,GU/AV ,L&AU] -- ! ,MAN1 ! ,JEW & ! ,AN>*I/ #aihi ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AVRAHAM ,YASS\R ,TEXT 3 0,I AM1 ! ,JEW1 A ,G]MAN -- ,I ACCEPT MY COMPLEXITY40 ,D] ,W]D5DE ,M5S* #a4 ,I WILL BEG9 ) ! MA9 DETAILS AB\T ,GU/AV ,L&AU]'S LIFE & HIS EPO*1 BECAUSE ,I ASSUME ?AT ONLY LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T !M1 & BECAUSE A COMB9$ ANALYTICAL & HI/ORICAL APPROA* IS REQUIR$4 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] WAS BORN 9 #ahg 9 ,K>LSRUHE 7S\?-WE/ ,G]MANY7 9TO A PETIT-B\RGEOIS FAMILY4 ,FROM HIS Y\? HE %[$ GREAT 9T]E/ 9 PHILOSOPHY & ! HUMANITIES1 9 LIT]ATURE & 9 ! ,BOHEMIAN LIFE ?AT ATTRACT$ Y\NG PEOPLE TO ! CAFES ( ,B]L94 ,?OSE DAYS W]E ! DAYS ( ,G]MANY'S VICTORY OV] ,FRANCE & ITS GR[+ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,9 #ahic ,L&AU] WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,B]L9 ,UNIV]SITY BECAUSE ( A SPEE* HE MADE BE=E WORK]S4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ AGA9 9 #ahif AS AN AN>*I/ CALL+ = DISOB$I5CE1 AL?\< ?R\<\T HIS LIFE ,L&AU] REFRA9$ FROM :AT IS COMMONLY T]M$ 0EXTREMISM04 ,HE WAS A DET]M9$ PACIFI/ BUT WAS UNREMITT+ 9 EXPLA9+ HIS POSITION & HIS SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A1 TO :I* HE DEVOT$ MU* TIME DESPITE ! NE$ TO MAKE A LIV+ & HIS PASSION = SCI5TIFIC & LIT]>Y WORK4 ,HIS LIFE RAN 9 ?IS TW(OLD DIRECTION UNTIL HIS F\L MURD] 9 A PRISON-Y>D ON #b ,MAY #a#i#a#i1 ! VICTIM ( ,G]MAN ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y T]ROR ?AT ALREADY PORT5D$ ! ,NAZI B>B>ITY 79CLUD+ VIOL5T ANTISEMITISM47 ,L&AU] WAS A PROLIFIC PUBLICI/ & WAS B\ND UP 9 ! F9 DU SIECLE CURR5T ?AT BR\ACT]S >E KN[N3 ,S*OP5HAU]1 ,NIETZS*E1 ,IBS51 ,WAGN]1 & ! V>I\S /REAMS ( SOCIALISM4 ,A NOTEWOR?Y PO9T = ANALYSIS IS ?AT MO/ AN>*I/S ( ?AT EPO* W]E 5GAG$ 9 LIT]ATURE -- WRIT+ & CRITICISM4 ,L&AU] WROTE MANY >TICLES ON !AT]1 & HIS TWO VOLUMES ( ESSAYS ON ,%AKESPE>E /ILL EVOKE 9T]E/4 ,HE $IT$ A J\RNAL ON ! !AT] & WROTE >TICLES ON ,IBS51 ,TOL/OY & O!RS4 ,HE HIMSELF WAS A WRIT]1 AS WELL AS A TRANSLATOR ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 AMONG O!RS4 ,9 %ORT1 HE WAS A MAN ( REM>KABLE TAL5T1 :OM SOME COMP>$ TO ,MOSES ,HESS4 ,9 #ai HE WROTE AN >TICLE ON ,LUDWIG ,B]NE 9 :I* HE CIT$ SOME AN>*I/IC CONCEPTS ( ! LAT]3 0,FRE$OM CAN ONLY COME FROM AN>*ISM01 0,AN>*Y IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ABS5CE ( RULE01 ETC4 ,L&AU] LIK$ ! TWO ,JEWS ,HE9E & ,B]NE V]Y MU*4 ,9 !IR NAME HE CLAIM$ ?AT ! /ATE HAD BECOME A GOD DEM&+ SACRIFICES FROM :I* HIS PRIE/S B5EFIT$4 ,JUDAISM1 H[EV]1 HE VIEW$ O!RWISE2 !RE WAS ANO!R PA? & ! ,JEWS HAD A SPECIAL HI/ORICAL DE/9Y1 A SPIRITUAL MISSION ?AT 9FLU5C$ !M & ! PEOPLE AMONG :OM !Y LIV$4 ,HE ADMIR$ ! ,PROPHETS AS WELL AS ,JESUS ( ,NAZ>E? & ,SP9OZA4 ,! ,JEWS HAD A CLE> MORAL GOAL1 & MANY ,JEWS SU* AS HIS FRI5D ,KURT ,EIZN]1 ,]I* ,MUSAM1 ,ROZA ,LUXEMBURG1 ETC41 W]E ACTIVE ALL >\ND4 ,HE DESCRIB$ HIMSELF MORE OR LESS ?US3 FIR/ ,I AM AN ANIMAL1 NEXT A MAN2 !N ! FOLL[+ ORD]3 A ,JEW1 A ,G]MAN1 A S\? ,G]MAN -- & F9ALLY ! UNIQUE 0,I01 ,I MYSELF1 CRY/ALLIZ$4 ,HE DID NOT DISAV[ HIS PEOPLE'S TRADITION3 ,SP9OZA WAS NO ,GREEK BUT AN 0,ORIG9AL ,JEW01 JU/ AS ,NI*OLAS ,KUSANUS WAS A PURE ,G]MAN4 ,! PROPHET ,SAMUEL WAS CLE>LY ANTI-/ATE -- AS W]E ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS4 ,)\T EXP&+ ON ?IS !ME1 :I* IS ( 9T]E/ 9 ITSELF1 ,I W\LD M]ELY QUOTE SOME ( ,L&AU]'S L9ES3 ',!RE IS NO PEOPLE1 EV5 NOT ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE1 AS LONG AS A F\NDATION IS NOT GIV5 TO EV]Y PEOPLE2 ?IS IS A FREE1 VIABLE COMMUNITY BAS$ UPON JU/ICE4444 ,! 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT BE SWALL[$ UP JU/ LIKE ?AT1 HE IS CAPABLE ( /&+ FIRM4 ,AT PRES5T WE C>RY 9JU/ICE ) US FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY4 ,BUT 9 ! BEG9N+ JU/ICE WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! BASIC /RUCTURE1 & ?IS WILL ADAPT ITSELF TO SPECIFIC NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,IT WILL ITSELF BECOME URG5TLY CLE> ?AT 9 ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ EXP]IM5TS \R RID$ AS A PURELY AN>*I/IC MY/IC 7HIS FRI5D & PUBLI%]1 ,M>T9 ,BUB] IS P>TIALLY RESPONSIBLE = ?IS VIEW ( HIM7 AS HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 POLITICAL /RUGGLES ALL HIS LIFE4 ,HE BELONG$ TO A COT]IE ( 9TELLECTUALS :O E/ABLI%$ A K9D ( 0NEW COMMUNITY01 :]E HE MET ,BUB] = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,! IDEA ( ! COMMUNITY 7,GEME9DE1 ,GEME9%AFT7 WAS TO OCCUPY A C5TRAL PLACE 9 HIS SOCIAL CONCEPT4 ,HIS RADICALISM CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO AN>*ISM DUR+ HIS /AY 9 ,5GL&1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 9 ! PROXIMITY ( ,P4 ,KROPOTOK9 & HIS CIRCLE4 7,HE TRANSLAT$ ,KROPOTOK9'S ,MUTUAL ,HELP 9TO ,G]MAN74 ,9 ! NEXT DECADE ( HIS LIFE HE PUBLI%$ A SOCIALI/ J\RNAL1 LECTUR$ FREQU5TLY & WAS V]Y ACTIVE2 HE ALSO /RUGGL$ AGA9/ ! EXPULSION ( ! AN>*I/S FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7HE WAS A DELEGATE AT ! ,ZURI* CONGRESS 9 #a#i#c74 ,HIS !ORETICAL BOOKS ,SKEPTICISM & ,MY/ICISM 7#a#i#c7 & ,! ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#g7 W]E NOT =TUIT\S3 /UDY+ ! PROBLEMS ( LANGUAGE & RELIGION1 ( A!ISM & SKEPTICISM1 HE LAID ! F\NDATION ( HIS AN>*I/IC SOCIALISM1 :I* IS A VOLUNT>I/IC CONCEPT4 ,HE WAS REMOTE FROM A DET]M9I/ VIEW ( HI/ORY3 WILL & CONSCI\SNESS >E ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE2 H5CE !RE IS ROOM = PLURALISM 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,HIS DEAL+ ) SYMBOLS1 LANGUAGE1 WILL & CONSCI\SNESS IS HIXI/ SOCIALISM1 !N DOM9ANT 9 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! IDEA ?AT CONSCI\SNESS WAS ONLY A SUP]-/RUCTURE & A FUNCTION ( ! ECONOMIC BASE RESULT$ 9 FLAGG+ 9T]E/ 9 CONSCI\SNESS & IDEOLOGY4 ,L&AU] BELIEV$ ?AT LIT]ATURE & $UCATION 9 FO/]+ ! DESIRE = JU/ICE1 W]E ( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,HE ADMIR$ ! POETRY ( ,WALT ,:ITMAN4 ,HIS CRITICISM ( ,M>XISM F\ND EXPRESSION 9 HIS BOOK ,CALL = ,SOCIALISM4 ,M>XI/ -- AS ACCEPT$ 9 ! ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ( ! TIME 7,PLEKHANOV1 ,KAUTSKY1 ,BEBEL7 WAS SE5 BY HIM AS AN 0ETATI/0'1 ?AT IS1 A /ATE-BUREAUCRATIC-AU?ORIT>IAN 7& ?IS WAS MANY YE>S BE=E ! ,SOVIET SY/EM UND] ,/AL974 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L&AU]1 SOCIALISM GREW FROM BEL[1 FROM ! WILL & ! LIFE ( COMMUNALI/ SOCIETIES3 IT WAS F$]AL & DEC5TRALI/ -- ! OPPOSITE ( /ATE & RUL+ AU?ORITY4 ,! GR[? ( ! COMMUNITIES W\LD CAUSE ! WI!R+ ( ! /ATE1 & NOT ! 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP0 W\LD BR+ ?IS AB\T 79 HIS OP9ION ?IS WAS ! ESS5CE ( ,M>XISM74 ,SOCIALISM AS A PRODUCT ( ! WILL C\LD >ISE :]EV] & :5EV] IT WAS DESIR$ & AGRE$ UPON2 ! 0CODE0 & ! SYMBOL = UNIFY+ COMMUNITIES W\LD BE F\ND4 ,BUB]'S 9FLU5CE IS EASILY UND]/OOD H]E4 ,! VISION ( ! COMMUNITY1 ROMANTIC & 0VOLKI/01 D]IV$ FROM ,H]D] & A P>TICUL> ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY AS WELL AS FROM SOME HASSIDIC /ORIES 9 ! ,BUB] V]SION1 9 :I* !RE IS A SYMBOLIC ATMOSPH]E1 A MY? & A 0,BUND04 ,HE W\LD NOT HAVE ACCEPT$ ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC DEF9ITIONS ( CLASS1 ! PEOPLE & ! NATION ACCORD+ TO ,BORO*OV4 ,HE C]TA9LY SAW SOME?+ POSITIVE 9 ! UNIQUE NATURE ( EA* NATIONAL 5TITY1 & WAS F> FROM ANY K9D ( *AUV9ISM1 ,G]MAN ( ,JEWI%4 ,PEOPLES & NATIONS GREW \T ( ! COMMUNAL & H>MONI\S LIFE MANK9D HAD KN[N PRIOR TO ! ]A ( CAPITALISM4 ,! SOLE REVOLUTION 9 ! PA/ WAS ! MO/ DE/RUCTIVE -- ?AT :I* BEGAN 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY & L$ ULTIMATELY TO ! DOM9ANCE ( CAPITALISM1 ! C5TRALI/ /ATE1 AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL RULE1 SOCIAL ATOMIZATION & ALI5ATION4 ,?IS GREW1 & WAS NOT M]ELY IMPOS$4 ,!RE=E1 ONLY ! WILL 0TO BREAK \T0 C\LD (F] SALVATION4 ,ANY TIME WAS APPROPRIATE = *ANGE3 ?IS WAS ! CORE ( 0SELF-REALIZATION0 9 HIS DOCTR9E1 :I* IS SO V]Y CLOSE TO ,GORDON'S & TO ! CON/RUCTIVE SOCIALISM ?AT =M$ ! IDEOLOGICAL BASIS ( ! KIBBUTZ MOVEM5T4 ,! MO/ S]I\S CRISIS 9 HIS RELATION%IP ) ,BUB]1 :I* %\LD BE NOT$ & NOT GLOSS$ OV]1 >OSE DUR+ ! FIR/ WORLD W>4 ,ON ! FACE ( IT1 OPPOSITION TO ! W> SEEM$ NATURAL1 [+ TO ITS CLE>LY IMP]IALI/ *>ACT] & ! FACT ?AT YE>S BE=E ITS \TBREAK SOCIALI/S & 9TELLECTUALS HAD ALREADY W>N$ ( ITS APPROA*4 ,BUT AS IS WELL KN[N MO/ ( !M DID NOT )/& ! ACID TE/1 & ! BETRAYAL BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ITS FIR/ P>LIAM5T>Y TRIAL IS FAMILI> TO ALL4 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] WAS A SWORN OPPON5T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 ! ,PRUSSIAN /ATE & ALL W>S4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 AN 0>M$ PEACE0 C>RI$ ) IT CORRUPTION & DECAD5CE1 EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES1 HYPOCRISY & FE>4 ,ON ! EVE ( ! W> HE WROTE ?AT ITS FLAMES HAD BE5 FANN$ 9 ! WORLD S9CE #a#h#g4 ,HE REFUT$ ,KROPOTOK9'S /&1 :I* SUPPORT$ ! POLICY ( ! ,5T5TE1 NAMELY1 PLAC+ ! BLAME ON ,G]MANY1 AS WELL AS ,BUB]'S :I* SAW FIT TO SUPPORT ,G]MANY AGA9/ 0EA/]N B>B>ISM04 ,L&AU] WAS AMONG ?OSE AT :OSE 9C5TIVE A GR\P ( 9TELLECTUALS GA!R$ TO PROCLAIM ! UNITY ( ALL M5 & A RESOLUTE /& AGA9/ ! W>4 7,BUB] JO9$ ?IS GR\P1 BUT IT DISB&$ :5 ! W> BROKE \T44474 ,HE W5T /ILL FUR!R3 BLAME = ! W> FELL UPON ALL ! IMP]IALI/ /ATES1 & UPON ALL ?OSE :O SAW IT COM+ YET REMA9$ COMPLAC5T & DID LITTLE TO =E/ALL IT4 ,HE CONDEMN$ HIS FRI5D ,BUB]1 :O 9 HIS FAM\S 0,HANUKKA ORATION0 7,DECEMB] #a#i#a#d7 & 9 HIS >TICLES1 FO/]$ ! ILLUSION ?AT 9 ! W> ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE W\LD UNITE & !IR S5SE ( NATIONAL ID5TITY W\LD 9CREASE4 ,BUB] COMP>$ ,G]MANY AT W> ) ! ,GREEKS AT ! TUNE ( ,P]ICLES2 & EV5 H9T$ AT ITS HI/ORIC DE/9Y3 TO S]VE AS A BRIDGE BETWE5 ! CULTURES ( ,EA/ & ,WE/4 ,L&AU] SAW 9 ?IS A JU/IFICATION ( ! W> & 9 FACT SEV]$ HIS RELATIONS ) ,BUB]4 ,HE DID NOT BELIEVE ?AT W> CAUS$ PEOPLE TO UNITE2 ?AT ! /ATE & VIOL5CE W]E ISSUES ( CULTURE & SOCIAL R5EWAL4 ,L&AU] T]M$ ,BUB]'S CLAIM ?AT ! ,JEWS W\LD GR[ SPIRITUALLY /RONG] DUR+ ! W> METAPHYSICS & ILLUSORY CONTEMPLATION ON ,BUB]'S P>T4 ,JEWS & NON-,JEWS 9 !IR MASSES WI%$ TO LIVE 9 ORD] TO RETURN QUICKLY TO !IR FAMILIES & SAW NO PO9T 9 ! AGRESSIVE W>4 ,HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( VICTIMS HAD NO 0DE/9Y0 & ! ,JEWS FI & AGA9/ ! WIDESPREAD AGGRESSIVE PATRIOTISM ?AT WAS BE+ 9FLAM$4 ,AT ! 5D ( #aiaf 9 HIS SIMPLICITY & HONE/Y HE WAS 5?RALL$ BY ! IDEA ?AT ,PRESID5T ,WILSON ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD BE ABLE TO BR+ ! W> & ! RACE TO RE>M TO AN 5D1 BY CALL+ AN 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CE & ! LIKE4 ,HE /AT$ ?IS 9 A LETT] HE S5T TO ,WILSON4 ,HE NO LONG] BELIV$ 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! W> LIKE ?AT ( ! ,ZIMM]WALD GR\P1 ETC4 BECAUSE HE REG>D$ ! W> ITSELF AS A RESULT ( SECRET DIPLOMACY & P[] POLITICS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE F\ND R5EW$ HOPE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 7NOT NECESS>ILY ,K]5SKY OR ! ,S4,D & ! ,S4,R7 9 :I* HE SAW AN AWAK5+ ( ! 0FOLKSPIRIT0 -- ! ,RUSSIAN FOLK SPIRIT AS EMBODI$ 9 ,TOL/OY4 ,IT WAS 9 ! SPIRIT ( ?IS REVIV$ HOPE ?AT HE ANSW]$ ,EISN]'S CALL TO TAKE P>T 9 ,C\NCIL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,BAV>IA4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #aiag ! ,L4 FAMILY WAS 9 ,KRUMBA*1 ,BAV>IA4 ,L&AU] HIMSELF WAS2 PRIM>ILY 5GAG$ 9 HIS ,%AKESPE>IAN RESE>* 7PUBLI%$ AFT] HIS DEA?7 & HIS BELIEF ?AT ONLY A P[]FUL WILL & DET]M9$ CONSCI\SNESS C\LD T]M9ATE ! W> & PUT AN 5D TO CAPITALISM & ! /ATE WAS 5HANC$4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiah HIS SECOND WIFE1 ! R5[N$ WRIT] ,H$WIG ,LA*MAN1 DI$4 ,L&AU] FELL 9TO A DANG]\S DEPRESSION1 HIS SOLITUDE WAS 5TIRE4 ,BUB] !N ATTEMPT$ TO 9VOLVE HIM 9 ! POLICIES ( ! ,ZIONI/-,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T2 9 ?IS CONNECTION ! ,L&AU]'S CORRESPOND5CE ) ,NAHUM ,GOLDMANN TOOK PLACE ON ! COLLECTIVE SETTLEM5TS 9 ,ISRAEL4 .<#a.> ,NO LONG] DID HE EV9CE 5?USIASM OV] ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD MOV$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK /AGE2 BUT ! ,BAV>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiah WAS /ILL ABLE TO ELICIT A GLIMM] ( HOPE4 ,MANY ( HIS FRI5DS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ?IS SO-CALL$ 0CAFE-SITT]S REVOLUTION40 ,L&AU] KNEW ?AT ! 9TELLECTUALS :O HAD AT LA/ SPRUNG 9TO ACTION W]E V]Y WEAK1 YET HE ID5TIFI$ ) ! ATTEMPT TO ALT] ! C\RSE ( ,G]MAN HI/ORY4 ,BUT HIS SPIRITUAL FRE$OM WAS DE>E/ TO HIM ABOVE ALL4 ,DUR+ ! RULE ( ,KURT ,EISN]1 ,L&AU] & SOME ( HIS FRI5DS 7,MUHSAM1 ,TOLL]7 CONC5TRAT$ ON PEACE-PROPAG&A & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( C\NCILS4 ,HE SUPPORT$ ,EISN]1 :O BEGAN TO PUBLI% DOCUM5TS BE>+ WITNESS TO ,G]MANY'S GUILT DUR+ ! W>1 & HIS /RUGGLE AGA9/ A HO/ILE PRESS4 ,BUT HE W5T EV5 FUR!R ?AN ,EISN] 9 HIS DEM& ?AT SOCIALISM BE REALIZ$ AT ONCE3 ! C\NCILS SEEM$ TO HIM TO H]ALD ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 & TO IMPLEM5T DEC5TRALIZATION 9 ! SPIRIT ( AN>*ISM4 ,HE SAW DANG] 9 ,PRUSSIAN HEGEMONY OV] ALL ,G]MANY & /ROVE = AN ALLIANCE ( SMALL /ATES BAS$ UPON C\NCILS :OSE LEGISLATIVE BODIES SPRANG UP FROM ! GRASSROOTS4 ,H[EV]1 HE DESPAIR$ OV] 0! SPIRIT ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION>IES01 & 9 FACT REA*$ ! P>ADOXAL CONCLUSION ?AT !Y W\LD ONLY BE ABLE TO GET ?+S DONE :5 ! SITUATION GREW EV5 MORE S]I\S4 ,L&AU] OPPOS$ ! ELECTIONS ?AT W]E CALL$1 :I* HE REG>D$ AS A =MALITY ?AT W\LD JEOP>DIZE ! FEW GA9S ?AT HAD BE5 MADE4 ,& 9DE$1 IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ELECTIONS ,KURT ,EISN] WAS MURD]$ ON HIS WAY TO ! ,P>LIAM5T 7#b#a4#b4#a#i#a#i74 ,AT ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiai ! C\NCILS & ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,C\NCILS W]E PROCLAIM$4 ,9 TRU?1 ,L&AU]'S FEEL+ WAS ?AT CONDITIONS NOT YET RIPE = ! EV5TS ?AT W]E 9 TRA9 & ! HE>S ( ! PEOPLE WAS NOT READY = !M4 ,HE EV5 SUGGE/$ ADVANC+ ! C\NCILS & TURN+ !M 9TO COMMUNITIES4 ,HE CALL$ = ! SPREAD ( 9=MATION & $UCATION1 & OPPOS$ ANY NOTION ( ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 7! ,L59I/ V]SION 9 ,RUSSIA7 AS AN ANSW] TO ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES & POLITICAL KILL+S ,HE WAS MO/ 9T]E/$ & 5C\RAG$ BY ! ECONOMIC PLANS ?AT BEGAN TO BE PUBLI%$ & BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( C\NCILS 9 ,HUNG>Y 7,BELA ,KUN'S REGIME74 ,:5 ! ,C\NCILS' ,REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$ ) ,]N/ ,TOLL] AT ITS HEAD1 ,L&AU] NO LONG] HAD ! OPTION ( REMA9+ AT ONE SIDE3 HE ASSUM$ ! PO/ ( ,C\NCIL ,SECRET>Y 7,KOMISS>7 = ,>T & ,CULTURE 9 ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,DUR+ ! WEEK ! 7FIR/7 ,C\NCILS' ,REPUBLIC WAS 9 EXI/5CE1 ,L&AU] ELABORAT$ HIY COMMUNISM71 9 :I* !RE WAS NO LONG] ANY PLACE = ,L&AU]4 #b4 ,P]HAPS ,I HAVE DIGRESS$ SOME:AT ON ,GU/AV ,L&AU]'S BIOGRAPHY1 BUT HIS LIFE SO 9T]E/+1 V>I$ & FULL ( 9SPIRATION ?AT ?IS IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HE IS UNKN[N4 ,BUT RETURN+ TO \R ANALYSIS1 WE MAY ASK1 :AT AN>*ISM IS & :AT IS ,L&AU]'S P>TICUL> CONTRIBUTION TO ITS !ORY & PHILOSOPHY4 ,A PASSAGE FROM HIS COLLECTION ( >TICLES ON ?IS SUBJECT IS APT H]E3 0,:AT ,I CALL AN>*ISM IS A BASIC MOOD :I* MAY BE F\ND 9 EV]Y MAN :O ?9KS S]I\SLY AB\T ! WORLD & ! SPIRIT4 ,I MEAN ! IMPULSE 9 MAN TO BE REBORN1 TO BE R5EW$ & TO REFA%ION HIS ESS5CE1 & !N TO %APE HIS SURR\ND+S & ! WORLD1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT CAN BE CONTROLL$4 ,SU* A SUBLIME MOM5T %\LD FALL TO ! LOT ( EV]YONE40 70,AN>*IC ,M$ITATIONS AB\T ,AN>*Y07 ,9 ! FOLL[+ ,I CONC5TRATE ON ?REE PO9TS3 7#a7 ,! DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM & ,L&AU]'S RELATION TO SOCIAL-AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY2 7#b7 NEGATION ( ! ,/ATE2 7#c7 COMMUNAL SOCIALISM4 ,!SE >E ( C\RSE ONLY SOME ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE TO BE /UDI$4 ,A4 ,! DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM IS NOT CLE>1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! MANY AN>*I/ CURR5TS1 YET IT IS IMPORTANT TO REF9E SOME ELEM5TS NECESS>Y = ! DEF9ITION4 ,!SE >E3 7#a7 ,A VISION ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 )\T AU?ORITY & /ATE RULE4 ,ONLY 9 A /ATELESS SOCIETY CAN ALL O!R ?+S CONSID]$ 0GOOD0 & 0JU/01 SU* AS EQUALITY1 LIB]TY1 RECIPROCITY BE REALIZ$4 7#b7 ,A RADICAL CRITICISM ( EXI/+ SOCIETY ) ITS P[]FUL AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS1 9CLUD+ ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY CELL1 ! *UR* & RELIGION4 7#c7 ,COMPLETE DEC5TRALIZATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 ADM9I/RATION1 $UCATION & CULTURE1 ) EMPHASIS ON ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNITIES1 WORKPLACES4 ,DEC5TRALIZATION IS A CONDITION = ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS & !IR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AUTONOMY IS ! OPPOSITE ( AU?ORIT>IANISM4 7#d7 ,REG>D+ HUMAN NATURE AS MAK+ POSSIBLE PROGRESS T[>D AN EGALIT>IAN NON-AU?ORIT>IAN & NONVIOL5T SOCIETY4 ,SPONTANE\S & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS ( PEOPLE >E ! BASIS ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,RECIPROCITY & COOP]ATION >E POSSIBLE4 7#e7 ,F9ALLY -- & H]E PRECISELY IS ! MA9 WEAKNESS ( AN>*ISM 9 ! MULTIPLICITY ( ITS %ADES -- ! /RATEGY ?AT IS PRESCRIB$ TO 5DANG] ! DESIR$ SOCIAL *ANGE3 GRADUAL OR REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION2 MEANS SUITABLE = ! AIMS 7SELF-REALIZATION72 OB$I5CE & DISOB$I5CE2 MORALITY & POLITICS2 P>TIES & P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,M>X & HIS DISCIPLES REG>D AN>*ISM AS A ,UTOPIAN PETTY B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM4 ,9ITIALLY ,M>X ADMIR$ ,PR\DHON BUT LAT] HE CRITICIZ$ HIM %>PLY1 & ! /RUGGLES AT ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL BETWE5 HIMSELF & ,BAKUN9 >E WELL KN[N4 ,BUT IS IT 9DE$ ! CASE ?AT IF ONE DOES NOT ACCEPT ! HI/ORICAL NECESSITY ( SOCIALISM ONE BECOMES A ,UTOPIAN8 ,L&AU] 7& 9 CONSEQU5CE ,BUB] 9 HIS BOOK7 5L>GES UPON 0,UTOPIA0 & 0,TOPIA04 .<#b.> ,HE SEES 0! REVOLUTION0 AS A K9D ( SOCIAL !AT]1 A CONT9U\S PROCESS ( REG5]ATION1 BECAUSE ! PR9CIPLE IS NOT RULE BY P[]1 BUT SOCIETY & SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,!RE=E ! WILL TO *ANGE IS IMPORTANT4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( A C]TA9 CLASS 7LATELY ,H4 ,M>CUSE REVIV$ ! PROBLEM ( 0! SUBJECT ( REVOLUTION01 & WAS *>G$ ) AN>*I/ T5D5CIES7 & ! PROBLEM /ILL REMA9S UNSOLV$4 ,!RE IS TALK ( 0A NEW WORK+ CLASS01 ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD 7:]E !RE IS 0NO?+ TO LOSE BUT ! *A9S071 /UD5TS ) NO FUTURE1 ETC4 -- & NOT ONLY ! SAL>I$ WORK]S AS AVANT G>DE4 ,TO ANSW] A QUE/ION3 ,M>X CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD )9 ! CONTEXT ( HIS TIMES4 ,FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O UP TILL ,DAS ,KAPITAL ! 9DU/RIAL SAL>I$ WORK+ CLASS IS ! SUBJECT ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,9 HIS LATT] YE>S ,M>X ALSO DISCUSS$ O!R SOCIAL CLASSES = :OM CAPITALISM WAS DE/RUCTIVE4 ,BUT 9 CIRCUM/ANCES ( POLITICAL CONTROV]SY 9 ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 CONSID]ABLE P>TS 9 ,M>X'S PHILOSOPHY BECAME DOGMATIC1 & IT IS KN[N ?AT HE ONCE SAID3 0,IF !Y >E ,M>XI/S !N ,I AM NOT A ,M>XI/60 ,I CANNOT EXP& ON ! *ANGES ( TODAY AS !Y W]E NOT EVID5T DUR+ ,L&AU]'S LIFETIME4 ,AS = ! PEASANTRY1 ,M>X VOIC$ HIS OP9IONS ON ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA 7AS WELL AS ,9DIA74 ,! ATTITUDE ( AN>*ISM T[>D ! /ATE & POLITICS 9 G5]AL 7P>TIES1 9/ITUTIONS7 IS NEGATIVE4 ,BUT IT HAS NO UNIFI$ POSITION ON ! USE ( VIOL5CE4 ,BAKUN9 WAS NOT OPPOS$ TO VIOL5CE & N[ADAYS AN>*ISM IS UNJU/LY ID5TIFI$ ) VIOL5CE & DISORD]4 ,L&AU] WAS A SWORN OPPON5T ( ALL VIOL5CE1 & HE EXPLA9S HIS CONCEPT ( 0REVOLUTION0 AT SOME L5G?4 ,KROPOTK9 TOO WAS OPPOS$ TO VIOL5CE AL?\< HE WAS NOT AS CONSI/5T AS ,L&AU] 9 ! FIR/ WORLD W>4 ,M>X CRITICIZ$ ,BAKUN9 & WAS %>PLY AGA9/ 9DIVIDUAL T]ROR 7,NE*AEV & O!RS7 & IT IS NONS5SE TODAY = T]ROR GR\PS TO CLAIM !Y >E BE+ FAI?FUL TO ,M>XISM4 ,AN>*ISM1 :I* BELIEVES 9 MAN'S SOCIAL & COOP]ATIVE NATURE1 NE$S NO /RATEGY ( VIOL5CE TO A*IEVE SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,BUT 9 ?IS DISCUSSION1 :I* HAD ALREADY TAK5 PLACE DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & AFT] ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ,M>X HAD TO PAY MORE ATT5TION TO ! CLAIMS ( ! AN>*I/ AGA9/ HIM4 ,M>X DID NOT CL>IFY SUFFICI5TLY :AT HE MEANT BY 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 OR H[ TO ORGANIZE A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY 7MEAN+ ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE74 ,I AM SURE ?AT ! ULTIMATE GOALS >E V]Y SIMIL>1 BUT SOME MATT]S >E NOT CLE> 5\< 9 ,M>X'S WRIT+S 7HE DISCUSSES ONLY ! ISSUE ( ! EXP]IM5T ( ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,REM>KS ON ! ,GO?A ,PLAN ! RE/ IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! COMM5TATORS74 ,! P>ADOX 9 ! NONVIOL5T AN>*ISM ( ,L&AU]1 :O BELIEVES ?AT MAN IS GOOD LIES 9 ! /ATEM5T (T5 REPEAT$ BY ! /UD5TS 9 ! SIXTIES ?AT 0! REVOLUTION NE$S GOOD PEOPLE2 BUT IF PEOPLE >E GOOD1 !N :Y IS A REVOLUTION NE$$80 ,! !ME ( HUMAN NATURE WAS C5TRAL = SOCIALI/S1 :5 !Y DESPAIR$ ( HI/ORICAL NECESSITY4 ,IT IS DISCUSS$ EXT5SIVELY 9 SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY & TWO GREAT ANTAGONI/S ON ! SUBJECT %\LD BE M5TION$3 ,HOBBES & ,R\SSEAU 7AS WELL AS ,NIETZ*E1 ,BUB] & O!RS74 ,ALL RELIGIONS >E CONC]N$ ) IT BECAUSE ( !IR PREOCCUPATION ) REW>D & PUNI%M5T4 ,9DE$ !RE IS NO =MULA TO SETTLE ONCE & = ALL ! PROBLEM ( MAN'S NATURE & ( ! CONNECTIONS & 9T]-RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY 7! COLLECTIVE74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L&AU] -- & ?IS IS ALSO ! PR9CIPLE ( ! KIBBUTZ 9 ,ISRAEL -- 9 A COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITY IT IS EASI] TO F9D SOLUTIONS TO ?IS PROBLEM4 ,:AT !N DO M5 WANT8 ,:AT >E !IR NE$S8 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO F9D A S+LE ANSW] = ALL AGES4 ,M>X ALREADY M5TION$ 0FREE M5 9 A FREE SOCIETY01 BUT ?IS TOO SEEMS TO BE A K9D ( UTOPIANISM4 ,L&AU] REFUSES TO COMPROMISE REG>D+ ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 NOT ONLY ! =MAL SORT ?AT IS N[ ACCEPT$ 9 ALL MOD]N /ATES4 ,9 ! KIBBUTZ MOVEM5T !RE HAS LATELY BE5 TALK ( 0SELF-REALIZATION04 ,IF ?IS IS CORRECTLY UND]/OOD IT REF]S TO SU* SOCIAL CONDITIONS AS WILL P]MIT ! 9DIVIDUALS LIV+ UND] !M 7EV]YONE EQUALLY7 TO REALIZE ! CULTURAL & 9TELLECTUAL POT5TIAL 9H]5T 9 EA*4 ,!RE=E1 ! TR5D T[>D A COMMUNAL SOCIALISM SEEMS N[ADAYS TO ANSW] SU* A DEM&4 ,NEV]!LESS1 EV5 IF MAN'S NATURE IS GOOD FROM HIS Y\?1 HE IS CORRUPT$ BY ! EGOISM NUTUR$ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & BY CONSUM]I/ EXHIBITIONI/ BRA9WA%+4 ,& IT IS 9DE$ DIFFICULT TODAY TO SU/A9 EV5 A LIMIT$ EGALIT>IAN-COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY LIKE ! KIBBUTZ4 ,F> MORE $UCATION & SELF-/UDY1 WILL+NESS1 & A CLE>-CUT SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY1 >E REQUIR$4 ,! KIBBUTZ EXP]I5CE CAN TEA* MU* AB\T ! SOCIALI/ WAY ( LIFE1 BUT LITTLE AB\T SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T & ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE4 ,9 ! KIBBUTZ -- :I* IS ! TRUE EMOBIDOM5T ( ! ,L&AU] V]SION ( COMMUNAL SOCIALISM -- MAN IS SE5 AS A GOAL 9 HIMSELF1 BUT 9 ! ,KANTIAN V]SION TOO IT IS NOTABLE ?AT !RE IS AN 9T]E/ 9 ! MEANS ALSO4 ,:O WILL DO ! WORK8 ,!RE IS ?US NO ESCAPE FROM ! DIALECTIC V]SION1 :I* IS REPLETE ) T5SIONS3 MAN AS A MEANS & AS A GOAL SIMULTANE\SLY 7! KIBBUTZ TOO IS P]CEIV$ 9 ?IS WAY74 ,9 G5]AL ,I ?9K ?AT A PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE IS CALL$ = :5 ! ISSUE IS ! F\ND+ ( A SOCIAL CONCEPT4 ,9 0LIB]ALISM0 & NEO-LIB]ALISM0 !RE IS ALSO ! PROMISE ( FRE$OM1 & !RE IS 0! WELF>E /ATE02 IT IS NOT AT ALL EASY N[ADAYS TO F\ND ANY S\ND SOCIALI/IC VIEW1 NOT M]ELY ! SOCIALI/ AN>*I/ ONE4 ,BUT !RE IS NO AVOID+ A !ORETICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL ATTACK AT ! ROOTS ( ! PROBLEMS3 ,:AT HAS ! ATTEMPT ( C5TRALISM TAUTY4 ,H[EV] WE ORGANIZE ! POLITICAL P>TIES CURR5TLY OP]AT+ >\ND US1 NO P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRATIC REGIME IS POSSIBLE )\T !M4 ,BUT ,L&AU] AS AN AN>*I/ REJECT$ ALL AU?ORITY & SUBJECTION3 HE SANG ! PRAISES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S AUTONOMY AS ! F\NDATION ( ANY MORAL & SOCIAL APPROA*4 ,ONLY ?AT :I* SPR+S WILL+LY FROM BEL[ IS 9 HIS VIEW VALID4 ,= ?AT REASON HE 5?US$ OV] ! BEG9N+S ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 BUT WAS NOT ESPECIALLY IMPRESS$ BY 0! CONQUE/ ( P[]04 ,DICTATOR%IP DID NOT APPE> TO HIM ! WAY TO FRE$OM4 ,! WAY TO FRE$OM WAS TO GET FREE1 SELF-REALIZATION H]E & N[ WAS ! DECISIVE PO9T4 ,H]E LAY ! %>P CLA% BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 & )9 ,M>XISM ITSELF3 ! *>ACT] ( ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD 7ESPECIALLY 9 ! LI RESOLV$4 ,! ADJU/M5T ( ! DIALECTIC ) SO-CALL$ 0NON-ANTAGONI/IC0 CONTRADICTIONS IS ! FOLL[+3 ?IS 5TIRE CON/RUCTION IS CONNECT$ TO ! DIALECTIC CONCEPT UND] CONDITIONS 9 :I* ?OSE :O DEVELOP$ >E ALREADY 9 P[]2 & H5CE !Y BELIEVE ?AT !RE >E CONTRADICTIONS ?AT >E RESOLV$ BY H>MONI\S RECONCILIATION4 ,!SE >E IMPORTANT PROBLEMS ( PHILOSOPHY BUT WE CANNOT 5L>GE UPON !M H]E2 & ,I BELIEVE ?AT !RE >E PROBLEMS = :I* PHILOSOPHY & P]HAPS PHILOSOPHICAL AN?ROPOLOGY >E /ILL SEEK+ SOLUTIONS4 ,BUT BETT] NOT TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS AS YET4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT EV]Y POLITICAL E/ABLI%M5T T5DS T[>D C5TRALIZATION & DOM9ATION ( ITS WILL2 BUT IT IS POSSIBLE TO ASSURE FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ( ALL M5 )\T ANY APP>ATUS ( IMPOSITION1 ?AT IS1 )\T A /ATE8 ,& NOT 9 ! M9IMUM /ATE AS ACCEPT$ AT PRES5T BY ! NEO-LIB]ALS AS IT WAS 9 HIS DAY BY ,BUB] :O WAS 9CONSI/5T 9 ! AN>*I/ ASPECT ( HIS PHILOSOPHY4 ,L&AU] ?\IAN CONNECTIONS CALL$ ! /ATE1 SUP]FLU\S4 ,! LATT] W\LD 9DE$ WI!R & DIE DUR+ ?IS EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,!SE DESIRE & ! WILL W]E EV5 !N R$UC+ ! LEGITIMACY ( ! REGIME4 ,B4 ,WE 9 FACT BEGAN \R /UDY ) ,GU/AV ,L&AU]'S ATTITUDE TO ! /ATE ALSO1 :I* HE P]CEIV$ AS A RELATION%IP ( CO]CION1 A RUL+ 9/ITUTION & AN AU?ORITY :OSE LEGITIMACY WAS CONT+5T UPON ! AGREEM5T & DESIRE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IF ,I ASK H]E -- AS ,I ASK MY /UD5TS -- 0,:AT IS A ,/ATE80 ,I AM SURE !RE WILL BE V]Y DIFF]5T ANSW]S4 ,BUT IT IS SURELY WELL KN[N ?AT AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL SOCIOLOGI/ SU* AS ,MAX ,WEB] DEF9$ IT AS ! ONLY LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY US+ P[] 7)9 C]TA9 T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES7 & ! AU?ORITY ?AT GIVES LEGITIMACY TO 9/ITUTIONS TO USE COMPULSORY MEANS 7PUNI%M5T1 LAWS1 POLICE1 ETC474 ,9 ,M>X'S OP9ION ! /ATE & SIMIL>LY ANY RUL+ AU?ORITY W]E NO MORE ?AN TOOLS 9 ! H&S ( ! RUL+ CLASS TO IMPOSE ITS [N 9T]E/S4 ,TRUE HIS WRIT+S OCCASIONALLY M5TION SOME 09DEP5D5T0 FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE1 BUT !SE W]E EXCEPTIONS4 ,) ! ABOLITION ( ! CLASSES AT AN ADVANC$ /AGE ( COMMUNISM1 !RE W\LD NO LONG] BE ANY NE$ = A /ATE & IT W\LD 0WI!R AWAY04 ,NEV]!LESS1 DUR+ ! 0TRANSITIONAL P]IOD0 CO]CIVE MEANS W]E NECESS>Y1 & H5CE ! /ATE & MILIT>Y APP>ATUS HAD TO BE MA9TA9$4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ,M>X REALIZ$ ?AT CO]CION WAS 9 FACT REQUIR$ AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 EXCEPT ?AT ?IS W\LD NOT BE A*IEV$ ) ! OLD APP>ATUS -- AU?ORIT>IAN BUREAUCRACY -- A PRODUCT ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,! 0COMMUNE0 SEEM$ TO BE A 0/ATELESS /ATE0 SUIT$ TO ! TASK4 ,ALL AN>*I/S CONSID] /ATE & *UR* TO BE ! ROOT ( ALL EVIL1 & ! PRIM>Y CONDITION IS TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ !M & TO BR+ AB\T !IR D[NFALL4 ,BUT AS WE HAVE SE51 ,L&AU]'S /& IS MORE COMPLEX3 ! /ATE IS A SORT ( RELATION%IP1 ! FRUIT ( ! WILL ( ! MASSES AT A P>TICUL> P]IOD & ?IS CO]CION WILL NOT BE REMOV$ BY MEANS ( AN OPPOSITE CO]SION4 ,! WAY IS BY COMMUNAL GR[? FROM BEL[ ?AT WILL GRADUALLY ]ODE ! IMPORTANCE & ! S\RCE ( EXI/5CE ( ! 9VALID /ATE-RELATION%IPS4 ,M>T9 ,BUB] ALSO DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 :I* %\LD BE FOSET]$1 & /ATE-RELATIONS1 :I* HAVE TO BE R$UC$ TO ! ABSOLUTE M9IMUM4 ,BUB] DOES NOT GO SO F> AS ,L&AU]1 :O SEES ! FUTURE AS /ATELESS1 ,BUB] CLAIMS ?AT 0HI/ORICAL REALITY IS NOT P]FECT & WILL NEV] BE SO4 ,!RE=E ! ABSOLUTE ABROGATION ( ! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE IS A VISION ( ! MILL5IUM4 ,&1 9DE$1 V>I\S MESSIANIC & H]ETICAL SECTS )9 ! *UR* W]E ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/4 ,G]%ON ,S*OLEM WELL PORTRAYS !SE MY/ICAL SECTS1 & HE T]MS ! BE/ ( ! PIONE]+ Y\? ( ! ?IRD ,ALIYAH 0AN>*I/S04 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY EV5 TODAY ! /ABLE COMMUNES 9 ! ,U,S,A >E ! RELIGI\S ONES & !Y KEEP AS DI/ANT AS POSSIBLE FROM NATIONAL POLITICS 7EV5 BE+ CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS1 ETC47 ,L&AU]'S ANSW] TO ! REALITY ( ! /ATE IS ! COLLECTIVE SETTLEM5TS & ! F$]ATIONS !Y =M 70A SOCIETY ( SOCIETIES072 ! /ATE IS ALWAYS C5TRALI/ & CO]CIVE2 BUT AS LONG AS IT IS ACCEPTABLE TO ?OSE :O LIVE 9 IT1 IT WILL NOT BE ABOLI%$4 ,?IS IS A L5G?Y $UCATIONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS1 FROM BEL[4 ,SLAV]Y RESIDES 9 ! SPIRIT4 ,?IS IS :Y ! CRITICS ( AN>*ISM CON/ANTLY PO9T TO ! LACK ( DEVELOPM5T ( A /RATEGY = SOCIAL *ANGE 9 ITS DOCTR9E1 ?AT IS TO SAY !SE >E ,UTOPIAN CONCEPTS ?AT DO NOT %[ ! WAY TO ! TRANSITION TO ! 0TOPOS01 ! REALIZATION ( !IR VISION4 ,?IS CRITICISM IS JU/IFI$ BUT ?R\< ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( AN ALT]NATIVE & PROIMIS+ /RATEGY1 & IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT !Y HAVE NO /RATEGY4 ,AN>*I/ /RATEGY DID NOT PROVE ITSELF 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ C5TURY2 AN>*I/S HAVE NEV] HELD P[] NOR HAVE !Y BR\ TODAY ?AT COMB9$ PA?S HAVE TO BE FOLL[$3 )\T A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 ! /ATE RESIME4 PROGRESS IS LIMIT$ 7P]HAPS NO MORE ?AN A 0WELF>E /ATE072 & ! CAPTURE ( RE9=CEM5T ( ! POLITICAL P[] ALONE HAVE NOT SO F> L$ TO SOCIALISM 7! ,SOVIET MODEL7 -- H>DLY ! 0WELF>E /ATE02 & ! 0/RUCTURAL *ANGES0 ( ,EUROCOMMUNISM HAVE NOT YET BE5 TE/$4 ,BASICALLY ,I AGREE ) ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( POLITICS1 ?AT IS1 ! P[] TO FOCE & ! C5TRALIZ$ DOM9ATION ( /ATE & *UR*4 ,IT HAS ALSO BE5 SAID ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL DISPUTE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 HAS BE5 EXAGG]AT$ 7IT ALSO HAD MANY SUBJECTIVE ASPECTS4447 BECAUSE ON ! QUE/ION ( COM+ TO T]MS ) P[] & AU?ORITY1 ! AN>*I/S W]E RIX PLAC$ OV]:ELM+ EMPHASIS ON ! ALT]ATION ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ) !M ! SUP]/RUCTURE TOO W\LD UND]GO ! DESIR$ *ANGE4 ,H[EV]1 AS /AT$1 PEOPLE RISE UP & *ANGE ! WORLD ORD] FROM !IR 9N] CONVICTION2 ?AT IS1 REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ACTUALLY MOTIVATES ! MASSES4 ,H]E !RE IS A COMPLEX TIE1 ESPECIALLY N[ 9 ! AGE ( LATE CONSUM]I/ CAPITALISM1 :I* ,M>X DID NOT KN[ & SURPRIS+LY DID NOT EXAM9E4 ,! AN>*I/S ) !IR SUBJECTIVE & 9/9CTIVE REBELLI\SNESS W]E ACCURATE 9 SOME ( !IR ASSUMPTIONS4 ,ONE MAY SEE 9 ,GRAMSCI'S OR ,M>CUSE'S PHILOSOPHY H[ FRUITFUL !SE LESSONS W]E4 ,AS ALREADY OBS]V$1 ! QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION & ITS NATURE IS /ILL AN OP5 *APT] = REPEAT$ READ+ & DISCUSSION AT ALL TIMES 7= ?AT REASON V>I\S 0,M>XISMS0 >E SPOK5 ( TODAY74 ,& N[ A WORD ON ,L593 HIS GREATNESS LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT HE UND]/OOD :AT REVOLUTION MEANT 9 ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS & ALSO ! IMPORTANCE ( P[] DUR+ ! 'TRANSITION P]IOD04 ,HE WAS NOT ALWAYS A CONSI/5T DISCIPLE ( ,M>X2 IT WAS 9 FACT ! ,M5%EVIKS :O W]E OR?ODOX & DOGMATIC & :O ACCUS$ ,L59 ( DRAW+ TOO MU* ON ! ,N>ODNIKS4 ,L59 MADE MANY 9NOVATIONS 9 V>I\S >EAS BUT ! IMPOSITION ( 0,M>XISM-,L59ISM0 DE/ROY$ ! 5TIRE !ORY4 ,BUT ,I DO NOT SEE ANY RESPONSIBILITY EXT5D+ FROM ,M>X TO ,L591 & FROM ,L59 TO ,/AL94 ,SU* AN APPROA* IS COMPLETELY ANTI-HI/ORICAL4 ,MAO ,TSE ,D\N IS ALSO AN 9NOVATOR 9 ! CONDITIONS ( ,*9A1 & WE N[ FACE A DIFF]5T ,M>XISM444 ,LET US RETURN TO ,L&AU]4 ,HE DID NOT CONSID] CLASS ANALYSIS AS ! KEY TO AN UND]/&+ ( HI/ORY4 ,HE HAD A ROMANTIC ADMIRATION = ! GUILDS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & RURAL-COMMUNITIES AS FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL =MATIONS 9 CONTRA/ TO ! /ATE & ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,HE %>PLY CRITICIZES ,M>X = ?IS1 BUT HE DID NOT KN[ ,M>X'S V]Y WELL4 ,M>X'S E>LY TEXTS & HIS LAT] WRIT+S 7DRAFTS & LETT]S TO ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES7 .<#c.> >E WELL KN[N N[ & FROM !M IT IS CLE> ?AT HE SET MU* /ORE BY ! BASIC SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & SAW V>I\S ROADS TO SOCIALISM4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I /AT$ ?AT C]TA9 FACETS WORK$ \T BY AN>*ISM MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 EV5 IF AT TIMES !Y OV]LAP OP9IONS ( ,M>X ?AT W]E NOT DEVELOP$ BY HIS S*OOL = HI/ORICAL REASONS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,PLEKHANOV WAS MO/ DOGMATIC ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA -- = ! PURPOSES ( HIS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,POPULI/S4 ,L&AU] ASSUMES ?AT COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITIES UNIT$ 9 F$]ATIONS WILL >ISE1 ETC4 ,:AT WILL HAPP5 IF A F$]ATION ( COMMUNES F9DS ITSELF 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 9T]E/S ( A NEILY ELABORAT$4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( ! 9T]M$IATE /AGES & ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD >E NOT %>PLY 5\< DEF9$4 ,I MYSELF DO NOT SEE ?AT ! /ATE & ALL ITS ACCESSORIES :I* PROTECT PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! PRIVILEGES ( ! RUL+ CLASSES QUIETLY DEP>ETS & ! WOND]FUL WORLD ( ,L&AU]1 ,BUB] & ,KROPOTK9 SPREADS ACROSS ! 5TIRE GLOBE4 ,!RE SEEMS TO BE A ,UTOPIAN OR MESSIANIC ELEM5T H]E4 ,& Y\ KN[ AS WELL AS ,I CONC]N+ ! FIR/ P>T ( ! QUE/ION ?AT ! CONTRADICTIONS )9 ! F$]ATIONS 7& EV5 BETWE5 ! KIBBUTZ & ITS MOVEM5T7 >E ! REAL CONFLICTS & WE KN[ FROM EXP]I5CE ?AT !Y DO NOT SIMPLY DISAPPE>4 ,BUT WE DO HAVE ! OP9ION ( ,L&AU]1 :O 9 REPLY TO ,NAHUM ,GOLDMANN'S LETT] ON 0! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! KIBBUTZIM0 79 #a#i#a#i67 W>N$ ?AT !RE MU/ BE NO BUREAUCRATIZATION & NO CONTRA/S BETWE5 RI* & POOR KIBBUTZIM44 ,& N[ 9 ! SITUATION ( AN ECONOMIC CRISIS BEQUEA!D TO ! /ATE1 !RE IS A 0*ANCE0 ( SEE+ H[ ! PR9CIPLES ACTUALLY PASS ! TE/ ( CONTR>Y 9T]E/S4 ,REG>D+ ! /ATE ,I W\LD LIKE TO /RESS ?AT !RE IS H]E WEAK5+ ( ! LEGITIMACY ( COMPULSION & EV5TUALLY ALSO ( ! NE$ = ITS 9/ITUTIONS4 ,FROM A DIFF]5T VIEWPO9T1 ) LEGITIMATION & PR(ESSIONALIZATION ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS BECOMES 0A SELF-CR[N$ SOV]EIGN02 ?IS IS :AT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ! 0,WELF>E ,/ATE04 ,! PURE LIB]ALISM ( TODAY ALSO RECOMM5D$ A 0M9IMUM /ATE02 BUT POLITICAL & CLASS SUPPRESSION DO NOT COMPLETELY DIE \T BE=E EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION DISAPPE>4 ,N[ TOO1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT :I* WAS C5TRAL TO ,L&AU]'S ?9K+3 0VOLUNT>Y SLAV]Y04 ,)\T ?IS ! /ATE & ITS 9/ITUTIONS BAS$ UPON OB$I5CE WILL NOT SURVIVE4 ,! /ATE NOT ONLY PROTECTS PRIVATE PROP]TY BY =CE3 P[] BECOMES ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( A CLASS4 ,& ! BRA9WA%+ ?AT WE >E SUBJECT TO TURNS ALL ( ?IS 9TO A K9D ( 0HUMAN NATURE04 ,C4 ,WE N[ COME TO ! AN>*I/-COMMUNAL VISION ( ,GU/AV ,L&AU]4 ,ONE ( ! BE/ BOOKS WRITT5 ON HIM JU/ REC5TLY 9 ! ,U,S,A BE>S ! TITLE3 ,PROPHET ( ,COMMUNITY4 ,9 SOCIOLOGY !RE >E MANY DEF9ITIONS ( 0COMMUNITY01 FROM ! WELL KN[N DI*OTOMY ( ,F4 ,TONNIES BETWE5 GEME9S*AFT 70COMMUNITY07 & GESELLS*AFT 70ASSOCIATION07 UP TO ! LATE/ ( ! FOLL[]S ( BEHAVIORISM OR COMMUNICATION1 :O HAVE DEVELOP$ DEF9ITIONS ( !IR [N1 BUT ?IS IS NOT \R CONC]N H]E4 ,! COMMUNITY AS =MULAT$ BY ,L&AU] 7& BY O!R AN>*I/S & ESS5TIALLY BY ,BUB] ALSO7 HAS SOME PR9CIPAL *>ACT]I/ICS3 7A7 ,A COHESION ?AT GOES BEYONG ! 0SOCIAL CONTRACT01 MAK+ = MULTI-FACET$ AS WELL AS FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IPS3 7B7 ! SPONTANEITY & RECIPROCITY ( DIRECT RELATION%IPS1 :I* IS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 SMALL UNITS 7LIMIT$ BUT NOT NECESS>ILY CLOS$72 7C7 /ABILITY1 :I* ALL[S = ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE RELATION%IPS & ! FL[]+ ( FRAT]NITY & FRI5D%IP3 & MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE2 7D7 COMMON VALUES1 IDEAS OR ! EXI/+ BELIEF :I* CREAT$ A K9D ( 09N] CODE0 EV9C+ A S5SE ( 0FEEL+ AT HOME04 ,!RE >E ( C\RSE O!R QUALITIES ALSO1 BUT 9 ESS5CE IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! S9E QUA NON IS = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO FEEL AT HOME )9 A SOCIAL FRAMEWORK ?AT DOES NOT DEVELOP 9TO A CREATURE ) AN EXI/5CE ( ITS [N ?AT TURNS AGA9/ ITS CREATOR4 ,9 ! AN>*I/ COMMUNITY !RE IS H>MONI\S 9TEGRATION BETWE5 AGRICULTURAL1 9DU/RIAL & 9TELLECTUAL 5DEAVOR 7! VISIONS ( ,KROPOTK974 ,L&AU] WAS A MO/ SEV]E CRITIC ( CAPITALISM1 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMICS BUT NO LESS 9 ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 ! *>ACT]I/IC CULTURE ( M>KET RELATIONS4 ,CAPITALISM FROM ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ON1 WORDS HE HELD1 HAD 5G5D]$ SOCIAL ATOMIZATION 9VOLV+ ALI5ATION1 DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION1 POLITICAL ABSOLUTISM & ATROPHY ( ! 0TEAM SPIRIT0 ?AT HAD BE5 ! UNIFY+ =CE 9 ! PA/4 ,! TRADITIONS ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNITIES 7,GEME9D57 IMPRESS$ HIM GREATLY & HE RESE>*$ !M WIDELY2 H5CE ! AMBIVAL5CE ( HIS ATTITUDE TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* LAID ! F\NDATIONS ( ! MOD]N C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & ! ANONYM\S AU?ORITATIAN ADM9I/RATION ?AT >E ! ROOT CAUSE ( ALL ?AT BESETS US AT PRES5T4 ,! /ATE CONT9UES TO DEVELOP & IS A P[]FUL AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! G5U9E COMMUNAL UNIFY+ SPIRIT 7H]E HE IS NOT F> FROM ,M>X1 :O SAW 9 IT AN 0ILLUSORY COMMUNITY074 ,! COLLECTIVE SOCIETY = :I* ,L&AU] LONG$ IS NOT ! FRUIT ( A 0PURPOSEFUL RATIONALISM0 7A PR9CIPLE SUFFICI5T = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( V>I\S ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES72 ?IS IS ! PR9CIPLE ( BUREAUCRACY1 :I* IS C5TRALI/ BY NATURE4 ,! COMMUNITY IS DIFFUSE BY NATURE4 ,HE WROTE 7AGA9/ ! ,M>XI/73 0,!SE SOCIALI/S WON'T MAKE ! /ATE SOCIALI/444 ,! /ATE WILL MAKE !M WOR%IP]S ( ! IDOL /ATE04 ,HE DOES NOT =ESEE ! DETAILS ( ! PICTURE ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 BUT HE PRES5TS CLE> PR9CIPLES3 ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 COMMUNION1 SOCIALLY RE/RUCTUR$ 9 AN 9F9ITE PROCESS1 ) NO S+LE ABSOLUTE MODEL4 ,& HE 9T]MIXES MANY IMAGES :I* ,I CONSID] MY/ICAL3 SOCIALISM AS A MIXTURE ( E>?1 SPIRIT & COMMUNALISM2 ! REVIVAL ( ! COMMUNITY AS A K9D ( EXP]I5CE 9 ! R5AISSANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY2 IDEALIZATION ( ! RU/IC LIFE & NATURE2 ANTI URBANISM2 ETC4 ,SIMIL> ELEM5TS >E TO BE F\ND 9 H]ETICAL-RELIGI\S SECTS1 9 ,A4 ,D4 ,GORDON1 AS WELL AS 9 ! MANY HESITATIONS AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! WELL KN[N COLLECTION ,\R ,COMMUNITY 7,KEHILYAT5U47 ,P]HAPS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y T]MS IT LOOKS LIKE SOCIAL EXI/5TIALISM ?AT PREF]S A SOCIAL COMMUNAL EXP]I5CE TO ECONOMIC & 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS 7PRIVATE PROP]TY1 DEMOCRACY1 ETC474 ,EV5 ! /ATE IS SOMETIMES CONCEIV$ AS 0A WAY ( BEHAV+01 :I* CAN BE *ANG$ VOLUNT>ILY4 ,! COMMUNITIES HAVE NO GOOD REASON = 5MITY & W>2 NOR HAVE NATIONS & PEOPLE4 ,W>S >E BETWE5 /ATES -- = P[]1 EXPANSION1 EXPLOITATIONS & OPPRESSION4 ,COMMUNITIES & NATIONS >E SUFFICI5T UNTO !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO LIVE3 ! VITAL ELEM5T PRECISELY DOES NOT COME FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,UNIQU5ESS ( PEOPLES IS NOT A CAUSE = W> BECAUSE MANK+ IS PLURALI/ BY NATURE4 ,DUR+ ! W> ,L&AU] DID NOT FE> TO PROCLAM3 0,MY SYMPA?IES GO \T TO O!R PEOPLE 9 ! SAME WAY AS TO MY [N04 ,HE CRITICIZ$ & SCORN$ 9TELLECTUALS :O 9VE/$ >GUM5TS UPHOLD+ ! RIIAN !AT] 7DUR+ ! W>7 HE EMPHASIZ$ ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! MORAL P]SONALITY UND] ! PRESSURE ( EGOISM & NATIONALISM4 ,HE SAW HIMSELF AS A COSMOPOLITAN 9 ! HI FROM BE+ A ,ZIONI/1 HE HELD ! UNIV]SALISM ( ,JUDAISM DE> & WOR?Y ( BE+ FO/]$4 7,H5CE HIS E/EEM = ,BUB]'S ACTIVITIES74 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ! ?REE 0,M9I/]S ( ,CULTURE0 9 ! 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KIBBUTZ071 ,HA',KIBUTZ1 #b1 #b#i#g#e1 #a#f#e-#a#f#g4 ,A4 ,YASS\R1 ,HA%PA'AT ,L&AU] ETC4 7,L&AU]'S ,9FLU5CE ON ! ,WORK]S ,MOVEM5T 9 ,PALE/9E71 ,HAIFA1 #a#i#h#e4 ,D4 ,L&AU] 9 ,HEBREW 0,COLLECT$ LETT]S01 93 ,G4 ,L&AU] -- 9 MEMORIUM1 #a#i#b#i1 ,KRIAHLE ,SOCIALISM 7,AUFRUF @& ,DIE ,REVOLUTION71 #aiea ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 $4 & 9TROD4 BY ,A4 ,YASS\R1 #a#i#h#b4 .<#a.> SEE MY PUBLICATION 9 ,HA,KIBBUTZ1 ,NO4 #b1 #a#i#g#f4 .<#b.> SEE MY BOOK ,BUB]'S ,SOCIAL ,PHILOSOPHY .<#c.> SEE MY3 0,M>X & ! ,RUSSIAN ,OBS*9A0 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aihh 3 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] -- ! ,MAN1 ! ,JEW & ! ,AN>*I/ -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] -- ! ,MAN1 ! ,JEW & ! ,AN>*I/ -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] -- ! ,MAN1 ! ,JEW & ! ,AN>*I/ -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/