,GIVE ,IT ,AWAY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,HAVE Y\ NOTIC$ H[ !RE >5'T ANY NEW ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS ANY MORE8 ,!RE WAS A V]ITABLE FLOOD 9 ! LATE '#gS & E>LY '#hS3 ,D]RIDA1 ,F\CAULT1 ,BAUDRILL>D1 ,KRI/EVA1 ,LYOT>D1 DE ,C]TEAU 444 BUT !RE HAS BE5 ALMO/ NO ONE S9CE4 ,TR5DY ACADEMICS & 9TELLECTUAL HIP/]S HAVE BE5 =C$ TO 5DLESSLY RECYCLE !ORIES N[ #b OR #c YE>S OLD1 OR TURN TO C\NTRIES LIKE ,ITALY OR EV5 ,SLOV5IA = DAZZL+ META-!ORY4 

,PIONE]+ ,FR5* AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,M>CEL ,MAUSS /UDI$ 0GIFT ECONOMIES0 LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,KWAKIUTL ( ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA4 ,HIS CONCLUSIONS W]E />TL+4 

,!RE >E A LOT ( REASONS = ?IS4 ,ONE HAS TO DO ) POLITICS 9 ,FRANCE ITSELF1 :]E !RE HAS BE5 A CONC]T$ EF=T ON ! P>T ( M$IA ELITES TO REPLACE REAL 9TELLECTUALS ) ,AM]ICAN-/YLE EMPTY-HEAD$ PUNDITS4 ,/ILL1 !Y HAVE NOT BE5 COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 ,FR5* 9TELLECTUAL LIFE HAS BECOME MU* MORE POLITICALLY 5GAG$4 ,9 ! ,U4,S4 PRESS1 !RE HAS BE5 A NE> BLACK\T ON CULTURAL NEWS FROM ,FRANCE S9CE ! GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5T ( #a#i#i#e1 :5 ,FRANCE WAS ! FIR/ NATION TO DEF9ITIVELY REJECT ! 0,AM]ICAN MODEL0 = ! ECONOMY1 & REFUS$ TO BEG9 DISMANTL+ ITS WELF>E /ATE4 ,9 ! ,AM]ICAN PRESS1 ,FRANCE IMM$IATELY BECAME ! SILLY C\NTRY1 VA9LY TRY+ TO DUCK ! TIDE ( HI/ORY4 

,( C\RSE ?IS 9 ITSELF IS H>DLY GO+ TO FAZE ! SORT ( ,AM]ICANS :O READ ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I4 ,:AT ,AM]ICAN ACADEMICS EXPECT FROM ,FRANCE IS AN 9TELLECTUAL HI<1 ! ABILITY TO FEEL ONE IS P>TICIPAT+ 9 WILD1 RADICAL IDEAS DEMON/RAT+ ! 9H]5T VIOL5CE )9 ,WE/]N CONCEPTIONS ( TRU? OR HUMANITY1 ?AT SORT ( ?+ BUT 9 WAYS ?AT DO NOT IMPLY ANY PROGRAM ( POLITICAL ACTION2 OR1 USUALLY1 ANY RESPONSIBILITY TO ACT AT ALL4 ,IT'S EASY TO SEE H[ A CLASS ( PEOPLE :O >E CONSID]$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY IRRELEVANT BO? BY POLITICAL ELITES & BY #ii P]C5T ( ! G5]AL POPULATION MI<T FEEL ?IS WAY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE ! ,U4,S4 M$IA REPRES5T ,FRANCE AS SILLY1 ,U4,S4 ACADEMICS SEEK \T ?OSE ,FR5* ?9K]S :O SEEM TO FIT ! BILL4 

,AS A RESULT1 SOME ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ S*OL>S 9 ,FRANCE TODAY Y\ NEV] HE> AB\T AT ALL4 ,ONE SU* IS A GR\P ( 9TELLECTUALS :O GO BY ! RA!R UNWIELDY NAME ( ,M\VEM5T ,ANTI-,UTILIT>I/E DANS LES ,SCI5CES ,SOCIALES1 OR ,M,A,U,S,S1 & :O HAVE D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO A SY/EMATIC ATTACK ON ! PHILOSOPHICAL UND]P9N+S ( ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,! GR\P TAKE !IR 9SPIRATION FROM ! GREAT E>LY-#b? C5TURY ,FR5* SOCIOLOGI/ ,M>CEL ,MAUSS1 :OSE MO/ FAM\S WORK1 ,! ,GIFT 7#a#i#b#e71 WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ MAGNIFIC5T REFUTATION ( ! ASSUMPTIONS BEH9D ECONOMIC !ORY EV] WRITT54 ,AT A TIME :5 0! FREE M>KET0 IS BE+ RAMM$ D[N EV]YONE'S ?ROAT AS BO? A NATURAL & 9EVITABLE PRODUCT ( HUMAN NATURE1 ,MAUSS' WORK :I* DEMON/RAT$ NOT ONLY ?AT MO/ NON-,WE/]N SOCIETIES DID NOT WORK ON ANY?+ RESEMBL+ M>KET PR9CIPLES1 BUT ?AT NEI!R DO MO/ MOD]N ,WE/]N]S IS MORE RELEVANT ?AN EV]4 ,:ILE ,FRANCOPHILE ,AM]ICAN S*OL>S SEEM UNABLE TO COME UP ) MU* ( ANY?+ TO SAY AB\T ! RISE ( GLOBAL NEOLIB]ALISM1 ! ,M,A,U,S,S GR\P IS ATTACK+ ITS V]Y F\NDATIONS4 

,A WORD ( BACKGR\ND4 ,M>CEL ,MAUSS WAS BORN 9 #ahgb TO AN ,OR?ODOX ,JEWI% FAMILY 9 ,VOSGES4 ,HIS UNCLE1 ,EMILE ,DURKHEIM1 IS CONSID]$ ! F\ND] ( MOD]N SOCIOLOGY4 ,DURKHEIM SURR\ND$ HIMSELF ) A CIRCLE ( BRILLIANT Y\NG ACOLYTES1 AMONG :OM ,MAUSS WAS APPO9T$ TO /UDY RELIGION4 ,! CIRCLE1 H[EV]1 WAS %ATT]$ BY ,WORLD ,I2 MANY DI$ 9 ! TR5*ES1 9CLUD+ ,DURKHEIM'S SON1 & ,DURKHEIM HIMSELF DI$ ( GRIEF %ORTLY !REAFT]4 ,MAUSS WAS LEFT TO PICK UP ! PIECES4 

,BY ALL ACC\NTS1 ?\<1 ,MAUSS WAS NEV] TAK5 COMPLETELY S]I\SLY 9 HIS ROLE ( HEIR APP>5T2 A MAN ( EXTRAORD9>Y ]UDITION 7HE KNEW AT LEA/ A DOZ5 LANGUAGES1 9CLUD+ ,SANSKRIT1 ,MAORI & CLASSICAL ,>ABIC71 HE /ILL1 SOMEH[1 LACK$ ! GRAVITY EXPECT$ ( A GR& PR(ESSEUR4 ,A =M] AMATEUR BOX]1 HE WAS A BURLY MAN ) A PLAYFUL1 RA!R SILLY MANN]1 ! SORT ( P]SON ALWAYS JUGGL+ A DOZ5 BRILLIANT IDEAS RA!R ?AN BUILD+ GREAT PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EMS4 ,HE SP5T HIS LIFE WORK+ ON AT LEA/ FIVE DIFF]5T BOOKS 7ON PRAY]1 ON NATIONALISM1 ON ! ORIG9S ( MONEY1 ETC471 NONE ( :I* HE EV] F9I%$4 ,/ILL1 HE SUCCE$$ 9 TRA9+ A NEW G5]ATION ( SOCIOLOGI/S & 9V5T+ ,FR5* AN?ROPOLOGY MORE OR LESS S+LE-H&$LY1 AS WELL AS 9 PUBLI%+ A S]IES ( EXTRAORD9>ILY 9NOVATIVE ESSAYS1 JU/ AB\T EA* ONE ( :I* HAS G5]AT$ AN 5TIRELY NEW BODY ( SOCIAL !ORY ALL BY ITSELF4 

,MAUSS WAS ALSO A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/4 ,FROM HIS /UD5T DAYS ON HE WAS A REGUL> CONTRIBUTOR TO ! LEFT PRESS1 & REMA9$ MO/ ( HIS LIFE AN ACTIVE MEMB] ( ! ,FR5* COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T4 ,HE F\ND$ & = MANY YE>S HELP$ RUN A CONSUM] CO-OP 9 ,P>IS2 & WAS (T5 S5T ON MISSIONS TO MAKE CONTACT ) ! MOVEM5T 9 O!R C\NTRIES 7= :I* PURPOSE HE SP5T TIME 9 ,RUSSIA AFT] ! REVOLUTION74 ,MAUSS WAS NOT A ,M>XI/1 ?\<4 ,HIS SOCIALISM WAS MORE 9 ! TRADITION ( ,ROB]T ,[5 OR ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON3 ,HE CONSID]$ ,COMMUNI/S & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS TO BE EQUALLY MISGUID$ 9 BELIEV+ ?AT SOCIETY C\LD BE TRANS=M$ PRIM>ILY ?R\< GOV]NM5T ACTION4 ,RA!R1 ! ROLE ( GOV]NM5T1 HE FELT1 WAS TO PROVIDE ! LEGAL FRAMEWORK = A SOCIALISM ?AT HAD TO BE BUILT FROM ! GR\ND UP1 BY CREAT+ ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ?US LEFT HIM PR(\NDLY AMBIVAL5T4 ,:ILE EXHIL>AT$ BY PROSPECTS ( A G5U9E SOCIALI/ EXP]IM5T1 HE WAS \TRAG$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS' SY/EMATIC USE ( T]ROR1 !IR SUPPRESSION ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 & MO/ ( ALL BY !IR 0CYNICAL DOCTR9E ?AT ! 5D JU/IFIES ! MEANS10 :I*1 ,MAUSS CONCLUD$1 WAS REALLY JU/ ! AMORAL1 RATIONAL CALCULUS ( ! M>KETPLACE1 SLI<TLY TRANSPOS$4 

,MAUSS' ESSAY ON 0! GIFT0 WAS1 MORE ?AN ANY?+1 HIS RESPONSE TO EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA P>TICUL>LY ,L59'S ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY ( #a#i#b#a1 :I* AB&ON$ E>LI] ATTEMPTS TO ABOLI% COMM]CE4 ,IF ! M>KET C\LD NOT SIMPLY BE LEGISLAT$ AWAY1 EV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 PROBABLY ! LEA/ MONET>IZ$ ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY1 !N CLE>LY1 ,MAUSS CONCLUD$1 REVOLUTION>IES W]E GO+ TO HAVE TO />T ?9K+ A LOT MORE S]I\SLY AB\T :AT ?IS 0M>KET0 ACTUALLY WAS1 :]E IT CAME FROM1 & :AT A VIABLE ALT]NATIVE TO IT MI<T ACTUALLY BE LIKE4 ,IT WAS TIME TO BR+ ! RESULTS ( HI/ORICAL & E?NOGRAPHIC RESE>* TO BE>4 

,MAUSS' CONCLUSIONS W]E />TL+4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ALMO/ EV]Y?+ ?AT 0ECONOMIC SCI5CE0 HAD TO SAY ON ! SUBJECT ( ECONOMIC HI/ORY TURN$ \T TO BE 5TIRELY UNTRUE4 ,! UNIV]SAL ASSUMPTION ( FREE M>KET 5?USIA/S1 !N AS N[1 WAS ?AT :AT ESS5TIALLY DRIVES HUMAN BE+S IS A DESIRE TO MAXIMIZE !IR PLEASURES1 COM=TS & MAT]IAL POSSESSIONS 7!IR 0UTILITY071 & ?AT ALL SIGNIFICANT HUMAN 9T]ACTIONS CAN ?US BE ANALYZ$ 9 M>KET T]MS4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 GOES ! (FICIAL V]SION1 !RE WAS B>T]4 ,PEOPLE W]E =C$ TO GET :AT !Y WANT$ BY DIRECTLY TRAD+ ONE ?+ = ANO!R4 ,S9CE ?IS WAS 9CONV5I5T1 !Y EV5TUALLY 9V5T$ MONEY AS A UNIV]SAL M$IUM ( EX*ANGE4 ,! 9V5TION ( FUR!R TE*NOLOGIES ( EX*ANGE 7CR$IT1 BANK+1 /OCK EX*ANGES7 WAS SIMPLY A LOGICAL EXT5SION4 

,! PROBLEM WAS1 AS ,MAUSS WAS QUICK TO NOTE1 !RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE A SOCIETY BAS$ ON B>T] HAS EV] EXI/$4 ,9/EAD1 :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S W]E DISCOV]+ W]E SOCIETIES :]E ECONOMIC LIFE WAS BAS$ ON UTT]LY DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES1 & MO/ OBJECTS MOV$ BACK & =? AS GIFTS & ALMO/ EV]Y?+ WE W\LD CALL 0ECONOMIC0 BEHAVIOR WAS BAS$ ON A PRET5SE ( PURE G5]OSITY & A REFUSAL TO CALCULATE EXACTLY :O HAD GIV5 :AT TO :OM4 ,SU* 0GIFT ECONOMIES0 C\LD ON OCCASION BECOME HI<LY COMPETITIVE1 BUT :5 !Y DID IT WAS 9 EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE WAY FROM \R [N3 ,9/EAD ( VY+ TO SEE :O C\LD ACCUMULATE ! MO/1 ! W9N]S W]E ! ONES :O MANAG$ TO GIVE ! MO/ AWAY4 ,9 SOME NOTORI\S CASES1 SU* AS ! ,KWAKIUTL ( ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA1 ?IS C\LD LEAD TO DRAMATIC CONTE/S ( LIB]ALITY1 :]E AMBITI\S *IEFS W\LD TRY TO \TDO ONE ANO!R BY DI/RIBUT+ ?\S&S ( SILV] BRACELETS1 ,HUDSON ,BAY BLANKETS OR ,S+] SEW+ MA*9ES1 & EV5 BY DE/ROY+ WEAL? S9K+ FAM\S HEIRLOOMS 9 ! OCEAN1 OR SETT+ HUGE PILES ( WEAL? ON FIRE & D>+ !IR RIVALS TO DO ! SAME4 

,ALL ( ?IS MAY SEEM V]Y EXOTIC4 ,BUT AS ,MAUSS ALSO ASK$3 ,H[ ALI5 IS IT1 REALLY8 ,IS !RE NOT SOME?+ ODD AB\T ! V]Y IDEA ( GIFT-GIV+1 EV5 9 \R [N SOCIETY8 ,:Y IS IT ?AT1 :5 ONE RECEIVES A GIFT FROM A FRI5D 7A DR9K1 A D9N] 9VITATION1 A COMPLIM5T71 ONE FEELS SOMEH[ OBLIG$ TO RECIPROCATE 9 K9D8 ,:Y IS IT ?AT A RECIPI5T ( G5]OSITY (T5 SOMEH[ FEELS R$UC$ IF HE OR %E CANNOT8 ,>E !SE NOT EXAMPLES ( UNIV]SAL HUMAN FEEL+S1 :I* >E SOMEH[ DISC\NT$ 9 \R [N SOCIETY BUT 9 O!RS W]E ! V]Y BASIS ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM8 ,& IS IT NOT ! EXI/5CE ( !SE V]Y DIFF]5T IMPULSES & MORAL /&>DS1 EV5 9 A CAPITALI/ SY/EM SU* AS \R [N1 ?AT IS ! REAL BASIS = ! APPEAL ( ALT]NATIVE VISIONS & SOCIALI/ POLICIES8 ,MAUSS C]TA9LY FELT SO4 

,9 A LOT ( WAYS ,MAUSS' ANALYSIS BORE A M>K$ RESEMBLANCE TO ,M>XI/ !ORIES AB\T ALI5ATION & REIFICATION BE+ DEVELOP$ BY FIGURES LIKE ,GYORGY ,LUKACS >\ND ! SAME TIME4 ,9 GIFT ECONOMIES1 ,MAUSS >GU$1 EX*ANGES DO NOT HAVE ! IMP]SONAL QUALITIES ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KETPLACE3 ,9 FACT1 EV5 :5 OBJECTS ( GREAT VALUE *ANGE H&S1 :AT REALLY MATT]S IS ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! PEOPLE2 EX*ANGE IS AB\T CREAT+ FRI5D%IPS1 OR WORK+ \T RIVALRIES1 OR OBLIGATIONS1 & ONLY 9CID5TALLY AB\T MOV+ >\ND VALUABLE GOODS4 ,AS A RESULT EV]Y?+ BECOMES P]SONALLY *>G$1 EV5 PROP]TY3 ,9 GIFT ECONOMIES1 ! MO/ FAM\S OBJECTS ( WEAL? HEIRLOOM NECKLACES1 WEAPONS1 FEA!R CLOAKS ALWAYS SEEM TO DEVELOP P]SONALITIES ( !IR [N4 

,9 A M>KET ECONOMY IT'S EXACTLY ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,TRANSACTIONS >E SE5 SIMPLY AS WAYS ( GETT+ ONE'S H&S ON USEFUL ?+S2 ! P]SONAL QUALITIES ( BUY] & SELL] %\LD IDEALLY BE COMPLETELY IRRELEVANT4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE EV]Y?+1 EV5 PEOPLE1 />T BE+ TREAT$ AS IF !Y W]E ?+S TOO4 7,CONSID] 9 ?IS LI<T ! EXPRESSION 0GOODS & S]VICES407 ,! MA9 DIFF]5CE ) ,M>XISM1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT :ILE ,M>XI/S ( HIS DAY /ILL 9SI/$ ON A BOTTOM-L9E ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM1 ,MAUSS HELD ?AT 9 PA/ M>KET-LESS SOCIETIES & BY IMPLICATION1 9 ANY TRULY HUMANE FUTURE ONE 0! ECONOMY10 9 ! S5SE ( AN AUTONOM\S DOMA9 ( ACTION CONC]N$ SOLELY ) ! CREATION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 & :I* PROCE$$ BY ITS [N1 IMP]SONAL LOGIC1 W\LD NOT EV5 EXI/4 

,MAUSS WAS NEV] 5TIRELY SURE :AT HIS PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS W]E4 ,! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE CONV9C$ HIM ?AT BUY+ & SELL+ C\LD NOT SIMPLY BE ELIM9AT$ 9 A MOD]N SOCIETY1 AT LEA/ 09 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE10 BUT A M>KET E?OS C\LD4 ,WORK C\LD BE CO-OP]ATIZ$1 EFFECTIVE SOCIAL SECURITY GU>ANTE$ &1 GRADUALLY1 A NEW E?OS CREAT$ :]EBY ! ONLY POSSIBLE EXCUSE = ACCUMULAT+ WEAL? WAS ! ABILITY TO GIVE IT ALL AWAY4 ,! RESULT3 A SOCIETY :OSE HI<E/ VALUES W\LD BE 0! JOY ( GIV+ 9 PUBLIC1 ! DELI<T 9 G5]\S >TI/IC EXP5DITURE1 ! PLEASURE ( HOSPITALITY 9 ! PUBLIC OR PRIVATE FEA/40 

,SOME ( ?IS MAY SEEM AWFULLY NAIVE FROM TODAY'S P]SPECTIVE1 BUT ,MAUSS' CORE 9SI<TS HAVE1 IF ANY?+1 BECOME EV5 MORE RELEVANT N[ ?AN !Y W]E #ge YE>S AGO N[ ?AT ECONOMIC 0SCI5CE0 HAS BECOME1 EFFECTIVELY1 ! REVEAL$ RELIGION ( ! MOD]N AGE4 ,SO IT SEEM$1 ANYWAY1 TO ! F\ND]S ( ,M,A,U,S,S4 

,! IDEA = ,M,A,U,S,S WAS BORN 9 #a#i#h4 ,! PROJECT IS SAID TO HAVE EM]G$ FROM A CONV]SATION OV] LUN* BETWE5 A ,FR5* SOCIOLOGI/1 ,ALA9 ,CAILLE1 & A ,SWISS AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ,G]ALD ,B]?\D4 ,!Y HAD JU/ SAT ?R\< SEV]AL DAYS ( AN 9T]DISCIPL9>Y CONF]5CE ON ! SUBJECT ( GIFTS1 & AFT] REVIEW+ ! PAP]S1 !Y CAME TO ! %OCK$ REALIZATION ?AT IT DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE OCCURR$ TO A S+LE S*OL> 9 ATT5DANCE ?AT A SIGNIFICANT MOTIVE = GIV+ GIFTS MI<T BE1 SAY1 G5]OSITY1 OR G5U9E CONC]N = ANO!R P]SON'S WELF>E4 ,9 FACT1 ! S*OL>S AT ! CONF]5CE 9V>IABLY ASSUM$ ?AT 0GIFTS0 DO NOT REALLY EXI/3 ,SCRAT* DEEP 5\< BEH9D ANY HUMAN ACTION1 & Y\'LL ALWAYS DISCOV] SOME SELFI%1 CALCULAT+ /RATEGY4 ,EV5 MORE ODDLY1 !Y ASSUM$ ?AT ?IS SELFI% /RATEGY WAS ALWAYS1 NECESS>ILY1 ! REAL TRU? ( ! MATT]2 ?AT IT WAS MORE REAL SOMEH[ ?AN ANY O!R MOTIVE 9 :I* IT MI<T BE 5TANGL$4 ,IT WAS AS IF TO BE SCI5TIFIC1 TO BE 0OBJECTIVE0 MEANT TO BE COMPLETELY CYNICAL4 ,:Y8 

,CAILLE ULTIMATELY CAME TO BLAME ,*RI/IANITY4 ,ANCI5T ,ROME /ILL PRES]V$ SOME?+ ( ! OLD] IDEAL ( >I/OCRATIC OP5H&$NESS3 ,ROMAN MAGNATES BUILT PUBLIC G>D5S & MONUM5TS1 & VI$ TO SPONSOR ! MO/ MAGNIFIC5T GAMES4 ,BUT ,ROMAN G5]OSITY WAS ALSO QUITE OBVI\SLY MEANT TO W\ND3 ,ONE FAVORITE HABIT WAS SCATT]+ GOLD & JEWELS BE=E ! MASSES TO WAT* !M TUSSLE 9 ! MUD TO SCOOP !M UP4 ,E>LY ,*RI/IANS1 = OBVI\S REASONS1 DEVELOP$ !IR NOTION ( *>ITY 9 DIRECT REACTION TO SU* OBNOXI\S PRACTICES4 ,TRUE *>ITY WAS NOT BAS$ ON ANY DESIRE TO E/ABLI% SUP]IORITY1 OR FAVOR1 OR 9DE$ ANY EGOI/IC MOTIVE :ATSOEV]4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! GIV] C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE GOTT5 ANY?+ \T ( ! DEAL1 IT WASN'T A REAL GIFT4 

,BUT ?IS 9 TURN L$ TO 5DLESS PROBLEMS1 S9CE IT WAS V]Y DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( A GIFT ?AT DID NOT B5EFIT ! GIV] 9 ANY WAY4 ,EV5 AN 5TIRELY SELFLESS ACT W\LD W9 ONE PO9TS ) ,GOD4 ,!RE BEGAN ! HABIT ( SE>*+ EV]Y ACT = ! DEGREE TO :I* IT C\LD BE SAID TO MASK SOME HIDD5 SELFI%NESS1 & !N ASSUM+ ?AT ?IS SELFI%NESS IS :AT'S REALLY IMPORTANT4 ,ONE SEES ! SAME MOVE REPRODUC$ SO CONSI/5TLY 9 MOD]N SOCIAL !ORY4 ,ECONOMI/S & ,*RI/IAN !OLOGIANS AGREE ?AT IF ONE TAKES PLEASURE 9 AN ACT ( G5]OSITY1 IT IS SOMEH[ LESS G5]\S4 ,!Y JU/ DISAGREE ON ! MORAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,TO C\NT]ACT ?IS V]Y P]V]SE LOGIC1 ,MAUSS EMPHASIZ$ ! 0PLEASURE0 & 0JOY0 ( GIV+3 ,9 TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 !RE WAS NOT ASSUM$ TO BE ANY CONTRADICTION BETWE5 :AT WE W\LD CALL SELF-9T]E/ 7A PHRASE ?AT1 HE NOT$1 C\LD NOT EV5 BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO MO/ HUMAN LANGUAGES7 & CONC]N = O!RS2 ! :OLE PO9T ( ! TRADITIONAL GIFT IS ?AT IT FUR!RS BO? AT ! SAME TIME4 

,!SE1 ANYWAY1 W]E ! K9D ( ISSUES ?AT FIR/ 5GAG$ ! SMALL1 9T]DISCIPL9>Y GR\P ( ,FR5* & ,FR5*-SPEAK+ S*OL>S 7,CAILLE1 ,B]?\D1 ,AHMET ,9SEL1 ,S]GE ,LAT\*E1 ,PAUL9E ,TAIEB7 :O W]E TO BECOME ,M,A,U,S,S4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! GR\P ITSELF BEGAN AS A J\RNAL1 CALL$ ,REVUE DU ,M,A,U,S,S A V]Y SMALL J\RNAL1 PR9T$ SLOPPILY ON BAD PAP] :OSE AU?ORS CONCEIV$ IT AS MU* AS AN 9-JOKE AS A V5UE = S]I\S S*OL>%IP1 ! FLAG%IP J\RNAL = A VA/ 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T ?AT DID NOT !N EXI/4 ,CAILLE WROTE MANIFE/OS2 ,9SEL P5N$ FANTASIES AB\T GREAT 9T]NATIONAL ANTI-UTILIT>IAN CONV5TIONS ( ! FUTURE4 ,>TICLES ON ECONOMICS ALT]NAT$ ) SNAT*ES FROM ,RUSSIAN NOVELI/S4 ,BUT GRADUALLY1 ! MOVEM5T DID BEG9 TO MAT]IALIZE4 ,BY ! MID-'#iS1 ,M,A,U,S,S HAD BECOME AN IMPRESSIVE NETWORK ( S*OL>S RANG+ FROM SOCIOLOGI/S & AN?ROPOLOGI/S TO ECONOMI/S1 HI/ORIANS & PHILOSOPH]S1 FROM ,EUROPE1 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ :OSE IDEAS HAD BECOME REPRES5T$ 9 ?REE DIFF]5T J\RNALS & A PROM95T BOOK S]IES 7ALL 9 ,FR5*7 BACK$ UP BY ANNUAL CONF]5CES4 

,S9CE ! /RIKES ( #aiie & ! ELECTION ( A ,SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T1 ,MAUSS' [N WORKS HAVE UND]GONE A CONSID]ABLE REVIVAL 9 ,FRANCE1 ) ! PUBLICATION ( A NEW BIOGRAPHY & A COLLECTION ( HIS POLITICAL WRIT+S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,M,A,U,S,S GR\P !MSELVES HAVE BECOME EV]MORE EXPLICITLY POLITICAL4 ,9 #a#i#i#g1 ,CAILLE RELEAS$ A BROADSIDE CALL$ 0#c ,!SES = A ,NEW ,LEFT10 & ! ,M,A,U,S,S GR\P HAVE BEGUN D$ICAT+ !IR ANNUAL CONF]5CES TO SPECIFIC POLICY ISSUES4 ,!IR ANSW] TO ! 5DLESS CALLS = ,FRANCE TO ADOPT ! 0,AM]ICAN MODEL0 & DISMANTLE ITS WELF>E /ATE1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS TO BEG9 PROMULGAT+ AN ECONOMIC IDEA ORIG9ALLY PROPOS$ BY ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>Y ,TOM ,PA9E3 ! GU>ANTE$ NATIONAL 9COME4 ,! REAL WAY TO RE=M WELF>E POLICY IS NOT TO BEG9 /RIPP+ AWAY SOCIAL B5EFITS1 BUT TO REFRAME ! :OLE CONCEPTION ( :AT A /ATE [ES ITS CITIZ5S4 ,LET US JETTISON WELF>E & UNEMPLOYM5T PROGRAMS1 !Y SAID4 ,BUT 9/EAD1 LET US CREATE A SY/EM :]E EV]Y ,FR5* CITIZ5 IS GU>ANTE$ ! SAME />T+ 9COME 7SAY1 @s#b11 SUPPLI$ DIRECTLY BY ! GOV]NM5T7 & !N ! RE/ CAN BE UP TO !M4 

,IT IS H>D TO KN[ EXACTLY :AT TO MAKE ( ! ,MAUSSIAN LEFT1 P>TICUL>LY 9S(> AS ,MAUSS IS BE+ PROMOT$ N[1 9 SOME QU>T]S1 AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ,M>X4 ,IT W\LD BE EASY TO WRITE !M (F AS SIMPLY SUP]-*>G$ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 NOT REALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 ,CAILLE'S 0#c ,!SES10 = EXAMPLE1 AGREE ) ,MAUSS 9 CONC$+ ! 9EVITABILITY ( SOME K9D ( M>KET -- BUT /ILL1 LIKE HIM1 LOOK =W>D TO ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM1 H]E DEF9$ AS ! PURSUIT ( F9ANCIAL PR(IT AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,ON ANO!R LEVEL1 ?\<1 ! ,MAUSSIAN ATTACK ON ! LOGIC ( ! M>KET IS MORE PR(\ND1 & MORE RADICAL1 ?AN ANY?+ ELSE N[ ON ! 9TELLECTUAL HORIZON4 ,IT IS H>D TO ESCAPE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ?IS IS PRECISELY :Y ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE :O BELIEVE !MSELVES TO BE ! MO/ WILD-EY$ RADICALS1 WILL+ TO DECON/RUCT ALMO/ ANY CONCEPT EXCEPT GRE$ OR SELFI%NESS1 SIMPLY DON'T KN[ :AT TO MAKE ( ! ,MAUSSIANS :Y1 9 FACT1 !IR WORK HAS BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY IGNOR$4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,GIVE ,IT ,AWAY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,GIVE ,IT ,AWAY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/