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,BRA9 ,WORK & ,MANUAL ,WORK 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,WORLD ,BANK ,PHOTO ,COLLECTION1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,DIVORCE BETWE5 SCI5CE & H&ICRAFT - ,TE*NICAL $UCATION-,COMPLETE $UCATION-,! ,MOSC[ SY/EM3 APPLI$ AT ,*ICAGO1 ,BO/ON1 ,AB]DE5--,CONCRETE TEA*+-,PRES5T WA/E ( TIME-,SCI5CE & TE*NICS-,ADVANTAGES :I* SCI5CE CAN D]IVE FROM A COMB9ATION ( BRA9 WORK ) MANUAL WORK4  

,9 OLD5 TIMES M5 ( SCI5CE1 & ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O HAVE DONE MO/ TO =W>D ! GR[? ( NATURAL PHILOSOPHY1 DID NOT DESPISE MANUAL WORK & H&ICRAFT4 ,GALILEO MADE HIS TELESCOPES ) HIS [N H&S4 ,NEWTON LE>N$ 9 HIS BOYHOOD ! >T ( MANAG+ TOOLS2 HE EX]CIS$ HIS Y\NG M9D 9 CONTRIV+ MO/ +5I\S MA*9ES1 & :5 HE BEGAN HIS RESE>*ES 9 OPTICS HE WAS ABLE HIMSELF TO GR9D ! L5SES = HIS 9/RUM5TS1 & HIMSELF TO MAKE ! WELL-KN[N TELESCOPE1 :I*1 = ITS TIME1 WAS A F9E PIECE ( WORKMAN%IP4 ,LEIBNITZ WAS FOND ( 9V5T+ MA*9ES3 W9DMILLS & C>RIAGES TO BE MOV$ )\T HORSES PREOCCUPI$ HIS M9D AS MU* AS MA!MATICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATIONS4 ,L9NAEUS BECAME A BOTANI/ :ILE HELP+ HIS FA!R-A PRACTICAL G>D5]-9 HIS DAILY WORK4 ,9 %ORT1 ) \R GREAT G5IUSES H&ICRAFT WAS NO OB/ACLE TO AB/RACT RESE>*ES -IT RA!R FAVOR$ !M4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! WORK]S ( OLD F\ND BUT FEW OPPORTUNITIES = MA/]+ SCI5CE1 MANY ( !M HAD1 AT LEA/1 !IR 9TELLIG5CES /IMULAT$ BY ! V]Y V>IETY ( WORK :I* WAS P]=M$ 9 ! !N UNSPECIALIZ$ WORK%OPS2 & SOME ( !M HAD ! B5EFIT ( FAMILI> 9T]C\RSE ) M5 ( SCI5CE4 ,WATT & ,R5NIE W]E FRI5DS ) ,PR(ESSOR ,ROB9SON2 ,BR9DLEY1 ! ROAD-MAK]1 DESPITE HIS F\RTE5 P5CE-A-DAY WAGES1 5JOY$ 9T]C\RSE ) $UCAT$ M51 & ?US DEVELOP$ HIS REM>KABLE 5G9E]+ FACULTIES ! SON ( A WELL-TO-DO FAMILY C\LD 0IDLE0 AT A - :EELWRI<T'S %OP1 SO AS TO BECOME LAT] ON A ,SMEATON OR A ,/EPH5SON4 

,WE HAVE *ANG$ ALL ?AT4 ,UND] ! PRETEXT ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 WE HAVE %>PLY SEP>AT$ ! BRA9 WORK] FROM ! MANUAL WORK]4 ,! MASSES ( ! WORKM5 DO NOT RECEIVE MORE SCI5TIFIC $UCATION ?AN !IR GR&FA!RS DID2 BUT !Y HAVE BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ! $UCATION ( EV5 ! SAME WORK%OP1 :ILE !IR BOYS & GIRLS >E DRIV5 9TO A M9E OR A FACTORY FROM ! AGE ( ?IRTE51 & !RE !Y SOON =GET ! LITTLE !Y MAY HAVE LE>N$ AT S*OOL4 ,AS TO ! M5 ( SCI5CE1 !Y DESPISE MANUAL LABOR4 ,H[ FEW ( !M W\LD BE ABLE TO MAKE A TELESCOPE1 OR EV5 A PLA9] 9/RUM5T6 ,MO/ ( !M >E NOT CAPABLE ( EV5 DESIGN+ A SCI5TIFIC 9/RUM5T1 & :5 !Y HAVE GIV5 A VAGUE SUGGE/ION TO ! 9/RUM5T-MAK]1 !Y LEAVE IT ) HIM TO 9V5T ! APP>ATUS !Y NE$4 ,NAY1 !Y HAVE RAIS$ ! CONTEMPT ( MANUAL LABOR TO ! HEI<T ( A !ORY4 0,! MAN ( SCI5CE10 !Y SAY 0MU/ DISCOV] ! LAWS ( NATURE1 ! CIVIL 5G9E] MU/ APPLY !M1 & ! WORK] MU/ EXECUTE 9 /EEL OR WOOD1 9 IRON OR /ONE1 ! PATT]NS DEVIS$ BY ! 5G9E]4 ,HE MU/ WORK1 ) MA*9ES 9V5T$ = HIM1 NOT BY HIM4 ,NO MATT] IF HE DOES NOT UND]/& !M & CANNOT IMPROVE !M3 ! SCI5TIFIC MAN & ! SCI5TIFIC 5G9E] WILL TAKE C>E ( ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE & 9DU/RY40 

,IT MAY BE OBJECT$ ?AT NEV]!LESS !RE IS A CLASS ( M5 :O BELONG TO NONE ( ! ABOVE ?REE DIVISIONS4 ,:5 Y\NG !Y HAVE BE5 MANUAL WORK]S1 & SOME ( !M CONT9UE TO BE2 BUT1 [+ TO SOME HAPPY CIRCUM/ANCES1 !Y HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 ACQUIR+ SOME SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE1 & ?US !Y HAVE COMB9$ SCI5CE ) H&ICRAFT4 ,SURELY !RE >E SU* M52 HAPPILY 5\< !RE IS A NUCLEUS ( M5 :O HAVE ESCAP$ ! SO-MU*-ADVOCAT$ SPECIALIZATION ( LABOR1 & IT IS PRECISELY TO !M ?AT 9DU/RY [ES ITS *IEF REC5T 9V5TIONS4 ,BUT 9 OLD ,EUROPE1 AT LEA/1 !Y >E ! EXCEPTIONS2 !Y >E ! IRREGUL>S-! ,COSSACKS :O HAVE BROK5 ! RANKS & PI]C$ ! SCRE5S SO C>EFULLY ]ECT$ BETWE5 ! CLASSES4 ,& !Y >E SO FEW1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! EV]-GR[+ REQUIREM5TS ( 9DU/RY-& ( SCI5CE AS WELL1 AS ,I AM AB\T TO PROVE-?AT ALL OV] ! WORLD WE HE> COMPLA9TS AB\T ! SC>CITY ( PRECISELY SU* M54 

,:AT IS ! MEAN+1 9 FACT1 ( ! \TCRY = TE*NICAL $UCATION :I* HAS BE5 RAIS$ AT ONE & ! SAME TIME 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ! ,/ATES1 & 9 ,RUSSIA1 IF IT DOES NOT EXPRESS A G5]AL DISSATISFACTION ) ! PRES5T DIVISION 9TO SCI5TI/S1 SCI5TIFIC 5G9E]S1 & WORK]S8 ,LI/5 TO ?OSE :O KN[ 9DU/RY1 & Y\ WILL SEE ?AT ! SUB/ANCE ( !IR COMPLA9TS IS ?IS3 0,! WORK] :OSE TASK HAS BE5 SPECIALIZ$ BY ! P]MAN5T DIVISION ( LABOR HAS LO/ ! 9TELLECTUAL 9T]E/ 9 HIS LABOR1 & IT IS ESPECIALLY SO 9 ! GREAT 9DU/RIES3 HE HAS LO/ HIS 9V5TIVE P[]S4 ,=M]LY1 HE 9V5T$ V]Y MU*4 ,MANUAL WORK]S-NOT M5 ( SCI5CE NOR TRA9$ 5G9E]S-HAVE 9V5T$1 OR BR\<T TO P]FECTION1 ! PRIME MOTORS >ID ALL ?AT MASS ( MA*9]Y :I* HAS REVOLUTIONIZ$ 9DU/RY = ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,BUT S9CE ! GREAT FACTORY HAS BE5 5?RON$1 ! WORK]1 DEPRESS$ BY ! MONOTONY ( HIS WORK1 9V5TS NO MORE4 ,:AT CAN A WEAV] 9V5T :O M]ELY SUP]VISES F\R LOOMS1 )\T KN[+ ANY?+ EI!R AB\T !IR COMPLICAT$ MOVEM5TS OR H[ ! MA*9ES GREW TO BE :AT !Y >E8 ,:AT CAN A MAN 9V5T :O IS CONDEMN$ = LIFE TO B9D TOGE!R ! 5DS ( TWO ?READS ) ! GREATE/ CEL]ITY1 & KN[S NO?+ BEYOND MAK+ A KNOT8 

0,AT ! \TSET ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 ?REE G5]ATIONS ( WORK]S HAVE 9V5T$2 N[ !Y CEASE TO DO SO4 ,AS TO ! 9V5TIONS ( ! 5G9E]S1 SPECIALLY TRA9$ = DEVIS+ MA*9ES1 !Y >E EI!R DEVOID ( G5IUS OR NOT PRACTICAL 5\<4 ,?OSE 'NE>LY TO NO?+S1' ( :I* ,SIR ,FR$]ICK ,BRAMWELL SPOKE ONCE AT ,BA?1 >E MISS+ 9 !IR 9V5TIONS ?OSE NO?+S :I* CAN BE LE>N$ 9 ! WORK%OP ONLY1 & :I* P]MITT$ A ,MURDO* & ! ,SOHO WORK]S TO MAKE A PRACTICAL 5G9E ( ,WATT'S S*EMES4 ,NONE BUT HE :O KN[S ! MA*9E-NOT 9 ITS DRAW+S & MODELS ONLY1 BUT 9 ITS BREA?+ & ?ROBB+S-:O UNCONSCI\SLY ?9KS ( IT :ILE /&+ BY IT1 CAN REALLY IMPROVE IT4 ,SMEATON & ,NEWCOM5 SURELY W]E EXCELL5T 5G9E]S2 BUT 9 !IR 5G9ES A BOY HAD TO OP5 ! /EAM VALVE AT EA* /ROKE ( ! PI/ON2 & IT WAS ONE ( ?OSE BOYS :O ONCE MANAG$ TO CONNECT ! VALVE ) ! REMA9D] ( ! MA*9E1 SO AS TO MAKE IT OP5 AUTOMATICALLY1 :ILE HE RAN AWAY TO PLAY ) O!R BOYS4 ,BUT 9 ! MOD]N MA*9]Y !RE IS NO ROOM LEFT = NAIVE IMPROVEM5TS ( ?AT K9D4 ,SCI5TIFIC $UCATION ON A WIDE SCALE HAS BECOME NECESS>Y = FUR!R 9V5TIONS1 & ?AT $UCATION IS REFUS$ TO ! WORK]S4 ,SO ?AT !RE IS NO ISSUE \T ( ! DIFFICULTY1 UNLESS SCI5TIFIC $UCATION & H&ICRAFT >E COMB9$ TOGE!R UNLESS 9TEGRATION ( KN[L$GE TAKES ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T DIVISIONS40 

,SU* IS ! REAL SUB/ANCE ( ! PRES5T MOVEM5T 9 FAVOR ( TE*NICAL $UCATION4 ,BUT1 9/EAD ( BR++ TO PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS !1 P]HAPS1 UNCONSCI\S MOTIVES ( ! PRES5T DISCONT5T1 9/EAD ( WID5+ ! VIEWS ( ! DISCONT5T$ & DISCUSS+ ! PROBLEM TO ITS FULL EXT5T1 ! M\?PIECES ( ! MOVEM5T DO NOT MO/LY RISE ABOVE ! %OPKEEP]'S VIEW ( ! QUE/ION4 ,SOME ( !M 9DULGE 9 J+O TALK AB\T CRU%+ ALL =EIGN 9DU/RIES \T ( COMPETITION1 :ILE ! O!RS SEE 9 TE*NICAL $UCATION NO?+ BUT A MEANS ( SOME:AT IMPROV+ ! FLE%-MA*9E ( ! FACTORY & ( TRANSF]R+ A FEW WORK]S 9TO ! UPP] CLASS ( TRA9$ 5G9E]S4 

,SU* AN IDEAL MAY SATISFY !M1 BUT IT CANNOT SATISFY ?OSE :O KEEP 9 VIEW ! COMB9$ 9T]E/S ( SCI5CE & 9DU/RY1 & CONSID] BO? AS A MEANS = RAIS+ HUMANITY TO A HI<] LEVEL4 ,WE MA9TA9 ?AT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( BO? SCI5CE & 9DU/RY1 AS WELL AS ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 EV]Y HUMAN BE+1 )\T DI/9CTION ( BIR?1 \<T TO RECEIVE SU* AN $UCATION AS W\LD 5ABLE HIM1 OR H]1 TO COMB9E A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( SCI5CE ) A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( H&ICRAFT4 ,WE FULLY RECOGNIZE ! NECESSITY ( SPECIALIZATION ( KN[L$GE1 BUT WE MA9TA9 ?AT SPECIALIZATION MU/ FOLL[ G5]AL $UCATION1 & ?AT G5]AL $UCATION MU/ BE GIV5 9 SCI5CE & H&ICRAFT ALIKE4 ,TO ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO BRA9 WORK]S & MANUAL WORK]S WE OPPOSE ! COMB9ATION ( BO? K9DS ( ACTIVITIES2 & 9/EAD ( 0TE*NICAL $UCATION10 :I* MEANS ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! PRES5T DIVISION BETWE5 BRA9 WORK & MANUAL WORK1 WE ADVOCATE ! $UCATION 9TEGRALE1 OR COMPLETE $UCATION1 :I* MEANS ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ?AT P]NICI\S DI/9CTION4 

,PLA9LY /AT$1 ! AIMS ( ! S*OOL UND] ?IS SY/EM \<T TO BE ! FOLL[+3 ,TO GIVE SU* AN $UCATION ?AT1 ON LEAV+ S*OOL AT ! AGE ( EI<TE5 OR TW5TY1 EA* BOY & EA* GIRL %\LD BE 5D[$ ) A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( SCI5CE-SU* A KN[L$GE AS MI<T 5ABLE !M TO BE USEFUL WORK]S 9 SCI5CE-&1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TO GIVE !M A G5]AL KN[L$GE ( :AT CON/ITUTES ! BASES ( TE*NICAL TRA9+1 & SU* A SKILL 9 SOME SPECIAL TRADE AS W\LD 5ABLE EA* ( !M TO TAKE HIS OR H] PLACE 9 ! GR& WORLD ( ! MANUAL PRODUCTION ( WEAL?4 #a ,I KN[ ?AT MANY WILL F9D ?AT AIM TOO L>GE1 OR EV5 IMPOSSIBLE TO ATTA91 BUT ,I HOPE ?AT IF !Y HAVE ! PATI5CE TO READ ! FOLL[+ PAGES1 !Y WILL SEE ?AT WE REQUIRE NO?+ BEYOND :AT CAN BE EASILY ATTA9$4 ,9 FACT1 IT HAS BE5 ATTA9$2 & :AT HAS BE5 DONE ON A SMALL SCALE C\LD BE DONE ON A WID] SCALE1 W]E IT NOT = ! ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL CAUSES :I* PREV5T ANY S]I\S RE=M FROM BE+ ACCOMPLI%$ 9 \R MIS]ABLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY4 

,! EXP]IM5T HAS BE5 MADE AT ! ,MOSC[ ,TE*NICAL ,S*OOL = TW5TY CONSECUTIVE YE>S ) MANY HUNDR$S ( BOYS2 &1 ACCORD+ TO ! TE/IMONIES ( ! MO/ COMPET5T JUDGES1 AT ! EXHIBITIONS ( ,BRUSSELS1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,VI5NA1 & ,P>IS1 ! EXP]IM5T HAS BE5 A SUCCESS4 ,! ,MOSC[ S*OOL ADMITT$ BOYS NOT OLD] ?AN FIFTE51 #b & IT REQUIR$ FROM BOYS ( ?AT AGE NO?+ BUT A SUB/ANTIAL KN[L$GE ( GEOMETRY & ALGEBRA1 TOGE!R ) ! USUAL KN[L$GE ( !IR MO!R TONGUE2 Y\NG] PUPILS W]E RECEIV$ 9 ! PREP>ATORY CLASSES4 ,! S*OOL WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO SECTIONS-! ME*ANICAL & ! *EMICAL2 BUT AS ,I P]SONALLY KN[ BETT] ! =M]1 & AS IT IS ALSO ! MORE IMPORTANT ) REF]5CE TO ! QUE/ION BE=E US1 SO ,I %ALL LIMIT MY REM>KS TO ! $UCATION GIV5 9 ! ME*ANICAL SECTION4 

,AFT] A FIVE OR SIX YE>S' /AY AT ! S*OOL1 ! /UD5TS LEFT IT ) A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( HI<] MA!MATICS1 PHYSICS1 ME*ANICS1 & CONNECT$ SCI5CES-SO ?OR\<1 9DE$1 ?AT IT WAS NOT SECOND TO ?AT ACQUIR$ 9 ! BE/ MA!MATICAL FACULTIES ( ! MO/ EM95T ,EUROPEAN UNIV]SITIES4 ,:5 MYSELF A /UD5T ( ! MA!MATICAL FACULTY ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,UNIV]SITY1 ,I HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( COMP>+ ! KN[L$GE ( ! /UD5TS AT ! ,MOSC[ ,TE*NICAL ,S*OOL ) \R [N4 ,I SAW ! C\RSES ( HI<] GEOMETRY SOME ( !M HAD COMPIL$ = ! USE ( !IR COMRADES2 ,I ADMIR$ ! FACILITY ) :I* !Y APPLI$ ! 9TEGRAL CALCULUS TO DYNAMICAL PROBLEMS1 & ,I CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT :ILE WE1 ,UNIV]SITY /UD5TS1 HAD MORE KN[L$GE ( A G5]AL *>ACT] 7= 9/ANCE1 9 MA!MATICAL A/RONOMY71 !Y1 ! /UD5TS ( ! ,TE*NICAL ,S*OOL1 W]E MU* MORE ADVANC$ 9 HI<] GEOMETRY1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! APPLICATIONS ( HI<] MA!MATICS TO ! 9TRICATE PROBLEMS ( DYNAMICS1 ! !ORIES ( HEAT & ELA/ICITY4 ,BUT :ILE WE1 ! /UD5TS ( ! ,UNIV]SITY1 H>DLY KNEW ! USE ( \R H&S1 ! /UD5TS ( ! ,TE*NICAL ,S*OOL FABRICAT$ ) !IR [N H&S1 & )\T ! HELP ( PR(ESSIONAL WORKM51 F9E /EAM-5G9ES1 FROM ! HEAVY BOIL] TO ! LA/ F9ELY TURN$ SCREW1 AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 & SCI5TIFIC APP>ATUS-ALL = ! TRADE-& !Y RECEIV$ ! HI<E/ AW>DS = ! WORK ( !IR H&S AT ! 9T]NATIONAL EXHIBITIONS4 ,!Y W]E SCI5TIFICALLY $UCAT$ SKILL$ WORK]S-WORK]S ) UNIV]SITY $UCATION-HI<LY APPRECIAT$ EV5 BY ! ,RUSSIAN MANUFACTUR]S :O SO MU* DI/RU/ SCI5CE4 

,N[1 ! ME?ODS BY :I* !SE WOND]FUL RESULTS W]E A*IEV$ W]E !SE3 ,9 SCI5CE1 LE>N+ FROM MEMORY WAS NOT 9 HONOR1 :ILE 9DEP5D5T RESE>* WAS FAVOR$ BY ALL MEANS4 ,SCI5CE WAS TAU<T H& 9 H& ) ITS APPLICATIONS1 & :AT WAS LE>N$ 9 ! S*OOLROOM WAS APPLI$ 9 ! WORK%OP4 ,GREAT ATT5TION WAS PAID TO ! HI<E/ AB/RACTIONS ( GEOMETRY AS A MEANS = DEVELOP+ IMAG9ATION & RESE>*4 

,AS TO ! TEA*+ ( H&ICRAFT1 ! ME?ODS W]E QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE :I* PROV$ A FAILURE AT ! ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY1 & DIFF]$1 9 FACT1 FROM ?OSE US$ 9 MO/ TE*NICAL S*OOLS4 ,! /UD5T WAS NOT S5T TO A WORK%OP TO LE>N SOME SPECIAL H&ICRAFT & TO E>N HIS EXI/5CE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE2 BUT ! TEA*+ ( TE*NICAL SKILL WAS PROSECUT$ 9 ! SAME SY/EMATICAL WAY AS LABORATORY WORK IS TAU<T 9 ! UNIV]SITIES1 ACCORD+ TO A S*EME ELABORAT$ BY ! F\ND] ( ! S*OOL1 ,M4 ,DELLAVOS1 & N[ APPLI$ AT ,*ICAGO & ,BO/ON4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT DRAW+ WAS CONSID]$ AS ! FIR/ /EP 9 TE*NICAL $UCATION4 ,!N ! /UD5T WAS BR\<T1 FIR/1 TO ! C>P5T]'S WORK%OP1 OR RA!R LABORATORY1 & !RE HE WAS ?OR\<LY TAU<T TO EXECUTE ALL K9DS ( C>P5TRY & JO9]Y4 ,!Y DID NOT TEA* ! PUPIL TO MAKE SOME 9SIGNIFICANT WORK ( H\SE DECORATION1 AS !Y DO 9 ! SY/EM ( ! SLOJD -! ,SW$I% ME?OD1 :I* IS TAU<T ESPECIALLY AT ! ,NAADS S*OOL-BUT !Y TAU<T HIM1 TO BEG9 )1 TO MAKE V]Y ACCURATELY A WOOD5 CUBE1 A PRISM1 A CYL9D] 7) ! PLAN+ JACK71 & !N-ALL FUNDAM5TAL TYPES ( JO9+4 ,9 A WORD1 HE HAD TO /UDY1 SO TO SAY1 ! PHILOSOPHY ( JO9]Y BY MEANS ( MANUAL WORK4 ,NO EF=TS W]E SP>$ 9 ORD] TO BR+ ! PUPIL TO A C]TA9 P]FECTION 9 ?AT BRAN*-! REAL BASIS ( ALL TRADES4 

,LAT] ON1 ! PUPIL WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ! TURN]'S WORK%OP1 :]E HE WAS TAU<T TO MAKE 9 WOOD ! PATT]NS ( ?OSE ?+S :I* HE W\LD HAVE TO MAKE 9 METAL 9 ! FOLL[+ WORK%OPS4 ,! F\NDRY FOLL[$1 & !RE HE WAS TAU<T TO CA/ ?OSE P>TS ( MA*9ES :I* HE HAD PREP>$ 9 WOOD2 & IT WAS ONLY AFT] HE HAD GONE ?R\< ! FIR/ ?REE /AGES ?AT LIE WAS ADMITT$ TO ! SMI?'S & 5G9E]+ WORK%OPS4 ,SU* WAS ! SY/EM :I* ,5GLI% READ]S WILL F9D DESCRIB$ 9 FULL 9 A WORK BY ,MR4 ,*4 ,H4 ,HAM4 #c ,AS = ! P]FECTION ( ! ME*ANICAL WORK ( ! /UD5TS1 ,I CANNOT DO BETT] ?AN REF] TO ! REPORTS ( ! JURIES1 AT ! ABOVE-NAM$ EXHIBITIONS4 

,9 ,AM]ICA ! SAME SY/EM HAS BE5 9TRODUC$1 9 ITS TE*NICAL P>T1 FIR/1 9 ! ,*ICAGO ,MANUAL ,TRA9+ ,S*OOL1 & LAT] ON 9 ! ,BO/ON ,TE*NICAL ,S*OOL-! BE/1 ,I AM TOLD1 ( ! SORT-& F9ALLY AT ,TUSKAGEE1 9 ! EXCELL5T S*OOL = COLOR$ Y\NG M54 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 OR RA!R 9 ,SCOTL&1 ,I F\ND ! SY/EM APPLI$ ) FULL SUCCESS1 = SOME YE>S1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,DR4 ,OGILVIE AT ,GORDON'S ,COLLEGE 9 ,AB]DE54 ,IT IS ! ,MOSC[ OR ,*ICAGO SY/EM ON A LIMIT$ SCALE4 ,:ILE RECEIV+ SUB/ANTIAL SCI5TIFIC $UCATION1 ! PUPILS >E ALSO TRA9$ 9 ! WORK%OPS-BUT NOT = ONE SPECIAL TRADE1 AS IT UNHAPPILY TOO ( T5 IS ! CASE4 ,!Y PASS ?R\< ! C>P5T]'S WORK%OP1 ! CA/+ 9 METALS1 & ! 5G9E]+ WORK%OP2 & 9 EA* ( !SE !Y LE>N ! F\NDATIONS ( EA* ( ! ?REE TRADES SUFFICI5TLY WELL = SUPPLY+ ! S*OOL ITSELF ) A NUMB] ( USEFUL ?+S4 ,BESIDES1 AS F> AS ,I C\LD ASC]TA9 FROM :AT ,I SAW 9 ! GEOGRAPHICAL & PHYSICAL CLASSES1 AS ALSO 9 ! *EMICAL LABORATORY1 ! SY/EM ( 0?R\< ! H& TO ! BRA910 & VISE V]SA1 IS 9 FULL SW+1 & IT IS ATT5D$ ) ! BE/ SUCCESS4 ,! BOYS WORK ) ! PHYSICAL 9/RUM5TS1 & !Y /UDY GEOGRAPHY 9 ! FIELD1 9/RUM5TS 9 H&S1 AS WELL AS 9 ! CLASS-ROOM4 ,SOME ( !IR SURVEYS FILL$ MY HE>T1 AS AN OLD GEOGRAPH]1 ) JOY4 #d 

,! ,MOSC[ ,TE*NICAL ,S*OOL SURELY WAS NOT AN IDEAL S*OOL4 #e ,IT TOTALLY NEGLECT$ ! HUMANIT>IAN $UCATION ( ! Y\NG M54 ,BUT WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,MOSC[ EXP]IM5T-NOT TO SPEAK ( HUNDR$S ( O!R P>TIAL EXP]IM5TS-HAS P]FECTLY WELL PROV$ ! POSSIBILITY ( COMB9+ A SCI5TIFIC $UCATION ( A V]Y HI< /&>D ) ! $UCATION :I* IS NECESS>Y = BECOM+ AN EXCELL5T SKILL$ WORKMAN4 ,IT HAS PROV$1 MOREOV]1 ?AT ! BE/ MEANS = PRODUC+ REALLY GOOD SKILL$ LABOR]S IS TO SEIZE ! BULL BY ! HORNS1 & TO GRASP ! $UCATIONAL PROBLEM 9 ITS GREAT FEATURES1 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO GIVE SOME SPECIAL SKILL 9 SOME H&ICRAFT1 TOGE!R ) A FEW SCRAPS ( KN[L$GE 9 A C]TA9 BRAN* ( SOME SCI5CE4 ,& IT HAS %[N ALSO :AT CAN BE OBTA9$1 )\T OV]-PRESSURE1 IF A RATIONAL ECONOMY ( ! S*OL>'S TIME IS ALWAYS KEPT 9 VIEW1 & !ORY GOES H& 9 H& ) PRACTICE4 ,VIEW$ 9 ?IS LI<T1 ! ,MOSC[ RESULTS DO NOT SEEM EXTRAORD9>Y AT ALL1 & /ILL BETT] RESULTS MAY BE EXPECT$ IF ! SAME PR9CIPLES >E APPLI$ FROM ! E>LIE/ YE>S ( $UCATION4 

,WA/E ( TIME IS ! LEAD+ FEATURE ( \R PRES5T $UCATION4 ,NOT ONLY >E WE TAU<T A MASS ( RUBBI%1 BUT :AT IS NOT RUBBI% IS TAU<T SO AS TO MAKE US WA/E OV] IT AS MU* TIME AS POSSIBLE4 ,\R PRES5T ME?ODS ( TEA*+ ORIG9ATE FROM A TIME :5 ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS REQUIR$ FROM AN $UCAT$ P]SON W]E EXTREMELY LIMIT$2 & !Y HAVE BE5 MA9TA9$1 NOT)/&+ ! IMM5SE 9CREASE ( KN[L$GE :I* MU/ BE CONVEY$ TO ! S*OL>'S M9D S9CE SCI5CE HAS SO MU* WID5$ ITS =M] LIMITS4 ,H5CE ! OV]-PRESSURE 9 S*OOLS1 & H5CE1 ALSO1 ! URG5T NECESSITY ( TOTALLY REVIS+ BO? ! SUBJECTS & ! ME?ODS ( TEA*+1 ACCORD+ TO ! NEW WANTS & TO ! EXAMPLES ALREADY GIV5 H]E & !RE1 BY SEP>ATE S*OOLS & SEP>ATE TEA*]S4 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! YE>S ( *ILDHOOD \<T NOT TO BE SP5T SO USELESSLY AS !Y >E N[4 ,G]MAN TEA*]S HAVE %[N H[ ! V]Y PLAYS ( *ILDR5 CAN BE MADE 9/RUM5TAL 9 CONVEY+ TO ! *ILDI% M9D SOME CONCRETE KN[L$GE 9 BO? GEOMETRY & MA!MATICS4 ,! *ILDR5 :O HAVE MADE ! SQUIRES ( ! !OREM ( ,PY?AGORAS \T ( PIECES ( COLOR$ C>DBO>D1 WILL NOT LOOK AT ! !OREM1 :5 IT COMES 9 GEOMETRY1 AS ON A M]E 9/RUM5T ( TORTURE DEVIS$ BY ! TEA*]S2 & ! LESS SO IF !Y APPLY IT AS ! C>P5T]S DO4 ,COMPLICAT$ PROBLEMS ( >I?METIC1 :I* SO MU* H>ASS$ US 9 \R BOYHOOD1 >E EASILY SOLV$ BY *ILDR5 SEV5 & EI<T YE>S OLD IF !Y >E PUT 9 ! %APE ( 9T]E/+ PUZZLES4 ,& IF ! ,K9D]G>T5-,G]MAN TEA*]S (T5 MAKE ( IT A K9D ( B>RACK 9 :I* EA* MOVEM5T ( ! *ILD IS REGULAT$ BE=EH&-HAS (T5 BECOME A SMALL PRISON = ! LITTLE ONES1 ! IDEA :I* PRESID$ AT ITS F\NDATION IS NEV]!LESS TRUE4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAG9E1 )\T HAV+ TRI$ IT1 H[ MANY S\ND NOTIONS ( NATURE1 HABITS ( CLASSIFICATION1 & TA/E = NATURAL SCI5CES CAN BE CONVEY$ TO ! *ILDR5'S M9DS2 &1 IF A S]IES ( CONC5TRIC C\RSES ADAPT$ TO ! V>I\S PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! HUMAN BE+ W]E G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ 9 $UCATION1 ! FIR/ S]IES 9 ALL SCI5CES1 SAVE SOCIOLOGY1 C\LD BE TAU<T BE=E ! AGE ( T5 OR TWELVE1 SO AS TO GIVE A G5]AL IDEA ( ! UNIV]SE1 ! E>? & ITS 9HABITANTS1 ! *IEF PHYSICAL1 *EMICAL1 ZOOLOGICAL1 & BOTANICAL PH5OM5A1 LEAV+ ! DISCOV]Y ( ! LAWS ( ?OSE PH5OM5A TO ! NEXT S]IES ( DEEP] & MORE SPECIALIZ$ /UDIES4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE1 WE ALL KN[ H[ *ILDR5 LIKE TO MAKE TOYS !MSELVES1 H[ !Y GLADLY IMITATE ! WORK ( FULL-GR[N PEOPLE IF !Y SEE !M AT WORK 9 ! WORK%OP OR ! BUILD+-Y>D4 ,BUT ! P>5TS EI!R /UPIDLY P>ALYZE ?AT PASSION1 OR DO NOT KN[ H[ TO UTILIZE IT4 ,MO/ ( !M DESPISE MANUAL WORK & PREF] S5D+ !IR *ILDR5 TO ! /UDY ( ,ROMAN HI/ORY1 OR ( ,FRANKL9'S TEA*+S AB\T SAV+ MONEY1 TO SEE+ !M AT A WORK :I* IS GOOD = ! 0L[] CLASSES ONLY40 ,!Y ?US DO !IR BE/ TO R5D] SUBSEQU5T LE>N+ ! MORE DIFFICULT4 

,& !N COME ! S*OOL YE>S1 & TIME IS WA/$ AGA9 TO AN 9CR$IBLE EXT5T4 ,TAKE = 9/ANCE1 MA!MATICS1 :I* EV]Y ONE \<T TO KN[1 BECAUSE IT IS ! BASIS ( ALL SUBSEQU5T $UCATION1 & :I* SO FEW REALLY LE>N 9 \R S*OOLS4 ,9 GEOMETRY1 TIME IS FOOLI%LY WA/$ BY US+ A ME?OD :I* M]ELY CONSI/S 9 COMMITT+ GEOMETRY TO MEMORY4 ,9 MO/ CASES1 ! BOY READS AGA9 & AGA9 ! PRO( ( A !OREM TILL HIS MEMORY HAS RETA9$ ! SUCCESSION ( REASON+S4 ,!RE=E1 N9E BOYS \T ( T51 IF ASK$ TO PROVE AN ELEM5T>Y !OREM TWO YE>S AFT] HAV+ LEFT ! S*OOL WILL BE UNABLE TO DO IT1 UNLESS MA!MATICS IS !IR SPECIALTY4 ,!Y WILL =GET :I* AUXILI>Y L9ES TO DRAW1 & !Y NEV] HAVE BE5 TAU<T TO DISCOV] ! PRO(S BY !MSELVES4 ,NO WOND] ?AT LAT] ON !Y F9D SU* DIFFICULTIES 9 APPLY+ GEOMETRY TO PHYSICS1 ?AT !IR PROGRESS IS DESPAIR+LY SLUGGI%1 & ?AT SO FEW MA/] HI<] MA!MATICS4 

,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 ! O!R ME?OD :I* P]MITS ! PUPIL TO PROGRESS1 AS A :OLE1 AT A MU* SPE$I] RATE1 & UND] :I* HE :O ONCE HAS LE>N$ GEOMETRY WILL KN[ IT ALL HIS LIFE LONG4 ,UND] ?IS SY/EM1 EA* !OREM IS PUT AS A PROBLEM2 ITS SOLUTION IS NEV] GIV5 BE=EH&1 & ! PUPIL IS 9DUC$ TO F9D IT BY HIMSELF4 ,?US1 IF SOME PRELIM9>Y EX]CISES ) ! RULE & ! COMPASS HAVE BE5 MADE1 !RE IS NOT ONE BOY OR GIRL1 \T ( TW5TY OR MORE1 :O WILL NOT BE ABLE TO F9D ! MEANS ( DRAW+ AN ANGLE :I* IS EQUAL TO A GIV5 ANGLE1 & TO PROVE !IR EQUALITY1 AFT] A FEW SUGGE/IONS FROM ! TEA*]2 & IF ! SUBSEQU5T PROBLEMS >E GIV5 9 A SY/EMATIC SUCCESSION 7!RE >E EXCELL5T TEXT-BOOKS = ! PURPOSE71 & ! TEA*] DOES NOT PRESS HIS PUPILS TO GO FA/] ?AN !Y CAN GO AT ! BEG9N+1 !Y ADVANCE FROM ONE PROBLEM TO ! NEXT ) AN A/ONI%+ FACILITY1 ! ONLY DIFFICULTY BE+ TO BR+ ! PUPIL TO SOLVE ! FIR/ PROBLEM1 & ?US TO ACQUIRE CONFID5CE 9 HIS [N REASON+4 

,MOREOV]1 EA* AB/RACT GEOMETRICAL TRU? MU/ BE IMPRESS$ ON ! M9D 9 ITS CONCRETE =M AS WELL4 ,AS SOON AS ! PUPILS HAVE SOLV$ A FEW PROBLEMS ON PAP]1 !Y MU/ SOLVE !M 9 ! PLAY+-GR\ND ) A FEW /ICKS & A /R+1 & !Y MU/ APPLY !IR KN[L$GE 9 ! WORK%OP4 ,ONLY !N WILL ! GEOMETRICAL L9ES ACQUIRE A CONCRETE MEAN+ 9 ! *ILDR5'S M9DS2 ONLY !N WILL !Y SEE ?AT ! TEA*] IS PLAY+ NO TRICKS :5 HE ASKS !M TO SOLVE PROBLEMS ) ! RULE & ! COMPASS )\T RESORT+ TO ! PROTRACTOR2 ONLY !N WILL !Y KN[ GEOMETRY4 

0,?R\< ! EYES & ! H& TO ! BRA90 ?IS IS ! TRUE PR9CIPLE ( ECONOMY ( TIME 9 TEA*+4 ,I REMEMB]1 AS IF IT W]E YE/]DAY1 H[ GEOMETRY SUDD5LY ACQUIR$ = ME A NEW MEAN+1 & H[ ?IS NEW MEAN+1 FACILITAT$ ALL ULT]IOR /UDIES4 ,IT WAS AS WE W]E MA/]+ AT S*OOL A ,MONTGOLFI] BALLOON1 & ,I REM>K$ ?AT ! ANGLES AT ! SUMMITS ( EA* ( ! TW5TY /RIPS ( PAP] \T ( :I* WE W]E GO+ TO MAKE ! BALLOON MU/ COV] LESS ?AN ! FIF? P>T ( A RI<T ANGLE EA*4 ,I REMEMB]1 NEXT1 H[ ! S9USES & ! TANG5TS CEAS$ TO BE M]E CABALI/IC SIGNS :5 !Y P]MITT$ US TO CALCULATE ! L5G? ( A /ICK 9 A WORK+ PR(ILE ( A =TIFICATION2 & H[ GEOMETRY 9 SPACE BECAME PLA9 :5 WE BEGAN TO MAKE ON A SMALL SCALE A BA/ION ) EMBRASURES & B>BETTES-AN OCCUPATION :I* OBVI\SLY WAS SOON PROHIBIT$ ON ACC\NT ( ! /ATE 9TO :I* ,WE BR\<T \R CLO!S4 0 ,Y\ LOOK LIKE NAVVIES10 WAS ! REPROA* ADDRESS$ TO US BY \R 9TELLIG5T $UCATORS1 :ILE WE W]E PR\D PRECISELY ( BE+ NAVVIES1 & ( DISCOV]+ ! USE ( GEOMETRY4 

,BY COMPELL+ \R *ILDR5 TO /UDY REAL ?+S FROM M]E GRAPHICAL REPRES5TATIONS1 9/EAD ( MAK+ ?OSE ?+S !MSELVES1 WE COMPEL !M TO WA/E ! MO/ PRECI\S TIME2 WE USELESSLY WORRY !IR M9DS2 WE ACCU/OM !M TO ! WOR/ ME?ODS ( LE>N+2 WE KILL 9DEP5D5T ?\<T 9 ! BUD2 & V]Y SELDOM WE SUCCE$ 9 CONVEY+ A REAL KN[L$GE ( :AT WE >E TEA*+4 ,SUP]FICIALITY1 P>ROT LIKE REPETITION1 SLAVI%NESS & 9]TIA ( M9D >E ! RESULTS ( \R ME?OD ( $UCATION4 ,WE DO NOT TEA* \R *ILDR5 H[ TO LE>N4 

,! V]Y BEG9N+S ( SCI5CE >E TAU<T ON ! SAME P]NICI\S SY/EM4 ,9 MO/ S*OOLS EV5 >I?METIC IS TAU<T 9 ! AB/RACT WAY1 & M]E RULES >E /UFF$ 9TO ! POOR LITTLE HEADS4 ,! IDEA ( A UNIT1 :I* IS >BITR>Y & CAN BE *ANG$ AT WILL 9 \R MEASUREM5T 7! MAT*1 ! BOX ( MAT*ES1 ! DOZ5 ( BOXES1 OR ! GROSS2 ! MET]1 ! C5TIMET] ! KILOMET]1 & SO ON71 IS NOT IMPRESS$ ON M9D1 & !RE=E :5 ! *ILDR5 COME TO ! DECIMAL FRACTIONS !Y >E AT A LOSS TO UND]/& !M4 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,RUSSIA1 9/EAD ( ACCEPT+ ! DECIMAL SY/EM1 :I* IS ! SY/EM ( \R NUM]ATION1 !Y /ILL TORTURE ! *ILDR5 BY MAK+ !M LE>N A SY/EM ( WEI<TS & MEASURES :I* \<T TO HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ LONG S9CE4 ,! PUPILS LOSE AT ?AT FULL TWO YE>S1 & :5 !Y COME LAT] ON TO PROBLEMS 9 ME*ANICS & PHYSICS1 S*OOLBOYS & S*OOLGIRLS SP5D MO/ ( !IR TIME 9 5DLESS CALCULATIONS :I* ONLY FATIGUE !M & 9SPIRE 9 !M A DISLIKE ( EXACT SCI5CE4 ,BUT EV5 !RE1 :]E ! DECIMAL MEASURES HAVE BE5 9TRODUC$1 MU* TIME IS LO/ 9 S*OOL SIMPLY BECAUSE ! TEA*]S >E NOT ACCU/OM$ TO ! IDEA ?AT EV]Y MEASURE IS ONLY APPROXIMATE1 & ?AT IT IS ABSURD TO CALCULATE ) ! EXACTITUDE ( ONE GRAM1 OR ( ONE MET]1 :5 ! MEASUR+ ITSELF DOES NOT GIVE ! ELEM5TS ( SU* AN EXACTITUDE4 ,:]EAS 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ! DECIMAL SY/EM ( MEASURES & MONEY IS A MATT] ( DAILY LIFE1 EV5 ?OSE WORK]S :O HAVE RECEIV$ ! PLA9E/ ELEM5T>Y $UCATION >E QUITE FAMILI> ) DECIMALS4 ,TO REPRES5T TW5TY-FIVE C5TIMES1 OR TW5TY-FIVE C5TIMET]S1 !Y WRITE 0Z]O TW5TY-FIVE10 :ILE MO/ ( MY READ]S SURELY REMEMB] H[ ?IS SAME Z]O AT ! 'HEAD ( A R[ ( FIGURES PUZZL$ !M 9 !IR BOYHOOD4 ,WE DO ALL ?AT IS POSSIBLE TO R5D]' ALGEBRA UN9TELLIGIBLE1 & \R *ILDR5 SP5D ONE YE> BE=E !Y HAVE LE>N$ :AT IS NOT ALGEBRA AT ALL1 BUT A M]E SY/EM ( ABBREVIATIONS1 :I* CAN BE LE>N$ BY ! WAY1 IF IT IS TAU<T TOGE!R ) >I?METIC4 #f 

,! WA/E ( TIME 9 PHYSICS IS SIMPLY REVOLT+4 ,:ILE Y\NG PEOPLE V]Y EASILY UND]/& ! PR9CIPLES ( *EMI/RY & ITS =MULA1 AS SOON AS !Y !MSELVES MAKE ! FIR/ EXP]IM5TS ) A FEW GLASSES & TUBES1 !Y MO/LY F9D ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTIES 9 GRASP+ ! ME*ANICAL 9TRODUCTION 9TO PHYSICS1 P>TLY BECAUSE !Y DO NOT KN[ GEOMETRY1 & ESPECIALLY BECAUSE !Y >E M]ELY %[N CO/LY MA*9ES 9/EAD ( BE+ 9DUC$ TO MAKE !MSELVES PLA9 APP>ATUS = ILLU/RAT+ ! PH5OM5A !Y /UDY4 

,9/EAD ( LE>N+ ! LAWS ( =CE ) PLA9 9/RUM5TS :I* A BOY ( FIFTE5 CAN EASILY MAKE1 !Y LE>N !M FROM M]E DRAW+S1 9 A PURELY AB/RACT FA%ION4 ,9/EAD ( MAK+ !MSELVES AN ,ATWOOD'S MA*9E ) A BROOM/ICK & ! :EEL ( AN OLD CLOCK1 OR V]IFY+ ! LAWS ( FALL+ BODIES ) A KEY GLID+ ON AN 9CL9$ /R+1 !Y >E %[N A COMPLICAT$ APP>ATUS1 & 9 MO/ CASES ! TEA*] HIMSELF DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO EXPLA9 TO !M ! PR9CIPLE ( ! APP>ATUS1 & 9DULGES 9 IRRELEVANT DETAILS4 ,& SO IT GOES ON FROM '! BEG9N+ TO ! 5D1 ) BUT A FEW HONORABLE EXCEPTIONS4 #g 

,IF WA/E ( TIME IS *>ACT]I/IC ( \R ME?ODS ( TEA*+ SCI5CE1 IT IS *>ACT]I/IC AS WELL ( ! ME?ODS US$ = TEA*+ H&ICRAFT4 ,WE KN[ H[ YE>S >E WA/$ :5 A BOY S]VES HIS APPR5TICE%IP 9 A WORK%OP2 BUT ! SAME REPROA* CAN BE ADDRESS$1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 TO ?OSE TE*NICAL S*OOLS :I* 5DEAVOR AT ONCE TO TEA* SOME SPECIAL H&ICRAFT1 9/EAD ( RESORT+ TO ! BROAD] & SUR] ME?ODS ( SY/EMATICAL TEA*+4 ,JU/ AS !RE >E 9 SCI5CE SOME NOTIONS & ME?ODS :I* >E PREP>ATORY TO ! /UDY ( ALL SCI5CES1 SO !RE >E ALSO SOME FUNDAM5TAL NOTIONS & ME?ODS PREP>ATORY TO ! SPECIAL /UDY ( ANY H&ICRAFT4 

,REULEAUX HAS %[N 9 ?AT DELI<TFUL BOOK1 ! ,!ORETIS*E ,K9EMATIK 1 ?AT !RE IS1 SO TO SAY1 A PHILOSOPHY ( ALL POSSIBLE MA*9]Y4 ,EA* MA*9E1 H[EV] COMPLICAT$1 CAN BE R$UC$ TO A FEW ELEM5TS-PLATES1 CYL9D]S1 DISCS1 CONES1 & SO ON-AS WELL AS TO A FEW TOOLS-*ISELS1 SAWS1 ROLL]S1 HAMM]S1 ETC42 &1 H[EV] COMPLICAT$ ITS MOVEM5TS1 !Y CAN BE DECOMPOS$ 9TO A FEW MODIFICATIONS ( MOTION1 SU* AS ! TRANS=MATION ( CIRCUL> MOTION 9TO A RECTIL9E>1 & ! LIKE1 ) A NUMB] ( 9T]M$IATE L9KS4 ,SO ALSO EA* H&ICRAFT CAN BE DECOMPOS$ 9TO A NUMB] ( ELEM5TS4 ,9 EA* TRADE ONE MU/ KN[ H[ TO MAKE A PLATE ) P>ALLEL SURFACES1 A CYL9D]1 A DISC1 A SQU>E1 & A R\ND HOLE2 H[ TO MANAGE A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( TOOLS1 ALL TOOLS BE+ M]E MODIFICATIONS ( LESS ?AN A DOZ5 TYPES2 & H[ TO TRANS=M ONE K9D ( MOTION 9TO ANO!R4 ,?IS IS ! F\NDATION ( ALL ME*ANICAL H&ICRAFTS2 SO ?AT ! KN[L$GE ( H[ TO MAKE 9 WOOD ?OSE PRIM>Y ELEM5TS1 H[ TO MANAGE ! *IEF TOOLS 9 WOOD-WORK1 & H[ TO TRANS=M V>I\S K9DS ( MOTION \<T TO BE CONSID]$ AS ! V]Y BASIS = ! SUBSEQU5T TEA*+ ( ALL POSSIBLE K9DS ( ME*ANICAL H&ICRAFT4 ,! PUPIL :O HAS ACQUIR$ ?AT SKILL ALREADY KN[S ONE GOOD HALF ( ALL POSSIBLE TRADES4 

,BESIDES1 NONE CAN BE A GOOD WORK] 9 SCI5CE UNLESS HE IS 9 POSSESSION ( GOOD ME?ODS ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*2 UNLESS HE HAS LE>N$ TO OBS]VE1 TO DESCRIBE ) EXACTITUDE1 TO DISCOV] MUTUAL RELATIONS BETWE5 FACTS SEEM+LY DISCONNECT$1 TO MAKE 9DUCTIVE HYPO!SES & TO V]IFY !M1 TO REASON UPON CAUSE & EFFECT1 & SO ON4 ,& NONE CAN BE A GOOD MANUAL WORK] UNLESS HE HAS BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO ! GOOD ME?ODS ( H&ICRAFT ALTOGE!R4 ,HE MU/ GR[ ACCU/OM$ TO CONCEIVE ! SUBJECT ( HIS ?\<TS 9 A CONCRETE =M1 TO DRAW IT1 OR TO MODEL1 TO HATE BADLY KEPT TOOLS & BAD ME?ODS ( WORK1 TO GIVE TO EV]Y?+ A F9E T\* ( F9I%1 TO D]IVE >TI/IC 5JOYM5T FROM ! CONTEMPLATION ( GRACI\S =MS & COMB9ATIONS ( COLORS1 & DISSATISFACTION FROM :AT IS UGLY4 ,BE IT H&ICRAFT1 SCI5CE1 OR >T1 ! *IEF AIM ( ! S*OOL IS NOT TO MAKE A SPECIALI/ FROM A BEG9N]1 BUT TO TEA* HIM ! ELEM5TS ( KN[L$GE & ! GOOD ME?ODS ( WORK1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 TO GIVE HIM ?AT G5]AL 9SPIRATION :I* WILL 9DUCE HIM1 LAT] ON1 TO PUT 9 :ATEV] HE DOES A S9C]E LONG+ = TRU?1 TO LIKE :AT IS BEAUTIFUL1 BO? AS TO =M & CONT5TS1 TO FEEL ! NECESSITY ( BE+ A USEFUL UNIT AMID O!R HUMAN UNITS1 & ?US TO FEEL HIS HE>T AT UNISON ) ! RE/ ( HUMANITY4 

,AS = AVOID+ ! MONOTONY ( WORK :I* W\LD RESULT FROM ! PUPIL ALWAYS M]E CYL9D]S & DISCS1 & NEV] MAK+ FULL MA*9ES OR O!R USEFUL ?+S1 !RE >E ?\S&S ( MEANS = AVOID+ ?AT WANT ( 9T]E/1 & ONE ( !M1 9 USE AT ,MOSC[1 IS WOR?Y ( NOTICE4 ,IT WAS1 NOT TO GIVE WORK = M]E EX]CISE1 BUT TO UTILIZE EV]Y?+ :I* ! PUPIL MAKES1 FROM HIS V]Y FIR/ /EPS4 ,DO Y\ REMEMB] H[ Y\ W]E DELI<T$1 9 Y\R *ILDHOOD1 IF Y\R WORK WAS UTILIZ$1 BE IT ONLY AS A P>T ( SOME?+ USEFUL8 ,SO !Y DID AT ,MOSC[4 ,EA* PLANK PLAN$ BY ! PUPILS WAS UTILIZ$ AS A P>T ( SOME MA*9E 9 SOME ( ! O!R WORK%OPS4 ,:5 A PUPIL CAME TO ! 5G9E]+ WORK%OP1 & WAS SET TO MAKE A QUADRANGUL> BLOCK ( IRON ) P>ALLEL & P]P5DICUL> SURFACES1 ! BLOCK HAD AN 9T]E/ 9 HIS EYES1 BECAUSE1 :5 HE HAD F9I%$ IT1 V]IFI$ ITS ANGLES & SURFACES1 & CORRECT$ ITS DEFECTS1 ! BLOCK WAS NOT ?R[N UND] ! B5*-IT WAS GIV5 TO A MORE ADVANC$ PUPIL1 :O MADE A H&LE TO IT1 PA9T$ ! :OLE1 & S5T IT TO ! %OP ( ! S*OOL AS A PAP]-WEI<T4 ,! SY/EMATICAL TEA*+ ?US RECEIV$ ! NECESS>Y ATTRACTIV5ESS4 #h 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT CEL]ITY ( WORK IS A MO/ IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 PRODUCTION4 ,SO IT MI<T BE ASK$ IF1 UND] ! ABOVE SY/EM1 ! NECESS>Y SPE$ ( WORK C\LD BE OBTA9$4 ,BUT !RE >E TWO K9DS ( CEL]ITY4 ,!RE IS ! CEL]ITY :I* ,I SAW 9 A ,NOTT+HAM LACE-FACTORY3 FULL-GR[N M51 ) %IV]+ H&S & HEADS1 W]E FEV]I%LY B9D+ TOGE!R ! 5DS ( TWO ?READS FROM ! REMNANTS ( COTTON-Y>N 9 ! BOBB9S2 Y\ H>DLY C\LD FOLL[ !IR MOVEM5TS4 ,BUT ! V]Y FACT ( REQUIR+ SU* K9D ( RAPID WORK IS ! CONDEMNATION ( ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,:AT HAS REMA9$ ( ! HUMAN BE+ 9 ?OSE %IV]+ BODIES8 ,:AT WILL BE !IR \TCOME8 ,:Y ?IS WA/E ( HUMAN =CE1 :5 IT C\LD PRODUCE T5 TIMES ! VALUE ( ! ODD RE/S ( Y>N8 ,?IS K9D ( CEL]ITY IS REQUIR$ EXCLUSIVELY BECAUSE ( ! *EAPNESS ( ! FACTORY SLAVES2 SO LET US HOPE ?AT NO S*OOL WILL EV] AIM AT ?IS K9D ( QUICKNESS 9 WORK4 

,BUT !RE IS ALSO ! TIME-SAV+ CEL]ITY ( ! WELL-TRA9$ WORK]1 & ?IS IS SURELY A*IEV$ BE/ BY ! K9D ( $UCATION :I* WE ADVOCATE4 ,H[EV] PLA9 HIS WORK1 ! $UCAT$ WORK] MAKES IT BETT] & QUICK] ?AN ! UN$UCAT$4 ,OBS]VE1 = 9/ANCE H[ A GOOD WORK] PROCE$S 9 CUTT+ ANY?+-SAY A PIECE ( C>DBO>D-& COMP>E HIS MOVEM5TS ) ?OSE ( AN IMPROP]LY TRA9$ WORK]4 ,! LATT] SEIZES ! C>DBO>D1 TAKES ! TOOL AS IT IS1 TRACES A L9E 9 A HAPHAZ>D WAY1 & BEG9S TO CUT2 HALF-WAY HE IS TIR$1 & :5 HE HAS F9I%$ HIS WORK IS WOR? NO?+2 :]EAS1 ! =M] WILL EXAM9E HIS TOOL & IMPROVE IT IF NECESS>Y2 HE WILL TRACE ! L9E -) EXACTITUDE1 SECURE BO? C>DBO>D & RULE1 KEEP ! TOOL 9 ! RI<T WAY1 CUT QUITE EASILY1 & GIVE Y\ A PIECE ( GOOD WORK4 

,?IS IS ! TRUE TIME-SAV+ CEL]ITY1 ! MO/ APPROPRIATE = ECONOMIZ+ HUMAN LABOR2 & ! BE/ MEANS = ATTA9+ IT IS AN $UCATION ( ! MO/ SUP]IOR K9D4 ,! GREAT MA/]S PA9T$ ) AN A/ONI%+ RAPIDITY2 BUT !IR RAPID WORK WAS ! RESULT ( A GREAT DEVELOPM5T ( 9TELLIG5CE & IMAG9ATION1 ( A KE5 S5SE ( BEAUTY1 ( A F9E P]CEPTION ( COLORS4 ,& ?AT IS ! K9D ( RAPID WORK ( :I* HUMANITY IS 9 NE$4 

,MU* MORE \<T TO BE SAID AS REG>DS ! DUTIES ( ! S*OOL1 BUT ,I HA/5 TO SAY A FEW WORDS MORE AS TO ! DESIRABILITY ( ! K9D ( $UCATION BRIEFLY SKET*$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES4 ,C]TA9LY1 ,I DO NOT *]I% ! ILLUSION ?AT A ?OR\< RE=M 9 $UCATION1 OR 9 ANY ( ! ISSUES 9DICAT$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S1 WILL BE MADE AS LONG AS ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS REMA9 UND] ! PRES5T N>R[LY EGOTI/IC SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,ALL WE CAN EXPECT1 AS LONG AS ! PRES5T CONDITIONS LA/1 IS TO HAVE SOME MICROSCOPICAL ATTEMPTS AT RE=M+ H]E & !RE ON A SMALL SCALE-ATTEMPTS :I* NECESS>ILY WILL PROVE TO BE F> BEL[ ! EXPECT$ RESULTS1 BECAUSE ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( RE=M+ ON A SMALL SCALE :5 SO 9TIMATE A CONNECTION EXI/S BETWE5 ! MANIFOLD FUNCTIONS ( A CIVILIZ$ NATION4 ,BUT ! 5]GY ( ! CON/RUCTIVE G5IUS ( SOCIETY DEP5DS *IEFLY UPON ! DEP?S ( ITS CONCEPTION AS TO :AT \<T TO BE DONE1 & H[2 & ! NECESSITY ( RECA/+ $UCATION IS ONE ( ?OSE NECESSITIES :I* >E MO/ COMPREH5SIBLE TO ALL1 & >E MO/ APPROPRIATE = 9SPIR+ SOCIETY ) ?OSE IDEALS1 )\T :I* /AGNATION OR EV5-DECAY >E UNAVOIDABLE4 

,SO LET US SUPPOSE ?AT A COMMUNITY-A CITY1 OR A T]RITORY :I* HAS1 AT LEA/1 A FEW MILLIONS ( 9HABITANTS-GIVES ! ABOVE-SKET*$ $UCATION TO ALL ITS *ILDR51 )\T DI/9CTION ( BIR? 7& WE >E RI* 5\< TO P]MIT US ! LUXURY ( SU* AN $UCATION71 )\T ASK+ ANY?+ 9 RETURN FROM ! *ILDR5 BUT :AT !Y WILL GIVE :5 !Y HAVE BECOME PRODUC]S ( WEAL?4 ,SUPPOSE SU* AN $UCATION IS GIV51 & ANALYZE ITS PROBABLE CONSEQU5CES4 

,I WILL NOT 9SI/ UPON ! 9CREASE ( WEAL? :I* W\LD RESULT FROM HAV+ A Y\NG >MY ( $UCAT$ & WELL-TRA9$ PRODUC]S2 NOR %ALL ,I 9SI/ UPON ! SOCIAL B5EFITS :I* W\LD BE D]IV$ FROM ]AS+ ! PRES5T DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! BRA9 WORK]S & ! MANUAL WORK]S1 & FROM ?US REA*+ ! CONCORDANCE ( 9T]E/ & H>MONY SO MU* WANT$ 9 \R TIMES ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 ,I %ALL NOT DWELL UPON ! FULLNESS ( LIFE :I* W\LD RESULT = EA* SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUAL1 IF HE W]E 5ABL$ TO 5JOY ! USE ( BO? HIS M5TAL & BODILY P[]S2 NOR UPON ! ADVANTAGES ( RAIS+ MANUAL LABOR TO ! PLACE ( HONOR IT \<T TO OCCUPY 9 SOCIETY1 9/EAD ( BE+ A /AMP ( 9F]IORITY1 AS IT IS N[4 ,NOR %ALL ,I 9SI/ UPON ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! PRES5T MIS]Y & DEGRADATION1 ) ALL !IR CONSEQU5CES-VISE1 CRIME1 PRISONS1 PRICE ( BLOOD1 D5UNCIATION1 & ! LIKE-:I* NECESS>ILY W\LD FOLL[4 ,9 %ORT1 ,I WILL NOT T\* N[ ! GREAT SOCIAL QUE/ION1 UPON :I* SO MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 & SO MU* REMA9S TO BE WRITT5 YET4 ,I M]ELY 9T5D TO PO9T \T 9 !SE PAGES ! B5EFITS :I* SCI5CE ITSELF W\LD D]IVE FROM ! *ANGE4 

,SOME WILL SAY1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT TO R$UCE M5 ( SCI5CE TO !ROLE ( MANUAL WORK]S W\LD MEAN ! DECAY ( SCI5CE & G5IUS4 ,BUT ?OSE :O WILL TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! FOLL[+ CONSID]ATIONS PROBABLY WILL AGREE ?AT !1 RESULT \<T TO BE ! REV]SE-NAMELY1 SU* A REVIVAL ( SCI5CE & >T1 & SU* A PROGRESS 9 9DU/RY1  S WE ONLY CAN ONLY FA9TLY =ESEE FROM :AT WE KN[ AB\T TIMES ( ! ,R5AISSANCE4 ,IT HAS BECOME A COMMONPLACE TO SPEAK ) EMPHASIS AB\T ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 & IT IS EVID5T ?AT \R C5TURY1 IF COMP>$ ) C5TURIES PA/1 HAS MU* TO BE PR\D (4 ,BUT1 IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT MO/ ( ! PROBLEMS :I* \R C5TURY HAS SOLV$ ALREADY BAD BE5 9DICAT$1 & !IR SOLUTIONS =ESE51 A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 WE MU/ ADMIT ?AT ! PROGRESS WAS NOT SO RAPID AS MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$1 & ?AT SOME?+ HAMP]$ IT4 

,! ME*ANICAL !ORY ( HEAT WAS V]Y WELL =ESE5 9 ! LA/ C5TURY BY ,RUM=D & ,HUMPHRY ,DAVY1 & EV5 9 ,RUSSIA IT WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ,LOMOMNOS(F4#i ,H[EV]1 MU* MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY ELAPS$ BE=E ! !ORY APPE>$ 9 SCI5CE4 ,LAM>CK1 & EV5 ,L9NAEUS1 ,GE(FROY ,SA9T-,HILAIRE1 ,]ASMUS ,D>W91 & SEV]AL O!RS W]E FULLY AW>E ( ! V>IABILITY ( SPECIES2 !Y W]E OP5+ ! WAY = ! CON/RUCTION ( BIOLOGY ON ! PR9CIPLES ( V>IATION2 BUT H]E1 AGA91 HALF A C5TURY WAS WA/$ BE=E ! V>IABILITY ( SPECIES AS BR\<T AGA9 TO ! FRONT2 & WE ALL REMEMB] H[ ,D>W9'S IDEAS W]E C>RI$ ON & =C$ ON ! ATT5TION ( PEOPLE1 *IEFLY BY P]SONS :O W]E NOT PR(ESSIONAL SCI5TI/S !MSELVES2 & YET 9 ,D>W9'S H&S ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION SURELY WAS N>R[$1 [+ TO ! OV]:ELM+ IMPORTANCE GIV5 TO ONLY ONE FACTOR ( EVOLUTION4 

,= MANY YE>S PA/ A/RONOMY HAS BE5 NE$+ A C>EFUL REVISION ( ! ,KANT & ,LAPLACE'S HYPO!SIS2 BUT NO !ORY IS YET =?COM+ :I* W\LD COMPEL G5]AL ACCEPTANCE4 ,GEOLOGY SURELY HAS MADE1 WOND]FUL PROGRESS 9 ! RECON/ITUTION ( ! PALEONTOLOGICAL RECORD1 BUT DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY PROGRESSES AT A DESPAIR+LY SL[ RATE2 :ILE ALL FUTURE PROGRESS 9 ! GREAT QUE/ION AS TO ! LAWS ( DI/RIBUTION ( LIV+ ORGANISMS ON ! SURFACE ( ! E>? IS HAMP]$ BY ! WANT ( KN[L$GE AS TO ! EXT5SION ( GLACIATION DUR+ ! ,QUAT]N>Y EPO*4 #a 

,9 %ORT1 9 EA* BRAN* ( SCI5CE A REVISION ( ! CURR5T !ORIES AS WELL AS NEW WIDE G5]ALIZATIONS >E WANT$4 ,& IF !1 REVISION REQUIRES SOME ( ?AT 9SPIRATION ( G5IUS :I* MOV$ ,GALILEO & ,NEWTON1 & :I* DEP5DS 9 ITS APPE>ANCE UPON G5]AL CAUSES ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 IT REQUIRES ALSO AN 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( SCI5TIFIC WORK]S4 ,:5 FACTS CONTRADICTORY TO CURR5T !ORIES BECOME NUM]\S1 ! !ORIES MU/ BE REVIS$ 7WE SAW IT 9 ,D>W9'S CASE71 & ?\S&S ( SIMPLE 9TELLIG5T WORK]S 9 SCI5CE >E REQUIR$ TO ACCUMULATE ! NECESS>Y FACTS4 

,IMM5SE REGIONS ( ! E>? /ILL REMA9 UNEXPLOR$2 ! /UDY ( ! GEOGRAPHICAL DI/RIBUTION ( ANIMALS & PLANTS MEETS ) /UMBL+-BLOCKS AT EV]Y /EP4 ,TRAVEL]S CROSS CONT95TS1 & DO NOT KN[ EV5 H[ TO DET]M9E ! LATITUDE NOR H[ TO MANAGE A B>OMET]4 ,PHYSIOLOGY1 BO? ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 PSY*O-PHYSIOLOGY1 & ! PSY*OLOGICAL FACULTIES ( MAN & ANIMALS >E SO MANY BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE REQUIR+ MORE DATA ( ! SIMPLE/ DESCRIPTION4 ,HI/ORY REMA9S A FABLE CONV5UE *IEFLY BECAUSE IT WANTS FRE% IDEAS1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT WANTS SCI5TIFICALLY ?9K+ WORK]S TO RECON/ITUTE ! LIFE ( PA/ C5TURIES 9 ! SAME WAY AS ,?OROLD ,ROG]S OR ,AUGU/9 ,?I]RY HAVE DONE IT = SEP>ATE EPO*S4 

,9 %ORT1 !RE IS NOT ONE1 S+LE SCI5CE :I* DOES NOT SUFF] 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T FROM A WANT ( M5 & WOM5 5D[$ ) A PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTION ( ! UNIV]SE1 READY TO APPLY !IR =CES ( 9VE/IGATION 9 A GIV5 FIELD H[EV] LIMIT$1 & HAV+ LEISURE = DEVOT+ !MSELVES TO SCI5TIFIC PURSUITS4 ,9 A COMMUNITY SU* AS WE SUPPOSE1 ?\S&S ( WORK]S W\LD BE READY TO ANSW] ANY APPEAL = EXPLORATION4 ,D>W9 SP5T ALMO/ ?IRTY YE>S 9 GA!R+ & ANALYZ+ FACTS = ! ELABORATION ( ! !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES4 ,HAD HE LIV$ 9 SU* A SOCIETY AS WE SUPPOSE HE SIMPLY W\LD HAVE MADE AN APPEAL TO VOLUNTE]S = FACTS & P>TIAL EXPLORATION1 & ?\S&S ( EXPLOR]S W\LD HAVE ANSW]$ HIS APPEAL4 ,SCORES ( SOCIETIES W\LD HAVE COME TO LIFE TO DEBATE & TO SOLVE EA* ( ! P>TIAL PROBLEMS 9VOLV$ 9 ! !ORY1 & 9 T5 YE>S ! !ORY W\LD HAVE BE5 V]IFI$2 ALL ?OSE FACTORS ( EVOLUTION :I* ONLY N[ BEG9 TO RECEIVE DUE ATT5TION W\LD HAVE APPE>$ 9 !IR FULL LI<T4 ,! RATE ( SCI5TIFIC PROGRESS W\LD HAVE BE5 T5FOLD2 & IF ! 9DIVIDUAL W\LD NOT HAVE ! SAME CLAIMS ON PO/]ITY'S GRATITUDE AS HE HAS N[1 ! UNKN[N MASS W\LD HAVE DONE ! WORK ) MORE SPE$ & ) MORE PROSPECT = ULT]IOR ADVANCE ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL C\LD DO 9 HIS LIFETIME4 ,MR4 ,MURRAY'S DICTION>Y IS AN ILLU/RATION ( ?AT K9D ( WORK-! WORK ( ! FUTURE4 

,H[EV]1 !RE IS ANO!R FEATURE ( MOD]N SCI5CE :I* SPEAKS MORE /RONGLY YET 9 FAVOR ( ! *ANGE WE ADVOCATE4 ,:ILE 9DU/RY1 ESPECIALLY BY ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY & DUR+ ! FIR/ P>T ( !1 PRES5T1 HAS BE5 9V5T+ ON SU* A SCALE AS TO REVOLUTIONIZE ! V]Y FACE ( ! E>?1 SCI5CE HAS BE5 LOS+ ITS 9V5TIVE P[]S4 ,M5 ( SCI5CE 9V5T NO MORE1 OR V]Y LITTLE4 ,IS IT NOT /RIK+1 9DE$1 ?AT ! /EAM-5G9E1 EV5 9 ITS LEAD+ PR9CIPLES1 ! RAILWAY-5G9E1 ! /EAMBOAT1 ! TELEPHONE1 ! PHONOGRAPH1 ! WEAV+-MA*9E1 ! LACE-MA*9E1 ! LI<?\SE1 ! MACADAMIZ$ ROAD1 PHOTOGRAPHY1 9 BLACK & 9 COLORS1 & ?\S&S1 ( LESS1 IMPORTANT LITTLE ?+S1 HAVE NOT BE5 9V5T$ BY PR(ESSIONAL M5 ( SCI5CE1 AL?\< NONE ( !M W\LD HAVE REFUS$ TO ASSOCIATE HIS NAME ) ANY ( ! ABOVE-NAM$ 9V5TIONS8 ,M5 :O H>DLY HAD RECEIV$ ANY $UCATION AT S*OOL1 :O HAD M]ELY PICK$ UP ! CRUMBS ( KN[L$GE FROM ! TABLES ( ! RI*1 & :O MADE !IR EXP]IM5TS ) ! MO/ PRIMITIVE MEANS-! ATTORNEY'S CL]K ,SMEATON1 ! 9/RUM5T-MAK] ,WATT1 ! BRAKESMAN ,/EPH5SON1 ! JEWEL]'S APPR5TICE ,FULTON1 ! MILLWRI<T ,R5NIE1 ! MASON ,TEL=D1 & HUNDR$S ( O!RS :OSE V]Y NAMES REMA9 UNKN[N1 W]E1 AS ,MR4 ,SMILES JU/LY SAYS1 0! REAL MAK]S ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION02 :ILE ! PR(ESSIONAL M5 ( SCI5CE1 PROVID$ ) ALL MEANS = ACQUIR+ KN[L$GE & EXP]IM5T+1 HAVE 9V5T$ LITTLE1 9 ! =MIDABLE >RAY ( IMPLEM5TS1 MA*9ES1 & PRIME-MOTORS :I* HAS %[N TO HUMANITY H[ TO UTILIZE & TO MANAGE ! =CES ( NATURE4#a#a ,! FACT IS /RIK+1 BUT ITS EXPLANATION IS V]Y SIMPLE3 ?OSE M5-! ,WATTS & ! ,/EPH5SONS-KNEW SOME?+ :I* ! SAVANTS DO NOT KN[-!Y KNEW ! USE ( !IR H&S2 !IR SURR\ND+S /IMULAT$ !IR 9V5TIVE P[]S2 !Y KNEW MA*9ES1 !IR LEAD+ & !IR WORK2 !Y HAD BREA!D ! ATMOSPH]E ( ! WORK%OP & ! BUILD+-Y>D4 

,WE KN[ H[ M5 ( SCI5CE WILL MEET ! REPROA*4 ,!Y WILL SAY3 0,WE DISCOV] ! LAWS ( NATURE1 LET O!RS APPLY !M2 IT IS A SIMPLE DIVISION ( LABOR40 ,BUT SU* A REJO9D] W\LD BE UTT]LY UNTRUE4 ,! M>* ( PROGRESS IS QUITE ! REV]SE1 BECAUSE 9 A HUNDR$ CASES AGA9/ ONE ! ME*ANICAL 9V5TION COMES BE=E ! DISCOV]Y ( ! SCI5TIFIC LAW4 ,IT WAS NOT ! DYNAMICAL !ORY ( HEAT :I* CAME BE=E ! /EAM-5G9E -IT FOLL[$ IT4 

,:5 ?\S&S ( 5G9ES ALREADY W]E TRANS=M+ HEAT 9TO MOTION UND] ! EYES ( HUNDR$S ( PR(ESSORS1 & :5 !Y HAD DONE SO = HALF A C5TURY1 OR MORE2 :5 ?\S&S ( TRA9S1 /OPP$ BY P[]FUL BRAKES1 W]E DIS5GAG+ HEAT & SPREAD+ %EAVES ( SP>KS ON ! RAILS AT !IR APPROA* TO ! /ATIONS2 :5 ALL OV] ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD HEAVY HAMM]S & P]=ATORS W]E R5D]+ BURN+ HOT ! MASSES ( IRON !Y W]E HAMM]+ & P]=AT+-!N1 & !N ONLY1 ,SEGU91 S5IOR1 9 ,FRANCE1 & A DOCTOR1 ,MAY]1 9 ,G]MANY1 V5TUR$ TO BR+ \T ! ME*ANICAL !ORY ( HEAT ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES3 & YET ! M5 ( SCI5CE IGNOR$ ! WORK ( ,SEGU9 & ,ALMO/ DROVE ,MAY] TO MADNESS BY OB/9ATELY CL++ TO !IR MY/]I\S CALORIC FLUID4 ,WORSE ?AN ?AT1 !Y DESCRIB$ ,J\LE'S FIR/ DET]M9ATION ( ! ME*ANICAL EQUIVAL5T ( HEAT AS 0UNSCI5TIFIC40 

,:5 ?\S&S ( 5G9ES HAD BE5 ILLU/RAT+ = SOME TIME ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( UTILIZ+ ALL ! HEAT DIS5GAG$ BY A GIV5 AM\NT ( BURNT FUEL1 !N CAME ! SECOND LAW ( ,CLAUSIUS4 ,:5 ALL OV] ! WORLD 9DU/RY ALREADY WAS TRANS=M+ MOTION 9TO HEAT1 S\ND1 LI<T1 & ELECTRICITY1 & EA* ONE 9TO EA* O!R1 !N ONLY CAME ,GROVE'S !ORY ( ! 0CORRELATION ( PHYSICAL =CES02 & ,GROVE'S WORK HAD ! SAME FATE BE=E ! ,ROYAL ,SOCIETY AS ,J\LE'S4 ,! PUBLICATION ( HIS MEMOIR WAS REFUS$ TILL ! YE> #a#h#e#f4 

,IT WAS NOT ! !ORY ( ELECTRICITY :I* GAVE US ! TELEGRAPH4 ,:5 ! TELEGRAPH WAS 9V5T$1 ALL WE KNEW AB\T ELECTRICITY WAS BUT A FEW FACTS MORE OR LESS BADLY >RANG$ 9 \R BOOKS2 ! !ORY ( ELECTRICITY IS NOT READY YET2 IT /ILL WAITS = ITS ,NEWTON1 NOT)/&+ ! BRILLIANT ATTEMPTS ( LATE YE>S4 ,EV5 ! EMPIRICAL KN[L$GE ( ! LAWS ( ELECTRICAL CURR5TS WAS 9 ITS 9FANCY :5 A FEW BOLD M5 LAID A CABLE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN1 DESPITE ! W>N+S ( ! AU?ORIZ$ M5 ( SCI5CE4 

,! NAME ( 0APPLI$ SCI5CE0 IS QUITE MISLEAD+1 BECAUSE1 9 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( CASES1 9V5TION1 F> FROM BE+ AN APPLICATION ( SCI5CE1 ON ! CONTR>Y CREATES A NEW BRAN* ( SCI5CE4 ,! ,AM]ICAN BRIDGES W]E NO APPLICATION ( ! !ORY ( ELA/ICITY2 !Y CAME BE=E ! !ORY1 & ALL WE CAN SAY 9 FAVOR ( SCI5CE IS1 ?AT 9 ?IS SPECIAL BRAN* !ORY & PRACTICE DEVELOP$ 9 A P>ALLEL WAY1 HELP+ ONE ANO!R4 ,IT WAS NOT ! !ORY ( ! EXPLOSIVES :I* L$ TO ! DISCOV]Y ( GUNP[D]2 GUNP[D] WAS 9 USE = C5TURIES BE=E ! ACTION ( ! GASES 9 A GUN WAS SUBMITT$ TO SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS4 ,& SO ON4 ,ONE C\LD EASILY MULTIPLY ! ILLU/RATIONS BY QUOT+ ! GREAT PROCESSES ( METALLURGY2 ! ALLOYS & ! PROP]TIES !Y ACQUIRE FROM ! ADDITION ( V]Y SMALL AM\NTS ( SOME METALS OR METALLOIDS ! REC5T REVIVAL ( ELECTRIC LI<T+2 NAY1 EV5 ! WEA!R =ECA/S :I* TRULY DES]V$ ! REPROA* ( BE+ 0 UNSCI5TIFIC :5 !Y W]E />T$ = ! FIR/ TIME BY ?AT EXCELL5T OBS]V] ( %OOT+ />S1 ,MA?IEU DE LA ,DROME & BY AN OLD ,JACK T>1 ,FITZROY-ALL ( !SE C\LD BE M5TION$ AS 9/ANCES 9 PO9T4 

,( C\RSE1 WE HAVE A NUMB] ( CASES 9 :I* ! DISCOV]Y1 OR ! 9V5TION1 WAS A M]E APPLICATION ( A SCI5TIFIC LAW 7CASES1 LIKE ! DISCOV]Y ( !1 PLANET ,NEPTUNE71 BUT 9 ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( CASES ! DISCOV]Y1 OR ! 9V5TION1 IS UNSCI5TIFIC TO BEG9 )4 ,IT BELONGS MU* MORE TO ! DOMA9 ( >T->T TAK+ ! PREC$5CE OV] SCI5CE1 AS ,HELMHOLTZ HAS SO WELL %[N 9 ONE ( HIS POPUL> LECTURES--1& ONLY AFT] ! 9V5TION HAS BE5 MADE1 SCI5CE COMES TO 9T]PRET IT4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT EA* 9V5TION AVAILS ITSELF ( ! PREVI\SLY ACCUMULAT$ KN[L$GE & MODES ( ?\<T2 BUT 9 MO/ CASES IT MAKES A />T 9 ADVANCE UPON :AT IS KN[N2 IT MAKES A LEAP 9 ! UNKN[N1 & ?US OP5S A QUITE NEW S]IES ( FACTS = 9VE/IGATION4 ,?IS *>ACT] ( 9V5TION1 :I* IS TO MAKE A />T 9 ADVANCE ( =M] KN[L$GE1 9/EAD ( M]ELY APPLY+ A LAW1 MAKES IT ID5TICAL1 AS TO ! PROCESSES ( M9D1 ) DISCOV]Y2 &1 !RE=E1 PEOPLE :O >E SL[ 9 9V5TION >E ALSO SL[ 9 DISCOV]Y4 

,9 MO/ CASES1 ! 9V5TOR1 H[EV] 9SPIR$ BY ! G5]AL /ATE ( SCI5CE AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 />TS ) A V]Y FEW SETTL$ FACTS AT HIS DISPOSAL4 ,! SCI5TIFIC FACTS TAK5' 9TO ACC\NT = 9V5T+ ! /EAM-5G9E1 OR ! TELEGRAPH4 OR ! PHONOGRAPH W]E /RIK+LY ELEM5T>Y4 ,SO ?AT WE CAN AFFIRM ?AT :AT WE PRES5TLY KN[ IS ALREADY SUFFICI5T = RESOLV+ ANY ( ! GREAT PROBLEMS :I* /& 9 ! ORD] ( ! DAY-- PRIME-MOTORS )\T ! USE ( /EAM1 ! /ORAGE ( 5]GY1 ! TRANSMISSION ( =CE1 OR ! FLY+-MA*9E4 ,IF !SE PROBLEMS >E NOT YET SOLV$1 IT IS M]ELY BECAUSE ( ! WANT ( 9V5TIVE G5IUS1 ! SC>CITY ( $UCAT$ M5 5D[$ ) IT1 & ! PRES5T DIVORCE BETWE5 SCI5CE & 9DU/RY4#a#b ,ON ! ONE SIDE1 WE HAVE M5 :O >E 5D[$ ) CAPACITIES = 9V5TION1 BUT HAVE NEI!R ! NECESS>Y SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE NOR ! MEANS = EXP]IM5T+ DUR+ LONG YE>S3 &1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 WE HAVE M5 5D[$ ) KN[L$GE & FACILITIES = EXP]IM5T+1 BUT DEVOID ( 9V5TIVE G5IUS1 [+ TO !IR $UCATION1 TOO AB/RACT1 TOO S*OLA/IC1 TOO BOOKI%1 & TO ! SURR\ND+S !Y LIVE 9--NOT TO SPEAK ( ! PAT5T SY/EM4 :I* DIVIDES & SCATT]S ! EF=TS ( ! 9V5TORS 9/EAD ( COMB9+ !M4#a#c 

,! FLI<T ( G5IUS :I* HAS *>ACT]IZ$ ! WORK]S AT ! \TSET ( MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS BE5 MISS+ 9 \R PR(ESSIONAL M5 ( SCI5CE4 ,& !Y WILL NOT RECOV] IT AS LONG AS ALLEY REMA9 /RANG]S TO ! WORLD1 AMID !IR DU/Y BOOK%ELVES2 AS LONG AS !Y >E NOT WORK]S !MSELVES1 AMID O!R WORK]S1 AT ! BLAZE ( ! IRON FURNACE1 AT ! MA*9E 9 ! FACTORY1 AT ! TURN+-LA! 9 ! 5G9E]+ WORK%OP2 SAILORS AMID SAILORS ON ! SEA1 & FI%]S 9 ! FI%+-BOAT1 WOODCUTT]S 9 ! =E/1 TILL]S ( ! SOIL 9 ! FIELD4 

,\R TEA*]S 9 >T--,RUSK9 & HIS S*OOL--HAVE REPEAT$LY TOLD US ( LATE ?AT WE MU/ NOT EXPECT A REVIVAL ( >T AS LONG AS H&ICRAFT REMA9S :AT IT IS2 !Y HAVE %[N H[ ,GREEK & M$IEVAL >T W]E DAU<T]S ( H&ICRAFT H[ ONE WAS FE$+ ! O!R4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ) REG>D TO H&ICRAFT & SCI5CE2 !IR SEP>ATION IS ! DECAY ( BO?4 ,AS TO ! GR& 9SPIRATIONS :I* UNHAPPILY HAVE BE5 SO MU* NEGLECT$ 9 MO/ ( ! REC5T DISCUSSIONS AB\T >T--& :I* >E MISS+ 9 SCI5CE A WELL !SE CAN BE EXPECT$ ONLY :5 HUMANITY1 BREAK+ ITS PRES5T BONDS1 %ALL MATE A NEW />T 9 ! HI<] PR9CIPLES ( SOLID>ITY1 DO+ AWAY ) ! PRES5T DUALITY ( MORAL S5SE & PHILOSOPHY4 

,IT IS EVID5T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ALL M5 & WOM5 CANNOT EQUALLY 5JOY ! PURSUIT ( SCI5TIFIC WORK4 ,! V>IETY ( 9CL9ATIONS IS SU* ?AT SOME WILL F9D MORE PLEASURE 9 SCI5CE1 SOME O!RS 9 >T1 & O!RS AGA9 9 SOME ( ! NUMB]LESS BRAN*ES ( ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?4 ,BUT1 :ATEV] ! OCCUPATIONS PREF]R$ BY EV]YONE1 EV]YONE WILL BE ! MORE USEFUL 9 HIS [N BRAN* IF HE IS 9 POSSESSION ( A S]I\S SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE4 ,&1 :OSOEV] HE MI<T BE--SCI5TI/ OR >TI/ PHYSICI/ OR SURGEON1 *EMI/ OR SOCIOLOGI/1 HI/ORIAN OR POET--HE W\LD BE ! GA9] IF HE SP5T A P>T ( HIS LIFE 9 ! WORK%OP OR ! F>M 7! WORK%OP &  ! F>M71 IF HE W]E 9 CONTACT ) HUMANITY 9 ITS DAILY WORK1 & HAD ! SATISFACTION ( KN[+ ?AT HE HIMSELF DIS*>GES HIS DUTIES AS AN UNPRIVILEG$ PRODUC] ( WEAL?4 

,H[ MU* BETT] ! HI/ORIAN & ! SOCIOLOGI/ W\LD UND]/& HUMANITY IF !Y KNEW IT1 NOT 9 BOOKS ONLY1 NOT 9 A FEW ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 BUT AS A :OLE1 9 ITS DAILY LIFE1 DAILY WORK1 & DAILY AFFAIRS6 ,H[ MU* MORE M$IC9E W\LD TRU/ TO HYGI5E1 & H[ MU* LESS TO PRESCRIPTIONS1 IF ! Y\NG DOCTORS W]E ! NURSES ( ! SICK & ! NURSES RECEIV$ ! $UCATION ( ! DOCTORS ( \R TIME6 ,& H[ MU* ! POET W\LD GA9 9 HIS FEEL+ ( ! BEAUTIES ( NATURE1 H[ MU* BETT] W\LD HE KN[ ! HUMAN HE>T1 IF HE MET ! RIS+ SUN AMID ! TILL]S ( ! SOIL1 HIMSELF A TILL]2 IF HE F\<T AGA9/ ! /ORM ) ! SAILORS ON BO>D %IP2 IF HE KNEW ! POETRY ( LABOR & RE/1 SORR[ & JOY1 /RUGGLE & CONQUE/6  ,GREIFT NUR H9E9 9'S VOLLE ,M5S*5LEB56 ,GOE! SAID2 ,E9 J$] LEBT'S--NI*T VIEL5 I/'S BEKANNT4 ,BUT H[ FEW POETS FOLL[ HIS ADVICE6 

,! SO-CALL$ 0DIVISION ( LABOR0 HAS GR[N UND] A SY/EM :I* CONDEMN$ ! MASSES TO TOIL ALL ! DAY LONG1 & ALL ! LIFE LONG1 AT ! SAME WE>ISOME K9D ( LABOR4 ,BUT IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT H[ FEW >E ! REAL PRODUC]S ( WEAL? 9 \R PRES5T SOCIETY1 & H[ SQU&]$ IS !IR LABOR WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ,FRANKL9 WAS RI<T 9 SAY+ ?AT TO WORK FIVE H\RS A DAY W\LD G5]ALLY DO = SUPPLY+ EA* MEMB] ( A CIVILIZ$ NATION ) ! COM=T N[ ACCESSIBLE = ! FEW ONLY4 

,BUT WE HAVE MADE SOME PROGRESS S9CE ,FRANKL9'S TIME1 & SOME ( ?AT PROGRESS 9 ! HI!RTO MO/ BACKW>D BRAN* ( PRODUCTION--AGRICULTURE --HAS BE5 9DICAT$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES4 ,EV5 9 ?AT BRAN* ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR CAN BE IMM5SELY 9CREAS$1 & WORK ITSELF R5D]$ EASY & PLEASANT4 ,IF EV]YONE TOOK HIS %>E ( PRODUCTION1 & IF PRODUCTION W]E SOCIALIZ$--AS POLITICAL ECONOMY1 IF IT AIM$ AT ! SATISFACTION ( ! EV]-GR[+ NE$S ( ALL1 W\LD ADVISE US TO DO--!N MORE ?AN ONE HALF ( ! WORK+ DAY W\LD REMA9 TO EV]YONE = ! PURSUIT ( >T1 SCI5CE1 OR ANY HOBBY HE OR %E MI<T PREF]2 & HIS WORK 9 ?OSE FIELDS W\LD BE ! MORE PR(ITABLE IF HE SP5T ! O!R HALF ( ! DAY 9 PRODUCTIVE WORK--IF >T & SCI5CE W]E FOLL[$ FROM M]E 9CL9ATION1 NOT = M]CANTILE PURPOSES4 ,MOREOV]1 A COMMUNITY ORGANIZ$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ALL BE+ WORK]S W\LD BE RI* 5\< TO CONCLUDE ?AT EV]Y MAN & WOMAN1 AFT] HAV+2 REA*$ A C]TA9 AGE--SAY ( =TY OR MORE--\<T TO BE RELIEV$ FROM ! MORAL OBLIGATION ( TAK+ A DIRECT P>T 9 ! P]=MANCE ( ! NECESS>Y MANUAL WORK1 SO AS TO BE ABLE 5TIRELY TO DEVOTE HIMSELF OR H]SELF TO :ATEV] HE OR %E *OOSES 9 ! DOMA9 ( >T1 OR SCI5CE1 OR ANY K9D ( WORK4 ,FREE PURSUIT 9 NEW BRAN*ES ( >T & KN[L$GE1 FREE CREATION1 & FREE DEVELOPM5T ?US MI<T BE FULLY GU>ANTE$44 ,& SU* A COMMUNITY W\LD NOT KN[ MIS]Y AMID WEAL?4 ,IT W\LD NOT KN[ ! DUALITY ( CONSCI5CE :I* P]MEATES \T LIFE & /IFLES EV]Y NOBLE EF=T4 ,IT W\LD FREELY TAKE ITS FLI<T T[>DS ! HI<E/ REGIONS ( PROGRESS COMPATIBLE ) HUMAN NATURE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

  

#a,9 !IR EXAM9ATION ( ! CAUSES ( UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ,YORK1 BAS$ NOT ON ECONOMI/S' HYPO!SES1 BUT ON A CLOSE /UDY ( ! REAL FACTS 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL CASE 7,UNEMPLOYM5T3 A ,SOCIAL ,/UDY1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#a#a71 ,SEEBOHM ,R[NTREE & ,MR4 ,BRUNO ,LASK] HAVE COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! *IEF CAUSE ( UNEMPLOYM5T IS ?AT Y\NG PEOPLE1 AFT] HAV+ LEFT ! S*OOL 7:]E !Y LE>N NO TRADE71 F9D EMPLOYM5T 9 SU* PR(ESSIONS AS GRE5GROC] BOY1 NEWSPAP] BOY1 & ! LIKE1 :I* REPRES5T 0A BL9D ALLEY40 ,:5 !Y REA* ! AGE ( EI<TE5 OR TW5TY1 !Y MU/ LEAVE1 BECAUSE ! WAGES >E A BOY'S WAGES1 -& !Y KN[ NO TRADE :ATEV]6 

#b,UN=TUNATELY1 ,I MU/ ALREADY SAY 0ADMITT$0 9/EAD ( 0ADMITS40 ,) ! REACTION :I* BEGAN AFT] #a#h#h#a1 UND] ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,ILL41 ?IS S*OOL WAS 0RE=M$02 ?AT MEANS ?AT ALL ! SPIRIT & ! SY/EM ( ! S*OOL W]E DE/ROY$4 

#c,MANUAL ,TRA9+3 ! ,SOLUTION ( ,SOCIAL & ,9DU/RIAL ,PROBLEMS4 ,BY ,*4 ,H4 ,HAM4 ,LONDON3 ,BLACKIE @& ,SON1 #a#h#h#f4 ,I CAN ADD ?AT LIKE RESULTS W]E A*IEV$ ALSO AT ! ,KRASN\FIMSK ,REALS*ULE1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,OR5BURG1 ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y4 ,! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! S*OOL1 H[EV]1 >E SO 9T]E/+ ?AT !Y DES]VE MORE ?AN A %ORT M5TION4  

#d,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! ,GORDON'S ,COLLEGE 9DU/RIAL DEP>TM5T IS NOT A M]E COPY ( ANY =EIGN S*OOL2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I CANNOT HELP ?9K+ ?AT IF ,AB]DE5 HAS MADE ?AT EXCELL5T MOVE T[>DS COMB9+ SCI5CE ) H&ICRAFT1 ! MOVE WAS A NATURAL \TCOME ( :AT HAS BE5 PRACTIC$ LONG S9CE1 ON A SMALL] SCALE1 9 ! ,AB]DE5 DAILY S*OOLS4 

#e,:AT ?IS S*OOL IS N[1 ,I DON'T KN[4 ,9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I'S REIGN IT WAS WRECK$1 LIKE SO MANY O!R GOOD 9/ITUTIONS ( ! E>LY P>T ( ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ,BUT ! SY/EM WAS NOT LO/4 ,IT WAS C>RI$ OV] TO ,AM]ICA4 

#f ,TO ?OSE READ]S :O >E REALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! $UCATION ( *ILDR51 ,M4 ,L]AY1 ! ,FR5* TRANSLATOR ( ?IS BOOK1 RECOMM5D$ A S]IES ( EXCELL5T LITTLE WORKS 0CONCEIV$10 HE WROTE1 09 ! V]Y SPIRIT ( ! IDEAS DEVELOP$ 9 ?IS *APT]4 ,!IR LEAD+ PR9CIPLE IS ?AT '9 ORD] TO BE S\NDLY $UCATIVE1 ALL TEA*+ MU/ BE OBJECTIVE1 ESPECIALLY AT ! \TSET4' & ?AT 'SY/EMATICAL AB/RACTION1 IF IT BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! TEA*+ )\T AN OBJECTIVE 7CONCRETE7 PREP>ATION1 IS NOXI\S4'0 ,M4 ,L]AY MEANT ! S]IES ( 9ITIATIONS PUBLI%$ BY ! ,FR5* PUBLI%]S1 ,HA*ETTE 3 ,9ITIATION MA!MATIQUE1 BY ,C4 ,A4 ,LAISANT1 A BOOK COMPLET$ BY ! ,9ITIATEUR MA!MATIQUE1 :I* IS A GAME ) SMALL CUBES1 V]Y +5I\S & GIV+ 9 A CONCRETE =M ! PRO(S ( >I?METICS1 ! METRIC SY/EM1 ALGEBRA & GEOMETRY2 ,9ITIATION A/RONOMIQUE1 BY ,C4 ,FLAMM>ION2 ,9ITIATION *IMIQUE1 BY ,GEORGES ,D>Z5S2 ,9ITIATION A LA MECANIQUE1 BY ,*4 ,$4 ,GUILLAUME2 & ,9ITIATION ZOOLOGIQUE1 BY ,E4 ,BRUCK]4 ,! AU?ORS ( !SE WORKS HAD-IT W\LD NOT BE JU/ NOT TO M5TION IT-PR$ECESSORS 9 ,JEAN ,MACE'S ,L' ,>I?METIQUE DU GR&-PAPA1 & ,]NE ,LEBLANC1 ,I1 :OSE EXCELL5T MANUAL1 ,LES ,SCI5CES PHYSIQUES A L',ECOLE PRIMAIRE0 -,M4 ,L]AY SAYS ?AT FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE UPON PUPILS FROM ELEV5 TO ?IRTE5 YE>S OLD- 0GIVES EV5 TO ! DULLE/ *ILDR5 ! TA/E OR EV5 ! PASSION = PHYSICAL EXP]IM5T40 

#g,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! DESCRIPTION ( ,ATWOOD'S MA*9E 9 ANY C\RSE ( ELEM5T>Y PHYSICS4 ,Y\ WILL F9D V]Y GREAT ATT5TION PAID TO ! :EELS ON :I* ! AXLE ( ! PULLEY IS MADE TO LIE2 HOLL[ BOXES1 PLATES & R+S1 ! CLOCK1 & O!R ACCESSORIES WILL BE M5TION$ BE=E ONE WORD IS SAID UPON ! LEAD+ IDEA ( ! MA*9E1 :I* IS TO SLACK5 ! MOTION ( A FALL+ BODY BY MAK+ A FALL+ BODY ( SMALL WEI<T MOVE A HEAVI] BODY :I* IS 9 ! /ATE ( 9]TIA1 GRAVITY ACT+ ON IT 9 TWO OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS4 ,?AT WAS ! 9V5TOR'S IDEA2 & IF IT IS MADE CLE>1 ! PUPILS SEE AT ONCE ?AT TO SUSP5D TWO BODIES ( EQUAL WEI<T OV] A PULLEY1 & TO MAKE !M MOVE BY ADD+ A SMALL WEI<T TO ONE ( !M1 IS ONE ( ! MEANS 7& A GOOD ONE7 = SLACK5+ ! MOTION DUR+ ! FALL+2 !Y SEE ?AT ! FRICTION ( ! PULLEY MU/ BE R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM1 EI!R BY US+ ! TWO PAIRS ( :EELS1 :I* SO MU* PUZZLE ! TEXT-BOOK MAK]S1 OR BY ANY O!R MEANS2 ?AT !1 CLOCK IS A LUXURY1 & ! 0PLATES & R+S0 >E M]E ACCESSORIES3 9 %ORT1 ?AT ,ATWOOD'S IDEA CAN BE REALIZ$ ) ! :EEL ( A CLOCK FA/5$1 AS A PULLEY1 TO A WALL1 OR ON ! TOP ( A BROOM/ICK SECUR$ 9 A V]TICAL POSITION4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! PUPILS WILL UND]/& ! IDEA ( ! MA*9E & ( ITS 9V5TOR1 & !Y WILL ACCU/OM !MSELVES TO SEP>ATE ! LEAD+ IDEA FROM ! ACCESSORIES2 :ILE 9 ! O!R CASE !Y M]ELY LOOK ) CURIOSITY AT ! TRICKS P]=M$ BY ! TEA*] ) A COMPLICAT$ MA*9E1 & ! FEW :O F9ALLY UND]/& IT SP5D A QUANTITY ( TIME 9 ! EF=T4 ,9 REALITY1 ALL APP>ATUS US$ TO ILLU/RATE ! FUNDAM5TAL LAWS ( PHYSICS \<T TO BE MADE BY ! *ILDR5 !MSELVES4 

#h,! SALE ( ! PUPILS' WORK WAS NOT 9SIGNIFICANT1 ESPECIALLY :5 !Y REA*$ ! HI<] CLASSES1 & MADE /EAM-5G9ES4 ,!RE=E ! ,MOSC[ S*OOL1 :5 ,I KNEW IT1 WAS ONE ( ! *EAPE/ 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT GAVE BO>D+ & $UCATION AT A V]Y L[ FEE4 ,BUT IMAG9E SU* A S*OOL CONNECT$ ) A F>M S*OOL1 :I* GR[S FOOD & EX*ANGES IT AT ITS CO/ PRICE4 ,:AT WILL BE ! CO/ ( $UCATION !N8 

#i,9 AN O!RWISE1 ALSO REM>KABLE MEMOIR ON ! ,>CTIC ,REGIONS4 

#a,! RATE ( PROGRESS 9 ! REC5TLY SO POPUL> ,GLACIAL ,P]IOD QUE/ION WAS /RIK+LY SL[4 ,ALREADY ,V5ETZ 9 #ahba & ,ESM>CK 9 #ahbc HAD EXPLA9$ ! ]RATIC PH5OM5A BY ! GLACIATION ( ,EUROPE4 ,AGASSIZ CAME =? ) ! GLACIATION ( ! ,ALPS1 !1 ,JURA M\NTA9S1 & ,SCOTL&1 AB\T #a#h#d2 & FIVE YE>S LAT]1 ,GUYOT HAD PUBLI%$ HIS MAPS ( ! R\TES FOLL[$ BY ,ALP9E B\LD]S4 ,BUT =TY-TWO YE>S ELAPS$ AFT] ,V5ETZ WROTE BE=E ONE GEOLOGI/ ( M>K 7,LYELL7 D>$ TIMIDLY TO ACCEPT HIS !ORY1 EV5 TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T-! MO/ 9T]E/+ FACT BE+ ?AT ,GUYOT'S MAPS1 CONSID]$ AS IRRELEVANT 9 #a#h#d#e1 W]E RECOGNIZ$ AS CONCLUSIVE AFT] #a#h#f#c4 ,EV5 N[-MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY AFT] ,AGASSIZ'S FIR/ WORK-,AGASSIZ'S VIEWS >E NOT YET EI!R REFUT$ OR G5]ALLY ACCEPT$4 ,SO ALSO ,=BES'S VIEWS UPON ! PLA/ICITY ( ICE4 ,LET ME ADD1 BY ! WAY1 ?AT ! :OLE POLEMICS AS TO ! VISCOSITY ( ICE IS A /RIK+ 9/ANCE ( H[ FACTS1 SCI5TIFIC T]MS1 & EXP]IM5TAL ME?ODS QUITE FAMILI> TO BUILD+ 5G9E]S1 W]E IGNOR$ BY ?OSE :O TOOK P>T 9 ! POLEMICS4 ,IF !SE1 FACTS1 T]MS & ME?ODS W]E TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 ! POLEMICS W\LD NOT HAVE RAT$ = YE>S ) NO RESULT4 ,LIKE 9/ANCES1 TO %[ H[ SCI5CE SUFF]S FROM A WANT ( ACQUA9TANCE ) FACTS & ME?ODS ( EXP]IM5T+ BO? WELL KN[N TO 5G9E]S1 FLORI/S1 CATTLE-BRE$]S1 & SO ON1 C\LD BE PRODUC$ 9 NUMB]S4 

#a#a,*EMI/RY IS1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 AN EXCEPTION TO ! RULE4 ,IS IT NOT BECAUSE ! *EMI/ IS TO SU* AN EXT5T A MANUAL WORK]8 ,BESIDES1 DUR+ ! LA/ T5 YE>S WE SEE A DECID$ REVIVAL 9 SCI5TIFIC 9V5TIV5ESS1 ESPECIALLY 9 PHYSICS -- ?AT IS1 9 A BRAN* 9 :I* ! 5G9E] & ! MAN ( SCI5CE MEET SO MU* TOGE!R4#a#b ,I LEAVE ON PURPOSE !SE L9ES AS !Y W]E 9 ! FIR/ $ITION4 ,ALL !SE DESID]ATA >E ALREADY ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS4 

#ac ,! SAME REM>K \<T TO BE MADE AS REG>DS ! SOCIOLOGI/S1 & /ILL MORE SO ! ECONOMI/S4 ,:AT >E MO/ ( !M1 9CLUD+ ! SOCIALI/S1 DO+1 BUT /UDY+ *IEFLY ! BOOKS PREVI\SLY WRITT5 & ! SY/EMS1 9/EAD ( /UDY+ ! FACTS ( ! ECONOMICAL LIFE ( ! NATIONS1 & ! ?\S&S ( ATTEMPTS AT GIV+ TO AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION & NEW ME?ODS :I* >E N[ MADE EV]Y:]E 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA8 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahig 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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