,FRANCIS ,GRIMKE & ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ,PROPHECY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,*RI/OPH] ,Z4 ,HOBSON 

,TEXT 3 

  

,IF ,JOHN ,BR[N W]E P]MITT$ TO SPEAK TO US TODAY FROM HEAV51 :]E HE HAS BE5 N[ = FIFTY YE>S1 HE W\LD SAY TO US1 ,I BELIEVE1 ,NEV] DESPAIR6 ,NEV] GIVE UP6 ,! =CES ?AT >E = Y\ >E GREAT] ?AN ?OSE ?AT >E AGA9/ Y\4 ,BE PATI5T2 BE E>NE/2 BE AGGRESSIVE4 .<444.> ,BACK ( ALL ! =CES ?AT HAVE BE5 PUT 9 OP]ATION = ! UPLIFT ( Y\R RACE1 FROM ! BEG9N+ TO ! PRES5T1 ,GOD HAS BE51 & /ILL IS4 .<444.> ,& WILL HE N[ DES]T Y\8 ,WILL HE LEAVE Y\ NAK$ TO ! T5D] M]CIES ( Y\R 5EMIES8 ,NEV]4 ,GOD DOESN'T WORK ?AT WAY2 ?AT IS NOT HIS WAY ( DO+ ?+S4 .<444.> ,GOD NEV] W\LD HAVE BR\<T Y\ ?US F> UNLESS HE MEANT TO /& BY Y\4 7,FRANCIS ,GRIMKE1 ,MEMORIAL ,S]MON ON ,JOHN ,BR[N .<#a#i#i.>1 ,WORKS #a4#a#d7  
  

,FRANCIS ,J4 ,GRIMKE 7#a#h#e-#a#i#c#g7 IS A MAJOR VOICE ( E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN *UR* PROPHECY4 ,MY 9T]E/ 9 ,GRIMKE /EMS FROM WORK ,I HAVE BE5 DO+ = SEV]ALYE>S ON ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHETIC RELIGI\S TRADITIONS4 ,BY 0PROPHECY10 ,I DON'T MEAN =ETELL+ ! FUTURE1 EV5 ?\< NE>LY ALL ! FIGURES ,I CONSID] DO USE PROPHECY TO DISC]N :AT !Y SEE AS ! PA? FROM ! PA/ TO ! FUTURE4 ,RA!R1 0PROPHECY0 AS ,I UND]/& IT REF]S TO ! CLU/] ( IDEAS ASSOCIAT$ ) ,OLD ,TE/AM5T PROPHECY3 P]CEPTION ( ,GOD'S 0SAV+ WORK 9 HI/ORY0 7?IS T]M COMES FROM ,G]H>D VON ,RAD1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ ( REC5T WRIT]S ON PROPHECY72 PROCLAMATION ( ! NATION'S CRISIS & TE/+ BY ,GOD2 & ELABORATION ( A PATT]N ( NATIONAL FAULT OR S91 PUNI%M5T &_/OR TURN+ AWAY FROM S91 & POSSIBLE FUTURE R$EMPTION4 ,I SEE !SE IDEAS AS C5TRAL 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN *UR* TRADITION4 ,9 DISCUSS+ !M1 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO AFFIRM RELIGI\S BELIEF1 :E!R ,*RI/IAN OR ( SOME O!R V>IETY--AS A P]SONAL MATT]1 ,I HAVE NO RELIGI\S BELIEF AT ALL4 ,RA!R1 MY CONC]N IS ) ! C5TRAL ROLE RELIGI\S IDEAS HAVE PLAY$ 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS' LONG /RUGGLE = FULL FRE$OM4 

,READ]S ) AN AN>*I/ BACKGR\ND >E1 NO D\BT1 FAMILI> ) ! IDEA ?AT RELIGI\S IDEAS S]VE AS A DAMP] ONSOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,?IS CONCEPTION 7DISCUSS$ ALSO BY ,NEKEI%A ,ALEXIS-,BAK] 9 AN >TICLE ELSE:]E 9 ?IS ISSUE7 IS PROBABLY ! DOM9ANT AN>*I/ IDEA AB\T RELIGION 9 RELATION TO HUMAN NE$S ON E>?4 ,MANY AN>*I/S W\LD %>E ! IDEA EXPRESS$ A FEW YE>S AGO BY ! LATE ,H>ALD ,BEY]-,>NES5 ON ! 0,ORGANIZE60 AN>*I/ LI/S]V1 ?AT 0,TO PUT ONE'S FAI? 9 A RACI/ ,GOD-,?+1 :O 9CLUD$ SLAV]Y AS A NATURAL P>T ( HIS ,ORD]1 .<444.> HAS ITS OBVI\S PROBLEMS40 ,9 RELATION TO ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN /RUGGLE 9 P>TICUL>1 MANY W\LD CITE BIBLICAL TEXTS SU* AS ,PAUL'S 0,S]VANTS1 BE OB$I5T TO Y\R MA/]S ACCORD+ TO ! FLE%0 7,EPHESIANS #f4#e7 AS IF SU* TEXTS 0PROV$0 ! SOCIALLY CONS]VATIVE EFFECT ( ,*RI/IAN TEA*+4 ,SOME ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN WRIT]S !MSELVES SUBSCRIBE TO ! SAME CONCEPTION ( A NECESS>ILY CONS]VATIVE ,*RI/IANITY4 ,JAMES ,BALDW91 = EXAMPLE1 DESCRIBES HIMSELF1 AS AN ADOLESC5T CLASS LEAD]1 TELL+ ,SUNDAY ,S*OOL PUPILS 9 ,ROSA ,A4 ,HORN'S ,P5TECO/AL *UR* 0TO RECONCILE !MSELVES TO !IR MIS]Y ON E>? 9 ORD] TO GA9 ! CR[N ( ET]NAL LIFE40.<#a.> ,YET ! PIONE]S ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ,*RI/IANITY !MSELVES KNEW SU* TEXTS AS ,PAUL'S4 ,!Y REJECT$ OR AFFIRM$ !M 7ONE CAN MAKE A CASE = GOOD S]VICE EV5 9 AN UNJU/ SITUATION71 BUT 9 ANY CASE CONCLUD$ ?AT ,*RI/IANITY AS !Y UND]/OOD IT CONDEMN$ SLAV]Y4 ,!Y BAS$ !IR ?\<T ON O!R TEXTS ?AT HAVE HAD F> MORE RESONANCE 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN BELIEF1 SU* AS ,JESUS' 0,9ASMU* AS YE HAVE DONE IT UNTO ONE ( ! LEA/ ( !SE MY BRE?R51 YE HAVE DONE IT UNTO ME0 7,MATT4 #b#e4#d7 OR ,PAUL'S 0.<,GOD.> HA? MADE ( ONE BLOOD ALL NATIONS ( M5 = TO DWELL ON ALL ! FACE ( ! E>?0 & 0,!RE IS NEI!R ,JEW NOR ,GREEK1 !RE IS NEI!R BOND NOR FREE1 !RE IS NEI!R MALE NOR FEMALE3 = YE >E ALL ONE 9 ,*RI/ ,JESUS0 7,ACTS4 #a#g4#b#f1 ,GALATIANS #c4#b#h74.<#b.> ,A LONG L9E ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN RELIGI\S LEAD]%IP 9 SOCIAL /RUGGLE TE/IFIES ?AT ,*RI/IAN BELIEF IS NOT NECESS>ILY1 NOR PRIM>ILY1 A DIS9C5TIVE TO /RUGGLE H]E ON E>?4 ,GRIMKE S]VES AS AN ILLU/RATION ( ?IS PO9T4 

,IT IS CRUCIAL TO REALIZE ?AT1 AS ,ALB]T ,J4 ,RABOTEAU HAS OBS]V$1 0,SLAVES DID NOT M]ELY BECOME ,*RI/IANS2 !Y CREATIVELY FA%ION$ A ,*RI/IAN TRADITION TO FIT !IR PECULI> EXP]I5CE ( 5SLAVEM5T 9 ,AM]ICA40 ,FUR!R1 :AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS F\ND 9 ,*RI/IANITY WAS NOT ONLY ,PAUL'S 0,( ONE BLOOD0 & 0,NEI!R ,JEW NOR ,GREEK10 BUT A C5TRAL ID5TIFICATION BETWE5 ,GOD'S ASSUM$ ACTS T[>D ,ISRAEL & 9 ! PRES5T DAY4 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 TO QUOTE ,RABOTEAU AGA91 BELIEV$ ?AT 0,GOD HAD ACT$1 WAS ACT+1 & W\LD CONT9UE TO ACT )9 HUMAN HI/ORY & )9 .<SLAVES'.> [N P>TICUL> HI/ORY AS A PECULI> PEOPLE JU/ AS LONG AGO HE HAD ACT$ ON BEHALF ( ANO!R *OS5 PEOPLE1 BIBLICAL ,ISRAEL40 ,) ?IS TRADITION 9 M9D1 ! PRES5T-DAY 0,BLACK ,LIB]ATION0 !OLOGIAN ,JAMES ,H4 ,CONE /ATES AS AN AXIOM1 0,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( ! ,GOD ( ,ISRAELITE HI/ORY1 :O IS ! ,GOD REVEAL$ 9 ,JESUS ,*RI/1 )\T RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ,GOD IS ! ,GOD ( & = ?OSE :O LABOR & >E OV] LAD540.<#c.> 

,A RELAT$ CONC]N LIES 9 ! ONGO+ IMPRESSIONS1 D]IV$ FROM ,MALCOLM ,X & ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN NATIONALISM ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 ?AT 09TEGRATION0 AS A GOAL MEANS REJECTION ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN CULTURE & SUBORD9ATION TO :ITE SOCIETY1 ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN SELF-ID5TIFICATION AS ,AM]ICAN IS SELF-OPPRESSIVE1 ?AT BO? HAVE ACT$ TO DAMP D[N SOCIAL MILITANCY1 & ?AT A SEP>ATE 0,AFRICANI/0 ID5TITY &_/OR SEP>ATI/ GOALS HAVE BE5 ! CORE ( MILITANT RESI/ANCE TO ,U4,S4 RACISM4 ,?IS IDEA--= :I* ,GRIMKE WILL ALSO S]VE AS A REBUTTAL--DOES HAVE A HI/ORY 9 N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ,*RI/IANITY4 ,9 ?OSE YE>S1 MAJOR DEBATES OCCURR$ AMONG ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS OV] :E!R !Y %\LD REG>D ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS !IR HOME OR %\LD EMIGRATE TO ,AFRICA OR SOME O!R >EA SU* AS ,HAITI &_/OR SEEK A SEP>ATE HOMEL& )9 ! ,U4,S4 ,SU* DEBATES W5T ON FROM ! #a#h#bS ?R\< ,M>CUS ,G>VEY'S TIME A C5TURY LAT] & /ILL CONT9UE 9 MODIFI$ =M4 

,! PR$OM9ANT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN RESPONSE TO EMIGRATION AGITATION WAS NEGATIVE4 ,9 #a#h#b#g1 ,RI*>D ,ALL51 F\ND] ( ! ,A4,M4,E4 ,*UR*1 REV]S+ AN E>LI] WILL+NESS TO 5VISION SOME =MS ( ,BLACK ,AM]ICAN COLONIZATION TO ,AFRICA1 >GU$1 0,?IS L& :I* WE HAVE WAT]$ ) \R TE>S & \R BLOOD1 IS N[ \R MO!R C\NTRY & WE >E WELL SATISFI$ TO /AY :]E WISDOM AB\NDS1 & ! GOSPEL IS FREE40 ,ALL5'S 0TE>S & BLOOD0 IDEA BECAME A F\NDATION ( ?9K+ ON ! TOPIC1 REPEAT$ BY MANY O!RS4 ,P>TLY E*O+ ,ALL51 A MEET+ ( 0,PEOPLE ( ,COLOR 9 ! ,CITY ( ,BALTIMORE1 ,M>* #b#a/1 #a#h#c#a10 RESOLV$ AMONG O!R PO9TS3 0,?AT WE CONSID] ! L& 9 :I* WE W]E BORN1 & 9 :I* WE HAVE BE5 BR$1 \R ONLY TRUE & APPROPRIATE HOME1 & ?AT :5 WE DESIRE TO REMOVE WE WILL APPRIZE ! PUBLIC ( ! SAME 9 DUE SEASON40 ,J4,W4,C4 ,P5N+TON1 PLAC+ ! ISSUE 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ANTI-SLAV]Y /RUGGLE1 WROTE 9 #a#h#e#b--9 A DECADE ?AT SAW A GOOD DEAL ( PRO-EMIGRATION ADVOCACY--0,?AT ?\S&S WILL EMIGRATE :ILE !IR CONDITION IS BE+ AGITAT$1 TO ESCAPE FROM ! NOISE & ! /RIFE ( ! MI<TY CONTE/ BETWE5 TRU? & ]ROR1 LIKE ?OSE :O LIVE 9 ! IMM$IATE VIC9ITY ( ! BATTLEFIELD .<444.> IS NOT D5I$4 .<444.> ,BUT ! MILLIONS WILL REMA9 9 ?IS C\NTRY40.<#d.> ,IT WAS PROBABLY ALWAYS TRUE1 AS ONE HI/ORIAN ( ! MOVEM5T PO9TS \T1 ?AT 0= MO/ BLACK ,AM]ICANS1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD ALWAYS BE HOME40.<#e.> 

,AGA9/ ?IS VIEW A PHALANX ( GREAT FIGURES1 9CLUD+ ,JAMES ,HOLLY 7,EPISCOPAL ,BI%OP ( ,HAITI71 DOCTOR &ACTIVI/ ,M>T9 ,DELANY1 ,A4,M4,E4 ,BI%OP ,H5RY ,MC,NEAL ,TURN]1 & ! ,C>IBBEAN-BORN ,WE/ ,AFRICAN ?9K] ,$W>D ,W4 ,BLYD51 SPOKE = EMIGRATION1 FIR/ TO ,HAITI & LAT] TO ,LIB]IA OR AN UNSPECIFI$ ,AFRICAN LOCALE4 ,EMIGRATIONI/S !MSELVES DID NOT NECESS>ILY ADVOCATE MASS MIGRATION2 ,TURN]1 = EXAMPLE1 NOT$ 9 #a#h#h#c1 0,I AM NO ADVOCATE = :OLESALE EMIGRATION2 ,I KN[ WE >E NOT PREP>$ = IT1 NOR IS ,AFRICA H]SELF PREP>$ = IT40.<#f.> ,BUT ! TWO GR\PS' ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DIVID $ !M1 ) MO/ IF NOT ALL EMIGRATIONI/S REJECT+ !IR OPPON5TS' ASSUMPTION ?AT A MIX$ SOCIETY WAS OR C\LD BECOME DISPLAC$ ,AFRICANS' TRUE HOME4 ,BO? ,BLYD5 & ,TURN] W]E C]TA9 ?AT 0.<I.>T \<T TO BE CLE> TO EV]Y ?9K+ & IMP>TIAL M9D1 ?AT !RE CAN NEV] OCCUR 9 ?IS C\NTRY AN EQUALITY1 SOCIAL OR POLITICAL1 BETWE5 :ITES & BLACKS0 & ?AT 0,!RE IS NO MANHOOD FUTURE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = ! ,NEGRO4 ,HE MAY EKE \T AN EXI/5CE = G5]ATIONS TO COME1 BUT HE CAN NEV] BE A MAN--FULL1 SYMMETRICAL & UNDW>F$40.<#g.> ,SU* COMM5TS HAVE OBVI\S CONT9UITIES ) LAT] ,BLACK ,NATIONALI/ ?\<T4 

,:5 WE PROBE A BIT WE SEE ?AT A VIEW LIKE ,TURN]'S REPRES5TS :AT 9 PROPHECY W\LD BE CALL$ A 0,J]EMIAN0 /ANCE--A VIEW1 LIKE ,J]EMIAH'S 9 MU* ( HIS PROPHECY1 ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( RE=M+ T[>D A BETT] SOCIETY ESS5TIALLY DOESN'T EXI/2 ,ISRAEL HAS COMMITT$ ITSELF TO WICK$NESS & IS DOOM$4 ,! ALT]NATIVE VIEW1 ?AT A 0TURN0 T[>D JU/ICE IS POSSIBLE EV5 = A SOCIETY ) A LONG HI/ORY ( 9JU/ICE1 IS F\ND 9 MANY ( ! LAT] PROPHETS1 P>TICUL>LY ,EZEKIEL1 :O DEVOTES A L5G?Y DISCUSSION TO ! IDEA ?AT 0,:5 A RI<TE\S MAN TURNE? AWAY FROM HIS RI<TE\SNESS1 & COMMITTE? 9IQUITY1 & DIE? 9 !M2 = HIS 9IQUITY ?AT HE HA? DONE %ALL HE DIE4 ,AGA91 :5 ! WICK$ MAN TURN-E? AWAY FROM HIS WICK$NESS ?AT HE HA? COMMITT$1 & DOE? ?AT :I* IS LAWFUL & RI<T1 HE %ALL SAVE HIS S\L ALIVE0 7#a#h4#b#f-#b#g2 ,EZEKIEL IS SPEAK+ ( ,ISRAEL74 ,! IDEA ?AT 0TURN+0 IS POSSIBLE CAN BE SE51 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS'S #ahhc SPEE* ON ! TW5TIE? ANNIV]S>Y ( EMANCIPATION 9 ! ,DI/RICT ( ,COLUMBIA4 ,= ,D\GLASS1 ! #ahfb MEASURE 0WAS ! FIR/ /EP T[>D A R$EEM$ & REG5]AT$ NATION0--BUT ONLY ! FIR/4 ,AHEAD1 ,D\GLASS SAW A LONG VI/A ( /RUGGLE ?AT W\LD LA/ 0.<U.>NTIL ! PUBLIC S*OOLS %ALL CEASE TO BE CA/E S*OOLS 9 EV]Y P>T ( \R C\NTRY .<444.> .<U.>NTIL ! COLOR$ MAN'S PA?WAY TO ! ,AM]ICAN BALLOT BOX1 ,NOR? & ,S\?1 %ALL BE AS SMOO? & SAFE AS ! SAME IS = ! :ITE CITIZ510 & SO ON ?R\< A LONG LI/4.<#h.> 

,IT IS NOT P]HAPS = ME TO SAY :I* ( !SE VIEWS1 ,TURN]'S & ,BLYD5'S OR ,ALL5'S & ,D\GLASS'S1 IS ULTIMATELY CORRECT4 ,:AT ,I CAN SAY ) SOME C]TA9TY H[EV] IS ?AT ! VIEWS ( ,P5N+TON1 ,D\GLASS1 & ! O!RS ON ! 0TURN+0 SIDE ( ! DEBATE REPRES5T ! MA9 L9E ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ?\<T1 FROM !IR DAY ONW>D & :E!R CORRECT OR WRONG4 ,D\GLASS 9 P>TICUL> EM]GES AS A C5TRAL >*ITECT ( A /ANCE ( CRITICAL CON/ITUTIONALISM ?AT1 :E!R SUCCESSFUL OR NOT1 HAS 9 FACT BE5 ! DOM9ANT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN /RATEGY AGA9/ OPPRESSION = A C5TURY & A HALF4 ,!RE IS1 AS WELL1 A PROPHETIC *>ACT] TO ,D\GLASS'S WORDS--NOT ONLY 9 HIS BIBLICALLY-9SPIR$ VIEW ( HIMSELF AS AN 0OLD WAT*MAN ON ! WALLS ( LIB]TY10 SEEK+ TO ANSW] 0,:AT ( ! NI<T80 & ANSW]+1 0,! SKY ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,NEGRO IS D>K1 BUT NOT RAYLESS2 IT IS /ORMY1 BUT NOT *E]LESS0 7#b1 ALLUD+ TO ,ISA4 #b#a4#a#a71 BUT C5TRALLY 9 HIS 5UNCIATION ( AN UNF9I%$ AG5DA ?AT W\LD 9 HI/ORICAL FACT PROVIDE ! FULCRUM = EI<TY & MORE YE>S ( /RUGGLE4 ,FUR!R1 :ILE ,BLYD5'S & ,TURN]'S REJECTIONISM MAY HAVE E*O$ P[]FULLY TO ! !N-Y\NG S*OL>S :O REVIV$ & POPUL>IZ$ !IR WORKS 9 ! #a#i#fS1 ITS C]TITUDE ?AT CIVIL & SOCIAL EQUALITY CAN NEV] EXI/ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES =ECLOSES AN ISSUE ?AT O!RS SAW AS OP51 & ITS BELIEF ?AT ! ,NEGRO 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 0CAN NEV] BE A MAN0 7,TURN]7 MISSES SOME?+ ESS5TIAL 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN *>ACT]--= AS ,RALPH ,ELLISON'S PROTAGONI/ 9 ,9VISIBLE ,MAN SAYS ( HIS GR&FA!R1 A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,TURN]1 0,HELL1 HE NEV] HAD ANY D\BT AB\T HIS HUMANITY .<444.> ,HE ACCEPT$ HIS HUMANITY JU/ AS HE ACCEPT$ ! PR9CIPLE40.<#i.> ,F9ALLY1 ,ALL5'S CONVICTION ?AT ! L& 0WAT]$ ) \R TE>S & \R BLOOD0 IS 0N[ \R MO!R C\NTRY0 HAS BE5 ! MAJORITY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN POSITION FROM HIS TIME TO \RS1 NOT)/&+ A LONG & HONORABLE TRADITION ON ! OPPOS+ SIDE4 

,FRANCIS ,GRIMKE--,BACKGR\ND TO ,PROPHECY 

  

,FRANCIS ,JAMES ,GRIMKE PROVIDES AN EXAMPLE ( AN ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHETIC ?9K] ) A /RONG EMPHASIS ON ! 0TURN+0 CONCEPTION &1 LOGICALLY L9K$ TO ?IS1 A /RONG BELIEF ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS' DE/9$ HOME IS 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,GRIMKE1 :O GREW TO ADOLESC5CE AS A SLAVE & LIV$ 9TO ! SECOND ,FRANKL9 ,ROOSEVELT ADM9I/RATION1 S]V$ NE>LY SIXTY YE>S 7#a#h#g#h-#a#h#h#e1 #a#h#h#i-#a#i#c#g7 AS M9I/] ( ! ,FIFTE5? ,/REET ,PRESBYT]IAN ,*UR* 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C4 ,FRE$ BY HIS FA!R'S WILL1 AT AGE T5 ,GRIMKE RAN AWAY TO AVOID RE5SLAVEM5T BY HIS FA!R'S ELDE/ SON1 HIS [N HALF BRO!R1 & BECAME ORD]LY TO A ,CONF$]ATE (FIC]4 ,RE5SLAV$1 HE WAS SOLD TO A SECOND (FIC] & S]V$ \T ! W>4 ,AID$ BY LIB]AL B5EFACTORS1 HE MOV$ NOR?1 GRADUAT$ FROM ,L9COLN ,UNIV]SITY 7#a#h#g71 PURSU$ LAW /UDIES AT ,L9COLN & ,H[>D1 & !N E>N$ A DIV9ITY DEGREE FROM ,PR9CETON ,!OLOGICAL ,SEM9>Y4 ,ASIDE FROM A F\R YE>S' MOVE TO ,FLORIDA = REASONS ( HEAL?1 HE S]V$ AT ,FIFTE5? ,/REET = HIS 5TIRE C>E]1 ?\< 9 SEMIRETIREM5T AFT] #a#i#b#c4.<#a.> ,! YE>S ( HIS MO/ ACTIVE M9I/RY1 ! #a#h#iS TO ! />T ( ! #a#i#bS1 W]E ?OSE ( ! DEEPE/ ATTACK ON ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS 9 ,U4,S4 HI/ORY1 NOT EXCLUD+ ! SLAVE ]A--A P]IOD ( MOB ATTACKS1 LYN* LAW1 & S]I\S PROPOSALS TO REPEAL ! ,F\RTE5? & ,FIFTE5? ,AM5DM5TS4 ,9 ,GRIMKE'S ,WORKS WE SEE AN EVOLUTION FROM A RA!R CONS]VATIVE EMPHASIS ON UPW>D /RIV+1 ECONOMIC ADVANCE1 & 0*>ACT]0--EMPHASES HE NEV] 5TIRELY DROPP$--TO A /RESS ON FI<T+ = FULL CIVIC & POLITICAL EQUALITY1 MA9TA9+ CONT9UAL 0AGITATION10 & DEF5D+ ! RACE BY EV]Y APPROPRIATE MEANS1 9CLUD+ VIOL5CE :5 NECESS>Y4 ,RACIAL PROGRESS IS ( C\RSE NOT ! ONLY SUBJECT ( HIS S]MONS & ADDRESSES-- !RE >E MAJOR S]IES ON M>RIAGE1 *ILDR51 WOM5'S ROLES & DUTIES1 TEMP]ANCE1 ETC4--BUT IT IS A MAJOR ONE4 ,?R\<\T ,GRIMKE'S WRIT+S1 COLLECT$ 9 F\R VOLUMES BY ,C>T] ,W4 ,WOODSON 7#a#i#d#a71 WE OBS]VE HIS CONC]NS ) ! C5TRAL ELEM5TS ( PROPHETIC TRADITION3 PROVID5CE & COV5ANT1 !NATION'S CORRUPTION & POSSIBLE R$EMPTION1 & PROPHECY ITSELF4 ,WE ALSO OBS]VE ! PROPHET AS PA/ORAL LEAD] 9TIMATELY CONC]N$ ) ! MORALE & WELL-BE+ ( HIS FOLL[]S4 

,PROVID5TIAL ,HI/ORY1 ! ,CRISIS ( ! ,NATION1 & ! ,PROPHET'S ,ROLE 

  

,LIKE O!R FIGURES 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHECY SU* AS ,H5RY ,HI<L& ,G>NET & ,ALEX&] ,CRUMMELL1 ,GRIMKE BELIEVES 9 PROVID5TIAL HI/ORY4 0,9 ! PROVID5CE ( ,GOD WE >E CITIZ5S ( ?IS GREAT ,REPUBLIC10 HE DECL>ES 9 #aie 70,! ,NEGRO & ,HIS ,CITIZ5%IP10 ,WORKS #a3 #c#i#f7--A SIMPLE /ATEM5T CONTA9+ 5ORM\S ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ,GOD'S GUID+ H& 9 HI/ORY AS WELL AS ! RACE'S ,AM]ICAN DE/9Y4 ,( ! ABOLITIONI/S1 ,GRIMKE ASKS1 0,:O 9SPIR$ !IR HE>TS8 ,:O CL>IFI$ !IR VISION8 ,:O 5ABL$ !M TO SEE EYE TO EYE1 & PULL TOGE!R 9 A COMMON CAUSE80 ,HE ANSW]S1 0,IT WASN'T ACCID5TAL1 IT WASN'T A RESULT ( *ANCE1 A M]E CO9CID5CE4 ,GOD WAS BACK ( IT4 .<444.> ,!SE M5 & WOM5 W]E CREAT$ BY HIM2 !Y W]E BR\<T H]E BY HIM1 ! TIME ( !IR COM+ WAS FIX$ BY HIM1 !Y W]E HIS AG5TS0 70,C5T5NIAL ( ,JOHN ,GRE5LEAF ,:ITTI]1 #a#h#g-#a#i#g10 #a#i#g2 ,WORKS #a3 #a#d74 ,FROM ?IS ASSUMPTION ( PROVID5CE HE DRAWS ASSURANCE ( VICTORY3 0,WE >E NOT ALWAYS GO+ TO BE BEH9D2 WE >E NOT ALWAYS GO+ TO BE DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/2 WE >E NOT ALWAYS GO+ TO BE D5I$ \R RI<TS4 ,= AS ,SOJ\RN] ,TRU? SAID1 ',GOD IS NOT DEAD'0 70,FIFTY ,YE>S ( ,FRE$OM10 #a#i#a#c2 ,WORKS #a3 #e#a#c74.<#a#a.> ,& TO ,GRIMKE ?IS ASSURANCE ( ,GOD'S BACK+ IS NOT A SUB/ITUTE = AGGRESSIVE PURSUIT ( RI<TS1 BUT A SPUR TO IT3 0,! COLOR$ MAN HAS NO IDEA1 NOT ! REMOTE/ IDEA ( ACCEPT+ .<PRES5T TREATM5T.> AS A F9ALITY3 & ,GOD ,ALMI<TY1 :O SITS ON ! ?RONE1 IS NOT GO+ TO ALL[ IT TO BE A F9ALITY0 70,! ,RACE ,PROBLEM--,TWO ,SUGGE/IONS AS TO ,ITS ,SOLUTION10 #a#i#a#i2 ,WORKS #a3 #e#i#g74 

,GRIMKE'S TEA*+S ON ! NATION & ITS CRISIS CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO CATEGORIES3 SPECIFIC ADVICE TO ! RACE & A G5]AL VIEW ( ! ,U4,S4 & ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS' PLACE 9 IT4 ,DESPITE ! E>LY SELF-IMPROVEM5T IDEOLOGY ALREADY REF]R$ TO1 BY #aie ,GRIMKE WORK$ \T A BROADSCALE CIVIL RI<TS AG5DA SIMIL> TO ?OSE !N BE+ ADVOCAT$ BY ,W4,E4,B4 ,DU ,BOIS & ! ,NIAG>A ,MOVEM5T 7) :I* HIS BRO!R ,>*IBALD ,GRIMKE WAS AFFILIAT$73 ! RI<T TO LIFE & EQUAL JU/ICE1 EQUAL PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS1 9TEGRAT$ $UCATION1 EQUALITY 9 ! >M$ =CES1 ! RI<T TO VOTE1 & ! RI<T TO HOLD (FICE 70,! ,NEGRO & ,HIS ,CITIZ5%IP1 ,WORKS #a3 #d-#d74 ,HE D5\NCES :AT HE CALLS ! DOCTR9E ( 0SELF-EFFACEM5T10 ! 0P]NICI\S DOCTR9E0 ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS %\LD SEEK :ITES' GOODWILL BY MOD]AT+ !IR DEM&S4 ,HE T>GETS ,BOOK] ,T4 ,WA%+TON 9 VEIL$ & NOT-SO-VEIL$ LANGUAGE AS A MISLEAD] ( ! RACE4 ,& HE MAKES HIS WAT*WORD 0,WE MU/ AGITATE1 & AGITATE1 & AGITATE1 & GO ON AGITAT+0 70,! ,NEGRO & ,HIS ,CITIZ5%IP10 ,WORKS #a3 #c#i#h2 0,A ,RESEMBLANCE & A ,CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! ,AM]ICAN ,NEGRO & ! ,*ILDR5 ( ,ISRAEL 9 ,EGYPT10 #a#i#b2 ,WORKS #a3 #c#e#i74 ,HE TEA*ES RACIAL SELF-RELIANCE3 0.<,M.>ORE & MORE WE >E WAK+ UP TO ! ?\<T ?AT WE HAVE GOT TO WORK \T \R [N DE/9Y 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,& \T ( ?AT ?\<T OR CONVICTION IS COM+1 MORE & MORE ACTIVITY FROM )9 ! RACE0 70,! ,ATLANTA ,RIOT10 #a#i#f2 ,WORKS #a3 #d#h74 ,&1 :ILE CALL+ = 0! WISDOM ( ! S]P5T10 AVOID+ CONFLICT :5 POSSIBLE 7,WORKS #a3 #d#a#e71 HE 5DORSES >M$ SELF-DEF5SE :5 NECESS>Y3  
  

,BE PREP>$ TO DEF5D Y\RSELVES1 IF NECESS>Y4 ,I KN[ ! MEAN+ ( !SE WORDS4 ,I HAVE C>EFULLY WEI<$ !M2 &1 BE=E ,GOD1 ,I BELIEVE 9 ! MESSAGE :I* !Y CONTA94 ,TO EV]Y BLACK MAN ?R\<\T ! :OLE S\?L&1 ,I SAY1 & SAY DELIB]ATELY1 ,BE PREP>$ TO DEF5D Y\RSELF IF NECESS>Y4 70,! ,ATLANTA ,RIOT10 #a#i#f2 ,WORKS #a3 #d#a#f47  
  

,ON ! BROAD ISSUE ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS' PLACE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,GRIMKE SPEAKS = A V]SION ( ! IDEA H&$ ON FROM ,RI*>D ,ALL5 ?R\< ! ANTIEMIGRATIONI/ OP9ION ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS HAVE MADE ?IS !IR C\NTRY4 ,?IS CONCEPTION IS IMPLICIT 9 /ATEM5TS ALREADY CIT$3 ,GOD'S PROVID5CE MADE ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS CITIZ5S1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS MU/ 0WORK \T \R DE/9Y 9 ?IS C\NTRY0 7,WORKS #a3 #c#i#f1 #d#h74 ,GRIMKE REV]TS TO ?IS IDEA FREQU5TLY3 0,! ,NEGRO IS H]E1 & HE IS H]E TO /AY3 & TO /AY NOT AS ! CIVIL & POLITICAL 9F]IOR ( ! :ITE MAN1 BUT AS HIS EQUAL UND] ! LAWS02 0,WE >E NOT GO+ TO DIE \T1 & WE >E NOT GO+ TO BE TRANSPORT$ FROM ?IS C\NTRY TO SOME O!R4 ,WE >E H]E1 & WE >E H]E TO /AY4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS L& ?AT WE >E TO WORK \T \R SALVATION1 ?AT WE >E TO DEMON/RATE TO ! WORLD ( :AT MAT]IAL WE >E MADE0 70,! ,REM$Y = ! ,PRES5T ,/RA9$ ,RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,RACES 9 ! ,S\?10 #a#h#i#i1 ,WORKS #a3 #c#b#g2 0,! ,?+S ( ,P>AM\NT ,IMPORTANCE 9 ! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,NEGRO ,RACE10 #a#i#c1 ,WORKS #a3 #c#g#h74 

,C\PL$ ) ?IS ASS]TION ( BELONG+ IS ! CONSI/5T USE ( ANA!MA AGA9/ NATIONAL 9IQUITY & PROPHETIC W>N+ ( ! NECESSITY--IF POSSIBLE--( A 0TURN+03  
  

,?IS BOA/$ L& ( ! FREE1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 HAS BE5 & N[ IS ONE ( ! MO/ DESPICABLE C\NTRIES 9 ?IS WORLD4 70,JOHN ,BR[N10 #a#i#i2 ,WORKS #a3 #a#b#d47 

,IF ,*RI/IANITY HAS SUFFICI5T HOLD UPON ! CONSCI5CE ( ! NATION TO MOLD PUBLIC S5TIM5T 9 ! 9T]E/ ( RI<T1 & JU/ICE1 & HUMANITY1 ! ,REPUBLIC WILL /&2 O!RWISE IT WILL GO D[N1 & \<T TO GO D[N4 .<444.> ,= IT IS WRITT51 0,! NATION ?AT WILL NOT S]VE ! ,LORD .<444.> %ALL P]I%40 70,LYN*+4 ,ITS ,CAUSES--,! ,CRIMES ( ! ,NEGRO10 #a#h#i#i1 ,WORKS #a3 #c#a#e-#a#f1 P>APHRAS+ ,ISA4 #f3#a#b7 

,! :ITE MAN MAY BE /RONG 5\< TO FI<T ! BLACK MAN 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 BUT HE IS NOT /RONG 5\< TO FI<T ,GOD ,ALMI<TY & HIS ET]NAL & 9EXORABLE LAWS ( ,R,I,<,T,E,\,S,N,E,S,S & ,B,R,O,!,R,H,O,O,D4 ,!SE LAWS WILL ULTIMATELY REMAKE HIM1 OR BREAK HIM & CA/ HIM 0AS RUBBI% TO ! VOID40 ,:I* %ALL IT BE8 ,LET ?IS GREAT :ITE RACE TAKE W>N+4 70,FIFTY ,YE>S ( ,FRE$OM10 #a#i#a#c1 ,WORKS #a3 #e#a#e-#a#f1 QUOT+ ,T5NYSON1 0,9 ,MEMORIAM0 #e#d4#g7  
  

,PROPHECY IS ITSELF A KEY CONCEPTION 9 ,GRIMKE'S ?\<T4 ,9 AN UNDAT$ LATE M$ITATION1 HE NOTES1 0,DUR+ ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 ! WORK ?AT ,I HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO DO 9 DEAL+ ) RACE MATT]S1 HAS BE5 L>GELY ( ! FUNCTION ( ! PROPHET4 ,I HAVE CALL$1 AGA9 & AGA91 ! :ITES TO AN ACC\NT .<444.> & ,I HAVE NO LESS CLE>LY PO9T$ \T ! WEAKNESSES1 ! DEFECTS1 ( ! ,NEGRO40 ,HE HAS DONE SO1 ,GRIMKE AV[S1 )\T ASK+ 0:E!R ! C\RSE :I* ,I WAS PURSU+ WAS ACCEPTABLE10 BUT 09 ! FE> ( ,GOD1 & 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ,I WAS FOLL[+ ! DICTATES ( MY [N CONSCI5CE40 0,9 EV]Y AGE10 HE SUMM>IZES1 0!RE MU/ BE PROPHETS1 M5 :O FE> ,GOD & NOT MAN1--M5 :O SPEAK1 BECAUSE IMPELL$ TO DO SO BY ! GREAT ,P[] \TSIDE ( !MSELVES ?AT MAKES = RI<TE\SNESS0 7,WORKS #c3 #c#b#a74 ,HIS H]OES >E ( ! SAME /AMP3 ,D\GLASS 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 0.<L.>IKE ! PROPHETS ( OLD1 .<444.> CRI$ AL\D & SP>$ NOT10 ,OSWALD ,G>RISON ,VILL>D 9 ! TW5TIE? IS AMONG ! 0PROPHETS10 & 9 ! D>K P]IOD ( RACE RETREAT 0.<T.>H]E IS NO ,G>RISON6 ,!RE >E NO M5 BUILT ON HIS H]OIC MOLD6 ,!RE IS NO 9SPIR$ PROPHET CRY+ AL\D60 7,WORKS #a3 #f1 #c3 #c#c1 #a3 #i#e74 ,&1 AT CRUCIAL MOM5TS1 ,GRIMKE TURNS TO DIRECT PROPHECY TO PROVIDE AN ASSURANCE ( BETT] TIMES NOT READABLE FROM ! FACTS ALONE1 :E!R CONCLUD+ HIS ?REE S]MONS ( ,JUNE #ahii ON LYN*+ ) ! ASS]TION ?AT 0,?IS ,NEGRO PROBLEM WILL BE SOLV$2 & .<444.> .<,AM]ICA.> WILL !N BE ! HOME ( ! BRAVE0 7,WORKS #a3 #c#c#c72 OR1 9 ! ,JOHN ,BR[N MEMORIAL QUOT$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( MY >TICLE1 ASSUR+ HIS HE>]S1 0,GOD NEV] W\LD HAVE BR\<T Y\ ?US F> UNLESS HE MEANT TO /& BY Y\40 

,! ,PROPHET AS ,PA/OR 

  

,\R MO/ FAMILI> IMAGES ( BIBLICAL PROPHETS >E ( \TSID]S SU* AS ,AMOS1 ! H]DSMAN ( ,TEKOA2 BUT SOME PROPHETS1 SU* AS ,ISAIAH ( ,J]USALEM OR ,EZEKIEL1 W]E 9SID]S1 CONFIDANTS ( ROYALTY OR PRIE/S ) /&+ 9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS ( ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES W]E1 ( C\RSE1 \TSIDE ! ,U4,S4 P[] /RUCTURE AS A :OLE2 YET ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHETS C\LD BE1 & (T5 W]E1 E/ABLI%$ FIGURES & PA/ORAL C>EGIV]S )9 ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITY4 ,EXEMPLIFY+ ! PROPHET AS COMMUNITY LEAD] & PA/ORAL C>EGIV]1 ,GRIMKE AIMS 9 HIS S]MONS TO TEA* & GUIDE A SPECIFIC GR\P ( PEOPLE1 HIS P>I%ION]S & ,WA%+TON'S ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITY4 ,:ILE 9 A G5]AL WAY HE MAY 0SPEAK TRU? TO P[]10 HE ALWAYS SPEAKS IT SPECIFICALLY TO ?IS AUDI5CE4 ,SOME ( HIS GREATE/ S]MONS >E EF=TS TO COM=T & GUIDE ?IS GR\P 9 AFFLICTION1 TO HELP !M DISC]N PATT]N 9 HI/ORY1 & TO PO9T \T TO !M SIGNS ( FUTURE HOPE4 

,AMONG S]MONS ( COM=T1 NONE >E MORE />K ?AN F\R ,GRIMKE PREA*$ ON SUCCESSIVE ,SUNDAYS1 ,NOV4 #b-,DEC4 #a#a1 #a#h#i#h1 IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ,DEMOCRATIC-ORGANIZ$ :ITE RACE RIOT 9 ,WILM+TON1 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 ON ,NOV4 #i & FOLL[+4 ,! RIOT OV]TURN$ ! CITY'S ELECT$ GOV]NM5T & =C$ ITS MO/ PROM95T ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S TO FLEE = !IR LIVES2 A MOD]N HI/ORIAN SAYS ?AT IT 0WAS ! CAP/ONE ( ! :ITE SUPREMACY CAMPAIGN 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A & SIGNAL$ ITS VICTORY ACROSS ! NATION40.<#a#b.> ,! TEXT = ALL F\R ( ,GRIMKE'S S]MONS IS 0,WAIT ON ! ,LORD2 BE ( GOOD C\RAGE1 & ,HE %ALL /R5G!N ?Y HE>T0 7,PSS4 #b#g4#a#d74 ,! PSALM FITS ! OCCASION--IT IS A PSALM ( ,GOD'S PROTECTION ?AT PROMISES1 0,= 9 ! TIME ( TR\BLE HE %ALL HIDE ME 9 HIS PAVILION2 .<444.> HE %ALL SET ME UPON ! ROCK0 7V]SE #e74 ,YET ,GRIMKE DOES NOT REF] TO IT OR ITS MESSAGE ( HOPE UNTIL HIS F\R? S]MON4 ,HE BEG9S1 0,DESPOND5CY IS A /ATE ( M9D 9 :I* ALL HOPE SEEMS TO BE LO/0 7,WORKS #a3 #b#c#d7 & TELLS ! /ORY ( ,ELIJAH1 DRIV5 9TO ! WILD]NESS & BEGG+ ,GOD TO TAKE HIS LIFE 7#b#c#d-#c#f2 #a ,K+S #a#i4#a-#d74 ,GRIMKE !N SPEAKS DIRECTLY TO HIS HE>]S3  
  

,I HAVE T\*$ UPON ?IS SUBJECT ?IS MORN+ BECAUSE AS A PEOPLE1 ,I AM AFRAID1 !RE IS DANG]1 9 VIEW ( ! T]RIBLE ORDEAL ?R\< :I* WE >E N[ PASS+1 & HAVE BE5 PASS+ = SOME TIME1 ( LOS+ HE>T2 A COM+ TO FEEL AS ,ELIJAH DID1 ,IT IS 5\<3 !RE IS NO USE ( CONT9U+ ! /RUGGLE4 7#b#c#g7  
  

,GRIMKE DOES NOT RETURN TO ,ELIJAH'S /ORY4 ,HIS LI/5]S ALREADY KN[ ?AT AT ITS CONCLUSION ,ELIJAH HE>S ! 0/ILL SMALL VOICE0 7V]SE #a#b7 & IS TOLD TO RESUME HIS WORK1 & SO !Y UND]/& FROM ! />T ?AT ! OV]ALL MESSAGE IS ( P]SEV]ANCE4 ,BUT ,GRIMKE TURNS FIR/ TO NEGATIVES4 ,9 L>GE P>T HIS FIR/ TWO S]MONS >E DEVOT$ TO =CES WORK+ AGA9/ ! ,NEGRO--S\!RN LAWBREAK]S & !IR APOLOGI/S1 AN APA!TIC NOR!RN PUBLIC1 A DI%ONE/ PRESS1 A *UR* SIL5T 9 ! FACE ( \TRAGES--& TO =CES FROM :I* ,GRIMKE ?9KS NO HELP MAY BE EXPECT$4 ,AMONG ! LATT] HE C\NTS ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 ! ,DEMOCRATIC & ,REPUBLICAN P>TIES1 9SURRECTION 7HE IS MO/ AMBIVAL5T AB\T ?IS1 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT AT TIMES EV5 A HOPELESS UPRIS+ MAY BE ! ONLY WAY TO GOAD ! NATION TO RESPOND7 & ! DOCTR9E ( 0SELF-EFFACEM5T10 :I* HE H]E ATTACKS = ! FIR/ TIME3 0,%[ ME A ,NEGRO :O BELIEVES 9 SELF-EFFACEM5T & ,I WILL %[ Y\ A ,NEGRO1 :O WILL HIMSELF SOON] OR LAT] BECOME EFFAC$0 7#b#e#f74 ,GRIMKE PROMISES TO DISCUSS ! GR\NDS = HOPE 7#b#e-#e#a7 BUT DOES NOT YET DO SO2 9/EAD HE WORKS TO R\SE HIS HE>]S' DET]M9ATION1 & EVOKES ! SPIRITS ( ! PA/ & !IR C\RAGE AGA9/ ODDS4 ,?IS1 HE SAYS 9 CLOS+ ! FIR/ S]MON1 IS 0! TIME = EV]Y PULPIT TO SPEAK \T1 & TO SPEAK 9 NO UNC]TA9 TONE2 .<444.> .<IT IS.> NO TIME = C[>DS1 & SYCOPHANTS1 & TIMESAV]S .<S]V]S.>1 BUT = M5 :O KN[ :AT !IR RI<TS >E1 & >E WILL+1 IF NE$ BE1 TO DIE 9 !IR DEF5SE0 7#b#d#g72 5D+ ! SECOND S]MON1 HE PL$GES TO PREA* ,WILLIAM ,LLOYD ,G>RISON'S 0GOSPEL0--0,WE MU/ BE 9 E>NE/2 WE MU/ NOT EQUIVOCATE2 WE MU/ NOT EXCUSE2 WE MU/ NOT RETREAT A S+LE 9* .<444.> & WE MU/ BE HE>D0--= 0AS LONG AS ,GOD GIVES ME BREA?0 7#b#f74 

,ONLY 9 ! LA/ TWO S]MONS DOES ,GRIMKE REA* ! GR\NDS = HOPE4 ,!RE >E SEV51 BEG9N+ )  
  

! FACT ?AT ! ,NEGRO IS ?9K+ AB\T HIS RI<TS TODAY1 ) A S]I\SNESS & E>NE/NESS SU* AS HE HAS NEV] DISPLAY$ BE=E4 ,NOT ONLY ! MORE 9TELLIG5T & ?\<TFUL ,NEGRO1 BUT ALL CLASSES1 FROM ! HI<E/ TO ! L[E/1 FROM ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T TO ! ILLIT]ATE4 ,! REC5T \TRAGE ?AT HAS BE5 P]PETRAT$ AT ,WILM+TON BY A B& ( LAW BREAK]S & MURD]]S HAS /IRR$ \R PEOPLE AS NO?+ ELSE HAS EV] DONE4 .<444.> ,! V]Y ?+ :I* SO MANY ( \R 5EMIES >E F9D+ FAULT )1 >E US+ AGA9/ US1-- NAMELY1 ?AT ! ,NEGRO IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE 9SOL5T1 MORE & MORE OBTRUSIVE1 MORE & MORE SELFASS]TIVE1--IS ! V]Y ?+ :I* GIVES ME HOPE4 7#b#f-#f#a7  
  

,O!R REASONS = HOPE >E BO? MAT]IAL & MORAL3 ! RACE'S GR[+ PROSP]ITY & $UCATION1 FAI? 9 ! TRIUMPH ( RI<T1 ! 9FLU5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY1 & ! PRES5CE ( A FEW :ITE M5 & WOM5 :O TAKE ! ,NEGRO'S SIDE1 SEV]AL ( :OM HE LI/S 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,ASIDE FROM ASSUR+ HIS HE>]S ?AT !Y >E NOT TRULY ALONE1 ,GRIMKE IS N[ REA*+ ! CORE ( HIS FAI?1 =1 9 HIS M9D1 ! PRES5CE ( SU* ALLIES IS NO ACCID5T3 0,WE >E NOT GO+ TO BE LEFT TO FI<T \R BATTLES ALONE4 .<444.> ,GOD WILL RAISE UP FRI5DS = US0 7#b#g#c74 

,GRIMKE'S LA/ S]MON IS DEVOT$ TO TWO F9AL REASONS = HOPE3 ,GOD'S EXI/5CE & ! P[] ( PRAY]4 ,GRIMKE'S UNSPOK5 ASSUMPTION IS ?AT ! ,GOD :O EXI/S IS A ,GOD O JU/ PROVID5CE 9 HI/ORY2 HE REF]S TO ,SOJ\RN] ,TRU?'S QUE/ION TO ,D\GLASS1 0,IS ,GOD DEAD1 ,FR$]ICK80 & ASS]TS 0,BECAUSE ,GOD REIGNS1 !RE IS HOPE = ! OPPRESS$1 = ! D[N-TRODD51 = ALL UPON :OSE NECKS ! IRON HEEL O OPPRESSION RE/S0 7#b#g#e74 ,FUR!R1 ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS ,GOD HELPS1 ITSELF1 TO EXPLA9 ! RACE'S 9CREAS$ DET]M9ATION1 ! PRES5CE ( FRI5DS1 ETC41 =--QUOT+ ,ISAIAH--0.<,T.>HEY ?AT WAIT UPON ! ,LORD %ALL R5EW !IR /R5G?2 !Y %ALL M\NT UP ) W+S AS EAGLES0 7#b#g#f2 ,ISA4 #d3#c#a74 ,F9ALLY1 ?IS ,GOD MAY BE MOV$ BY PRAY]2 ,GRIMKE SUGGE/S S]I\SLY ?AT ! PRAY] ( SLAVES HELP$ BR+ ON & W9 ! ,CIVIL ,W> 7#b#g#i7 & PROPOSES ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS PRAY = UPRI<TNESS1 = /R5G? TO CONT9UE !IR /RUGGLE = JU/ICE1 & = ! S\LS ( !IR 5EMIES 7#b#h#b-#h#i74 ,PRAY]1 HE EXPLA9S C>EFULLY1 IS NOT A SUB/ITUTE = ACTIVE /RUGGLE1 BUT MEANS 0?AT 9 ! MID/ ( ! CONFLICT1 :ILE WE >E DO+ ALL WE CAN1 .<444.> WE >E AT ! SAME TIME TO LAY FA/ HOLD ( ! ,ALMI<TY1 TO KEEP \RSELVES & \R WANTS EV] BE=E ,HIM1 & TO LOOK TO HIM = HELP0 7#b#h#i74 ,GRIMKE CLOSES ) A TURN TO DIRECT PROPHECY3 9 VIEW ( ! POSITIVE SIGNS ALREADY DISCUSS$ & ( ,GOD'S FAVOR1 0IF ,I AM ASK$1 ,:AT ( ! NI<T1 = ! ,NEGRO RACE 9 ?IS C\NTRY8 ,I SAY1 UNHESITAT+LY1 ,WELL4 ,!RE IS A FUTURE H]E = US2 9 ?IS L& !RE >E BETT] ?+S 9 /ORE = US0 7#b#h#i7 

,! F\R ,WILM+TON S]MONS EXEMPLIFY ! PROPHET'S ROLE AS PA/ORAL COMMUNITY LEAD]4 ,GRIMKE HIMSELF1 9 A CODA1 SAYS !Y HAVE HAD ?REE PURPOSES3 TO 0LET ! :ITE PEOPLE KN[ ?AT WE >E CONSCI\S ( :AT \R RI<TS >E1 & ?AT WE MEAN TO HAVE !M02 TO WAKE ! 0SLEEP+ CONSCI5CE0 ( ! NATION2 & TO 09SPIRE ?OSE ( \R [N PEOPLE1 :O MAY BE DISPOS$ TO BECOME DESPOND5T1 ) HOPE & ) R5EW$ DET]M9ATION TO KEEP UP ! /RUGGLE0 7#b#i74 ,! LA/ PURPOSE IS C5TRAL1 AS ! REPETITION ( ! S]MONS' FIR/ WORD IMPLIES4 ,BEG9N+ HIS TALKS ONLY T5 DAYS AFT] ! ,WILM+TON RIOTS1 ,GRIMKE DOES NOT FOCUS JU/ ON !SE EV5TS BUT PLACES !M 9 ! CONTEXT ( HI/ORY FROM SLAVE TIMES ?R\< ,RECON/RUCTION TO ! PRES5T1 0A *APT] :I* HAS BE5 FRAU<T ) EVILS AS GREAT1 & SUFF]+S AS 9T5SE AS ! FIR/1 IF NOT GREAT]0 7#b#d#i74 ,HE SP5DS MO/ ( ! FIR/ TWO S]MONS 5UM]AT+ EVILS 9 ORD] TO ACQUA9T HIS HE>]S & HIMSELF ) ! DEP? ( ! /RUGGLE !Y FACE1 AS WELL AS TO 5SURE ?AT HIS F9AL CALL TO PRAY] IS TAK5 AS 9T5D$--AS SEEK+ AID 9 ACTIVE /RUGGLE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! S]MONS >E 9DE$ A CALL = /R5G? AGA9/ DESPOND5CY1 9 HIS HE>]S & HIMSELF1 = ! ,ELIJAH /ORY :I* LIES AT ! S]MON'S HE>T IS ONE ( PROPHETIC DESPAIR & R5EWAL4 ,BY %>+ ) HIS HE>]S ! PROPHET'S TEMPTATION TO DESPAIR ,GRIMKE IS ABLE TO RALLY !M4 

,PROPHECY & ! ,%APE ( ,HI/ORY 

  

,ONE ASPECT ( ,OLD ,TE/AM5T PROPHECY IS ! PROPHET'S VIEW ( ! SPAN ( HI/ORY4 ,SPEAK+ ( ! TIME COV]$ BY ! /ORY ( ,GOD'S PROMISES 9 ! FIR/ SIX BOOKS ( ! BIBLE-- FROM ,ABRAHAM TO ! CONQUE/ ( ,CANAAN--,G]H>D VON ,RAD SPEAKS ( 0?IS COLOSSAL >* SPANN+ ! TIME FROM ! PROMISE ( A L& 9 ! ANCI5T PROMISE TO ! ANCE/ORS TO ! FULFILLM5T ( ! SAME PROMISE 9 ! DAYS ( ,JO%UA40.<#a#c.> ,= ! LAT] PROPHETS1 ! SPAN ( HI/ORY /RET*ES EV5 F>!R TO 9CLUDE ! NEW SOCIETY ( JU/ICE !Y SEE 9 ! FUTURE1 ! 0NEW ?+0 ( ,ISAIAH #d#c4#a#i & ! 0NEW HEAV5S & A NEW E>?0 ( ,ISAIAH #f#e4#a#g & ,REVELATION #b#b4#a4 ,= ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHET1 HI/ORY 9CLUDES ! PA/1 PRES5T1 & ANTICIPAT$ FUTURE1 :AT ,H5RY ,HI<L& ,G>NET1 9 AN #ahdh LECTURE1 CALL$ ,! ,PA/ & ! ,PRES5T ,CONDITION1 & ! ,DE/9Y1 ( ! ,COLOR$ ,RACE4 ,TWO ( ,GRIMKE'S ADDRESSES 9 #aii %[ ! PROPHET'S FUNCTION ( DISC]N+ PATT]N & ,GOD'S PURPOSE 9 HI/ORY4 ,! ADDRESSES W]E DELIV]$ ON SEP>ATE OCCASIONS1 ONE AS A PUBLIC LECTURE & ! O!R AS A S]MON1 & !IR EMPHASES SUPPLEM5T EA* O!R4 ,! FIR/1 0,EQUALITY ( ,RI<TS = ,ALL ,CITIZ5S1 ,BLACK & ,:ITE ,ALIKE10 WAS GIV5 ,SATURDAY1 ,M>* #b#g1 #a#i#i1 DUR+ ! 9AUGURAL WEEK ( ,PRESID5T ,TAFT4 ,S9CE IT WAS NOT A *UR* S]MON1 !RE IS NO S]MON TEXT1 BUT ,GRIMKE USES #a ,COR9?IANS #a#f4 #ac 1 0,WAT* YE1 /& FA/ 9 ! FAI?1 QUIT Y\ LIKE M51 BE /RONG10 9 ! SAME WAY A M9I/] W\LD USE A S]MON TEXT4 ,! ADDRESS %[S A SWEEP+ COMM& ( HI/ORY'S \TL9E & DETAILS1 MOV+ FROM PA/ TO PRES5T & FUTURE 9 ! SAME WAY AS ,G>NET'S ,DE/9Y PAMPHLET4 ,GRIMKE'S OV]ALL PURPOSE1 HE SAYS1 IS TO USE ! 9AUGURAL WEEK & ! REC5TLY CELEBRAT$ ,L9COLN C5T5NIAL TO REVIEW 0SOME ( ! QUE/IONS :I* GREW \T ( ! W>1 & :I* W]E SETTL$ BY IT0 7,WORKS #a3 #d#a#i74 ,TWO ( !SE1 ! UNION & SLAV]Y1 ,GRIMKE REVIEWS QUICKLY1 ) A TWICE-REPEAT$ TRIBUTE TO 0.<O.>UR BRAVE BOYS 9 BLUE0 :O SETTL$ !M =EV] 7#d#b#a2 COMP>E #d#b#c74 ,ON ! ?IRD QUE/ION1 EQUALITY1 ,GRIMKE /EPS BACK & QUOTES AT L5G? ,CONF$]ATE ,VICE ,PRESID5T ,ALEX&] ,/EPH5S'S SO-MAN2 ?AT SLAV]Y1 SUBORD9ATION TO ! SUP]IOR RACE1 IS HIS NATURAL & MORAL CONDITION0 7,GRIMKE #d#b#e1 QUOT+ ,/EPH5S74 ,/EPH5S'S IDEA1 ,GRIMKE SAYS1 IS 0EXACTLY ! ,S\!RN VIEW TODAY0 7#d#b#e74 ,?US ,GRIMKE PUTS ! PRES5T S\!RN PROGRAM 9TO ! CONTEXT ( PA/ HI/ORY & A WORLD /RUGGLE SPANN+ G5]ATIONS4 ,GRIMKE HAS N[ REA*$ ! PRES5T1 ONE ?IRD ( ! WAY ?R\< HIS ADDRESS4 ,HE NEXT SURVEYS 9 DETAIL ! S\!RN EF=T TO NULLIFY ! ,F\RTE5? & ,FIFTE5? ,AM5DM5TS )9 ! ,S\? &1 SO F> AS POSSIBLE1 ! RE/ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7#d#b#f-#c#a74 ,FROM ?IS SURVEY ( ! PRES5T 9 LI<T ( ! PA/1 HE TURNS TO ! FUTURE4 ,:E!R ! ,NOR? WILL 0ULTIMATELY1 COME TO ACCEPT ! ,S\!RN VIEW ( ! RACE QUE/ION0 OR WILL 0REJECT IT & 9SI/ UPON ! MA9T5ANCE ( \R RI<TS EV5 9 ! ,S\? ITSELF10 ,GRIMKE SAYS1 IS ! QUE/ION >\ND :I* 0! BATTLE 9 ! ,REPUBLIC IS TO BE WAG$ = YE>S TO COME0 7#d#c#a74 ,VICTORY1 HE =ECA/S1 IS 0ASSUR$0 7#d#c#d71 MA9LY BY OBJECTIVE POLITICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL TR5DS BUT ALSO BY ! RACE'S DET]M9ATION4 ,TURN+ TO HIS SCRIPTURE TEXT1 HE 9T]PRETS ITS F9AL WORDS1 0QUIT Y\ LIKE M51 BE /RONG10 AS MEAN+ 0?AT WE >E TO /& UP 9 A MANLY WAY = \R RI<TS10 TO 0CONT5D1 & CONT5D E>NE/LY1 = :AT BELONGS TO US .<444.> KEEP UP ! AGITATION0 7#d#c#g-#c#h74 0,A BETT] DAY IS COM+10 HE CONCLUDES1 0BUT WE HAVE GOT TO HELP TO BR+ IT AB\T4 ,IT ISN'T COM+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( \R EF=TS1 & IT ISN'T COM+ BY QUIETLY1 TIMIDLY1 C[>DLY ACQUIESC+ 9 \R WRONGS0 7#d#d74 

,BY RECALL+ ,/EPH5S'S 0CORN]/ONE0 SPEE*1 ,GRIMKE PRES5TS CURR5T ISSUES AS P>T ( A CONFLICT UNFOLD+ OV] HI/ORIC TIME1 FROM PA/ TO FUTURE1 & HE (F]S ASSURANCE ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS' PRES5T TRAVAILS >E P>T ( A MOVEM5T FROM 9JU/ICE TO JU/ICE ?AT WILL CONCLUDE 9 FUTURE TIME4 ,YET ! ADDRESS REVEALS ONLY P>T ( ,GRIMKE'S ?9K+ AB\T HI/ORICAL PATT]N4 ,HIS APPROA* TO HI/ORY 9 ?IS SPEE* IS MA9LY SECUL> & NONRELIGI\S2 BUT 9 ! TRADITION ,I HAVE BE5 ANALYZ+1 HI/ORICAL PATT]N IS NOT MA9LY A MATT] ( CAUSE & EFFECT OR EVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 BUT IS DET]M9$ BY ,GOD'S PURPOSES4 ,?IS ASPECT ( HI/ORY IS ! MA9 TOPIC 9 ,GRIMKE'S S]MON COMMEMORAT+ ! SEMIC5T5>Y ( ,JOHN ,BR[N'S EXECUTION1 DELIV]$ LAT] 9 ! SAME YE> 7,DEC4 #e1 #a#i#i74 ,LIKE ! 9AUGURATION WEEK ADDRESS1 ?IS S]MON MOVES FROM PA/ TO PRES5T & FUTURE1 ?R\< SECTIONS ON ,BR[N'S LIFE & ACCOMPLI%M5TS1 !IR LESSONS = CONDUCT TODAY1 & HIS M>TYRDOM'S PROMISE = ! FUTURE4 ,GRIMKE BEG9S BY SPEAK+ ( M>TYRS' WILL+NESS 0TO DIE = A PR9CIPLE0 7#a#b#b71 CIT+ ! EXAMPLES ( ,PAUL1 ,M>T9 ,LU!R1 ! ABOLITIONI/S 9 G5]AL1 & ,BR[N HIMSELF4 ,GRIMKE ASS]TS =CEFULLY & AT L5G? ?AT ,BR[N'S SACRIFICE WAS NOT 9 VA93 0,IT WAS AT ,H>P]S ,F]RY ?AT ! 'TRUMPET ?AT NEV] CALLS RETREAT1' WAS S\ND$ =? AS IT HAD NOT BE5 HE>D BE=E 9 ?IS L&0 7#a#c#e1 P>APHRAS+ 0,! ,BATTLE ,HYMN ( ! ,REPUBLIC074 ,GRIMKE !N MOVES TO ! PRES5T1 SUMM>IZ+ ! LESSONS ( ,BR[N'S LIFE = ! RACE'S CONDUCT4 0,WE NE$10 HE SAYS1 0TO BE DOM9AT$ BY A GREAT PURPOSE1 AS ,JOHN ,BR[N WAS4 .<444.> ,WE NE$ ! SPIRIT ( SELF-SACRIFICE ?AT ,JOHN ,BR[N POSSESS$0 &1 SIMIL>LY1 HIS 0SUBLIME C\RAGE10 HIS 0TIRELESS1 SLEEPLESS 5]GY10 HIS 0PASSION = WORK10 & HIS 0FAI? 9 ,GOD1 9 ! OLD BOOK ( ,GOD0 7#a#c#f1 #a#c#g1 #a#c#h1 #a#c#i74 ,MOV+ TO ! FUTURE1 ,GRIMKE PROMISES1 0.<,W.>I? FAI? 9 ,GOD1 & FAI? 9 \RSELVES1 & ! PURPOSE TO DO RI<T1 WE CANNOT FAIL0 7#a#d74 ,! S]MON'S REM>KABLE CLOS+ SECTION1 P>T ( :I* ,I ALREADY QUOT$ AT ! HEAD ( ?IS >TICLE1 FOCUSES ON ,GOD'S PROVID5CE 9 HI/ORY1 9 A P[]FUL VISION (F]$ ) PROPHETIC ASSURANCE 9 ,BR[N'S IMAG9$ VOICE3  
  

.<0.>,\T ( ! D>KNESS1 & SEEM+ TRIUMPH ( ! =CES ( OPPRESSION & 9JU/ICE 9 #ahei :5 ,I WAS EXECUT$1 !RE CAME ! ,EMANCIPATION ,PROCLAMATION1 & ! GREAT ,AM5DM5TS TO ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,BE ASSUR$ ( ONE ?+1 ,GOD DID NOT /RIKE ! %ACKLES FROM Y\R LIMBS1 & LIFT Y\ TO ! PLACE ( ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5%IP1 ?AT HE MI<T DES]T Y\ & LEAVE Y\ 9 ! H&S ( Y\R 5EMIES4 .<444.> ,HE IT WAS :O /IRR$ ! ,ANTI-SLAV]Y LEAD]S TO ACTION1 & BR\<T ON ! W>1 & 9SPIR$ ! M5 9 ,CONGRESS1 M5 LIKE ,SUMN]1 & ,/EPH5S1 & ,WADE1--& ?AT MOV$ UPON ! HE>T ( ,L9COLN HIMSELF4 .<444.> ,9 SPITE ( DISC\RAGEM5TS2 9 SPITE ( ! GA!R+ GLOOM1 ,GOD IS LEAD+ Y\ ON40 .<444.> ,?AT IS :AT ,JOHN ,BR[N W\LD SAY TO US TODAY1 ,I BELIEVE1 IF HE W]E P]MITT$ TO SPEAK TO US4 ,\RS IS NOT A HOPELESS FI<T1 BUT ONE ?AT IS SURE TO EV5TUATE 9 VICTORY4 7#a#d-#d#a7  
  

,! 9AUGURAL WEEK ADDRESS & ?IS S]MON TOGE!R PRES5T ! FULL SWEEP ( ,GRIMKE'S PROPHETIC READ+ ( HI/ORY4 ,?\< ! TWO DOVETAIL1 ! S]MON /&S ON A HI<] PLANE4 ,)\T ! 9AUGURAL DISC\RSE'S DETAIL$ PRES5TATION ( HI/ORICAL =CES FROM #ahfa TO ! PRES5T & 9TO ! FUTURE--MO/ PROBABLY HE>D BY MANY ( ,GRIMKE'S ,DECEMB] #aii AUDI5CE ON PRES5TATION 9 ,M>*--! ,BR[N S]MON W\LD BE LESS RI* BUT W\LD PRES]VE ITS ESS5TIAL VIEW ( HI/ORY2 )\T ! ,BR[N S]MON1 ! 9AUGURAL WEEK SPEE* IS 9COMPLETE1 LACK+ ! DIM5SION ( PROVID5TIAL PURPOSE ?AT ,GRIMKE BELIEVES GIVES HI/ORY ITS COH]5CE4 

,PROPHECY & ! ,A*IEVEM5T ( ,JU/ICE 

  

,PROPHECY DEALS ESS5TIALLY ) JU/ICE--NOT CON/ITUTIONAL OR PROC$URAL JU/ICE1 BUT ULTIMATE1 SUB/ANTIVE JU/ICE = EV]YONE4 ,?IS ?READ 9 PROPHECY RUNS FROM ,MICAH'S 0,BUT !Y %ALL SIT EV]Y MAN UND] HIS V9E & UND] HIS FIG TREE2 & NONE %ALL MAKE !M AFRAID0 7#d4#d7 ?R\< ,ISAIAH'S 0,?US SAI? ?Y ,LORD ! ,LORD1 & !Y ,GOD ?AT PLEADE? ! CAUSE ( HIS PEOPLE1 ,BEHOLD1 ,I HAVE TAK5 \T ( ?9E H& ! CUP ( TREMBL+1 EV5 ! DREGS ( ! CUP ( MY FURY2 ?\ %ALT NO MORE DR9K IT AGA90 7#e#a4#b#b7 TO ! GREAT PROMISE ( ,REVELATION1 0,& ,GOD %ALL WIPE AWAY ALL TE>S FROM !IR EYES0 7#b#a4#d74 ,9 HIS WOND]FUL BOOK ,! ,PROPHETS1 ,ABRAHAM ,J4 ,HES*EL COMM5TS ON ,ISAIAH'S WORDS1 0! ,LORD ( HO/S %ALL BE EXALT$ 9 JU/ICE0 7#e4#a#f74 ,HES*EL >GUES1 0,?IS IS A /AGG]+ ASS]TION4 ,:Y %\LD ,HIS JU/ICE BE ! SUPREME MANIFE/ATION ( ,GOD8 ,IS NOT WISDOM OR OMNIPOT5CE A MODE ( MANIFE/ATION MORE MAGNIFIC5T & MORE 9DICATIVE ( :AT WE ASSOCIATE ) ! DIV9E8 .<444.> .<,& YET.> ,HI/ORY1 :AT HAPP5S H]E & N[1 IS ! DECISIVE /AGE = ,GOD'S MANIFE/ATION4 ,HIS GLORI\S DISCLOSURE IS NOT 9 A DISPLAY ( MIRACLES1 EVOK+ FASC9ATION1 BUT 9 E/ABLI%+ RI<TE\SNESS40.<#a#d.> ,?IS CORE PROMISE ( JU/ICE1 NO LESS P>T ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ?AN ( BIBLICAL PROPHECY1 IS VISIBLE 9 MANY ,GRIMKE ADDRESSES4 ,I'LL REF] TO TWO4 ,! FIR/1 A ,?ANKSGIV+ S]MON = #a#i#a#h1 MAKES A R>E REF]5CE TO APOCALYPTIC R$EMPTION AT ! 5D ( ! PRES5T WORLD3  
  

,!RE IS GO+ TO BE A NEW E>?4 ,OLD ?+S >E GO+ TO PASS AWAY4 .<444.> ,! CLOSE ( ?IS BLOODY W> IS ! BEG9N+1 ,I BELIEVE1 ( ! REALIZATION ( ?IS VISION ( BETT] ?+S .<444.> :I* ! PROPHETS ( OLD =ESAW1 & :I* ,I BELIEVE SOME DAY IS GO+ TO BE REALIZ$ 9 ! ACTUAL LIFE ( ! WORLD4 7,WORKS #a3 #e#g#e-#g#f1 P>APHRAS+ ,ISA4 #f#e4#a#g1 ,REV4 #b#a4#a1 & SIMIL> TEXTS7  
  

,MORE FREQU5TLY ,GRIMKE'S DISCUSSION FOCUSES ON ! LONG ROAD FROM PA/ TO PRES5T & FUTURE4 ,9 BIBLICAL T]MS IT REF]S TO ! EXAMPLE ( ,EXODUS & ! ,W&]+S RA!R ?AN ! APOCALYPTIC 5D ( TIME1 & ?IS /RESS ON A*IEV+ JU/ICE OV] C5TURIES1 *>ACT]I/IC ( PROPHECY AS CONCEIV$ 9 ! BIBLE'S FIR/ BOOKS1 IS A MAJOR !ME 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHECY4 ,?IS FOCUS APPE>S 9 ,GRIMKE'S ,?ANKSGIV+ ADDRESS = ! NEXT YE>1 #a#i#a#i1 ON ! TEXT 0,OH1 GIVE ?ANKS UNTO ! ,LORD1 CALL UPON ,HIS NAME2 MAKE KN[N AMONG ! PEOPLES ,HIS DO+S0 7,PSS4 #a#e4#a1 ,REVIS$ ,V]SION2 ,WORKS #a3 #f74 ,9 KEEP+ ) ITS OCCASION ! S]MON IS =MALLY A REVIEW ( ! PA/ YE>1 BUT 9 FACT IT FOCUSES ON :AT ,GRIMKE SEES AS NEW HOPES4 ,AMONG PA/ EV5TS1 ,GRIMKE QUICKLY COV]S ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ! RELATIVELY L[ LEVEL ( ,U4,S4 CASUALTIES1 ! *ECK HE FEELS ! W> GAVE ,G]MAN MILIT>ISM1 ETC4 7#f-#a74 ,HE !N ASKS :AT GR\NDS = ?ANKS EXI/ = 0COLOR$ ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S10 :O >E 0CITIZ5S1 & YET NOT CITIZ5S0 7#f#b74 ,! FIR/ GR\ND HE F9DS IS 0A GR[+ S5SE1 )9 ! RACE1 ?AT IT HAS RI<TS UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION1 & ( ! VALUE & IMPORTANCE ( ?OSE RI<TS0 7#f#b74 ,GRIMKE APPLAUDS :AT HE FEELS IS A NEW MASS AW>5ESS ( RI<TS & A DY+ \T ( 0! TIME-S]V+ TYPE ( LEAD]S0 7#f#d74 ,A FUR!R GR\ND IS ! PREVAL5CE ( >M$ SELF-DEF5SE 9 RESPONSE TO ! :ITE RACE RIOTS ( SUMM] #a#i#a#i3 ! ,NEGRO HAS COME 0TO ! REALIZATION ( ! FACT1 ?AT !RE IS SU* A ?+ AS SELFPROTECTION.<4444.> ,IT IS NOT HIS PURPOSE TO BECOME ! AGGRESSOR2 BUT :5 HE IS ASSAULT$ .<444.> HE IS GO+ TO DO :AT HE CAN TO PROTECT HIMSELF & HIS FAMILY1 EV5 ?\< HE MAY LOSE HIS [N LIFE 9 SO DO+0 7#f#g74 ,GRIMKE QUOTES 9 FULL ,CLAUDE ,MC,KAY'S SONNET 0,IF ,WE ,MU/ ,DIE10 REC5TLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,LIB]ATOR1 & PAYS HOMAGE TO A LETT] BY 0A COLOR$ WOMAN ( ! ,S\?0 ON ! ,WA%+TON RIOT ( ,JULY #a#i-#b#b1 #a#i#a#i3 0,I WAS ALONE10 ! WOMAN WROTE1 AS QUOT$ BY ,GRIMKE1 0:5 ,I READ BETWE5 ! L9ES ( ! MORN+ PAP] ?AT AT LA/ \R M5 HAD /OOD LIKE M51 /RUCK BACK1 W]E NO LONG] DUMB1 DRIV5 CATTLE4 ,:5 ,I C\LD NO LONG] READ = MY /REAM+ TE>S1 ,I /OOD UP1 ALONE 9 MY ROOM1 HELD BO? H&S HI< OV] MY HEAD & EXCLAIM$ AL\D1 ',OH1 ,I ?ANK ,GOD1 ?ANK ,GOD6'0 7#f#h7 

,9 ! ?IRD & LONGE/ SECTION ( HIS REVIEW1 ,GRIMKE PAYS TRIBUTE TO A RESOLUTION ON RACE TOL]ANCE ISSU$ AFT] ! SUMM]'S RIOTS BY ! F$]AL C\NCIL REPRES5T+ MO/ ,U4,S4 ,PROTE/ANT *UR*ES4 ,GRIMKE SEES 9 ?IS /ATEM5T A POSSIBLE %IFT FROM !SE *UR*'S PA/ 9ACTION1 A 0GR\ND ( REJOIC+ & ?ANKSGIV+ = ALL1 :ITE AS WELL AS BLACK0 IF--HE KEEPS REPEAT+ ?IS WORD--! *UR* N[ TAKES C>E 0?AT IT TURNS A DEAF E> TO EV]Y O!R VOICE EXCEPT ! VOICE ( ,GOD0 7#f#a#e-#a#f74 

,EA* ( ,GRIMKE'S REASONS = ?ANKSGIV+1 ?\< REF]R+ TO EV5TS ( ! PA/ YE>1 LOOKS =W>D TO A HOP$-= FUTURE 9 :I* ?OSE TR5DS BECOME DOM9ANT4 ,HIS CLOS+ WORDS1 :I* RESOLVE TO S]VE ,GOD 09 ! FUTURE AS 9 ! PA/10 CONTA9 A K9D ( SUMMATION ( ,GRIMKE'S CONCEPTION ( ,*RI/IANITY4 0,:ATEV] O!R RACES MAY DO1 OR O!R 9DIVIDUALS MAY DO1 LET US MAKE UP \R M9DS ?AT WE WILL S]VE ! ,LORD0--,GRIMKE IS E*O+ ,JO%UA'S 0,BUT AS = ME & MY H\SE1 WE WILL S]VE ! ,LORD0 7,JO%4 #b#d4#a#e7--0& ?AT WE WILL TRA9 \R *ILDR5 TO DO ! SAME4 ,L9K$ ) ,GOD2 YIELD+ \RSELVES 9 LOV+ OB$I5CE TO ,GOD1 ! GATE ( HELL1 ALL ! P[]S ( D>KNESS1 9 HI< PLACES AS WELL AS L[ PLACES1 WILL NOT BE ABLE TO PREVAIL AGA9/ US2 WE WILL /ILL BE PRESS+ ON ! UPW>D WAY0 7#f#a#h74 ,TO 0S]VE ,GOD10 !N1 IS TO PRESS 0ON ! UPW>D WAY0 AS A RACE1 & :5 ! RACE CONT9UES TO S]VE ,GOD 9 ?IS WAY1 09 ! FUTURE AS 9 ! PA/10 ! 0GATE ( HELL0 WILL YIELD4 

,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ,PROPHECY & ! ,/RUGGLE = ,JU/ICE 

  

,GRIMKE1 AS WELL AS A GIANT FIGURE 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN RELIGI\S HI/ORY1 IS AN ATTRACTIVE ONE4 ,!RE IS A GR&NESS 9 ! MAN ( SIXTY-N9E /ILL SPEAK+ HIS TRU? 9 0! FUNCTION ( A PROPHET10 MORE UNB5D+ ?AN EV] YET APPLAUD+ ! NEW G5]ATION & ITS FIRE4 ,BUT HIS IS NOT ! REMOTE GR&NESS ( A ,J]EMIAH BUT RA!R ! 9TIMATE GR&NESS ( ,EZEKIEL1 PROVID+ C>E & HOPE4 ,) HIS QUIET CAUTION+ AGA9/ 0DESPOND5CY0 & HIS CONC]N = H[ 0WE WILL TRA9 \R *ILDR510 ,GRIMKE1 AS S*OL> ,JOSEPH ,BL5K9SOPP SAYS ( ,EZEKIEL1 0EXEMPLIFIES PROPHECY AS A =M ( PA/ORAL M9I/RY & COMMUNITY LEAD]%IP40 ,GRIMKE CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO AN ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHETIC TRADITION1 EPITOMIZ+ ! PROPHET'S TRU/ 9 ,GOD'S GUID+ H& 9 HI/ORY & ! PROPHETIC GRASP ( PA/1 PRES5T1 & ANTICIPAT$ FUTURE2 &1 ) HIS *ALL5GE TO ! NATION TO CORRECT ITS PA?1 ,GRIMKE ADDS TO ! 0TURN+0 EMPHASIS )9 ?IS TRADITION--AGA9 A PO9T ( CONTACT ) ,EZEKIEL1 = ! 0TURN+0 IDEA IS 0ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( ,EZEKIEL'S TEA*+40 .<#a#e.> 

,ASIDE FROM HIS P]SONAL QUALITIES ,GRIMKE IS AN EXAMPLE ( SOME BASIC PO9TS ?AT CAN BE LE>N$ FROM A /UDY ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHECY4 ,HE %[S1 AS ,I /RESS$ 9 ! BEG9N+1 ?AT ! WIDESPREAD ID5TIFICATION ( ,BLACK ,NATIONALISM AS ! MO/ MILITANT ?READ )9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ?\<T IS OV]SIMPLE1 = ,GRIMKE ALWAYS BELIEV$ 9 BO? A ,U4,S4 & AN 9TEGRATIONI/ FUTURE = ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 YET /OOD = CONT9U$1 UNCOMPROMIS+ 0AGITATION0 &1 :5 APPROPRIATE1 >M$ SELF-DEF5SE4 ,FUR!R1 ,GRIMKE %[S ?AT !SE 0,AM]ICANI/0 & 9TEGRATIONI/ IDEAS DID NOT ORIG9ATE 9 A NAIVE FAI? 9 ,U4,S4 9/ITUTIONS OR AN ABJECT PRO/RATION BE=E MAJORITY P[]--,GRIMKE C\LD UNHESITAT+LY SPEAK ( ! ,U4,S4 AS 0ONE ( ! MO/ DESPICABLE C\NTRIES 9 ?IS WORLD0 & C\LD W>N :ITES ?AT !Y RISK BE+ CA/ 0AS RUBBI% TO ! VOID0 70,JOHN ,BR[N10 0,FIFTY ,YE>S ( ,FRE$OM10 QUOT$ E>LI]74 ,RA!R1 !SE IDEAS /EMM$ FROM A COH]5T BIBLICAL PROPHECY TRADITION1 ! 0TURN+0 TRADITION ,I SPOKE ( E>LI]4 ,TO SAY ?IS TRADITION IS 0COH]5T0 DOES NOT MEAN IT IS RI<T1 BUT ,I BELIEVE IT & ITS EMBRACE BY ! MAJORITY ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS >E WOR?Y ( RESPECTFUL CONSID]ATION4 ,F9ALLY1 ,GRIMKE %[S ?AT ! ASSUMPTION ?AT RELIGION NECESS>ILY ACTS AS AN 0OPIATE0 & A DAMP] ON /RUGGLE IS WRONG4 ,= ,GRIMKE & O!RS BE=E & AFT] HIM ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T & ,GOSPEL ASSURANCES ( ,GOD'S GUIDANCE ( HI/ORY & HIS C>E = ! D[NTRODD51 :AT VON ,RAD CALLS ! 0SAV+ HI/ORY0 ( ,ISRAEL1 ACT$ AS A SPUR TO EF=TS = JU/ICE &--C]TA9LY--AN ANTIDOTE TO 0DESPOND5CY0 9 ! LONG DECADES :5 VICTORIES W]E FEW4 

,A LITTLE MORE BROADLY1 /UDY ( ,GRIMKE & O!R MAJOR FIGURES 9 N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHECY SU* AS ,ALL51 ,G>NET1 ,CRUMMELL1 & ,A4,M4,E4 ,BI%OP ,REV]DY ,C4 ,RANSOM %[S ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PROPHECY 7& ! OV]ALL ,*RI/IANITY :I* IT WAS P>T (7 WAS A L>GELY NEW ELEM5T 9 ,*RI/IANITY1 CON/RUCT$ BY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS A SOME:AT P>ADOXICAL /ATEM5T4 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ,*RI/IANS %>$ ! DOCTR9AL !OLOGY ( ! :ITE D5OM9ATIONS !Y HAD DIVID$ FROM4 ,9DE$1 9 A REVIEW ( *UR* HI/ORY1 ,RANSOM REM>K$1 0,?IS .<,A4,M4,E4.> *UR* PRES5TS NO?+ ?AT IS NEW & ORIG9AL AS A CONTRIBUTION TO RELIGI\S FAI?4 ,:5 IT )DREW FROM ! ,ME?ODI/ ,*UR*1 IT TOOK ! DOCTR9E & POLITY ( ?AT *UR* ALONG ) IT & HAS ADD$ NO?+ TO IT 9 ! LA/ #af YE>S40.<#a#f.> ,NOR WAS CONDEMNATION ( SLAV]Y 9 BIBLICAL T]MS ORIG9AL ) ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS2 ,QUAK]S HAD D5\NC$ SLAV]Y 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY AS DID ! ,AM]ICAN ,ME?ODI/S & ,BAPTI/S FROM :OM ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS LE>N$ !IR ,*RI/IANITY1 ?\< !SE *UR*ES LAT] RETREAT$ ON ! ISSUE4 ,NONE!LESS ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS TOOK ! ,*RI/IAN PROMISEAS APPLY+ DIRECTLY TO !M & MADE ! CONCEPTION ( A RACE-FREE CULTURE C5TRAL TO !IR UND]/&+ ( ,*RI/IANITY 9 A WAY ?AT FEW :ITES DID1 EXCEPT ( C\RSE ?OSE :O D$ICAT$ !IR LIVES TO ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RACE OPPRESSION4 ,TEXTS SU* AS ,PAUL'S 0( ONE BLOOD0 & 0NEI!R ,JEW NOR ,GREEK10 USES ( 0TYPOLOGY0 SU* AS ! EQUATION ( BIBLICAL ,ISRAEL ) ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 & CAT*-PHRASES LIKE 0,GOD ( ! OPPRESS$0 W]E C5TRAL TO ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN AS COMP>$ TO :ITE ,PROTE/ANTISM4 ,FUR!R1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS DID NOT CON/RUCT ?IS TRADITION IS A VACUUM BUT 9 ! FACE ( COMPET+ TRADITIONS DOM9ANT AT ! TIME--EMBODI$ 9 SU* TEXTS AS ,PAUL'S 0,S]VANTS1 BE OB$I5T10 DISCUSS$ E>LI]4 ,PROBABLY MO/ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS :O W]E FAMILI> ) BIBLE TEXTS AT ALL KNEW ( !SE & SIMIL> CONCEPTIONS2 SO 9 CON/RUCT+ !IR V]SION ( ,*RI/IANITY !Y W]E NOT READ+ NAIVELY1 BUT W]E ADD+ TO & REVIS+ A !OLOGICAL TRADITION BY SELECTIVELY 9T]PRET+ ! WORDS ( ! GREAT PR$ECESSORS1 AS !OLOGICAL ?9K]S HAVE ALWAYS DONE4 

,OV] TIME & 9 ! FACE ( PRO-SLAV]Y ,*RI/IAN ?\<T1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS CON/RUCT$ A !OLOGICAL TRADITION4 ,ITS PROPHECY COMPON5T1 LIKE ITS BASIC S5SE ( ,GOD & HUMANITY1 PROVID$ NEW MEAN+ = C5TRAL IDEAS4 ,IT /RESS$ ?AT ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T & ,GOSPEL MESSAGES >E ( FRE$OM ON E>? AS WELL AS 9 HEAV52 ?AT ! COV5ANT ) OPPRESS$ ,ISRAEL CONT9UES ) O!R OPPRESS$ PEOPLES2 ?AT M9I/]S HAVE A FUNCTION AK9 TO ?AT ( ! PROPHETS TO MAKE CLE> ! NATION'S S9 & ! PROVID5CES ?AT OPPOSE IT2 ?AT !SE PROVID5CES MU/ LEAD TO A NEW ,EXODUS EV5T &_/OR A NEW 9H]ITANCE ( A R$EEM$ L&4 ,!SE CONCEPTIONS1 CREAT$ L>GELY BY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 W]E !N H&$ ON & BECAME A TRADITION3 ,!RE IS A L9E CONNECT+ ,ALL5'S 0,GOD HIMSELF WAS ! FIR/ PLEAD] ( ! CAUSE ( SLAVES0 TO ,GRIMKE'S 0,GOD W\LD NEV] HAVE BR\<T Y\ ?US F> UNLESS HE MEANT TO /& BY Y\0 & !N TO ,JAMES ,CONE'S 0,GOD IS ! ,GOD ( & = ?OSE :O LABOR & >E OV] LAD540.<#a#g.> 

,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS' ,*RI/IANITY WAS NOT1 !N1 MA9LY A DOCTR9E IMBIB$ FROM ! H& ( WELL MEAN+ BUT CONS]VATIVE :ITES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT WAS ONE ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS CON/RUCT$ = !MSELVES BY GLEAN+ FROM ! BIBLE ! S5SE ( ,GOD1 ,GOD'S ROLE 9 HI/ORY1 & ,GOD'S RELATION TO ! COV5ANT$ PEOPLE ?AT MADE MO/ S5SE TO !M 7AS WELL AS FUS+ ) ?IS DOCTR9E CONT9U+ ,AFRICAN SPIRITUAL CONCEPTIONS & PRACTICES1 AN ASPECT ( ! ADAPTIVE PROCESS ?AT ,I HAV5'T HAD SPACE TO DISCUSS74 ,9 ! PROCESS !Y CREAT$ A L>GELY NEW UND]/&+ ( ,*RI/IANITY & US$ ,OLD ,TE/AM5T PROPHECY CONCEPTIONS AS A SC\RGE AGA9/ ! NATION'S CRIMES & A PROMISE ( FUTURE JU/ICE1 9 A WAY CONSI/5T ) ! PROPHETS' EXAMPLE YET SUIT$ TO ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,FRANCIS ,GRIMKE1 ! SUBJECT ( ?IS >TICLE1 BO? DREW ON & CONTRIBUT$ TO !SE CONCEPTIONS4 

.<#a.> ,JAMES ,BALDW91 ,! ,FIRE ,NEXT ,TIME 7#a#i#f#c2 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,9T]NATIONAL1 #a#i#i#c71 #c#i4 

.<#b.> ,AT LEA/ F\RTE5 WRIT]S ?AT ,I AM FAMILI> )1 FROM ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS TO ,PAUL9E ,E4 ,HOPK9S1 CITE ,ACTS #a#g4#b#f PROM95TLY1 9 SOME CASES AS ! SUBJECT ( 5TIRE >TICLES4 ,GALATIANS #c4#b#h IS US$ BY 1 AMONG O!RS1 ,A4,M4,E4 ,BI%OP ,REV]DY ,C4 ,RANSOM AS ! EPIGRAPH ( HIS #aice BOOK ,! ,NEGRO3 ,! ,HOPE OR ! ,DESPAIR ( ,*RI/IANITY4 

.<#c.> ,RABOTEAU1 ,SLAVE ,RELIGION3 ,! 0,9VISIBLE ,9/ITUTION0 9 ! ,ANTEBELLUM ,S\? 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,U,P1 #a#i#h71 #b#i1 #c#a#h2 ,CONE1 ,A ,BLACK ,!OLOGY ( ,LIB]ATION 7#a#i#g2 REVIS$ $41 ,M>YKNOLL1 ,N,Y3 ,ORBIS1 #b#b71 #a1 P>APHRAS+ ,MATT4 #a#a4#b#h4 

.<#d.> 0,LETT] FROM ,BI%OP ,ALL510 ,FRE$OM'S ,J\RNAL #a4#c#d 7,NOV4 #b1 #a#h#b#g73 #a#c#d2 ,NA?ANIEL ,PAUL1 ,REPLY TO ,MR4 ,JOSEPH ,PHILLIPS' ,9QUIRY1 ,RESPECT+ 0,! ,LI<T 9 ,:I* ! ,OP]ATIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,COLONIZATION ,SOCIETY ,>E VIEW$ BY ! ,FREE ,PEOPLE ( ,COLOR 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0 7,LONDON3 ,N4P41 #a#h#c#b71 #e2 ,J4 ,W4 ,C4 ,P5N+TON1 0,! ,DE/9Y ( ! ,COLOR$ ,RACE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 ,*RI/IAN ,RECORD] ,JULY #a1 #a#h#e#b1 REPR9T$ 9 ,DANIEL ,ALEX&] ,PAYNE1 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,AFRICAN ,ME?ODI/ ,EPISCOPAL ,*UR* 7,NA%VILLE3 ,PUBLI%+ ,H\SE ( ! ,A4 ,M4 ,E4 ,SUNDAY ,S*OOL ,UNION1 #a#h#i#a71 #b#i#i-#c4 

.<#e.> ,GILB]T ,AN?ONY ,WILLIAMS1 ,! ,*RI/IAN ,RECORD]1 ,NEWSPAP] ( ! ,AFRICAN ,ME?ODI/ ,EPISCOPAL ,*UR*3 ,HI/ORY ( A ,=UM = ,IDEAS1 #a#h#e#d-#a#i#b 7,JEFF]SON1 ,N,C3 ,MC,F>L&1#a#i#i#f71 #a1 P>APHRAS+ ,*RI/IAN ,RECORD] $ITOR ,B5JAM9 ,LEE4 

.<#f.> ,RESPECT ,BLACK3 ,! ,WRIT+S & ,SPEE*ES ( ,H5RY ,MC,NEAL ,TURN] 7$4 ,$W9 ,S4 ,R$KEY2 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,>NO-,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 #a#i#g#a71 #e#f4 

.<#g.> ,BLYD51 ,LIB]IA'S ,(F]+3 ,BE+ ,ADDRESSES1 ,S]MONS1 ,ETC4 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,GRAY1 #a#h#f#b71 #h#c2 ,TURN]1 0,ESSAY3 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,NEGRO & ! ,FA!RL&40 ,AFRICA & ! ,AM]ICAN ,NEGRO3 ,ADDRESSES & ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,CONGRESS ON ,AFRICA .<444.> ,DECEMB] #a#c-#a#e1 #ahie 7$4 ,J4,W4,E4 ,B[52 ,ATLANTA3 ,GAMMON ,!OLOGICAL ,SEM9>Y1 #a#h#i#f71 #a#i#g4 

.<#h.> ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS1 ,ADDRESS BY ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS1 ,DELIV]$ 9 ! ,CONGREGATIONAL ,*UR*1 ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C41 ,APRIL #a#f1 #a#h#h#c1 ON ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,ANNIV]S>Y ( ,EMANCIPATION 9 ! ,DI/RICT ( ,COLUMBIA 7,WA%+TON3 ,N4P41 #a#h#h#c71 #a#d1 #g4 

.<#i.> ,ELLISON1 ,9VISIBLE ,MAN 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE1 #a#i#h#i71 #e#h4 

.<#a.> ,GRIMKE1 ,WORKS1 $4 ,C>T] ,G4 ,WOODSON 7#d VOLS41,WA%+TON3 ,ASSOCIAT$1 #a#i#d#b71 #a3 #e#d#f-#d#g 7ADDRESS ON ! SEV5TY-FIF? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,FIFTE5? ,/REET *UR*1 #a#i#a#f72 ,WOODSON1 ,9TRODUCTION TO ,WORKS1 #a3 XXI-XXII4 ,GRIMKE WORKS QUOT$ 9 MY TEXT >E CIT$ FROM ?IS $ITION4 ,GRIMKE'S FAMILY CONNECTIONS W]E A GALAXY ( ANTISLAV]Y & CIVIL RI<TS LUM9>IES1 9CLUD+ HIS :ITE FA!R'S COLLAT]AL RELATIVES1 ! ABOLITIONI/ SI/]S ,S>AH ,GRIMKE & ,ANGEL9A ,GRIMKE ,WELD2 HIS WIFE1 ,*>LOTTE ,=T5 ( ! ABOLITIONI/ ,=T5 FAMILY2 HIS BRO!R ,>*IBALD ,GRIMKE 7#a#h#d#i-#a#i#c71 ,N,A,A,C,P BO>D MEMB]2 & HIS NIECE ! POET ,ANGEL9A ,GRIMKE4 

.<#a#a.> ,GRIMKE IS ALLUD+ TO AN 9CID5T DRAMATICALLY RECALL$ 9 ,H>RIET ,BEE*] ,/[E'S >TICLE ON ,SOJ\RN] ,TRU?1 H] REPORT$ 9T]V5TION AS ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS WAS LECTUR+ ON ! NE$ = SLAVE 9SURRECTION & >M$ /RUGGLE1 TO ASK 9 A 0DEEP1 PECULI> VOICE1 HE>D ALL OV] ! H\SE10 0,FR$]ICK1 IS ,GOD DEAD80 ,! >TICLE1 0,SOJ\RN] ,TRU?1 ,! ,LIBYAN ,SIBYL10 APPE>$ 9 ! ,ATLANTIC ,MON?LY 9 #ahfc & IS REPR9T$ 9 ,! ,N>RATIVE ( ,SOJ\RN] ,TRU? 7$4 ,NELL ,IRV9 ,PA9T]1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,P5GU91 #a#i#i#h71 #a#a#d4 

.<#a#b.> ,H4 ,LEON ,PRA!R1 0,WE ,HAVE ,TAK5 A ,CITY3 ,A ,C5T5NIAL ,ESSAY40 ,DEMOCRACY ,BETRAY$3 ,! ,:ITE ,RACE ,RIOT ( #ahih & ,ITS ,LEGACY1 $4 ,DAVID ,S4 ,CECELSKI1 ,TIMO?Y ,B4 ,TYSON 7,*APEL ,HILL3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h71 #a#e4 

.<#a#c.> ,G]H>D VON ,RAD1 ,OLD ,TE/AM5T ,!OLOGY VOL4 #a1 ,! ,!OLOGY ( ,ISRAEL'S ,HI/ORICAL ,TRADITIONS1 TRANS4 ,D4,M4,G4 ,/ALK] 7#a#i#f#b2 REPR9T$ ,L\ISVILLE3 ,WE/M9/] ,JOHN ,KNOX ,PRESS1#b#a71 #a#c#d4 

.<#a#d.> ,ABRAHAM ,J4 ,HES*EL1 ,! ,PROPHETS 7#a#i#f#b2 REPR9T$ ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P],COLL9S1 #b#a71 #b#g#b-#g#c4 

.<#a#e.> ,JOSEPH ,BL5K9SOPP1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,PROPHECY 9 ,ISRAEL 7REVIS$ $ITION ,L\ISVILLE3 ,WE/M9/] ,JOHN ,KNOX1 #a#i#i#f71 #a#h1 #a#g#c4 

.<#a#f.> ,MAK+ ! ,GOSPEL ,PLA93 ,! ,WRIT+S ( ,BI%OP ,REV]DY ,C4 ,RANSOM 7$4 ,AN?ONY ,B4 ,P9N2 ,H>RISBURG3 ,TR9ITY ,PRESS ,9T]NATIONAL1 #a#i#i#i71 #agi 7WRITT5 9 #a#i#e#a74 

.<#a#g.> ,ALL51 ,! ,LIFE1 ,EXP]I5CE1 & ,GOSPEL ,LABORS ( ! ,RT4 ,REV4 ,RI*>D ,ALL5 7,PHILADELPHIA3 ,M>T9 @& ,BOD51 #a#h#c#c71 #dg 7ELECTRONIC $ITION3 ,DOCUM5T+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\?1 DOCS\?4UNC4$U72 ,GRIMKE & ,CONE1 QUOT$ ABOVE4 

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