,GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,FUTURE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,TALK GIV5 AT ! ,POETRY ,C5T]1 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 ,FEB4 #a#f1 #a#i#g4 ,?IS CLASSIC TALK DELIV]$ 9 #aig HAS NEV] SEEM$ MORE CURR5T4 ,9 IT ,NOAM ,*OMSKY >TICULATES A CLE>1 UNCOMPROMIS+ DEF5SE ( ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ 7AN>*I/7 VISION4 

,I ?9K IT IS USEFUL TO SET UP AS A FRAMEWORK = DISCUSSION F\R SOME:AT IDEALIZ$ POSITIONS ) REG>D TO ! ROLE ( ! /ATE 9 AN ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,I WANT TO CALL !SE POSITIONS3 

CLASSICAL LIB]AL1 

LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/1 

/ATE SOCIALI/1 

/ATE CAPITALI/1 

& ,I WANT TO CONSID] EA* 9 TURN4 

,ALSO1 ,I'D LIKE TO MAKE CLE> MY [N PO9T ( VIEW 9 ADVANCE1 SO ?AT Y\ CAN EVALUATE & JUDGE :AT ,I AM SAY+4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ CONCEPTS1 & BY ?AT ,I MEAN A RANGE ( ?9K+ ?AT EXT5DS FROM LEFT-W+ ,M>XISM ?R\< TO AN>*ISM1 ,I ?9K ?AT !SE >E FUNDAM5TALLY CORRECT & ?AT !Y >E ! PROP] & NATURAL EXT5SION ( CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM 9TO ! ]A ( ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 

,9 CONTRA/1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! IDEOLOGY ( /ATE SOCIALISM1 I4E4 :AT HAS BECOME ( ,BOL%EVISM1 & ?AT ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 ! MOD]N WELF>E /ATE1 !SE ( C\RSE >E DOM9ANT 9 ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 BUT ,I BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E REGRESSIVE & HI<LY 9ADEQUATE SOCIAL !ORIES1 & A L>GE NUMB] ( \R REALLY FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS /EM FROM A K9D ( 9COMPATIBILITY & 9APPROPRIAT5ESS ( !SE SOCIAL =MS TO A MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 

,LET ME CONSID] !SE F\R PO9TS ( REF]5CE 9 SEQU5CE1 BEG9N+ ) ! CLASSICAL LIB]AL PO9T ( VIEW4 

,CLASSICAL ,LIB]ALISM 

,CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM ASS]TS AS ITS MAJOR IDEA AN OPPOSITION TO ALL BUT ! MO/ RE/RICT$ & M9IMAL =MS ( /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,WELL1 ?IS CONCLUSION IS QUITE FAMILI>1 H[EV] ! REASON+ ?AT LEADS TO IT IS LESS FAMILI> &1 ,I ?9K1 A GOOD DEAL MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! CONCLUSION ITSELF4 

,ONE ( ! E>LIE/ & MO/ BRILLIANT EXPOSITIONS ( ?IS POSITION IS 9 ,WILHELM VON ,HUMBOLDT'S 0,LIMITS ( ,/ATE ,ACTION0 :I* WAS WRITT5 9 #a#g#i#b1 ?\< NOT PUBLI%$ = #f OR #g YE>S AFT] ?AT4 ,9 HIS VIEW ! /ATE T5DS TO1 ,I QUOTE1 0MAKE MAN AN 9/RUM5T TO S]VE ITS >BITR>Y 5DS1 OV]LOOK+ HIS 9DIVIDUAL PURPOSES1 & S9CE MAN IS 9 HIS ESS5CE A FREE1 SE>*+1 SELF-P]FECT+ BE+1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! /ATE IS A PR(\NDLY ANTI-HUMAN 9/ITUTION40 ,I4E4 ITS ACTIONS1 ITS EXI/5CE >E ULTIMATELY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! FULL H>MONI\S DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN POT5TIAL 9 ITS RI*E/ DIV]SITY &1 H5CE1 9COMPATIBLE ) :AT ,HUMBOLDT & 9 ! FOLL[+ C5TURY ,M>X1 ,BAKUN91 ,MILL1 & MANY O!RS1 :AT !Y SEE AS ! TRUE 5D ( MAN4 

,&1 = ! RECORD1 ,I ?9K ?AT ?IS IS AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION4 ,! MOD]N CONS]VATIVE T5DS TO REG>D HIMSELF AS ! L9EAL DESC5DANT ( ! CLASSICAL LIB]AL 9 ?IS S5SE1 BUT ,I ?9K ?AT CAN BE MA9TA9$ ONLY FROM AN EXTREMELY SUP]FICIAL PO9T ( VIEW1 AS ONE CAN SEE BY /UDY+ MORE C>EFULLY ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ( CLASSICAL LIB]T>IAN ?\<T AS EXPRESS$1 9 MY OP9ION1 9 ITS MO/ PR(\ND =M BY ,HUMBOLDT4 

,I ?9K ! ISSUES >E ( REALLY QUITE CONSID]ABLE CONTEMPOR>Y SIGNIFICANCE1 & IF Y\ DON'T M9D :AT MAY APPE> TO BE A SOME:AT ANTIQU>IAN EXCURSION1 ,I'D LIKE TO EXP& ON !M4 

,= ,HUMBOLDT AS = ,R\SSEAU1 & BE=E HIM ! ,C>TESIANS1 MAN'S C5TRAL ATTRIBUTE IS HIS FRE$OM4 ,QUOTE3 0,TO 9QUIRE & TO CREATE1 !SE >E ! C5T]S >\ND :I* ALL HUMAN PURSUITS MORE OR LESS DIRECTLY REVOLVE40 0,BUT10 HE GOES ON TO SAY1 0ALL MORAL CULTURES SPR+ SOLELY & IMM$IATELY FROM ! 9N] LIFE ( ! S\L & CAN NEV] BE PRODUC$ BY EXT]NAL & >TIFICIAL CONTRIVANCES4 ,! CULTIVATION ( ! UND]/&+1 AS ( ANY ( MAN'S O!R FACULTIES1 IS G5]ALLY A*IEV$ BY HIS [N ACTIVITY1 HIS [N +5UITY1 OR HIS [N ME?ODS ( US+ ! DISCOV]IES ( O!RS40 

,FROM !SE ASSUMPTIONS QUITE OBVI\SLY AN $UCATIONAL !ORY FOLL[S1 & HE DEVELOPS IT BUT ,I WON'T PURSUE IT4 ,BUT ALSO F> MORE FOLL[S4 ,HUMBOLDT GOES ON TO DEVELOP AT LEA/ ! RUDIM5TS ( A !ORY ( EXPLOITATION & ( ALI5AT$ LABOR ?AT SUGGE/S 9 SIGNIFICANT WAYS1 ,I ?9K1 ! E>LY ,M>X4 ,HUMBOLDT 9 FACT CONT9UES !SE COMM5TS ?AT ,I QUOT$ AB\T ! CULTIVATION ( ! UND]/&+ ?R\< SPONTANE\S ACTION 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY4 

,HE SAYS1 0,MAN NEV] REG>DS :AT HE POSSESSES AS SO MU* HIS [N1 AS :AT HE DOES1 & ! LABOR] :O T5DS ! G>D5 IS P]HAPS 9 A TRU] S5SE ITS [N] ?AN ! LI/LESS VOLUPTU>Y :O 5JOYS ITS FRUITS4 ,& S9CE TRULY HUMAN ACTION IS ?AT :I* FL[S FROM 9N] IMPULSE1 IT SEEMS AS IF ALL PEASANTS & CRAFTSM5 MI<T BE ELEVAT$ 9TO >TI/S1 ?AT IS M5 :O LOVE !IR LABOR = ITS [N SAKE1 IMPROVE IT BY !IR [N PLA/IC G5IUS & 9V5T$ SKILL1 & !REBY CULTIVATE !IR 9TELLECT1 5NOBLE !IR *>ACT] & EXULT & REF9E !IR PLEASURES1 & SO HUMANITY W\LD BE 5NOBL$ BY ! V]Y ?+S :I* N[1 ?\< BEAUTIFUL 9 !MSELVES1 SO (T5 T5D TO BE DEGRAD$4 ,FRE$OM IS UND\BT$LY ! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION )\T :I* EV5 ! PURSUITS MO/ CONG5IAL TO 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN NATURE CAN NEV] SUCCE$ 9 PRODUC+ SU* SALUT>Y 9FLU5CES4 ,:ATEV] DOES NOT SPR+ FROM A MAN'S FREE *OICE1 OR IS ONLY ! RESULT ( 9/RUCTION & GUIDANCE1 DOES NOT 5T] 9TO HIS V]Y BE+ BUT REMA9S ALI5 TO HIS TRUE NATURE4 ,HE DOES NOT P]=M IT ) TRULY HUMAN 5]GIES1 BUT M]ELY ) ME*ANICAL EXACTNESS4 ,& IF A MAN ACTS 9 A ME*ANICAL WAY1 REACT+ TO EXT]NAL DEM&S OR 9/RUCTION1 RA!R ?AN 9 WAYS DET]M9$ BY HIS [N 9T]E/S & 5]GIES & P[]1 WE MAY ADMIRE :AT HE DOES1 BUT WE DESPISE :AT HE IS40 

,= ,HUMBOLDT !N MAN 0IS BORN TO 9QUIRE & CREATE1 & :5 A MAN OR A *ILD *OOSES TO 9QUIRE OR CREATE \T ( HIS [N FREE *OICE !N HE BECOMES 9 HIS [N T]MS AN >TI/ RA!R ?AN A TOOL ( PRODUCTION OR A WELL TRA9$ P>ROT40 ,?IS IS ! ESS5CE ( HIS CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,& ,I ?9K ?AT IT IS V]Y REVEAL+ & 9T]E/+ TO COMP>E IT ) ,M>X1 ) ! E>LY ,M>X MANUSCRIPTS1 & 9 P>TICUL> HIS ACC\NT (1 QUOTE 0! ALI5ATION ( LABOR :5 WORK IS EXT]NAL TO ! WORK]1 NOT P>T ( HIS NATURE1 SO ?AT HE DOES NOT FULFILL HIMSELF 9 HIS WORK BUT D5IES HIMSELF & IS PHYSICALLY EXHAU/$ & M5TALLY DEBAS$4 ,?IS ALI5AT$ LABOR ?AT CA/S SOME ( ! WORK]S BACK 9TO A B>B>\S K9D ( WORK & TURNS O!RS 9TO MA*9ES1 ?US DEPRIV+ MAN ( HIS SPECIES *>ACT]1 ( FREE CONSCI\S ACTIVITY & PRODUCTIVE LIFE40 

,RECALL ALSO ,M>X'S WELL KN[N & (T5 QUOT$ REF]5CE TO A HI<] =M ( SOCIETY 9 :I* LABOR HAS BECOME NOT ONLY A MEANS ( LIFE BUT ALSO ! HI<E/ WANT 9 LIFE4 ,& RECALL ALSO HIS REPEAT$ CRITICISM ( ! SPECIALIZ$ LABOR :I*1 ,I QUOTE AGA91 0MUTILATES ! WORK] 9TO A FRAGM5T ( A HUMAN BE+1 DEGRADES HIM TO BECOME A M]E APPURT5ANCE ( ! MA*9E1 MAKES HIS WORK SU* A TORM5T ?AT ITS ESS5TIAL MEAN+ IS DE/ROY$1 E/RANGES HIM FROM ! 9TELLECTUAL POT5TIALITIES ( ! LABOR PROCESS 9 V]Y PROPORTION TO ! EXT5T TO :I* SCI5CE IS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO IT AS AN 9DEP5D5T P[]40 

,ROB]T ,TUCK]1 = ONE1 HAS RI<TLY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ,M>X SEES ! REVOLUTION>Y MORE AS A FRU/RAT$ PRODUC] ?AN AS A DISSATISFI$ CONSUM]4 ,& ?IS F> MORE RADICAL CRITIQUE ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION FL[S DIRECTLY1 (T5 9 ! SAME WORDS1 FROM ! LIB]T>IAN ?\<T ( ! 5LI<T5M5T4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ,I ?9K1 ONE MU/ SAY ?AT CLASSICAL LIB]AL IDEAS 9 !IR ESS5CE1 ?\< NOT 9 ! WAY !Y DEVELOP$1 >E PR(\NDLY ANTI-CAPITALI/4 ,! ESS5CE ( !SE IDEAS MU/ BE DE/ROY$ = !M TO S]VE AS AN IDEOLOGY ( MOD]N 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 

,WRIT+ 9 ! #a#g#h'S & E>LY #a#g#i'S1 ,HUMBOLDT HAD NO CONCEPTION ( ! =MS ?AT 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM W\LD TAKE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ?IS CLASSIC ( CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM HE /RESSES ! PROBLEM ( LIMIT+ /ATE P[]1 & HE IS NOT OV]LY CONC]N$ ) ! DANG]S ( PRIVATE P[]4 ,! REASON IS ?AT HE BELIEVES 9 & SPEAKS ( ! ESS5TIAL EQUALITY ( CONDITION ( PRIVATE CITIZ5S4 ,( C\RSE1 HE HAS NO IDEA1 WRIT+ 9 #a#g#i1 ( ! WAYS 9 :I* ! NOTION ( A PRIVATE P]SON W\LD COME TO BE RE9T]PRET$ 9 ! ]A ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 

,HE DID NOT =ESEE1 ,I N[ QUOTE ! AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 0?AT DEMOCRACY ) ITS MODEL ( EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S BE=E ! LAW & LIB]ALISM ) ITS RI<T ( MAN OV] HIS [N P]SON BO? W\LD BE WRECK$ ON ! REALITIES ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,HUMBOLDT DID NOT =ESEE ?AT 9 A PR$ATORY CAPITALI/ ECONOMY /ATE 9T]V5TION W\LD BE AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY TO PRES]VE HUMAN EXI/5CE1 TO PREV5T ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,I SPEAK OPTIMI/ICALLY ( C\RSE40 

,AS ,K>L ,POLANYI1 = ONE1 HAS PO9T$ \T3 0,! SELF-ADJU/+ M>KET C\LD NOT EXI/ = ANY L5G? ( TIME )\T ANNIHILAT+ ! HUMAN & NATURAL SUB/ANCE ( SOCIETY4 ,IT W\LD HAVE PHYSICALLY DE/ROY$ MAN & TRANS=M$ HIS SURR\ND+S 9TO A WILD]NESS40 ,I ?9K ?AT IS CORRECT4 ,HUMBOLDT ALSO DID NOT =ESEE ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! COMMODITY *>ACT] ( LABOR4 ,! DOCTR9E IS1 AGA9 9 ,POLANYI'S WORDS1 0?AT IT IS NOT = ! COMMODITY TO DECIDE :]E IT %\LD BE (F]$ = SALE1 TO :AT PURPOSE IT %\LD BE US$1 AT :AT PRICE IT %\LD BE ALL[$ TO *ANGE H&S1 9 :AT MANN] IT %\LD BE CONSUM$ OR DE/ROY$40 ,BUT ! COMMODITY 9 ?IS CASE IS ( C\RSE HUMAN LIFE4 ,& SOCIAL PROTECTION WAS !RE=E A M9IMAL NECESSITY TO CON/RA9 ! IRRATIONAL & DE/RUCTIVE WORK+S ( ! CLASSICAL FREE M>KET4 

,NOR DID ,HUMBOLDT UND]/& 9 #agi ?AT CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC RELATIONS P]PETUAT$ A =M ( BONDAGE :I* LONG BE=E ?AT1 9 FACT AS E>LY AS #a#g#f#g1 ,SIMON ,L+UET HAD DECL>$ TO BE EV5 WORSE ?AN SLAV]Y1 WRIT+ 0IT IS ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( E>N+ A LIV+ BY ANY O!R MEANS ?AT COMPELS \R F>M LABOR]S TO TILL ! SOIL :OSE FRUITS !Y WILL NOT EAT & \R MASONS TO CON/RUCT BUILD+S 9 :I* !Y WILL NOT LIVE4 ,IT IS WANT ?AT DRAGS !M TO ?OSE M>KETS :]E !Y AWAIT MA/]S :O WILL DO !M ! K9DNESS ( BUY+ !M4 ,IT IS WANT ?AT COMPELS !M TO GO D[N ON !IR KNEES TO ! RI* MAN 9 ORD] TO GET FROM HIM P]MISSION TO 5RI* HIM4 ,:AT EFFECTIVE GA9 HAS ! SUPPRESSION ( SLAV]Y BR\<T HIM8 ,HE IS FREE1 Y\ SAY1 ?AT IS HIS MIS=TUNE4 ,!SE M51 IT IS SAID1 HAVE NO MA/]4 ,!Y HAVE ONE1 & ! MO/ T]RIBLE1 ! MO/ IMP]I\S ( MA/]S3 ?AT IS NE$4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT R$UCES !M TO ! MO/ CRUEL DEP5D5CE40 

,& IF !RE IS SOME?+ DEGRAD+ TO HUMAN NATURE 9 ! IDEA ( BONDAGE - AS EV]Y SPOKESMAN = ! 5LI<T5M5T W\LD 9SI/ -1 !N IT W\LD FOLL[ ?AT A NEW EMANCIPATION MU/ BE AWAIT$1 :AT ,F\RI] REF]R$ TO AS ! ?IRD & LA/ EMANCIPATORY PHASE ( HI/ORY1 ! FIR/ HAV+ MADE S]FS \T ( SLAVES1 ! SECOND WAGE E>N]S \T ( S]FS1 & ! ?IRD1 :I* WILL TRANS=M ! PROLET>IATS TO FREE M51 BY ELIM9AT+ ! COMMODITY *>ACT] ( LABOR1 5D+ WAGE SLAV]Y & BR++ ! COMM]CIAL1 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS UND] DEMOCRATIC CONTROL4 

,!SE >E ALL ?+S ?AT ,HUMBOLDT 9 HIS CLASSICAL LIB]AL DOCTR9E DID NOT EXPRESS & DIDN'T SEE1 BUT ,I ?9K ?AT HE MI<T HAVE ACCEPT$ !SE CONCLUSIONS4 ,HE DOES1 = EXAMPLE1 AGREE ?AT /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 SOCIAL LIFE IS LEGITIMATE 0IF FRE$OM W\LD DE/ROY ! V]Y CONDITIONS )\T :I* NOT ONLY FRE$OM BUT EV5 EXI/5CE ITSELF W\LD BE 9CONCEIVABLE01 :I* >E PRECISELY ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT >ISE 9 AN UNCON/RA9$ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,& HE DOES1 AS 9 ! REM>KS ?AT ,I QUOT$1 VIGOR\SLY CONDEMN ! ALI5ATION ( LABOR4 

,9 ANY EV5T1 HIS CRITICISM ( BUREAUCRACY & ! AUTOCRATIC /ATE /&S AS A V]Y ELOQU5T =EW>N+ ( SOME ( ! MO/ DISMAL ASPECTS ( MOD]N HI/ORY1 & ! IMPORTANT PO9T IS ?AT ! BASIS ( HIS CRITIQUE IS APPLICABLE TO A F> BROAD] RANGE ( CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS ?AN HE IMAG9$1 9 P>TICUL> TO ! 9/ITUTIONS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 

,?\< HE EXPRESSES A CLASSICAL LIB]AL DOCTR9E1 ,HUMBOLDT IS NO PRIMITIVE 9DIVIDUALI/1 9 ! /YLE ( = EXAMPLE ,R\SSEAU4 ,R\SSEAU EXTOLS ! SAVAGE :O LIVES )9 HIMSELF BUT ,HUMBOLDT'S VISION IS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4 ,HE SUMS UP HIS REM>KS AS FOLL[S3 0,! :OLE T5OR ( ! IDEAS & >GUM5TS UNFOLD$ 9 ?IS ESSAY MI<T FAIRLY BE R$UC$ TO ?IS '?AT :ILE !Y W\LD BREAK ALL FETT]S 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 !Y W\LD ATTEMPT TO F9D AS MANY NEW SOCIAL BONDS AS POSSIBLE1 ! ISOLAT$ MAN IS NO MORE ABLE TO DEVELOP ?AN ! ONE :O IS FETT]$4'0 ,& HE1 9 FACT1 LOOKS =W>D TO A COMMUNITY ( FREE ASSOCIATION1 )\T CO]CION BY ! /ATE OR O!R AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS1 9 :I* FREE M5 CAN CREATE & 9QUIRE & A*IEVE ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ( !IR P[]S4 

,9 FACT1 F> AHEAD ( HIS TIME1 HE PRES5TS AN AN>*I/ VISION ?AT IS APPROPRIATE P]HAPS TO ! NEXT /AGE ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN P]HAPS LOOK =W>D TO A DAY :5 !SE V>I\S /R&S WILL BE BR\<T TOGE!R )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 A SOCIAL =M ?AT B>ELY EXI/S TODAY1 ?\< ITS ELEM5TS CAN P]HAPS BE P]CEIV$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! GU>ANTEE ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS ?AT HAS A*IEV$ SO F> ITS FULLE/ REALIZATION1 ?\< /ILL TRAGICALLY FLAW$1 9 ! WE/]N DEMOCRACIES OR 9 ! ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM OR 9 ! EXP]IM5TS ( WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA OR 9 ! EF=T TO AWAK5 POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS & TO CREATE A NEW 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! SOCIAL PROCESS :I* IS A FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5T 9 ! ?IRD WORLD REVOLUTIONS COEXI/+ UNEASILY ) 9DEF5SIBLE AU?ORIT>IAN PRACTICE4 

,LET ME SUMM>IZE ! FIR/ PO9T4 ,! FIR/ CONCEPT ( ! /ATE ?AT ,I WANT TO SET UP AS A REF]5CE IS CLASSICAL LIB]AL4 ,ITS DOCTR9E IS ?AT ! /ATE FUNCTIONS %\LD BE DRA/ICALLY LIMIT$4 ,BUT ?IS FAMILI> *>ACT]IZATION IS A V]Y SUP]FICIAL ONE4 ,MORE DEEPLY1 ! CLASSICAL LIB]AL VIEW DEVELOPS FROM A C]TA9 CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE1 ONE ?AT /RESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( DIV]SITY & FREE CREATION4 ,!RE=E1 ?IS VIEW IS 9 FUNDAM5TAL OPPOSITION TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM ) ITS WAGE SLAV]Y1 ITS ALI5AT$ LABOR & ITS HI]>*IC & AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 

,AT LEA/ 9 ITS IDEAL =M1 CLASSICAL LIB]AL ?\<T IS OPPOS$ AS WELL TO ! CONCEPTS ( POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT >E 9TR9SIC TO CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,IT SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE SOCIAL FETT]S & TO REPLACE !M BY SOCIAL BONDS1 NOT BY COMPETITIVE GRE$1 NOT BY PR$ATORY 9DIVIDUALISM1 NOT ( C\RSE BY CORPORATE EMPIRES1 /ATE OR PRIVATE4 ,CLASSICAL LIB]T>IAN ?\<T SEEMS TO ME1 !RE=E1 TO LEAD DIRECTLY TO LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM OR AN>*ISM1 IF Y\ LIKE1 :5 COMB9$ ) AN UND]/&+ ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 

,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM & ,AN>*ISM 

,! SECOND PO9T ( REF]5CE ?AT ,I WANT TO DISCUSS IS ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ VISION ( ! /ATE4 ,A ,FR5* WRIT]1 RA!R SYMPA!TIC TO AN>*ISM1 ONCE WROTE ?AT 0AN>*ISM HAS A BROAD BACK - LIKE PAP] IT 5DURES ANY?+40 ,& !RE >E MANY %ADES ( AN>*ISM4 ,I AM CONC]N$ H]E ONLY ) ONE1 NAMELY ! AN>*ISM ( ,BAKUN9 :O WROTE 9 HIS AN>*I/ MANIFE/O ( #ahfe ?AT TO BE AN AN>*I/ ONE MU/ FIR/ BE A SOCIALI/4 ,I AM CONC]N$ ) ! AN>*ISM ( ,ADOLF ,FI%]1 ONE ( ! M>TYRS ( ! ,HAY ,M>KET AFFAIR 9 #a#h#h#f1 :O SAID ?AT EV]Y AN>*I/ IS A SOCIALI/ BUT NOT EV]Y SOCIALI/ IS NECESS>ILY AN AN>*I/4 ,A CONSI/5T AN>*I/ MU/ OPPOSE PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,SU* PROP]TY IS 9DE$1 AS ,PR\DHON 9 HIS FAM\S REM>K ASS]T$1 A =M ( !FT4 ,BUT A CONSI/5T AN>*I/ WILL ALSO OPPOSE ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION BY GOV]NM5T4 

,QUOT+ 0IT MEANS /ATE SOCIALISM1 ! COMM& ( ! /ATE (FICIALS OV] PRODUCTION & ! COMM& ( MANAG]S1 SCI5TI/S1 %OP (FICIALS 9 ! %OP4 ,! GOAL ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS LIB]ATION FROM EXPLOITATION1 & ?IS GOAL IS NOT REA*$ & CANNOT BE REA*$ BY A NEW DIRECT+ & GOV]N+ CLASS SUB/ITUT+ ITSELF = ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT IS ONLY REALIZ$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 BE+ MA/] OV] PRODUCTION1 BY SOME =M ( WORK]S' C\NCILS40 ,!SE REM>KS1 IT HAPP5S1 >E QUOT$ FROM ! LEFT W+ ,M>XI/ ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 & 9 FACT RADICAL ,M>XISM - :AT ,L59 ONCE CALL$ 9FANTILE ULTRA-LEFTISM - M]GES ) AN>*I/ CURR5TS4 ,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT PO9T1 ,I ?9K1 & LET ME GIVE ONE FUR!R ILLU/RATION ( ?IS CONV]G5CE BETWE5 LEFT W+ ,M>XISM & SOCIALI/ AN>*ISM4 

,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ *>ACT]IZATION ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM3 0,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ D5IES ?AT /ATE [N]%IP CAN 5D 9 ANY?+ O!R ?AN A BUREAUCRATIC DESPOTISM4 ,WE HAVE SE5 :Y ! /ATE CANNOT DEMOCRATICALLY CONTROL 9DU/RY4 ,9DU/RY CAN ONLY BE DEMOCRATICALLY [N$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK]S ELECT+ DIRECTLY FROM !IR [N RANKS 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEES4 ,SOCIALISM WILL FUNDAM5TALLY BE AN 9DU/RIAL SY/EM2 ITS CON/ITU5CIES WILL BE ( AN 9DU/RIAL *>ACT]4 ,?US ?OSE C>RY+ ON ! SOCIAL ACTIVITY & 9DU/RIES ( SOCIETY WILL BE DIRECTLY REPRES5T$ 9 ! LOCAL & C5TRAL C\NCILS ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! P[]S ( SU* DELEGATES WILL FL[ UPW>DS FROM ?OSE C>RY+ ON ! WORK & CONV]SANT ) ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,:5 ! C5TRAL 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE MEETS IT WILL REPRES5T EV]Y PHASE ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,H5CE ! CAPITALI/ POLITICAL OR GEOGRAPHICAL /ATE WILL BE REPLAC$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE ( SOCIALISM4 ,! TRANSITION FROM ONE SOCIAL SY/EM TO ! O!R WILL BE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! POLITICAL /ATE ?R\<\T HI/ORY HAS MEANT ! GOV]NM5T ( M5 BY RUL+ CLASSES2 ! REPUBLIC ( SOCIALISM WILL BE ! GOV]NM5T ( 9DU/RY ADM9I/]$ ON BEHALF ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY4 ,! =M] MEANT ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SUBJECTION ( ! MANY1 ! LATT] WILL MEAN ! ECONOMIC FRE$OM ( ALL4 ,IT WILL BE1 !RE=E1 A TRUE DEMOCRACY40 

,!SE REM>KS >E TAK5 FROM A BOOK CALL$ 0,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,ORIG9S & ,FUNCTION01 WRITT5 BY ,WILLIAM ,PAUL 9 E>LY #a#i#a#g1 JU/ PRIOR TO ,L59'S 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION01 :I* IS HIS MO/ LIB]T>IAN WORK4 

,WILLIAM ,PAUL WAS ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 LAT] ! $ITOR ( ! ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ,J\RNAL4 ,& IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT HIS CRITIQUE ( /ATE SOCIALISM RESEMBLES V]Y CLOSELY1 ,I ?9K1 ! LIB]T>IAN DOCTR9E ( ! AN>*I/S1 9 P>TICUL>1 9 ITS PR9CIPLE ?AT ! /ATE MU/ DISAPPE>1 TO BE REPLAC$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 ! C\RSE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,PR\DHON 9 #ahea WROTE ?AT :AT WE PUT 9 PLACE ( ! GOV]NM5T IS 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 & MANY SIMIL> COMM5TS CAN BE CIT$4 ,?AT1 9 ESS5CE1 IS ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,:AT'S MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! FACT ?AT MANY SU* /ATEM5TS CAN BE CIT$ IS ?AT !SE IDEAS HAVE BE5 REALIZ$ 9 SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION>Y ACTION SEV]AL TIMES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY AFT] ! FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 9 ,CATALONIA 9 #a#i#c#f4 

,ONE MI<T >GUE1 OR AT LEA/ ,I W\LD >GUE1 ?AT C\NCIL COMMUNISM 9 ?IS S5SE1 9 ! S5SE ( ! LONG QUOTATION ?AT ,I READ IS ! NATURAL =M ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM 9 AN 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,IT REFLECTS ! 9TUITIVE UND]/&+ ?AT DEMOCRACY IS L>GELY A %AM :5 ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM IS CONTROLL$ BY ANY =M ( AUTOCRATIC ELITE1 :E!R ( [N]S1 MANAG]S1 TE*NOCRATS1 A VANGU>D P>TY1 A /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 OR :ATEV]4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS ( AU?ORIT>IAN DOM9ATION1 ! CLASSICAL LIB]AL IDEALS :I* >E EXPRESS$ ALSO BY ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 & ALL TRUE REVOLUTION>IES CANNOT BE REALIZ$4 

,MAN WILL1 9 O!R WORDS1 NOT BE FREE TO 9QUIRE & CREATE1 TO DEVELOP HIS [N POT5TIALITIES TO !IR FULLE/4 ,! WORK] WILL REMA9 A FRAGM5T ( A HUMAN BE+1 DEGRAD$1 A TOOL 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS DIRECT$ FROM ABOVE4 ,& ! IDEAS ( REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 9 ?IS S5SE1 HAVE BE5 SUBM]G$ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES ( ! PA/ HALF C5TURY4 ,! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGIES HAVE BE5 ?OSE ( /ATE SOCIALISM & /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,BUT !RE HAS BE5 AN 9T]E/+ RESURG5CE 9 ! LA/ C\PLE ( YE>S4 ,9 FACT1 ! !SES ?AT ,I QUOT$ FROM ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK W]E TAK5 FROM A REC5T PAMPHLET ( A RADICAL ,FR5* WORK]S GR\P1 & ! QUOTATION ?AT ,I READ FROM ,WILLIAM ,PAUL ON REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM WAS TAK5 FROM A PAP] BY ,WALT] ,K5DALL AT ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ON ,WORK]S ,CONTROL 9 ,%EFFIELD1 ,5GL&1 LA/ ,M>*4 

,BO? ( !SE GR\PS REPRES5T SOME?+ SIGNIFICANT4 ,! ,WORK]S ,CONTROL ,MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL&1 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS DEVELOP$ 9TO1 ,I ?9K1 A REM>KABLY SIGNIFICANT =CE 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S4 ,IT 9CLUDES SOME ( ! L>GE/ TRADE UNIONS1 = EXAMPLE ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,5G9E]+ ,F$]ATION :I*1 ,I ?9K1 IS ! SECOND L>GE/ TRADE UNION 9 ,5GL& & :I* HAS TAK5 !SE PR9CIPLES AS ITS FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS4 ,IT'S HAD A S]IES ( SUCCESSFUL CONF]5CES1 PUTT+ \T AN 9T]E/+ PAMPHLET LIT]ATURE1 & ON ! CONT95T !RE >E P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5TS4 ,MAY #aifh 9 ,FRANCE ( C\RSE ACCEL]AT$ ! GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 C\NCIL COMMUNISM & SIMIL> IDEAS & O!R =MS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 AS IT DID 9 ,5GL&4 

,GIV5 ! G5]AL CONS]VATIVE CA/ ( \R HI<LY IDEOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 IT'S NOT TOO SURPRIS+ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS RELATIVELY UNT\*$ BY !SE CURR5TS4 ,BUT ?AT TOO MAY *ANGE4 ,! ]OSION ( ! ,COLD ,W> MY?OLOGY AT LEA/ MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO DISCUSS SOME ( !SE QUE/IONS1 & IF ! PRES5T WAVE ( REPRESSION CAN BE BEAT5 BACK1 IF ! LEFT CAN OV]COME ITS MORE SUICIDAL T5D5CIES & BUILD ON ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! PA/ DECADE1 ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO ORGANIZE 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ON TRULY DEMOCRATIC L9ES1 ) DEMOCRATIC CONTROL 9 ! WORKPLACE AS WELL AS 9 ! COMMUNITY1 ?IS %\LD BECOME ! DOM9ANT 9TELLECTUAL ISSUE = ?OSE :O >E ALIVE TO ! PROBLEMS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,& AS A MASS MOVEM5T = REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM DEVELOPS1 AS ,I HOPE IT WILL1 SPECULATION %\LD PROCE$ TO ACTION4 

,IT MAY SEEM QUIXOTIC TO GR\P LEFT ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM UND] ! SAME RUBRIC1 AS ,I HAVE DONE1 GIV5 ! ANTAGONISM ?R\<\T ! PA/ C5TURY BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ! AN>*I/S1 BEG9N+ ) ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ! ONE H& &1 = EXAMPLE1 ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 ON ! O!R4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AT LEA/1 !IR DIFF]5CES ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( ! /ATE WAS SIGNIFICANT1 BUT 9 A S5SE IT WAS TACTICAL4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E CONV9C$ ?AT CAPITALISM & ! /ATE MU/ BE DE/ROY$ TOGE!R4 ,BUT ,5GELS1 9 A LETT] ( #a#h#h#c1 EXPRESS$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ?IS IDEA AS FOLL[S3 0,! AN>*I/S PUT ! ?+ UPSIDE D[N4 ,!Y DECL>E ?AT ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION MU/ BEG9 BY DO+ AWAY ) ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! /ATE4 ,BUT TO DE/ROY IT AT SU* A MOM5T W\LD BE TO DE/ROY ! ONLY ORGANISM BY MEANS ( :I* ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT CAN ASS]T ITS NEWLY CONQU]$ P[]1 HOLD D[N ITS ADV]S>IES & C>RY \T ?AT ECONOMIC REVOLUTION ( SOCIETY )\T :I* ! :OLE VICTORY MU/ 5D 9 A NEW DEFEAT & 9 A MASS SLAU<T] ( ! WORK]S1 SIMIL> TO ?OSE AFT] ! ,P>IS COMMUNE40 

,N[1 ! ,P>IS COMMUNE1 ,I ?9K IT IS FAIR TO SAY1 DID REPRES5T ! IDEAS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 ( AN>*ISM IF Y\ LIKE1 & ,M>X WROTE AB\T IT ) GREAT 5?USIASM4 ,9 FACT1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! COMMUNE L$ HIM TO MODIFY HIS CONCEPT ( ! ROLE ( ! /ATE & TO TAKE ON SOME?+ MORE ( AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE ( ! NATURE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AS Y\ CAN SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 BY LOOK+ AT ! 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ! $ITION ?AT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#g#b4 ,! COMMUNE WAS ( C\RSE DR[N$ 9 BLOOD1 AS ! AN>*I/ COMMUNES ( ,SPA9 W]E DE/ROY$ BY ,FASCI/ & ,COMMUNI/ >MIES4 ,& IT MI<T BE >GU$ ?AT MORE DICTATORIAL /RUCTURES W\LD HAVE DEF5D$ ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ SU* =CES4 ,BUT ,I D\BT ?IS V]Y MU*1 AT LEA/ 9 ! CASE ( ,SPA91 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT A MORE CONSI/5T LIB]T>IAN POLICY MI<T HAVE PROVID$ ! ONLY POSSIBLE DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,( C\RSE ?IS CAN BE CONTE/$ & ?IS IS A LONG /ORY ?AT ,I DON'T WANT TO GO 9TO H]E1 BUT AT ! V]Y LEA/ IT IS CLE> ?AT ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE RA!R NAIVE1 AFT] ! EV5TS ( ! PA/ HALF C5TURY1 TO FAIL TO SEE ! TRU? 9 ,BAKUN9'S REPEAT$ W>N+S ?AT ! R$ BUREAUCRACY W\LD PROVE TO BE ! MO/ VIOL5T & T]RIBLE LIE ( ! C5TURY4 0,TAKE ! MO/ RADICAL REVOLUTION>Y & PLACE HIM ON ! ?RONE ( ALL ,RUSSIA01 HE SAID 9 #a#h#g1 0OR GIVE HIM DICTATORIAL P[]1 & BE=E A YE> HAS PASS$ HE WILL BECOME WORSE ?AN ! ,CZ> HIMSELF40 

,I'M AFRAID1 9 ?IS RESPECT ,BAKUN9 WAS ALL TOO P]CEPTIVE1 & ?IS K9D ( W>N+ WAS REPEAT$LY VOIC$ FROM ! LEFT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! #a#h#i'S ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,F]N& ,PELL\TI] ASK$1 0,MU/ ! TRANSITIONAL /ATE TO BE 5DUR$ NECESS>ILY OR 9EVITABLY BE ! COLLECTIVI/ JAIL8 ,MI<T IT NOT CONSI/ ( A FREE ORGANIZATION LIMIT$ EXCLUSIVELY BY ! NE$S ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 ALL POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS HAV+ DISAPPE>$80 

,I DON'T PRET5D TO KN[ ! ANSW] TO ?AT QUE/ION1 BUT ,I ?9K ?AT IT IS TOL]ABLY CLE> ?AT UNLESS ! ANSW] IS POSITIVE1 ! *ANCES = A TRULY DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION ?AT WILL A*IEVE ! HUMANI/IC IDEALS ( ! LEFT >E P]HAPS RA!R SLI<T4 ,I ?9K ,M>T9 ,BUB] PUT ! PROBLEM QUITE SUCC9CTLY :5 HE SAID3 0,ONE CANNOT 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S EXPECT A LITTLE TREE ?AT HAS BE5 TURN$ 9TO A CLUB TO PUT =? LEAVES40 ,= JU/ ?IS REASON1 IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT A P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T EXI/ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IF !RE >E TO BE ANY REASONABLE POSSIBILITIES = DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL *ANGE ( A RADICAL SORT ANY:]E 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,& COMP>ABLE REM>KS1 ,I ?9K1 UND\BT$LY HOLD = ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 

,L59 UNTIL ! 5D ( HIS LIFE /RESS$ ! IDEA ?AT 0IT IS AN ELEM5T>Y TRU? ( ,M>XISM ?AT ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM REQUIRES ! JO9T EF=T ( WORK]S 9 A NUMB] ( ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/ IT REQUIRES ?AT ! GREAT C5T]S ( WORLD IMP]IALISM BE IMP$$ BY DOME/IC PRESSURES FROM C\NT] REVOLUTION>Y 9T]V5TION4 ,ONLY SU* POSSIBILITIES WILL P]MIT ANY REVOLUTION TO OV]?R[ ITS [N CO]CIVE /ATE 9/ITUTIONS AS IT TRIES TO BR+ ! ECONOMY UND] DIRECT DEMOCRATIC CONTROL4 

,LET ME SUMM>IZE BRIEFLY AGA94 ,I HAVE M5TION$ SO F> TWO REF]5CE PO9TS = DISCUSSION ( ! /ATE1 CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,!Y >E 9 AGREEM5T ?AT ! FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE >E REPRESSIVE & ?AT /ATE ACTION MU/ BE LIMIT$4 ,! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ GOES ON TO 9SI/ ?AT ! /ATE P[] MU/ BE ELIM9AT$ 9 FAVOR ( ! DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ) DIRECT POPUL> CONTROL OV] ALL 9/ITUTIONS BY ?OSE :O P>TICIPATE 9 AS WELL AS ?OSE :O >E DIRECTLY AFFECT$ BY ! WORK+S ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,SO ONE MI<T IMAG9E A SY/EM ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 CONSUM] C\NCILS1 COMMUNE ASSEMBLIES1 REGIONAL F$]ATIONS1 & SO ON1 ) ! K9D ( REPRES5TATION ?AT IS DIRECT & REVOCABLE1 9 ! S5SE ?AT REPRES5TATIVES >E DIRECTLY ANSW]ABLE TO & RETURN DIRECTLY TO ! WELL DEF9$ & 9TEGRAT$ SOCIAL GR\P = :I* !Y SPEAK 9 SOME HI<] ORD] ORGANIZATION1 SOME?+ OBVI\SLY V]Y DIFF]5T ?AN \R SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION4 

,N[ IT MI<T V]Y WELL BE ASK$ :E!R SU* A SOCIAL /RUCTURE IS FEASIBLE 9 A COMPLEX1 HI<LY TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,!RE >E C\NT] >GUM5TS1 & ,I ?9K !Y FALL 9TO TWO MA9 CATEGORIES4 ,! FIR/ CATEGORY IS ?AT SU* AN ORGANIZATION IS CONTR>Y TO HUMAN NATURE1 & ! SECOND CATEGORY SAYS R\<LY ?AT IT IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! DEM&S ( EFFICI5CY4 ,I'D LIKE TO BRIEFLY CONSID] EA* ( !SE4 

,CONSID] ! FIR/1 ?AT A FREE SOCIETY IS CONTR>Y TO HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT IS (T5 ASK$1 DO M5 REALLY WANT FRE$OM1 DO !Y WANT ! RESPONSIBILITY ?AT GOES ) IT4 ,OR W\LD !Y PREF] TO BE RUL$ BY A B5EVOL5T MA/]4 ,CONSI/5TLY1 APOLOGI/S = ! EXI/+ DI/RIBUTION ( P[] HAVE HELD TO ONE OR ANO!R V]SION ( ! IDEA ( ! HAPPY SLAVE4 ,TWO HUNDR$ YE>S AGO ,R\SSEAU D5\NC$ ! SOPHI/IC POLITICIANS & 9TELLECTUALS 0:O SE>* = WAYS TO OBSCURE ! FACT10 SO HE MA9TA9$1 0?AT ! ESS5TIAL & ! DEF9+ PROP]TY ( MAN IS HIS FRE$OM4 ,!Y ATTRIBUTE TO MAN A NATURAL 9CL9ATION TO S]VITUDE1 )\T ?9K+ ?AT IT IS ! SAME = FRE$OM AS = 9NOC5CE & VIRTUE4 ,!IR VALUE IS FELT ONLY AS LONG AS ONE 5JOYS !M ONESELF1 & ! TA/E = !M IS LO/ AS SOON AS ONE HAS LO/ !M40 ,AS PRO( ( ?IS DOCTR9E HE REF]S TO ! M>VELS DONE BY ALL FREE PEOPLES TO GU>D !MSELVES FROM OPPRESSION4 0,TRUE0 HE SAYS 0?OSE :O HAVE AB&ON$ ! LIFE ( A FREE MAN DO NO?+ BUT BOA/ 9CESSANTLY ( ! PEACE1 ! REPOSE !Y 5JOY 9 !IR *A9S4 ,BUT :5 ,I SEE ! O!RS SACRIFICE PLEASURES1 REPOSE1 WEAL?1 P[] & LIFE ITSELF = ! PRES]VATION ( ?IS SOLE GOOD :I* IS SO DISDA9$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE LO/ IT1 :5 ,I SEE MULTITUDES ( 5TIRELY NAK$ SAVAGES SCORN ,EUROPEAN VOLUPTU\SNESS & 5DURE HUNG]1 FIRE1 ! SWORD & DEA? TO PRES]VE ONLY !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 ,I FEEL IT DOES NOT BEHOOVE SLAVES TO REASON AB\T FRE$OM40 ,A COMM5T TO :I* WE CAN P]HAPS GIVE A CONTEMPOR>Y 9T]PRETATION4 

,RA!R SIMIL> ?\<TS W]E EXPRESS$ BY ,KANT #d YE>S LAT]4 ,HE CANNOT1 HE SAYS1 0ACCEPT ! PROPOSITION ?AT C]TA9 PEOPLE >E NOT RI<T = FRE$OM1 = EXAMPLE1 ! S]FS ( SOME L&LORD4 ,IF ONE ACCEPTS ?IS ASSUMPTION1 FRE$OM WILL NEV] BE A*IEV$4 ,= ONE CANNOT >RIVE AT ! MATURITY = FRE$OM )\T HAV+ ALREADY ACQUIR$ IT4 ,ONE MU/ BE FREE TO LE>N H[ TO MAKE USE ( ONES P[]S FREELY & USEFULLY4 ,! FIR/ ATTEMPTS WILL SURELY BE BRUTAL & WILL LEAD TO A /ATE ( AFFAIRS MORE PA9FUL & DANG]\S ?AN ! =M] CONDITION1 UND] ! DOM9ANCE BUT ALSO ! PROTECTION ( AN EXT]NAL AU?ORITY4 ,H[EV]1 ONE CAN A*IEVE REASON ONLY ?R\< ONES [N EXP]I5CES1 & ONE MU/ BE FREE TO BE ABLE TO UND]TAKE !M4 ,TO ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLE ?AT FRE$OM IS WOR?LESS = ?OSE UND] ONES CONTROL & ?AT ONE HAS ! RI<T TO REFUSE IT TO !M =EV] IS AN 9FR+EM5T ON ! RI<T ( ,GOD HIMSELF1 :O HAS CREAT$ MAN TO BE FREE40 

,?IS P>TICUL> REM>K IS 9T]E/+ BECAUSE ( ITS CONTEXT AS WELL4 ,KANT ON ?IS OCCASION WAS DEF5D+ ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION DUR+ ! T]ROR AGA9/ ?OSE :O CLAIM$ ?AT IT %[$ ! MASSES TO BE UNREADY = ! PRIVILEGE ( FRE$OM4 ,& HIS REM>KS1 TOO1 ,I ?9K1 HAVE OBVI\S CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE4 ,NO RATIONAL P]SON WILL APPROVE ( VIOL5CE & T]ROR1 & 9 P>TICUL> ! T]ROR ( ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y /ATE ?AT HAS FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( A GRIM AUTOCRACY HAS MORE ?AN ONCE REA*$ 9DESCRIBABLE LEVELS ( SAVAG]Y4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 NO P]SON ( UND]/&+ OR HUMANITY WILL TOO QUICKLY CONDEMN ! VIOL5CE ?AT (T5 OCCURS1 :5 LONG SUBDU$ MASSES RISE AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS OR TAKE !IR FIR/ /EPS T[>D LIB]TY & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 

,HUMBOLDT1 JU/ A FEW YE>S BE=E ,KANT1 HAD EXPRESS$ A VIEW ?AT WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT4 ,HE ALSO SAID ?AT FRE$OM & V>IETY >E ! PRECONDITIONS = HUMAN SELF-REALIZATION4 0,NO?+ PROMOTES ?IS RI<TNESS = FRE$OM SO MU* AS FRE$OM ITSELF4 ,?IS TRU? P]HAPS MAY NOT BE ACKN[L$G$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE SO (T5 US$ ?IS UNRI<TNESS AS AN EXCUSE = CONT9U+ REPRESSION1 BUT IT SEEMS TO ME TO FOLL[ UNQUE/IONABLY FROM ! V]Y NATURE ( MAN4 ,! 9CAPACITY = FRE$OM CAN ONLY >ISE FROM A WANT ( MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL P[]4 ,TO HEI<T5 ?IS P[] IS ! ONLY WAY TO SUPPLY ! WANT1 BUT TO DO SO PRESUPPOSES ! FRE$OM :I* AWAK5S SPONTANE\S ACTIVITY4 ,?OSE :O DO NOT COMPREH5D ?IS MAY JU/LY BE SUSPECT$ ( MISUND]/&+ HUMAN NATURE1 & WI%+ TO MAKE M5 9TO MA*9ES40 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S FRAT]NAL SYMPA!TIC CRITIQUE ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE WAS GIV5 9 V]Y SIMIL> T]MS4 0,ONLY ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES 9 SELF-GOV]NM5T & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION C\LD BR+ AB\T ! COMPLETE SPIRITUAL TRANS=MATION 9 ! MASSES DEGRAD$ BY C5TURIES ( B\RGEOIS CLASS RULE1 JU/ AS ONLY !IR CREATIVE EXP]I5CE & SPONTANE\S ACTION CAN SOLVE ! MYRIAD PROBLEMS ( CREAT+ A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY40 

,%E W5T ON TO SAY ?AT HI/ORICALLY ! ]RORS COMMITT$ BY A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T >E 9F9ITELY MORE FRUITFUL ?AN ! 9FALLIBILITY ( ! CLEV]E/ C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 & ,I ?9K ?AT !SE REM>KS CAN BE TRANSLAT$ IMM$IATELY = ! SOME:AT P>ALLEL IDEOLOGY ( ! S\LFUL CORPORATION :I* IS N[ FAIRLY POPUL> AMONG ,AM]ICAN ACADEMICS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,C>L ,KAYS5 WRITES3 0,NO LONG] ! AG5T ( PROPRIETOR%IPS SEEK+ TO MAXIMIZE RETURN ON 9VE/M5T1 MANAGEM5T SEES ITSELF AS RESPONSIBLE TO /OCK HOLD]S1 EMPLOYES1 CU/OM]S1 G5]AL PUBLIC & P]HAPS MO/ IMPORTANT ! FIRM ITSELF AS AN 9/ITUTION4 ,!RE IS NO DISPLAY ( GRE$ OR GRASP+NESS1 !RE IS NO ATTEMPT TO PU% (F ON ! WORK]S & ! COMMUNITY AT LEA/ P>T ( ! SOCIAL CO/S ( ! 5T]PRISE4 ,! MOD]N CORPORATION IS A S\LFUL CORPORATION40 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! VANGU>D P>TY IS A S\LFUL P>TY4 ,9 BO? CASES ?OSE :O URGE ?AT M5 SUBMIT TO ! RULE ( !SE B5EVOL5T AUTOCRACIES MAY1 ,I ?9K1 JU/LY BE ACCUS$ ( WI%+ TO MAKE M5 9TO MA*9ES4 ,N[1 ! CORRECTNESS ( ! VIEW ?AT IS EXPRESS$ BY ,R\SSEAU & ,KANT & ,HUMBOLDT & ,LUXEMBURG & 9NUM]ABLE O!RS1 ,I DON'T ?9K ?AT ! CORRECTNESS ( ?IS IS = ! MOM5T SUSCEPTIBLE TO SCI5TIFIC PRO(4 ,ONE CAN ONLY EVALUATE IT 9 T]MS ( EXP]I5CE & 9TUITION4 ,BUT ONE CAN ALSO PO9T \T ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( ADOPT+ ! VIEW ?AT M5 >E BORN TO BE FREE1 OR ?AT !Y >E BORN TO BE RUL$ BY B5EVOL5T AUTOCRATS4 

,:AT ( ! SECOND QUE/ION1 ! QUE/ION ( EFFICI5CY8 ,IS DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 D[N TO ITS SMALLE/ FUNCTIONAL UNITS1 9COMPATIBLE ) EFFICI5CY8 ,?IS IS V]Y FREQU5TLY >GU$ ON SEV]AL GR\NDS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 SOME SAY ?AT C5TRALIZ$ MANAGEM5T IS A TE*NOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVE1 BUT ,I ?9K ! >GUM5T IS EXCE$+LY WEAK :5 ONE LOOKS 9TO IT4 ,! V]Y SAME TE*NOLOGY ?AT BR+S RELEVANT 9=MATION TO ! BO>D ( MANAG]S CAN BR+ IT AT ! TIME ?AT IT IS NE$$ TO EV]YONE 9 ! WORK =CE4 ,! TE*NOLOGY ?AT IS N[ CAPABLE ( ELIM9AT+ ! /UPEFY+ LABOR ?AT TURNS M5 9TO SPECIALIZ$ TOOLS ( PRODUCTION P]MITS 9 PR9CIPLE ! LEISURE & ! $UCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ?AT MAKE !M ABLE TO USE ?IS 9=MATION 9 A RATIONAL WAY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 EV5 AN ECONOMIC ELITE :I* IS DRIPP+ ) S\LFULNESS1 TO USE ,RALPH ,MILIB&'S PHRASE1 IS CON/RA9$ BY ! SY/EM 9 :I* IT FUNCTIONS TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION = C]TA9 5DS3 P[]1 GR[?1 PR(IT1 BUT NOT 9 ! NATURE ( ! CASE HUMAN NE$S1 NE$S ?AT TO AN EV] MORE CRITICAL DEGREE CAN BE EXPRESS$ ONLY 9 COLLECTIVE T]MS4 ,IT IS SURELY CONCEIVABLE & IS P]HAPS EV5 LIKELY ?AT DECISIONS MADE BY ! COLLECTIVE ITSELF1 WILL REFLECT !SE NE$S & 9T]E/S AS WELL AS ?OSE MADE BY V>I\S S\LFUL ELITES4 

,9 ANY EV5T1 IT IS A BIT DIFFICULT TO TAKE S]I\SLY >GUM5TS AB\T EFFICI5CY 9 A SOCIETY ?AT DEVOTES SU* 5ORM\S RES\RCES TO WA/E & DE/RUCTION4 ,AS EV]YONE KN[S1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( EFFICI5CY IS DRIPP+ ) IDEOLOGY4 ,MAXIMIZATION ( COMMODITIES IS H>DLY ! ONLY MEASURE ( A DEC5T EXI/5CE4 ,! PO9T IS FAMILI>1 & NO ELABORATION IS NECESS>Y4 

,/ATE ,SOCIALISM & ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 

,LET ME TURN TO ! TWO F9AL PO9TS ( REF]5CE3 ! ,BOL%EVIK OR /ATE SOCIALI/ & ! /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,AS ,I HAVE TRI$ TO SUGGE/1 !Y HAVE PO9TS 9 COMMON1 & 9 9T]E/+ RESPECTS !Y DIV]GE FROM ! CLASSICAL LIB]AL IDEAL OR ITS LAT] ELABORATION 9 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,S9CE ,I AM CONC]N$ ) \R SOCIETY1 LET ME MAKE A FEW RA!R ELEM5T>Y OBS]VATIONS AB\T ! ROLE ( ! /ATE1 ITS LIKELY EVOLUTION & ! IDEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS ?AT ACCOMPANY & SOMETIMES DISGUISE !SE PH5OM5A4 

,TO BEG9 )1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT WE CAN DI/+UI% TWO SY/EMS ( P[]1 ! POLITICAL SY/EM & ! ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,! =M] CONSI/S 9 PR9CIPLE ( ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE :O SET PUBLIC POLICY4 ,! LATT] 9 PR9CIPLE IS A SY/EM ( PRIVATE P[]1 A SY/EM ( PRIVATE EMPIRES1 ?AT >E FREE FROM PUBLIC CONTROL1 EXCEPT 9 ! REMOTE & 9DIRECT WAYS 9 :I* EV5 A FEUDAL NOBILITY OR A TOTALIT>IAN DICTATOR%IP MU/ BE RESPONSIVE TO ! PUBLIC WILL4 ,!RE >E SEV]AL IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 

,! FIR/ IS ?AT 9 A SUBTLE WAY AN AU?ORIT>IAN CA/ ( M9D IS 9DUC$ 9 A V]Y L>GE MASS ( ! POPULATION :I* IS SUBJECT TO >BITR>Y DECREE FROM ABOVE4 ,I ?9K ?AT ?IS HAS A GREAT EFFECT ON ! G5]AL *>ACT] ( ! CULTURE4 ,! EFFECT IS ! BELIEF ?AT ONE MU/ OBEY >BITR>Y DICTATES & ACC$E TO AU?ORITY4 ,& ,I ?9K ?AT 9 FACT A REM>KABLE & EXCIT+ FACT AB\T ! Y\? MOVEM5T 9 REC5T YE>S IS ?AT IT IS *ALL5G+ & BEG9N+ TO BREAK D[N SOME ( !SE AU?ORIT>IAN PATT]NS4 

,! SECOND FACT ?AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT ! RANGE ( DECISIONS ?AT >E 9 PR9CIPLE SUBJECT TO PUBLIC DEMOCRATIC CONTROL IS QUITE N>R[4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT EXCLUDES 9 LAW 9 PR9CIPLE ! C5TRAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ANY ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 I4E4 ! 5TIRE COMM]CIAL1 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL SY/EM4 ,& A ?IRD FACT IS ?AT EV5 )9 ! N>R[ RANGE ( ISSUES ?AT >E SUBMITT$ 9 PR9CIPLE TO DEMOCRATIC DECISION MAK+1 ! C5T]S ( PRIVATE P[] ( C\RSE EX]T AN 9ORD9ATELY HEAVY 9FLU5CE 9 P]FECTLY OBVI\S WAYS1 ?R\< CONTROL ( ! M$IA1 ?R\< CONTROL ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS OR 9 FACT BY ! SIMPLE & DIRECT MEANS ( SUPPLY+ ! TOP P]SONNEL = ! P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM ITSELF1 AS !Y OBVI\SLY DO4 ,RI*>D ,B>NET 9 HIS REC5T /UDY ( ! TOP #d DECISION MAK]S 9 ! PO/W> NATIONAL SECURITY SY/EM REPORTS ?AT MO/ HAVE1 ,I QUOTE N[1 0COME FROM EXECUTIVE SUITES & LAW (FICES )9 %\T+ DI/ANCE ( EA* O!R1 9 #ae CITY BLOCKS 9 #e MAJOR CITIES40 ,& EV]Y O!R /UDY %[S ! SAME ?+4 

,9 %ORT1 ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM AT BE/ FUNCTIONS )9 A N>R[ RANGE 9 A CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY1 & EV5 )9 ?IS N>R[ RANGE ITS FUNCTION+ IS 5ORM\SLY BIAS$ BY ! CONC5TRATIONS ( PRIVATE P[] & BY ! AU?ORIT>IAN & PASSIVE MODES ( ?9K+ ?AT >E 9DUC$ BY AUTOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS 9DU/RIES1 = EXAMPLE4 ,IT IS A TRUISM BUT ONE ?AT MU/ BE CON/ANTLY /RESS$ ?AT CAPITALISM & DEMOCRACY >E ULTIMATELY QUITE 9COMPATIBLE4 ,& A C>EFUL LOOK AT ! MATT] M]ELY /R5G!NS ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,!RE >E P]FECTLY OBVI\S PROCESSES ( C5TRALIZATION ( CONTROL TAK+ PLACE 9 BO? ! POLITICAL & ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM4 ,AS F> AS ! POLITICAL SY/EM IS CONC]N$1 9 EV]Y P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY1 NOT ONLY \RS1 ! ROLE ( P>LIAM5T 9 POLICY =MATION HAS BE5 DECL9+ 9 ! YE>S S9CE ,W,W,I,I1 AS EV]YONE KN[S & POLITICAL COMM5TATORS REPEAT$LY PO9T \T4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! EXECUTIVE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY P[]FUL AS ! PLANN+ FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE BECOME MORE SIGNIFICANT4 ,! ,H\SE ,>M$ ,S]VICES ,COMMITTEE A C\PLE ( YE>S AGO DESCRIB$ ! ROLE ( ,CONGRESS AS ?AT ( A SOMETIMES QU]UL\S BUT ESS5TIALLY K9DLY UNCLE :O COMPLA9S :ILE FURI\SLY PUFF+ ON HIS PIPE BUT :O F9ALLY1 AS EV]YONE EXPECTS1 GIVES 9 & H&S OV] ! ALL[ANCE4 ,& C>EFUL /UDIES ( CIVIL MILIT>Y DECISIONS S9CE ,W,W,I,I %[ ?AT ?IS IS QUITE AN ACCURATE P]CEPTION4 

,S5ATOR ,V&5B]G #b YE>S AGO EXPRESS$ HIS FE> ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN *IEF EXECUTIVE W\LD BECOME ! NUMB] ONE W>LORD ( ! E>?1 HIS PHRASE4 ,?AT HAS S9CE OCCURR$4 ,! CLE>E/ DECISION IS ! DECISION TO ESCALATE 9 ,VIETNAM 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f#e1 9 CYNICAL DISREG>D ( ! EXPRESS$ WILL ( ! ELECTORATE4 ,?IS 9CID5T REVEALS1 ,I ?9K1 ) P]FECT CL>ITY ! ROLE ( ! PUBLIC 9 DECISIONS AB\T PEACE & W>1 ! ROLE ( ! PUBLIC 9 DECISIONS AB\T ! MA9 L9ES AB\T PUBLIC POLICY 9 G5]AL4 ,& IT ALSO SUGGE/S ! IRRELEVANCE ( ELECTORAL POLITICS TO MAJOR DECISIONS ( NATIONAL POLICY4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 Y\ CAN'T VOTE ! RASCALS \T1 BECAUSE Y\ NEV] VOT$ !M 91 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,! CORPORATE EXECUTIVES & ! CORPORATION LAWY]S & SO ON :O OV]:ELM+LY /AFF ! EXECUTIVE1 ASSI/$ 9CREAS+LY BY A UNIV]SITY BAS$ M&>9 CLASS1 REMA9 9 P[] NO MATT] :OM Y\ ELECT4 

,FUR!RMORE1 IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ?IS RUL+ ELITE IS PRETTY CLE> AB\T ITS SOCIAL ROLE4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE TAKE ,ROB]T ,MC,NAM>A1 :O IS ! P]SON WIDELY PRAIS$ 9 LIB]AL CIRCLES = HIS HUMANITY1 HIS TE*NICAL BRILLIANCE & HIS CAMPAIGN TO CONTROL ! MILIT>Y4 ,HIS VIEWS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ,I ?9K1 >E QUITE ILLUM9AT+4 ,HE SAYS ?AT VITAL DECISION MAK+ 9 POLICY MATT]S AS WELL AS 9 BUS9ESS MU/ REMA9 AT ! TOP4 ,?AT IS P>TLY1 ?\< NOT COMPLETELY1 :AT ! TOP IS =4 ,& HE GOES ON TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS IS APP>5TLY A DIV9E IMP]ATIVE4 ,I QUOTE3 0,GOD IS CLE>LY DEMOCRATIC1 HE DI/RIBUTES BRA9 P[] UNIV]SALLY1 BUT HE QUITE JU/IFIABLY EXPECTS US TO DO SOME?+ EFFICI5T & CON/RUCTIVE ) ?AT PRICELESS GIFT4 ,?AT'S :AT MANAGEM5T IS ALL AB\T4 ,MANAGEM5T 9 ! 5D IS ! MO/ CREATIVE ( ALL ! >TS1 = ITS M$IUM IS HUMAN TAL5T ITSELF4 ,! REAL ?REAT TO DEMOCRACY COMES FROM UND]-MANAGEM5T4 ,! UND]-MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY IS NOT ! RESPECT ( LIB]TY1 IT IS SIMPLY TO LET SOME =CE O!R ?AN REASON %APE REALITY4 ,IF IT IS NOT REASON ?AT RULES MAN !N MAN FALLS %ORT ( HIS POT5TIAL40 

,SO REASON !N IS TO BE ID5TIFI$ AS ! C5TRALIZATION ( DECISION MAK+ AT ! TOP 9 ! H&S ( MANAGEM5T4 ,POPUL> 9VOLVEM5T 9 DECISION MAK+ IS A ?REAT TO LIB]TY1 A VIOLATION ( REASON4 ,REASON IS EMBODI$ 9 AUTOCRATIC1 TI<TLY MANAG$ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,/R5G!N+ !SE 9/ITUTIONS )9 :I* MAN CAN FUNCTION MO/ EFFICI5TLY IS1 9 HIS WORDS1 0! GREAT HUMAN ADV5TURE ( \R TIMES40 ,ALL ?IS HAS A FA9TLY FAMILI> R+ TO IT4 ,IT IS ! AU!NTIC VOICE ( ! TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 ! LIB]AL 9TELLIG5TSIA ( ! TE*NOCRATIC CORPORATE ELITE 9 A MOD]N SOCIETY4 

,!RE IS A P>ALLEL PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION 9 ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,A REC5T ,F,T,C REPORT NOTES ?AT ! #b L>GE/ MANUFACTUR+ CORPORATIONS N[ CONTROL AB\T TWO ?IRDS ( ALL MANUFACTUR+ ASSETS4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,W,W,I,I ! SAME AM\NT ( P[] WAS SPREAD OV] A ?\S& CORPORATIONS4 ,! REPORT SAYS3 0,A SMALL 9DU/RIAL ELITE ( HUGE CONGLOM]ATE COMPANIES IS GOBBL+ UP ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESS & L>GELY DE/ROY+ COMPETITIVE FREE 5T]PRISE40 ,FUR!RMORE IT SAYS3 0,!SE TWO HUNDR$ CORPORATIONS >E P>TIALLY L9K$ ) EA* O!R & ) O!R CORPORATIONS 9 WAYS ?AT MAY PREV5T OR DISC\RAGE 9DEP5D5T BEHAVIOR 9 M>KET DECISIONS40 ,:AT IS NOVEL AB\T SU* OBS]VATIONS IS ONLY !IR S\RCE1 ! ,F,T,C4 ,!Y >E FAMILI>1 TO ! PO9T ( CLI*E1 AMONG LEFT-LIB]AL COMM5TATORS ON ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 

,! C5TRALIZATION ( P[] ALSO HAS AN 9T]NATIONAL DIM5SION4 ,QUOT+ FROM ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 IT HAS BE5 PO9T$ ?AT 0ON ! BASIS ( ! GROSS VALUE ( !IR \TPUT1 ,U,S 5T]PRISES ABROAD 9 ! AGGREGATE COMPRISE ! ?IRD L>GE/ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD1 ) A GROSS PRODUCT GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ANY C\NTRY EXCEPT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,AM]ICAN FIRMS CONTROL OV] HALF ! AUTOMOBILE 9DU/RY 9 ,5GL&1 ALMO/ #d.0 ( PETROLEUM 9 ,G]MANY1 OV] #d.0 ( ! TELEGRAPHIC1 TELEPHONE & ELECTRONIC & BUS9ESS EQUIPM5T 9 ,FRANCE1 #g#e.0 ( ! COMPUT]S4 ,)9 A DECADE1 GIV5 PRES5T TR5DS1 MORE ?AN HALF ( ! ,BRITI% EXPORTS WILL BE FROM ,AM]ICAN [N$ COMPANIES40 ,FUR!RMORE1 !SE >E HI<LY-CONC5TRAT$ 9VE/M5TS3 #d.0 ( DIRECT 9VE/M5T 9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA9 IS BY ?REE FIRMS1 ,AM]ICAN FIRMS4 

,GEORGE ,BALL HAS EXPLA9$ ?AT ! PROJECT ( CON/RUCT+ AN 9TEGRAT$ WORLD ECONOMY1 DOM9AT$ BY ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL1 AN EMPIRE 9 O!R WORDS1 IS NO IDEALI/IC PIPE DREAM1 BUT A H>D HEAD$ PR$ICTION4 ,IT IS A ROLE1 HE SAYS1 9TO :I* WE >E BE+ PU%$ BY ! IMP]ATIVES ( \R [N ECONOMY1 ! MAJOR 9/RUM5T BE+ ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATION :I* ,GEORGE ,BALL DESCRIBES AS FOLL[S3 0,9 ITS MOD]N =M1 ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATION1 OR ONE ) WORLDWIDE OP]ATIONS & M>KETS1 IS A DI/9CTLY ,AM]ICAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,?R\< SU* CORPORATIONS IT HAS BECOME POSSIBLE = ! FIR/ TIME TO USE ! WORLD'S RES\RCES ) MAXIMUM EFFICI5CY4 ,BUT !RE MU/ BE GREAT] UNIFICATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY TO GIVE FULL PLAY TO ! B5EFITS ( MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS40 

,!SE MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS >E ! B5EFICI>Y ( ! MOBILIZATION ( RES\RCES BY ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 & ITS WORLD WIDE OP]ATIONS & M>KETS >E BACK$ ULTIMATELY BY ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y =CE1 N[ BAS$ 9 DOZ5S ( C\NTRIES4 ,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO GUESS :O WILL REAP ! B5EFITS FROM ! 9TEGRAT$ WORLD ECONOMY1 :I* IS ! DOMA9 ( OP]ATION ( !SE ,AM]ICAN BAS$ 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 

,AT ?IS /AGE 9 ! DISCUSSION ONE HAS TO M5TION ! SPECT] ( COMMUNISM4 ,:AT IS ! ?REAT ( COMMUNISM TO ?IS SY/EM8 ,= A CLE> & COG5T ANSW]1 ONE CAN TURN TO AN EXT5SIVE /UDY ( ! ,WOODR[ ,WILSON ,F\NDATION & ,NATIONAL ,PLANN+ ,ASSOCIATION CALL$ ! ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ( ,AM]ICAN ,=EIGN ,POLICY1 A V]Y IMPORTANT BOOK4 ,IT WAS COMPIL$ BY A REPRES5TATIVE SEGM5T ( ! T9Y ELITE ?AT L>GELY SETS PUBLIC POLICY = :OEV] IS TE*NICALLY 9 (FICE4 ,9 EFFECT1 IT'S AS CLOSE AS Y\ CAN COME TO A MANIFE/O ( ! ,AM]ICAN RUL+ CLASS4 

,H]E !Y DEF9E ! PRIM>Y ?REAT ( COMMUNISM AS 0! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ( ! COMMUNI/ P[]S 9 WAYS :I* R$UCE !IR WILL+NESS OR ABILITY TO COMPLEM5T ! 9DU/RIAL ECONOMIES ( ! ,WE/40 ,?AT IS ! PRIM>Y ?REAT ( COMMUNISM4 ,COMMUNISM1 9 %ORT1 R$UCES ! WILL+NESS & ABILITY ( UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES TO FUNCTION 9 ! WORLD CAPITALI/ ECONOMY 9 ! MANN] (1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES :I* HAS DEVELOP$ A COLONIAL ECONOMY ( A CLASSIC TYPE1 AFT] #ge YE>S ( ,AM]ICAN TUTELAGE & DOM9ATION4 ,IT IS ?IS DOCTR9E :I* EXPLA9S :Y ,BRITI% ECONOMI/ ,JOAN ,ROB9SON DESCRIBES ! ,AM]ICAN CRUSADE AGA9/ COMMUNISM AS A CRUSADE AGA9/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,! COLD W> IDEOLOGY & ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNI/ CONSPIRACY FUNCTION 9 AN IMPORTANT WAY AS ESS5TIALLY A PROPAG&A DEVICE TO MOBILIZE SUPPORT AT A P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL MOM5T = ?IS LONG TIME IMP]IAL 5T]PRISE4 ,9 FACT1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ?IS IS PROBABLY ! MA9 FUNCTION ( ! COLD W>4 ,IT S]VES AS A USEFUL DEVICE = ! MANAG]S ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY & !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO CONTROL !IR [N POPULATIONS & !IR [N RESPECTIVE IMP]IAL SY/EMS4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! P]SI/5CE ( ! COLD W> CAN BE 9 P>T EXPLA9$ BY ITS UTILITY = ! MANAG]S ( ! TWO GREAT WORLD SY/EMS4 

,!RE IS ONE F9AL ELEM5T ?AT HAS TO BE ADD$ TO ?IS PICTURE1 NAMELY ! ONGO+ MILIT>IZATION ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,H[ DOES ?IS 5T] 98 ,TO SEE1 ONE HAS TO LOOK BACK AT ,W,W,I,I & TO RECALL ?AT PRIOR TO ,W,W,I,I1 ( C\RSE1 WE W]E DEEP 9 ! DEPRESSION4 ,W,W,I,I TAU<T AN IMPORTANT ECONOMIC LESSON1 IT TAU<T ! LESSON ?AT GOV]NM5T 9DUC$ PRODUCTION 9 A C>EFULLY CONTROLL$ ECONOMY - C5TRALLY CONTROLL$ - C\LD OV]COME ! EFFECTS ( A DEPRESSION4 

,I ?9K ?IS IS :AT ,*>LES ,E4 ,WILSON HAD 9 M9D AT ! 5D ( #aidd :5 HE PROPOS$ ?AT WE HAVE A P]MAN5T W> ECONOMY 9 ! PO/W> WORLD4 ,( C\RSE1 ! TR\BLE IS ?AT 9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY !RE >E ONLY A NUMB] ( WAYS 9 :I* GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION CAN TAKE PLACE4 ,IT CAN'T BE COMPETITIVE ) ! PRIVATE EMPIRES = EXAMPLE1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT IT CAN'T BE ANY USEFUL PRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT1 IT HAS TO BE ! PRODUCTION ( LUXURY GOODS1 GOODS NOT CAPITAL1 NOT USEFUL COMMODITIES1 :I* W\LD BE COMPETITIVE4 ,& UN=TUNATELY !RE IS ONLY ONE CATEGORY ( LUXURY GOODS ?AT CAN BE PRODUC$ 5DLESSLY ) RAPID OBSOLESC5CE1 QUICKLY WA/+1 & NO LIMIT ON H[ MANY ( !M Y\ CAN USE4 ,WE ALL KN[ :AT ?AT IS4 

,?IS :OLE MATT] IS DESCRIB$ PRETTY WELL BY ! BUS9ESS HI/ORIAN ,ALFR$ ,*&L]4 ,HE DESCRIBES ! ECONOMIC LESSONS ( ,W,W,I,I AS FOLL[S3 0,! GOV]NM5T SP5T F> MORE ?AN ! MO/ 5?USIA/IC ,NEW ,DEAL] HAD EV] PROPOS$4 ,MO/ ( ! \TPUT ( ! EXP5DITURES WAS DE/ROY$ OR LEFT ON ! BATTLEFIELDS ( ,EUROPE OR ,ASIA BUT ! RESULT+ 9CREAS$ DEM& S5T ! NATION 9TO A P]IOD ( PROSP]ITY1 ! LIKES ( :I* HAD NEV] BE=E BE5 SE54 ,MOREOV]1 ! SUPPLY+ ( HUGE >MIES & NAVIES FI<T+ ! MO/ MASSIVE W> ( ALL TIME REQUIR$ A TI<T C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,?IS EF=T BR\<T CORPORATE MANAG]S TO ,WA%+TON TO C>RY \T ONE ( ! MO/ COMPLEX PIECES ( ECONOMIC PLANN+ 9 HI/ORY4 ,?AT EXP]I5CE LESS5$ ! IDEOLOGICAL FE>S OV] ! GOV]NM5T'S ROLE 9 /ABILIZ+ ! ECONOMY40 

,?IS IS A CONS]VATIVE COMM5TATOR1 ,I MI<T PO9T \T4 ,IT MAY BE ADD$ ?AT ! 5SU+ COLD W> C>RI$ FUR!R ! DEPOLITICIZATION ( ! ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY & CREAT$ ! K9D ( PSY*OLOGICAL 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ! GOV]NM5T IS ABLE TO 9T]V5E 9 P>T ?R\< FISCAL POLICIES1 9 P>T ?R\< PUBLIC WORK & PUBLIC S]VICES1 BUT V]Y L>GELY1 ( C\RSE1 ?R\< DEF5SE SP5D+4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 TO USE ,ALFR$ ,*&L]'S WORDS1 0! GOV]NM5T ACTS AS A COORD9ATOR ( LA/ RESORT :5 MANAG]S >E UNABLE TO MA9TA9 A HI< LEVEL ( AGGREGATE DEM&40 ,AS ANO!R CONS]VATIVE BUS9ESS HI/ORIAN1 ,JOSEPH ,MONS51 WRITES1 05LI<T5$ CORPORATE MANAG]S1 F> FROM FE>+ GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION 9 ! ECONOMY1 VIEW ! NEW ECONOMICS AS A TE*NIQUE = 9CREAS+ CORPORATE VIABILITY40 

,( C\RSE1 ! MO/ CYNICAL USE ( !SE IDEAS IS BY ! MANAG]S ( ! PUBLICLY SUBSIDIZ$ W> 9DU/RIES4 ,!RE WAS A REM>KABLE S]IES 9 ! ,WA%+TON ,PO/ AB\T A YE> AGO1 BY ,B]N>D ,NOSSIT]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE QUOT$ ,SAMUEL ,D[N]1 F9ANCIAL VICE PRESID5T ( ,L,T,V ,A]OSPACE1 ONE ( ! BIG NEW CONGLOM]ATES1 :O EXPLA9$ :Y ! PO/W> WORLD MU/ BE BOL/]$ BY MILIT>Y ORD]S4 ,HE SAID3 0,ITS SELL+ APPEAL IS ! DEF5SE ( ! HOME4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! GREATE/ APPEALS ! POLITICIANS HAVE TO ADJU/+ ! SY/EM4 ,IF Y\'RE ! PRESID5T & Y\ NE$ A CONTROL FACTOR 9 ! ECONOMY1 & Y\ NE$ TO SELL ?IS FACTOR1 Y\ CAN'T SELL ,H>LEM & ,WATTS BUT Y\ CAN SELL SELF-PRES]VATION1 A NEW 5VIRONM5T4 ,WE >E GO+ TO 9CREASE DEF5SE BUDGETS AS LONG AS ?OSE BA/>DS 9 ,RUSSIA >E AHEAD ( US4 ,! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE UND]/& ?IS40 

,( C\RSE1 ?OSE BA/>DS >5'T EXACTLY AHEAD ( US 9 ?IS DEADLY & CYNICAL GAME1 BUT ?AT IS ONLY A M9OR EMB>RASSM5T TO ! !SIS4 ,9 TIMES ( NE$1 WE CAN ALWAYS FOLL[ ,DEAN ,RUSK1 ,HUB]T ,HUMPHREY & O!R LUM9>IES & APPEAL TO ! BILLION ,*9ESE >M$ TO ! TEE? & SETT+ \T ON WORLD CONQUE/4 

,AGA91 ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE ! ROLE 9 ?IS SY/EM ( ! COLD W> AS A TE*NIQUE ( DOME/IC CONTROL1 A TE*NIQUE = DEVELOP+ ! CLIMATE ( P>ANOIA & PSY*OSIS 9 :I* ! TAX PAY] WILL BE WILL+ TO PROVIDE AN 5ORM\S 5DLESS SUBSIDY TO ! TE*NOLOGICALLY ADVANC$ SECTORS ( ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY & ! CORPORATIONS ?AT DOM9ATE ?IS 9CREAS+LY C5TRALIZ$ SY/EM4 

,( C\RSE1 IT IS P]FECTLY OBVI\S ?AT ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM IS NOT AN 9V5TION ( ,AM]ICAN IDEOLOGI/S4 ,IT IS REAL 5\< = ! ,HUNG>IANS & ! ,CZE*S1 = EXAMPLE4 ,:AT IS AN 9V5TION IS ! USES TO :I* IT IS PUT1 = EXAMPLE BY ,DEAN ,A*ESON 9 #aie OR ,WALT ,RO/[ A DECADE LAT]1 :5 !Y PRET5D ?AT ! ,VIETNAM W> IS AN EXAMPLE ( ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM4 ,OR BY ! ,JOHNSON ADM9I/RATION 9 #aife :5 IT JU/IFIES ! ,DOM9ICAN 9T]V5TION ) REF]5CE TO ! ,S9O-,SOVIET MILIT>Y BLOC4 ,OR BY ! ,K5N$Y 9TELLECTUALS1 :O AS ,T[NS5D ,HOOPES PUT IT 9 AN >TICLE 9 ! ,WA%+TON ,MON?LY 9 ! LA/ MON?1 W]E DELUD$ BY ! T5SIONS ( ! COLD W> YE>S1 & C\LD NOT P]CEIVE ?AT ! TRIUMPH ( ! NATIONAL REVOLUTION 9 ,VIETNAM W\LD NOT BE A TRIUMPH = ,MOSC[ & ,PEK+4 ,IT WAS ! MO/ REM>KABLE DEGREE ( DELUSION ON ! P>T ( PRESUMABLY LIT]ATE M54 

,OR1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,EUG5E ,RO/[ :O 9 A REC5T BOOK ?AT WAS V]Y WIDELY PRAIS$ BY LIB]AL S5ATORS & ACADEMIC 9TELLECTUALS1 \TL9$ ! S]IES ( *ALL5GES TO WORLD ORD] 9 ! MOD]N ]A AS FOLL[S3 0,NAPOLEON1 ,KAIS] ,WILHELM1 ,HITL]10 & CONT9U+ 9 ! PO/W> WORLD1 0G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY1 ! CIVIL W> 9 ,GREECE1 & ! ATTACK ON ,S\? ,VIETNAM :]E ,RUSSIA HAS PUT US TO SEV]E TE/S 9 ITS EF=TS TO SPREAD COMMUNISM BY ! SWORD40 

,?IS IS A V]Y 9T]E/+ S]IES ( *ALL5GES TO WORLD ORD]3 ,NAPOLEON1 ,KAIS] ,WILHELM1 ,HITL]1 G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY1 ! CIVIL W> 9 ,GREECE & ! ,RUSSIAN ATTACK ON ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,IF ONE ?9KS IT ?R\<1 HE CAN REA* SOME PRETTY 9T]E/+ CONCLUSIONS AB\T MOD]N HI/ORY4 

,ONE CAN CONT9UE ) ?IS 9DEF9ITELY4 ,I MEAN TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! COLD W> IS HI<LY FUNCTIONAL BO? TO ! ,AM]ICAN ELITE & ITS ,SOVIET C\NT]P>T :O 9 A P]FECTLY SIMIL> WAY EXPLOIT ,WE/]N IMP]IALISM1 :I* !Y DID NOT 9V5T1 AS !Y S5D !IR >MIES 9TO ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT 9 BO? CASES 9 PROVID+ AN IDEOLOGY = EMPIRE & = ! GOV]NM5T SUBSIDIZ$ SY/EM H]E ( MILIT>Y CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS PR$ICTABLE !N ?AT ! *ALL5GES TO ?IS IDEOLOGY WILL BE BITT]LY RESI/$1 BY =CE IF NECESS>Y4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY IS 9DE$ OP5 & LIB]AL VALUES >E PRES]V$4 ,H[EV]1 AS POOR PEOPLE & BLACK PEOPLE & O!R E?NIC M9ORITIES KN[ V]Y WELL1 ! LIB]AL V5E] IS PRETTY ?94 ,M>K ,TWA9 ONCE WROTE ?AT 0IT IS BY ! GOODNESS ( ,GOD ?AT 9 \R C\NTRY WE HAVE ?OSE ?REE UNSPEAKABLY PRECI\S ?+S3 FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE1 & ! PRUD5CE NEV] TO PRACTICE EI!R ( !M40 ,?OSE :O LACK ! PRUD5CE MAY WELL PAY ! CO/4 

,R\<LY SPEAK+1 ,I ?9K IT IS ACCURATE TO SAY ?AT A CORPORATE ELITE ( MANAG]S & [N]S GOV]NS ! ECONOMY & ! POLITICAL SY/EM AS WELL1 AT LEA/ 9 V]Y L>GE MEASURE4 ,! PEOPLE1 SO-CALL$1 DO EX]CISE AN OCCASIONAL *OICE AMONG ?OSE :O ,M>X ONCE CALL$ ! RIVAL FACTIONS & ADV5TUR]S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,?OSE :O F9D ?IS *>ACT]IZATION TOO H>% MAY PREF] ! =MULATIONS ( A MOD]N DEMOCRATIC !ORI/ LIKE ,JOSEPH ,S*UMPET] :O DESCRIBES MOD]N POLITICAL DEMOCRACY1 FAVORABLY1 0AS A SY/EM 9 :I* ! DECID+ ( ISSUES BY ! ELECTORATE IS SECOND>Y TO ! ELECTION ( ! M5 :O >E TO DO ! DECID+4 ,! POLITICAL P>TY01 HE SAYS ACCURATELY1 0IS A GR\P :OSE MEMB]S PROPOSE TO ACT 9 CONC]T 9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE = POLITICAL P[]4 ,IF ?AT W]E NOT SO1 IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE = DIFF]5T P>TIES TO ADOPT EXACTLY OR ALMO/ EXACTLY ! SAME PROGRAM40 ,?AT'S ALL ! ADVANTAGES ( POLITICAL DEMOCRACY1 AS HE SEES IT4 

,?IS PROGRAM ?AT BO? P>TIES ADOPT MORE OR LESS EXACTLY & ! 9DIVIDUALS :O COMPETE = P[] EXPRESS A N>R[ CONS]VATIVE IDEOLOGY1 BASICALLY ! 9T]E/S ( ONE OR ANO!R ELEM5T 9 ! CORPORATE ELITE1 ) SOME MODIFICATIONS4 ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY NO CONSPIRACY4 ,I ?9K IT IS SIMPLY IMPLICIT 9 ! SY/EM ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 ,!SE PEOPLE & ! 9/ITUTIONS !Y REPRES5T >E 9 EFFECT 9 P[]1 & !IR 9T]E/S >E ! NATIONAL 9T]E/4 ,IT IS ?IS 9T]E/ ?AT IS S]V$ PRIM>ILY & OV]:ELM+LY BY ! OV]SEAS EMPIRE & ! GR[+ SY/EM ( MILIT>Y /ATE CAPITALISM AT HOME4 

,IF WE W]E TO )DRAW ! CONS5T ( ! GOV]N$1 AS ,I ?9K WE %\LD1 WE >E )DRAW+ \R CONS5T TO HAVE !SE M5 & ! 9T]E/S !Y REPRES5T1 GOV]N & MANAGE ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY & IMPOSE !IR CONCEPT ( WORLD ORD] & !IR CRIT]IA = LEGITIMATE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 MU* ( ! WORLD4 ,AL?\< AN IMM5SE EF=T ( PROPAG&A & MY/IFICATION IS C>RI$ ON TO CONCEAL !SE FACTS1 NONE!LESS FACTS !Y REMA94 

,WE HAVE TODAY ! TE*NICAL & MAT]IAL RES\RCES TO MEET MAN'S ANIMAL NE$S4 ,WE HAVE NOT DEVELOP$ ! CULTURAL & MORAL RES\RCES OR ! DEMOCRATIC =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT MAKE POSSIBLE ! HUMANE & RATIONAL USE ( \R MAT]IAL WEAL? & P[]4 ,CONCEIVABLY1 ! CLASSICAL LIB]AL IDEALS1 AS EXPRESS$ & DEVELOP$ 9 !IR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ =M1 >E A*IEVABLE4 ,BUT IF SO1 ONLY BY A POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ROOT$ 9 WIDE /RATA ( ! POPULATION1 & COMMITT$ TO ! ELIM9ATION ( REPRESSIVE & AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS1 /ATE & PRIVATE4 ,TO CREATE SU* A MOVEM5T IS ! *ALL5GE WE FACE & MU/ MEET IF !RE IS TO BE AN ESCAPE FROM CONTEMPOR>Y B>B>ISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,FUTURE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,FUTURE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/