,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONF]5CES ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI3 ,SELECT$ ,>TICLES & ,SPEE*ES1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#h#d2 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONF]5CES ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S #a#i#a#h1 ABRIDG$2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 ,SALLY ,RYAN = M>XI/S4ORG1 #b2 
,PRO($3 & CORRECT$ BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f4 
,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5 - ,/UTTG>T4 #aig 

,A NEW DANG] IS ?REAT5+ ! DOM9ATION ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE - WOM5 WORK]S >E RESOLUTELY ADOPT+ ! PA? ( 
9T]NATIONAL CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,! D[NTRODD51 SUBMISSIVE 
SLAVES HUMBLY B[+ BE=E ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! MOD]N ,MOLO* 
( CAPITAL >E1 UND] ! REVIV+ 9FLU5CE ( SOCIALI/ 
DOCTR9E1 LIFT+ !IR HEADS & RAIS+ !IR VOICES 9 
DEF5SE ( !IR 9T]E/S AS WOM5 & !IR COMMON CLASS 
9T]E/S4 

,:ILE ! 'POISON ( SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E' HAD 9FECT$ ONLY ONE HALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :ILE OPPOSITION WAS CONC5TRAT$ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! MALE SECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! CAPITALI/S C\LD BREA! FREELY2 !Y /ILL HAD 9 !IR P[] AN 9EXHAU/IBLE SUPPLY ( COMPLIANT WORK]S ALWAYS READY OB$I5TLY & SELFLESSLY TO 5RI* BY !IR LABOR ! HAPPY [N]S ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 ,) UNCONSCI\S CALCULATION ! B\RGEOISIE AVAIL$ 
ITSELF ( ! ADVANTAGE (F]$ BY ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS3 IT SET ONE HALF ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! O!R1 %ATT]$ ITS UNITY1 COMPELL$ ! WOM5 TO APPE> AS ! M5AC+ RIVALS ( !IR M5FOLK1 SAPP+ ! CLASS SOLID>ITY ( ! WORK]S4 ,) MALICI\S SMUGNESS IT C\NT]$ ! RESI/ANCE ( UNIT$ PROLET>IANS ) ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! UNCONSCI\S FEMALE ELEM5TS1 & ! MORE IGNORANT & DISP]S$ ! WOM5 REMA9$1 ! MORE UNSUCCESSFUL WAS ! /RUGGLE WAG$ BY ! ORGANIZ$ ELEM5TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,H[EV]1 ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WOM5 WORK]S1 ONCE 
>\S$1 WAS SUFFICI5T TO COMPEL !M TO GRASP ! H& ( 
FRI5D%IP HELD \T TO !M BY !IR MALE WORK] COMRADES & 
ADOPT ! PA? ( OP5 & /UBBORN RESI/ANCE4 ,! 9VOLVEM5T 
( PROLET>IAN WOM5 9 ! COMMON CLASS /RUGGLE1 & !IR 
GR[+ SOLID>ITY HAVE %AK5 ! USUAL SELF-CONFID5CE ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE & SPREAD AL>M 9 PLACE ( ITS PREVI\S 
TRANQUILITY3 ! 9CREAS+ ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE 
PROLET>IAT REMOVES ! LA/ DEF5SELESS VICTIM ( CAPITALI/ 
EXPLOITATION4 ,! GR\ND IS DISAPPE>+ FROM B5EA? ! FEET 
( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & ! LI<T ( ! APPROA*+ SOCIAL 
REVOLUTION GL[S EV] MORE BRI<TLY4 

,IS IT !RE=E SURPRIS+ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE IS D\BLY HO/ILE TO ANY SIGN ( PROTE/ AMONG WOM5 WORK]S1 & TO ANY ATTEMPT ON !IR P>T TO DEF5D !IR NE$S & 9T]E/S AS WOM5 & !IR COMMON CLASS 9T]E/S & NE$S8 ,EV5 9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC & ADVANC$ C\NTRIES EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE IS DONE TO MAKE IT DIFFICULT = WOM5 TO DEF5D !IR LABOR 9T]E/S4 ,TO GRANT ! WOMAN WORK] ! SAME RI<TS AS ! MAN W\LD BE TO PUT 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS A NEW & DANG]\S WEAPON1 TO D\BLE ! ACTIVE >MY ( ! MILITANT OPPON5T2 ! B\RGEOISIE IS TOO 9TELLIG5T TO AGREE TO SU* A DANG]\S EXP]IM5T 

,! :OLE B\RGEOIS WORLD LI/5$ ) UNCONCEAL$ ANIMOSITY TO 
! SOLEMN & H>MONI\S NOTES ?AT RANG \T FROM ,/UTTG>T 9 
#a#i#g1 DUR+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS4 .<#a.> 
,BUT MO/ ( ALL IT WAS ANG]$ BY ! BOLD VOICES ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,H[EV] RADICAL W]E ! SPEE*ES PRON\NC$ BY ! M51 :ATEV] 'MAD' RESOLUTIONS !Y MI<T ADOPT1 ! B\RGEOISIE ALWAYS CONSOL$ ITSELF ) ! ?\<T ?AT IT /ILL HAD ONE TE/$ ME?OD AT ITS DISPOSAL3 BREAK ! RESI/ANCE ( ! 'HO!ADS' BY REPLAC+ !M ) SUBMISSIVE FEMALE WORK]S4 ,& N[ A NEW SURPRISE3 FROM ALL OV] ! WORLD WOM5 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS >E GA!R+ 9 ORD] TO =GE BY !IR UNIT$ EF=TS A NEW WEAPON ) :I* TO FI<T ! WORLD HO/ILE TO ! PROLET>IAT4 .<#b.> 
,! D>+ ( WOM5 HAS EXCE$$ ALL EXPECTATIONS3 YE/]DAY'S SIL5T SLAVE IS N[ A C\RAGE\S FI<T] = ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,C\LD ONE IMAG9E A MORE VEXATI\S SPECTACLE6 ,SPITEFUL RIDICULE RA9$ D[N UPON ! HEADS ( ! WOM5 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 RIDICULE ?AT FAIL$ TO CONCEAL ! G5U9E ANXIETY ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! G5TLEM5 ( CAPITAL & PROP]TY DO N[ 9DE$ HAVE 
SOME?+ TO POND] OV]1 SOME?+ TO BE DEPRESS$ AB\T3 NEW 
SUCCESSES >E BE+ A*IEV$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS4 ,& IF1 UNTIL ONLY REC5TLY1 ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD DRAW 
COM=T FROM ! LACK ( UNITY 9 ! FEMALE SECTION ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 N[1 AFT] ! ,/UTTG>T ,CONF]5CE1 IT HAS LO/ EV5 
?IS SWEET SOLACE4 

,ON ! BASIS ( FACTS & FIGURES !SE WOM5 REPRES5TATIVES DESCRIB$ ! GR[+ AW>5ESS ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT & ITS ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESSES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,5GL& HAS ! L>GE/ NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ WOM5 WORK]S3 #ae ?\S& >E MEMB]S ( TRADE UNIONS2 #c ?\S& >E POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ 9 '9DEP5D5T WORK]S' P>TIES & WOM5 WORK]S >E ALSO MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION4 .<#c.> 
,9 ,AU/RIA TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS 9CLUDE #db ?\S& WOM5 AMONG !IR MEMB]S4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! NUMB] ( WOM5 :O >E TRADE UNION MEMB]S IS ALSO IMPRESSIVE - #ab ?\S&2 DESPITE ALL ! POLICE H>ASSM5T1 #a1#e WOM5 WORK]S HAVE JO9$ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 & ! DI/RIBUTION FIGURE = ! WOM5 WORK]S MAGAZ9E ,DIE ,GLEI*HEIT 7,EQUALITY7 .<#d.> 
IS #g ?\S& COPIES4 ,9 ,F9L& ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T HAS #a#h1#f WOM54 ,9 ,BELGIUM #ad ?\S& WOM5 WORK]S >E TRADE UNION MEMB]S4 ,9 ,HUNG>Y #ae ?\S& WOM5 WORK]S >E 9 TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 ETC4 

,! GR[+ ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S & ! SPECIFIC 
SOCIAL OBJECTIVES :I* IT IS MA9LY !IR TASK TO C>RY ?R\< 
L$ TO AN AW>5ESS ( ! NE$ = GREAT] SOLID>ITY & 
CLOS] CONTACT AMONG ! ORGANIZ$ WOM5 WORK]S ( ! 
WORLD4 

,! FIR/ WOM5'S 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CE 9 ,/UTTG>T SET ITSELF TWO OBJECTIVES3 #a7 TO ELABORATE ! BASIS = MORE UNI=M ACTIVITY ON ! P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 79 V>I\S C\NTRIES7 9 ! /RUGGLE TO W9 VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 WORK]S2 #b7 TO E/ABLI% P]MAN5T & CORRECT RELATIONS BETWE5 WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

,! MA9 QUE/ION DISCUSS$ AT ! CONF]5CE WAS1 )\T ANY 
D\BT1 ! QUE/ION ( VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 WORK]S4 ,PUT 
=W>D = DISCUSSION BY ! CONF]5CE & 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! 
,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS AS A SPECIAL RESOLUTION1 ?IS 
QUE/ION IS DESIGN$ TO MEET ! GR[+ NE$ )9 ! FEMALE 
PROLET>IAT TO DEF9E ! FUTURE TACTICS ( 9T]NATIONAL 
,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY 9 ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL RI<TS = 
WOM5 WORK]S1 & TO TRANSF] ?IS PR9CIPLE FROM ! 
SPH]E ( !ORETICAL RECOGNITION TO ?AT ( PRACTICAL 
ACTIVITY4 ,) ! GR[? ( ITS CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & 
ORGANIZATION1 ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT WAS BR\<T BY ITS BASIC 
MAT]IAL NE$S TO AN ACUTE AW>5ESS ( ITS LACK ( POLITICAL 
RI<TS1 & LE>N$ TO SEE 9 ?OSE RI<TS NOT ONLY A 'POLICY 
PR9CIPLE' BUT ALSO AN URG5T & IMM$IATE NE$4 

,OV] REC5T YE>S1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ONE C\NTRY AFT] ! O!R1 HAS FAC$ ! QUE/ION ( A*IEV+ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,IT MI<T HAVE SEEM$ ?AT ! F\R-P>T ELECTION =MULA ADVANC$ BY ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS & SUPPLEM5T$ ) A FIF? SECTION SPECIFY+ ')\T DI/9CTION ( SEX'1 W\LD HAVE LEFT NO ROOM = D\BTS & HESITATIONS REG>D+ ! WAY ! P>TY W\LD ACT 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,H[EV]1 IT TURN$ \T1 O!RWISE4 ,:5 IT CAME TO ! DEF5SE ( ! FIF? SECTION1 NOT ONLY MALE ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1 BUT EV5 ! WOM5 REVEAL$ !IR FUNDAM5TAL 9/ABILITY1 !IR VACILLATION1 & BY !IR COMPROMIS+ ATTITUDE TO ?IS ISSUE1 SO IMPORTANT TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE HAS NOT YET BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 

,ONE AFT] ! O!R WOM5 FROM ,BELGIUM1 ,AU/RIA1 ,SW$51 
ACCEPT$ ! REMOVAL FROM ! AG5DA ( ! DEM& = 
POLITICAL RI<TS = WOM5 WORK]S & GAVE !IR SUPPORT TO AN 
EMASCULAT$1 ABBREVIAT$ COMPROMISE =MULA = ELECTORAL 
RE=M4 ,H[EV]1 MO/ *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL WAS ! FACT ?AT 
?IS OPPORTUNI/ POLICY WAS NOT CONDEMN$ BY CONSI/5T & 
/EADFA/ SUPPORT]S ( SOCIALISM BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WON 
!IR SYMPA?Y & APPROVAL & WAS EV5 PRES5T$ TO 
PROLET>IAN WOM5 9 O!R C\NTRIES AS A MODEL4 ,! WORK+ 
WOM5 !MSELVES CANNOT BE BLAM$ = ?IS COMPROMISE TACTIC - IT 
IS TYPICAL ( LESS AW>E & LESS DISCIPL9$ P>TY ELEM5TS BUT 
! O!R1 ! MALE SECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :OSE SPIRIT & 
CONSCI\SNESS HAS BE5 TEMP]$ 9 BATTLE1 %\LD NOT HAVE 
ALL[$ ITSELF TO BE DRAWN ALONG ! PA? ( PRACTICAL 
OPPORTUNISM4 

,!RE >E DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES :I*1 = ! SAKE ( ITS [N 9T]E/S1 ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ NOT SACRIFICE3 !RE >E SLOGANS :I* ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT *ANGE )\T DAMAG+ ITSELF1 EV5 ?\< ! *ANGE IS MADE 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! MAXIMUM RESULTS AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T4 

,IF1 9 SOME POLITICALLY BACKW>D C\NTRY1 ! WORK+ 
CLASS HAD HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO ATTA9 UNIV]SAL1 EQUAL1 
SECRET BUT 9DIRECT RA!R ?AN DIRECT VOT+ RI<TS1 ! POSITION ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS 9 SU* A SITUATION W\LD HAVE BE5 OBVI\S3 DESPITE ! RISK ( /ALL+ A RE=M ?AT WAS O!RWISE C]TA9 TO BE ADOPT$1 ! WORK]S P>TY W\LD FI<T TO ! LA/ MOM5T = ! FULL =MULA444 ,P]HAPS ! 9DIRECT ELECTORAL SY/EM W\LD BE ADOPT$ DESPITE ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1 & NO D\BT !Y W\LD HAVE TO RECONCILE !MSELVES TO ?IS FACT1 BUT !IR ATTITUDE TO IT W\LD BE P]FECTLY CLE>3 !Y C\LD VIEW IT ONLY AS A DEFEAT4 

,! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T AS REG>DS ! ISSUE ( VOT+ RI<TS 
= WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! DEM& ')\T DI/9CTION ( SEX' HAS 
NOT YET BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! PRACTICE ( PROLET>IAN 
/RUGGLE3 AW>5ESS ( ! IMPORTANCE ( FULL & EQUAL 
POLITICAL RI<TS = WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! NAME ( ! 9T]E/S 
( ! :OLE CLASS HAS NOT YET HAD TIME TO TAKE FIRM ROOT4 ,IT 
MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT WOM5 BEGAN TO WORK \TSIDE ! HOME 
ONLY COMP>ATIVELY REC5TLY1 & HAVE ONLY REC5TLY BEGUN TO 
PLAY A ROLE 9 ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL 
SURVIVALS ( ! B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ WORLD AFFECT ! PURITY 
& CL>ITY ( PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9 REG>D TO 
WOM51 & BLUR ! DI/9CT \TL9ES ( A PR9CIPLE ?AT W\LD 
APPE> TO BE 9DISPUTABLE 9 ! EYES ( ! PROLET>IAT1 NAMELY 
! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY ( CIVIL RI<TS = ALL ! MEMB]S ( 
! WORLD PROLET>IAN FAMILY4 

,! VACILLAT+ TACTIC ( ! P>TY 9 ! /RUGGLE = WOM5'S VOT+ RI<TS OBLIG$ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS TO DEVOTE P>TICUL> ATT5TION TO ?IS ISSUE AT ! CONGRESS4 ,! ADOPTION ( A RESOLUTION :I* W\LD CLE>LY & PRECISELY EXPRESS ! WILL+NESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO FI<T = VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 WORK]S ) ! SAME UNSW]V+ DET]M9ATION ) :I* ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY PURSUES ALL ITS PR9CIPLES - ?IS WAS ! SLOGAN ( ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ CONF]5CE1 A SLOGAN DICTAT$ BY ! 9T]E/S ( WOM5 WORK]S4 ,SU* A RESOLUTION APPE>$ ALL ! MORE DESIRABLE 9 ?AT IT WAS FULLY 9 ACCORD ) ! SPIRIT ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY444 

,! RESOLUTION ON VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 PUT =W>D AT ! 
WOM5'S CONF]5CE & !N 9TRODUC$ AT ! SOCIALI/ CONGRESS 
WAS ADVANC$ ) A VIEW TO DEM&+ ! CLE> & PRECISE 
RECOGNITION ( ! FIF? SECTION ( ! ELECTION =MULA 
7')\T DI/9CTION ( SEX'7 AS BE+ ( EQUAL IMPORTANCE ) 
! O!R F\R4 

,H[EV]1 ! RESOLUTION MET ) OPPOSITION4 ,TWO TR5DS APPE>$ 
)9 ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T3 ONE OR?ODOX1 ! O!R 
OPPORTUNI/ 9 ! SPIRIT ( UNCONSCI\S FEM9ISM4 ,! FIR/ 
TR5D WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! WOM5 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS FROM 
,G]MANY1 ! SECOND BY ?OSE FROM ,AU/RIA & SOME FROM 
,5GL&4 

,! RESOLUTION PUT =W>D BY ! ,G]MAN DELEGATES HAD TWO OBJECTIVES3 9 DEM&+ ?AT ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES RECOGNIZE ! FULL EXT5T ( ! IMPORTANCE ( A PRACTICAL /RUGGLE TO SECURE ! POLITICAL EQUALITY ( WOM51 ! RESOLUTION WAS ALSO 9T5D$ TO DRAW A DI/9CT L9E BETWE5 B\RGEOIS FEM9ISM & ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,?IS /RUCK ! ,5GLI% SOCIALI/S AT !IR MO/ VULN]ABLE PO9T4 ,IT IS A WELL-KN[N FACT ?AT MANY ( !M WORK H&-9-GLOVE ) B\RGEOIS *AMPIONS ( WOM5'S RI<TS1 & 9 ! HEAT ( A SOMETIMES SELFLESS /RUGGLE 9 DEF5SE ( WOM5'S 9T]E/S1 !Y LOSE SI<T ( CLASS DI/9CTIONS4 

,! /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE POLITICAL EQUALITY = PROLET>IAN 
WOM5 IS P>T & P>CEL ( ! OV]ALL CLASS /RUGGLE ( 
! PROLET>IAT2 :5 IT BECOMES AN 9DEP5D5T MILITANT AIM 9 
ITSELF IT ECLIPSES ! CLASS OBJECTIVES ( WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! 
9V5TIVE B\RGEOISIE1 :O LOVE TO HIDE !IR REAL DESIRES 
BEH9D A SCRE5 ( SPL5DID-S\ND+ SLOGANS1 PUT ! WORLD ( 
WOM5 & ITS OBJECTIVES 9 OPPOSITION TO ! CLASS CAUSE ( 
WOM5 WORK]S4 ,H[EV]1 AS SOON AS ! WOM5'S CAUSE IS PUT 
ABOVE ! PROLET>IAN CAUSE1 AS SOON AS WOM5 WORK]S ALL[ 
!MSELVES TO BE S$UC$ BY F9E-S\ND+ PHRASES AB\T ! 
COMMUNITY ( WOM5'S 9T]E/S REG>DLESS ( CLASS DIVISIONS1 
!Y LOSE !IR LIV+ L9K ) !IR [N CLASS CAUSE & ?US 
BETRAY !IR [N P>TICUL> 9T]E/S4 ,B\RGEOIS WOM51 
ACCORD+ TO !IR [N ASS]TION1 >E G5]\SLY DEM&+ 
RI<TS = 'ALL WOM5'1 :]EAS WOM5 WORK]S >E ONLY FI<T+ 
= !IR CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,H[EV]1 9 PRACTICE ! SITUATION IS 
PRECISELY ! REV]SE3 9 W9N+ POLITICAL RI<TS = 
!MSELVES1 WOM5 WORK]S >E ALSO OP5+ UP ! WAY TO ! 
VOT+ BOO? = WOM5 ( O!R CLASSES4 ,9 RESOLUTELY & 
CONSI/5TLY DEF5D+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! WOM5 ( ITS [N 
CLASS1 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY IS PUTT+ 9TO PRACTICE ! PR9CIPLES 
( ! FULLE/ =M ( DEMOCRACY & PROMOT+ ! SUCCESS ( 
! WOM5'S CAUSE AS A :OLE4 

,B\RGEOIS HYPOCRISY ALSO AFFECT$ ! ,5GLI% SUPPORT]S ( WOM5'S POLITICAL EQUALITY4 ,5GLI% WOM5 WORK]S >E PREP>$ TO SUPPORT LIMIT$1 QUALIFI$ ELECTORAL RI<TS = 
WOM5  -  AN UN=GIVABLE & DESPICABLE BETRAYAL ( ! PROLET>IAN CAUSE4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY & ! ,FABIAN ,SOCIETY .<#e.> 
DID NOT HESITATE TO DEF5D ?IS CLE>LY TREA*]\S POSITION BE=E ! :OLE SOCIALI/ WORLD1 & ONLY ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION1 TOGE!R ) ! PROLET>IAT ( O!R C\NTRIES1 CONDEMN$ SU* A SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM & DEM&$ ELECTORAL RI<TS = ALL CITIZ5S :O HAD REA*$ MAJORITY1 REG>DLESS ( SEX4 

,?IS DISAGREEM5T YET AGA9 CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ ! IMPORTANCE 
= ! SOCIALI/S ( WORK+ \T A CLE>LY DEF9$ TACTICAL 
POSITION ON ! QUE/ION ( A*IEV+ POLITICAL EQUALITY 
= WOM5 WORK]S4 ,H[EV]1 SU* A CLE>LY DEF9$ =MULATION 
( ! QUE/ION WAS PRECISELY :AT ! ,5GLI% WANT$ 
LEA/444 ,TOGE!R ) ! ,AU/RIAN DELEGATES !Y DEM&$ ?AT 
EA* P>TY BE GIV5 ! RI<T TO SETTLE ?IS QUE/ION 
9DEP5D5TLY 9 ACCORD ) ! CIRCUM/ANCES !N OBTA9+2 
!Y DECL>$ A S+LE MODEL ( ACTION COMPULSORY = EA* 
C\NTRY TO BE COMPLETELY UNNECESS>Y4 ,! RESOLUTION PUT =W>D 
BY ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS OBLIG$ ! ,5GLI% TO DO SOME 
PA9FUL ?9K+4 ,IT FAC$ !M ) A QUE/ION3 >E !Y 
DEF5D+ ! 9T]E/S ( !IR CLASS AS A :OLE 9 ITS 
DIFFICULT /RUGGLE TO SURVIVE1 PASS+ ?R\< GREAT TRIALS 
TODAY 9 ! EXPECTATION ( EQUALLY GREAT TRIUMPHS 9 ! 
FUTURE1 OR >E !Y M]ELY FI<T+ = NEW PRIVILEGES = ?OSE 
WOM5 :O NEI!R S[ NOR REAP1 BUT :O GA!R 9TO ! 
B>NS8 

,! ,AU/RIAN DELEGATES REPRES5T$ ! OPPOSITE EXTREME4 ,FURI\S OPPON5TS ( FEM9ISM1 !Y W]E NOT1 ( C\RSE1 PREP>$ TO WORK TOGE!R ) B\RGEOIS FEM9I/S 9 ! DEF5SE ( RI<TS = 'ALL WOM5'4 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE !IR SWORN HO/ILITY T[>DS FEM9ISM & ITS TACTIC ( ADAPTATION1 ,AU/RIAN WOM5 SOCIALI/S FELL 9TO ! SAME ]ROR AS ! ,5GLI%4 ,9 DEF5D+ AT ! CONF]5CE ! POSITION !Y HAD ADOPT$ DUR+ ! REC5T /RUGGLE 9 ,AU/RIA TO A*IEVE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO %[ ?AT1 9 C]TA9 POLITICAL CONDITIONS1 IT IS P]MISSIBLE TO PUT ASIDE ! 9T]E/S ( ONE SECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT - 9 ?IS CASE WOM5 WORK]S - 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE PRACTICAL ADVANTAGES = ANO!R SECTION4 ,9/EAD ( A CATEGORICAL DEM& ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL EQUALITY = PROLET>IAN WOM5 BE RECOGNIZ$ ON ! SAME FOOT+ ) ALL O!R DEMOCRATIC DEM&S BY ! PROLET>IAT1 ! ,AU/RIANS 9TRODUC$ 
9TO ! RESOLUTION BY MEANS ( AN AM5DM5T A POORLY-DEF9$ WI% ?AT ! MOM5T & ! V]Y ME?OD ( /RUGGLE = ELECTORAL RI<TS = WOM5 BE DET]M9$ BY EA* C\NTRY AT ITS [N DISCRETION444 

,EV]Y TIME ! QUE/ION ( P>TY TACTICS BECOMES A MATT] ( 
URG5CY = ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 IT HAS TO RETURN TO ! 
TE/$ ME?OD ( SOLV+ ?IS QUE/ION3 IT MU/ ONCE MORE 
C>EFULLY & PRECISELY DET]M9E TO :AT EXT5T A GIV5 DEM&1 
A GIV5 PR9CIPLE IS ESS5TIAL 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! ULTIMATE 
OBJECTIVE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IF ?IS PR9CIPLE IS 9DE$ ( 
CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE = ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE BE+ PURSU$ 
BY ! WORK]S1 !N !RE CANNOT BE1 MU/ NOT BE1 ANY ROOM = 
COMPROMISE 9 POLICY EV5 IF SU* A COMPROMISE PROMISES TO BR+ 
IMM$IATE B5EFIT4 ,9DE$1 :AT W\LD BECOME ( ! CLASS 
OBJECTIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT IF ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY PUT AWAY ITS 
BASIC POLICY PR9CIPLES EV]Y TIME IT HOP$ IT MI<T !REBY 
ACQUIRE SOME 'PRACTICAL ADVANTAGE'8 ,& :AT W\LD !N 
DI/+UI% ITS POLICY PR9CIPLES FROM HYPOCRITICAL B\RGEOIS 
DIPLOMACY8 

,! PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL EQUALITY = WOM5 IS BEYOND DISPUTE4 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY LONG AGO PROCLAIM$ 9 !ORY ! IMPORTANCE ( EXT5D+ VOT+ RI<TS TO WOM5 WORK]S4 ,H[EV]1 ! TACTIC ( 'CONCESSIONS'1 ! TACTIC ( '/EP BY /EP' IS N[ SEEK+ ANO!R SOLUTION TO ?IS PROBLEM ALSO4 ,9 PLACE ( ! USUAL PR9CIPL$ DET]M9ATION & /EADFA/NESS ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 IT PROPOSES  'COMPLIANCE' & 'MOD]ATION'4 ,=TUNATELY ! PROLET>IAT IS ONLY TOO WELL AW>E ?AT ITS 'MODE/Y' HAS NEV] REAP$ ANY REW>D4 ,! TRACTABILITY & COMPLIANCE ( ! PROLET>IAT >E1 9 ! EYES ( ITS 5EMY1 PRO( POSITIVE ( ITS 'IMPOT5CE'1 & ! MORE MOD]ATE1 ! MORE 'REASONABLE' >E ITS DEM&S1 ! MORE MIS]LY >E ! CONCESSIONS GRANT$ TO IT4 ,! VICTORY ( ONE ( ! TWO W>R+ SIDES IS DECID$ NOT BY ! COMPLIANCE ( ONE ( !M1 BUT BY ! 'ACTUAL BALANCE ( =CES'4 ,! PROLET>IAT PRESSES ITS DEM&S WAG+ A RESOLUTE & CONSI/5T /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE !M1 BUT IT CAN ONLY A*IEVE ?AT :I* CORRESPONDS TO ITS ACTUAL 9FLU5CE & IMPORTANCE AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T4 ,! MORE RESOLUTE IS ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY'S ADH]5CE TO ITS BASIC PR9CIPLES1 ! FUR!R REMOV$ ITS TACTIC FROM CONCESSIONS DECID$ UPON BE=EH&1 ! MORE CLOSELY WILL ! RESULTS ( ITS /RUGGLE CORRESPOND TO ! ACTUAL BALANCE ( P[] & =CES BETWE5 ! W>R+ SIDES4 

,ALL ( ! ABOVE CON/ITUTES A 'WELL-WORN TRU?'1 BUT A TRU? 
?AT HAS TO BE REPEAT$ EV]Y TIME A PROPOS$ COMPROMISE TACTIC 
PO/PONES A NEW VICTORY BY ! PROLET>IAT & ?REAT5S TO 
DAMAGE ONE ( ! BASIC T5ETS ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,IF ! 
AM5DM5T 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,AU/RIAN DELEGATES W]E ACCEPT$1 
SU* DAMAGE W\LD BE UNAVOIDABLE4 ,) !IR PRECAUTION>Y 
'COMPLIANCE' ! ,AU/RIAN DELEGATES W\LD NOT ONLY PO/PONE ! 
EXT5SION ( VOT+ RI<TS TO PROLET>IAN WOM5 BUT ALSO1 & 
MORE IMPORTANTLY1 VIOLATE ONE ( ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( 
SOCIALISM3 PRES]V+ ! UNITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! 
MAJOR GU>ANTEE ( SUCCESS 9 ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE4 

',NATURALLY1' SAID ,CL>A ,ZETK91 ADDRESS+ ! COMMISSION ON WOM5'S VOT+ RI<TS AT ! CONGRESS1 'WE >E NOT SO POLITICALLY UN$UCAT$ AS TO DEM& ?AT ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 9 EV]Y /RUGGLE = ELECTORAL RE=M & 9 ALL CIRCUM/ANCES1 MAKE ! DEM& = VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 ! CORN]/ONE1 ! DECID+ FACTOR 9 !IR /RUGGLE4 ,?AT WILL DEP5D ON ! LEVEL ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 9DIVIDUAL C\NTRIES4 ,WE >E CRITICIZ+ ! TACTIC ( 'AB&ON+ 9 ADVANCE1 )\T A /RUGGLE1 ! DEM& = VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5444' .<#f.> 

,?IS PRECISE & CONSI/5T CLASS POLICY WAS ALSO DEF5D$ BY 
,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS3 ,LUISE ,ZIETZ1 ,EMMA ,IHR]1 ,OTTILIE 
,BAAD]1 ,HILJA ,P>SS951 WOMAN DEPUTY TO ! ,F9NI% ,SEIM1 
,CSOZI FROM ,HUNG>Y1 REPRES5TATIVES FROM ,RUSSIA1 ,%AW FROM 
,5GL& & O!RS4 ,?OSE :O SUPPORT$ ?IS VIEW DEM&$ ?AT 
! 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS CONFIRM ! PROPOSITION ?AT ! 
/RUGGLE = VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 WORK]S IS NOT SEP>ATE 
FROM ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & ?AT ANY CONCESSION 9 ?IS >EA1 
ANY DEVIATION FROM PR9CIPLE1 IS A COMPROMISE ?AT DAMAGES ! 
:OLE CAUSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! DEF5D]S ( ! OPPORTUNI/ TACTIC CAME MA9LY FROM AMONG ! ,AU/RIAN DELEGATES1 & !Y RECEIV$ A MEASURE ( SUPPORT FROM ,VIKTOR ,ADL]4 ,LILY ,BRAUN WAS ALSO ON !IR SIDE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS TR5D DID NOT MEET SUPPORT AT ! CONF]5CE4 ,ALL ! >GUM5TS ADVANC$ BY ! ,AU/RIANS TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! 'OB/9ACY' ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS ONLY S]V$ TO MAKE POLITICAL GA9S BY ! PROLET>IAT MORE DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE1 ALL ! >GUM5TS ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ,CA?OLIC C\NTRIES - ,BELGIUM & ,FRANCE - ?AT ! 9FLU5CE ( CL]ICALISM W\LD ALLEG$LY 9CREASE ) ! 9VOLVEM5T ( WOM5 9 POLITICS & W\LD LEAD 
TO A REGR\P+ ( P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 PAL$ BE=E ! 9DISPUTABLE FACT ?AT ! MO/ IMPOV]I%$1 EXPLOIT$ SECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT WOM5 WORK]S >E /ILL DEPRIV$ ( ! POSSIBILITY ( OPPOS+ ! VIOLATION ( !IR RI<TS4 ,IT IS TO !SE P>IAHS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 !SE PALE1 WORN SLAVES ( CAPITALISM1 ?AT !IR COMRADES 9 MIS]Y1 !IR COMRADES 9 ! /RUGGLE = A BRI<T] FUTURE1 PREA* RESIGNATION1 PATI5CE & SELF-D5IAL - ! CLI*$1 PH>ISAICAL VIRTUES ( ! B\RGEOISIE6444 

,! MOOD ( ! CONF]5CE WAS NOT FAVORABLE TO SU* TR5DS4 ,9 
CONTRA/ TO ! USUAL 'RESPECTFUL OB$I5CE' ( WOM51 ! 
CONF]5CE WAS M>K$ BY A LIVELY1 BRAC+ ATMOSPH]E QUITE 
DI/9CT FROM ! SOME:AT DRY1 BUS9ESSLIKE AIR ( ! 
SOCIALI/ CONGRESS ITSELF4 ,! MASSIVE ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE 
( ! CONGRESS1 ! PRES5CE ( ALMO/ #i DELEGATES & ! 
NE$ TO OBS]VE A :OLE S]IES ( =MALITIES COOL$ ! 
5?USIASM ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SOCIALI/ WORLD1 & 
ONLY N[ & AGA9 WAS ?IS 5?USIASM ABLE TO BREAK ?R\< TO 
! SURFACE & AFFECT ALL ?OSE TAK+ P>T4 ,H]E AT ! 
CONGRESS ! MO/ EXP]I5C$ 'MA/]S ( ! SPOK5 WORD'1 
SKILL$ 9 ALL ! F9] PO9TS ( P>LIAM5T>Y BATTLE1 CROSS$ 
V]BAL SWORDS1 BUT P]HAPS = ?IS V]Y REASON MANY ( !M 
S\ND$ EXCESSIVELY 'CAUTI\S'444 

,AT ! WOM5'S CONF]5CE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! LIV+ PULSE ( BOLD FAI? & CONFID5CE BEAT )\T CEAS+ & ONE C\LD S5SE ?AT C\RAGE\S REJECTION ( & REVULSION T[>DS COMPROMISE DECISIONS :I* >E *>ACT]I/IC ( ORGANIZATIONS ?AT >E /ILL Y\NG & HAVE NOT YET BECOME SET 9 FIX$ =MS4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( PROLET>IAN WOM5 C\LD NOT BUT REALIZE :AT TRAGIC CONSEQU5CES W\LD FOLL[ UPON ! ADOPTION ( ! ,AU/RIAN AM5DM5T444 

,BY A MAJORITY ( #dg VOTES TO #a#a1 ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ 
CONF]5CE ADOPT$ ! RESOLUTION PUT =W>D BY ! ,G]MAN 
DELEGATION & PLAC$ IT BE=E ! SOCIALI/ CONGRESS4 

,! LIV+ SPIRIT ( PROLET>IAN SELF-CONSCI\SNESS COMPELL$ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK]S TO SUPPORT ?IS RESOLUTION & CONFIRM ! PR9CIPLE ( ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( BO? SEXES1 !IR SOLID>ITY 9 ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL RI<TS = ! :OLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS )\T D\BT A MAJOR EV5T 9 !' HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 DEMON/RAT+ YET AGA9 TO ! B\RGEOIS WORLD ?AT1 DESPITE REPEAT$ ASS]TIONS AB\T ! 'DEA? ( ,M>XISM'1 ! TRUE SPIRIT ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM IS /ILL ALIVE & IS CONT9UALLY 9SPIR+ ! MANY MILLIONS :O MAKE UP 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 

,! QUE/ION ( ! =MATION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL WOM5'S 
SOCIALI/ SECRET>IAT WAS SECOND ON ! CONF]5CE AG5DA4 ,! 
,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS 9TRODUC$ A PROPOSAL TO E/ABLI% 
CLOS] CONTACTS AMONG REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS FROM 
DIFF]5T C\NTRIES & TO SET UP = ?IS PURPOSE A SECRET>IAT 
:I* W\LD GA!R 9=MATION ON ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN 
MOVEM5T EV]Y:]E4 ,AL?\< ?IS QUE/ION WAS PURELY 
ORGANIZATIONAL1 IT PROVOK$ A LIVELY EX*ANGE ( OP9IONS1 
& ONCE MORE REVEAL$ TWO HET]OG5E\S TR5DS )9 ! 
WOM5'S SECTION ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 

,! PROPOSAL TO =M AN 9DEP5D5T WOM5'S 9T]NATIONAL SECRET>IAT WAS PUT =W>D BY ! ,G]MAN DELEGATES1 & ! ,AU/RIAN DELEGATES ONCE AGA9 9TRODUC$ AN AM5DM5T4 ,HAV+ DECL>$ !MSELVES OPPOS$ TO SEP>AT+ PROLET>IAN WOM5 9 ANY WAY :ATSOEV]1 !Y CONSID]$ IT UNNECESS>Y TO =M A SEP>ATE SECRET>IAT TO 5SURE 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNICATION AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,9 !IR OP9ION1 COMRADES ABROAD C\LD BE KEPT 9=M$ ON ! /ATE ( ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 EA* C\NTRY BY EMP[]+ A MEMB] ( ! P>TY 9 EA* C\NTRY TO S5D REPORTS ON ! POSITION ( WOM5 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & ON SUCCESSES A*IEV$ BY ! MOVEM5T TO ! C5TRAL SOCIALI/ ORGANS ( ! O!R C\NTRIES4 ,?IS AM5DM5T VIVIDLY ILLU/RATES ! CON/ANT FE> ON ! P>T ( ! ,AU/RIANS ( DISCR$IT+ !MSELVES BY A TOO CLE>LY-M>K$ DEF5SE ( 'WOM5'S 9T]E/S' :I* MI<T E>N !M ! LABEL 'FEM9I/S'444 

,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DEF5D$ ! IDEA 
?AT AN 9DEP5D5T GR\P+ ( PROLET>IAN WOM5 
)9 ! P>TY HAS CLE> ORGANIZATIONAL 
ADVANTAGES4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO 
CONC5TRATE ! ATT5TION ( ! P>TY ON ! SPECIFIC NE$S & 
REQUIREM5TS ( WOM5 WORK]S1 & W\LD ALSO MAKE IT EASI] TO 
RALLY >\ND ! P>TY ! G5]ALLY LESS AW>E FEMALE MEMB]S 
( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 

,! 9VOLVEM5T ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! P>TY IS NECESSITAT$ BY PRACTICAL & URG5T CONSID]ATIONS4 ,UP TILL N[ WOM5 WORK]S REMA9 ! MO/ DEPRIV$ SECTION ( ! PROLET>IAN FAMILY1 !Y >E /ILL OPPRESS$ EV]Y:]E BY 'SPECIAL LAWS'1 & EV5 9 C\NTRIES :I* HAVE BROAD DEMOCRATIC REPRES5TATION WOM5 ALONE REMA9 )\T RI<TS4 

,) EV]Y YE> ?AT PASSES1 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! POLITICAL LIFE 
( !IR C\NTRY IS BECOM+ AN 9CREAS+LY URG5T ISSUE 
= ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,H[EV]1 AMONG ! BROAD 
MASSES ( ! MALE PROLET>IAT ! URG5CY ( ?IS DEM& IS NOT 
AS YET SUFFICI5TLY RECOGNIZ$4 

,9 ORD] TO DEF5D ?IS DEM&1 9 ORD] TO 9CULCATE 9 !IR COMRADES ! PROP] ATTITUDE TO ! QUE/ION ( EQUAL RI<TS = WOM5 WORK]S 9 EV]Y SPH]E & DRAW !M 9TO ! /RUGGLE TO ATTA9 9 PRACTICE EQUAL CIVIL RI<TS = WOM51 WOM5 HAVE ONLY ONE C\RSE - TO UNITE !IR =CES >\ND ! P>TY4 ,WOM5 WORK]S MU/ SET UP A WOM5'S SECRET>IAT1 A COMMISSION1 A BUREAU )9 ! P>TY1 NOT 9 ORD] TO WAGE A SEP>ATE BATTLE = POLITICAL RI<TS & DEF5D !IR [N 9T]E/S BY !MSELVES BUT 9 ORD] TO EX]T PRESSURE ON ! P>TY FROM )91 9 ORD] TO COMPEL !IR COMRADES TO WAGE !IR /RUGGLE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT AS WELL4 

,?US GREAT] P>TY CONC]N AB\T ! SPECIFIC REQUIREM5TS ( 
WOM5 WORK]S WILL 9CREASE ! POPUL>ITY ( ! P>TY AMONG 
! LESS CLASS-CONSCI\S FEMALE POPULATION1 /IMULAT+ ! FL[ 
( NEW =CES 9TO ! >MY ( ! FI<T+ PROLET>IAT1 :ILE 
! UNIFICATION ( WOM5 WORK]S )9 ! P>TY WILL ALL[ 
?IS HOMOG5E\S CORE1 MOTIVAT$ BY ! SAME REQUIREM5TS1 TO 
DEF5D ITS SPECIFIC REQUIREM5TS & NE$S MORE RESOLUTELY 
)9 ! P>TY TOO4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY POLICE OB/ACLES ?AT L$ 
9 ,G]MANY TO SPECIAL1 SEP>ATE PROPAG&A WORK AMONG WOM53 
?IS ME?OD ( WORK IS GRADUALLY BE+ ADOPT$ 9 O!R 
C\NTRIES LIV+ UND] FRE] POLITICAL REGIMES4 

,! NE$ TO UNITE WOM5'S =CES )9 ! P>TY IS1 ( C\RSE1 FELT ) P>TICUL> =CE 9 C\NTRIES :]E IT IS ONLY ! WOM5 :O REMA9 )\T POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,9 ?OSE CASES :]E ! QUE/ION ( ! /RUGGLE = ! FUR!R DEMOCRATIZATION ( VOT+ RI<TS IS TO ! =E1 ! CORE ( CLASS-CONSCI\S WOM5 WORK]S CAN ONLY /RIVE TO 5SURE A MORE /EADFA/ ATTITUDE 9 ! P>TY T[>DS ! QUE/ION ( A*IEV+ VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 ALSO444 

,! POSITION ( PROLET>IAN WOM5 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 & 
! SPECIFIC NE$S :I* !Y EXP]I5CE 9 ! FIELD ( 
SOCIAL RELATIONS1 CREATE A PRACTICAL BASIS = CONDUCT+ 
SPECIAL WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,H[EV]1 SU* A 
GR\P+ ( PROLET>IAN WOM5 )9 ! P>TY 7! SETT+ UP 
( COMMISSIONS1 BUREAUS1 SECTIONS1 ETC47 HAS1 ( C\RSE1 NO?+ 
9 COMMON ) FEM9ISM4 ,:]EAS ! FEM9I/S >E /RUGGL+ TO 
EXT5D TO ! WOM5 ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES ?OSE PRIVILEGES 
:I* W]E HI!RTO 5JOY$ ONLY BY ! M51 WOM5 WORK]S >E 
PURSU+ A SOLELY PROLET>IAN1 COMMON CLASS OBJECTIVE4 

,AT ! WOM5'S 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CE1 ! VICTORY W5T TO ! LEFT1 ?AT IS1 TO ?AT SECTION :I* SUGGE/$ ! CREATION ( AN 9DEP5D5T 9T]NATIONAL SECRET>IAT4 .<#g.> 
,! $ITORIAL BO>D ( ,DIE ,GLEI*HEIT 7,EQUALITY7 HAS BE5 ELECT$ AS ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( SOCIALI/ WOM5 UNTIL ! NEXT 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT BO? ?IS PURELY ORGANIZATIONAL DECISION & ALSO ! CONGRESS RESOLUTION ON TACTICS1 A RESOLUTION :I* DET]M9ES ! ATTITUDE ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY TO ! QUE/ION ( VOTES = WOM51 WILL HAVE A B5EFICIAL EFFECT UPON ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T AMONG WOM5 WORK]S1 & WILL PROMOTE ! MORE RAPID GR[? ( ! ORGANIZ$ >MY ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 

,ONLY IF !Y >E FIRMLY UNIT$ AMONG !MSELVES &1 AT ! 
SAME TIME1 ONE ) !IR CLASS P>TY 9 ! COMMON CLASS /RUGGLE1 
CAN WOM5 WORK]S CEASE TO APPE> AS A BRAKE ON ! PROLET>IAN 
MOVEM5T & M>* CONFID5TLY =EW>D1 >M 9 >M ) !IR MALE 
WORK] COMRADES TO ! NOBLE & *]I%$ PROLET>IAN AIM-T[>DS A 
NEW1 BETT] & BRI<T] FUTURE4 
,! ,S,E,C,O,N,D ,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,W,O,M,5',S ,C,O,N,F,],5,C,E ,9 ,C,O,P,5,H,A,G,51 ,9 #aia 

,:5 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5 WAS HELD 9 ,/UTTG>T 9 #aig ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S1 ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS /ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY EV]Y:]E EXCEPT ,G]MANY4 ,ITS %APE WAS /ILL HAZY & UNCLE>1 & ! CONF]5CE ITSELF WAS CONV5$ NOT SO MU* TO REVIEW :AT HAD BE5 ALREADY A*IEV$ AS TO GIVE ITS 'BLESS+' TO ! MOVEM5T & /IMULATE ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 ,/UTTG>T WAS M]ELY A SYMPTOM ( ! AWAK5+ ( BROAD MASSES ( WORK+-CLASS WOM51 BUT A SYMPTOM NONE!LESS SIGNIFICANT1 PROMIS+ & PREGNANT ) CONSEQU5CES444 

,?REE YE>S HAVE PASS$4 ,DUR+ ?IS %ORT P]IOD ( TIME ! 
WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAS SUCCE$$ NOT ONLY 9 
9CREAS+ ITS NUMB]S1 BUT ALSO 9 BECOM+ SOCIAL =CE :I* 
CANNOT BE IGNOR$ 9 ! PROCESS ( ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE4 ,P>TICUL>LY RAPID HAS BE5 ! SUCCESS A*IEV$ BY 
,G]MANY 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT3 ACCORD+ 
TO ! 
DATA PRES5T$ AT ! CONF]5CE 9 ,/UTTG>T1 ?AT IS1 9 #aig ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY HAD ONLY SOME #a ?\S& 
WOM5 MEMB]S2 BY #aia IT ALREADY HAD MORE ?AN #hb ?\S&1 & ! C5TRAL SOCIALI/ ORGAN = WOM5 WORK]S ,DIE ,GLEI*HEIT 7,EQUALITY7 HAD A CIRCULATION ( #h ?\S&4 ,SIMIL> GIANT /RIDES HAVE BE5 TAK5 BY ,AU/RIA 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK+-CLASS WOM53 9 #aii ! P>TY HAD 
ONLY #g ?\S& WOM5 MEMB]S2 9 #aia IT HAD MORE ?AN #ad ?\S&1 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T HAD >\ND #dd ?\S& WOM5 MEMB]S & ! WOM5'S WORK] NEWSPAP] HAD A CIRCULATION ( #b ?\S&4 ,F9L&1 ?\< SMALL 9 
POPULATION1 WAS ALSO NOT LEFT BEH9D4 ,H]E WOM5 7MORE ?AN #af ?\S&7 ACC\NT$ = SOME #ca P] C5T ( ! MEMB]%IP ( ! WORK]S' P>TY4 ,5GL& CAN BOA/ ( MORE ?AN #b ?\S& WOM5 TRADE UNION MEMB]S4 
,EV]Y:]E - 9 ,D5M>K1 ,SW$51 ,NORWAY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,HOLL&1 ,ITALY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES - ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS >E AWAK5+1 ATTEMPT+ TO CREATE A WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & DIRECT IT ALONG ! PA? BOLDLY M>K$ \T BY ! 5]GETIC EF=TS ( ,G]MAN WOM5 SOCIALI/S4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! CALCULATIONS MADE BY ! ,SWISS 
DELEGATION1 ! NUM]ICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! MALE & FEMALE SECTIONS ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES IS AS FOLL[S3 

,F9L&3 ,= EV]Y #a ORGANIZ$ WOMAN WORK] !RE >E #f ORGANIZ$ MALE WORK]S4 

,D5M>K3 ,= EV]Y #a ORGANIZ$ WOMAN WORK] !RE >E #h ORGANIZ$ MALE WORK]S4 

,AU/RIA3 ,= EV]Y #a ORGANIZ$ WOMAN WORK] !RE >E #a ORGANIZ$ MALE WORK]S4 

,5GL&3 ,= EV]Y #a ORGANIZ$ WOMAN WORK] !RE >E #aa ORGANIZ$ MALE WORK]S4 

,ITALY3 ,= EV]Y #a ORGANIZ$ WOMAN WORK] !RE >E #ab ORGANIZ$ MALE WORK]S4 

,SW$5 @& ,NORWAY3 ,= EV]Y #a ORGANIZ$ WOMAN WORK] !RE >E #ac ORGANIZ$ MALE WORK]S4 

,G]MANY3 ,= EV]Y #a ORGANIZ$ WOMAN WORK] !RE >E #ad ORGANIZ$ MALE WORK]S4 

,SWITZ]L&3 ,= EV]Y #a ORGANIZ$ WOMAN WORK] !RE >E #ah ORGANIZ$ MALE WORK]S4 

.<,/ATI/ICAL ,REPORT TO ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ 
,WOM51 #a#i#a1 P4 #b#f4.> 

,( C\RSE1 IF !SE FIGURES >E COMP>$ ) ! NUMB] ( 
WOM5 WORK]S ON ! LABOR M>KET & ! GR[+ NUMB] ( WOM5 
E>N+ !IR [N LIV+ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 ! SCALE ( FEMALE 
P>TICIPATION 9 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T APPE>S V]Y MODE/ EV5 
9SIGNIFICANT4 ,H[EV]1 9 ORD] TO ASSESS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! 
WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ACCURATELY1 TWO ?+S MU/ BE REMEMB]$3 
FIR/LY1 ITS %ORT HI/ORY - L#e-#b YE>S AGO IT HAD NEV] BE5 HE>D 
(2 SECONDLY1 ! PROSPECTS OP5+ UP BE=E IT4 ,! 
QUE/ION ( ! FUR!R DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! ELECTORAL SY/EM1 
:I* IS N[ POS+ ITSELF 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R 9 ,5GL& & ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ! F$]AL /ATES ( ,G]MANY & ! ,SC&9AVIAN 
C\NTRIES1 MU/ HAVE & WILL HAVE ITS 9EVITABLE EFFECT UPON 
! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T & SUCCESS ( ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN 
MOVEM5T4 ,! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAS CEAS$ TO BE M]ELY A 
LUXURY & BECOME A DAILY PRACTICAL NECESSITY444 

,! GR[? ( ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T OV] ! LA/ ?REE YE>S WAS NOTICEABLE AT ! OP5+ ( ! ,COP5HAG5 ,CONF]5CE4 .<#h.> 
,9 ,/UTTG>T ! DELEGATES NUMB]$ #e#b1 9 ,COP5HAG5 !Y ALREADY NUMB]$ >\ND #a & REPRES5T$ #ag C\NTRIES4 ,?IS TIME ONLY ! ,FR5* & ! ,BELGIANS W]E ABS5T4 ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS W]E REPRES5T$1 TOGE!R ) CLUBS1 SOCIETIES1 & UNIONS ( WOM5 WORK]S ADOPT+ A CLASS POSITION4 

,! CONF]5CE AG5DA 9CLUD$1 9 ADDITION TO ! 
ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/ION ( E/ABLI%+ CLOS] L9KS BETWE5 
ORGANIZ$ SOCIALI/ WOM5 FROM DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 TWO MAJOR ISSUES3 
#a7 WAYS & MEANS ( A*IEV+ 9 PRACTICE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE = 
WOM5 & #b7 SOCIAL SECURITY & PROTECTION = MO!R & 
*ILD4 ,DESPITE !SE SEEM+LY SPECIFICALLY FEMALE TOPICS1 ! 
CONF]5CE 9 ,COP5HAG5 WAS FREE ( ?AT SICKLY-SWEET 'FEM99E 
FLAVOR' :I* PROVOKES SU* IRREPRESSIBLE BOR$OM 9 ! PRACTICAL 
POLITICIAN :O IS US$ TO ! 'CUT & ?RU/' ( REAL POLITICAL 
BATTLE444 ,! QUE/IONS DISCUSS$ AT ! CONF]5CE W]E EXAM9$ NOT 
ONLY FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! COMMON TASKS ( PROLET>IAN CLASS 
POLICY1 BUT W]E ALSO1 & 9EVITABLY1 SUPPLEM5T$ ) MORE G5]AL 
DEM&S4 ,! FATE ( ,F9L&1 A C\NTRY ) AN EXTREMELY DEMOCRATIC 
SY/EM ( POPUL> REPRES5TATION1 ! QUE/ION ( W>1 PEACE & ! 
FI<T AGA9/ MILIT>ISM1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ DOME/IC MANUFACTURE 
& NI<T WORK1 COMPELL$ ?OSE TAK+ P>T 9 ! CONGRESS TO MOVE 
BEYOND ! N>R[ FRAMEWORK ( FEM99E ISSUES &1 HAV+ BECOME 
MORE FAMILI> ) WIDE-RANG+1 URG5T ISSUES1 TO JO9 9 ! ACTIVE /RUGGLE BE+ WAG$ BY ! MANY MILLIONS :O COMPOSE ! >MY ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS4 

,H[EV]1 :ILE ONE CANNOT OBJECT TO ! POSITION ADOPT$ BY ! 
CONF]5CE ON ! ISSUES IT DEBAT$1 & :ILE1 9DE$1 ONE CAN 
NOTE ) SATISFACTION ?AT ! 'WOM5'S WORK] >MY' IS 
M>*+ SIDE BY SIDE ) ! :OLE PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 IT 
MU/ BE /AT$ ?AT1 9 T]MS ( ! =MAL CONDUCT ( ITS 
CONF]5CES1 ! WOM5 REPRES5TATIVES ( 9T]NATIONAL 
SOCIALISM /ILL HAVE SOME?+ TO LE>N FROM !IR MALE 
COLLEAGUES4 ,! LACK ( FAMILI>ITY ) 'P>LIAM5T>Y 
PRACTICE' L$ TO A NUMB] ( OMISSIONS1 :I* GAVE RISE TO 
MISUND]/&+ & DISSATISFACTION3 C]TA9 RESOLUTIONS W]E 
NOT ONLY NOT PUT TO ! VOTE1 BUT W]E NOT EV5 DEBAT$3 DEBATES 
W]E BUN*$ TOGE!R1 QUE/IONS W]E REMOV$ FROM ! AG5DA ON 
! DECISION ( A QUE/IONABLE MAJORITY1 ETC4 ,ALL ( !SE 
]RORS C\LD HAVE BE5 AVOID$ ) GREAT] EXP]I5CE444 

,! MA9 TOPIC DISCUSS$ AT ! CONF]5CE WAS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ( VOT+ RI<TS4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! LEFT W+ ( ! WOM5'S 9T]NATIONAL1 L$ BY ! ,G]MAN DELEGATION1 & ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ?OSE ,5GLI% WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS :O WORK TOGE!R ) ! SUFFRAGETTES .<#i.> 
& ?US SUPPORT ! SLOGAN ( QUALIFI$ ELECTORAL RI<TS1 WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,! ,5GLI% PRODUC$ AS !IR 'TRUMP C>D' ! V5]ABLE & WELL-KN[N SOCIALI/ & *AMPION ( ! WOM5'S CAUSE1 ,*>LOTTE ,DESP>D1 :OSE P]SONAL ATTRACTIV5ESS1 NOBLE BE>+1 GRAY HAIR & SKILLFUL1 IMPRESSIVE SPEE* WAS 9T5D$ TO W9 SYMPA?Y & S(T5 ! SEV]ITY ( ! LEFT-W+ JUDGM5T4 ,A 'FURI\S BATTLE' WAS EXPECT$4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< ! DISCUSSION WAS LIVELY1 ! EXPECT$ 'BATTLE' DID NOT TAKE PLACE3 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY AT ! CONF]5CE SUPPORT$ ! 'LEFT'1 & ?AT ! ,5GLI% W]E FI<T+ = A LO/ CAUSE444 ,! EASE ) :I* VICTORY OV] !'RI<T' WAS WON IS EXPLA9$ 9 P>T BY ! FACT ?AT1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,DESP>D1 !Y DID NOT HAVE ONE GOOD ORATOR ON !IR SIDE4 ,! ,5GLI% DEF5SE LACK$ SPIRIT & IMAG9ATION1 !IR >GUM5TS 9 DEF5SE ( !IR TACTIC W]E NAIVE1 ALMO/ 'G5TEEL' - ! 'H>MONY' ( WOM5'S 9T]E/S1 COMPLA9TS AGA9/ ! 'H>%NESS' ( CLASS POLITICS1 AGA9/ SOCIAL 9JU/ICE1 :I* ALSO AFFECT$ ! B\RGEOIS WOMAN444 

,! CONF]5CE1 %>PLY CRITICIZ+ COOP]ATION BETWE5 ,5GLI% 
SOCIALI/S & ! B\RGEOIS SUFFRAGETTES1 ADOPT$ 
A RESOLUTION :I*1 H[EV]1 FAIL$ TO /RESS ?IS ASPECT SUFFICI5TLY4 ',! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 EV]Y C\NTRY REJECTS QUALIFI$ ELECTORAL RI<TS1' RUNS ! RESOLUTION1 AS A FALSIFICATION & AS AN 9SULT TO ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL EQUALITY = WOM54 ,! MOVEM5T IS FI<T+ = ! ONLY VIABLE & CONCRETE EXPRESSION ( ?IS PR9CIPLE3 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE = ALL WOM5 :O HAVE REA*$ !IR MAJORITY1 )\T QUALIFICATIONS ( PROP]TY1 TAX1 $UCATION OR ANY O!R K9D :I* H9D] MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS FROM AVAIL+ !MSELVES ( !IR CIVIL RI<TS4 ,! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAGES ITS /RUGGLE NOT TOGE!R ) ! WOM5'S B\RGEOIS MOVEM5T1 BUT 9 CLOSE COOP]ATION ) SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 :O >E DEF5D+ ELECTORAL RI<TS = WOM5 AS ONE ( ! BASIC &1 9 PRACTICE1 ONE ( ! MO/ ESS5TIAL DEM&S 9 ! CALL = ! FULL DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! ELECTORAL SY/EM4 .<#a.> 
,! CONCILIATORY NOTE S\ND$ BY ! ,AU/RIAN DELEGATE1 ,ADELHEID ,POPP1 9 A SPEE* 9T5D$ TO S(T5 ! H>%NESS ( ?IS JUDGM5T F\ND NO SUPPORT1 & ! RESOLUTION WAS PASS$ BY AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY1 ) T5 VOTES AGA9/4 

,ON ! ISSUE ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE & PROTECTION1 NO S]I\S DIFF]5CES EM]G$1 & IT WAS ONLY A =MAL OV]SI<T ON ! P>T ( ! PRESIDIUM ?AT CAUS$ CONFLICT ) P>T ( ! ,5GLI% DELEGATION1 :I* !M LEFT ! CONF]5CE HALL4 ,! RESOLUTION 
9TRODUC$ BY ! ,G]MAN DELEGATION ON ?IS ISSUE REPEAT$ 9 ESS5CE ! BASIC DEM&S ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1 AS DEVELOP$ & SUPPLEM5T$ AT ! WOM5'S CONF]5CE 9 ,MANNHEIM .<#a#a.> 
3 ! DEM& = AN #h-H\R WORK+ DAY1 ! PROHIBITION ( ! USE ( FEMALE LABOR 9 P>TICUL>LY UNHEAL?Y BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 #a#f-WEEK LEAVE = EXPECTANT & NURS+ MO!RS1 & ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( COMPULSORY MAT]NITY 9SURANCE1 ETC4 ,UN=TUNATELY ?IS FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION ?AT AFFECTS DIRECTLY ! 9T]E/S ( EV]Y WORK+ WOMAN WAS ACCORD$ TOO LITTLE TIME1 & ! DEBATES W]E HURRI$ & ABBREVIAT$4 ,RESOLUTIONS 9TRODUC+ IMPORTANT ADD5DA TO ! DEM&S PRES5T$ BY ! ,G]MAN DELEGATION W]E NOT PUT =W>D = DEBATE NOR PUT TO ! VOTE1 & ?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,F9NI% RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ,P>SS951 ,AALLE & ,SILANPAA & O!R DEPUTIES TO ! ,SEIM1 CLE>LY EMPHASIZ$ A PO9T OMITT$ 9 ! ,G]MAN RESOLUTION  -  ! EXT5SION ( ALL =MS ( MAT]NITY PROTECTION TO 9CLUDE BO? LEGITIMATE & ILLEGITIMATE MO!RS1 & A REVIEW ( ! LAWS ON 9FANTICIDE1 COMMITT$ MA9LY BY 
MO!RS :O HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ TO !IR FATE444 

,IT %\LD NOT BE ?\<T ?AT ALL ! MEASURES DEM&$ 9 ! 
RESOLUTION AUTOMATICALLY COV]$ BO? LEGITIMATE & 
ILLEGITIMATE MO!RS4 ,IT IS PRECISELY SU* A FUDDL$ MODE ( 
?9K+ ?AT DOM9ATES 9 ! ,WE/1 SADLY EV5 AMONG WOM5 
SOCIALI/S1 ?AT PREF]5CE = LEGALIZ$ M>ITAL COHABITATION1 
:I* MADE IT DESIRABLE TO DEBATE ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PO9T 
MORE ?OR\<LY4 ,IT WAS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ) ALL ! 
AU?ORITY ( ! CONF]5CE ?AT MAT]NITY IS TO BE 
RECOGNIZ$ AS A SOCIAL FUNCTION 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! M>ITAL 
& FAMILY =MS IT ASSUMES444 ,! QUE/ION ( PR9CIPLE 
9VOLV$ 9 MAT]NITY 9SURANCE & PROTECTION WAS1 H[EV]1 
SUBM]G$ 9 A NUMB] ( PRACTICAL DETAILS4 

,M5TION MU/ ALSO BE MADE ( YET ANO!R IMPORTANT OMISSION 9 ! RESOLUTION ADOPT$ AT ! CONF]5CE3 IT FAILS TO PO9T CLE>LY & PRECISELY TO ! PR9CIPLE UND]LY+ MAT]NAL 9SURANCE4 ,IS SU* 9SURANCE AN 9DEP5D5T SECTION ( SOCIAL 9SURANCE1 OR IS IT M]ELY A SUBSECTION ( SOCIAL 9SURANCE 9 CASE ( ILLNESS8 ,! =MULATION ( ! RESOLUTION 9DICATES ?AT ?OSE :O DREW IT UP VIEW$ MAT]NITY 9SURANCE AS ONE ( ! FUNCTIONS TO BE C>RI$ \T BY HOSPITAL BURS>IES4 ,IF ?IS PROPOSITION HAD BE5 MORE CLE>LY EXPRESS$1 H[EV]1 IT W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE L$ TO AN ELUCIDATION ( C]TA9 O!R PROPOSITIONS :I* REQUIRE CLOS] EXAM9ATION4 ,IT W\LD HAVE RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( ! GR\NDS = EXT5D+ 9SURANCE TO COV] ?AT L>GE SECTION ( ! FEMALE POPULATION NOT GA9FULLY EMPLOY$ 7I4E4 ! WIVES ( WORK]S7 ?AT CAN /ILL BE F\ND 9 MANY C\NTRIES4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE1 & IS IT ACCEPTABLE TO EXT5D 9SURANCE TO !M VIA !IR HUSB&S8 ,:AT IS !N TO BE DONE 9 ! CASE ( 'NON-LEGALIZ$' COHABITATION8 

,A 'SIMPLIFICATION' ( ?IS COMPLEX QUE/ION 9 ORD] TO AVOID 
DEBATES ( PR9CIPLE & HEAT$ FEEL+S W\LD SC>CELY BE 9 
! 9T]E/S ( ! CAUSE4 ,DESPITE ! ADOPTION ( ! 
RESOLUTION1 ! QUE/ION ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE CANNOT BE 
CONSID]$ AS FULLY DEALT )1 & ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY WILL 
UND\BT$LY HAVE TO RETURN TO IT4 

,MORE IMPASSION$ DEBATE WAS PROVOK$ BY ! ,DANI% PROPOSAL ON NI<T WORK4 ,?IS RESOLUTION1 9TRODUC$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( WOM5 TYPE-SETT]S1 PO9T$ \T ?AT LEGISLATION PROHIBIT+ NI<T WORK = WOM5 BUT P]MITT+ IT = M5 H9D]$ ! WORK+ WOMAN 9 H] /RUGGLE TO E>N H] LIV+4 ,IT IS ONLY ) 5ORM\S EF=T ?AT WOM5 SUCCE$ 9 
GA9+ ACCESS TO BETT]-PAID JOBS & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS 79 PR9T+1 = EXAMPLE71 & ! PROHIBITION OIL NI<T WORK = WOM5 PU%ES !M BACK 9TO ! RANKS ( ! UNSKILL$ WORK]S1 EXPOSES !M ONCE MORE TO ALL ! TEMPTATIONS ( PRO/ITUTION & ! HORRORS ( APPROA*+ DE/ITUTION4 ,NI<T WORK MU/ BE ABOLI%$ SIMULTANE\SLY = BO? M5 & WOM51 AS IT IS EQUALLY H>MFUL TO BO?444 

,! 'OV]-SIMPLIFI$' WAY 9 :I* ! ,DANI% DELEGATES 
PRES5T$ ! QUE/ION ( NI<T WORK MEANT ?AT !IR RESOLUTION 
WAS UNABLE TO W9 SUPPORT4 ,BY A MAJORITY ( #ac VOTES TO #b 
7VOT+ WAS BY C\NTRY7 ! RESOLUTION WAS REJECT$4 ,AN 
9DIVIDUAL DEM& MEET+ ! 9T]E/S ( ONLY ONE SPECIFIC 
PR(ESSION 7NI<T WORK 9 A SKILL$ PR(ESSION IS F\ND MA9LY 
9 ! PR9T+ 9DU/RY7 C\LD NOT OV]RIDE A DEM& 
CORRESPOND+ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,H[EV]1 
! CONFLICT ?IS QUE/ION PROVOK$ 9DICATES ! NE$ = A 
S]I\S APPROA* TO ! QUE/ION RAIS$ BY ! ,DANI% & 
,SW$I% DELEGATIONS1 NAMELY ! SIMULTANE\S EQUALIZ+ ( ! 
CONDITIONS ( MALE & FEMALE LABOR444 

,! RESOLUTION PUT =W>D BY ! *AIRWOMAN ( ! CONF]5CE1 ,CL>A ,ZETK91 EXPRESS+ SYMPA?Y ) ,F9L&1 & ANO!R RESOLUTION PUT =W>D BY ! ,5GLI%1 REM9D+ WOM5 ( !IR OBLIGATION TO OPPOSE *AUV9ISM & BR+ UP !IR *ILDR5 9 A SPIRIT ( ANTI-MILIT>ISM W]E BO? ADOPT$ )\T DEBATE & W]E MET ) W>M APPLAUSE4.<#a#b.> 

,! C5TRAL WOM5'S 9T]NATIONAL BUREAU REMA9$ AS BE=E 9 
,/UTTG>T1 &  ,DIE ,GLEI*HEIT 7,EQUALITY7 WAS AGA9 
RECOGNIZ$ AS ! ORGAN ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ 
MOVEM5T4 

,:ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 ! SUP]FICIAL FAIL+S1 ( ! SECOND 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ CONF]5CE1 ITS WORK WILL UND\BT$LY HAVE A MAJOR & B5EFICIAL 9FLU5CE UPON ! FUR!R SUCCESS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO HOPE ?AT ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! :OLE WORK]S MOVEM5T1 WILL ASSUME L>G] & EV5 MORE IMPRESSIVE DIM5SIONS BE=E ! NEXT1 ! ?IRD CONF]5CE4 ,IT WILL ALSO CLE>LY & IRREFUTABLY DEMON/RATE ?AT ONLY SPECIAL PROPAG&A WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT1 WORK ORGANIZ$ )9 ! P>TY ON ! BASIS ( TE*NICAL 9DEP5D5CE1 CAN SUPPLEM5T ! RANKS ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ) A 'SECOND >MY'1 ! >MY ( WOM5 WORK]S FI<T+ = ! COMMON WORK]S' CAUSE & = ! COMPREH5SIVE EMANCIPATION ( WOM54 

,S,U,M,M,>,Y 

,:AT IS ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 & :AT >E ITS 
OBJECTIVES & AIMS8 ,:AT >E ! =MS ?AT IT IS TAK+8 ,IS IT 
NOT SIMPLY A BRAN* ( B\RGEOIS FEM9ISM1 ITS 'LEFT W+'8 ,& 
IF NOT1 H[ IS ! EXI/5CE ( SEP>ATE WOM5'S NEWSPAP]S & 
MAGAZ9ES1 ! CONVOCATION ( MEET+S1 CONGRESSES & 
CONF]5CES TO BE EXPLA9$8 ,:Y IS ! MOVEM5T NOT ABSORB$ 
9TO ! P[]FUL CURR5T ( ! :OLE WORK]S' MOVEM5T8 

,!SE QUE/IONS1 :I* 9EVITABLY >ISE 9 CONNECTION ) ! WOM5 S 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ CONF]5CE 9 ,COP5HAG5 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a1 FREQU5TLY CAUSE BEWILD]M5T EV5 AMONG SOCIALI/S1 :O >E1 UN=TUNATELY1 9SUFFICI5TLY FAMILI> ) ! HI/ORY ( ! WOM5'S WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ! ,WE/4 

,! HI/ORY ( ?IS MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 IS 9/RUCTIVE & TO A 
C]TA9 EXT5T PROVIDES ! ANSW] TO SU* QUE/IONS4 

,TODAY !RE IS H>DLY A SOCIALI/ :O W\LD OP5LY DISPUTE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S & ! DESIRABILITY ( CREAT+ A BROAD WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,SOCIALI/S N[ TAKE PRIDE 9 ! SIZE ( ! 'WOM5'S >MY' &1 :5 E/IMAT+ ! *ANCES ( SUCCESS 9 ! PROCESS ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?IS NEW & RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ ACTIVE =CE4 ,H[EV]1 !RE WAS A TIME1 & NOT ALL ?AT LONG AGO - AB\T #be YE>S - :5 SU* A ?+ AS A WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HAD NEV] BE5 HE>D ( 9 ANY C\NTRY1 EV5 IF IT HAD HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 MILLIONS1 ( WOM5 WORK]S4 

,:51 #ad YE>S AGO1 DUR+ ! 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS HELD 9 
,LONDON 9 #a#h#i#f1 #c WOM5 DELEGATES 7FROM ,5GL&4 ,G]MANY1 
,AM]ICA1 ,HOLL&1 ,BELGIUM & ,POL&7 >RANG$ = !IR [N 
SEP>ATE WOM5'S CONF]5CE1 ONLY A C\PLE ( C\NTRIES 
7,G]MANY1 ,5GL&7 W]E MAK+ !IR FIR/ ATTEMPTS TO SET UP A 
WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 EV]Y 
C\NTRY DID1 IT IS TRUE1 9CLUDE 9DIVIDUAL WOM5 9 !IR 
RANKS1 BUT1 ON 5T]+ ! RANKS ( ! P>TY & TAK+ P>T 
9 ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE1 ! MAJORITY ( !SE WOM5 AS IT 
WAS R5\NC$ 9 ADVANCE 
!IR WORK ON BEHALF ( ! MO/ DEPRIV$ & LEGALLY UNPROTECT$ SECTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS - WOM5 WORK]S4 ,VIRTUALLY NO?+ WAS BE+ DONE BY ! P>TY TO RAISE ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( WORK+ WOM51 = ! EMANCIPATION ( WOM5 AS H\SEWIVES & MO!RS4 

,?IS WAS ! SITUATION 9 ,G]MANY UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! 
#a#h#iS1 9 ,5GL& & O!R C\NTRIES UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! 
#b? C5TURY1 & 9 ,RUSSIA UP TO ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ( 
#a#i#e4 ,9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E ORGANIZATIONS ( WORK+ WOM5 
ASSUM$ PRIM>ILY A PR(ESSIONAL =M 7= EXAMPLE1 ,5GL& & 
,AM]ICA71 WORK WAS CONDUCT$ 9 ! MA9 TOGE!R ) ! 
B\RGEOIS FEM9I/S & UND] !IR DIRECT LEAD]%IP2 !RE WAS 
NO QUE/ION ( A CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! FIR/ UN(FICIAL CONF]5CE ( WOM5 SOCIALI/ DELEGATES HELD 9 ,LONDON 9 #ahif CONC]N$ ITSELF MA9LY ) AN EXAM9ATION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 B\RGEOIS FEM9ISM & ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,IT WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS DESIRABLE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! WOM5'S B\RGEOIS MOVEM5T & ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 & EMPHASIS WAS PLAC$ UPON ! URG5T NE$ TO 9T5SIFY SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A WORK AMONG WORK+ WOM5 9 ORD] TO 9VOLVE !M 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,ELEV5 YE>S HAVE PASS$ S9CE !N4 ,CAPITALISM HAS CONT9U$ 
ITS SUCCESSFUL PROGRESS1 DEVELOP+ ITSELF TO ! FULL & 
SUBORD9AT+ TO ITSELF NOT ONLY NEW BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 BUT 
ALSO NEW C\NTRIES4 ,FEMALE LABOR HAS BECOME A MAJOR SOCIAL 
=CE )9 ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,H[EV] IT WAS PRECISELY 
WOM5 WORK]S1 \TSIDE ANY ORGANIZATION1 NOT L9K$ TO !IR 
CLASS COMRADES BY ANY OBLIGATIONS1 DISP]S$ & ISOLAT$ FROM 
ONE ANO!R1 :O W]E 9 EFFECT DANG]\S & DAMAG+ RIVALS ( 
! MALE SECTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 (T5 UND]M9+ ! 
SUCCESSES ! LATT] HAD A*IEV$ BY ACTIVE 
DEMON/RATIONS4 

,! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZ+ WOM5 WORK]S & ( ! WAYS & MEANS ( 9VOLV+ !M 9 ! G5]AL MOVEM5T BECAME AN URG5T & IMM$IATE ISSUE4 ,FEEL+ !IR WAY1 ADAPT+ TO ! CONDITIONS 9 !IR C\NTRY1 ! WORK] ORGANIZATIONS 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES ATTEMPT$1 EA* US+ ITS [N ME?ODS1 TO SOLVE ?IS PROBLEM4 ,! RESULT WAS A V>IEGAT$ & MOTLEY SC5E4 ,! =MS TAK5 BY ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T V>I$ ACCORD+ TO LOCAL CONDITIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ WAS ?AT ! MOVEM5T ( ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD BE5 CALL$ 9TO BE+ - IT EXI/$4 

,BY #aig ! MOVEM5T HAD ASSUM$ SU* A SCALE ?AT IT WAS 
POSSIBLE TO CONV5E ! FIR/ 9T]NATIONAL WOM5'S CONF]5CE 
9 ,/UTTG>T4 ,:5 ! REPRES5TATIVES FROM ! V>I\S 
C\NTRIES REVEAL$ :AT !Y HAD A*IEV$ 9 !IR [N 
C\NTRIES1 ! RESULTS1 IF NOT IMPRESSIVE ( !MSELVES1 HELD 
PROMISE 9 T]MS ( ! POSSIBILITIES OP5$ UP = ! 
FUTURE4 ,!RE N[ EM]G$ ! QUE/ION ( ! =MATION ( AN 
9T]NATIONAL WOM5'S BUREAU TO CO-ORD9ATE ! WOM5'S 
SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,! BUREAU WAS 
SET UP 9 ,/UTTG>T1 & ! MAGAZ9E ,DIE 
,GLEI*HEIT 7,EQUALITY7 WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS ! C5TRAL 
ORGAN ( ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 

,! CONF]5CE HELD 9 ,/UTTG>T WAS ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,IT SECUR$ = ! MOVEM5T ?AT 9DEP5D5CE :I* IT NE$$ = ! FUTURE SUCCESS ( ITS WORK4 ,IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T WAS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL & POLITICAL POSITION ( WOM5 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY REQUIRES ?AT A P>TICUL> APPROA* BE ADOPT$ T[>DS WOM51 & PUTS BE=E ! P>TY A NUMB] ( SPECIAL OBJECTIVES4 ,!SE OBJECTIVES1 :ILE !Y =M P>T ( ! :OLE WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 :ILE !Y =M P>T ( ! COMMON AIM1 NONE!LESS AFFECT SPECIFICALLY FEMALE 9T]E/S MORE CLOSELY & >E !RE=E MORE PROP]LY PURSU$ BY ! WOM5 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS !MSELVES4 ,?IS PO9T ( VIEW HAS N[ PREVAIL$1 BUT ITS ELABORATION NONE!LESS REQUIR$ GREAT EF=T ON ! P>T ( ! WOM51 & PROVOK$ A %>P CONFLICT ( OP9IONS444 

,! ,G]MAN P>TY WAS ! FIR/ TO CONDUCT 9DEP5D5T PROPAG&A 
WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT2 O!R C\NTRIES GRADUALLY 
FOLL[$ ITS EXAMPLE4 ,! SE$S S[N BY ! FIR/ SUPPORT]S ( 
! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T L$ BY ,CL>A ,ZETK9 >E ALREADY 
TAK+ ROOT444 

,OV] REC5T YE>S EF=TS HAVE BE5 MADE EV]Y:]E TO >\SE ! AW>5ESS ( WORK+-CLASS WOM5 BY DRAW+ !M 9TO ! P>TY4 ,EV]Y:]E ! MOVEM5T IS C>RY+ \T PA9/AK+ WORK TO 9VOLVE WORK+ WOM5 9 ! BROAD CURR5T ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T444 ,! REPORTS MADE BY DIFF]5T C\NTRIES AT ! WOM5'S CONF]5CE 9 ,COP5HAG5 IS PRO( ( ?IS TIRELESS ACTIVITY4 

,H[ ?IS MEET+ ( ALMO/ #a REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS ( #ag C\NTRIES DIFF]$ FROM ! USUAL B\RGEOIS 
CONGRESSES ( SUFFRAGETTES6444 

,AFT] TWO DAYS ( ANIMAT$ & 5?USIA/IC WORK1 ! DELEGATES 
TO ! SECOND SOCIALI/ WOM5'S CONF]5CE LEFT ! HALL ( ! 
HOSPITABLE ,PEOPLE'S ,H\SE IMBU$ ) ! FIRM BELIEF ?AT BY 
! ?IRD 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CE ( SOCIALI/ WOM51 .<#a#c.> 
! 'SECOND >MY' ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY WILL BE ABLE TO SWELL ITS RANKS ) A FRE% 9FL[ ( NEW & ACTIVE =CES FROM AMONG ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,A4 ,KOLLONTAI4 
,FOOTNOTES 

#a4 
,?IS IS A REF]5CE TO ! ,SEV5? ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 HELD 9 ,/UTTG>T ON #a#h-#b#d ,AUGU/1 #a#i#g4 ,! CONGRESS WAS ATT5D$ BY DELEGATES FROM #be C\NTRIES1 9CLUD+ ,>G5T9A1 ,AU/RIA1 ,BELGIUM1 ,BULG>IA1 ,D5M>K1 ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,NORWAY1 ,POL&1 ,RUSSIA & ! ,U,S,A - #hhf DELEGATES 9 ALL4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK DELEGATION WAS L$ BY ,L591 :O DID A GREAT DEAL ( WORK TO CONSOLIDATE ! LEFT-W+ =CES ( 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,! CONGRESS ADOPT$ A RESOLUTION COMMITT+ SOCIALI/S TO OPPOSE ! APPROA*+ W>4 

#b4 
,9 #a#i#g1 JU/ BE=E ! OP5+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,/UTTG>T1 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5 WAS HELD1 ATT5D$ BY #eh WOM5 DELEGATES FROM #ad C\NTRIES4 ,! MA9 AIM ( ! CONF]5CE WAS TO =MULATE ONE UNIT$ TACTIC = ALL ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ! CAMPAIGN TO W9 VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 WORK]S AS P>T ( UNIV]SAL & EQUAL VOT+ RI<TS = BO? SEXES4 

#c4 
,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION - F\ND$ 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#h#h#d1 DECL>$ ITSELF A SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION1 BUT DID NOT RECOGNIZE ,M>XISM4 ,IT HAD NO CONTACT ) ! WORK]S & WAS 
EXTREMELY SECT>IAN 9 NATURE4 ,9 #aig IT WAS R5AM$ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 

#d4 
,DIE ,GLEI*HEIT  7,EQUALITY7 - A ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC BIMON?LY MAGAZ9E ISSU$ BY ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY4 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ FROM #ahi TO #a#i#b#e1 & WAS $IT$ BY ,CL>A ,ZETK9 FROM #ahib TO #a#i#a#g4 

#e4 
,! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY - F\ND$ 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#h#i#c4 ,ITS AIMS W]E TO SECURE ! ELECTION ( WORK]S TO ,P>LIAM5T 9 ORD] TO PURSUE ITS [N 9DEP5D5T POLICIES1 TO CAMPAIGN = ! NATIONALIZATION ( L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & ALSO TO WORK )9 ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,IT SOON LO/ ITS MILITANT SPIRIT UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( B\RGEOIS FELL[-TRAVEL]S1 & ITS LEAD]%IP BECAME OPPORTUNI/4 
,! ,FABIAN ,SOCIETY F\ND$ 9 ,5GL& 9 #ahhd BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,! ,FABIANS REJECT$ CLASS /RUGGLE1 & PROPOS$ A PROGRAM ( /ATE OR MUNICIPAL 'SOCIALISM'1 HOP+ TO TRANS=M CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY BY MEANS ( GRADUAL RE=M4 

#f4 
,CF4 ! SPEE* DELIV]$ BY ,CL>A ,ZETK9 AT ! ,SEV5? ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,/UTTG>T1 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#g4 

#g4 
,?IS IS A REF]5CE TO ! CREATION DUR+ ! ,WOM5'S ,CONF]5CE AT ,/UTTG>T ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,SECRET>IAT1 HEAD$ BY ,CL>A ,ZETK94 ,! WORK ( ! ,SECRET>IAT WAS TO 9CLUDE GA!R+ 9=MATION ON WOM5'S MOVEM5TS & ON ! LEAD]%IP ( ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ 
MOVEM5T4 

#h4 
,! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5 WAS HELD ON #b#f-#b#g ,AUGU/1 #a#i#a1 PRIOR TO ! OP5+ ( ! ,EI<? ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,COP5HAG5 7#b#h ,AUGU/-#c ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#a74 

#i4 
,SUFFRAGETTES -  MEMB]S ( A B\RGEOIS WOM5'S MOVEM5T SEEK+ VOT+ RI<TS = WOM54 ,! SUFFRAGETTES ADOPT$ A TACTIC ( OB/RUCTION1 ORGANIZ$ /REET DEMON/RATIONS1 & CAUS$ DISRUPTION ( EV]Y K9D4 ,! SUFFRAGETTES DID NOT SEEK ! SUPPORT ( WORK+ WOM54 

#a4 
,CF4 ! RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5 9 ,COP5HAG51 #b#e-#b#f ,AUGU/1 #a#i#a1 
& ! ,REPORTS TO ! 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS4 

#a#a4 
,A REF]5CE TO ! ,F\R? ,SOCIALI/ ,CONF]5CE ( ,G]MAN ,WOM51 :I* WAS HELD 9 ,MANNHEIM ON #b#b-#b#c ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#f1 & ATT5D$ BY #e WOM5 DELEGATES & #e WOM5 SOCIALI/S FROM O!R C\NTRIES1 9CLUD+ ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI4 ,! AG5DA 9CLUD$3 ! CAMPAIGN = VOT+ RI<TS = WOM51 PROPAG&A WORK AMONG RURAL WOM51 9VOLV+ 
DOME/IC S]VANTS 9 ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T1 ETC4 ,ON ALL !SE 
ISSUES RESOLUTIONS W]E ADOPT$ :I* CALL$ = 9T5SIFICATION ( ! /RUGGLE = WOM5'S RI<TS & SATISFACTION ( !IR DEM&S4 

#a#b4 
,9 ADDITION TO ! RESOLUTIONS LI/$ ABOVE1 ! 9T]NATIONAL WOM5'S CONF]5CE 9 ,COP5HAG5 ALSO DECID$ TO DECL>E #h ,M>* ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,DAY ( ,WORK+ ,WOM51 & TO M>K IT EV]Y YE> AS ! DAY ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT 9 !IR /RUGGLE = EQUAL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,DAY WAS HELD 9 #aiaa 9 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 ,SWITZ]L& & ,D5M>K UND] ! SLOGAN ',VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 WORK]S SO AS TO UNITE =CES 9 ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM'4 

#a#c4 
,IT HAD BE5 PLANN$ TO CONV5E ! ?IRD 9T]NATIONAL WOM5'S CONF]5CE 9 #aiad 9 ,VI5NA1 BUT ?IS WAS PREV5T$ BY ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #d1 #bba 3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONF]5CES ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONF]5CES ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/