,*APT] #g 
,SMALL ,9DU/RIES & ,9DU/RIAL ,VILLAGES 7,CONT9U$7 

#ahihahih 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,SMI?SONIAN ,AM]ICAN ,>T1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,PETTY TRADES 9 ,G]MANY3 ,DISCUSSIONS UPON ! SUBJECT & CONCLUSIONS >RIV$ AT--,RESULTS ( ! C5SUS TAK5 9 #a#h#h#b1 #a#h#i#e1 & #a#i#g--,PETTY ,TRADES 9 ,RUSSIA--,CONCLUSIONS 

,! V>I\S 9DU/RIES :I* /ILL HAVE RETA9$ 9 ,G]MANY ! *>ACT]S ( PETTY & DOME/IC TRADES HAVE BE5 ! SUBJECT ( MANY EXHAU/IVE EXPLORATIONS1 ESPECIALLY BY ,A4 ,M4 ,?UN & ,PR(4 ,ISSAIEFF1 ON BEHALF ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,PETTY ,TRADES ,COMMISSION1 ,EMANUEL ,HANS ,SAX1 ,PAUL ,VOIGT1 & V]Y MANY O!RS4 ,BY ?IS TIME ! SUBJECT HAS A BULKY LIT]ATURE1 & SU* IMPRESSIVE & SUGGE/IVE PICTURES HAVE BE5 DRAWN FROM LIFE = DIFF]5T REGIONS & TRADES ?AT ,I FELT TEMPT$ TO SUM UP !SE LIFE-TRUE DESCRIPTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 AS 9 SU* A SUMM>Y ,I %\LD HAVE TO REPEAT MU* ( :AT HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID & ILLU/RAT$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]1 IT WILL PROBABLY MORE 9T]E/ ! G5]AL READ] TO KN[ SOME?+ AB\T ! CONCLUSIONS :I* CAN BE DRAWN FROM ! WORKS ( ! ,G]MAN 9VE/IGATORS1#a & TO KN[ ! CONCLUSIONS ?AT MAY BE DRAWN FROM ! ?REE C5SUSES ( 9DU/RIES :I* HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! YE>S #a#h#h#b1 #a#h#i#e1 & #a#i#g4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I AM GO+ TO DO4 

,UNHAPPILY1 ! DISCUSSION UPON ?IS IMPORTANT SUBJECT HAS (T5 TAK5 9 ,G]MANY A PASSIONATE & EV5 A P]SONALLY AGGRESSIVE *>ACT] #b ,ON4 ! ONE H& ! ULTRA-CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS ( ,G]MAN POLITICS TRI$1 & SUCCE$$ TO SOME EXT5T1 9 MAK+ ( ! PETTY TRADES & ! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES AN >M = SECUR+ A RETURN TO ! 0OLD5 GOOD TIMES40 ,!Y EV5 PASS$ A LAW 9T5D$ TO PREP>E A RE9TRODUCTION ( ! OLD-FA%ION$1 CLOS$ & PATRI>*AL CORPORATIONS :I* C\LD BE PLAC$ UND] ! CLOSE SUP]VISION & TUTOR%IP ( ! ,/ATE1 & !Y SAW 9 SU* A LAW A WEAPON AGA9/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 JU/LY OPPOS$ TO SU* MEASURES1 BUT !MSELVES 9CL9$1 9 !IR TURN1 TO TAKE TOO AB/RACT A VIEW ( ECONOMICAL QUE/IONS1 BITT]LY ATTACK ALL ?OSE :O DO NOT M]ELY REPEAT ! /]EOTYP$ PHRASES TO ! EFFECT ?AT 0! PETTY TRADES >E 9 DECAY10 & 0! SOON] !Y DISAPPE> ! BETT]10 AS !Y WILL GIVE ROOM TO CAPITALI/ C5TRALIZATION1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CRE$1 0WILL SOON A*IEVE ITS [N RU940 ,9 ?IS DISLIKE ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES !Y >E1 ( C\RSE1 AT ONE ) ! ECONOMI/S ( ! OR?ODOX S*OOL1 :OM !Y COMBAT ON NE>LY ALL O!R PO9TS4 #c 

,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 ! POLEMICS AB\T ! PETTY TRADES & ! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES >E EVID5TLY DOOM$ TO REMA9 MO/ UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS PLEASANT TO SEE ?AT A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( MO/ CONSCI5TI\S WORK HAS BOON MADE = ! 9VE/IGATION ( ! PETTY TRADES 9 ,G]MANY2 &1 BY ! SIDE ( SU* MONOGRAPHS1 FROM :I* NO?+ CAN BE LE>N$ BUT ?AT ! PETTY TRADES' WORK]S >E 9 A MIS]ABLE CONDITION1 & NO?+ :ATEV] CAN BE GA!R$ TO EXPLA9 :Y !SE WORK]S PREF] !IR CONDITIONS TO ?OSE ( FACTORY H&S-!RE IS NO LACK1 ( V]Y DETAIL$ MONOGRAPHS 7SU* AS ?OSE ( ,?UN1 ,EM4 #a#d4 ,SAX1 ,PAUL ,VOIGT ON ! ,B]L9 CAB9ETMAK]S1 ETC471 9 :I* ONE SEES ! :OLE ( ! LIFE ( !SE CLASSES ( WORK]S1 ! DIFFICULTIES :I* !Y HAVE TO COPE )1 & ! TE*NICAL CONDITIONS ( ! TRADE1 & F9DS ALL ! ELEM5TS = AN 9DEP5D5T JUDGM5T UPON ! MATT]4 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT A NUMB] ( PETTY TRADES >E ALREADY N[ DOOM$ TO DISAPPE>2 BUT4 !RE >E O!RS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :I* >E 5D[$ ) A GREAT VITALITY1 & ALL *ANCES >E 9 FAVOR ( !IR CONT9U+ TO EXI/ & TO TAKE A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T = MANY YE>S TO COME4 ,9 ! FABRICATION ( SU* TEXTILES AS >E WOV5 BY MILLIONS ( Y>DS1 & CAN BE BE/ PRODUC$ ) ! AID ( A COMPLICAT$ MA*9]Y1 ! COMPETITION ( ! H&-LOOM AGA9/ ! P[]-LOOM IS EVID5TLY NO?+ BUT A SURVIVAL1 :I* MAY BE MA9TA9$ = SOME TIME BY C]TA9 LOCAL CONDITIONS1 BUT F9ALLY MU/ DIE AWAY4 

,! SAME IS TRUE ) REG>D TO MANY BRAN*ES ( ! IRON 9DU/RIES1 H>DW>E FABRICATION1 POTT]Y1 & SO ON4 ,BUT :]EV] ! DIRECT 9T]V5TION ( TA/E & 9V5TIV5ESS >E REQUIR$1 :]EV] NEW PATT]NS ( GOODS REQUIR+ A CONT9UAL R5EWAL ( MA*9]Y & TOOLS MU/ CONT9UALLY BE 9TRODUC$ 9 ORD] TO FE$ ! DEM&1 AS IS ! CASE ) ALL FANCY TEXTILES1 EV5 ?\< !Y BE FABRICAT$ TO SUPPLY ! MILLIONS2 :]EV] A GREAT V>IETY ( GOODS & ! UN9T]RUPT$ 9V5TION ( NEW ONES GOES ON1 AS IS ! CASE 9 ! TOY TRADE41 9 9/RUM5T MAK+1 WAT*-MAK+1 BICYCLE MAK+1 & SO ON2 & F9ALLY1 :]EV] ! >TI/IC FEEL+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] MAKES ! BE/ P>T ( HIS GOODS1 AS IS ! CASE 9 HUNDR$S ( BRAN*ES ( SMALL >TICLES ( LUXURY1 !RE IS A WIDE FIELD = PETTY TRADES1 RURAL WORK%OPS1 DOME/IC 9DU/RIES1 & ! LIKE4 ,MORE FRE% AIR1 MORE IDEAS1 MORE G5]AL CONCEPTIONS1 & MORE COOP]ATION >E EVID5TLY REQUIR$ 9 ?OSE 9DU/RIES4 ,BUT :]E ! SPIRIT ( 9ITIATIVE HAS BE5 AWAK5$ 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 WE SEE ! PETTY 9DU/RIES TAK+ A NEW DEVELOPM5T 9 ,G]MANY1 AS WE HAVE JU/ SE5 ?AT BE+ DONE 9 ,FRANCE4 

,N[1 9 NE>LY ALL ! PETTY TRADES 9 ,G]MANY1 ! POSITION ( ! WORK]S IS UNANIM\SLY DESCRIB$ AS MO/ MIS]ABLE1 & ! MANY ADMIR]S ( C5TRALIZATION :I* WE F9D 9 ,G]MANY ALWAYS 9SI/ UPON ?IS MIS]Y 9 ORD] TO PR$ICT1 & TO CALL =1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( 0?OSE M$IEVAL SURVIVALS0 :I* 0CAPITALI/ C5TRALIZATION0 MU/ SUPPLANT = ! B5EFIT ( ! WORK]4 ,! REALITY IS1 H[EV]1 ?AT :5 WE COMP>E ! MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S 9 ! PETTY TRADES ) ! CONDITIONS ( ! WAGE WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES1 9 ! SAME REGIONS & 9 ! SAME TRADES1 WE SEE ?AT ! V]Y SAME MIS]Y -PREVAILS AMONG ! FACTORY WORK]S4 ,!Y LIVE UPON WAGES ( FROM N9E TO ELEV5 %ILL+S A WEEK1 9 T[N SLUMS 9/EAD ( ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y WORK ELEV5 H\RS A DAY1 & !Y ALSO >E SUBJECT TO ! EXTRA MIS]Y ?R[N UPON !M DUR+ ! FREQU5TLY RECURR+ CRISES4 ,IT IS ONLY AFT] !Y HAVE UND]GONE ALL ,SORTS ( SUFF]+S 9 !IR /RUGGLES AGA9/ !IR EMPLOY]S ?AT SOME FACTORY WORK]S SUCCE$1 MORE OR LESS1 H]E & !RE1 TO WRE/ FROM !IR EMPLOY]S A 0LIV+ WAGE 0-& ?IS AGA9 ONLY 9 C]TA9 TRADES4 

,TO WELCOME ALL !SE SUFF]+S1 SEE+ 9 !M ! ACTION ( A 0NATURAL LAW0 & A NECESS>Y /EP T[>DS ! NECESS>Y CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY1 W\LD BE SIMPLY ABSURD4 ,:ILE TO MA9TA9 ?AT ! PAUP]IZATION ( ALL WORK]S & ! WRECKAGE ( ALL VILLAGE 9DU/RIES >E A NECESS>Y /EP T[>DS A HI<] =M ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION W\LD BE1 NOT ONLY TO AFFIRM MU* MORE ?AN ONE IS 5TITL$ TO AFFIRM UND] ! PRES5T IMP]FECT /ATE ( ECONOMICAL KN[L$GE1 BUT TO %[ AN ABSOLUTE WANT ( COMPREH5SION ( ! S5SE ( BO? NATURAL & ECONOMIC LAWS4 ,EV]YONE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :O HAS /UDI$ ! QUE/ION ( ! GR[? ( GREAT 9DU/RIES ON ITS [N M]ITS1 WILL UND\BT$LY AGREE ) ,?OROLD ,ROG]S1 :O CONSID]$ ! SUFF]+S 9FLICT$ UPON ! LABOR+ CLASSES = ?AT PURPOSE AS HAV+ BE5 ( NO NECESSITY :ATEV]1 & SIMPLY HAV+ BE5 9FLICT$ TO SUIT ! TEMPOR>Y 9T]E/S ( ! FEW--BY NO MEANS ?OSE ( ! NATION4 #d 

,MOREOV]1 EV]YONE KN[S TO :AT EXT5T ! LABOR ( *ILDR5 & GIRLS IS RESORT$ TO1 EV5 9 ! MO/ PROSP]\S FACTORIES--EV5 9 ?IS C\NTRY :I* /&S =EMO/ 9 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,SOME FIGURES RELATIVE TO ?IS SUBJECT W]E GIV5 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]4 ,& ?IS FACT IS NOT AN ACCID5T :I* MI<T BE EASILY REMOV$1 AS ,MAURICE ,BLOCK--A GREAT ADMIR]1 ( C\RSE1 ( ! FACTORY SY/EMTRIES TO REPRES5T IT4 #e ,! L[ WAGES PAID TO *ILDR5 & Y\?S >E N[ ONE ( ! NECESS>Y ELEM5TS 9 ! *EAPNESS ( ! FACTORY PRODUC$ TEXTILES1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ( ! V]Y COMPETITION ( ! FACTORY ) ! PETTY TRADES4 ,I HAVE M5TION$ BESIDES1 :IL/ SPEAK+ ( ,FRANCE1 :AT >E ! EFFECTS ( CONC5TRAT$ 09DU/RIES UPON VILLAGE LIFE & 9 ,?UN'S WORK1 & 9 MANY O!RS AS WELL1 ONE MAY F9D 5\< ( <A/LY 9/ANCES ( :AT >E ! EFFECTS ( ACCUMULATIONS ( GIRLS 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,TO IDEALIZE ! MOD]N FACTORY1 9 ORD] TO DEPRECIATE ! SO-CALL$ 0M$IEVAL0 =MS ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES1 IS CONSEQU5TLY TO SAY ! LEA/-AS UNREASONABLE AS TO IDEALIZE ! LATT] & TRY TO BR+ MANK9D BACK TO ISOLAT$ HOMESP9N+ & HOME-WEAV+ 9 EV]Y PEASANT H\SE4 

,ONE FACT DOM9ATES ALL ! 9VE/IGATIONS :I* HAVE BE5 MADE 9TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,WE F9D IT 9 ,G]MANY1 AS WELL AS 9 ,FRANCE OR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( TRADES IT IS NOT ! SUP]IORITY ( ! TE*NICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! TRADE 9 A FACTORY1 NOR ! ECONOMIES REALIZ$ ON ! PRIME-MOTOR1 :I* MILITATE AGA9/ ! SMALL 9DU/RY 9 FAVOR ( ! FACTORIES1 BUT ! MORE ADVANTAGE\S CONDITIONS = SELL+ ! PRODUCE & = BUY+ ! RAW PRODUCE :I* >E AT ! DISPOSAL ( BIG CONC]NS4 ,:]EV] ?IS DIFFICULTY HAS BE5 OV]COME1 EI!R BY MEANS ( ASSOCIATION1 OR 9 CONSEQU5CE ( A M>KET BE+ SECUR$ = ! SALE ( ! PRODUCE1 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 F\ND-FIR/1 ?AT ! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S OR >TISANS IMM$IATELY IMPROV$2 & NEXT1 ?AT A RAPID PROGRESS WAS REALIZ$ 9 ! TE*NICAL ASPECTS ( ! RESPECTIVE 9DU/RIES4 ,NEW PROCESSES W]E 9TRODUC$ TO IMPROVE ! PRODUCE OR TO 9CREASE ! RAPIDITY ( ITS FABRICATION2 NEW MA*9E-TOOLS W]E 9V5T$2 OR NEW MOTORS W]E RESORT$ TO2 OR ! TRADE WAS REORGANIZ$ SO AS TO DIM9I% ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 :]EV] ! HELPLESS1 ISOLAT$ >TISANS & WORK]S CONT9UE TO REMA9 AT ! M]CY ( ! :OLESALE BUY]S1 :O ALWAYS--S9CE ,ADAM ,SMI?'S TIME--0OP5LY OR TACITLY0 AGREE TO ACT AS ONE MAN TO BR+ D[N ! PRICES ALMO/ TO A />VATION LEVEL-& SU* IS ! CASE = ! IMM5SE NUMB] ( ! SMALL & VILLAGE 9DU/RIES !IR CONDITION IS SO BAD ?AT ONLY ! LONG+ ( ! WORK]S AFT] A C]TA9 RELATIVE 9DEP5D5CE1 & !IR KN[L$GE ( :AT AWAITS !M 9 ! FACTORY1 PREV5T !M FROM JO9+ ! RANKS ( ! FACTORY H&S4 ,KN[+ ?AT 9 MO/ CASES ! ADV5T ( ! FACTORY W\LD MEAN NO WORK AT ALL = MO/ M51 & ! TAK+ ( ! *ILDR5 & GIRLS TO ! FACTORY1 !Y DO ! UTMO/ TO PREV5T IT FROM APPE>+ AT ALL 9 ! VILLAGE4 

,AS TO COMB9ATIONS 9 ! VILLAGES1 COOP]ATION & ! LIKE1 ONE MU/ NEV] =GET H[ JEAL\SLY ! ,G]MAN1 ! ,FR5*1 ! ,RUSSIAN & ! ,AU/RIAN ,GOV]NM5TS HAVE HI!RTO PREV5T$ ! WORK]S1 & ESPECIALLY ! VILLAGE WORK]S1 FROM 5T]+ 9TO ANY SORT ( COMB9ATION = ECONOMICAL PURPOSES4 ,9 ,FRANCE ! PEASANT SYNDICATES W]E P]MITT$ ONLY BY ! LAW ( #a#h#h#d4 ,TO KEEP ! PEASANT AT ! L[E/ POSSIBLE LEVEL1 BY MEANS ( TAXATION1 S]FDOM1 & ! LIKE1 HAS BE51 & IS /ILL1 ! POLICY ( MO/ CONT95TAL ,/ATES4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 #ahgf ?AT SOME EXT5SION ( ! ASSOCIATION RI<TS WAS GRANT$ 9 ,G]MANY1 & EV5 N[ A M]E COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATION = ! SALE ( ! >TISANS' WORK IS SOON REPORT$ AS A 0POLITICAL ASSOCIATION0 & SUBMITT$ AS SU* TO ! USUAL LIMITATIONS1 SU* AS ! EXCLUSION ( WOM5 & ! LIKE4#f ,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ?AT POLICY AS REG>DS A VILLAGE ASSOCIATION WAS GIV5 BY ,PR(4 ,ISSAIEFF1 :O ALSO M5TION$ ! SEV]E MEASURES TAK5 BY ! :OLESALE BUY]S 9 ! TOY TRADE TO PREV5T ! WORK]S FROM 5T]+ 9TO DIRECT 9T]C\RSE ) =EIGN BUY]S4 

,:5 ONE EXAM9ES ) MORE ?AN A SUP]FICIAL ATT5TION ! LIFE ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES & !IR /RUGGLES = LIFE1 ONE SEES ?AT :5 !Y P]I%1 !Y P]I%-NOT BECAUSE 0AN ECONOMY CAN BE REALIZ$ BY US+ A HUNDR$ HORSEP[] MOTOR1 9/EAD ( A HUNDR$ SMALL MOTORS 0-?IS 9CONV5I5CY NEV] FAILS TO BE M5TION$1 AL?\< IT IS EASILY OBVIAT$ 9 ,%EFFIELD1 9 ,P>IS1 & MANY O!R PLACES BY HIR+ WORK%OPS ) :EEL-P[]1 SUPPLI$ BY A C5TRAL MA*9E1 &1 /ILL MORE1 AS WAS SO TRULY OBS]V$ BY ,PR(4 ,W4 ,UNW91 BY ! ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION ( P[]4 ,!Y DO NOT P]I% BECAUSE A SUB/ANTIAL ECONOMY CAN BE REALIZ$ 9 ! FACTORY PRODUCTION-9 MANY MORE CASES ?AN IS USUALLY SUPPOS$1 ! FACT IS EV5 ! REV]SE-BUT BECAUSE ! CAPITALI/ :O E/ABLI%ES A FACTORY EMANCIPATES HIMSELF FROM ! :OLESALE & RETAIL DEAL]S 9 RAW MAT]IALS2 & ESPECIALLY1 BECAUSE HE EMANCIPATES HIMSELF FROM ! BUY]S ( HIS PRODUCE & CAN DEAL DIRECTLY ) ! :OLESALE BUY] & EXPORT]2 OR ELSE HE CONC5TRATES 9 ONE CONC]N ! DIFF]5T /AGES ( FABRICATION ( A GIV5 PRODUCE4 ,! PAGES :I* ,S*ULZE-,GAW]NITZ GAVE TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! COTTON 9DU/RY 9 ,5GL&1 & TO ! DIFFICULTIES :I* ! ,G]MAN COTTON-MILL [N]S HAD TO CONT5D )1 SO LONG AS !Y W]E DEP5D5T -UPON ,LIV]POOL = RAW COTTON1 >E MO/ 9/RUCTIVE 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,& :AT *>ACT]IZES ! COTTON TRADE PREVAILS 9 ALL O!R 9DU/RIES AS WELL4 

,IF ! ,%EFFIELD CUTL]S :O N[ WORK 9 !IR T9Y WORK%OPS1 9 ONE ( ! ABOVE M5TION$ BUILD+S SUPPLI$ ) :EEL-P[]1 W]E 9CORPORAT$ 9 ONE BIG FACTORY1 ! *IEF ADVANTAGE :I* W\LD BE REALIZ$ 9 ! FACTORY W\LD NOT BE AN ECONOMY 9 ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION1 9 COMP>ISON TO ! QUALITY ( ! PRODUCE2 ) A %>EHOLD]S' COMPANY ! CO/S MI<T EV5 9CREASE4 ,& YET ! PR(ITS 79CLUD+ WAGES7 PROBABLY W\LD BE GREAT] ?AN ! AGGREGATE E>N+S ( ! WORK]S1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! R$UC$ CO/S ( PUR*ASE ( IRON & COAL1 & ! FACILITIES = ! SALE ( ! PRODUCE4 ,! GREAT CONC]N W\LD ?US F9D ITS ADVANTAGES NOT 9 SU* FACTORS AS >E IMPOS$ BY ! TE*NICAL NECESSITIES ( ! TRADE AT ! TIME BE+1 BUT 9 SU* FACTORS AS C\LD BE ELIM9AT$ BY COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL !SE >E ELEM5T>Y NOTIONS AMONG PRACTICAL M54 

,IT H>DLY NE$ BE ADD$ ?AT A FUR!R ADVANTAGE :I* ! FACTORY [N] HAS IS1 ?AT HE CAN F9D A SALE EV5 = PRODUCE ( ! MO/ 9F]IOR QUALITY1 PROVID$ !RE IS A CONSID]ABLE QUANTITY ( IT TO BE SOLD4 ,ALL ?OSE :O >E ACQUA9T$ ) COMM]CE KN[1 9DE$1 :AT AN IMM5SE BULK ( ! WORLD'S TRADE CONSI/S ( 0%ODDY10 PATRAQUE1 0,R$ ,9DIANS' BLANKETS10 & ! LIKE1 %IPP$ TO DI/ANT C\NTRIES4 ,:OLE CITIES-WE JU/ SAW-PRODUCE NO?+ BUT 0%ODDY40 

,ALTOGE!R1 IT MAY BE TAK5 AS ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL FACTS ( ! ECONOMICAL LIFE ( ,EUROPE ?AT ! DEFEAT ( A NUMB] ( SMALL TRADES1 >TISAN WORK & DOME/IC 9DU/RIES1 CAME ?R\< !IR BE+ 9CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ ! SALE ( !IR PRODUCE--NOT FROM ! PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,! SAME ?+ RECURS AT EV]Y PAGE ( ECONOMICAL HI/ORY4 ,! 9CAPACITY ( ORGANIZ+ ! SALE1 )\T BE+ 5SLAV$ BY ! M]*ANT1 WAS ! LEAD+ FEATURE ( ! ,M$IEVAL CITIES1 :I* GRADUALLY FELL UND] ! ECONOMICAL & POLITICAL YOKE ( ! ,GUILD-,M]*ANT1 SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT ABLE TO MA9TA9 ! SALE ( !IR MANUFACTURES BY ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE1 OR TO ORGANIZE ! SALE ( A NEW PRODUCE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,:5 ! M>KETS = SU* COMMODITIES CAME TO BE ,ASIA ON ! ONE SIDE1 & ! ,NEW ,WORLD ON ! O!R SIDE1 SU* WAS FATALLY ! CASE2 S9CE COMM]CE HAD CEAS$ TO BE COMMUNAL1 & HAD BECOME 9DIVIDUAL1 ! CITIES BECAME A PREY = ! RIVALRIES ( ! *IEF M]*ANT FAMILIES4 

,EV5 N[ADAYS1 :5 WE SEE ! COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES BEG9N+ TO SUCCE$ 9 !IR PRODUCTIVE WORK%OPS1 :ILE FIFTY YE>S AGO !Y 9V>IABLY FAIL$ 9 !IR CAPACITY ( PRODUC]S1 WE MAY CONCLUDE ?AT ! CAUSE ( !IR PREVI\S FAILURES WAS NOT 9 !IR 9CAPACITY ( PROP]LY & ECONOMICALLY ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION1 BUT 9 !IR 9ABILITY ( ACT+ AS SELL]S & EXPORT]S ( ! PRODUCE !Y BAD FABRICAT$4 ,!IR PRES5T SUCCESSES1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E FULLY ACC\NT$ = BY ! NETWORK ( DI/RIBUTIVE SOCIETIES :I* !Y HAVE AT !IR COMM&4 ,! SALE HAS BE5 SIMPLIFI$1 & PRODUCTION HAS BE5 R5D]$ POSSIBLE BY FIR/ ORGANIZ+ ! M>KET4 

,SU* >E A FEW CONCLUSIONS :I* MAY BE DRAWN FROM A /UDY ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES 9 ,G]MANY & ELSE:]E4 ,& IT MAY BE SAFELY SAID1 ) REG>D TO ,G]MANY1 ?AT IF MEASURES >E NOT TAK5 = DRIV+ ! PEASANTS FROM ! L& ON ! SAME SCALE AS !Y HAVE BE5 TAK5 9 ?IS C\NTRY2 IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! NUMB]S ( SMALL L&HOLD]S MULTIPLY1 !Y NECESS>ILY WILL TURN TO V>I\S SMALL TRADES1 9 ADDITION TO AGRICULTURE1 AS !Y HAVE DONE1 & >E DO+1 9 ,FRANCE4 ,EV]Y /EP ?AT MAY BE TAK51 EI!R = AWAK5+ 9TELLECTUAL LIFE 9 ! VILLAGES1 OR = ASSUR+ ! PEASANTS' OR ! C\NTRY'S RI<TS UPON ! L&1 WILL NECESS>ILY FUR!R ! GR[? ( 9DU/RIES 9 ! VILLAGES4 

,9 ?IS LI<T IT IS EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ TO SEE ! FIGURES AS TO ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! ,G]MAN 9DU/RIES 9TO A SMALL1 MIDDLE-SIZ$1 & GREAT 9DU/RY1 :I* >E GIV5 BY ?REE 9DU/RIAL C5SUSES TAK5 DUR+ ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,BUT = !SE FIGURES ,I REF] ! READ] TO ! ,APP5DIX4 #g  

  
,PETTY ,TRADES 9 ,O!R ,C\NTRIES 
  

,IF IT W]E WOR? EXT5D+ \R 9QUIRY TO O!R C\NTRIES1 WE %\LD F9D A VA/ FIELD = MO/ 9T]E/+ OBS]VATIONS 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,!RE WE %\LD SEE ! SAME VITALITY 9 A V>IETY ( PETTY 9DU/RIES1 & WE C\LD M5TION :AT HAS BE5 DONE 9 ! DIFF]5T CANTONS = MA9TA9+ ! SMALL TRADES BY ?REE DIFF]5T SETS ( MEASURES 3 ! EXT5SION ( COOP]ATION2 A WIDE EXT5SION ( TE*NICAL $UCATION 9 ! S*OOLS & ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW BRAN*ES ( SEMI->TI/IC PRODUCTION 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! C\NTRY2 & ! SUPPLY ( *EAP MOTIVE P[] 9 ! H\SES BY MEANS ( A HYDRAULIC OR AN ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION ( P[] BORR[$ FROM ! WAT]FALLS4 ,A SEP>ATE BOOK ( ! GREATE/ 9T]E/ & VALUE C\LD BE WRITT5 ON ?IS SUBJECT1 ESPECIALLY ON ! IMPULSE GIV5 TO A NUMB] ( PETTY TRADES1 OLD & NEW1 BY MEANS ( A *EAP SUPPLY ( MOTIVE P[]4 ,SU* A BOOK W\LD ALSO (F] A GREAT 9T]E/ 9 ?AT IT W\LD %[ TO :AT AN EXT5T ?AT M+L+ TOGE!R ( AGRICULTURE ) 9DU/RY1 :I* ,I DESCRIB$ 9 ! FIR/ $ITION ( ?IS BOOK AS 0! FACTORY AMID ! FIELDS10 HAS PROGRESS$ ( LATE 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,IT /RIKES AT ! PRES5T TIME EV5 ! CASUAL TRAVEL]4 #h 

,BELGIUM W\LD (F] AN EQUAL 9T]E/4 ,BELGIUM IS C]TA9LY A C\NTRY ( C5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RY1 & A C\NTRY 9 :I* ! PRODUCTIVITY ( ! WORK] /&S AT A HI< LEVEL1 ! AV]AGE ANNUAL PRODUCTIVITY ( EA* 9DU/RIAL WORKMAN--M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5--ATTA9+ N[ ! HI< FIGURE ( AT LEA/ ,G,B,P#b#e P] HEAD4 ,COAL M9ES 9 :I* MORE ?AN A ?\S& WORK]S >E EMPLOY$ >E NUM]\S1 & !RE IS A FAIR NUMB] ( TEXTILE FACTORIES 9 EA* ( :I* FROM #c TO #g WORK]S >E OCCUPI$4 ,& YET1 IF WE EXCLUDE FROM ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S' POPULATION ( ,BELGIUM1 :I* NUMB]$ #h#b#c1#i#b P]SONS 9 #ahif 7#a1#a#b1#b#d ) ! CL]KS1 TRAVEL]S1 SUP]VISORS & GO ON71 ! #a#a#f1#c WORK PEOPLE :O >E EMPLOY$ 9 ! COAL M9ES1 & NE>LY #a#f#e1 >TISANS WORK+ S+LE OR ) ! AID ( !IR FAMILIES1 WE F9D ?AT \T ( ! REMA9+ #e#f#e1#b WORK]S V]Y NE>LY ONE-HALF--?AT IS1 #b#g1#b P]SONS-WORK 9 E/ABLI%M5TS 9 :I* LESS ?AN FIFTY P]SONS >E EMPLOY$1 :ILE #i#e1 P]SONS \T ( !SE LA/ >E EMPLOY$ 9 #e#d1#e WORK%OPS1 :I* ?US HAVE AN AV]AGE ( LESS ?AN ?REE WORK]S P] WORK%OP4 #i ,WE MAY ?US SAY ?AT--TAK+ ! M9ES \T ( ACC\NT MORE ?AN ONE-SIX? P>T ( ! ,BELGIAN 9DU/RIAL WORK]S >E EMPLOY$ 9 SMALL WORK%OPS :I* HAVE1 ON ! AV]AGE1 LESS ?AN ?REE WORK]S EA*1 BESIDES ! MA/]1 & ?AT F\R-T5?S ( ALL ! WORK-PEOPLE >E EMPLOY$ 9 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS HAV+ ON ! AV]AGE LESS ?AN ?IRTE5 WORK-PEOPLE EA*4 #a 

,:AT IS /ILL MORE REM>KABLE IS1 ?AT ! NUMB] ( SMALL WORK%OPS1 9 :I* FROM ONE TO F\R AIDS ONLY >E EMPLOY$ BY ! MA/]1 ATTA9S ! CONSID]ABLE FIGURE ( #a1#h#f#g 7#b1#b#i#c 9 #a#h#h7 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES1 NOT)/&+ ! HI< CONC5TRATION ( A C]TA9 PORTION #aa ( !SE 9DU/RIES4 ,AS TO ! MA*9]Y WORKS & H>DW>E TRADES1 ! SMALL WORK%OPS 9 :I* ! MA/] WORKS ) FROM TWO TO F\R ASSI/ANTS OR J\RNEYM5 >E V]Y NUM]\S 7MORE ?AN #a#c1#c71 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! GUN TRADE :I* IS A PETTY TRADE P> EXCELL5CE1 & ! FURNITURE TRADE :I* HAS LATELY TAK5 A GREAT DEVELOPM5T4 ,A HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ 9DU/RY1 & A HI< PRODUCTIVITY1 AS WELL AS A CONSID]ABLE EXPORT TRADE1 :I* ALL TE/IFY TO A HI< 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY1 ?US GO H& 9 H& ) A HI< DEVELOPM5T ( ! DOME/IC TRADES & SMALL 9DU/RIES ALTOGE!R4 

,IT H>DLY NE$ BE SAID ?AT 9 ,AU/RIA1 ,HUNG>Y1 ,ITALY1 & EV5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! PETTY TRADES OCCUPY A PROM95T POSITION1 & PLAY 9 ! SUM TOTAL ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY AN EV5 MU* GREAT] P>T ?AN 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 OR ,G]MANY4 ,BUT IT IS ESPECIALLY 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT WE CAN FULLY APPRECIATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! RURAL 9DU/RIES & ! T]RIBLE SUFF]+S :I* WILL BE QUITE USELESSLY 9FLICT$ ON ! POPULATION1 IF ! POLICY ( ! ,/ATE IS GO+ TO BE N[ ! POLICY ADVOCAT$ BY A NUMB] ( L&LORDS & FACTORY-[N]S--NAMELY1 IF ! ,/ATE ?R[S ITS TREM5D\S WEI<T 9 FAVOR ( A PAUP]IZATION ( ! PEASANTS & AN >TIFICIAL ANNIHILATION ( ! RURAL TRADES1 9 ORD] TO CREATE A C5TRALIZ$ GREAT 9DU/RY4 #ab 

,! MO/ EXHAU/IVE 9QUIRIES 9TO ! PRES5T /ATE1 ! GR[?1 ! TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! RURAL 9DU/RIES1 & ! DIFFICULTIES !Y HAVE TO CONT5D )1 HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,A H\SE-TO-H\SE 9QUIRY :I* EMBRACES NE>LY #a11 PEASANTS' H\SES HAS BE5 MADE 9 V>I\S PROV9CES ( ,RUSSIA1 & ITS RESULTS ALREADY REPRES5T #de VOLUMES1 PR9T$ BY DIFF]5T C\NTY C\NCILS 7,ZEM/VOS74 ,BESIDES1 9 ! FIFTE5 VOLUMES PUBLI%$ BY ! ,PETTY ,TRADES ,COMMITTEE1 & /ILL MORE 9 ! PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,MOSC[ ,/ATI/ICAL ,COMMITTEE1 & ( MANY PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES1 WE F9D EXHAU/IVE LI/S GIV+ ! NAME ( EA* WORK]1 ! EXT5T & ! /ATE ( HIS FIELDS1 HIS LIVE /OCK1 ! VALUE ( HIS AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 HIS E>N+S FROM BO? S\RCES1 & HIS YE>LY BUDGET2 :ILE HUNDR$S ( SEP>ATE TRADES HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ 9 SEP>ATE MONOGRAPHS FROM ! TE*NICAL1 ECONOMICAL1 & SANIT>Y PO9TS ( VIEW4 

,! RESULTS OBTA9$ FROM !SE 9QUIRIES W]E REALLY IMPOS+1 AS IT APPE>$ ?AT \T ( ! #h OR #i MILLION POPULATION ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA PROP]1 NO LESS ?AN #g1#e1 P]SONS W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! DOME/IC TRADES1 & ?AT !IR PRODUCTION REA*$1 AT ! L[E/ E/IMATE1 MORE ?AN ,G,B,P#a#e111 & MO/ PROBABLY ,G,B,P#b11 7#b111 RUBLES7 EV]Y YE>4 #ac ,IT ?US EXCE$$ ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( ! GREAT 9DU/RY4 ,AS TO ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( ! TWO = ! WORK+ CLASSES SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT EV5 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,MOSC[1 :I* IS ! *IEF MANUFACTUR+ REGION ( ,RUSSIA 7ITS FACTORIES YIELD UPW>DS ( ONE-FIF? 9 VALUE ( ! AGGREGATE 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA71 ! AGGREGATE 9COMES D]IV$ BY ! POPULATION FROM ! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES >E ?REE TIMES L>G] ?AN ! AGGREGATE WAGES E>N$ 9 ! FACTORIES4 

,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN DOME/IC TRADES IS ?AT ! SUDD5 />T :I* WAS MADE BY ! FACTORIES 9 ,RUSSIA DID NOT PREJUDICE ! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT GAVE A NEW IMPULSE TO !IR EXT5SION2 !Y GREW & DEVELOP$ PRECISELY 9 ?OSE REGIONS :]E ! FACTORIES W]E GR[+ UP FA/E/4 

,ANO!R MO/ SUGGE/IVE FEATURE IS ! FOLL[+ 3 AL?\< ! UNF]TILE PROV9CES ( ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA HAVE BE5 FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL ! SEAT ( ALL K9DS ( PETTY TRADES1 SEV]AL DOME/IC 9DU/RIES ( MOD]N ORIG9 >E DEVELOP+ 9 ?OSE PROV9CES :I* >E BE/ FAVOR$ BY SOIL & CLIMATE4 ,?US1 ! ,/AVROPOL GOV]NM5T ( ,NOR? ,CAUCASUS1 :]E ! PEASANTRY HAVE PL5TY ( F]TILE SOIL1 HAS SUDD5LY BECOME ! SEAT ( A WIDELY DEVELOP$ SILKWEAV+ 9DU/RY 9 ! PEASANTS' H\SES1 & N[ IT SUPPLIES ,RUSSIA ) *EAP SILKS :I* HAVE COMPLETELY EXPELL$ FROM ! M>KET ! PLA9 SILKS =M]LY IMPORT$ FROM ,FRANCE4 ,9 ,OR5BURG & ON ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 ! PETTY TRADES' FABRICATION ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 :I* HAS GR[N UP LATELY1 IS ANO!R 9/ANCE 9 PO9T4 

,! CAPACITIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN DOME/IC 9DU/RIAL WORK]S = COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATION W\LD BE WOR?Y ( MORE ?AN A PASS+ M5TION4 ,AS TO ! *EAPNESS ( ! PRODUCE MANUFACTUR$ 9 ! VILLAGES1 :I* IS REALLY A/ONI%+1 IT CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ 9 FULL BY ! EXCE$+LY LONG H\RS ( LABOR & ! />VATION E>N+S1 BECAUSE OV]WORK & V]Y L[ WAGES >E *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,RUSSIAN FACTORIES AS WELL4 ,IT DEP5DS ALSO UPON ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! PEASANT :O GR[S HIS [N FOOD1 BUT SUFF]S FROM A CON/ANT WANT ( MONEY1 SELLS ! PRODUCE ( HIS 9DU/RIAL LABOR AT ANY PRICE4 ,!RE=E1 ALL MANUFACTUR$ GOODS US$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY1 SAVE ! PR9T$ COTTONS1 >E ! PRODUCTION ( ! RURAL MANUFACTUR]S4 ,BUT MANY >TICLES ( LUXURY1 TOO1 >E MADE 9 ! VILLAGES1 ESPECIALLY >\ND ,MOSC[1 BY PEASANTS :O CONT9UE TO CULTIVATE !IR ALLOTM5TS4 ,! SILK HATS :I* >E SOLD 9 ! BE/ ,MOSC[ %OPS1 & BE> ! /AMP ( ,NONVEAUTES ,P>ISI5NES1 >E MADE BY ! ,MOSC[ PEASANTS2 SO ALSO ! 0,VI5NA0 FURNITURE ( ! BE/ 0,VI5NA0 %OPS1 EV5 IF IT GOES TO SUPPLY ! PALACES4 ,& :AT IS MO/ TO BE WOND]$ AT IS NOT ! SKILL ( ! PEASANTS -AGRICULTURAL WORK IS NO OB/ACLE TO ACQUIR+ 9DU/RIAL SKILL-BUT ! RAPIDITY ) :I* ! FABRICATION ( F9E GOODS HAS SPREAD 9 SU* VILLAGES AS =M]LY MANUFACTUR$ ONLY GOODS ( ! R\<E/ DESCRIPTION4 #ad 

,MU* MORE \<T TO BE SAID ) REG>D TO ! RURAL 9DU/RIES ( ,RUSSIA1 ESPECIALLY TO 0H[ EASILY ! PEASANTS ASSOCIATE = BUY+ NEW MA*9]Y1 OR = AVOID+ ! MIDDLE MAN 9 !IR PUR*ASES ( RAW PRODUCE-AS SOON AS MIS]Y IS NO OB/ACLE TO ! ASSOCIATION4 ,BELGIUM1 & ESPECIALLY ,SWITZ]L&1 C\LD ALSO BE QUOT$ = SIMIL> ILLU/RATIONS1 BUT ! ABOVE WILL BE 5\< TO GIVE A G5]AL IDEA ( ! IMPORTANCE1 ! VITAL P[]S1 & ! P]FECTIBILITY ( ! RURAL 9DU/RIES4 

  
,CONCLUSIONS 
  

,! FACTS :I* WE HAVE BRIEFLY PASS$ 9 REVIEW %[1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ! B5EFITS :I* C\LD BE D]IV$ FROM A COMB9ATION ( AGRICULTURE ) 9DU/RY1 IF ! LATT] C\LD COME TO ! VILLAGE1 NOT 9 ITS PRES5T %APE ( A CAPITALI/ FACTORY1 BUT 9 ! %APE ( A SOCIALLY ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 ) ! FULL AID ( MA*9]Y & TE*NICAL KN[L$GE4 ,9 FACT1 ! MO/ PROM95T FEATURE ( ! PETTY TRADES IS ?AT A RELATIVE WELL-BE+ IS F\ND ONLY :]E !Y >E COMB9$ ) AGRICULTURE 3 :]E ! WORK]S HAVE REMA9$ 9 POSSESSION ( ! SOIL & CONT9UE TO CULTIVATE IT4 ,EV5 AMID ! WEAV]S ( ,FRANCE OR ,MOSC[1 :O HAVE TO RECKON ) ! CO9PETITION ( ! FACTORY1 RELATIVE WELL-BE+ PREVAILS SO LONG AS !Y >E NOT COMPELL$ TO P>T ) ! SOIL4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS SOON AS HI< TAXATION OR ! IMPOV]I%M5T DUR+ A CRISIS HAS COMPELL$ ! DOME/IC WORK] TO AB&ON HIS LA/ PLOT ( L& TO ! USUR]1 MIS]Y CREEPS 9TO HIS H\SE4 ,! SWEAT] BECOMES ALL-P[]FUL1 FRI<TFUL OV]WORK IS RESORT$ TO1 & ! :OLE TRADE (T5 FALLS 9TO DECAY4 

,SU* FACTS1 AS WELL AS ! PRON\NC$ T5D5CY ( ! FACTORIES T[>DS MIGRAT+ TO ! VILLAGES1 :I* BECOMES MORE & MORE APP>5T N[ADAYS1 & F\ND ( LATE ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! ',G>D5 ,CITIES' MOVEM5T1 >E V]Y SUGGE/IVE4 ,( C\RSE1 IT W\LD BE A GREAT MI/AKE TO IMAG9E ?AT 9DU/RY \<T TO RETURN TO ITS H&-WORK /AGE 9 ORD] TO BE COMB9$ ) AGRICULTURE4 ,:5EV] A SAV+ ( HUMAN LABOR CAN BE OBTA9$ BY MEANS ( A MA*9E1 ! MA*9E IS WELCOME & WILL BE RESORT$ TO2 & !RE IS H>DLY ONE S+LE BRAN* ( 9DU/RY 9TO :I* MA*9]Y WORK C\LD NOT BE 9TRODUC$ ) GREAT ADVANTAGE1 AT LEA/ AT SOME ( ! /AGES ( ! MANUFACTURE4 ,9 ! PRES5T *AOTIC /ATE ( 9DU/RY1 NAILS & *EAP P5-KNIVES CAN BE MADE BY H&1 & PLA9 COTTONS BE WOV5 9 ! H&-LOOM2 BUT SU* AN ANOMALY WILL NOT LA/4 ,! MA*9E WILL SUP]S$E H&WORK 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( PLA9 GOODS4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 H&WORK V]Y PROBABLY WILL EXT5D ITS DOMA9 9 ! >TI/IC F9I%+ ( MANY ?+S :I* >E N[ MADE 5TIRELY 9 ! FACTORY2 & IT WILL ALWAYS REMA9 AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! GR[? ( ?\S&S ( Y\NG & NEW TRADES4 

,BUT ! QUE/ION >ISES1 ,:Y %\LD NOT ! COTTONS1 ! WOOL5 CLO?1 & ! SILKS1 N[ WOV5 BY H& 9 ! VILLAGES1 BE WOV5 BY MA*9]Y 9 ! SAME VILLAGES1 )\T CEAS+ TO REMA9 CONNECT$ ) WORK 9 ! FIELDS8 ,:Y %\LD NOT HUNDR$S ( DOME/IC 9DU/RIES1 N[ C>RI$ ON4 5TIRELY BY H&1 RESORT TO LABOR-SAV+ MA*9ES1 AS !Y ALREADY DO 9 ! KNITT+ TRADE & MANY O!RS8 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y ! SMALL MOTOR %\LD NOT BE ( A MU* MORE G5]AL USE ?AN IT IS N[1 :]EV] !RE IS NO NE$ TO HAVE A FACTORY2 & !RE IS NO REASON :Y ! VILLAGE %\LD NOT HAVE ITS SMALL FACTORY1 :]EV] FACTORY WORK IS PREF]ABLE1 AS WE ALREADY SEE IT OCCASIONALLY 9 C]TA9 VILLAGES 9 ,FRANCE4 

,MORE ?AN ?AT4 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y ! FACTORY1 ) ITS MOTIVE =CE & MA*9]Y1 %\LD NOT BELONG TO ! COMMUNITY1 AS IS ALREADY ! CASE = MOTIVE P[] 9 ! ABOVEM5TION$ WORK%OPS & SMALL FACTORIES 9 ! ,FR5* PORTION ( ! ,JURA HILLS4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT N[1 UND] ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! FACTORY IS ! CURSE ( ! VILLAGE1 AS IT COMES TO OV]WORK *ILDR5 & TO MAKE PAUP]S \T ( ITS MALE 9HABITANTS2 & IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT IT %\LD BE OPPOS$ BY ALL MEANS BY ! WORK]S1 IF !Y HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 MA9TA9+ !IR OLD5 TRADES' ORGANIZATIONS 7AS AT ,%EFFIELD1 OR ,SOL+571 OR IF !Y HAVE NOT YET BE5 R$UC$ TO %E] MIS]Y 7AS 9 ! ,JURA74 ,BUT UND] A MORE RATIONAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ! FACTORY W\LD F9D NO SU* OB/ACLES 3 IT W\LD BE A BOON TO ! VILLAGE4 ,& !RE IS ALREADY UNMI/AKABLE EVID5CE TO %[ ?AT A MOVE 9 ?IS DIRECTION IS BE+ MADE 9 A FEW VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4 

,! MORAL & PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES :I* MAN W\LD D]IVE FROM DIVID+ HIS WORK BETWE5 ! FIELD & ! WORK%OP >E SELF-EVID5T4 ,BUT ! DIFFICULTY IS1 WE >E TOLD1 9 ! NECESS>Y C5TRALIZATION ( ! MOD]N 9DU/RIES4 ,9 9DU/RY1 AS WELL AS 9 POLITICS1 C5TRALIZATION HAS SO MANY ADMIR]S 6 ,BUT 9 BO? SPH]ES ! IDEAL ( ! C5TRALIZ]S BADLY NE$S REVISION4 ,9 FACT1 IF WE ANALYZE ! MOD]N 9DU/RIES1 WE SOON DISCOV] ?AT = SOME ( !M ! COOP]ATION ( HUNDR$S1 OR EV5 ?\S&S1 ( WORK]S GA!R$ AT ! SAME SPOT IS REALLY NECESS>Y4 ,! GREAT IRON WORKS & M9+ 5T]PRISES DECID$LY BELONG TO ?AT CATEGORY2 OCEANIC /EAM]S CANNOT BE BUILT 9 VILLAGE FACTORIES4 ,BUT V]Y MANY ( \R BIG FACTORIES >E NO?+ ELSE BUT AGGLOM]ATIONS UND] A COMMON MANAGEM5T1 ( SEV]AL DI/9CT 9DU/RIES2 :ILE O!RS >E M]E AGGLOM]ATIONS ( HUNDR$S ( COPIES ( ! V]Y SAME MA*9E2 SU* >E MO/ ( \R GIGANTIC SP9N+ & WEAV+ E/ABLI%M5TS4 

,! MANUFACTURE BE+ A /RICTLY PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 ITS [N]S F9D IT ADVANTAGE\S TO HAVE ALL ! BRAN*ES ( A GIV5 9DU/RY UND] !IR [N MANAGEM5T2 !Y ?US CUMULATE ! PR(ITS ( ! SUCCESSIVE TRANS=MATIONS ( ! RAW MAT]IAL4 ,& :5 SEV]AL ?\S& P[]-LOOMS >E COMB9$ 9 ONE FACTORY1 ! [N] F9DS HIS ADVANTAGE 9 BE+ ABLE TO HOLD ! COMM& ( ! M>KET4 ,BUT FROM A TE*NICAL PO9T ( VIEW ! ADVANTAGES ( SU* AN ACCUMULATION >E TRIFL+ & (T5 D\BTFUL4 ,EV5 SO C5TRALIZ$ AN 9DU/RY AS ?AT ( ! COTTONS DOES NOT SUFF] AT ALL FROM ! DIVISION ( PRODUCTION ( ONE GIV5 SORT ( GOODS AT ITS DIFF]5T /AGES BETWE5 SEV]AL SEP>ATE FACTORIES 3 WE SEE IT AT ,MAN*E/] & ITS NEI<BOR+ T[NS4 ,AS TO ! PETTY TRADES1 NO 9CONV5I5CE IS EXP]I5C$1 FROM A /ILL GREAT] SUBDIVISION BETWE5 ! WORK%OPS 9 ! WAT* TRADE & V]Y MANY O!RS4 

,WE (T5 HE> ?AT ONE HORSE-P[] CO/S SO MU* 9 A SMALL 5G9E1 & SO MU* LESS 9 AN 5G9E T5 TIMES MORE P[]FUL2 ?AT ! P\ND ( COTTON Y>N CO/S MU* LESS :5 ! FACTORY D\BLES ! NUMB] ( ITS SP9DLES4 ,BUT1 9 ! OP9ION ( ! BE/ 5G9E]+ AU?ORITIES1 SU* AS ,PR(4 ,W4 ,UNW91 ! HYDRAULIC1 & ESPECIALLY ! ELECTRIC1 DI/RIBUTION ( P[] FROM A C5TRAL /ATION SETS ASIDE ! FIR/ P>T ( ! >GUM5T4 #af ,AS TO ITS SECOND P>T1 CALCULATIONS ( ?IS SORT >E ONLY GOOD = ?OSE 9DU/RIES :I* PREP>E ! HALF-MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCE = FUR!R TRANS=MATIONS4 ,AS TO ?OSE C\NTLESS DESCRIPTIONS ( GOODS :I* D]IVE !IR VALUE *IEFLY FROM ! 9T]V5TION ( SKILL$ LABOR1 !Y CAN BE BE/ FABRICAT$ 9 SMALL] FACTORIES :I* EMPLOY A FEW HUNDR$S1 OR EV5 A FEW SCORES ( OP]ATIVES4 ,?IS IS :Y ! 0CONC5TRATION0 SO MU* SPOK5 ( IS (T5 NO?+ BUT AN AMALGAMATION ( CAPITALI/S = ! PURPOSE ( DOM9AT+ ! M>KET1 NOT = *EAP5+ ! TE*NICAL PROCESS4 

,EV5 UND] ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ! LEVIA?AN FACTORIES (F] GREAT 9CONV5I5CES1 AS !Y CANNOT RAPIDLY RE=M !IR MA*9]Y ACCORD+ TO ! CON/ANTLY V>Y+ DEM&S ( ! CONSUM]S1 ,H[ MANY FAILURES ( GREAT CONC]NS1 TOO WELL KN[N 9 ?IS C\NTRY TO NE$ TO BE NAM$1 W]E DUE TO ?IS CAUSE DUR+ ! CRISIS ( #a#h#h#f-#a#h#i4 ,AS = ! NEW BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY :I* ,I HAVE M5TION$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! PREVI\S *APT]1 !Y ALWAYS MU/ MAKE A />T ON A SMALL SCALE2 & !Y CAN PROSP] 9 SMALL T[NS AS WELL AS 9 BIG CITIES1 IF ! SMALL] AGGLOM]ATIONS >E PROVID$ ) 9/ITUTIONS /IMULAT+ >TI/IC TA/E & ! G5IUS ( 9V5TION4 ,! PROGRESS A*IEV$ ( LATE 9 TOY-MAK+1 AS ALSO ! HI< P]FECTION ATTA9$ 9 ! FABRICATION ( MA!MATICAL & OPTICAL 9/RUM5TS1 ( FURNITURE1 ( SMALL LUXURY >TICLES1 ( POTT]Y & SO ON1 >E 9/ANCES 9 PO9T4 ,>T & SCI5CE >E NO LONG] ! MONOPOLY ( ! GREAT CITIES1 & FUR!R PROGRESS WILL BE 9 SCATT]+ !M OV] ! C\NTRY4 

,! GEOGRAPHICAL DI/RIBUTION ( 9DU/RIES 9 A GIV5 C\NTRY DEP5DS1 ( C\RSE1 TO A GREAT EXT5T UPON A COMPLEXUS ( NATURAL CONDITIONS2 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !RE >E SPOTS :I* >E BE/ SUIT$ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( C]TA9 9DU/RIES4 ,! BANKS ( ! ,CLYDE & ! ,TYNE >E C]TA9LY MO/ APPROPRIATE = %IP-BUILD+ Y>DS1 & %IPBUILD+ Y>DS MU/ BE SURR\ND$ BY A V>IETY ( WORK%OPS & FACTORIES4 ,! 9DU/RIES WILL ALWAYS F9D SOME ADVANTAGES 9 BE+ GR\P$1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ACCORD+ TO ! NATURAL FEATURES ( SEP>ATE REGIONS4 ,BUT WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT N[ !Y >E NOT AT ALL GR\P$ ACCORD+ TO ?OSE FEATURES4 ,HI/ORICAL CAUSES*IEFLY RELIGI\S W>S & NATIONAL RIVALRIES-HAVE HAD A GOOD DEAL TO DO ) !IR GR[? & !IR PRES5T DI/RIBUTION2 /ILL MORE SO ! EMPLOY]S W]E GUID$ BY CONSID]ATIONS AS TO ! FACILITIES = SALE & EXPORT-?AT IS1 BY CONSID]ATIONS :I* >E ALREADY LOS+ !IR IMPORTANCE ) ! 9CREAS$ FACILITIES = TRANSPORT1 & WILL LOSE IT /ILL MORE :5 ! PRODUC]S PRODUCE = !MSELVES1 & NOT = CU/OM]S F> AWAY4 

,:Y1 9 A RATIONALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY1 \<T ,LONDON TO REMA9 A GREAT C5T] = ! JAM & PRES]V+ TRADE1 & MANUFACTURE UMBRELLAS = NE>LY ! :OLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM8 ,:Y %\LD ! C\NTLESS ,:ITE*APEL PETTY TRADES REMA9 :]E !Y >E1 9/EAD ( BE+ SPREAD ALL OV] ! C\NTRY8 ,!RE IS NO REASON :ATEV] :Y ! MANTLES :I* >E WORN BY ,5GLI% LADIES %\LD BE SEWN AT ,B]L9 & 9 ,:ITE*APEL1 9/EAD ( 9 ,DEVON%IRE OR ,D]BY%IRE4 ,:Y %\LD ,P>IS REF9E SUG> = ALMO/ ! :OLE ( ,FRANCE8 ,:Y %\LD ONE-HALF ( ! BOOTS & %OES US$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BE MANUFACTUR$ 9 ! #a1#e WORK%OPS ( ,MASSA*USETTS8 ,!RE IS ABSOLUTELY NO REASON :Y !SE & LIKE ANOMALIES %\LD P]SI/4 ,! 9DU/RIES MU/ BE SCATT]$ ALL OV] ! WORLD2 & ! SCATT]+ ( 9DU/RIES AMID ALL CIVILIZ$ NATIONS WILL BE NECESS>ILY FOLL[$ BY A FUR!R SCATT]+ ( FACTORIES OV] ! T]RITORIES ( EA* NATION4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS EVOLUTION1 ! NATURAL PRODUCE ( EA* REGION & ITS GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS C]TA9LY WILL BE ONE ( ! FACTORS :I* WILL DET]M9E ! *>ACT] ( ! 9DU/RIES GO+ TO DEVELOP 9 ?IS REGION4 ,BUT :5 WE SEE ?AT ,SWITZ]L& HAS BECOME A GREAT EXPORT] ( /EAM-5G9ES1 RAILWAY 5G9ES1 & /EAM-BOATS--AL?\< %E HAS NO IRON ORE & NO COAL = OBTA9+ /EEL1 & EV5 HAS NO SEAPORT TO IMPORT !M2 :5 WE SEE ?AT ,BELGIUM HAS SUCCE$$ 94 BE+ A GREAT EXPORT] ( GRAPES1 & ?AT ,MAN*E/] HAS MANAG$ TO BECOME A SEAPORT--WE UND]/& ?AT 9 ! GEOGRAPHICAL DI/RIBUTION ( 9DU/RIES1 ! TWO FACTORS ( LOCAL PRODUCES & ( AN ADVANTAGE\S POSITION BY ! SEA >E NOT YET ! DOM9ANT FACTORS4 ,WE BEG9 TO UND]/& ?AT1 ALL TAK51 IT IS ! 9TELLECTUAL FACTOR--! SPIRIT ( 9V5TION1 ! CAPACITY ( ADAPTATION1 POLITICAL LIB]TY1 & SO ON-:I* C\NTS = MORE ?AN ALL O!RS4 

,?AT ALL ! 9DU/RIES F9D AN ADVANTAGE 9 BE+ C>RI$ ON 9 CLOSE CONTACT ) A GREAT V>IETY ( O!R 9DU/RIES ! READ] HAS SE5 ALREADY FROM NUM]\S EXAMPLES4 ,EV]Y 9DU/RY REQUIRES TE*NICAL SURR\ND+S4 ,BUT ! SAME IS ALSO TRUE ( AGRICULTURE4 

,AGRICULTURE CANNOT DEVELOP )\T ! AID ( MA*9]Y1 & ! USE ( A P]FECT MA*9]Y CANNOT BE G5]ALIZ$ )\T 9DU/RIAL SURR\ND+S 3 )\T ME*ANICAL WORK%OPS1 EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO ! CULTIVATOR ( ! SOIL1 ! USE ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y IS NOT POSSIBLE4 ,! VILLAGE SMI? W\LD NOT DO4 ,IF ! WORK ( A ?RA%+-MA*9E HAS TO BE /OPP$ = A WEEK OR MORE1 BECAUSE ONE ( ! COGS 9 A :EEL HAS BE5 BROK51 & IF TO OBTA9 A NEW :EEL ONE MU/ S5D A SPECIAL MESS5G] TO ! NEXT PROV9CE-!N ! USE ( A ?RA%+MA*9E IS NOT POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ,I SAW 9 MY *ILDHOOD 9 ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA2 & QUITE LATELY ,I HAVE F\ND ! V]Y SAME FACT M5TION$ 9 AN ,5GLI% AUTOBIOGRAPHY 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,BESIDES1 9 ALL ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! TEMP]ATE ZONE1 ! CULTIVATORS ( ! SOIL MU/ HAVE SOME SORT ( 9DU/RIAL EMPLOYM5T DUR+ ! LONG W9T] MON?S4 ,?IS IS :AT HAS BR\<T AB\T ! GREAT DEVELOPM5T ( RURAL 9DU/RIES1 ( :I* WE HAVE JU/ SE5 SU* 9T]E/+ EXAMPLES4 ,BUT ?IS NE$ IS ALSO FELT 9 ! S(T CLIMATE ( ! ,*ANNEL ,ISL&S1 NOT)/&+ ! EXT5SION TAK5 BY HORTICULTURE UND] GLASS4 ,WE NE$ SU* 9DU/RIES4 ,C\LD Y\ SUGGE/ US ANY80 WROTE TO ME ONE ( MY CORRESPOND5TS 9 ,GU]NSEY4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT YET ALL4 ,AGRICULTURE IS SO MU* 9 NE$ ( AID FROM ?OSE :O 9HABIT ! CITIES1 ?AT EV]Y SUMM] ?\S&S ( M5 LEAVE !IR SLUMS 9 ! T[NS & GO TO ! C\NTRY = ! SEASON ( CROPS4 ,! ,LONDON DE/ITUTES GO 9 ?\S&S TO ,K5T & ,SUSSEX AS BAY-MAK]S & HOP-PICK]S1 IT BE+ E/IMAT$ ?AT ,K5T ALONE REQUIRES #h1 ADDITIONAL M5 & WOM5 = HOP-PICK+2 :OLE VILLAGES 9 ,FRANCE & !IR COTTAGE 9DU/RIES >E AB&ON$ 9 ! SUMM]1 & ! PEASANTS W&] TO ! MORE F]TILE P>TS ( ! C\NTRY2 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( HUMAN BE+S >E TRANSPORT$ EV]Y SUMM] TO ! PRAIRIES ( ,MANITOBA & ,DACOTA4 ,EV]Y SUMM] MANY ?\S&S ( ,POLES SPREAD AT H>VE/ TIME OV] ! PLA9S ( ,MECKL5BURG1 ,WE/PHALIA1 & EV5 ,FRANCE2 & 9 ,RUSSIA !RE IS EV]Y YE> AN EXODUS ( SEV]AL MILLIONS ( M5 :O J\RNEY FROM ! NOR? TO ! S\!RN PRAIRIES = H>VE/+ ! CROPS2 :ILE MANY ,/4 ,PET]SBURG MANUFACTUR]S R$UCE !IR PRODUCTION 9 ! SUMM]1 BECAUSE ! OP]ATIVES RETURN TO !IR NATIVE VILLAGES = ! CULTURE ( !IR ALLOTM5TS4 

,AGRICULTURE CANNOT BE C>RI$ ON )\T ADDITIONAL H&S 9 ! SUMM]2 BUT IT /ILL MORE NE$S TEMPOR>Y AIDS = IMPROV+ ! SOIL1 = T5FOLD+ ITS PRODUCTIVE P[]S4 ,/EAM-DIGG+1 DRA9AGE1 & MANUR+ W\LD R5D] ! HEAVY CLAYS 9 ! NOR?-WE/ ( ,LONDON A MU* RI*] SOIL ?AN ?AT ( ! ,AM]ICAN PRAIRIES4 ,TO BECOME F]TILE1 ?OSE CLAYS WANT ONLY PLA91 UNSKILL$ HUMAN LABOR1 SU* AS IS NECESS>Y = DIGG+ ! SOIL1 LAY+ 9 DRA9AGE TUBES1 PULV]IZ+ PHOSPHORITES1 & ! LIKE2 & ?AT LABOR W\LD BE GLADLY DONE BY-! FACTORY WORK]S IF IT W]E PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ 9 A FREE COMMUNITY = ! B5EFIT ( ! :OLE SOCIETY4 ,! SOIL CLAIMS ?AT SORT ( AID1 & IT W\LD HAVE IT UND] A PROP] ORGANIZATION1 EV5 IF IT W]E NECESS>Y TO /OP MANY MILLS 9 ! SUMM] = ?AT PURPOSE4 ,NO D\BT ! PRES5T FACTORY [N]S W\LD CONSID] IT RU9\S IF !Y HAD TO /OP !IR MILLS = SEV]AL MON?S EV]Y YE>1 BECAUSE ! CAPITAL 5GAG$ 9 A FACTORY IS EXPECT$ TO PUMP MONEY EV]Y DAY & EV]Y1 H\R1 IF POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?AT IS ! CAPITALI/'S VIEW ( ! MATT]1 NOT ! COMMUNITY'S VIEW4 

,AS TO ! WORK]S1 :O \<T TO BE ! REAL4 MANAG]S ( 9DU/RIES1 !Y WILL F9D IT HEAL?Y NOT TO P]=M ! SAME MONOTON\S WORK ALL ! YE> R\ND1 & !Y WILL AB&ON IT = ! SUMM]1 IF 9DE$ !Y DO NOT F9D ! MEANS ( KEEP+ ! FACTORY RUNN+ BY RELIEV+ EA* O!R 9 GR\PS4 

,! SCATT]+ ( 9DU/RIES OV] ! C\NTRY ----SO AS TO BR+ ! FACTORY AMID ! FIELDS1 TO MAKE AGRICULTURE D]IVE ALL ?OSE PR(ITS :I* IT ALWAYS F9DS 9 BE+ COMB9$ ) 9DU/RY 7SEE ! ,EA/]N ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA7 & TO PRODUCE A COMB9ATION ( 9DU/RIAL ) AGRICULTURAL WORK--IS SURELY ! NEXT /EP TO BE MADE1 AS SOON AS A REORGANIZATION ( \R PRES5T CONDITIONS IS POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS BE+ MADE ALREADY1 H]E & !RE1 AS WE SAW ON ! PREC$+ PAGES4 ,?IS1 /EP IS IMPOS$ BY ! V]Y NECESSITY ( PRODUC+ = ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES'4 IT IS IMPOS$ BY ! NECESSITY = EA* HEAL?Y MAN & WOMAN TO SP5D A P>T ( !IR LIVES 9 MANUAL WORK 9 ! FREE AIR2 & IT WILL BE R5D]$ ! MORE NECESS>Y :5 ! GREAT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 :I* HAVE N[ BECOME UNAVOIDABLE1 COME TO DI/URB ! PRES5T 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 & COMPEL EA* NATION TO REV]T TO H] [N RES\RCES = H] [N MA9 T5ANCE4 ,HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 AS WELL AS EA* SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUAL1 WILL BE GA9]S BY ! *ANGE1 & ! *ANGE WILL TAKE1 PLACE4 

,H[EV]1 SU* A *ANGE ALSO IMPLIES A ?OR\< MODIFICATION ( \R PRES5T SY/EM ( $UCATION4 ,IT IMPLIES A SOCIETY COMPOS$ ( M5 & WOM51 EA* ( :OM IS ABLE TO WORK ) HIS OR H] H&S1 AS WELL AS ) HIS OR H] BRA91 & TO DO SO 9 MORE DIRECTIONS ?AN ONE4 ,?IS 09TEGRATION ( CAPACITIES0 & 09TEGRAL $UCATION0 ,I AM N[ GO+ TO ANALYZE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,! REM>KS ( ,PR(4 ,ISSAIEFF--A ?OR\< 9VE/IGATOR ( PETTY TRADES 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE--7SEE ,WORKS ( ! ,COMMISSION = ! ,/UDY ( ,PETTY ,TRADES 9 ,RUSSIA 7,RUSSIAN71 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #a#h#g#i-#a#h#h#g VOL4 I47 W]E = ME A VALUABLE GUIDE :5 ,I PREP>$ ! FIR/ $ITION ( ?IS BOOK4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME ! TWO 9DU/RIAL C5SUSES ( #ahie & #aig HAVE YIELD$ SU* A VALUABLE MAT]IAL1 ?AT !RE >E QUITE A NUMB] ( ,G]MAN WORKS :I* CAME TO ! SAME CONCLUSIONS4 ,I %ALL M5TION !M FUR!R ON4  

#b ,SEE ,K4 ,BUE*]'S ,PREFACE TO ! ,UNT]SU*UNG5 UB] DIE ,LAGE DES ,H&W]KS 9 ,DEUTS*L&1 VOL4 IV4  

#c ,! F\NDATION = ?IS CRE$ IS CONTA9$ 9 ONE ( ! CONCLUD+ *APT]S ( ,M>X'S ,KAPITALL 7! LA/ BUT ONE71 9 :I* ! AU?OR SPOKE ( ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & SAW 9 IT ! 0FATALITY ( A NATURAL LAW40 ,9 ! 0=TIES10 ?IS IDEA ( 0CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL10 ORIG9AT$ FROM :AT WAS GO+ ON 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES1 WAS CONT9UALLY RECURR+ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ALL ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S1 ESPECIALLY ,CONSID]ANT1 & !IR ,G]MAN FOLL[]S1 & IT WAS US$ BY !M AS AN >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( ! NECESSITY ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ,M>X WAS TOO MU* ( A ?9K] ?AT HE %\LD NOT HAVE TAK5 NOTICE ( ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE1 :I* W]E NOT =ESE5 9 #a#h#d#h2 IF HE HAD LIV$ N[1 HE SURELY W\LD NOT HAVE %UT HIS EYES TO ! =MIDABLE GR[? ( ! NUMB]S ( SMALL CAPITALI/S & TO ! MIDDLE-CLASS =TUNES :I* >E MADE 9 A ?\S& WAYS UND] ! %AD[ ( ! MOD]N 0MILLIONAIRES40 ,V]Y LIKELY HE W\LD HAVE NOTIC$ ALSO ! EXTREME SL[NESS ) :I* ! WRECK+ ( SMALL 9DU/RIES GOES ON--A SL[NESS :I* C\LD NOT BE PR$ICT$ FIFTY OR =TY YE>S AGO1 BECAUSE NO ONE C\LD =ESEE AT ?AT TIME ! FACILITIES :I* HAVE BE5 (F]$ S9CE = TRANSPORT1 ! GR[+ V>IETY ( DEM&1 NOR ! *EAP MEANS :I* >E N[ 9 USE = ! SUPPLY ( MOTIVE P[] 9 SMALL QUANTITIES4 ,BE+ A ?9K]1 LIE W\LD HAVE /UDI$ !SE FACTS1 & V]Y PROBABLY HE W\LD HAVE MITIGAT$ ! ABSOLUT5ESS ( HIS E>LI] =MULAS1 AS 9 FACT HE DID ONCE ) REG>D TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT W\LD BE MO/ DESIRABLE ?AT HIS FOLL[]S %\LD RELY LESS UPON AB/RACT =9ULAE--EASY AS !Y MAY BE AS WAT*WORDS 9 POLITICAL /RUGGLES--& TRY TO IMITATE !IR TEA*] 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( CONCRETE ECONOMICAL PH5OM5A4  

#d ,! ,ECONOMIC ,9T]PRETATION ( ,HI/ORY4  

#e ,LES ,PROGRES DE LA ,SCI5CE ECONOMIQUE DEPUIS ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i1 T4 I41 PP4 #d#f1#d#f#a4  

#f ,SEE ! DISCUSSIONS 9 ! ,REI*/AG 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#i1 ON ! ,POLI% ,SYNDICATES1 & ! APPLICATION ?AT IS MADE TO !M ( ! P>AGRAPH ( ! LAW ( ! ASSOCIATIONS RELATIVE TO LANGUAGE 7,SPRAAK5Z>AGRAPH74  

#g ,SEE ,APP5DIX ,X4  

#h ,SEE ,APP5DIX ,V4  

#i ,H]E IS ! DI/RIBUTION ( WORK PEOPLE 9 ALL ! 9DU/RIES1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,ANNUAIRE1 ,/ATI/IQUE = ! YE> #aii 3 ,>TISANS WORK+ S+LE-H&$ OR ) ! AID ( !IR FAMILIES1 #a#f#e1 E/ABLI%M5TS2 V]Y SMALL 9DU/RY1 FROM ONE TO F\R WORK PEOPLE1 #e#d1 E/ABLI%M5TS1 #i#e1 WORK PEOPLE2 SMALL 9DU/RY1 FROM FIVE TO =TY-N9E WORK PEOPLE P] FACTORY1 #a#d1#h E/ABLI%M5TS1 #a#g#g1 EMPLOYES2 MIDDLE-SIZ$ & GREAT 9DU/RY1 FROM #e TO #dii WORK PEOPLE P] FACTORY1 #a1#e E/ABLI%M5TS1 #b#e1 EMPLOYES2 V]Y GREAT 9DU/RY1 ABOVE #e WORK PEOPLE P] FACTORY1 #b E/ABLI%M5TS1 #a#f1 EMPLOYES4 ,TOTAL1 #b#c1 EMPLOY]S GREAT & SMALL2 OR #g #a1 EMPLOY]S \T ( #g11 9HABITANTS IF WE DO NOT C\NT ! 9DEP5D5T >TISANS4  

#a ,:5 %ALL -WE HAVE = ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM A C5SUS AS COMPLETE AS WE HAVE IT = ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 & ,BELGIUM8 ?AT IS1 A C5SUS 9 :I* ! EMPLOY$ & ! EMPLOY]S WILL BE C\NT$ SEP>ATELY --9/EAD ( ?R[+ 9TO ONE HEAP ! [N] ( ! FACTORY1 ! MANAG]S1 ! 5G9E]S1 & ! WORK]S-& !IR DI/RIBUTION 9 FACTORIES ( DIFF]5T SIZES WILL BE GIV54  

#aa ,PEWILE ,9DU/RIES 3 ,>TISANS WORK+ S+LE OR ) ! AID ( !IR FAMILIES1 #a1#d#c#g2 FROM ONE TO F\R WORKM51 #dc E/ABLI%M5TS1 #idi WORK-PEOPLE2 FROM FIVE TO =TY-N9E WORK PEOPLE1 #ggd E/ABLI%M5TS1 #a#d1#e#a WORK]S2 ABOVE FIFTY1 #cgi E/ABLI%M5TS1 #f#f1#a#c WORK]S4  

#ab ,S9CE #aig ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T HAS 9AUGURAT$ ?IS POLICY1 & HAS BEGUN TO DE/ROY BY VIOL5CE ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! L&LORD & ! PROTECT$ 9DU/RIES4  

#ac ,IT APPE>S FROM ! H\SE-TO-H\SE 9QUIRY1 :I* EMBODIES #h#e#e1 WORK]S1 ?AT ! YE>LY VALUE ( ! PRODUCE :I* !Y USE TO MANUFACTURE REA*ES ,G,B,P#b#a1#h#g1 7! RUBLE AT #b#dD471 ?AT IS1 AN AV]AGE ( ,G,B,P#b#e P] WORK]4 ,AN AV]AGE ( ,E#b = ! #g1#e1 P]SONS 5GAG$ 9 DOME/IC 9DU/RIES W\LD ALREADY GIVE ,G,B,P#a#e11 = !IR AGGREGATE PRODUCTION2 BUT ! MO/ AU?ORITATIVE 9VE/IGATORS CONSID] ?AT FIGURE AS BEL[ ! REALITY4  

#ad ,SOME ( ! PRODUCES ( ! ,RUSSIAN RURAL 9DU/RIES HAVE LATELY BE5 9TRODUC$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & F9D A GOOD SALE4  

#ae ,PRUGAV91 9 ! ,VYE/NIK ,PROMY%L5VO/I1 ,JUNE1 #a#h#h#d4 ,S4 ALSO ! EXCELL5T WORK ( ,V4 ,V4 7,VORONTS(F7 ,DE/9IES OL ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 #ahhb 7,RUSSIA74  

#af ,I MAY ADD FROM MY [N EXP]I5CE ?AT SU* IS ALSO ! OP9ION ( SEV]AL ,MAN*E/] EMPLOY]S3 0,I AM SAV+ A GREAT DEAL BY US+ MUNICIPAL ELECTRIC P[] 9 MY FACTORY1 9/EAD ( ! /EAM-5G9E40 ,I WAS TOLD BY ONE ( ! MO/ RESPECT$ MEMB]S ( ! ,MAN*E/] COMMUNITY3 0,I PAY = MOTIVE P[] ACCORD+ TO ! NUMB] ( P]SONS ,I EMPLOY -TWO HUNDR$ AT C]TA9 TIMES1 & FIFTY 9 O!R P>TS ( ! YE>4 ,I NE$ NOT BUY COAL & /OCK IT 9 ADVANCE = ALL ! YE>2 ,I HAVE SAV$ ! ROOM ?AT WAS OCCUPI$ BY ! /EAM4 5G9E2 & ! ROOM ABOVE IT IS NOT HEAT$ & %AK5 BY ! 5G9E AS IT US$ TO BE40  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahig 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

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