TO A CITY ) #e11 9HABITANTS SUPPLI$ ) ,FLEMI% & ,J]SEY POTATOES1 ,FR5* SALADS & ,CANADIAN APPLES4 ,9 ! H&S ( ! ,P>IS G>D5]S1 EA* ?\S& ACRES SITUAT$ )9 ! SAME DI/ANCE FROM ! CITY W\LD BE CULTIVAT$ BY AT LEA/ #b1 HUMAN BE+S1 :O W\LD GET VEGETABLES TO ! VALUE ( FROM ,G,B,P#e TO  ,G,B,P#c P] ACRE4 ,BUT H]E ! ACRES :I* ONLY NE$ HUMAN H&S TO BECOME AN 9EXHAU/IBLE S\RCE ( GOLD5 CROPS LIE IDLE1 & !Y SAY TO US1 0,HEAVY CLAY60 )\T EV5 KN[+ ?AT 9 ! H&S ( MAN !RE >E NO UNF]TILE SOILS2 ?AT ! MO/ F]TILE SOILS >E NOT 9 ! PRAIRIES ( ,AM]ICA1 NOR 9 ! ,RUSSIAN /EPPES2 ?AT !Y >E 9 ! PEAT-BOGS ( ,IREL&1 ON ! S& D[NS ( ! NOR!RN SEACOA/ ( ,FRANCE1 ON ! CRAGGY M\NTA9S ( ! ,RH9E1 :]E !Y HAVE BE5 MADE BY MAN'S H&S4 

,! MO/ /RIK+ FACT IS1 H[EV]1 ?AT 9 SOME UND\BT$LY F]TILE P>TS ( ! C\NTRY ?+S >E EV5 9 A WORSE CONDITION4 ,MY HE>T SIMPLY A*$ :5 ,I SAW ! /ATE 9 :I* L& IS KEPT 9 ,S\? ,DEVON1 & :5 ,I LE>N$ TO KN[ :AT 0P]MAN5T PA/URE0 MEANS4 ,FIELD AFT] FIELD IS COV]$ ) NO?+ BUT GRASS1 ?REE 9*ES HI<1 & ?I/LES 9 PR(USION4 ,TW5TY1 ?IRTY SU* FIELDS CAN BE SE5 AT ONE GLANCE FROM ! TOP ( EV]Y HILL2 & ?\S&S ( ACRES >E 9 ?AT /ATE1 NOT)/&+ ?AT ! GR&FA!RS ( ! PRES5T G5]ATION HAVE DEVOT$ A =MIDABLE AM\NT ( LABOR TO ! CLE>+ ( ?AT L& FROM ! /ONES1 TO F5C+ IT1 R\<LY DRA9+ IT & ! LIKE4 ,9 EV]Y DIRECTION ,I C\LD SEE AB&ON$ COTTAGES & OR*>DS GO+ TO RU94 ,A :OLE POPULATION HAS DISAPPE>$1 & EV5 ITS LA/ VE/IGES MU/ DISAPPE> IF ?+S CONT9UE TO GO ON AS !Y HAVE GONE4 ,& ?IS TAKES PLACE 9 A P>T ( ! C\NTRY 5D[$ ) A MO/ F]TILE SOIL & POSSESS$ ( A CLIMATE :I* IS C]TA9LY MORE CONG5IAL ?AN ! CLIMATE ( ,J]SEY 9 SPR+ & E>LY SUMM]--A L& UPON :I* EV5 ! POORE/ COTTAG]S OCCASIONALLY RAISE POTATOES AS E>LY AS ! FIR/ HALF ( ,MAY4 ,BUT H[ CAN ?AT L& BE CULTIVAT$ :5 !RE IS NOBODY TO CULTIVATE IT8 0,WE HAVE FIELDS2 M5 GO BY1 BUT NEV] GO 91 0AN OLD LABOR] SAID TO ME2 & SO IT IS 9 REALITY4#h 

,SU* W]E MY IMPRESSIONS ( ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE TW5TY YE>S AGO4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 BO? ! (FICIAL /ATI/ICAL DATA & ! MASS ( PRIVATE EVID5CE PUBLI%$ S9CE T5D TO %[ ?AT BUT LITTLE IMPROVEM5T TOOK PLACE 9 ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( AGRICULTURE 9 ?IS C\NTRY )9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S4 ,SOME SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS 9 V>I\S NEW DIRECTIONS HAVE BE5 MADE 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 & ,I WILL HAVE ! PLEASURE TO M5TION !M FUR!R ON1 ! MORE SO AS !Y %[ :AT A QUITE AV]AGE SOIL 9 !SE ISL&S CAN GIVE :5 IT IS PROP]LY TREAT$4 ,BUT OV] L>GE >EAS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! S\!RN C\NTIES1 ! G5]AL CONDITIONS >E EV5 WORSE ?AN !Y W]E TW5TY YE>S AGO4 

,ALTOGE!R ONE CANNOT READ ! MASS ( REVIEW & NEWSPAP] >TICLES1 & BOOKS DEAL+ ) ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE ?AT HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ LATELY1 )\T REALIZ+ ?AT ! AGRICULTURAL DEPRESSION :I* BEGAN 9 ! 0SEV5TIES0 & ! 0EI<TIES0 ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAD CAUSES MU* MORE DEEPLY SEAT$ ?AN ! FALL 9 ! PRICES ( :EAT 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ,AM]ICAN COMPETITION4 ,H[EV]1 IT W\LD LIE BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS BOOK TO 5T] H]E 9TO SU* A DISCUSSION4 ,MOREOV]1 ANYONE :O WILL READ A FEW REVIEW >TICLES WRITT5 FROM ! PO9TS ( VIEW ( DIFF]5T P>TIES1 OR CONSULT SU* BOOKS AS ?AT ( ,MR4 ,*RI/OPH] ,TURNOR1#i OR /UDY ! ELABORATE 9QUE/ MADE BY ,RID] ,HAGG>D 9 TW5TY-SIX C\NTIES ( ,5GL&--PAY+ MORE ATT5TION TO ! DATA  ACCUMULAT$ 9 ?IS BOOK ?AN TO ! SOMETIMES BIAS$ CONCLUSIONS ( ! AU?OR--WILL SOON SEE HIMSELF :AT >E ! CAUSES :I* HAMP] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE4#a 

,9 ,SCOTL& ! CONDITIONS >E EQUALLY BAD4 ,! POPULATION DESCRIB$ AS 0RURAL0 IS 9 A /EADY DECREASE3 9 #aiaa IT WAS ALREADY LESS ?AN #h12 & AS REG>DS ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 !IR NUMB] HAS DECREAS$ BY #d#b1#c#g 7FROM #a#c#e1#i#g TO #i#c1#f7 9 ! TW5TY YE>S1 #ahha TO #a#i#a4 ,! L& GOES \T1 ( CULTURE1  :ILE ! >EA UND] 0DE] =E/S0--?AT IS1 UND] HUNT+ GR\NDS E/ABLI%$ UPON :AT =M]LY WAS >ABLE  L& = ! AMUSEM5T ( ! RI*--9CREASES AT AN APPALL+ RATE4 ,NO NE$ TO SAY ?AT AT ! SAME TIME ! ,SCOT* POPULATION IS EMIGRAT+1 & ,SCOTL& IS DEPOPULAT$ AT AN APPALL+ SPE$4 

,MY *IEF PURPOSE BE+ TO %[ H]E :AT CAN & \<T TO BE  OBTA9$ FROM ! L& UND] A PROP] & 9TELLIG5T TREATM5T1 ,I %ALL ONLY 9DICATE ONE ( ! DISADVANTAGES ( ! SY/EMS ( HUSB&RY 9 VOGUE 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,BO? L&LORDS & F>M]S GRADUALLY CAME ( LATE TO PURSUE O!R AIMS ?AN ?AT ( OBTA9+ FROM ! L& ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( PRODUCE ?AN CAN BE OBTA9$2 & :5 ?IS PROBLEM ( A MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVITY ( ! L& >OSE BE=E ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONS1 & !RE=E A COMPLETE MODIFICATION ( ! ME?ODS ( HUSB&RY WAS R5D]$ IMP]ATIVE1 SU* A MODIFICATION WAS NOT  ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,:ILE 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,G]MANY & ,D5M>K ! AGRICULTURI/S DID !IR BE/ TO MEET ! EFFECTS ( ,AM]ICAN COMPETITION BY R5D]+ !IR CULTURE MORE 9T5SIVE 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 9 ?IS C\NTRY ! ALREADY ANTIQUAT$ ME?OD ( R$UC+ ! >EA UND] CORN CROPS & LAY+ L& = GRASS CONT9UES TO PREVAIL1 AL?\< IT \<T TO BE EVID5T ?AT M]E GRAZ+  WILL PAY NO MORE1 & ?AT SOME EF=T 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION W\LD 9CREASE ! RETURNS ( ! CORN CROPS1 AS ALSO ?OSE ( ! ROOTS & PLANTS CULTIVAT$ = 9DU/RIAL PURPOSES4 ,! L& CONT9UES TO GO \T ( CULTURE1 :ILE ! PROBLEM ( ! DAY IS TO R5D] CULTURE MORE & MORE 9T5SIVE4 

,MANY CAUSES HAVE COMB9$ TO PRODUCE ?AT UNDESIRABLE RESULT4 ,! CONC5TRATION ( L&[N]%IP 9 ! H&S ( BIG L&[N]S2 ! HI< PR(ITS OBTA9$ PREVI\SLY2 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CLASS ( BO? L&LORDS & F>M]S :O RELY *IEFLY UPON O!R 9COMES ?AN ?OSE !Y DRAW FROM ! L&1 & = :OM F>M+ HAS ?US BECOME A SORT ( PLEASANT BY-OCCUPATION OR SPORT2 ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( GAME RES]VES = SPORTSM51 BO? ,BRITI% & =EIGN2 ! ABS5CE ( M5 ( 9ITIATIVE :O W\LD HAVE %[N TO ! NATION ! NECESSITY ( A NEW DEP>TURE2 ! ABS5CE ( A DESIRE TO W9 ! NECESS>Y KN[L$GE1 & ! ABS5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS :I* C\LD WIDELY SPREAD PRACTICAL AGRICULTURAL KN[L$GE & 9TRODUCE IMPROV$ SE$S & SE$L+S1 AS ! ,EXP]IM5TAL ,F>MS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA >E DO+2 ! DISLIKE ( ?AT SPIRIT ( AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATION TO :I* ! ,DANI% F>M]S [E !IR SUCCESSES1 & SO ON--ALL !SE /& 9 ! WAY ( ! UNAVOIDABLE *ANGE 9 ! ME?ODS ( F>M+1 & PRODUCE ! RESULTS ( :I* ! ,BRITI% WRIT]S ON AGRICULTURE >E COMPLA9+4#a#a ,BUT IT IS SELF-EVID5T ?AT 9 ORD] TO COMPETE ) C\NTRIES :]E MA*9]Y IS L>GELY US$ & NEW ME?ODS ( F>M+ >E RESORT$ TO 79CLUD+ ! 9DU/RIAL TREATM5T ( F>M PRODUCE 9 SUG> WORKS1 />* WORKS1 & ! DRY+ ( VEGETABLES1 ETC41 CONNECT$ ) F>M+71 ! OLD ME?ODS CANNOT DO2 ESPECIALLY :5 ! F>M] HAS TO PAY A R5T ( TW5TY1 =TY1 & OCCASIONAL.>Y FIFTY %ILL+S P] ACRE = :EAT-L&S4 

,IT MAY BE SAID1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ?IS OP9ION /RANGELY CONTRA/S ) ! WELL-KN[N SUP]IORITY ( ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE4 ,DO WE NOT KN[1 9DE$1 ?AT ,BRITI% CROPS AV]AGE TW5TY-EI<T TO ?IRTY BU%ELS ( :EAT P] ACRE1 :ILE 9 ,FRANCE !Y REA* ONLY FROM SEV5TE5 TO TW5TY BU%ELS8 ,DOES IT NOT /& 9 ALL ALMANACS ?AT ,BRITA9 GETS EV]Y YE> ,G,B,P#b11 /]L+ WOR? ( ANIMAL PRODUCE--MILK1 *EESE1 MEAT & WOOL--FROM H] FIELDS8 ,ALL ?AT IS TRUE1 & !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 9 MANY RESPECTS ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE IS SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( MANY O!R NATIONS4 ,AS REG>DS OBTA9+ ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( PRODUCE ) ! LEA/ AM\NT ( LABOR1 ,BRITA9 UND\BT$LY TOOK ! LEAD UNTIL %E WAS SUP]S$$ BY ,AM]ICA 9 ! ,BONANZA F>MS 7N[ DISAPPE>$ OR RAPIDLY DISAPPE>+74 ,AGA91 AS REG>DS ! F9E BRE$S ( CATTLE1 ! SPL5DID /ATE ( ! MEAD[S & ! RESULTS OBTA9$ 9 SEP>ATE F>MS1 !RE IS MU* TO BE LE>N$ FROM ,BRITA94 ,BUT A CLOS] ACQUA9TANCE ) ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE AS A :OLE DISCLOSES MANY FEATURES ( 9F]IORITY4 

,H[EV] SPL5DID1 A MEAD[ REMA9S A MEAD[1 MU* 9F]IOR 9 PRODUCTIVITY TO A CORNFIELD2 & ! F9E BRE$S ( CATTLE APPE> TO BE POOR CREATURES AS LONG AS EA* OX REQUIRES ?REE ACRES ( L& TO BE F$ UPON4 ,AS REG>DS ! CROPS1 C]TA9LY ONE MAY 9DULGE 9 SOME ADMIRATION AT ! AV]AGE TW5TY-EI<T OR ?IRTY BU%ELS GR[N 9 ?IS C\NTRY2 BUT :5 WE LE>N ?AT ONLY #a1#f1 TO #a1#i1 ACRES \T ( ! CULTIVABLE #c#c11 BE> SU* CROPS1 WE >E QUITE DISAPPO9T$4 ,ANYONE C\LD OBTA9 LIKE RESULTS IF HE W]E TO PUT ALL HIS MANURE 9TO ONE-TW5TIE? P>T ( ! >EA :I* HE POSSESSES4 ,AGA91 ! TW5TY-EI<T TO ?IRTY BU%ELS NO LONG] APPE> TO US SO SATISFACTORY :5 WE LE>N ?AT )\T ANY MANUR+1 M]ELY BY MEANS ( A GOOD CULTURE1 !Y HAVE OBTA9$ AT ,RO?AM/EAD AN AV]AGE ( #ad BU%ELS P] ACRE FROM ! SAME PLOT ( L& = =TY CONSECUTIVE YE>S2#a#b :ILE ,MR4 ,PR\T1 9 HIS F>M NE> ,SAWBRIDGEWOR? 7,H]TS71 ON A COLD HEAVY CLAY1 HAS OBTA9$ S9CE #ahfa CROPS ( FROM ?IRTY TO ?IRTY-EI<T BU%ELS ( :EAT1 YE> AFT] YE>1 )\T ANY F>M MANURE AT ALL1 BY GOOD /EAM PL[+ & >TIFICIAL MANURE ONLY4 7,R4 ,HAGG>D1 ,I4 #e#b#h47 ,UND] ! ALLOTM5T SY/EM ! CROPS REA* =TY BU%ELS4 ,9 SOME F>MS !Y OCCASIONALLY ATTA9 EV5 FIFTY & FIFTY-SEV5 BU%ELS P] ACRE4 

,IF WE 9T5D TO HAVE A CORRECT APPRECIATION ( ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE1 WE MU/ NOT BASE IT UPON :AT IS OBTA9$ ON A FEW SELECT$ & WELLMANUR$ PLOTS2 WE MU/ 9QUIRE :AT IS DONE ) ! T]RITORY1 TAK5 AS A :OLE4#a#c ,N[1 \T ( EA* #a1 ACRES ( ! AGGREGATE T]RITORY ( ,5GL&1 ,WALES & ,SCOTL&1 #dce ACRES >E LEFT UND] WOOD1 COPPICE1 HEA?1 BUILD+S1 & SO ON4 ,WE NE$ NOT F9D FAULT ) ?AT DIVISION1 BECAUSE IT DEP5DS V]Y MU* UPON NATURAL CAUSES4 ,9 ,FRANCE & ,BELGIUM ONE-?IRD ( ! T]RITORY IS 9 LIKE MANN] ALSO TREAT$ AS UNCULTIVABLE1 AL?\< PORTIONS ( IT >E CONT9UALLY RECLAIM$ & BR\<T UND] CULTURE4 ,BUT1 LEAV+ ASIDE ! 0UNCULTIVABLE0 PORTION1 LET US SEE :AT IS DONE ) ! #efe ACRES \T ( #a1 ( ! 0CULTIVABLE0 P>T 7#c#b1#a#d#e1#i#c ACRES 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 9 #a#i#a74 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO P>TS1 & ONE ( !M1 ! L>GE/-- #* ACRES \T ( #a1--IS LEFT UND] 0P]MAN5T PA/URE10 ?AT IS1 9 MO/ CASES IT IS 5TIRELY UNCULTIVAT$4 ,V]Y LITTLE HAY IS OBTA9$ FROM IT1#a#d & SOME CATTLE >E GRAZ$ UPON IT4 ,MORE ?AN ONE-HALF ( ! CULTIVABLE >EA IS ?US LEFT )\T CULTIVATION1 & ONLY #beg ACRES \T ( EA* #a1 ACRES >E UND] CULTURE4 ,\T ( !SE LA/1 #abd ACRES >E UND] CORN CROPS1 TW5TY-ONE ACRES UND] POTATOES1 FIFTY-?REE ACRES UND] GRE5 CROPS1 & SEV5TY-?REE ACRES UND] CLOV] FIELDS & GRASSES UND] ROTATION4 ,& F9ALLY1 \T ( ! #abd ACRES GIV5 TO CORN CROPS1 ! BE/ ?IRTY-?REE1 & SOME YE>S ONLY TW5TY-FIVE ACRES 7ONE-=TIE? P>T ( ! T]RITORY1 ONE TW5TY-?IRD ( ! CULTIVABLE >EA71 >E PICK$ \T & S[N ) :EAT4 ,!Y >E WELL CULTIVAT$1 WELL MANUR$1 & UPON !M AN AV]AGE ( FROM TW5TY-EI<T TO ?IRTY BU%ELS TO ! ACRE IS OBTA9$2 & UPON !SE TW5TY-FIVE OR ?IRTY ACRES \T ( #a1 ! WORLD SUP]IORITY ( ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE IS BAS$4 

,! NET RESULT ( ALL ?AT IS1 ?AT ON NE>LY #c#c11 ACRES ( CULTIVABLE L& ! FOOD IS GR[N = ONE ?IRD P>T ONLY ( ! POPULATION 7MORE ?AN TWO-?IRDS ( ! FOOD IT CONSUMES IS IMPORT$71 & WE MAY SAY ACCORD+LY ?AT1 AL?\< NE>LY TWO-?IRDS ( ! T]RITORY IS CULTIVABLE1 ,BRITI% AGRICULTURE PROVIDES HOMEGR[N FOOD = EA* #abe OR #ace 9HABITANTS ONLY P] SQU>E MILE 7\T ( #d#f#f74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 NE>LY ?REE ACRES ( ! CULTIVABLE >EA >E REQUIR$ TO GR[ ! FOOD = EA* P]SON4 ,LET US !N SEE :AT IS DONE ) ! L& 9 ,FRANCE & ,BELGIUM4 

,N[1 IF WE SIMPLY COMP>E ! AV]AGE ?IRTY BU%ELS P] ACRE ( :EAT 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 ) ! AV]AGE N9ETE5 TO TW5TY BU%ELS GR[N 9 ,FRANCE )9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S1 ! COMP>ISON IS ALL 9 FAVOR ( !SE ISL&S2 BUT SU* AV]AGES >E ( LITTLE VALUE BECAUSE ! TWO SY/EMS ( AGRICULTURE >E TOTALLY DIFF]5T 9 ! TWO C\NTRIES4 ,! ,FR5*MAN ALSO HAS HIS PICK$ & HEAVILY MANUR$ 0TW5TY-FIVE TO ?IRTY ACRES0 9 ! NOR? ( ,FRANCE & 9 ,ILE-DE ,FRANCE1 & FROM !SE PICK$ ACRES HE OBTA9S AV]AGE CROPS RANG+ FROM ?IRTY TO ?IRTY-?REE BU%ELS4#a#e ,H[EV]1 HE S[S ) :EAT1 NOT ONLY ! BE/ PICK$ \T ACRES1 BUT ALSO SU* FIELDS ON ! ,C5TRAL ,PLATEAU & 9 ,S\!RN ,FRANCE AS H>DLY YIELD T51 EI<T & EV5 SIX BU%ELS TO ! ACRE1 )\T IRRIGATION2 & !SE L[ CROPS R$UCE ! AV]AGE = ! :OLE C\NTRY4 

,! ,FR5*MAN CULTIVATES MU* ?AT IS LEFT H]E UND] P]MAN5T PA/URE--& ?IS IS :AT IS DESCRIB$ AS HIS 09F]IORITY0 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,9 FACT1 AL?\< ! PROPORTION BETWE5 :AT WE HAVE NAM$ ! 0CULTIVABLE >EA0 & ! TOTAL T]RITORY IS V]Y MU* ! SAME 9 ,FRANCE AS IT IS 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7#f#b#d ACRES \T ( EA* #a1 ACRES ( ! T]RITORY71 ! >EA UND] :EAT CROPS IS NE>LY SIX TIMES  AS GREAT1 9 PROPORTION1 AS :AT IT IS 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7#a#h#b ACRES 9/EAD ( TW5TY-FIVE OR ?IRTY1 \T ( EA* #a1 ACRES73 ! CORN CROPS ALTOGE!R COV] NE>LY TWO-FIF?S ( ! CULTIVABLE >EA 7#c#g#e ACRES \T ( #a171 & L>GE >EAS >E GIV5 BESIDES TO GRE5 CROPS1 9DU/RIAL CROPS1 V9E1 FRUIT & VEGETABLES4 

,TAK+ EV]Y?+ 9TO CONSID]ATION1 AL?\< ! ,FR5*MAN KEEPS LESS CATTLE1 & ESPECIALLY GRAZES LESS %EEP ?AN ! ,BRITON1 HE NEV]!LESS OBTA9S FROM HIS SOIL NE>LY ALL ! FOOD ?AT HE & HIS CATTLE CONSUME4 ,HE IMPORTS1 9 AN AV]AGE YE>1 BUT ONE-T5? ONLY ( :AT ! NATION CONSUMES1 & HE EXPORTS TO ?IS C\NTRY CONSID]ABLE QUANTITIES ( FOOD PRODUCE 7,G,B,P#a11 WOR?71 NOT ONLY FROM ! S\?1 BUT ALSO1 & ESPECIALLY1 FROM ! %ORES ( ! ,*ANNEL 7,BRITTANY BUTT] & VEGETABLES2 FRUIT & VEGETABLES FROM ! SUBURBS ( ,P>IS1 & SO ON74#a#f 

,! NET RESULT IS ?AT1 AL?\< ONE-?IRD P>T ( ! T]RITORY IS ALSO TREAT$ AS 0UNCULTIVABLE10 ! SOIL ( ,FRANCE YIELDS ! FOOD = #ag 9HABITANTS P] SQU>E MILE 7\T ( #a#h#h71 ?AT IS1 = =TY P]SONS MORE1 P] SQU>E MILE1 ?AN ?IS C\NTRY4#a#g 

,IT IS ?US APP>5T ?AT ! COMP>ISON ) ,FRANCE IS NOT SO MU* 9 FAVOR ( ?IS C\NTRY AS IT IS SAID TO BE2 & IT WILL BE /ILL LESS FAVORABLE :5 WE COME1 9 \R NEXT *APT]1 TO HORTICULTURE4 

,! COMP>ISON ) ,BELGIUM IS EV5 MORE /RIK+--! MORE SO AS ! TWO SY/EMS ( CULTURE >E SIMIL> 9 BO? C\NTRIES4 ,TO BEG9 )1 9 ,BELGIUM WE ALSO F9D AN AV]AGE CROP ( OV] ?IRTY BU%ELS ( :EAT TO ! ACRE2 BUT ! >EA GIV5 TO :EAT IS FIVE TIMES AS BIG AS 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 9 COMP>ISON TO ! CULTIVABLE >EA1 & ! C]EALS COV] TWO-FIF?S ( ! L& AVAILABLE = CULTURE4#a#h ,! L& IS SO WELL CULTIVAT$ ?AT ! AV]AGE CROPS = ! YE>S #a#h#i-#a#h#i#i 7! V]Y BAD YE> ( #ahia BE+ LEFT \T ( ACC\NT7 W]E FROM TW5TY-SIX & A HALF TO TW5TY-EI<T & A HALF BU%ELS P] ACRE = W9T] :EAT1 & REA*$ AN AV]AGE ( ?IRTY-?REE & A HALF BU%ELS 9 #a#i-#a#i#d2 OV] FIFTY-F\R BU%ELS = OATS 7?IRTY-FIVE TO =TY-ONE & A HALF 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA971 & FROM =TY TO =TY-?REE & A HALF BU%ELS = W9T] B>LEY 7TW5TY-N9E TO ?IRTY-FIVE 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA972 :ILE ON NO LESS ?AN #d#g#e1 ACRES CAT* CROPS ( SW$ES 7#c1#c#d#e1 TONS71 C>ROTS 7#a#e#e1 TONS71 & MORE ?AN #e1 ( LUC]NE & O!R GRASSES W]E OBTA9$4#a#i 

,AS TO EXTRAORD9>ILY HEAVY CROPS1 ,MR4 ,SEEBOHM ,R[NTREE M5TIONS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! :EAT CROP 9 ! COMMUNE ( ,OIRBECK1 NE> ,L\VA91 :I* WAS19 #a#i#f1 ON ! AV]AGE1FIFTY-SEV5 BU%ELS P] ACRE1 :ILE ! AV]AGE ( ! :OLE C\NTRY WAS ONLY ?IRTY-F\R BU%ELS1 OR A YIELD ( #a#a#a4#e BU%ELS ( OATS 9 ! COMMUNE ( ,NEUVE-,EGLISE1 :ILE ! AV]AGE = ,BELGIUM WAS FIFTY-F\R BU%ELS1 & SO ON1 ! AV]AGE CROPS ( SEV]AL COMMUNES = SOME C]EALS BE+ SEV5TY-?REE P]C5T 9 EXCESS ( ! AV]AGE = ,BELGIUM1 & FROM #af TO #aec P]C5T = ROOTS4#b 

,ALL TAK51 !Y GR[ 9 ,BELGIUM MORE ?AN #g#f11 BU%ELS ( C]EALS--?AT IS1 FIFTE5 & SEV5-T5?S BU%ELS P] ACRE ( ! CULTIVABLE >EA--:ILE ! CORRESPOND+ FIGURE = ,GREAT ,BRITA9 IS ONLY EI<T & A HALF BU%ELS2 & !Y KEEP ALMO/ TWICE AS MANY CATTLE UPON EA* CULTIVABLE ACRE AS IS KEPT 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94#b#a 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,I LEAVE !SE L9ES ON PURPOSE AS !Y W]E WRITT5 = ! FIR/ $ITION ( ?IS BOOK4 

#b ,TW5TY ?REE P]C5T ( ! TOTAL >EA ( ,5GL&1 #d P]C5T 9 ,WALES1 & #ge P]C5T 9 ,SCOTL& >E N[ UND] WOOD1 COPPICE1 M\NTA9 HEA?1 WAT]1 ETC4 ,! REMA9D]-- ?AT IS1 #c#b1#g#g#g1#e#a#c ACRES--:I* W]E UND] CULTURE & P]MAN5T PA/URE 9 ! YE> #ahi 7ONLY #c#b1#i#d1#f#e#h 9 #a#i#a#a71 MAY BE TAK5 AS ! 0CULTIVABLE0 >EA ( ,GREAT ,BRITA94 

#c ,AV]AGE >EA UND] :EAT 9 #a#h#e#c-#a#h#f1 #d1#i#b1#a#f ACRES2 AV]AGE CROP1 #a#d1#c#a1#g#g#i QU>T]S4 ,AV]AGE >EA UND] :EAT 9 #a#h#h#d-#a#h#h#g1 #b1#e#i1#e#e ACRES2 AV]AGE CROP 7GOOD YE>S71 #i1#a#i#h #ief QU>T]S4 ,SEE ,PR(ESSOR ,W4 ,FREAM'S ,RO?AM/EAD ,EXP]IM5TS 1 7,LONDON1 #a#h#h#h71 PAGE #h#c4 ,I TAKE 9 ! ABOVE ,SIR ,JOHN ,LAWES' FIGURE ( #e4#f#e BU%ELS P] HEAD ( POPULATION EV]Y YE>4 ,IT IS V]Y CLOSE TO ! YE>LY ALL[ANCE ( #e4#f#g BU%ELS ( ! ,FR5* /ATI/ICIANS4 ,! ,RUSSIAN /ATI/ICIANS RECKON #e4#f#g BU%ELS ( W9T] CROPS 7*IEFLY RYE7 & #b4#e BU%ELS ( SPR+ CROPS 7S>RAZ91 B>LEY1 ETC474 

#d ,!RE WAS AN 9CREASE ( #a1#h1 HEAD ( HORN$ CATTLE & A DECREASE ( #d4#b#e MILLION %EEP 7#f4#f#f MILLIONS1 IF WE COMP>E ! YE> #ahhf ) #a#h#f#h71 :I* W\LD CORRESPOND TO AN 9CREASE ( #a4#b#e MILLION ( UNITS ( CATTLE1 BECAUSE EI<T %EEP >E RECKON$ AS EQUIVAL5T TO ONE HEAD ( HORN$ CATTLE4 ,BUT FIVE MILLION ACRES HAV+ BE5 RECLAIM$ UPON WA/E L& S9CE #a#h#f1 ! ABOVE 9CREASE %\LD H>DLY DO = COV]+ ?AT >EA1 SO ?AT ! #b4#b#e MILLION ACRES :I* W]E CULTIVAT$ NO LONG] REMA9$ FULLY UNCOV]$4 ,!Y W]E A PURE LOSS TO ! NATION4 

#e ,ACCORD+ TO A REPORT READ BY ,MR4 ,CRAW=D BE=E ! ,/ATI/ICAL ,SOCIETY 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#i#i1 ,BRITA9 IMPORTS EV]Y YE> #d1#e1 TONS ( HAY & O!R FOOD = ITS CATTLE & HORSES4 ,UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM ( CULTURE1 #f11 ACRES C\LD PRODUCE !SE FOOD-/UFFS4 ,IF ANO!R #f11 ACRES W]E S[N ) C]EALS1 ALL ! :EAT REQUIR$ = ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM C\LD HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ AT HOME ) ! ME?ODS ( CULTURE N[ 9 USE4 

 #f,NO LESS ?AN #e1#h#g#g1 CWTS4 ( BEEF & MUTTON1 #a1#f#e1#d#g %EEP & LAMBS1 & #d#a#e1#e#f#e PIECES ( CATTLE W]E IMPORT$ 9 #a#h#i#e4 ,9 #aia ! FIR/ ( !SE FIGURES ROSE TO #a#c1#f#i1 CWTS4 ,ALTOGE!R1 IT IS CALCULAT$ 7,/ATESMAN'S ,YE>-BOOK1 #a#i#a#b7 ?AT1 9 #a#i#a1 #ba LB4 ( IMPORT$ BEEF1 #a#c4#e LB4 ( IMPORT$ MUTTON1 & #g LB4 ( O!R SORTS ( MEAT1 P] HEAD ( POPULATION1 W]E RETA9$ = HOME CONSUMPTION2 9 ADDITION TO #aa LB4 ( BUTT]1 #bfb LB4 ( :EAT1 #bf LB4 ( FL\R1 & #b LB4 ( RICE & RICE-FL\R1 IMPORT$4 

#g ,AGRICULTURAL POPULATION 7F>M] & LABOR]S7 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES3 #b1#a1 9 #a#h#f#a2 #a1#c#h#c1 9 #a#h#h#d2 #a1#c#a#a1#g#b 9 #a#h#i#a2 #a1#a#e#b1#e 79CLUD+ FI%+ POPULATION7 9 #a#i#a4 

#h ,R\ND ! SMALL HAMLET :]E ,I /AY$ = TWO SUMM]S !RE W]E3 ,ONE F>M1 #cg ACRES1 F\R LABOR]S & TWO BOYS ANO!R1 AB\T #c ACRES1 TWO M5 & TWO BOYS2 ANO!R1 AB\T #c ACRES1 TWO M5 & TWO BOYS2 A ?IRD #h ACRES1 FIVE M5 ONLY & PROBABLY AS MANY BOYS4 ,9 TRU?1 ! PROBLEM ( CULTIVAT+ ! L& ) ! LEA/ NUMB] ( M5 HAS BE5 SOLV$ 9 ?IS SPOT BY NOT CULTIVAT+ AT ALL AS MU* AS TWO-?IRDS ( IT4 ,S9CE !SE L9ES W]E WRITT51 9 #a#h#i1 A MOVEM5T 9 FAVOR ( 9T5SIVE M>KET-G>D5+ HAS BEGUN 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & ,I READ 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#i1 ?AT !Y W]E SELL+ AT ! ,COV5T ,G>D5 M>KET ASP>AGUS ?AT HAD BE5 GR[N 9 ,S\? ,DEVON 9 ,NOVEMB]4 ,!Y BEG9 ALSO TO GR[ E>LY POTATOES 9 ,CORNWALL & ,DEVON4 ,=M]LY1 NOBODY ?\<T ( UTILIZ+ ?IS RI* SOIL & W>M CLIMATE = GR[+ E>LY VEGETABLES4 

#i,L& ,PROBLEMS & ,NATIONAL ,WELF>E1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#a#a4 

#a,RURAL ,5GL&1 TWO BIG VOLUMES1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#b4 

#aa ,SEE ,H4 ,RID] ,HAGG>D'S ,RURAL ,D5M>K &1 ITS2 ,LESSONS 1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#a#a1 PP4 #a#h#h-#b#a#b4 

#ab ,! ,RO?AM/EAD ,EXP]IM5TS1 #a#h#h#h1 BY ,PR(ESSOR ,W4 ,FREAM1 P4 #ce SEQ4  ,IT IS WELL WOR? NOT+ ?AT ,MR4 ,HALL1 :O WAS ! HEAD ( ,RO?AM/EAD = MANY YE>S1 MA9TA9$ FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE ?AT GR[+ :EAT 9 ,5GL& IS MORE PR(ITABLE ?AN RE>+ LIVE /OCK4 ,! SAME OP9ION WAS (T5 EXPRESS$ BY ! EXP]TS :OSE TE/IMONIES >E REPRODUC$ BY ,RID] ,HAGG>D4 ,9 MANY PLACES ( HIS ,RURAL ,5GL& ONE F9DS ALSO A M5TION ( HI< :EAT CROPS1 UP TO FIFTY-SIX BU%ELS P] ACRE1 OBTA9$ 9 MANY PLACES 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 

 #a#c,! FIGURES :I* ,I TAKE = !SE CALCULATIONS >E GIV5 9 ,AGRICULTURAL ,RETURNS ( ! ,BO>D ( ,AGRICULTURE & ,AGRICULTURAL ,/ATI/ICS = #a#i#a#a1 VOL4 XLVI41 PT4 #a4 ,!Y >E AS FOLL[S = ! YE> #a#i#a3-- 

      ,ACRES 
,TOTAL >EA 7,GREAT ,BRITA97   #e#f1#h#c1 
,UNCULTIVABLE >EA    #b#d1#f#e#g1#g 
      7#b#c1#f#h1 
      9 #a#h#i#e7 
,CULTIVABLE >EA     #c#b1#a#d#e1#i#c 
,\T ( IT1 UND] ! PL[   #a#d1#f#f#h1#h#i 
,\T ( IT1 UND] P]MAN5T PA/URE  #a#g1#d#g#g1#d 

7,DUR+ ! LA/ T5 YE>S1 S9CE ! C5SUS ( #a#i#a1 ! CULTIVABLE >EA DECREAS$ BY #c#b#c1 ACRES1 :ILE ! URBAN >EA 9CREAS$ BY #a#f#f1#g#a ACRES1 ?US REA*+ N[ #d1#a#e1#g ACRES4 ,S9CE #a#i#a1 #i#d#b1 ACRES W]E )DRAWN FROM ! PL[1 #f#f#a1 ACRES 9 ,5GL&1 #a#e#h1 9 ,WALES1 & #a#b#c1 9 ,SCOTL& 47 

 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( ! >EA :I* IS ACTUALLY UND] ! PL[ BETWE5 ! V>I\S CROPS V>IES CONSID]ABLY FROM YE> TO YE>4 ,TAK+ #aia 7AN AV]AGE YE>7 WE HAVE ! FOLL[+3-- 

    ,ACRES 
,CORN CROPS   #g1#d#e1#f#c 
,CLOV] & MATURE GRASSES  #d1#a#e#g1#d 
,GRE5 CROPS & OR*>DS #b1#i#i#d1#h#i 
,HOPS     #c#b1#h#i 
,SMALL FRUIT    #h#d1#c#a 
,FLAX     #bc 
,BA] FALL[1 ETC4   #c#e#d1  
,TOTAL UND] CULTURE 
79CLUD+ ?AT 
P>T ( P]MAN5T 
PA/URE :I* GIVES HAY7 4 4 4 #a#d1#f#f#h1#h#i 
  7,9 #aia 4 4 4 #a#e1#f#a#i1#h#i7 
  7,9 #ahie 4 4 4 #a#f1#a#f#f1#i#e7 

,\T ( ! #g1#d#e1#e#c ACRES GIV5 TO CORN CROPS1 #a1#h#h1#h#e ACRES W]E UND] :EAT 7NE>LY #b1 ACRES LESS ?AN 9 #ahii & #a1 ACRES LESS ?AN 9 #a#i#a#a71 #a1#g#b#h1#f#h ACRES UND] B>LEY 7ONLY #a1#e#i#g1#i#c 9 #a#i#a#a71 #c1#b1#i#g ACRES UND] OATS1 AB\T #c1 UND] BEANS1 & AB\T #f#b1 ACRES UND] RYE & BUCK:EAT4 ,FROM #f#d1 TO #f#g1 ACRES W]E GIV5 TO POTATOES4 ,! >EA UND] CLOV] & S[N GRASSES IS /EADILY DECL9+ S9CE #a#h#i#h1 :5 IT WAS #d1#i#a#a1 ACRES4 

 #a#d,ONLY FROM EA* #eb ACRES1 \T ( #* ACRES1 HAY IS OBTA9$4 ,! REMA9D] >E GRAZ+ GR\NDS4 

#ae ,?AT IS1 ?IRTY TO ?IRTY-?REE BU%ELS ON ! AV]AGE2 =TY BU%ELS 9 GOOD F>MS1 & FIFTY 9 ! BE/4 ,! >EA UND] :EAT WAS #a#f1#g1 ACRES 9 #a#i#a1 ALL *IEF CORN CROPS COV]+ #c#c1#i#d#g1 ACRES2 ! CULTIVAT$ >EA IS #i1#c1 ACRES1 & ! AGGREGATE SUP]FICIES ( ,FRANCE1 #a#c1#h1 ACRES4 ,AB\T AGRICULTURE 9 ,FRANCE1 SEE ,LEC\TEUX1 ,LE BLE1 SA CULTURE EXT5SIVE ET 9T5SIVE 1#a#h#h#c2 ,RISL]1 ,PHYSIOLOGIE ET CULTURE DU BLE 1 #a#h#h#f2 ,BOITET1 ,H]BAGES ET PRAIRIES NATURELLES 1 #a#h#h#e2 ,BAUDRILL>T1 ,LES POPULATIONS AGRICOLES DE LA ,NORM&IE 1 #a#h#h2 ,GR&EAU1 ,LA PRODUCTION AGRICOLE 5 ,FRANCE 1 & ,L'AGRICULTURE ET LES 9/ITUTIONS AGRICOLES DU MONDE AU COMM5CEM5T DU V+TIEME SIECLE 2 ,P4 ,COMPA91 ,PRAIRIES ET PATURAGES2 ,A4 ,CLEM5T1 ,AGRICULTURE MOD]NE 1 #a#i#f2 ,AUGE ,L>IBE1 ,L'EVOLUTION DE LA ,FRANCE AGRICOLE 1 #a#i#a#b2 ,LEONCO DO ,LAV]GNE'S LA/ $ITION2 & SO ON4 

#af ,! EXPORTS FROM ,FRANCE 9 #aia 7AV]AGE YE>7 ATTA9$3 ,W9E1 #b#b#b1#h#d1 FR42 SPIRITS1 #e#d11 FR42 *EESE1 BUTT] & SUG>1 #a#a#d11 FR4 ,TO ?IS C\NTRY ,FRANCE S5T1 SAME YE>1 ,G,B,P#b1#a#f#c1#b WOR? ( W9E1 ,G,B,P#a1#a#c1#b WOR? ( REF9$ SUG>1 ,G,B,P#b1#a#a,G1 WOR? ( BUTT]1 & ,G,B,P#d1 WOR? ( EGGS1 ALL ( ,FR5* ORIG9 ONLY1 9 ADDITION TO ,G,B,P#a#b1#b#f1#g WOR? ( MANUFACTUR$ SILKS1 WOOL5S1 & COTTONS4 ,! EXPORTS FROM ,ALG]IA >E NOT TAK5 9 ! ABOVE FIGURES4 

#ag ,EA* #a1 ACRES ( ,FR5* T]RITORY >E DISPOS$ ( AS FOLL[S3 #cgi ACRES >E UND] WOODS & COPPICES 7#a#g#f71 BUILD+1 COMMUNAL GRAZ+ GR\NDS1 M\NTA9S1 ETC41 & #fba ACRES >E CONSID]$ AS 0CULTIVABLE40 ,\T ( ! LATT]1 #ac >E UND] MEAD[S1 N[ ,IRRIGAT$ TO A GREAT EXT5T1 #beg ACRES UND] C]EALS 7#a#b#d UND] :EAT1 & #bf UND] :EAT MIX$ ) RYE71 #cc UND] V9EY>DS1 #hc UND] OR*>DS1 GRE5 CROPS1 & V>I\S 9DU/RIAL CULTURES1 & ! REMA9D] IS *IEFLY UND] P]MAN5T PA/URE OR B>E FALL[4 ,AS TO CATTLE1 WE F9D 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 9 #a#i#a1 :I* WAS AN AV]AGE YE>1 #g1#c#g1#c#c HEAD ( CATTLE 79CLUD+ 9 ?AT NUMB] AB\T #a1#d1 CALVES UND] ONE YE>71 :I* MAKES TW5TY-TWO HEAD  P] EA* #a ACRES ( ! CULTIVABLE >EA1 & #b#g1#a#c1 %EEP--?AT IS1 EI<TY-F\R %EEP P] EA* #a ACRES ( ! SAME >EA4 ,9 ,FRANCE WE F9D1 9 ! SAME YE>1 #a#d1#b#i#g1#e#g CATTLE 7N9ETE5  HEAD P] EA* #a ACRES ( CULTIVABLE >EA71 & ONLY #a#g1#c#e#g1#a#c#d %EEP 7TW5TY-ONE %EEP P] #a ACRES ( ! SAME74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! PROPORTION ( HORN$ CATTLE IS NE>LY ! SAME 9 BO? C\NTRIES 7TW5TY-TWO HEAD & N9ETE5 HEAD P] #a ACRES71 A CONSID]ABLE DIFF]5CE APPE>+ 9 FAVOR ( ?IS C\NTRY ONLY AS TO ! NUMB] ( %EEP 7EI<TY-F\R AS AGA9/ TW5TY-ONE74 ,! HEAVY IMPORTS ( HAY1 OIL CAKE1 OATS1 ETC41 9TO ?IS C\NTRY MU/1 H[EV]1 NOT BE =GOTT51 BECAUSE1 = EA* HEAD ( CATTLE :I* LIVES ON IMPORT$ FOOD1 EI<T %EEP CAN BE GRAZ$1 OR BE F$ ) HOMEGR[N FODD]4 ,AS TO HORSES1 BO? C\NTRIES /& ON NE>LY ! SAME FOOT+4 

 #ah ,\T ( EA* #a1 ACRES ( T]RITORY1 #fgc >E CULTIVAT$1 & #cbg >E LEFT AS UNCULTIVABLE1 & P>T ( !M >E N[ US$ = AF=E/ATION4 ,\T ( ! #fgc CULTIVAT$ ACRES1 #bgc >E GIV5 TO C]EALS1 \T ( :I* #fa >E UND] PURE :EAT1 #aad UND] METEIL 7A MIXTURE ( TWO-?IRDS ( :EAT & ONE-?IRD ( RYE7 & PURE RYE1 & #ih UND] O!R C]EALS2 #ah TO POTATOES1 #de TO ROOTS & FODD] & #bha TO V>I\S 9DU/RIAL CULTURES 7BEET = SUG>1 OLEAG9\S GRA9S1 ETC472 #bg >E UND] G>D5S1 KIT*5 G>D5S & P>KS1 #agg UND] WOODS1 & #eg >E CULTIVAT$ P]IODICALLY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 EA* #fe ACRES \T ( #a1 GIVE CAT*-CROPS ( C>ROTS1 MANGOLDS1 ETC4 

#a#i,ANNUAIRE ,/ATI/IQUE DE LA ,BELGIQUE P\R #a#i#a1 ,BRUXELLES1 #a#i#a#a4 ,9 ,MR4 ,SEEBOHM ,R[NTREE'S ADMIRABLE WORK1 ,L& & ,LABOR3 ,LESSONS FROM ,BELGIUM1  PUBLI%$ #aia 7,LONDON1 ,MACMILLAN71 ! READ] WILL F9D ALL CONC]N+ ,BELGIAN AGRICULTURE DEALT ) 9 DETAIL ON ! BASIS ( ! AU?OR'S P]SONAL SCRUPUL\S 9QUIRIES ON ! SPOT1 & ALL AVAILABLE /ATI/ICAL 9=MATION  

#b,L& & ,LABOR3 ,LABOR FROM ,BELGIUM1 PP4 #a#g#h1#a#g#i4 

#ba ,TAK+ ALL HORSES1 CATTLE & %EEP 9 BO? C\NTRIES1 & RECKON+ EI<T %EEP AS EQUIVAL5T TO ONE HEAD ( HORN$ CATTLE1 WE F9D ?AT ,BELGIUM HAS TW5TY-F\R CATTLE UNITS & HORSES UPON EA* #a ACRES ( T]RITORY1 AS AGA9/ TW5TY SAME UNITS & HORSES 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,IF WE TAKE CATTLE ALONE1 ! DISPROPORTION IS MU* GREAT]1 AS WE F9D ?IRTY-SIX  CATTLE UNITS ON EA* #a ACRES ( CULTIVABLE >EA1 AS AGA9/ N9ETE5  9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,! ANNUAL VALUE ( ANIMAL PRODUCE 9 ,BELGIUM IS E/IMAT$ BY ! ,ANNUAIRE ,/ATI/IQUE DE LA ,BELGIQUE 7#a#i#a1 P4 #c#b7 AT ,G,B,P #f#f1#d11 9CLUD+ MILK 7,G,B,P#d1171 P\LTRY 7,G,B,P#a1#f171 & EGGS 7,G,B,P#a1#d174 

,*,A,P,T,] ,?,R,E,E 7,CON'T7 

,MOREOV]1 !Y EV5 EXPORT CATTLE & HORSES4 ,UP TO #ahi ,BELGIUM EXPORT$ FROM #c#f1 TO #i#d1 HEAD ( CATTLE1 FROM #d#b1 TO #g1 %EEP1 & FROM #f1 TO #a#h1#f SW9E4 ,9 #ahi !SE EXPORTS SUDD5LY CAME TO AN 5D-- PROBABLY 9 CONSEQU5CE ( A PROHIBITION ( SU* IMPORTS 9TO ,G]MANY4 ,ONLY HORSES CONT9UE TO BE EXPORT$ TO ! AM\NT ( AB\T #b#e1 HORSES & FOALS EV]Y YE>4 

,L>GE PORTIONS ( ! L& >E GIV5 BESIDES TO ! CULTURE ( 9DU/RIAL PLANTS1 POTATOES = SPIRIT1 BEET = SUG>1 & SO ON4 

,H[EV]1 IT MU/ NOT BE BELIEV$ ?AT ! SOIL ( ,BELGIUM IS MORE F]TILE ?AN ! SOIL ( ?IS C\NTRY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO USE ! WORDS ( ,LAVELEYE1 0ONLY ONE HALF1 OR LESS1 ( ! T]RITORY (F]S NATURAL CONDITIONS :I* >E FAVORABLE = AGRICULTURE02 ! O!R HALF CONSI/S ( A GRAVELLY SOIL1 OR S&S1 0! NATURAL /]ILITY ( :I* C\LD BE OV]P[]$ ONLY BY HEAVY MANUR+40 ,MAN1 NOT NATURE1 HAS GIV5 TO ! ,BELGIUM SOIL ITS PRES5T PRODUCTIVITY4 ,) ?IS SOIL & LABOR1 ,BELGIUM SUCCE$S 9 SUPPLY+ NE>LY ALL ! FOOD ( A POPULATION :I* IS D5S] ?AN ?AT ( ,5GL& & ,WALES1 & NUMB]S #ehi 9HABITANTS TO ! SQU>E MILE4 

,IF ! EXPORTS & IMPORTS ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE FROM & 9TO ,BELGIUM BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 WE CAN ASK \RSELVES :E!R ,LAVELEYE'S CONCLUSIONS >E NOT /ILL GOOD1 & :E!R ONLY ONE 9HABITANT \T ( EA* T5 TO TW5TY REQUIRES IMPORT$ FOOD4 ,9 ! YE>S #a#h#h-#a#h#h#f ! SOIL ( ,BELGIUM SUPPLI$ ) HOMEGR[N FOOD NO LESS ?AN #di 9HABITANTS P] SQU>E MILE1 & !RE REMA9$ SOME?+ = EXPORT--NO LESS ?AN ,G,B,P #a11 WOR? ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE BE+ EXPORT$ EV]Y YE> TO ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,BUT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SAY ) C]TITUDE :E!R ! CONDITIONS >E ! SAME AT ! PRES5T TIME4 

,S9CE #a#h#h1 :5 ! DUTIES ON IMPORT$ C]EALS W]E ABOLI%$ 7!Y W]E BE=E ?AT SIXP5CE = EA* #bb LB471 & CORN C\LD BE IMPORT$ FREE1 0! IMPORT]S W]E NO MORE OBLIG$ TO MAKE SPECIAL DECL>ATIONS = M]*&ISE :I* HAD TO BE REEXPORT$2 !Y DECL>$ !IR IMPORTS AS IF !Y W]E DE/9$ TO BE US$ )9 ! C\NTRY40#a ,! RESULT WAS1 ?AT :ILE 9 ! YE> #ahg ! IMPORTS ( C]EALS W]E #a$ LB4 P] HEAD ( POPULATION1 ! SAME IMPORTS ROSE TO #bhf LB4 9 #a#h#h4 ,BUT NO ONE CAN SAY H[ MU* ( !SE #bhf LB4 IS CONSUM$ 9 ,BELGIUM ITSELF2 & IF WE D$UCT FROM ! TOTAL ( ! IMPORTS ! QUANTITIES REEXPORT$ ! SAME YE>1 WE OBTA9 FIGURES :I* CANNOT BE RELI$ UPON4#b ,IT IS !RE=E SAF] TO CONSID] ! FIGURES ( ! ANNUAL PRODUCTION  ( C]EALS 9 ,BELGIUM1 SU* AS !Y >E GIV5 9 ! (FICIAL ,ANNUAIRE4 

,N[1 IF WE TAKE ! FIGURES GIV5 9 ! ,ANNUAIRE ,/A/IQUE DE LA ,BELGIQUE = ! YE> #a#i#a#a1 WE COME TO ! FOLL[+ RESULTS4 ,! ANNUAL AGRICULTURAL C5SUS1 :I* IS BE+ MADE S9CE #a#i#a1 GIVES = ! YE> #aii ?AT #b1#b#i1#c1 LB4 ( :EAT1 RYE1 & :EAT MIX$ ) RYE W]E OBTA9$ ON ALL ! F>MS ( ,BELGIUM L>G] ?AN TWO & A HALF ACRES 7#b1#b11 LB4 9 #a#h#i#e74 ,BESIDES1 #b#a#i1#b1 LB4 ( B>LEY1 #a1#c#i#c11 LB4 ( OATS1 & A CONSID]ABLE QUANTITY ( OLEAG9\S GRA9S HAVE BE5 PRODUC$4 

,IT IS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT ! AV]AGE CONSUMPTION ( BO? W9T] & SPR+ C]EALS ATTA9S #eb LB4 P] HEAD ( POPULATION2 & AS ! POPULATION ( ,BELGIUM WAS #g11 ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#g1 IT APPE>S ?AT NO LESS ?AN #c1#f#b#d1#d1 LB4 ( C]EALS W\LD HAVE BE5 REQUIR$ TO SUPPLY ! ANNUAL FOOD ( ! POPULATION4 ,IF WE COMP>E ?IS FIGURE ) ?AT ( ! ANNUAL PRODUCTION JU/ M5TION$1 WE SEE !N ?AT1 NOT)/&+ ! CONSID]ABLE DECREASE ( ! >EA GIV5 TO :EAT S9CE ! ABOLITION ( ! 5TRANCE DUTIES1 ,BELGIUM /ILL PRODUCES AT LEA/ TWO-?IRDS  ( ! C]EAL FOOD REQUIR$ = ITS V]Y D5SE POPULATION1 :I* IS NE>LY #f P]SONS P] SQU>E MILE 7#e#i#f 9 #a#i#g74 

,IT MU/ BE NOTIC$ ?AT WE %\LD HAVE COME TO A /ILL HI<] FIGURE IF WE TOOK 9TO ACC\NT ! O!R C]EALS 7TO SAY NO?+ ( ! LEGUM9\S PLANTS & VEGETABLES GR[N & CONSUM$ 9 ,BELGIUM71 & /ILL MORE SO IF WE TOOK 9TO ACC\NT :AT IS GR[N UPON ! SMALL HOLD+S LESS ?AN TWO & A HALF ACRES EA*4 ,! NUMB] ( SU* SMALL HOLD+S WAS #e#e#d1#d#a 9 #a#h#i#e1 & ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE LIV+ UPON !M REA*$ NE>LY #b114 ,!Y >E NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ! (FICIAL /ATI/ICS & YET UPON MO/ ( !M SOME C]EALS >E GR[N1  9 ADDITION TO VEGETABLES & FODD] = CATTLE4 

,IF ,BELGIUM PRODUCES 9 C]EALS ! FOOD ( MORE ?AN TWO-?IRDS ( ITS V]Y D5SE POPULATION1 ?IS IS ALREADY A QUITE RESPECTABLE FIGURE2 BUT IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT IT EXPORTS EV]Y YE> CONSID]ABLE QUANTITIES ( PRODUCTS ( ! SOIL4 ,?US1 9 ! YE> #aia %E EXPORT$ #b#e#d1#g#c TONS ( VEGETABLES 7AS AGA9/ #a#h#g1 IMPORT$71 #d1 TONS ( FRUIT1 #c#d1 TONS ( PLANTS & FL[]S 7! :OLE NE>LY ,G,B,P #c11 WOR?71 #b#e#f1 ( OLEAG9\S GRA9S1 #a#h1#e TONS ( WOOL1 NE>LY #f1 TONS ( FLAX1 & SO ON4 ,I DO NOT M5TION ! EXPORTS ( BUTT]1 RABBITS1 SK9S1 AN IMM5SE QUANTITY ( SUG> 7AB\T #a#h1 TONS71 ! VEGETABLE OILS & ! SPIRITS1 BECAUSE CONSID]ABLE QUANTITIES ( BEET & POTATOES >E IMPORT$4 ,9 %ORT1 WE HAVE H]E AN EXPORT  ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE GR[N 9 ! C\NTRY ITSELF ATTA9+ ! FIGURE ( #d#hS4 P] HEAD ( POPULATION4 

,ALL TAK51 !RE IS ?US NO POSSIBILITY ( CONTE/+ ! FACT1 ?AT IF ! SOIL ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 W]E CULTIVAT$ ONLY AS ! UNF]TILE SOIL ( ,BELGIUM IS CULTIVAT$--NOT)/&+ ALL ! SOCIAL OB/ACLES :I* /& 9 ! WAY ( AN 9T5SIVE CULTURE1 9 ,BELGIUM AS ELSE:]E--A MU* GREAT] P>T ( ! POPULATION ( !SE ISL&S W\LD OBTA9 ITS FOOD FROM ! SOIL ( ITS [N L& ?AN IS ! CASE N[ADAYS4#c 

,ON ! O!R SIDE IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ,BELGIUM IS A MANUFACTUR+ C\NTRY :I* EXPORTS1 MOREOV]1 MANUFACTUR$ HOME-MADE GOODS TO ! VALUE ( #a#i#hS4 P] HEAD ( POPULATION1 & #a#eS4 WOR? ( CRUDE OR HALF-MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCE1 :ILE ! TOTAL EXPORTS FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM HAVE ONLY LATELY ATTA9$ DUR+ ! EXTRAORD9>Y YE> ( #aiaa ! VALUE ( #b#aS4 P] 9HABITANT4 ,AS TO SEP>ATE P>TS ( ! ,BELGIAN T]RITORY1 ! SMALL & NATURALLY UNF]TILE PROV9CE ( ,WE/ ,FL&]S NOT ONLY GREW 9 #ahi ! FOOD ( ITS #eh 9HABITANTS ON ! SQU>E MILE1 BUT EXPORT$ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE TO ! VALUE ( #b#eS4 P] HEAD ( ITS POPULATION4 ,& YET NO ONE CAN READ ,LAVELEYE'S MA/]LY WORK )\T COM+ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ,FLEMI% AGRICULTURE W\LD HAVE REALIZ$ /ILL BETT] RESULTS1 W]E IT NOT HAMP]$ 9 ITS GR[? BY ! /EADY & HEAVY 9CREASE ( R5T4 ,9 ! FACE ( ! R5T BE+ 9CREAS$ EA* N9E YE>S1 MANY F>M]S HAVE LATELY AB/A9$ FROM FUR!R IMPROVEM5TS4 

,ANO!R EXAMPLE ( :AT C\LD BE A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( AN EF=T ( ! NATION SECOND$ BY ITS $UCAT$ CLASSES IS GIV5 BY ,D5M>K4 ,AFT] ! W> ( #a#h#f#d1 :I* 5D$ 9 ! LOSS ( ONE ( !IR PROV9CES1 ! ,DANES MADE AN EF=T WIDELY TO SPREAD $UCATION AMONG !IR PEASANTS1 & TO DEVELOP AT ! SAME TIME AN 9T5SIVE CULTURE ( ! SOIL4 ,! RESULT ( !SE EF=TS IS N[ QUITE EVID5T4 ,! RURAL POPULATION ( ,D5M>K1 9/EAD ( FLOCK+ TO ! T[NS1 HAS BE5 9CREAS+3 9 FIVE YE>S1 #a#i#f-#a#i#a#a1 IT ROSE FROM #a1#e#f#e1#e#h#e TO #a1#f#d#g1#c#e4 ,\T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( #b1#g#g#e1#a1 NO LESS ?AN #i#i1#i F9D !IR LIV+ 9 AGRICULTURE1 DAIRY WORK1 & =E/RY4 ,) A V]Y POOR SOIL1 !Y HAVE A CULTIVAT$ >EA A TRIFLE BEL[ #g11 ACRES1 \T ( :I* #b1#g#g#c1#c#b ACRES >E UND] C]EALS4 ,!IR :EAT CROPS >E ON ! AV]AGE #d4#f BU%ELS P] ACRE1 & ! VALUE ( ! HOMEGR[N FOOD-/UFFS IS E/IMAT$ AT ,G,B,P #d111 :I* MAKES A LITTLE LESS ?AN ,G,B,P #f P] ACRE4 ,AS TO !IR EXPORTS ( HOMEGR[N PRODUCE1 !Y EXCE$ ! IMPORTS BY ,G,B,P #a#d1#d#h#c14 ,! *IEF CAUSE ( !SE SUCCESSES >E3 ,A HI<LY DEVELOP$ AGRICULTURAL $UCATION1 T[N M>KETS ACCESSIBLE TO ALL ! GR[]S1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 COOP]ATION1 :I* AGA9 IS A RESULT ( ! EF=T ?AT WAS MADE BY ! $UCAT$ CLASSES AFT] ! UN=TUNATE W> ( #a#h#f#d4 

,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT IT IS N[ ,DANI% BUTT] :I* RULES ! PRICES 9 ! ,LONDON M>KET1 & ?AT ?IS BUTT] IS ( A HI< QUALITY1 :I* CAN ONLY BE ATTA9$ 9 COOP]ATIVE CREAM]IES ) COLD /ORAGE & C]TA9 UNI=M ME?ODS 9 PRODUC+ BUTT]4 ,BUT IT IS NOT G5]ALLY KN[N ?AT ! ,SIB]IAN BUTT]1 :I* IS N[ IMPORT$ 9 IMM5SE QUANTITIES 9TO ?IS C\NTRY1 IS ALSO A CREATION ( ! ,DANI% COOP]ATORS4 ,:5 !Y BEGAN TO EXPORT !IR BUTT] 9 L>GE QUANTITIES1 !Y US$ TO IMPORT BUTT] = !IR [N USE FROM ! S\!RN P>TS ( ! ,WE/ ,SIB]IAN PROV9CES ( ,TOBOLSK & ,TOMSK1 :I* >E COV]$ ) PRAIRIES V]Y SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ,W9NIPEG 9 ,CANADA4 ,AT ! \TSET ?IS BUTT] WAS ( A MO/ 9F]IOR QUALITY1 AS IT WAS MADE BY EV]Y PEASANT H\SEHOLD SEP>ATELY4 ,! ,DANES BEGAN !RE=E TO TEA* COOP]ATION TO ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 & !Y W]E RAPIDLY UND]/OOD BY ! 9TELLIG5T POPULATION ( ?IS F]TILE REGION4 ,! COOP]ATIVE CREAM]IES BEGAN TO SPREAD ) AN A/\ND+ RAPIDITY1 )\T US KN[+ = SOME TIME :]EFROM CAME ?IS 9T]E/+ MOVEM5T4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME A /EAM] LOAD$ ) ,SIB]IAN BUTT] LEAVES EV]Y WEEK ONE ( ! ,BALTIC PORTS & BR+S TO ,LONDON MANY ?\S&S ( CASKS ( ,SIB]IAN BUTT]4 ,IF ,I AM NOT WRONG1 ,F9L& HAS ALSO JO9$ LATELY 9 ! SAME EXPORT4 

,)\T GO+ AS F> AS ,*9A1 ,I MI<T QUOTE SIMIL> EXAMPLES FROM ELSE:]E1 ESPECIALLY FROM ,LOMB>DY4 ,BUT ! ABOVE WILL BE 5\< TO CAUTION ! READ] AGA9/ HA/Y CONCLUSIONS AS TO ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( FE$+ #d#f11 PEOPLE FROM #g#h11 ACRES4 ,!Y ALSO WILL 5ABLE ME TO DRAW ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSIONS3 7#a7 ,IF ! SOIL ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM W]E CULTIVAT$ ONLY AS IT WAS  =TY-FIVE YE>S AGO1 #b#d11 PEOPLE1 9/EAD ( #a#g111 C\LD LIVE ON HOMEGR[N FOOD2 & ?IS CULTURE1 :ILE GIV+ OCCUPATION TO AN ADDITIONAL #g#e1 M51 W\LD GIVE NE>LY #c11 WEAL?Y HOME CU/OM]S TO ! ,BRITI% MANUFACTURES4 7#b7 ,IF ! CULTIVABLE >EA ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM W]E CULTIVAT$ AS ! SOIL IS CULTIVAT$ ON ! AV]AGE  9 ,BELGIUM1 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM W\LD HAVE FOOD = AT LEA/ #c#g11 9HABITANTS2 & IT MI<T EXPORT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE )\T CEAS+ TO MANUFACTURE1 SO AS FREELY TO SUPPLY ALL ! NE$S ( A WEAL?Y POPULATION4 ,& F9ALLY 7#c71 IF ! POPULATION ( ?IS C\NTRY CAME TO BE D\BL$1 ALL ?AT W\LD BE REQUIR$ = PRODUC+ ! FOOD = #i11 9HABITANTS W\LD BE TO CULTIVATE ! SOIL AS IT IS CULTIVAT$ 9 ! BE/ F>MS ( ?IS C\NTRY1 9 ,LOMB>DY1 & 9 ,FL&]S1 & TO UTILIZE SOME MEAD[S1 :I* AT PRES5T LIE ALMO/ UNPRODUCTIVE1 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ! BIG CITIES 9 ,FRANCE >E UTILIZ$ = M>KET-G>D5+4 ,ALL !SE >E NOT FANCY DREAMS1 BUT M]E REALITIES2 NO?+ BUT ! MODE/ CONCLUSIONS FROM :AT WE SEE R\ND AB\T US1 )\T ANY ALLUSION TO ! AGRICULTURE ( ! FUTURE4 

,IF WE WANT1 H[EV]1 TO KN[ :AT AGRICULTURE CAN BE1 & :AT CAN BE GR[N ON A GIV5 AM\NT ( SOIL1 WE MU/ APPLY = 9=MATION TO SU* REGIONS AS ! DI/RICT ( ,SAFFEL>E 9 ,EA/ ,FL&]S1 ! ISL& ( ,J]SEY1 OR ! IRRIGAT$ MEAD[S ( ,LOMB>DY1 :I* >E M5TION$ 9 ! NEXT *APT]4 ,OR ELSE WE MAY APPLY TO ! M>KET-G>D5]S 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 OR 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,P>IS1 OR 9 ,HOLL&1 OR TO ! 0TRUCK F>MS0 9 ,AM]ICA1 & SO ON4 

,:ILE SCI5CE DEVOTES ITS *IEF ATT5TION TO 9DU/RIAL PURSUITS1 A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( LOV]S ( NATURE & A LEGION ( WORK]S :OSE V]Y NAMES WILL REMA9 UNKN[N TO PO/]ITY HAVE CREAT$ ( LATE A QUITE NEW AGRICULTURE1 AS SUP]IOR TO MOD]N F>M+ AS MOD]N F>M+ IS SUP]IOR TO ! OLD ?REE-FIELDS SY/EM ( \R ANCE/ORS4 ,SCI5CE SELDOM GUID$ !M1 & SOMETIMES MISGUID$--AS WAS ! CASE ) ,LIEBIG'S !ORIES1 DEVELOP$ TO ! EXTREME BY HIS FOLL[]S1 :O 9DUC$ US TO TREAT PLANTS AS GLASS RECIPI5TS ( *EMICAL DRUGS1 & :O =GOT ?AT ! ONLY SCI5CE CAPABLE ( DEAL+ ) LIFE & GR[? IS PHYSIOLOGY1 NOT *EMI/RY4 ,SCI5CE SELDOM HAS GUID$ !M3 !Y PROCE$$ 9 ! EMPIRICAL WAY2 BUT1 LIKE ! CATTLE-GR[]S :O OP5$ NEW HORIZONS TO BIOLOGY1 !Y HAVE OP5$ A NEW FIELD ( EXP]IM5TAL RESE>* = ! PHYSIOLOGY ( PLANTS4 ,!Y HAVE CREAT$ A TOTALLY NEW AGRICULTURE4 ,!Y SMILE :5 WE BOA/ AB\T ! ROTATION SY/EM1 HAV+ P]MITT$ US TO TAKE FROM ! FIELD ONE CROP EV]Y YE>1 OR F\R CROPS EA* ?REE YE>S1 BECAUSE !IR AMBITION IS TO HAVE SIX & N9E CROPS FROM ! V]Y SAME PLOT ( L& DUR+ ! TWELVE MON?S4 ,!Y DO NOT UND]/& \R TALK AB\T GOOD & BAD SOILS1 BECAUSE !Y MAKE ! SOIL !MSELVES1 & MAKE IT 9 SU* QUANTITIES AS TO BE COMPELL$ YE>LY TO SELL SOME ( IT3 O!RWISE IT W\LD RAISE UP ! LEVEL ( !IR G>D5S BY HALF AN 9* EV]Y YE>4 ,!Y AIM AT CROPP+1 NOT FIVE OR SIX TONS ( GRASS ON ! ACRE1 AS WE DO1 BUT FROM #e TO #a TONS ( V>I\S VEGETABLES ON ! SAME SPACE2 NOT ,G,B,P #e WOR? ( HAY BUT ,G,B,P #a WOR? ( VEGETABLES1 ( ! PLA9E/ DESCRIPTION1 CABBAGE & C>ROTS1 & MORE ?AN ,G,B,P #b WOR? UND] 9T5SIVE HORTICULTURAL TREATM5T4 ,?IS IS :]E AGRICULTURE IS GO+ N[4 

,WE KN[ ?AT ! DE>E/ ( ALL V>IETIES ( \R /APLE FOOD IS MEAT2 & ?OSE :O >E NOT VEGET>IANS1 EI!R BY P]SUASION OR BY NECESSITY1 CONSUME ON ! AV]AGE #bbe LB4 ( MEAT--?AT IS1 R\<LY SPEAK+1 A LITTLE LESS ?AN ! ?IRD P>T ( AN OX-EV]Y YE>4 ,& WE HAVE SE5 ?AT1 EV5 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & ,BELGIUM1 TWO TO ?REE ACRES >E WANT$ = KEEP+ ONE HEAD ( HORN$ CATTLE2 SO ?AT A COMMUNITY (1 SAY1 #a11 9HABITANTS W\LD HAVE TO RES]VE SOME:]E AB\T #a11 ACRES ( L& = SUPPLY+ IT ) MEAT4 ,BUT IF WE GO TO ! F>M ( ,M4 ,GOPP>T--ONE ( ! PROMOT]S ( 5SILAGE 9 ,FRANCE--WE %ALL SEE HIM GR[+1 ON A DRA9$ & WELL-MANUR$ FIELD1 NO LESS ?AN AN AV]AGE ( #a#b1 LB4 ( CORN-GRASS TO ! ACRE1 :I* GIVES #c1 LB4 ( DRY HAY--?AT IS1 ! FOOD ( ONE HORN$ BEA/ P] ACRE4 ,! PRODUCE IS ?US TREBL$4 

,AS TO BEETROOT1 :I* IS US$ ALSO = FE$+ CATTLE1 ,MR4 ,*AMPION1 AT ,:ITBY1 SUCCE$$1 ) ! HELP ( SEWAGE1 9 GR[+ #a1 LB4 ( BEET ON EA* ACRE1 & OCCASIONALLY #a#f1 & #b1 LB4 ,HE ?US GREW ON EA* ACRE ! FOOD (1 AT LEA/1 TWO OR ?REE HEAD ( CATTLE4 ,& SU* CROPS >E NOT ISOLAT$ FACTS2 ?US1 ,M4 ,GROS1 AT ,AUTUN1 SUCCE$S 9 CROPP+ #f1 LB4 ( BEET & C>ROTS1 :I* CROP W\LD P]MIT HIM TO KEEP F\R HORN$ CATTLE ON EA* ACRE4 ,9 FACT1 CROPS ( #a1 LB4 ( BEET OCCUR 9 NUMB]S 9 ! ,FR5* COMPETITIONS1 & ! SUCCESS DEP5DS 5TIRELY UPON GOOD CULTURE & APPROPRIATE MANUR+4 ,IT ?US APPE>S ?AT :ILE UND] ORD9>Y HI< F>M+ WE NE$ #b11 ACRES1 OR MORE1 TO KEEP #a11 HORN$ CATTLE1 D\BLE ?AT AM\NT C\LD BE KEPT ON ONE-HALF ( ?AT >EA2 & IF ! D5SITY ( POPULATION REQUIR$ IT1 ! AM\NT ( CATTLE C\LD BE D\BL$ AGA91 & ! >EA REQUIR$ TO KEEP IT MI<T /ILL BE ONE-HALF1 OR EV5 ONE-?IRD ( :AT IT IS N[4#d 

,FR5* ,G>D5+4--,! ABOVE EXAMPLES >E /RIK+ 5\<1 & YET ?OSE AF=D$ BY ! M>KET-G>D5+ CULTURE >E /ILL MORE /RIK+4 ,I MEAN ! CULTURE C>RI$ ON 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( BIG CITIES1 & MORE ESPECIALLY ! CULTURE M>AI*]E  R\ND ,P>IS4 ,9 ?IS CULTURE EA* PLANT IS TREAT$ ACCORD+ TO ITS AGE4 ,! SE$S G]M9ATE & ! SE$L+S DEVELOP !IR FIR/ F\R LEAFLETS 9 ESPECIALLY FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ( SOIL & TEMP]ATURE2 !N ! BE/ SE$L+S >E PICK$ \T & TRANSPLANT$ 9TO A B$ ( F9E LOAM1 UND] A FRAME OR 9 ! OP5 AIR1 :]E !Y FREELY DEVELOP !IR ROOTLETS1 &1 GA!R$ ON A LIMIT$ SPACE1 RECEIVE MORE ?AN ! USUAL C>E4 ,ONLY AFT] ?IS PRELIM9>Y TRA9+ >E !Y B$D$ 9 ! OP5 GR\ND1 :]E !Y GR[ TILL RIPE4 ,9 SU* A CULTURE ! PRIMITIVE CONDITION ( ! SOIL IS ( LITTLE ACC\NT1 BECAUSE LOAM IS MADE \T ( ! OLD =C+ B$S4 ,! SE$S >E C>EFULLY TRI$1 ! SE$L+S RECEIVE PROP] ATT5TION1 & !RE IS NO FE> ( DR\<T1 BECAUSE ( ! V>IETY ( CROPS1 ! LIB]AL WAT]+ ) ! HELP ( A /EAM 5G9E1 & ! /OCK ( PLANTS ALWAYS KEPT READY TO REPLACE ! WEAKE/ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,ALMO/ EA* PLANT IS TREAT$ 9DIVIDUALLY4 

,!RE PREVAILS1 H[EV]1 ) REG>D TO M>KET-G>D5+ A MISUND]/&+ :I* IT W\LD BE WELL TO REMOVE4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$ ?AT :AT *IEFLY ATTRACTS M>KET-G>D5+ TO ! GREAT C5T]S ( POPULATION IS ! M>KET4 ,IT MU/ HAVE BE5 SO2 & SO IT MAY BE /ILL1 BUT TO SOME EXT5T ONLY4 ,A GREAT NUMB] ( ! ,P>IS M>AI*]S 1 EV5 ( ?OSE :O HAVE !IR G>D5S )9 ! WALLS ( ! CITY & :OSE MA9 CROP CONSI/S ( VEGETABLES 9 SEASON1 EXPORT ! :OLE ( !IR PRODUCE TO ,5GL&4 ,:AT *IEFLY ATTRACTS ! G>D5] TO ! GREAT CITIES IS /ABLE MANURE2 & ?IS IS NOT WANT$ SO MU* = 9CREAS+ ! RI*NESS ( ! SOIL--ONE-T5? P>T ( ! MANURE US$ BY ! ,FR5* G>D5]S W\LD DO = ?AT PURPOSE--BUT = KEEP+ ! SOIL AT A C]TA9 TEMP]ATURE4 ,E>LY VEGETABLES PAY BE/1 & 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 E>LY PRODUCE NOT ONLY ! AIR BUT ! SOIL AS WELL MU/ BE W>M$2 & ?IS IS DONE BY PUTT+ GREAT QUANTITIES ( PROP]LY MIX$ MANURE 9TO ! SOIL2 ITS F]M5TATION HEATS IT4 ,BUT IT IS EVID5T ?AT ) ! PRES5T DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL SKILL1 ! HEAT+ ( ! SOIL C\LD BE OBTA9$ MORE ECONOMICALLY & MORE EASILY BY HOTWAT] PIPES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,FR5* G>D5]S BEG9 MORE & MORE TO MAKE USE ( PORTABLE PIPES1 OR !RMOSIPHONS 1 PROVISIONALLY E/ABLI%$ 9 ! COOL FRAMES4 ,?IS NEW IMPROVEM5T BECOMES ( G5]AL USE1 & WE HAVE ! AU?ORITY ( ,B>RAL'S ,DICTIONNAIRE D',AGRICULTURE TO AFFIRM ?AT IT GIVES EXCELL5T RESULTS4 ,UND] ?IS SY/EM /ABLE MANURE IS US$ MA9LY = PRODUC+ LOAM4#e 

,AS TO ! DIFF]5T DEGREES ( F]TILITY ( ! SOIL--ALWAYS ! /UMBL+-BLOCK ( ?OSE :O WRITE AB\T AGRICULTURE--! FACT IS ?AT 9 M>KET-G>D5+ ! SOIL IS ALWAYS MADE1 :ATEV] IT ORIG9ALLY MAY HAVE BE54 ,CONSEQU5TLY--WE >E TOLD BY ,PR(4 ,DYB[SKI1 9 ! >TICLE 0,M>AI*]S0 9 ,B>RAL'S ,DICTIONNAIRE D',AGRICULTURE--IT IS N[ A USUAL /IPULATION ( ! R5T+ CONTRACTS ( ! ,P>IS M>AI*]S  ?AT ! G>D5] MAY C>RY AWAY HIS SOIL1 D[N TO A C]TA9 DEP?1 :5 HE QUITS HIS T5ANCY4 ,HE HIMSELF MAKES IT1 & :5 HE MOVES TO ANO!R PLOT HE C>TS HIS SOIL AWAY1 TOGE!R ) HIS FRAMES1 HIS WAT]-PIPES1 & HIS O!R BELONG+S4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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