,FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag TO ,/AL9I/ ,TOTALIT>IANISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL EV5T ( ! #b? C5TURY1 & = SOME HI/ORIANS IT IS EV5 ACC\NT$ AS ONE ( ! GREAT EV5TS ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,ITS 9FLU5CE ON 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES & WORD HI/ORY FROM #aiag TO #aiia IS 9DISPUTABLE4 

,TROTSKY1 9 ! PREFACE ( HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 CLAIM$ ?AT 0.<T.>HE MO/ 9DUBITABLE FEATURE ( A REVOLUTION IS ! DIRECT 9T]F]5CE ( ! MASSES 9 HI/ORICAL EV5TS0 & ! ACCEL]ATION1 OV] BRIEF P]IODS ( TIME1 ( ! PACE ( ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL *ANGE1 9 ADDITION TO ! EM]G5CE ( RADICALLY OPPOS$ POLITICAL POLES1 & ! %IFT ( ! SOCIAL SUPPORT ( ! MASSES T[>DS P>TIES ( AN 9CREAS+LY EXTREMI/ TYPE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MU/ NOT BE UND]/OOD AS A M]E C\P D'ETAT1 R$UC$ TO ! /ORM+ ( ! ,W9T] ,PALACE1 BUT AS A HI/ORICAL PROCESS ?AT BEGAN ) ,BLOODY ,SUNDAY & ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( #a#i#e1 & UND]W5T AN UN9T]RUPT$ P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T UNTIL ! MID-#a#i#bS4 

,! ,?REE ,CONCEPTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BE=E #aiag 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 SPLIT S9CE #aic BETWE5 ,BOL%EVIKS & ,M5%EVIKS OV] ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES1 DISPLAY$ ?REE DI/9CT ANALYZES ( ! NATURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT BEGAN 9 #a#i#e3 ,PLEKHANOV'S ANALYSIS 7,M5%EVIK71 ,L59'S 7,BOL%EVIK7 & ,TROTSKY'S4 

,= ,PLEKHANOV1 ! REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE B\RGEOIS4 ,! /ATE W\LD CEASE TO BE L$ BY ! FEUDAL NOBILITY & W\LD PASS 9TO ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ONCE ! B\RGEOISIE WAS SECURELY 9 P[]1 ! WORK]S WILL FOLL[ ! DEMOCRATIC & P>LIAM5T>IAN ROAD1 9 ORD] TO GRADUALLY OBTA9 A L>G] & L>G] %>E ( P[]1 UNTIL !Y F9ALLY E/ABLI% SOCIALISM 9 A UNC]TA9 & DI/ANT FUTURE4 

,L59 ADMITT$ ! B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT D5I$ ?AT IT W\LD HAVE TO BE L$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* 9 ,RUSSIA WAS TOO WEAK TO CONFRONT ! NOBILITY4 ,HE PROPOS$ ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ALLIANCE AS ! ONLY MEANS ?AT C\LD POSSIBLY CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y P[]1 ONE ?AT W\LD C>RY \T A PR(\ND AGR>IAN RE=M )\T1 H[EV]1 ABOLI%+ ! CAPITALI/ /RUCTURES4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T & CONSOLIDATION ( CAPITALISM 9 BACKW>D ,RUSSIA1 ! PROLET>IAT W\LD 9CREASE 9 NUMB]S & W\LD BECOME SO /RONG ?AT ! TIME W\LD COME :5 IT W\LD TAKE P[] & BEG9 TO BUILD SOCIALISM4 

,TROTSKY'S POSITION1 :I* IS DI/9CT FROM BO? ! ,BOL%EVIK & ,M5%EVIK POSITIONS1 ASS]T$ ?AT ! WORK]S W]E ALREADY CAPABLE ( TAK+ P[]1 & DIV]G$ FROM ,L59'S POSITION 9 ?AT HE ?\<T ?AT ! ABS5CE ( ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS = FIR/ /AGES ( ! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM W\LD BE COMP5SAT$ = BY ! P]MAN5T *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION1 :I* W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO SKIP ! 9T]M$IATE /AGES1 :I* ! ,M>XI/ !ORETICIANS CONSID]$ TO BE NECESS>Y1 9 ORD] TO PASS DIRECTLY FROM ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION TO ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,L59 ADVOCAT$ ,TROTSKY'S POSITION 9 ! SO-CALL$ ,APRIL ,!SES 7#a#i#a#g71 9 OPPOSITION TO ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O >GU$ = ! EXCLUSIVELY B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 

,FROM #aie TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> 

,! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE ,W> WAS A MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC DISA/] ( 5ORM\S PROPORTIONS1 & UNLEA%$ A WAVE ( POPUL> PROTE/ ?AT BECAME ! FIR/ /AGE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #c1 #a#i#e1 ! /RIKE AT ! ,PUTILOV WORKS 9 ,SA9T ,PET]SBURG BEGAN4 ,ON ,SUNDAY1 ,JANU>Y #i 70,BLOODY ,SUNDAY071 ,CZ>I/ TROOPS FIR$ 9TO A PEACEFUL & DEF5SELESS CR[D1 L$ BY ,FA!R ,GAPON1 ?AT WAS ATTEMPT+ TO DELIV] A PETITION TO ! ,CZ>1 LEAV+ HUNDR$S DEAD & ?\S&S W\ND$4 ,! /RIKE SPREAD ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE C\NTRY OV] A P]IOD ( TWO MON?S4 ,9 ,JUNE1 ! SAILORS ( ! BATTLE%IP ,POTEMK9 MUT9I$ 9 ,ODESSA2 9 ,OCTOB] ! NAVAL CREWS AT ,KRON/ADT REVOLT$2 & 9 ,NOVEMB] ! UPRIS+ ON ELEV5 %IPS AT ! NAVAL BASE ( ,SEBA/OPOL4 ,9 ,SA9T ,PET]SBURG ! FIR/ ,SOVIETS EM]G$1 = A V]Y BRIEF P]IOD4 ,! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T RESPOND$ ) BRUTAL REPRESSION &1 :5 IT WAS CONFRONT$ BY ! ?REAT ( A G5]AL /RIKE1 ! PROMISE MADE BY ,NI*OLAS ,I,I TO CONVOKE ! ,DUMA4 

,9 ,JUNE #aif ! FIR/ ,DUMA 7,RUSSIAN P>LIAM5T7 MET1 ) A ,KADET MAJORITY 7,K,D1 ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY71 ) ! 9T5TION ( E/ABLI%+ AN AU!NTIC P>LIAM5T>Y REGIME1 :I* !Y S\<T TO BR+ AB\T BY MEANS ( AN 9DISP5SABLE AGR>IAN RE=M1 :I* W\LD LEAD TO ! EM]G5CE ( A PEASANT MIDDLE CLASS 7! KULAKS74 ,! NEW PRIME M9I/] ,PYOTR ,/OLYP9 SPE>HEAD$ A :OLE BATT]Y ( RE=MS :OSE PURPOSE WAS TO CREATE GREAT] CONC5TRATION 9 L&[N]%IP AT ! PEASANT LEVEL1 FAVOR+ ! RISE & EXPANSION ( AN AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* W\LD 9 TURN 9CREASE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ! SECOND ,DUMA 7,FEBRU>Y TO ,JUNE1 #a#i#g74 

,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD BEGUN 9 #a#i#e1 %IFT$ FROM ! CITIES TO ! PEASANT VILLAGES1 A %IFT *>ACT]IZ$ BY CON/ANT SOCIAL AGITATION1 :I* L$ ! REGIME TO IMPLEM5T REGRESSIVE RE=MS ( ! ELECTORAL SY/EM1 SO ?AT ! ?IRD ,DUMA 7#a#i#g-#a#i#a#b71 ( AN AUTOCRATIC COMPOSITION & DISPOSITION1 WAS KN[N AS ! ,DUMA ( 0NOBLES1 PRIE/S & LACKEYS04 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ! ,CZ>'S ,C\RT WAS SUFF]+ FROM ! PRES5CE ( ! SO-CALL$ 0MESS5G] ( ,GOD01 ! ,SIB]IAN PEASANT ,RASPUT91 :O EX]CIS$ A DISA/R\S 9FLU5CE ON ! ,CZ>9A & DISCR$IT$ ,CZ>ISM1 EV5 AMONG ITS MO/ LOYAL SUPPORT]S4 

,/OLYP9 WAS ASSASS9AT$ 9 #a#i#a#a1 & HE WAS SUCCE$$ BY A S]IES ( 9EFFECTIVE ,PRIME ,M9I/]S1 :O FAC$ A DOCILE ASSEMBLY 9 ! F\R? ,DUMA1 H>DLY 9CL9$ TO SUPPORT RE=MS & 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ ANY CONCESSIONS TO ! AGITATIONS AMONG ! WORK]S 9 #a#i#a#b4 ,! ,BALKAN ,W>S SEEM$ TO (F] AN OPPORTUNITY TO DI/RACT ! ATT5TION ( ! MASSES1 BUT ! RESULTS C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 WORSE1 AS ! ,RUSSIANS LO/ ALL !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ! REGION4 ,CZ>I/ RE=MISM1 UTT]LY SP9ELESS1 HAD MET ) AN OV]:ELM+ FAILURE4 

,! ,DISA/]S ( ! ,W> 

,RUSSIA WAS NOT PREP>$ = ! W> ( ATTRITION IT FAC$ AFT] ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( ! W> 7#a#i#a#d74 ,! ,CZ>I/ >MY LACK$ MOD]N WEAPONS1 ADEQUATE MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 EFFICI5T COMM&+ (FIC]S1 APPROPRIATE TACTICS1 A LOGI/ICAL NETWORK1 ETC42 IT C\LD ONLY C\NT ON AN IMM5SE MASS ( SOLDI]S1 :O W]E TREAT$ AS *EAP CANNON FODD] BY AN 9COMPET5T (FIC] CORPS /AFF$ BY ! CORRUPT NOBILITY4 

0,! ONE ?+ ! ,RUSSIAN G5]ALS DID ) A FL\RI% WAS TO DRAG HUMAN MEAT \T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BEEF & PORK >E H&L$ ) 9COMP>ABLY MORE ECONOMY4 ,GRAY /AFF NON-5TITIES 444 W\LD /OP UP ALL CRACKS ) NEW MOBILIZATIONS1 & COM=T !MSELVES & ! ,ALLIES ) COLUMNS ( FIGURES :5 COLUMNS ( FI<T]S W]E WANT$4 ,AB\T FIFTE5 MILLION M5 W]E MOBILIZ$1 & !Y BRIMM$ ! DEPOTS1 B>RACKS1 PO9TS ( TRANSIT1 CR[D$1 /AMP$1 /EPP$ ON EA* O!R'S FEET1 GETT+ H>% & CURS+4 ,IF !SE HUMAN MASSES W]E AN IMAG9>Y MAGNITUDE = ! FRONT1 = ! RE> !Y W]E A V]Y REAL FACTOR ( DE/RUCTION4 ,AB\T FIVE & A HALF MILLION W]E C\NT$ AS KILL$1 W\ND$ & CAPTUR$4 ,! NUMB] ( DES]T]S KEPT GR[+0 7,LEON ,TROTSKY1 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,VOLUME ,ONE1 ,SPH]E ,BOOKS ,LTD1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#f#g1 PP4 #c#e-#c#f74 

,AFT] ! 9ITIAL SUCCESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN (F5SIVE 9 ,GALICIA 7#a#i#a#d7 ?AT =C$ ! ,AU/RIANS TO RETREAT TO ! ,C>PA?IANS1 ! TE*NICAL DEFICI5CIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN >MY1 ! M$IOCRITY ( ITS (FIC]S1 ! DISCONT5T & MI/RU/ ( ! PEASANT-SOLDI]S & BUREAUCRATIC *AOS PROVOK$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! FRONT1 :I* ALL[$ ! ,G]MANS TO OCCUPY ! PROV9CES ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA 7#a#i#a#e74 

,! ,BRUSILOV (F5SIVE 9 ,BUKOV9A & ,GALICIA CAME TO AN 5D AMID T]RIBLE LOSSES 9 DEAD & W\ND$1 & L$ TO ! APPE>ANCE ( ! FIR/ SYMPTOMS ( G5]ALIZ$ DISCONT5T 9 ! ,CZ>I/ >MY 7#a#i#a#f74 ,! ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]S LACK$ NOT ONLY WEAPONS1 BUT BOOTS AS WELL1 :I* W]E 9DISP5SABLE 9 ! H>% ,RUSSIAN CLIMATE4 ,SUPPLIES BECAME SC>CE & SOME TROOPS W]E />V+4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E HAD TO COLLAPSE4 ,!RE W]E ?\S&S ( DES]T]S4 ,DIVISIONS ONLY EXI/$ ON PAP]2 9 REALITY !RE WAS NO?+ BUT AN AMORPH\S1 DISORGANIZ$1 UND]F$ & POORLY EQUIPP$1 SICK1 UNDISCIPL9$ & BADLY L$ CR[D4 ,! DESPOTISM ( ! (FIC] CORPS MADE LIFE = ! TROOPS 9TOL]ABLE AS A RESULT ( ITS CRUELTY & CORRUPTION4 ,SOME (FIC]S EV5 SOLD ! WOOD & B>B$ WIRE NECESS>Y = CON/RUCT+ TR5*ES4 

,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#f1 ! W>'S CO/ = ,RUSSIA WAS ONE MILLION EI<T HUNDR$ ?\S& DEAD1 TWO MILLION PRISON]S ( W> & ONE MILLION MISS+4 ,! W> CAUS$ ! \TBREAK ( ECONOMIC *AOS & 5ORM\S POPUL> DISCONT5T1 PROVOK$ BY ! W>'S EXCESSIVE DURATION & ! SC>CITY ( FOOD & BASIC CONSUM] GOODS4 ,FAM9E DEVA/AT$ ! POPULATION & /RIKES BECAME G5]ALIZ$4 ,! GOV]NM5T'S RESPONSE TO !SE PROBLEMS1 S5D+ ! /RIK]S TO ! FRONT1 ONLY SPREAD ! POPUL> DISCONT5T AMONG ! TROOPS1 BR++ ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ! CITIES TO ! MILIT>Y TO SPREAD !IR PROTE/ AMONG ! SOLDI]S1 :O 9 !IR VA/ MAJORITY HAD BE5 RECRUIT$ FROM ! LOYAL & SUBMISSIVE PEASANTS4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS ( ! WORK]S RAPIDLY TOOK ROOT AMONG !SE PEASANT-SOLDI]S4 ,SOVIETS ( WORK]S1 SOLDI]S & PEASANTS W]E BE+ =M$1 & 9 ! >MY NOBODY TALK$ AB\T ANY?+ ELSE BESIDES PEACE & ! DIVISION ( ! L&$ E/ATES4 ,MUT9IES BECAME 9CREAS+LY MORE FREQU5T4 

,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION 

,! %ORTAGE ( BREAD & ( ALL K9DS ( SUPPLIES1 ! LONG L9ES & COLD WEA!R1 TRIGG]$ ! FIR/ PROTE/S 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,! %ORTAGE ( RAW MAT]IALS = 9DU/RY L$ TO ! DISMISSAL ( MANY ?\S&S ( WORK]S4 ,S9CE MO/ ( ! Y\NG M5 HAD BE5 MOBILIZ$ = ! W>1 WOM5 N[ COMPRIS$ #d.0 ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,ON ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,DAY1 ,FEBRU>Y #bc 7,M>* #h1 9 ! ,WE/]N ,CAL5D>71 ! PROTE/S BEGAN4 ,WOM5 FROM ! ,VYBORG DI/RICT1 HAV+ MET 9 AN ASSEMBLY1 VOT$ TO GO ON /RIKE4 ,! PLAYFUL DEMON/RATIONS ( ! MORN+ BECAME MASSIVE & UPRO>I\S BY ! AFT]NOON1 HAV+ BE5 JO9$ BY METAL WORK]S4 ,! SLOGANS1 0,PEACE1 ,BREAD & ,FRE$OM60 & 0,D[N ) ! ,CZ>0 W]E %\T$4 ,9 CONFRONTATIONS ) ! POLICE ! ,COSSACKS DISPLAY$ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 9DECISION1 NOT BE+ ACCU/OM$ TO 5GAG+ 9 ! REPRESSION ( URBAN CR[DS4 

,! LEFT1 9CLUD+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7:O 5JOY$ ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S 9 ,VYBORG71 HAD ADVIS$ AGA9/ GO+ ON /RIKE & 9/EAD RECOMM5D$ ! WORK]S %\LD WAIT4 ,!Y W]E CAU<T BY SURPRISE BY ! P[] ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,ON ! NEXT DAY1 ONE HUNDR$ FIFTY ?\S& WORK]S DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! /REETS1 & ! ,COSSACKS1 ! MO/ LOYAL TROOPS ( ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME1 BEGAN TO BE OV]:ELM$ BY ! MASSES ( ! CR[DS & 9 SOME PLACES REFUS$ TO %OOT1 OR ONLY FIR$ ABOVE ! HEADS ( ! CR[DS4 ,! CITY WAS P>ALYZ$4 ,ON ,ZNAM5SKAYA ,SQU>E !RE WAS A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! ,COSSACKS1 DEF5D+ ! ?REAT5$ CR[DS1 & ! M\NT$ POLICE1 :I* 5D$ ) ! FLI<T ( ! POLICE4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ! ,CZ>I/ /ATE NOT ONLY LACK$ ! TROOPS TO REPRESS ! 9SURRECTION1 BUT ?AT ITS TROOPS W]E EV5 AGA9/ IT4 ,! ,BALTIC ,SQUADRON REBELL$ & ! SAILORS ( ,KRON/ADT %OT HUNDR$S ( !IR (FIC]S4 

,! /RIKE1 BEGUN BY ! WORK]S ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 HAD BY ! #b#d? BECOME A G5]AL /RIKE & !N GAVE WAY TO ! 9SURRECTION ( ! #b#e?4 ,! ,CZ> ONLY RESPOND$ ) MORE REPRESSION4 ,! CITY WAS AN >M$ CAMP4 ,ON ,SUNDAY ! #b#f?1 9 ! E>LY AFT]NOON1 A MASSACRE TOOK PLACE AT ! ,ZNAM5SKAYA ,SQU>E1 :]E MORE ?AN #e PEOPLE W]E KILL$ BY A DETA*M5T ( FRE% RECRUITS ( ! ,VOLYNSKY ,REGIM5T4 ,AFT] ?IS MASSACRE FURI\S CR[DS /ORM$ C\RTS1 POLICE /ATIONS & PRISONS1 FREE+ ! PRISON]S4 ,! MASSES OBTA9$ ! SUPPORT ( ! TROOPS FROM SEV]AL >MY B>RACKS1 :O !N CONFRONT$ ! POLICE4 ,! LEFTI/ P>TIES1 ,M5%EVIKS1 ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & ,BOL%EVIKS1 ESPECIALLY1 ASSUM$ LEAD+ ROLES 9 ! MOVEM5T &1 TOGE!R ) ! REBEL REGIM5TS1 TOOK CONTROL ( ! 5TIRE CITY4 ,! G5]ALIZ$ MUT9Y ( ! MILIT>Y G>RISON ( ! #b#g? TRANS=M$ ! RIOTS & ! 9SURRECTION ( ! PREVI\S DAYS 9TO A REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! #b#h? ! R$ FLAG WAS WAV+ OV] ! PRISON-=TRESS ( ,SA9TS ,PET] & ,PAUL1 ! 0,RUSSIAN ,BA/ILLE04 ,! POLICE W]E HUNT$ D[N & LYN*$ 9 ! /REETS4 ,ON ?IS SAME DAY 7! #b#h?71 9 ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,TAURIDE ,PALACE ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET WAS CREAT$1 :ILE 9 ! RI<T W+ ! ,DUMA MET1 & ! TWO RIVAL P[] C5T]S W]E ALREADY APP>5T1 LOCAT$ 9 ! SAME BUILD+4 

,! ,CZ>1 MEET+ ) HIS ADVIS]S1 ATTEMPT$ TO 9TRODUCE GOV]NM5T RE=MS TO NIP ! REVOLUTION 9 ! BUD4 ,BUT ! ,CZ> ACT$ V]Y SL[LY1 & 9OPPORTUNELY1 :ILE ! REVOLUTION ACT$ ) GREAT SPE$4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 ! G5]ALS & A L>GE P>T ( ! NOBILITY ADVIS$ ! ,CZ> TO ABDICATE 9 FAVOR ( HIS SON OR HIS BRO!R4 ,BUT :5 ! ,CZ> AGRE$ TO DO SO1 IT WAS ALREADY TOO LATE4 ,! MASSES DEM&$ A REPUBLIC4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiag A SITUATION >OSE ?AT BECAME KN[N AS 0DUAL P[]04 ,TOGE!R ) ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 & OPPOS$ TO IT1 ! WORK]S C\NCILS1 OR ,SOVIETS1 >OSE AS A POT5TIAL ALT]NATIVE GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ON ,M>* #a ,ORD] ,NUMB] ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET WAS PUBLI%$1 :I* GU>ANTE$ IMMUNITY = REBEL SOLDI]S1 ON CONDITION ?AT ! LATT] RECOGNIZE ONLY ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,SOVIET4 ,NI*OLAS ,I,I ABDICAT$ ON ! FOLL[+ DAY4 ,NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ! ,SOVIET & ! ,DUMA L$ TO ! =MATION ( A ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 9 :I* ,PR9CE ,LVOV HELD ! POSITION ( ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,:5 ! NAME ( ,LVOV WAS ANN\NC$ TO ! CR[DS1 ONE SOLDI] EXPRESS$ HIS SURPRISE3 0,ALL WE HAVE DONE IS EX*ANGE A ,CZ> = A ,PR9CE80 7,FIGES1 P4 #c#h#e74 

,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 

,! P[] 9 ! /REETS1 ! REAL P[]1 WAS HELD BY ! ,SOVIETS1 BUT !Y HAD NO 9T5TION AT ALL ( DO+ AWAY ) ! GOV]NM5T & ASSUM+ ALL P[]4 ,?US >OSE :AT ,TROTSKY CALL$ 0! P>ADOX ( ,FEBRU>Y01 ?AT IS1 ?AT A REVOLUTION :I* HAD WON 9 ! /REETS GAVE WAY TO A GOV]NM5T =M$ 9 ! SALONS4 ,! ,PACT BETWE5 ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET & ! ,DUMA L$ TO A REPUBLICAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ) A ,KADET MAJORITY & SOME REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,RI<T ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 SU* AS ,K]5SKI4 ,! SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 *ANG$ FROM ! NOBILITY TO ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 

,! ,SOVIETS FRE$ ! POLITICAL PRISON]S & ORGANIZ$ SUPPLY4 ,! ,CZ>I/ POLICE =CE WAS DISSOLV$1 TRADE UNIONS W]E LEGALIZ$1 REGIM5TS ?AT SUPPORT$ ! ,SOVIETS W]E =M$1 ETC41 )\T WAIT+ = ANY DECREES TO DO SO4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T WAS LIMIT$ TO RATIFY+ ! DECISIONS MADE BY ! ,SOVIETS1 :I* W]E NOT DECRE$ DIRECTLY BY ! ,GOV]NM5T P[] BECAUSE ! LATT] WAS DOM9AT$ BY A ,M5%EVIK & ,RI<T ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y MAJORITY ?AT 0COMPLETELY RUL$ \T ! POSSIBILITY ( DEM&+ A P[] ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS NOT YET CAPABLE ( EX]CIS+0 7,BR\E1 P4 #a#a#d71 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PREVI\SLY-E/ABLI%$ ANALYZES ( !SE P>TIES ) REG>D TO ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 L$ AT ! TIME BY ,KAM5EV & ,/AL91 SUPPORT$ !SE DOGMAS4 ,9 ,PRAVDA A RADICAL %IFT TOOK PLACE :51 9 MID-,M>*1 ,/AL9 TOOK CONTROL ( ! $ITORIAL COMMITTEE ( ! NEWSPAP]1 & ! LATT] BEGAN TO PUBLI% NUM]\S >TICLES 9 FAVOR ( ! IDEA ( CONT9U+ ! W>3 0,! ,BOL%EVIKS H5CE=? ADOPT$ ! !ORY ( ! ,M5%EVIKS ACCORD+ TO :I* IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES TO CONT9UE ! W> 9 ORD] TO DEF5D !IR REC5T DEMOCRATIC CONQUE/S AGA9/ ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM0 7,BR\E1 P4 #a#a#e74 ,AT ! ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE ( ,APRIL #a1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS APPROV$ ,/AL9'S PROPOSAL TO 0SUPPORT ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T01 AS WELL AS ! POSSIBILITY ( A M]G] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,M5%EVIKS 7,C>R1 ,VOL4 #a1 PP4 #i#b-#i#c74 

,!SE POLITICAL POSITIONS W]E 9 OPPOSITION TO ! POPUL> WILL1 :I* DEM&$ ! IMM$IATE 5D ( ! W> & ITS H>D%IPS4 ,! DECL>ATIONS ( ! ,=EIGN ,M9I/] ,MILYUKOV ) RESPECT TO ! MILIT>Y COMMITM5TS TO ! ALLIES & ! CONT9UATION ( ! W> UNTIL F9AL VICTORY1 PROVOK$ ANGRY DEMON/RATIONS1 :I* L$ TO A GOV]NM5T CRISIS ?AT 5D$ ) ,MILYUKOV'S RESIGNATION & ! =MATION ( A COALITION GOV]NM5T MADE UP ( ,KADETS1 ,RI<T ,S,RS & ,M5%EVIKS1 ) ! LATT] TWO P>TIES =M+ AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY4 ,K]5SKY WAS NAM$ AS ,M9I/] ( ,W>4 

,! NEW GOV]NM5T WAS VIEW$ ) APPROVAL BY ! ALLIES1 :O UND]/OOD ! RELATION ( =CES 9 ,RUSSIA & WANT$ A /RONG GOV]NM5T1 ONE ?AT C\LD KEEP ,RUSSIA 9 ! W>4 

,! ,APRIL ,!SES 

,L591 5RAG$ BY :AT HE CONSID]$ TO BE ! SUICIDAL & CATA/ROPHIC POLICY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 WROTE ! SO-CALL$ 0,LETT]S FROM ,AF>0 :ILE HE WAS 9 ,ZURI* 9 ,M>*1 9 :I* HE ELABORAT$ ! ,BOL%EVIK PROGRAM = ! NEXT /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION3 TRANS=M ! IMP]IALI/ W> 9TO A CIVIL W>2 NO SUPPORT = ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T2 CLE> DIFF]5TIATION FROM ! ,M5%EVIKS2 EXPROPRIATION ( ! L&$ E/ATES2 >M+ ! WORK]S TO =M A WORK]S MILITIA & IMM$IATE PREP>ATIONS = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION2 ALL /ATE P[] MU/ PASS TO ! ,SOVIETS4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,RUSSIA1 :O DID NOT ACCEPT ! NOVEL POSITIONS ( ! EXILE ,L591 ONLY PUBLI%$ ! FIR/ ( ! F\R LETT]S4 ,L59 & ! O!R EXIL$ ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,SWITZ]L& S\<T BY EV]Y POSSIBLE MEANS TO RETURN TO ,RUSSIA IMM$IATELY4 ,S9CE ! ,ALLIES D5I$ !M VISAS1 !Y CONS5T$ TO RETURN TO ,RUSSIA VIA ,G]MANY & ,G]MAN-HELD T]RITORY4 ,! ,G]MAN AU?ORITIES ?\<T ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES W\LD HELP CREATE A *AOTIC SITUATION ?AT W\LD HA/5 ! DEFEAT ( ,RUSSIA4 ,L59 & HIS COMRADES TRAVEL$ ACROSS ,G]MANY 9 A 0SEAL$0 TRA9 C>4 ,LAT]1 ! 5EMIES ( ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS US$ ?IS EPISODE TO ACCUSE !M ( BE+ ,G]MANY SPIES4 

,L59 >RIV$ 9 ,RUSSIA ON ,APRIL #c1 #a#i#a#g1 AT ! ,F9L& ,/ATION 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,HIS POSITIONS1 :I* BECAME KN[N AS ,! ,APRIL ,!SES1 W]E MISUND]/OOD & REJECT$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP4 ,ON ,APRIL #g !Y W]E PUBLI%$ 9 A BRIEF HI/ORICAL >TICLE 70,! ,TASKS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,PRES5T ,REVOLUTION07 9 :I* HE TACITLY EMBRAC$ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION4 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO 5D ! W> )\T FIR/ DEFEAT+ CAPITALISM1 :I* IS :Y IT WAS NECESS>Y TO ADVANCE 0444 FROM ! FIR/ /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION--:I*1 [+ TO ! 9SUFFICI5T CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS & ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 PLAC$ P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE--TO ITS SECOND /AGE1 :I* MU/ PLACE P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! POORE/ SECTIONS ( ! PEASANTS04 

,HE ALSO CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD W9 OV] ! MASSES BY WAY ( 0A PATI5T 444 EXPLANATION (0 !IR POLICIES3 0,AS LONG AS WE >E 9 ! M9ORITY WE C>RY ON ! WORK ( CRITICIZ+ & EXPOS+ ]RORS & AT ! SAME TIME WE PREA* ! NECESSITY ( TRANSF]R+ ! 5TIRE /ATE P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES1 SO ?AT ! PEOPLE MAY OV]COME !IR MI/AKES BY EXP]I5CE40 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS' MISSION1 HE PO9T$ \T1 WAS TO /IMULATE ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! MASSES4 ,FROM ?IS 9ITIATIVE ! EXP]I5CES W\LD HAVE TO >ISE ?AT W\LD GIVE ! ,BOL%EVIKS ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,SOVIETS3 !N ! MOM5T W\LD COME :5 ! ,SOVIETS CAN SEIZE P[] & BEG9 ! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM4 

,L59'S !SES UNEXPECT$LY L$ TO A VIOL5T UPHEAVAL )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,PRAVDA WAS OBLIG$ TO PUBLI% A NOTE 9 :I* ,KAM5EV W>N$ ?AT1 0!SE !SES ONLY REPRES5T ! 9DIVIDUAL OP9ION ( ,L5904 ,L59 WON ! SUPPORT ( ! WORK+ CLASS CADRES 9 HIS CONFRONTATION ) ! P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,HE GRADUALLY WON OV] SOME SUPPORT]S1 SU* AS ,Z9OVIEV & ,BUKH>91 & TRIGG]$ ! DIRECT OPPOSITION ( O!RS1 SU* AS ,KAM5EV4 

,ON ,APRIL #bd AN ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,CONF]5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY WAS CONV5$1 PRESID$ OV] BY ,KAM5EV4 ,! LATT]1 TOGE!R ) ,RIKOV & O!R LEAD]S1 DEF5D$ ! POSITIONS ?AT ,L59 HAD HIMSELF ADVOCAT$ 9 #a#i#f4 ,KAM5EV ASS]T$ ?AT 0IT IS PREMATURE TO /ATE ?AT B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY HAS EXHAU/$ ALL ITS POSSIBILITIES04 ,L59 RESPOND$ BY SAY+ ?AT SU* IDEAS W]E OLD =MULAS ?AT ! OLD ,BOL%EVIKS 0S5SELESSLY LE>N$ BY ROTE 9/EAD ( /UDY+ ! SPECIFIC FEATURES ( ! NEW & LIV+ REALITY01 & CONCLUD$ BY REM9D+ ,KAM5EV ( ,GOE!'S FAM\S SAY+3 0,!ORY1 MY FRI5D1 IS GRAY1 BUT GRE5 IS ! ET]NAL TREE ( LIFE0 .<,! LA/ TWO QUOTATIONS >E EXC]PTS FROM ,L59'S 0,LETT]S ON ,TACTICS01 PUBLI%$ AS A PAMPHLET 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#g4 ,SEE3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4M>XI/S4ORG_/>*IVE_/L59_/WORKS_/#a#i#a#g_/APR_/X#a4HTM_?BK,V#b#d,E#b4 ,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE.>4 ,AL?\< HE EM]G$ AS ! VICTOR ) REG>D TO ! BASIC POLITICAL !SES1 HIS VICTORY WAS NOT TOTAL1 BECAUSE1 ( ! N9E MEMB]S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE1 F\R OPPOS$ HIS !SES4 

,TROTSKY HAD RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA ON ,MAY #e1 & WAS IMM$IATELY 9VIT$ TO JO9 ! P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,! #f? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY BEGAN ON ,JULY #b#f1 )\T ,L591 :O HAD GONE 9TO HID+1 & ALSO )\T ,TROTSKY1 :O HAD BE5 >RE/$ DUR+ ! 0,JULY EV5TS04 ,! ,CONGRESS WITNESS$ ! M]G] ( V>I\S SMALL ORGANIZATIONS ) ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 :I* N[ C\NT$ ONE HUNDR$ SEV5TY ?\S& MILITANTS1 =TY ?\S& ( :OM W]E 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,! LEAD]%IP ?AT WAS ELECT$ AT ! ,CONGRESS PROV$ TO BE A FAI?FUL REFLECTION ( ! RELATION ( =CES3 ( ! TW5TY-ONE MEMB]S ( ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE1 SIXTE5 BELONG$ TO ! OLD GU>D ,BOL%EVIK FRACTION4 ,L591 ,Z9OVIEV & ,TROTSKY WON ! MO/ VOTES4 ,! VICTORY ( ,! ,APRIL ,!SES WAS N[ TOTAL4 ,! ROAD TO 9SURRECTION WAS N[ CLE>$ ( ALL 9T]NAL OB/ACLES 9 ! P>TY 7,BR\E1 PP4 #a#a#f-#a#b#f7 .<,?IS & ALL SUBSEQU5T CITATIONS FROM ,BR\E APPE> TO RELATE TO ! ,FR5* $ITION ( HIS BOOK1 ,LE ,P>TI ,BOL*EVIQUE3 ,HI/OIRE DU ,P4,C4 DE L',U4,R4,S4,S41 ,$ITIONS DE ,M9UIT1 #a#i#g#a--,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE.>4 

,FROM ,JULY TO ,OCTOB] 

,DUAL P[] RAPIDLY UNRAVEL$ T[>DS SOCIAL CONFRONTATION1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! *OICE BETWE5 CONT9U+ ! W>1 AS ! B\RGEOISIE & ! NOBILITY ADVOCAT$1 OR IMM$IATE PEACE1 DEM&$ BY ! POPUL> CLASSES4 ,L59 HAD PO9T$ \T 9 ,MAY ?AT 0! C\NTRY WAS A ?\S& TIMES MORE LEFTI/ ?AN ! ,M5%EVIKS & A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE LEFTI/ ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS04 ,SOLDI]S1 WORK]S & PEASANTS W]E 9CREAS+LY MORE RADICALIZ$ AGA9/ ! W>1 BECAUSE !Y SUFF]$ ITS DIRECT CONSEQU5CES4 ,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 H[EV]1 DECID$ TO CONT9UE ! W> REG>DLESS ( ! CO/4 

,PRESSURE FROM ! ALLIES & ! 0CIVIC PATRIOTISM0 ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T CAUS$ ! LATT] TO LAUN* AN (F5SIVE1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,BRUSILOV1 :I* 5D$ 9 A MILIT>Y CATA/ROPHE & MASS DES]TIONS4 ,! ORD] TO TRANSF] ! ,PETROGRAD G>RISON TO ! FRONT L$ TO AN UPRIS+ ( ! SOLDI]S ?AT WAS JO9$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,! POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS ( ,JULY #c & #d CULM9AT$ 9 ! OCCUPATION ( ,PETROGRAD BY ! MASSES1 :O DEM&$ ! RESIGNATION ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! DEMON/RATORS TOOK TO ! /REETS CALL+ = ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS1 ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L& & 9DU/RY1 WORK]S CONTROL1 & BREAD & PEACE4 ,! ,KADETS AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( ! OPPORTUNITY PRES5T$ BY ! CRISIS TO RESIGN FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & ,K]5SKY ASSUM$ ! PRESID5CY ( A ,GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS N[ COMPOS$ SOLELY ( ,M5%EVIKS & ,RI<T ,S,RS4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 AFT] A PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T1 9 :I* !Y CALL$ = ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS1 ?\<T ?AT AN 9SURRECTION W\LD BE PREMATURE1 AL?\< ! MA9 CITIES W]E ALREADY WRACK$ BY UPRIS+S1 ESPECIALLY ! CAPITAL1 ,PETROGRAD4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E NOT ONLY 9CAPABLE ( /OPP+ ! 9SURRECTIONAL MOVEM5T BUT W]E1 AT FIR/1 %\T$ D[N BY ! MASSES1 UNTIL !Y F9ALLY JO9$ !M4 ,AFT] T5 DAYS ( DEMON/RATIONS ! 9SURRECTION CAME TO AN 5D )\T A CLE> VICTOR4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK APPEAL TO RETURN TO WORK WAS N[ HE$$4 

,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ACCUS$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( BE+ RESPONSIBLE = ! ,JULY 9CID5TS1 & ACCUS$ ,L59 ( BE+ A ,G]MAN SPY1 REVEAL+ ! HI/ORY ( ! SEAL$ TRA9 C>4 ,SOME NEUTRAL REGIM5TS PASS$ 9TO ! ,GOV]NM5T CAMP & MANY WORK]S1 ,M5%EVIKS & ,S,RS1 W]E CONFUS$ BY !SE CALUMNIES4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 :I* WAS SO FAVORABLE TO ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ! REPRESSION AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS 9ITIAT$4 ,!IR PRESS WAS BANN$1 !IR LOCAL (FICES W]E ATTACK$1 ,TROTSKY & ,KAM5EV W]E >RE/$1 ,L59 W5T 9TO EXILE 9 ,F9L& & ! MO/ HI< PR(ILE ,BOL%EVIK CADRES W5T 9TO HID+4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT PH5OM5ON1 H[EV]1 TOOK PLACE 9 ! RURAL >EAS4 ,! PEASANTS HAD NOT ONLY CEAS$ TO BELIEVE 9 ! PROMISES ( RE=M ( ! SOCIALI/S 9 ! SUCCESSIVE ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5TS1 BUT1 ALSO 9FLU5C$ BY ! APPEAL ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO DIRECT ACTION & ! OCCUPATION ( ! L&1 5GAG$ 9 A G5]ALIZ$ OCCUPATION ( L&$ E/ATES ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,! ,KADETS REASSUM$ !IR PO/S 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T & DEM&$1 9 A K9D ( ULTIMATUM1 H>% MEASURES AGA9/ ! SPREAD ( DISORD]4 ,K]5SKY1 H[EV]1 PROV$ TO BE 9CAPABLE ( E/ABLI%+ SOCIAL ORD] & MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E4 ,! REPRESSION C>RI$ \T BY ! ,COSSACKS AGA9/ ! PEASANTS CAUS$ ! LATT] TO IRREM$IABLY MOVE CLOS] TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O PROCLAIM$ ! SLOGAN1 0,PEACE1 ,BREAD & ,L&04 

,9 ,AUGU/1 ,K]5SKY CONVOK$ A ,NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE1 ATT5D$ BY POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC & CULTURAL =CES FROM ! :OLE C\NTRY1 = ! PURPOSE ( A*IEV+ 0AN >MI/ICE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR0 7,BR\E1 P4 #a#b#h74 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS BOYCOTT$ ! ,CONF]5CE1 :I* WAS A COMPLETE FAILURE3 ALL ?AT WAS LEFT WAS ! MILIT>Y C\P D'ETAT4 

,! B\RGEOISIE1 ! NOBILITY1 ! ALLIES & ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF PROMOT$ A C\P D'ETAT1 :I* WAS TO BE L$ BY ,G5]AL ,KORNILOV1 :O HAD UNTIL !N 5JOY$ ! FULL CONFID5CE ( ,K]5SKY4 ,KORNILOV1 AT ! COMM& ( ,COSSACK TROOPS1 MOV$ T[>DS ,PETROGRAD ON ,AUGU/ #b#e4 ,K]5SKY /RIPP$ ,KORNILOV ( HIS COMM&1 AL?\< HE CONT9U$ TO HOLD CONFUS$ NEGOTIATIONS ) HIM1 :ILE ,KADETS & ,M5%EVIKS AB&ON$ ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,K]5SKY1 A C>ICATURE ( A NEW ,CZ>1 W5T TO ! FRONT 9 ORD] TO TRY TO AVOID FAC+ ! REAL PROBLEMS4 

,MEAN:ILE1 9 A ,PETROGRAD AB&ON$ BY ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! ,SOVIETS ORGANIZ$ ! DEF5SE AGA9/ ,KORNILOV4 ,! SAILORS ( ,KRON/ADT FRE$ ! ,BOL%EVIK PRISON]S1 ,TROTSKY AMONG O!RS1 & ! P>TY EM]G$ FROM CL&E/9ITY4 ,ITS CADRES & MILITANTS IMM$IATELY WON AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY 9 ! MILIT>Y G>RISON & 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,TROTSKY WAS ONCE AGA9 ELECT$ TO ! PRESID5CY ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET & =M$ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,COMMITTEE1 AN ORGAN ( ! ,SOVIET ?AT M]G$ ITS TROOPS ) ! REC5TLY CREAT$ ,R$ ,GU>D1 COMPOS$ ( GR\PS ( >M$ WORK]S4 

,KORNILOV & HIS ,COSSACKS C\LD NOT EV5 GET NE> ,PETROGRAD4 ,! RAILROAD WORK]S REFUS$ TO ALL[ ! TRA9S C>RY+ ,KORNILOV'S TROOPS TO PROCE$1 OR ELSE !Y DIV]T$ !M TO O!R DE/9ATIONS4 ,! SOLDI]S !MSELVES MUT9I$ AS SOON AS !Y BECAME AW>E ( ! NATURE ( !IR MISSION4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 ,KORNILOV CALL$ (F HIS C\P D'ETAT & SURR5D]$ TO ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! C\P ATTEMPT HAD TURN$ ! SITUATION TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! SOLDI]S ASSEMBLIES >RE/$ & SOMETIMES EXECUT$ (FIC]S SUSPECT$ ( SYMPA?IZ+ ) ,KORNILOV'S C\P ATTEMPT1 & APPROV$ ( RESOLUTIONS 9 FAVOR ( ,SOVIET P[] & PEACE4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #ca ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET DEM&$ ?AT ALL P[] %\LD PASS TO ! ,SOVIETS1 & ON ,SEPTEMB] #i IT CONDEMN$ ! IDEA ( A COALITION ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #ac ,L59 S5T TWO LETT]S TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9 :I* HE MA9TA9$ ?AT ! PRECONDITIONS = ! SEIZURE ( P[] HAD SUFFICI5TLY MATUR$4 ,BUT ! MAJORITY ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 L$ BY ,Z9OVIEV & ,KAM5EV1 WAS /ILL OPPOS$ TO /AG+ ! F9AL PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION4 ,!Y ?\<T ?AT CONDITIONS W]E /ILL AS IMMATURE AS !Y W]E 9 ,JULY4 ,TROTSKY SUPPORT$ ! 9SURRECTION IF IT WAS C>RI$ \T TO CO9CIDE ) ! ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS1 :I* WAS S*$UL$ TO MEET AT ! 5D ( ,OCTOB]4 ,L59 ONLY OBTA9$ ! SUPPORT ( ! Y\NG ,SMILGA1 PRESID5T ( ! ,F9L& ,SOVIET4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #a ,L591 WE>+ A DISGUISE COMPOS$ ( A WIG & A HAT1 & HAV+ %AV$ HIS GOATEE1 RETURN$ TO ,PETROGRAD FROM EXILE 9 ,F9L&1 9 ORD] TO DRAG ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 BY T5 VOTES AGA9/ TWO 7,Z9OVIEV & ,KAM5EV71 TO A RESOLUTION 9 FAVOR ( 9SURRECTION1 SO ?AT PREP>ATIONS W]E IMM$IATELY UND]TAK5 7,BR\E1 PP4 #a#b#f-#a#c#d2 ,FIGES1 PP4 #d#e#f-#e#g74 

,! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 

,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION HAD OV]?R[N ! ,CZ> & E/ABLI%$ DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS & A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC4 ,BUT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS DID NOT /OP HALFWAY & DROVE T[>DS ITS CONCLUSION1 9 ORD] TO OV]?R[ ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE & TO E/ABLI% ! WORK]S P[] ( ! ,SOVIETS4 

,! PREP>ATIONS = ! 9SURRECTION W]E NEV] A SECRET TO ANYBODY4 ,KAM5EV & ,Z9OVIEV OP5LY D5\NC$ !M 9 ! PRESS4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,COMMITTEE1 RESPONSIBLE = ! 9SURRECTION 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ORGANIZ$ ! 5TIRE OP]ATION4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,OCTOB] 9SURRECTION WAS NOT ACTUALLY C>RI$ \T 9 OB$I5CE TO A DECISION MADE BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 BUT AS A REFUSAL ( ! ,SOVIET TO COMPLY ) ! ORD] ISSU$ BY ! ,K]5SKY ,GOV]NM5T TO S5D TWO-?IRDS ( ! ,PETROGRAD G>RISON TO ! FRONT4 ,! B\RGEOIS ,GOV]NM5T ATTEMPT$1 ONCE AGA91 TO DISP]SE ! REVOLUTION>Y TROOPS ( ,PETROGRAD & REPLACE !M ) C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y BATTALIONS4 ,! ,OCTOB] EV5TS TOOK PLACE ONLY A FEW WEEKS AFT] ,KORNILOV'S C\P ATTEMPT1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! NEW ATTEMPT TO CRU% ! REVOLUTION1 =C+ ! PROLET>IAT TO TAKE 9SURRECTIONAL MEASURES TO DEF5D IT4 ,! =CES ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,COMMITTEE W]E NOT NUM]\S1 BUT !Y W]E ABSOLUTELY DECISIVE3 ! ,R$ ,GU>D1 ! SAILORS ( ! ,BALTIC ,FLEET1 ! CITY'S G>RISON & ! WORK]S MILITIAS4 ,SOME ?IRTY ?\S& M5 ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! 9SURRECTION4 ,! REVOLT ( ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS1 :I* REMA9$ PEACEFUL1 WAS NOT NECESS>Y2 NOR WAS IT NECESS>Y TO ASSAULT ! MILIT>Y B>RACKS1 BECAUSE !Y HAD ALREADY BE5 WON OV] TO ! REVOLUTION BE=E ! 9SURRECTION4 

,! DATE ( ! 9SURRECTION WAS FIX$ = ! NI<T ( ! #b#d?1 BECAUSE ON ,OCTOB] #be ! ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS WAS S*$UL$ TO MEET4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( ! #b#d? ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! (FIC] CORPS :O DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,COMMITTEE W]E >RE/$1 & ! POLICE /ATIONS1 PR9T+ PLANTS1 BRIDGES1 & PUBLIC BUILD+S W]E OCCUPI$1 PATROLS & *ECKPO9TS W]E SET UP ON ! MO/ IMPORTANT /REETS1 & ! /ATE BANK1 ! RAILROAD /ATIONS1 ! TELEGRAPH (FICES1 & ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE & ELECTRIC P[] PLANTS W]E SEIZ$4 ,9 JU/ ?IRTE5 H\RS ,PETROGRAD WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SOLDI]S & WORK]S UND] ! ORD]S ( ! ,SOVIET4 ,AT T5 9 ! MORN+ ON ! #b#e? ! ,GOV]NM5T ONLY HELD P[] 9 ITS [N HEADQU>T]S1 ! ,W9T] ,PALACE1 :I* HAD BE5 UND] SIEGE = SEV]AL DAYS4 ,JU/ AFT] SUNSET ON ! #b#e?1 ! CRUIS] ,AURORA FIR$ A SALVO ?AT M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! ASSAULT ON ! ,W9T] ,PALACE4 ,L59 WANT$ TO ANN\NCE ! FALL ( ,K]5SKY'S ,GOV]NM5T TO ! ASSEMBLY ( ! ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS4 ,! TROOPS DEF5D+ ! ,PALACE RESI/$ UNTIL !Y W]E GIV5 ! *ANCE TO ESCAPE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,W9T] ,PALACE SURR5D]$ DUR+ ! E>LY MORN+ H\RS ( ! #b#f? ( ,OCTOB]1 AFT] A JO9T ASSAULT /AG$ BY SAILORS1 SOLDI]S & WORK]S4 ,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAD MET 9 A SESSION TO ORGANIZE RESI/ANCE 9 ! CAPITAL1 WAS >RE/$2 ,K]5SKY1 H[EV]1 ESCAP$ 9 A REQUISITION$ C> TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY4 

,BETWE5 ,OCTOB] #bh & ,NOVEMB] #b ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION WAS ALSO VICTORI\S 9 ,MOSC[1 & AFT] TWO OR ?REE WEEKS IT HAD SPREAD TO PRACTICALLY ALL ( ,RUSSIA4 ,ON ?AT SAME MORN+ ( ,OCTOB] #b#f1 ! ,SECOND ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS1 ) A L>GE ,BOL%EVIK MAJORITY1 ELECT$ A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 COMPOS$ 9 ITS MAJORITY BY ,BOL%EVIKS & ,LEFT ,S,RS1 & APPROV$ ! FIR/ DECREES ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,L59 WAS ELECT$ PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES ,COMMISS>S4 

,PEACE WAS DECL>$1 & AN IMM$IATE CEASEFIRE WAS PROMULGAT$ ON ALL FRONTS4 ,TROTSKY1 :O HAD BE5 NAM$ ,COMMISS> ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = BEG9N+ PEACE NEGOTIATIONS ) ,G]MANY4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #b AN >MI/ICE WAS SIGN$ & ON ,M>* #d1 #a#i#a#h1 A PEACE TREATY1 CALL$ ! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK ,TREATY AFT] ! T[N :]E ! NEGOTIATIONS W]E HELD1 WAS SIGN$1 TRIGG]+ A BITT] POLEMIC BETWE5 ?OSE :O WANT$ TO SIGN ! PEACE TREATY AT ANY PRICE1 AS A MEANS ( DEF5D+ ! NEW ,SOVIET /ATE1 & ?OSE :O ADVOCAT$ SPREAD+ ! REVOLUTION>Y W> TO ,EUROPE2 ?IS CONFLICT ?REAT5$ TO SPLIT ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 

,A DECREE WAS PASS$ LEGALIZ+ ! CONFISCATION ( ! L&$ E/ATES & ! TRANSF] ( ! L& TO ! PEASANT ,SOVIETS1 WORK]S CONTROL 9 9DU/RY & ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! BANKS4 ,! RI<TS ( NATIONAL M9ORITIES W]E RECOGNIZ$1 9CLUD+ ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION & ! FRE$OM TO SEC$E FROM ,RUSSIA4 

,! NEW ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T1 :I* WAS NOT RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,ALLIES1 /ILL FAC$ ! RADICAL OPPOSITION ( ALL ( ! RE/ ( ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM1 FROM ! EXTREME ,CZ>I/ RI<T TO ! ,M5%EVIKS4 ,! \TBREAK ( CIVIL W> ONLY A FEW MON?S LAT]1 ) ! 9T]V5TION ( =EIGN P[]S1 WAS 9EVITABLE4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REGIME 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E POLITICALLY ISOLAT$ & FAC$ S]I\S PROBLEMS4 ,! ,M5%EVIKS /ILL ?\<T ?AT ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY A WORK]S P>TY WAS MADNESS1 S9CE ! FAM\S 0OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS0 PREV5T$ ! PROCESS FROM GO+ BEYOND ! TASKS ( A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION3 ACCORD+ TO !M1 :AT WAS NE$$ N[ WAS TO DEVELOP DEMOCRATIC LIB]TIES4 ,! ,RI<T ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES OSCILLAT$ BETWE5 DEM&+ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS COMMIT POLITICAL SUICIDE1 ?AT IS1 ?AT ,L59 & ,TROTSKY BE EXPELL$ FROM ,RUSSIA1 & CALL+ = >M$ CONFRONTATION4 ,! ,LEFT ,S,RS CONFRONT$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS OV] ! QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT TO DISSOLVE ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 

,9 ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E A M9ORITY4 ,! ,LEFT ,S,RS W]E UND]REPRES5T$1 BECAUSE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY HAD NAM$ ITS C&IDATES BE=E ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! SPLIT BY ! LEFT1 :I* HAD MAJORITY SUPPORT 9 ! MILIT>Y BASES & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,FAC$ ) ! REFUSAL ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY TO APPROVE ! 0,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS ( ! ,WORK+ & ,EXPLOIT$ ,PEOPLE0 7APPROV$ BY ! ,?IRD ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS71 ! ,BOL%EVIKS AB&ON$ ! ,ASSEMBLY1 & !N A DETA*M5T ( ,R$ ,GU>DS 5T]$ ! MEET+ HALL & PRON\NC$ ! ,ASSEMBLY CLOS$4 ,?AT WAS ! 5D ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,A DANG]\S SITUATION 5SU$1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! MIXTURE & CONFUSION ( ! /ATE BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS & ! CADRES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 

,! ,CIVIL ,W> & ,W> ,COMMUNISM 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a7 

,! CIVIL W> BEGAN ) ! REVOLT1 9 ,MAY #a#i#a#h1 ( ! ,CZE*OSLOVAKIAN ,LEGION1 COMPOS$ ( SOME FIFTY ?\S& SOLDI]S UND] ,FR5* COMM&]S4 ,!SE UNITS PROCE$$ WE/W>D1 & SOON REA*$ ! ,VOLGA4 ,! SUCCESS ( ?IS OP]ATION L$ ! ,ALLIES TO 9T]V5E1 = ! PURPOSE ( CRU%+ ! REVOLUTION & RE/OR+ ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME4 

,9 ,JUNE1 ,ANGLO-,FR5* TROOPS L&$ AT ,MURMANSK & ,>*ANGEL4 ,9 ,AUGU/1 ! ,ALLIES L&$ ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 9 ,VLADIVO/OK1 ON ! PRETEXT ( HELP+ ! ,CZE*OSLOVAKIAN ,LEGION4 ,9 ! ,S\?1 ! ,CZ>I/ G5]AL ,D5IK9 =M$ AN >MY ( VOLUNTE]S ) ,BRITI% SUPPLIES & MAT]IEL3 ?IS WAS ! ORIG9 ( ! ,:ITE ,GU>D4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 ,TROTSKY1 ! CREATOR ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 OBTA9$ ! FIR/ ,SOVIET SUCCESS ) ! DEFEAT ( ! ,CZE*S & ! RECONQUE/ ( ,KAZAN4 ,9 #aiai ! ,FR5* SEIZ$ ,ODESSA1 ! ,UKRA9E & ,CRIMEA2 ! ,5GLI% TOOK OV] ! OIL WELLS ( ! ,CAUCASUS & ! ,DON ,BAS94 ,RUSSIAN SOIL WAS ALSO OCCUPI$ BY ,AM]ICAN1 ,POLI%1 ,G]MAN & ,S]BIAN TROOPS4 ,! SITUATION WAS DESP]ATE4 ,CLEM5CEAU'S PLAN TO 5CIRCLE ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS FULFILL$4 ,BUT DISS5SIONS AMONG ! ,ALLIES & ! POLITICAL 9CAPACITY ( ! G5]ALS ( ! ,:ITE ,GU>D1 :O W]E 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ ANY CONCESSIONS ( AUTONOMY TO ! NATIONAL M9ORITIES 7A QUE/ION ?AT WAS ( 9T]E/ TO ! ,COSSACKS7 OR ( L& TO ! PEASANTS1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 !IR SUPPORT1 ALL[$ ! ,R$ ,>MY TO RESI/ = ! ?IRTY MON?S ! CIVIL W> LA/$4 ,F9ALLY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT %OOK ,EUROPE & ! MILIT>Y SUCCESSES ( ! ,R$S L$ TO ! SIGN+ ( ANO!R >MI/ICE4 ,! CIVIL W> HAD LEFT ! C\NTRY 9 RU9S4 ,PRIVATE TRADE HAD DISAPPE>$ 7,BR\E1 PP4 #a#f#c-#a#g74 

,! MEASURES KN[N BY ! NAME ( 0W> COMMUNISM0 W]E !RE=E ! RESULTS ( ! NECESSITIES IMPOS$ BY ! W>4 ,9 ORD] TO FE$ ! BESIEG$ CITIES & ! >MY1 H>VE/S W]E REQUISITION$4 ,! POOR PEASANTS W]E ORGANIZ$ AGA9/ ! ,KULAKS4 ,!RE WAS NO GOV]NM5T REV5UE1 S9CE ! ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,! UNCONTROLL$ PR9T+ ( PAP] MONEY TRIGG]$ 9FLATION4 ,FAM9E & EPIDEMICS DEVA/AT$ ! CITIES1 :I* W]E ! HE>T ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,WAGES W]E PAID 9 K9D4 ,! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S W]E S5T TO ! BATTLEFRONTS4 ,! T]ROR ( ! POLITICAL POLICE 7! ,*EKA7 MADE ITS 9EVITABLE APPE>ANCE3 NO?+ W\LD EV] BE ! SAME4 

,9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION PLUNG$4 ,! PRODUCTION ( IRON & /EEL WAS M9IMAL4 ,ALMO/ ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! RAILROAD L9ES W]E UNUSABLE4 ,L& UND] CULTIVATION WAS R$UC$ BY ONE-F\R?4 ,! ,KULAKS KILL$ !IR LIVE/OCK & CONCEAL$ !IR H>VE/S 9 ORD] TO PREV5T !IR REQUISITION4 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT TOOK PLACE1 AT A NAVAL BASE CLOSE TO ,PETROGRAD ) A PR\D ,SOVIET & ,BOL%EVIK TRADITION4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 ,TROTSKY ASSUM$ COMM& OV] ! SUPPRESSION ( ! UPRIS+ ( ! SAILORS ( ,KRON/ADT1 :O1 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 HAD BE5 0! PRIDE & GLORY ( ! REVOLUTION01 9 ,TROTSKY'S [N WORDS4 ,IT WAS ALSO DUR+ ?AT MON? ?AT ! #a? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY BANN$ FRACTIONS & T5D5CIES 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 & :5 ,L59 PROPOS$ ! 0,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY0 7,N,E,P74 ,DUR+ ?AT SAME P]IOD1 NO LESS ?AN FIFTY SEP>ATE PEASANT REVOLTS W]E UND]WAY4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT REVOLT WAS ?AT ( ! ,UKRA9IAN AN>*I/ ,MAKHNO1 :O CONTROLL$ ! 5TIRE ,UKRA9E4 ,! ,P>TY DECID$ TO *ANGE ITS ECONOMIC POLICY1 BUT ! >M$ REPRESSION ( BROAD1 UND\BT$LY REVOLUTION>Y SECTORS ( ! POPULATION CON/ITUT$ A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y TURN+ PO9T = ! ,SOVIET REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT ,KRON/ADT HAD BE5 CRU%$ = DEF5D+ ! SLOGAN1 0,SOVIETS )\T ,BOL%EVIKS0 7,BR9TON1 PP4 #a#c#g-#a#d#d2 ,METT1 PP4 #c#i-#a#a#f74 

,! ,N,E,P 7#a#i#b#a-#a#i#b#g7 

,! SO-CALL$ ,N,E,P 5TAIL$ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( A S]IES ( EXTRAORD9>Y ECONOMIC MEASURES1 MOTIVAT$ BY ! CATA/ROPHIC CONSEQU5CES ( ! W>1 & LAID ! F\NDATIONS = ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM4 ,9 ORD] TO 9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY IT WAS DECID$ TO /IMULATE PRIVATE 5TREPR5EURIAL 9ITIATIVE1 PROHIBIT$ 9 #a#i#a#g1 & TO P]MIT PR(IT MAK+ 9 SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURAL & COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISES4 ,! =C$ REQUISITIONS W]E ELIM9AT$1 & MU* ( ! L& WAS H&$ OV] TO ! ,KULAKS1 ?US CREAT+ A DOME/IC FREE M>KET4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! /ATE CREAT$ L>GE /ATE F>MS1 ! ,SOVKHOZ1 & AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES1 ! ,KOLKHOZ4 ,5T]PRISES EMPLOY+ FEW] ?AN TW5TY WORK]S W]E PRIVATIZ$1 & ! LIB]ALIZATION ( WAGE POLICIES & PRODUCTION QUOTAS W]E AU?ORIZ$ = PRIVATE 5T]PRISES4 ,! PRES5CE ( =EIGN TE*NICIANS WAS AU?ORIZ$4 ,A TAX 09 K9D0 WAS E/ABLI%$ & =EIGN 9VE/M5TS1 UND] /ATE CONTROL1 W]E AU?ORIZ$4 ,! /ATE SY/EM WAS DIRECT$ BY ! ,SUPREME ,SOVIET ( ! ,ECONOMY4 ,! ,N,E,P CREAT$ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( /ABILITY & ALL[$ PRODUCTION TO RISE TO PRE-W> LEVELS4 ,BUT 9 ! PROCESS1 ! ,SOVIETS W]E EVISC]AT$ & ! REVOLUTION DI$4 ,! ,N,E,P CAME TO AN 5D 9 #a#i#b#g1 ) ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! FIR/ FIVE YE> PLAN1 :I* PLAC$ ECONOMIC PRIORITY ON HEAVY 9DU/RY TO ! DETRIM5T ( CONSUMPTION GOODS4 

,! ,TRIUMPH ( ! ,/AL9I/ ,BUREAUCRACY 

,AS A RESULT ( ! DISA/]S1 IMPOV]I%M5T & DEVA/ATION CAUS$ BY ! CIVIL W>1 ! ISOLATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FOLL[+ ! FAILURE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 ! DEA?S ( NUM]\S ,BOL%EVIK MILITANTS1 ECONOMIC *AOS1 A FAM9E ?AT CAUS$ MILLIONS ( DEA?S1 & G5]ALIZ$ MIS]Y1 BUT ABOVE ALL ?ANKS TO ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! ,P>TY ) ! ,/ATE1 A BUREAUCRACY >OSE :I* SECUR$ ITS POSITION ) ! VICTORY ( ! POLITICAL C\NT]REVOLUTION & ! CO/LY & POORLY MANAG$ 9DU/RIALIZATION IMPOS$ BY ! VICTORI\S ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM4 

,9 #aibb ,L59 HAD W>N$ ( ! DANG]S ( ?IS /ATI/ TR5D4 ,! BUREAUCRACY HAD R5D]$ ! ,SOVIETS1 ! TRADE UNIONS1 & ! P>TY CELLS & COMMITTEES MEAN+LESS1 & SUBJECT$ !M TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS & ITS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTIVES4 

,AS ( #a#i#b#c1 ,/AL9 EMBODI$ ?IS NEW BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,P>TY-,/ATE ?AT L$ A BRUTAL POLITICAL C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! BASIC PR$ICTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 #aiag WAS ?AT1 9 VIEW ( ,RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS1 A VICTORI\S WORK]S REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY SURVIVE ) ! 9T]NATIONAL EXT5SION ( A REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD HAVE TO BE WORLDWIDE1 & ?AT ! FIR/ CONCRETE /EP T[>DS ?IS REVOLUTION W\LD TAKE PLACE 9 ,G]MANY4 ,O!RWISE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W\LD BE DEFEAT$4 

,9 #aibd ! BUREAUCRACY ADOPT$ ! !ORY ( 0SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY0 & ! CULT ( P]SONALITY DEVOT$ TO ! MUMMIFI$ ,L591 AS ! TWO F\NDATIONS ON :I* ! NEW ,/AL9I/ IDEOLOGY W\LD BE ]ECT$4 ,! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY1 N[ HAV+ CA/ (F ITS DISGUISE1 APPE>$ TO BE READY TO DEF9ITIVELY CRU% ALL OPPOSITION4 

,/AL9ISM GROTESQUELY DE=M$ ! CONCEPT ( ! MEAN+ ( SOCIALISM1 DEPRIV$ ! ,SOVIETS ( ALL CONT5T1 ABOLI%$ ! LEA/ TRACE ( WORK]S DEMOCRACY1 & IMPOS$ A P]SONAL DICTATOR%IP OV] ! P>TY1 & ?AT ( ! P>TY OV] ! C\NTRY1 ?US CON/RUCT+ A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME4 ,! BUREAUCRACY NE$$ TO ANNIHILATE ALL ! CADRES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP :O HAD C>RI$ \T ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 S9CE ! CONCEALM5T ( ITS [N C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y NATURE WAS ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,/AL9ISM4 

,?US1 !RE W]E NUM]\S PURGES ?R\<\T ! #a#i#cS1 :I* CONDEMN$ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( DISSID5TS1 REAL OR IMAG9$1 REG>DLESS ( !IR IDEOLOGIES1 TO DEA? & DISGRACE1 AMONG :OM FIGUR$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES1 & ESPECIALLY !IR MO/ IMPORTANT LEAD]S4 ,TROTSKY WAS ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,AUGU/ #aid 9 ,MEXICO1 :]E HE LIV$ 9 EXILE1 BY ,RAMON ,M]CAD]1 A ,SPANI% ,/AL9I/ AG5T :O C>RI$ \T ,/AL9'S ORD]S4 ,9 ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> ! ,/AL9I/S L$ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ! REPUBLICAN CAMP1 PHYSICALLY & POLITICALLY ELIM9AT+ AN>*I/S1 ,P,\,MI/S & DISSID5TS4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #aici ! ,HITL]-,/AL9 ,PACT WAS SIGN$ PREP>ATORY TO ! 9VASION ( ,POL&4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,R$ ,>MY OCCUPI$ HALF ( ,EUROPE1 E/ABLI%+ TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES1 SATELLITES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 :I* RAPIDLY COLLAPS$ AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,B]L9 ,WALL 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#h#i4 ,!SE ,/AL9I/ REGIMES EXP]I5C$ V>I\S WORK]S & POPUL> 9SURRECTIONS1 SU* AS ! REVOLTS 9 ,B]L9 9 #a#i#d#g1 ,HUNG>Y 9 #aief & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #a#i#f#h4 ,! FALL ( ! ,B]L9 ,WALL1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#h#i1 WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ( ALL ! ,/AL9I/ /ATES4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ,/AL9ISM 

,! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION W]E3 

O ,CON/ANT1 UBIQUIT\S & ALMO/ OMNIPOT5T POLICE T]ROR2 

O ,9DISP5SABLE FALSIFICATION ( ITS [N NATURE1 & ( ! NATURE ( ITS 5EMIES1 ESPECIALLY ( ! REVOLUTION>IES2 

O ,EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S BY MEANS ( ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM1 L$ BY ! ,P>TY-,/ATE1 :I* MILIT>IZ$ LABOR4 

,! ,/AL9I/S W]E NEV] A RE=MI/ SECTOR ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 BUT W]E ALWAYS ! P>TY ( C\NT]REVOLUTION & ( ! F]OCI\S REPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,NO COLLABORATION WAS EV]Y POSSIBLE ) ,/AL9ISM1 ONLY A REL5TLESS /RUGGLE4 ,/AL9ISM1 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E1 HAS L$ & DIRECT$ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 D]IV+ ITS P[] FROM ! IDEA ( NATIONAL UNITY1 ! PRACTICE ( A POLICY ( LAW & ORD]1 ITS /RUGGLE TO E/ABLI% A /RONG GOV]NM5T1 AN ECONOMIC POLICY BAS$ ON NATIONALIZATION1 ! 9FILTRATION ( ! MILITANTS ( ! ,/AL9I/ P>TY 9TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 & ESPECIALLY DISGUIS+ ITS REACTION>Y NATURE 9 ! MID/ ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T 7,MUNIS1 PP4 #a#e#h-#b#i74 

,CONCLUSIONS 

,! GREATNESS ( ,R$ ,OCTOB] RESIDES 9 ! FACT ?AT IT WAS ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 HI/ORY1 ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ! PROLET>IAT SEIZ$ P[]1 OV]?R[+ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE A WORLD REVOLUTION1 & IT FAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ,G]MANY & ! ,SOVIET REVOLUTION REMA9$ ISOLAT$4 

,?IS ISOLATION1 COMB9$ ) ! CATA/ROPHES ( ! CIVIL W>1 ECONOMIC *AOS1 POV]TY & FAM9E1 MAGNIFI$ ! T]RIBLE MI/AKES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 AMONG :I* ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! ,P>TY ) ! ,/ATE /&S \T1 :I* L$ TO ! 9EVITABLE TRIUMPH ( ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION1 C>RI$ \T FROM ! V]Y RANKS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY ?AT HAD 9SPIR$ ! ,SOVIET ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g4 ,! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION WAS !RE=E ( A POLITICAL *>ACT]1 IT DE/ROY$ ALL POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL OPPOSITION1 IT H>%LY REPRESS$ PROLET>IAN GR\PS & MOVEM5TS ?AT W]E UND\BT$LY REVOLUTION>Y1 & P]SECUT$ TO ! EXT5T ( PHYSICAL EXT]M9ATION ?OSE :O EXPRESS$ ! LEA/ DISSID5CE1 :E!R )9 OR \TSIDE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT HAD BEGUN 9 #a#i#e1 OBTA9$ ITS FIR/ SUCCESS ) ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 :I* OV]?REW ! ,CZ> & E/ABLI%$ A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 BUT DID NOT /OP HALFWAY & CONT9U$ TO ! 5D ) ! 9SURRECTION ( ,OCTOB] #aiag 9 ,PETROGRAD1 9 :I* ! ,SOVIETS SEIZ$ P[]1 REPLAC+ ! B\RGEOISIE ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 

,! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION WAS !RE=E ( A POLITICAL *>ACT]1 & WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! MONOPOLY ( P[] HELD BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 9 ! =M ( NATIONALIZATION & /ATE ECONOMIC CONC5TRATION 7,/ATE ,CAPITALISM7 & 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9TO A ,P>TY-,/ATE4 

,F> FROM BE+ A M]E C\P D'ETAT1 AS ! RUL+ CLASS W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE1 ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION IS ! HI<E/ PO9T YET REA*$ BY HUMANITY 9 ITS 5TIRE HI/ORY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME ! WORK+ CLASS HAD ! C\RAGE & ! ABILITY TO SEIZE P[]1 WR5*+ IT FROM ! GRIP ( ! EXPLOIT]S & BEG9N+ ! WORLD PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,EV5 ?\< ! REVOLUTION W\LD SOON BE DEFEAT$ 9 ,B]L91 ,MUNI*1 ,BUDAPE/ & ,TUR91 EV5 ?\< ! ,RUSSIAN & ! WORLD PROLET>IAT HAD TO PAY A T]RIBLE PRICE = ITS DEFEAT--! HORROR ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 ANO!R WORLD W>1 & ALL ! B>B>ISM SUFF]$ UND] ! ,/AL9I/ /ATES--! B\RGEOISIE IS /ILL UNABLE TO ]ASE ! MEMORY & ! LESSONS ( ?IS =MIDABLE EV5T4 

,EPILOGUE3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT ,AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM & ,L59I/ ,IDEOLOGY 

,! WOR/ LEGACY ( ,/AL9ISM HAS BE5 ITS P]V]SE UTILIZATION ( ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ IDEOLOGY AS ! OR?ODOX CONT9UATION ( 0,M>XISM01 :I* IS ?US UND]M9$ & DISCR$IT$ AS A !ORY ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,L59ISM US$ A ,M>XI/ LANGUAGE TO JU/IFY TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES1 :I* HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ,M>X'S ANALYZES1 :I* HE PRODUC$ BETWE5 #ahdd & #a#h#h#c1 CONC]N+ CAPITALISM & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,L59 HIMSELF1 9 HIS IDEAS & ANALYZES ON ! P>TY1 NATIONALISM1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ETC41 CLA%$ HEAD-ON O!R ,M>XI/ !ORETICIANS1 SU* AS ,LUXEMBURG1 ,BORDIGA1 ,GORT] & ,PANNEKOEK1 :O W]E AMONG ! FIR/ TO D5\NCE ! WOR/ AB]RATIONS ( ,L59ISM4 

,! ,L59I/ CONCEPT ( ! P>TY CONSID]S ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS 9CAPABLE ( ATTA9+ A DEGREE ( CONSCI\SNESS ?AT GOES BEYOND %ORTSI<T$ TRADE UNIONI/ & RE=MI/ IDEAS4 ,! P>TY MU/ 9OCULATE ! WORK+ CLASS1 FROM ! \TSIDE1 ) SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS IDEA1 AS ,PANNEKOEK DEMON/RATES 9 HIS BOOK1 ,L59 AS ,PHILOSOPH]1 IS =EIGN TO ,M>X1 :O CLE>LY PROCLAIM$ ?AT1 0! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S WILL BE ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES04 

,! 7B\RGEOIS7 RI<T ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 PROCLAIM$ BY ,L591 9TRODUCES NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY AS A FUNDAM5TAL GOAL ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! /RUGGLE = ITS EMANCIPATION4 ,AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG /AT$ 9 H] DEBATE ) ,L591 ! IDEOLOGY ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLES IS A B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 ABSOLUTELY =EIGN TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4444 ,! TACTICS EMPLOY$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,RUSSIA C\LD NOT BE APPLI$ TO ! SITUATION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ( ! TIME1 :]E ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES ADVOCAT$ ANTIP>LIAM5T>Y & ANTI-TRADE UNION TACTICS1 & W]E DOGMATICALLY CONDEMN$ BY ,L594 ,SEE ! 0,OP5 ,LETT] TO ,COMRADE ,L5901 WRITT5 BY ,GORT] 9 RESPONSE TO ,L59'S PAMPHLET1 ,LEFT ,W+ ,COMMUNISM3 ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]4 

,!RE IS1 !N1 AN 5TIRE ,M>XI/ CORPUS1 :I* D5\NCES NOT ONLY ! TOTALIT>IAN B>B>ISM ( ! ,/AL9I/ & ,FASCI/ REGIMES1 BUT ALSO SOME ( ! WOR/ !ORETICAL AB]RATIONS ( ,L59ISM3 ?IS CORPUS IS ! 9ALI5ABLE 9H]ITANCE ?AT HAS BE5 BEQUEA!D TO US BY ! V>I\S FRACTIONS ( ! COMMUNI/ LEFT4 

,NEI!R ,L59I/ IDEOLOGY NOR ,/AL9I/ TOTALIT>IANISM >E ,M>XI/4 ,BY ,M>XISM WE MEAN ! CRITIQUE ( ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( CAPITAL1 C>RI$ \T BY ,M>X 9 ! MID-#a#i? C5TURY1 HIS ME?OD ( RESE>*1 & ! !ORETICAL ELABORATION ( ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! PROLET>IAT 7,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,CAPITAL1 ,! #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE1 ETC471 CONT9U$ BY ,5GELS1 ,LUXEMBURG & ! COMMUNI/ LEFT 7,RUSSIAN1 ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN-,DUT*74 ,?IS COMMUNI/ LEFT WAS COMPOS$ ( T9Y FRACTIONS ?AT1 9 H>% CONDITIONS ( ISOLATION & PHYSICAL & POLITICAL P]SECUTION1 CRITICIZ$1 UTILIZ+ ! ,M>XI/ ME?OD1 & 9 ! PRACTICE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! DI/ORTIONS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ,/AL9I/ & ,FASCI/ TOTALIT>IANISM4 

,! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( ! ,/AL9I/ REGIMES1 ! RESULT ( ! !ORETICAL ANALYSIS & ! /RUGGLE ( !SE LEFT COMMUNI/ FRACTIONS )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ITSELF1 :I* DEF9$ ) GREAT] OR LESS] CL>ITY !SE REGIMES AS ,/ATE ,CAPITALI/1 CAN BE F\ND 9 ! BIBLIOGRAPHY LI/$ BEL[4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag TO ,/AL9I/ ,TOTALIT>IANISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag TO ,/AL9I/ ,TOTALIT>IANISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/