,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN ON ! ,PRES5T ,CRISIS 

#ahg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,NANI ,PUSPAS>I1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,9TRODUCTION 

,!SE 0,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN0 W]E NOT ACTUALLY ADDRESS$ TO ANYONE 9 P>TICUL>1 BUT W]E M]ELY ! =M ! AU?OR US$ TO 9DICATE ! 9=MALITY & P]SONAL QUALITY ( :AT HE HAD TO SAY4 

,?IS LONG EXTRACT NATURALLY DIVIDES ITSELF 9TO ?REE DI/9CT SECTIONS3 A7 ,G5]AL ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ) SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PEASANTS 9 RELATION TO ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS 9 PR$OM9ANTLY AGR>IAN C\NTRIES1 CAPITALI/ W> BETWE5 /ATES1 & CIVIL W>2 B7 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TEMP] & ,ITS ,MATRIX2 C7 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,PROGRAM4 

,HIS ,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN >E AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S4 ,= IT IS 9 ?IS MAJOR WORK ?AT ,BAKUN9 MADE HIS UNIQUE CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS WRITT5 DUR+ ! /ORMY P]IOD ( ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W> :5 ,FRANCE FAC$ C]TA9 DEFEAT4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I HAD COLLAPS$ & ! SUCCE$+ PROVISIONAL REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T WAS HOPELESSLY DEMORALIZ$4 ,! ,FR5* >MIES W]E 9 FULL RETREAT & ! ,PRUSSIAN TROOPS W]E AT ! GATES ( ,P>IS4 ,IT WAS 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS CRISIS ?AT ,BAKUN9 DEVELOP$ IDEAS :I* HAVE S9CE BECOME ! WAT*WORDS ( LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS & TO :I* EV5 ! AU?ORIT>IANS /ILL PAY LIP S]VICE -- IDEAS SU* AS TURN+ ! W>S BETWE5 /ATES 9TO CIVIL W>S = ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION2 ! PEOPLE-9->MS FI<T+ A GU]RILLA W> TO REPULSE A =EIGN >MY & SIMULTANE\SLY DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ ITS DOME/IC 5EMIES2 ALL P[] TO ! GRASS-ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS SPONTANE\SLY CREAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION2 A F$]ALI/ ALT]NATIVE TO C5TRALIZ$ /ATI/ REVOLUTION-BY-DECREE1 AMONG O!RS4 

,BAKUN9'S HAD CONFID5CE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y CAPABILITIES ( ! PEASANTS1 & HE WORK$ \T WAYS ( W9N+ !M OV] TO ! SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ) P>TICUL> EMPHASIS ON E/ABLI%+ H>MONI\S RELATIONS BETWE5 ! PEASANTS & ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ URBAN WORK]S4 ,AS 9 ALL HIS O!R WRIT+S ON REVOLUTION1 HE REIT]ATES HIS VIEWS ON ! RELATION BETWE5 ! VANGU>D ORGANIZATION & ! MASSES4 ,:ILE FULLY APPRECIAT+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ECONOMIC SITUATION 9 REVOLUTION1 ,BAKUN9 NEV]!LESS ATTA*$ EQUAL WEI<T TO ! WILL1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! SECTION ON ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TEMP] & ,ITS ,MATRIX OCCUPIES A KEY PLACE 9 ,BAKUN9'S REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY4 

"9 "9 "9 "9 "9 

,G5]AL ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 

,I HAVE ALREADY %[N ?AT ,FRANCE CANNOT BE SAV$ 444 BY ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT \TSIDE ! P>ASITIC1 >TIFICIAL 9/ITUTION ( ,/ATE1 A NATION CONSI/S ONLY ( ITS PEOPLE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ,FRANCE CAN BE SAV$ ONLY BY ! IMM$IATE1 NONP>TIZAN ACTION ( ! PEOPLE1 BY A MASS UPRIS+ ( ALL ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 SPONTANE\SLY ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D1 A W> ( DE/RUCTION1 A M]CILESS W> TO ! DEA?4 

,:5 A NATION ( ?IRTY-EI<T MILLION PEOPLE RISES TO DEF5D ITSELF1 DET]M9$ TO DE/ROY EV]Y?+ & READY EV5 TO SACRIFICE LIVES & POSSESSIONS RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO SLAV]Y1 NO >MY 9 ! WORLD1 H[EV] P[]FUL1 H[EV] WELL ORGANIZ$ & EQUIPP$ ) ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y WEAPONS1 WILL BE ABLE TO CONQU] IT4 

,EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON ! ABILITY ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE TO MAKE SU* AN EF=T4 ,TO :AT EXT5T HAVE BL&I%M5TS ( B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION AFFECT$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y CAPACITIES8 

,HAVE SU* FACTORS R5D]$ !M 9CAPABLE ( SUMMON+ UP ! REQUISITE H]OISM & PRIMITIVE T5ACITY1 DO !Y PREF] PEACE AT ! PRICE ( FRE$OM1 OR FRE$OM AT ! CO/ ( IMM5SE PRIVATIONS8 ,DO !Y /ILL RETA9 AT LEA/ SOME ( ! NATURAL /R5G? & PRIMITIVE 5]GY :I* MAKES A NATION P[]FUL8 

,IF ,FRANCE HAD BE5 COMPOS$ SOLELY ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ,I W\LD HAVE UNHESITAT+LY REPLI$ 9 ! NEGATIVE4 ,! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE1 AS 9 MO/ ( ! C\NTRIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 COMPRISE AN IMM5SE BODY1 F> MORE NUM]\S ?AN IS G5]ALLY ASSUM$1 EV5 P5ETRAT+ ! PROLET>IAT & TO SOME EXT5T CORRUPT+ ITS UPP] /RATA4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ! WORK]S >E MU* LESS ATTA*$ TO ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ?AN 9 ,G]MANY1 & >E DAILY 9CREAS+ !IR SEP>ATION FROM IT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! DELET]I\S 9FLU5CE ( B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION CONT9UES TO CORRUPT SOME SECTIONS ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS ACC\NTS = ! 9DIFF]5CE & ! EGOISM OBS]V$ )9 C]TA9 BETT] PAY+ OCCUPATIONS4 ,!SE WORK]S >E SEMI-B\RGEOIS1 BECAUSE ( SELF-9T]E/ & SELF-DELUSION1 & !Y OPPOSE ! ,REVOLUTION BECAUSE !Y FE> ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WILL RU9 !M4 

,! B\RGEOISIE1 ACCORD+LY1 CON/ITUTE A V]Y 9FLU5TIAL & A V]Y CONSID]ABLE SECTION ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,BUT IF AT ?IS MOM5T ALL ,FR5*M5 W]E B\RGEOIS1 ! ,PRUSSIAN 9VASION W\LD 5VELOP ,P>IS & ,FRANCE W\LD BE LO/4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAS LONG S9CE \TLIV$ ITS H]OIC AGE2 IT LACKS ! DYNAMISM1 ! SUPREME H]OISM ?AT C>RI$ IT TO VICTORY 9 #a#g#i#c1 &1 S9CE !N1 HAV+ BECOME COMPLAC5T & SATIAT$1 IT HAS /EADILY DEG5]AT$4 ,9 CASE ( EXTREME NECESSITY IT WILL SACRIFICE EV5 ITS SONS1 BUT IT WILL NEV] SACRIFICE ITS SOCIAL POSITION & ITS PROP]TY = ! REALIZATION ( A GREAT IDEAL4 ,IT W\LD RA!R SUBMIT TO ! ,G]MAN YOKE ?AN R5\NCE ITS SOCIAL PRIVILEGES & ACCEPT ECONOMIC EQUALITY ) ! PROLET>IAT4 ,I DO NOT SAY ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE IS UNPATRIOTIC2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 PATRIOTISM1 9 ! N>R[E/ S5SE1 IS ITS ESS5TIAL VIRTUE4 ,BUT ! B\RGEOISIE LOVE !IR C\NTRY ONLY BECAUSE1 = !M1 ! C\NTRY1 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/ATE1 SAFEGU>DS !IR ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL PRIVILEGES4 ,ANY NATION )DRAW+ ?IS PROTECTION W\LD BE DIS[N$ BY !M4 ,!RE=E1 = ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! C\NTRY IS ! ,/ATE4 ,PATRIOTS ( ! ,/ATE1 !Y BECOME FURI\S 5EMIES ( ! MASSES IF ! PEOPLE1 TIR$ ( SACRIFIC+ !MSELVES1 ( BE+ US$ AS A PASSIVE FOOT/OOL BY ! GOV]NM5T1 REVOLT AGA9/ IT4 ,IF ! B\RGEOISIE HAD TO *OOSE BETWE5 ! MASSES :O REBEL AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & ! ,PRUSSIAN 9VAD]S ( ,FRANCE1 !Y W\LD SURELY *OOSE ! LATT]4 ,?IS W\LD BE A DISAGREEABLE OPTION BUT !Y >E1 NEV]!LESS1 DEF5D]S ( ! PR9CIPLE ( ! ,/ATE AGA9/ ! WOR?LESS RABBLE1 ! MASSES ( ! WORLD4 ,DID NOT ! B\RGEOISIE ( ,P>IS & ALL ,FRANCE *AMPION ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE 9 #ahdh = ! SAME REASON8 ,& DID !Y NOT SUPPORT ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I1 UNTIL IT BECAME PLA9 TO EV]YONE ?AT HIS GOV]NM5T HAD BR\<T ,FRANCE TO ! BR9K ( RU98 ,! B\RGEOISIE ( ,FRANCE CEAS$ SUPPORT+ HIM ONLY :5 !Y BECAME AFRAID ?AT HIS D[NFALL W\LD BE ! SIGNAL = ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION1 I4E41 ?AT HE C\LD NOT PREV5T ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,& !IR FE> ( ?IS IS SO GREAT AS TO LEAD !M TO BETRAY !IR C\NTRY4 ,!Y >E 9TELLIG5T 5\< TO FULLY UND]/& ?AT ! PRES5T REGIME .<! GOV]NM5T :I* SUCCE$$ ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I.> CANNOT SAVE ,FRANCE1 ?AT ! NEW RUL]S HAVE NEI!R ! WILL1 NOR ! 9TELLIG5CE1 NOR ! P[] TO DO SO4 ,YET1 DESPITE ALL ?IS1 !Y CONT9UE TO SUPPORT ?IS GOV]NM5T2 !Y >E MORE AFRAID ( ! 9VASION ( !IR B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION BY ! PEOPLE ( ,FRANCE ?AN !Y >E ( ! ,PRUSSIAN 9VASION ( ,FRANCE4 

,?IS BE+ SAID1 ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE 9 G5]AL IS1 AT PRES5T1 S9C]ELY PATRIOTIC4 ,!Y CORDIALLY HATE ! ,PRUSSIANS4 ,TO DRIVE ! 9SOL5T 9VAD]S FROM ! SOIL ( ,FRANCE !Y >E READY TO MAKE GREAT SACRIFICES ( SOLDI]S1 MO/ ( !M FROM ! L[] CLASSES1 & ( MONEY1 :I* WILL SOON] OR LAT] BE RECOV]$ FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT !Y ABSOLUTELY 9SI/ ?AT ALL CONTRIBUT$ WEAL? & MANP[] %\LD BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE & ?AT1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 ALL ! >M$ VOLUNTE]S %\LD BECOME SOLDI]S 9 ! REGUL> >MY4 ,!Y 9SI/ ?AT ALL PRIVATE VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATIONS 9VOLV$ 9 W> OP]ATIONS1 :E!R F9ANCIAL1 MILIT>Y1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 OR M$ICAL1 BE P]MITT$ TO FUNCTION ONLY UND] ! DIRECT SUP]VISION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y ALSO DEM& ?AT NON-GOV]NM5TAL CITIZ5S' MILITIAS & ALL IRREGUL> MILIT>Y BODIES %ALL BE ORGANIZ$ BY & UND] ! P]SONAL SUP]VISION ( AU?ORIZ$ LEAD]S1 LIC5S$ BY ! ,/ATE1 PROP]TY [N]S1 WELL-KN[N B\RGEOIS 0G5TLEM510 & O!R SOLID CITIZ5S4 ,9 ?IS WAY ?OSE WORK]S & PEASANTS 9 ! UN(FICIAL =CES :O MI<T REBEL OR P>TICIPATE 9 9SURRECTION WILL NO LONG] BE DANG]\S4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! LEAD]S WILL1 IF NECESS>Y1 DISPAT* !SE TROOPS TO SUPPRESS UPRIS+S AGA9/ ! AU?ORITIES1 AS HAPP5$ 9 ,JUNE #agi :5 ! MOBILE GU>DS OPPOS$ ! PEOPLE4 

,ON ?IS ONE PO9T1 ! B\RGEOIS ( ALL D5OM9ATIONS -- FROM ! MO/ REACTION>Y VIGILANTES TO ! MO/ RABID ,JACOB9S -- TOGE!R ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATE ,COMMUNI/S1 >E UNANIM\S3 ?AT ! SALVATION ( ,FRANCE CAN & MU/ BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY & ?R\< ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT ,FRANCE CAN BE SAV$ ONLY BY DRA/IC MEASURES :I* REQUIRE ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE444.<#a.> 

,9 SPITE ( ! 9F]IORITY ( ! TWO ,FR5* >MIES1 !Y W]E /ILL ABLE TO HALT ! 5EMY 9 O!R P>TS ( ,FRANCE & TO REPULSE ! ,PRUSSIAN >MIES BE=E !Y APPROA*$ ! WALLS ( ,P>IS4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T & MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES HAD DONE :AT ALL ! ,FR5* PRESS1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! MILIT>Y CRISIS1 HAD URG$ !M TO DO2 IF1 AS SOON AS ! NEWS ( ! DISA/R\S DEFEAT ( ! ,FR5* >MIES REA*$ ,P>IS1 9/EAD ( PROCLAIM+ A /ATE ( SIEGE 9 ! CAPITAL & 9 ! EA/]N DEP>TM5TS1 !Y HAD CALL$ = MASS UPRIS+S 9 ALL ?OSE DEP>TM5TS2 IF1 9/EAD ( RE/RICT+ ! FI<T+ TO ! TWO >MIES1 !SE >MIES HAD BECOME ! BASE ( SUPPORT = A =MIDABLE 9SURRECTION BY GU]RILLAS OR1 IF NECESS>Y1 BY BRIG&S2 IF ! PEASANTS & ! WORK]S HAD BE5 >M$ ) GUNS 9/EAD ( SCY!S2 IF ! TWO >MIES1 CA/+ ASIDE ALL MILIT>Y POMP & SNOBB]Y1 HAD 5T]$ 9TO FRAT]NAL RELATIONS ) ! 9NUM]ABLE IRREGUL> FI<T+ UNITS 444 BY FI<T+ TOGE!R 9 SOLID>ITY EV5 )\T ! HELP ( UNOCCUPI$ ,FRANCE1 !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SAVE ,P>IS4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ! 5EMY W\LD HAVE BE5 HALT$ LONG 5\< TO P]MIT ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T TO MOBILIZE /RONG =CES444 

,TO SUM UP ! MA9 PO9TS3 ! ADM9I/RATIVE & GOV]NM5TAL MA*9]Y MU/ BE P]MAN5TLY SMA%$ & NOT REPLAC$ BY ANO!R4 ,GIVE COMPLETE FRE$OM ( 9ITIATIVE1 MOVEM5T1 & ORGANIZATION TO ALL ! PROV9CES1 & TO ALL ! COMMUNES ( ,FRANCE1 :I* IS EQUIVAL5T TO DISSOLV+ ! ,/ATE1 & 9ITIAT+ ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION444 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,P>IS AT ?IS TIME CANNOT OCCUPY ITSELF ) ! =MULATION & PRACTICAL APPLICATION ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 ?AT IT MU/ CONC5TRATE ALL ITS EF=TS & RES\RCES EXCLUSIVELY ON DEF5SE4 ,! 5TIRE POPULATION ( BESIEG$ ,P>IS MU/ ORGANIZE ITSELF 9TO A GREAT >MY1 DISCIPL9$ BY ! COMMON S5SE ( DANG] & ! NECESSITIES ( DEF5SE -- AN IMM5SE CITY AT W>1 DET]M9$ TO FI<T ! 5EMY AT EV]Y PO9T444 ,BUT AN >MY DOES NOT DISCUSS & !ORIZE4 ,IT DOES NOT MAKE REVOLUTION1 IT FI<TS4 

,P>IS1 PREOCCUPI$ ) DEF5SE1 WILL BE ABSOLUTELY UNABLE TO LEAD OR ORGANIZE ! NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,IF ,P>IS W]E TO MAKE SO RIDICUL\S & ABSURD AN ATTEMPT1 IT W\LD KILL ALL REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,MOREOV]1 ! RE/ ( ,FRANCE1 ! PROV9CES & ! COMMUNES1 W\LD BE OBLIG$1 9 ! SUPREME 9T]E/S ( NATIONAL SALVATION1 TO DISOBEY ALL ORD]S ISSU$ BY ,P>IS & TO RESI/ ALL ATTEMPTS TO 5=CE !M4 ,! BE/ & ONLY ?+ ?AT ,P>IS CAN DO1 9 ORD] TO SAVE ITSELF1 IS TO PROCLAIM & 5C\RAGE ! ABSOLUTE AUTONOMY & SPONTANEITY ( ALL ! PROV9CIAL MOVEM5TS1 & %\LD ,P>IS =GET OR NEGLECT TO DO SO = ANY REASON :ATSOEV]1 ! PROV9CES1 9 ORD] TO SAVE ,FRANCE & ,P>IS ITSELF1 WILL HAVE TO REBEL & SPONTANE\SLY ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9DEP5D5T ( ,P>IS4 

,IT IS EVID5T FROM ALL ?IS ?AT IF ,FRANCE IS TO BE SAV$1 IT WILL REQUIRE SPONTANE\S UPRIS+S 9 ALL ! PROV9CES4 ,>E SU* UPRIS+S POSSIBLE8 ,YES1 IF ! WORK]S 9 ! GREAT PROV9CIAL CITIES -- ,LYONS1 ,M>SEILLES1 ,SA9T-,ETI5NE1 ,R\51 & MANY O!RS -- HAVE BLOOD 9 !IR VE9S1 BRA9S 9 !IR HEADS1 5]GY 9 !IR HE>TS1 & IF !Y >E NOT DOCTR9AIRES BUT REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S4 ,ONLY ! WORK]S 9 ! CITIES CAN N[ .<SPE>HEAD ! MOVEM5T TO.> SAVE ,FRANCE4 ,FAC$ ) MORTAL DANG] FROM )9 & )\T1 ,FRANCE CAN BE SAV$ ONLY BY A SPONTANE\S1 UNCOMPROMIS+1 PASSIONATE1 AN>*IC1 & DE/RUCTIVE UPRIS+ ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ALL OV] ,FRANCE4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ! ONLY TWO CLASSES N[ CAPABLE ( SO MI<TY AN 9SURRECTION >E ! WORK]S & ! PEASANTS4 ,DO NOT BE SURPRIS$ ?AT ,I 9CLUDE ! PEASANTS4 ,! PEASANTS1 LIKE O!R ,FR5*M51 DO WRONG1 NOT BECAUSE !Y >E BY NATURE EVIL BUT BECAUSE !Y >E IGNORANT4 ,UNSPOIL$ BY OV]9DULG5CE & 9DOL5CE1 & ONLY SLI<TLY AFFECT$ BY ! P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! PEASANTS /ILL RETA9 !IR NATIVE 5]GY & SIMPLE UNSOPHI/ICAT$ FOLKWAYS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! PEASANTS1 BE+ PETTY L&LORDS1 >E TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T EGOI/IC & REACTION>Y1 BUT ?IS HAS NOT AFFECT$ !IR 9/9CTIVE HATR$ ( ! 0F9E G5TLEM50 .<C\NTRY SQUIRES.>1 & !Y HATE ! B\RGEOIS L&LORDS1 :O 5JOY ! B\NTY ( ! E>? )\T CULTIVAT+ IT ) !IR [N H&S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! PEASANT IS 9T5SELY PATRIOTIC1 I4E41 HE IS PASSIONATELY ATTA*$ TO HIS L&1 & ,I ?9K ?AT NO?+ W\LD BE EASI] ?AN TO TURN HIM AGA9/ ! =EIGN 9VAD]4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 ORD] TO W9 OV] ! PEASANTS TO ! SIDE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO USE GREAT PRUD5CE2 = IDEAS & PROPAG&A :I* >E 5?USIA/ICALLY ACCEPT$ BY ! CITY WORK]S WILL HAVE ! OPPOSITE EFFECT ON ! PEASANTS4 ,IT IS ESS5TIAL TO TALK TO ! PEASANTS 9 SIMPLE LANGUAGE SUITABLE TO !IR S5TIM5TS1 !IR LEVEL ( UND]/&+1 & M9DFUL ( ! NATURE ( !IR PREJUDICES1 9CULCAT$ BY ! BIG L&LORDS1 ! PRIE/S1 & ! /ATE FUNCTION>IES4 ,:]E ! ,EMP]OR .<,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I.> IS LOV$1 ALMO/ WOR%IP$1 BY ! PEASANTS1 ONE %\LD NOT >\SE ANTAGONISM BY ATTACK+ HIM4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO UND]M9E 9 FACT & NOT 9 WORDS ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE & ! ,EMP]OR1 BY UND]M9+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ?R\< :I* !Y WIELD !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,TO ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE EXT5T1 ! FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,EMP]OR -- ! MAYORS1 JU/ICES ( ! PEACE1 PRIE/S1 RURAL POLICE1 & SIMIL> (FICIALS1 %\LD BE DISCR$IT$4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO TELL ! PEASANTS ?AT ! ,PRUSSIANS MU/ BE \/$ FROM ,FRANCE 7:I* !Y PROBABLY KN[ )\T BE+ TOLD7 & ?AT !Y MU/ >M !MSELVES & ORGANIZE VOLUNTE] GU]RILLA UNITS & ATTACK ! ,PRUSSIANS4 ,BUT !Y MU/ FIR/ FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE SET BY ! CITIES1 :I* IS TO GET RID ( ALL ! P>ASITES & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y CIVIL GU>DS2 TURN ! DEF5SE ( ! T[NS OV] TO ! >M$ PEOPLE'S MILITIAS2 CONFISCATE ,/ATE & ,*UR* L&S & ! HOLD+S ( ! BIG L&[N]S = R$I/RIBUTION BY ! PEASANTS2 SUSP5D ALL PUBLIC & PRIVATE DEBTS444 4 ,MOREOV]1 BE=E M>*+ AGA9/ ! ,PRUSSIANS1 ! PEASANTS1 LIKE ! 9DU/RIAL CITY WORK]S1 %\LD UNITE BY F$]AT+ ! FI<T+ BATTALIONS1 DI/RICT BY DI/RICT1 ?US ASSUR+ A COMMON COORD9AT$ DEF5SE AGA9/ 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 5EMIES4 

,?IS1 9 MY OP9ION1 IS ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY ( DEAL+ ) ! PEASANT PROBLEM2 = :ILE !Y >E DEF5D+ ! L& !Y >E1 AT ! SAME TIME1 UNCONSCI\SLY BUT EFFECTIVELY DE/ROY+ ! /ATE 9/ITUTIONS ROOT$ 9 ! RURAL COMMUNES1 & !RE=E MAK+ ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION444 

,I AM NOT AT ALL DI/URB$ BY ! SEEM+ ,BONAP>TI/ SYMPA?IES ( ! ,FR5* PEASANTS4 ,SU* SYMPA?IES >E M]ELY A SUP]FICIAL MANIFE/ATION ( DEEP SOCIALI/ S5TIM5TS1 DI/ORT$ BY IGNORANCE & ! MALEVOL5T PROPAG&A ( ! EXPLOIT]S2 A RA% ( MEASLES1 :I* WILL YIELD TO ! DET]M9$ TREATM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,! PEASANTS WILL DONATE NEI!R !IR L& NOR !IR MONEY NOR !IR LIVES JU/ TO KEEP ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I ON HIS ?RONE2 BUT !Y >E WILL+ TO KILL ! RI* & TO TAKE & GIVE !IR PROP]TY TO ! ,EMP]OR BECAUSE !Y HATE ! RI* 9 G5]AL4 ,!Y H>BOR ! ?OR\<GO+ & 9T5SE SOCIALI/IC HATR$ ( LABOR+ M5 AGA9/ ! M5 ( LEISURE1 ! 0UPP] CRU/40 ,I RECALL A TRAGIC 9CID5T1 :]E ! PEASANTS 9 ! COMMUNE ( ,DORDOGNE BURN$ A Y\NG >I/OCRATIC L&[N]4 ,! QU>REL BEGAN :5 A PEASANT SAID3 0,AH6 NOBLE SIR1 Y\ /AY COM=TABLY & PEACEFULLY AT HOME BECAUSE Y\ >E RI*2 Y\ HAVE MONEY & WE >E GO+ TO S5D Y\R WEAL? TO ! POOR & USE IT = ! W>4 ,V]Y WELL1 LET US GO TO Y\R H\SE1 & SEE :AT WE CAN F9D !RE60 ,9 !SE FEW WORDS WE CAN SEE ! LIV+ EXPRESSION ( ! TRADITIONAL RANCOR ( ! PEASANT AGA9/ ! RI* L&LORD1 BUT NOT BY ANY MEANS ! FANATICAL DESIRE TO SACRIFICE !MSELVES & KILL = ! ,EMP]OR2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y NATURALLY TRY TO ESCAPE MILIT>Y S]VICE4 

,?IS IS NOT ! FIR/ TIME ?AT A GOV]NM5T HAS EXPLOIT$ = ITS [N PURPOSES ! LEGITIMATE HATR$ ( ! PEASANTS = ! RI* L&HOLD]S & URBAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,C>D9AL ,RUFFO1 ( BLOODY MEMORY1 9CIT$ AN 9SURRECTION ( ! PEASANTS ( ,CALABRIA AGA9/ ! NEWLY 9/ALL$ LIB]AL REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ,NAPLES444 ,! ,CALABRIAN PEASANTS BEGAN BY LOOT+ ! CA/LES .<E/ATES.> & ! CITY MANSIONS ( ! WEAL?Y B\RGEOIS1 BUT TOOK NO?+ FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,9 #a#h#d#f1 ! AG5TS ( ,PR9CE ,METT]NI* 5G9E]$ AN 9SURRECTION ( ! PEASANTS ( ,GALICIA AGA9/ ! P[]FUL ,POLI% >I/OCRATS & L&LORDS1 :O !MSELVES W]E PLOTT+ A NATIONALI/IC 9SURRECTION2 & BE=E ?AT1 ! ,EMPRESS ,CA!R9E .<! ,GREAT.> ( ,RUSSIA 5C\RAG$ ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS TO KILL ?\S&S ( ,POLI% NOBLES4 ,F9ALLY1 9 #a#g#h#f1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T ORGANIZ$ A 0JACQU]IE0 .<PEASANT REVOLT.> 9 ! ,UKRA9E AGA9/ ! ,POLI% PATRIOTS1 MO/ ( !M NOBLES4 

,Y\ SEE1 !N1 ?AT ! RUL]S1 !SE (FICIAL GU>DIANS ( PUBLIC ORD]1 PROP]TY1 & P]SONAL SECURITY1 HAD NO SCRUPLES AB\T US+ !SE DECEPTIVE ME?ODS :5 IT SUIT$ !IR PURPOSES4 ,! PEASANTS >E MADE REVOLUTION>Y BY NECESSITY1 BY ! 9TOL]ABLE REALITIES ( !IR LIVES2 !IR VIOL5T HATR$S1 !IR SOCIALI/ PASSIONS HAVE BE5 EXPLOIT$1 ILLEGITIMATELY DIV]T$ TO SUPPORT ! REACTION>IES4 ,& WE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S1 C\LD WE NOT DIRECT !SE SAME PASSIONS T[>D !IR TRUE 5D1 TO AN OBJECTIVE 9 P]FECT H>MONY ) ! DEEP-SEAT$ NE$S ?AT >\S$ !SE PASSIONS8 ,I REPEAT1 !SE 9/9CTS >E PR(\NDLY SOCIALI/ BECAUSE !Y EXPRESS ! IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! EXPLOIT]S ( LABOR1 & ! V]Y ESS5CE ( SOCIALISM1 ! REAL1 NATURAL 9N] CORE ( ALL SOCIALISM1 LIES !RE4 ,! RE/1 ! DIFF]5T SY/EMS ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 >E ONLY EXP]IM5TAL1 T5TATIVE1 MORE OR LESS SCI5TIFIC -- &1 UN=TUNATELY1 (T5 TOO DOCTR9AIRE -- MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS PRIMITIVE & FUNDAM5TAL 9/9CT ( ! PEOPLE4 

,IF WE REALLY WANT TO BE PRACTICAL2 IF1 TIR$ ( DAYDREAM+1 WE WANT TO PROMOTE ! ,REVOLUTION2 WE MU/ RID \RSELVES ( A NUMB] ( DOGMATIC B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES :I* ALL TOO MANY CITY WORK]S UN=TUNATELY E*O4 ,BECAUSE ! CITY WORK] IS MORE 9=M$ ?AN ! PEASANT1 HE (T5 REG>DS PEASANTS AS 9F]IORS & TALKS TO !M LIKE A B\RGEOIS SNOB4 ,BUT NO?+ 5RAGES PEOPLE MORE ?AN MOCK]Y & CONTEMPT1 & ! PEASANT REACTS TO ! CITY WORK]'S SNE]S ) BITT] HATR$4 ,?IS IS MO/ UN=TUNATE1 = ?IS CONTEMPT & HATR$ DIVIDE ! PEOPLE 9TO TWO ANTAGONI/IC CAMPS1 EA* P>ALYZ+ & UND]M9+ ! O!R4 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS NO REAL CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 !SE TWO CAMPS2 !RE IS ONLY AN IMM5SE & TRAGIC GULF :I* MU/ BE BRIDG$ AT ALL CO/S4 

,! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ -- & BY ?AT V]Y CIRCUM/ANCE1 SLI<TLY B\RGEOIS-T+$-SOCIALISM ( ! CITY WORK]S1 MISUND]/&S1 SCORNS1 & MI/RU/S ! VIGOR\S1 PRIMITIVE PEASANT SOCIALISM1 & TRIES TO OV]%AD[ IT4 ,?IS LACK ( COMMUNICATION IS RESPONSIBLE = ! D5SE IGNORANCE ( URBAN SOCIALISM SO PREVAL5T AMONG ! PEASANTS1 :O >E UNABLE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ?IS SOCIALISM & ! B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ! CITIES4 ,! PEASANTS REG>D ! CITY WORK]S AS CONTEMPTIBLE LACKEYS ( ! B\RGEOISIE2 ?IS HATR$ R5D]S ! PEASANTS BL9D TOOLS ( REACTION4 

,SU* IS ! FATAL ANTAGONISM ?AT HAS UP TILL N[ P>ALYZ$ ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ,FRANCE & ( ,EUROPE4 ,EV]YONE S]I\SLY CONC]N$ ) ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION MU/ FIR/ /RIVE TO ELIM9ATE ?IS ANTAGONISM4 ,S9CE ! E/RANGEM5T BETWE5 ! TWO CAMPS IS DUE ONLY TO MISUND]/&+1 ONE ( !M MU/ TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE TO EFFECT A RECONCILIATION4 ,! CITY WORK]S MU/ FIR/ ASK !MSELVES :AT !Y HAVE AGA9/ ! PEASANTS4 ,:AT >E !IR GRIEVANCES8 

,!RE >E ?REE GRIEVANCES4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ! PEASANTS >E IGNORANT1 SUP]/ITI\S1 & FANATICALLY RELIGI\S1 & ?AT !Y ALL[ ! PRIE/S TO LEAD !M BY ! NOSE4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT !Y >E ZEAL\SLY DEVOT$ TO !IR EMP]OR4 ,! ?IRD IS ?AT ! PEASANTS >E OB/9ATE SUPPORT]S ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! PEASANTS >E EXTREMELY IGNORANT4 ,BUT IS ?IS !IR FAULT8 ,HAS ANYONE TRI$ TO PROVIDE S*OOLS = !M8 ,IS ?IS A REASON = DESPIS+ & MI/REAT+ !M8 ,IF ?IS W]E SO1 ! B\RGEOIS1 :O >E F> BETT] $UCAT$ ?AN ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 W\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO MI/REAT ! WORK]S2 & WE KN[ MANY B\RGEOIS :O SAY JU/ ?IS1 ON ! PRETEXT ?AT !IR SUP]IOR $UCATION 5TITLES !M TO DOM9ATE ! CITY WORK]S & ?AT !SE WORK]S >E OBLIG$ TO RECOGNIZE !IR RI<T TO DO SO4 ,! SUP]IORITY ( ! WORK]S OV] ! B\RGEOISIE LIES NOT 9 !IR $UCATION1 :I* IS SLI<T1 BUT 9 !IR HUMAN FEEL+S & !IR REALI/IC1 HI<LY DEVELOP$ CONCEPTION ( :AT IS JU/4 ,BUT DO ! PEASANTS LACK ?IS FEEL+ = JU/ICE8 ,LOOK C>EFULLY3 ?\< !Y EXPRESS IT 9 MANY DIFF]5T WAYS1 Y\ WILL F9D ?AT !Y >E 5D[$ ) ! SAME FEEL+ = :AT IS RI<T4 ,Y\ WILL SEE ?AT ALONGSIDE !IR IGNORANCE !RE IS AN 9NATE COMMON S5SE1 AN ADMIRABLE SKILLFULNESS1 & IT IS ?IS CAPACITY = HONE/ LABOR :I* CON/ITUTES ! DIGNITY & ! SALVATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! PEASANTS1 Y\ SAY1 >E SUP]/ITI\S1 FANATICALLY RELIGI\S1 & CONTROLL$ BY !IR PRIE/S4 ,!IR SUP]/ITION IS DUE TO !IR IGNORANCE1 >TIFICIALLY & SY/EMATICALLY IMPLANT$ BY ALL ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS4 ,BESIDES1 ! PEASANTS >E NOT AS SUP]/ITI\S & RELIGI\S AS Y\ ASSUME2 ONLY !IR WIVES >E SO4 ,BUT >E ! WIVES ( CITY WORK]S ACTUALLY MORE LIB]AT$ FROM ! SUP]/ITIONS & ! DOCTR9ES ( ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC RELIGION8 ,AS TO ! PRIE/S1 !IR 9FLU5CE IS BY NO MEANS AS GREAT AS IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$4 ,! PEASANTS GIVE LIP S]VICE TO ! ,*UR* TO AVOID DOME/IC BICK]+ & ONLY IF !IR =MAL ADH]5CE 9 NO WAY CONFLICTS ) !IR MAT]IAL 9T]E/S4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FRANTIC MAL$ICTIONS ( ! ,*UR*1 ! RELIGI\S SUP]/ITION ( ! PEASANTS DID NOT /OP !M 9 #a<i FROM BUY+ *UR* PROP]TY ?AT HAD BE5 CONFISCAT$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,:5CE WE CONCLUDE ?AT1 TO ROOT \T ! 9FLU5CE ( ! PRIE/S 9 ! RURAL >EAS1 ! REVOLUTION HAS ONLY TO DO ?IS ONE ?+3 PLACE ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! PEASANTS 9 DIRECT & 9T5SE OPPOSITION TO ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( ! ,*UR*4 

,IT ALWAYS ANG]S ME TO HE> NOT ONLY ! REVOLUTION>Y ,JACOB9S BUT ALSO ! 5LI<T5$ SOCIALI/S ( ! S*OOL ( ,BLANQUI1 & EV5 SOME ( \R 9TIMATE FRI5DS1 9DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,BLANQUI/S1 ADVANC+ ! COMPLETELY ANTIREVOLUTION>Y IDEA ?AT IT WILL BE NECESS>Y 9 ! FUTURE TO DECREE ! ABOLITION ( ALL RELIGI\S CULTS & ! VIOL5T EXPULSION ( ALL PRIE/S4 ,I FEEL ?IS WAY BECAUSE ,I AM ABOVE ALL AN ABSOLUTE 5EMY ( REVOLUTION BY DECREES1 :I* D]IVES FROM ! IDEA ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,/ATE1 I4E41 REACTION DISGUIS$ AS REVOLUTION4 ,TO ! SY/EM ( REVOLUTION BY DECREE ,I C\NT]POSE REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 ! ONLY CONSI/5T1 TRUE1 & EFFECTIVE PROGRAM4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM ( DECREES 9 TRY+ TO IMPOSE FRE$OM & EQUALITY OBLIT]ATE1 BO?4 ,! AN>*I/IC SY/EM ( REVOLUTION>Y DE$S & ACTION NATURALLY & UNFAIL+LY EVOKES ! EM]G5CE & FL[]+ ( FRE$OM-&-EQUALITY1 )\T ANY NECESSITY :ATEV] = 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ VIOL5CE OR AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM NECESS>ILY LEADS TO ! TRIUMPH ( NAK$ REACTION4 ,! SECOND WILL ]ECT ! ,REVOLUTION ON NATURAL & UN%AKABLE F\NDATIONS4 

,BY WAY ( ILLU/RATION1 WE MA9TA9 ?AT IF ! ABOLITION ( RELIGI\S CULTS & ! EXPULSION ( ! PRIE/S IS DECRE$ BY LAW1 EV5 ! LEA/ RELIGI\S PEASANTS WILL COME TO !IR DEF5SE1 PRIM>ILY BECAUSE !RE IS 9 M5 AN 9BORN IRRESI/IBLE URGE -- ! S\RCE ( ALL FRE$OM -- TO REBEL AGA9/ ANY >BITR>Y MEASURE1 EV5 IF IMPOS$ 9 ! NAME ( LIB]TY4 ,Y\ CAN !RE=E BE 5TIRELY C]TA9 ?AT IF ! CITIES COMMIT ! COLOSSAL FOLLY ( DECREE+ ! EXT]M9ATION ( RELIGI\S CULTS & ! BANI%M5T ( PRIE/S1 ! PEASANTS WILL REVOLT 5 MASSE AGA9/ ! CITIES & BECOME A T]RIBLE WEAPON 9 ! H&S ( ! REACTION4 ,BUT DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT ! PRIE/S %\LD BE LEFT 9 FULL POSSESSION ( !IR P[]8 ,BY NO MEANS6 ,!Y MU/ BE F\<T NOT BECAUSE !Y >E M9I/]S ( ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC RELIGION BUT BECAUSE !Y >E AG5TS ( ,PRUSSIA .<OR ! RI*.>4 ,9 ! RURAL >EAS1 AS 9 ! CITIES1 NO REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITIES1 NOT EV5 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 %\LD ATTACK ! PRIE/S4 ,?IS MU/ BE DONE ONLY BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES3 ! WORK]S 9 ! CITIES & ! PEASANTS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE MU/ !MSELVES TAKE ! (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! PRIE/S4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITIES CAN HELP !M 9DIRECTLY1 BY UPHOLD+ !IR RI<T TO DO SO1 O/5SIBLY \T ( RESPECT = FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE4 ,LET US1 AT LEA/ TO SOME EXT5T1 ADOPT ! PRUD5T TACTICS ( \R ADV]S>IES4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 H[ EV]Y GOV]NM5T SUPPORTS FRE$OM 9 WORDS BUT IS AT ! SAME TIME REACTION>Y 9 DE$S4 ,LET ! REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITIES DISP5SE ) VIOL5T PHRASES2 BUT :ILE US+ AS MOD]ATE A LANGUAGE AS POSSIBLE1 LET !M AT ! SAME TIME ACT & MAKE ! REVOLUTION4 

,9 ALL L&S1 AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTIONIZE HAVE ALWAYS BEHAV$ 9 A TOTALLY DIFF]5T MANN]4 ,:ILE !Y HAVE MO/ (T5 BE5 ULTRA-REVOLUTION>Y 9 WORDS1 !Y HAVE AT ! SAME TIME BE5 V]Y MOD]ATE1 IF NOT 5TIRELY REACTION>Y1 9 DE$S4 ,IT CAN EV5 BE SAID ?AT !IR BOMBA/IC LANGUAGE HAS1 9 MO/ 9/ANCES1 BE5 US$ AS A MASK TO DECEIVE ! PEOPLE1 TO HIDE ! PAUCITY ( !IR IDEAS & ! 9CONSI/5CY ( !IR ACTS4 ,!RE >E M51 MANY ( !M AMONG ! SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE1 :O BY M\?+ REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS ?9K ?AT !Y >E MAK+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,FEEL+ ?AT !Y HAVE ?US ADEQUATELY FULFILL$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y OBLIGATIONS1 !Y N[ PROCE$ TO BE C>ELESS 9 ACTION &1 9 FLAGRANT CONTRADICTION TO PR9CIPLES1 COMMIT :AT >E 9 EFFECT :OLLY REACTION>Y ACTS4 ,WE :O >E TRULY REVOLUTION>Y MU/ BEHAVE 9 AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T MANN]4 ,LET US TALK LESS AB\T REVOLUTION & DO A GREAT DEAL MORE4 ,LET O!RS CONC]N !MSELVES ) ! !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 :ILE WE CONT5T \RSELVES ) SPREAD+ !SE PR9CIPLES EV]Y:]E1 9C>NAT+ !M 9TO FACTS4 

,MY 9TIMATE FRI5DS & ALLIES .<MEMB]S ( ! ,ALLIANCE.> WILL PROBABLY BE SURPRIS$ ?AT ,I SPEAK ?IS WAY -- ,I1 :O HAVE BE5 SO CONC]N$ ) ! !ORY1 :O HAVE AT ALL TIMES BE5 A JEAL\S & VIGILANT GU>DIAN ( REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES4 ,AH6 ,H[ TIMES HAVE *ANG$6 ,!N1 NOT QUITE A YE> AGO1 WE W]E ONLY PREP>+ = A REVOLUTION1 :I* SOME EXPECT$ SOON] & O!RS LAT]2 BUT N[ EV5 ! BL9D CAN TELL ?AT WE >E 9 ! MID/ ( A REVOLUTION4 ,!N1 IT WAS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO /RESS !ORETICAL PR9CIPLES1 TO EXP\ND !SE PR9CIPLES CLE>LY & 9 ALL !IR PURITY1 & ?US TO BUILD A P>TY :I*1 ?\< SMALL 9 NUMB]1 W\LD BE COMPOS$ ( S9C]E M51 FULLY & PASSIONATELY D$ICAT$ TO !SE PR9CIPLES1 SO ?AT 9 TIME ( CRISIS EA* C\LD C\NT ON ! SOLID>ITY ( ALL ! O!RS4 

,BUT IT IS N[ TOO LATE TO CONC5TRATE ON ! 5ROLLM5T ( NEW M5 9TO SU* AN ORGANIZATION4 ,WE HAVE = BETT] OR WORSE BUILT A SMALL P>TY3 SMALL1 9 ! NUMB] ( M5 :O JO9$ IT ) FULL KN[L$GE ( :AT WE /& =2 IMM5SE1 IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?OSE :O 9/9CTIVELY RELATE TO US1 IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! POPUL> MASSES1 :OSE NE$S & ASPIRATIONS WE REFLECT MORE TRULY ?AN DOES ANY O!R GR\P4 ,ALL ( US MU/ N[ EMB>K ON /ORMY REVOLUTION>Y SEAS1 & FROM ?IS V]Y MOM5T WE MU/ SPREAD \R PR9CIPLES1 NOT ) WORDS BUT ) DE$S1 = ?IS IS ! MO/ POPUL>1 ! MO/ POT5T1 & ! MO/ IRRESI/IBLE =M ( PROPAG&A4 ,LET US SAY LESS AB\T PR9CIPLES1 :5EV] CIRCUM/ANCES & REVOLUTION>Y POLICY DEM& IT -- I4E41 DUR+ \R MOM5T>Y WEAKNESS 9 RELATION TO ! 5EMY -- BUT LET US AT ALL TIMES & UND] ALL CIRCUM/ANCES BE ADAMANTLY CONSI/5T 9 \R ACTION4 ,= 9 ?IS LIES ! SALVATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,?R\<\T ! WORLD ! AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTIONI/S HAVE DONE V]Y LITTLE TO PROMOTE REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 PRIM>ILY BECAUSE !Y ALWAYS WANT$ TO MAKE ! ,REVOLUTION BY !M SELVES1 BY !IR [N AU?ORITY & !IR [N P[]4 ,?IS C\LD NOT FAIL TO SEV]ELY CON/RICT ! SCOPE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 EV5 = ! MO/ 5]GETIC & 5T]PRIS+ AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION>Y1 TO UND]/& & DEAL EFFECTIVELY ) ALL ! MANIFOLD PROBLEMS G5]AT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,= EV]Y DICTATOR%IP1 BE IT EX]CIS$ BY AN 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVELY BY RELATIVELY FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 IS NECESS>ILY V]Y CIRCUMSCRIB$1 V]Y %ORTSI<T$1 & ITS LIMIT$ P]CEPTION CANNOT1 !RE=E1 P5ETRATE ! DEP? & 5COMPASS ! :OLE COMPLEX RANGE ( POPUL> LIFE2 JU/ AS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = EV5 ! MO/ GIGANTIC VESSEL TO CONTA9 ! DEP?S & VA/NESS ( ! OCEAN4 444 

,:AT %\LD ! REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITIES -- & !RE %\LD BE AS FEW ( !M AS POSSIBLE -- DO TO ORGANIZE & SPREAD ! ,REVOLUTION8 ,!Y MU/ PROMOTE ! ,REVOLUTION NOT BY ISSU+ DECREES BUT BY /IRR+ ! MASSES TO ACTION4 ,!Y MU/ UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES FOI/ ANY >TIFICIAL ORGANIZATION :ATSOEV] UPON ! MASSES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y %\LD FO/] ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES 9TO AUTONOM\S BODIES1 F$]AT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D4 ,?IS C\LD BE DONE BY W9N+ ! COOP]ATION ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL1 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 & ! MO/ D$ICAT$ 9DIVIDUALS 9 EA* LOCALITY1 TO 5SURE ?AT !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 CON=M TO \R PR9CIPLES4 ,!RE9 LIES ! SECRET ( \R TRIUMPH4 

,:O CAN D\BT ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WILL BE FAC$ ) MANY DIFFICULT PROBLEMS8 ,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT A REVOLUTION IS *ILD'S PLAY1 ?AT IT WILL NOT HAVE TO OV]COME 9NUM]ABLE OB/ACLES8 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ( \R DAY %\LD NOT FOLL[ ! PATT]N SET BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ,JACOB9S ( #a#g#i#c4 ,V]Y FEW1 IF ANY1 ( !IR TACTICS >E WOR? IMITAT+4 ,REVOLUTION>Y R\T9E W\LD RU9 !M4 ,!Y MU/ CREATE EV]Y?+ ANEW & BASE !IR POLICIES & ACTIVITIES ON LIV+ EXP]I5CES4 

,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 ,I AM NOT AT ALL AL>M$ BY ! PLATONIC ATTA*M5T ( ! PEASANTS TO ! ,EMP]OR .<,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I.>4 ,?IS ATTA*M5T IS M]ELY A NEGATIVE EXPRESSION ( !IR HATR$ = ! L&$ G5TRY & ! B\RGEOIS ( ! CITIES2 IT NE$ NOT S]I\SLY H9D] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,! LA/ PR9CIPAL GRIEVANCE ( ! CITY PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! PEASANTS CONC]NS !IR AV>ICE1 !IR UNBRIDL$ EGOISM1 & !IR FANATICAL COMMITM5T TO ! 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( L&4 ,WORK]S :O REPRIM& ! PEASANTS = ALL !SE FAULTS %\LD FIR/ REFLECT & ASK !MSELVES3 :O IS NOT AN EGOI/8 ,:O 9 PRES5T SOCIETY IS NOT AV>ICI\S1 9 ! S5SE ?AT HE HOLDS ON PASSIONATELY TO ! LITTLE PROP]TY ?AT HE HAS BE5 ABLE TO SCRAPE TOGE!R1 SO ?AT HE & HIS LOV$ ONES %ALL NOT DIE ( HUNG] & PRIVATION 9 ! ECONOMIC JUNGLE ( ?IS M]CILESS SOCIETY8 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! PEASANTS >E NOT COMMUNI/S4 ,!Y HATE & FE> ?OSE :O W\LD ABOLI% PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE SOME?+ TO LOSE -- AT LEA/1 9 !IR IMAG9ATION1 & IMAG9ATION IS A V]Y POT5T FACTOR1 ?\< G5]ALLY UND]E/IMAT$ TODAY4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! CITY WORK]S1 [N+ NO PROP]TY1 >E IMMEASURABLY MORE 9CL9$ T[>DS COMMUNISM ?AN >E ! PEASANTS4 ,NO?+ IS MORE NATURAL2 ! COMMUNISM ( ! ONE IS JU/ AS NATURAL AS ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! O!R1 BUT ?IS IS NO REASON TO PRAISE ! WORK]S = !IR COMMUNI/ 9CL9ATIONS1 NOR TO REPROA* ! PEASANTS = !IR 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,! IDEAS & ! PASSIONS ( BO? >E CONDITION$ BY !IR DIFF]5T 5VIRONM5TS4 ,BESIDES1 >E ALL ! CITY WORK]S COMMUNI/S8 

,!RE IS NO PO9T 9 EXTOLL+ OR D5IGRAT+ ! PEASANTS4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( E/ABLI%+ A PROGRAM ( ACTION :I* WILL OV]COME ! 9DIVIDUALISM & CONS]VATISM ( ! PEASANTS1 & NOT ONLY PREV5T !IR 9DIVIDUALISM FROM PROPELL+ !M 9TO ! CAMP ( ! REACTION BUT 5ABLE ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM TO S]VE & 5SURE ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,REMEMB]1 MY DE> FRI5DS1 & REPEAT TO Y\RSELVES A HUNDR$1 A ?\S& TIMES A DAY ?AT ! TRIUMPH OR DEFEAT ( ! ,REVOLUTION DEP5DS ON ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ?IS PROGRAM ( ACTION4 

,Y\ WILL AGREE ) ME ?AT IT IS ALREADY TOO LATE TO CONV]T ! PEASANTS BY !ORETICAL PROPAG&A4 ,!RE REMA9S !N1 AP>T FROM :AT ,I HAVE ALREADY SUGGE/$1 ?IS ONE TACTIC3 T]RORISM ( ! CITIES AGA9/ ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,?IS IS ! ME?OD P> EXCELL5CE ADVOCAT$ BY \R DE> FRI5DS1 ! WORK]S ( ! GREAT CITIES ( ,FRANCE1 :O DO NOT REALIZE ?AT ?IS REVOLUTION>Y -- ,I WAS AB\T TO SAY REACTION>Y -- TACTIC WAS TAK5 FROM ! >S5AL ( REVOLUTION>Y ,JACOB9ISM1 & ?AT IF !Y EV] HAVE ! MIS=TUNE ( US+ IT1 !Y WILL DE/ROY NOT ONLY !MSELVES BUT1 :AT IS F> WORSE1 ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,= :AT W\LD BE ! 9EVITABLE & FATAL CONSEQU5CE ( SU* A POLICY8 ,! :OLE RURAL POPULATION1 T5 MILLION /RONG1 W\LD GO OV] TO ! O!R SIDE ( ! B>RICADES1 & !SE 9NUM]ABLE & 9V9CIBLE MASSES W\LD RE9=CE ! >MIES ( ! REACTION4 

,VIEW$ FROM ?IS AS WELL AS O!R ANGLES1 ,I REG>D ! ,PRUSSIAN 9VASION AS A PIECE ( GOOD =TUNE = ,FRANCE & = WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,IF ?IS 9VASION HAD NOT TAK5 PLACE1 & IF ! REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE HAD BE5 MADE )\T IT1 ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S !MSELVES W\LD HAVE ATTEMPT$ ONCE AGA9 -- & ?IS TIME ON !IR [N ACC\NT -- TO /AGE A /ATE REVOLUTION .<PUTS*1 C\P D'ETAT.>4 ,?IS W\LD BE ABSOLUTELY ILLOGICAL1 IT W\LD BE FATAL = SOCIALISM2 BUT !Y C]TA9LY W\LD HAVE TRI$ TO DO IT1 SO DEEPLY HAVE !Y BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ! PR9CIPLES ( ,JACOB9ISM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AMONG O!R MEASURES ( PUBLIC SAFETY DECRE$ BY A CONV5TION ( DELEGATES FROM ! CITIES1 !Y W\LD NO D\BT TRY TO IMPOSE COMMUNISM OR COLLECTIVISM ON ! PEASANTS4 ,?IS W\LD SP>K AN >M$ REBELLION1 :I* W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO DEP5D UPON AN IMM5SE1 WELL-DISCIPL9$1 & WELL-ORGANIZ$ >MY4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! SOCIALI/ RUL]S W\LD NOT ONLY GIVE ANO!R >MY ( REBELLI\S PEASANTS TO ! REACTION1 !Y W\LD ALSO BEGET ! =MATION ( A REACTION>Y MILIT>I/ CA/E ( P[]-HUNGRY G5]ALS )9 !IR [N RANKS4 ,?US REPL5I%$1 ! MA*9]Y ( ! ,/ATE W\LD SOON HAVE TO HAVE A LEAD]1 A DICTATOR1 AN EMP]OR1 TO DIRECT ?IS MA*9E4 ,ALL ?IS W\LD HE 9EVITABLE1 = IT SPR+S NOT FROM ! CAPRICE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL BUT FROM ! LOGIC ( ! SITUATION1 A LOGIC ?AT NEV] ]RS4 

,=TUNATELY1 EV5TS !MSELVES WILL N[ =CE ! URBAN WORK]S TO OP5 !IR EYES & REJECT ?IS FATAL PROC$URE COPI$ FROM ! ,JACOB9S4 ,UND] ! PREVAIL+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 ONLY MADM5 W\LD EV5 DREAM ( UNLEA%+ A REIGN ( T]ROR AGA9/ ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,IF ! C\NTRYSIDE %\LD RISE UP AGA9/ ! CITIES1 ! CITIES1 & ,FRANCE ) !M1 W\LD BE LO/4 ,?IS IS UND]/OOD BY ! WORK+ MASSES ( ,LYONS1 ,M>SEILLES1 & O!R GREAT CITIES ( ,FRANCE2 9DE$1 IT P>TLY ACC\NTS = !IR 9CR$IBLE & %AMEFUL APA?Y 9 ?IS T]RIBLE CRISIS1 :5 ONLY ! COMB9$ EF=TS ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ,FRANCE CAN SAVE ! C\NTRY &1 ) IT1 ,FR5* SOCIALISM4 .<#b.> ,! ,FR5* WORK]S HAVE LO/ !IR ,LAT9 IMPETU\SNESS4 ,AS ( N[1 !Y HAVE PATI5TLY TOL]AT$ !IR SUFF]+S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !IR IDEALS1 !IR HOPES1 !IR PR9CIPLES1 !IR POLITICAL & SOCIAL IMAG9ATIONS1 !IR PRACTICAL PLANS & PROJECTS -- :I* !Y DREAM$ ( PUTT+ 9TO EFFECT 9 ! NE> FUTURE -- ALL ?IS CAME MORE FROM BOOKS1 FROM CURR5T !ORIES CEASELESSLY DISCUSS$1 ?AN FROM !IR [N SPONTANE\S ?\<TS D]IV$ FROM !IR CONCRETE LIV+ EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y HAVE VIEW$ ! FACTS ( !IR DAILY LIFE 9 AB/RACT T]MS1 & HAVE LO/ ! FACULTY ( DRAW+ 9SPIRATION & IDEAS FROM ! REAL SITUATIONS !Y CONFRONT4 ,!IR IDEAS >E BAS$ UPON A P>TICUL> !ORY1 TRADITIONALLY & UNCRITICALLY ACCEPT$1 ) FULL CONFID5CE 9 ITS VALIDITY4 ,& ?IS !ORY AIMS AT NO?+ O!R ?AN ! POLITICAL SY/EM ( ! ,JACOB9S1 SOME:AT MODIFI$ TO SUIT ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S4 ,?IS !ORY ( REVOLUTION IS N[ COMPLETELY BANKRUPT1 S9CE ITS BASE1 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 HAS COLLAPS$4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ! USE ( T]RORI/IC ME?ODS AGA9/ ! PEASANTS1 AS ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,JACOB9S1 IS ABSOLUTELY \T ( QUE/ION4 ,& ! WORK]S ( ,FRANCE1 KN[+ ( NO O!R ALT]NATIVE1 >E DISORI5T$ & CONFUS$4 ,!Y SAY1 NOT )\T REASON1 ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UNLEA% A LEGAL1 (FICIAL REIGN ( T]ROR & 9/ITUTE DRACONIC MEASURES AGA9/ ! PEASANTS2 ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% A REVOLUTION>Y /ATE1 A C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( PUBLIC SALVATION = ALL ,FRANCE1 AT A MOM5T :5 ! =EIGN 9VAD] IS NOT AT ! FRONTI]1 AS 9 #a#g#i#b1 BUT 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ,FRANCE1 A FEW /EPS FROM ,P>IS4 ,SEE+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! :OLE (FICIAL APP>ATUS1 !Y RI<TLY FEEL ?AT IT W\LD BE HOPELESS TO CREATE ANO!R ONE4 ,& !SE REVOLUTIONI/S1 UNABLE TO UND]/& H[ ! SALVATION ( ,FRANCE IS POSSIBLE )\T ! ,/ATE1 !SE *AMPIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 HAV+ NOT EV5 ! SLI<TE/ CONCEPTION ( ! TREM5D\S DYNAMIC P[] ( :AT /ATI/S ( ALL COLORS FROM :ITE TO R$ SCORNFULLY CALL 0AN>*Y10 FOLD !IR >MS & EXCLAIM3 0,WE >E LO/1 ,FRANCE IS DOOM$40 

,BUT MY DE> FRI5DS1 WE >E NOT LO/4 ,FRANCE CAN BE SAV$ BY AN>*Y4 

,LET LOOSE ?IS MASS AN>*Y 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AS WELL AS 9 ! CITIES1 AGGRAVATE IT UNTIL IT SWELLS LIKE A FURI\S AVALAN*E DE/ROY+ & DEV\R+ EV]Y?+ 9 ITS PA?1 BO? 9T]NAL 5EMIES & ,PRUSSIANS4 ,?IS IS A BOLD & DESP]ATE MEASURE1 ,I KN[4 ,BUT IT IS ! ONLY FEASIBLE ALT]NATIVE4 ,)\T IT1 !RE IS NO SALVATION = ,FRANCE4 ,ALL ! ORD9>Y MEANS HAV+ FAIL$1 !RE IS LEFT ONLY ! PRIMITIVE F]OCI\S 5]GY ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE :O MU/ N[ *OOSE BETWE5 ! SLAV]Y ( B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION & ! POLITICAL & PRIMITIVE F]OCITY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,I HAVE NEV] BELIEV$ ?AT ! WORK]S 9 ! CITIES1 EV5 UND] ! MO/ FAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 WILL EV] BE ABLE TO IMPOSE COMMUNISM OR COLLECTIVISM ON ! PEASANTS2 & ,I HAVE NEV] BELIEV$ 9 ?IS ME?OD ( BR++ AB\T SOCIALISM1 BECAUSE ,I ABHOR EV]Y IMPOS$ SY/EM & BECAUSE ,I AM A S9C]E & PASSIONATE LOV] ( FRE$OM4 ,?IS FALSE IDEA & ?IS ILL-CONCEIV$ HOPE >E DE/RUCTIVE ( LIB]TY & CON/ITUTE ! FUNDAM5TAL FALLACY ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,= ! IMPOSITION ( VIOL5CE1 SY/EMATICALLY ORGANIZ$1 LEADS TO ! RE/ITUTION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY & MAKES NECESS>Y ! ,/ATE & ITS PRIVILEG$ RANKS4 ,COLLECTIVISM C\LD BE IMPOS$ ONLY ON SLAVES1 & ?IS K9D ( COLLECTIVISM W\LD !N BE ! NEGATION ( HUMANITY4 ,9 A FREE COMMUNITY1 COLLECTIVISM CAN COME AB\T ONLY ?R\< ! PRESSURE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 NOT BY IMPOSITION FROM ABOVE BUT BY A FREE SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T FROM BEL[1 & ONLY :5 ! CONDITIONS ( PRIVILEG$ .</ATE-SUPPORT$ OR SUBSIDIZ$.> 9DIVIDUALISM1 ! POLITICS ( ! ,/ATE1 CRIM9AL & CIVIL CODES1 ! JURIDICAL FAMILY1 & ! LAW ( 9H]ITANCE WILL HAVE BE5 SWEPT AWAY BY ! REVOLUTION444 

,:AT >E ! PR9CIPAL GRIEVANCES ( ! PEASANTS1 ! MA9 CAUSES ( !IR SULL5 & DEEP HATR$ ( ! CITY8 ,!Y >E3 

,! PEASANTS FEEL ?AT !Y >E DESPIS$ BY ! CITY WORK]S4 

,! PEASANTS IMAG9E1 NOT )\T MANY & GOOD REASONS1 & MANY HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT !IR VIEW1 ?AT ! CITIES WANT TO EXPLOIT !M & =CE !M TO ACCEPT A POLITICAL SY/EM ?AT !Y ABHOR4 

,9 ADDITION1 ! PEASANTS ?9K ?AT ! CITY WORK]S FAVOR ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( PROP]TY & FE> ?AT ! SOCIALI/S WILL CONFISCATE !IR L&S1 :I* !Y LOVE ABOVE ALL ELSE4 

,:AT %\LD ! CITY WORK]S DO TO OV]COME ! DI/RU/ & ANIMOSITY ( ! PEASANTS8 ,!Y MU/ FIR/ ( ALL AB&ON !IR CONTEMPTU\S ATTITUDE4 ,?IS IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! SALVATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION & = ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 = ! PEASANTS' HATR$ CON/ITUTES AN IMM5SE DANG]4 ,IF IT W]E NOT = ?IS DI/RU/ & HATR$1 ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE SUCCE$$ LONG AGO1 = IT IS ! ANIMOSITY BETWE5 ! CITY & ! L& :I* 9 ALL C\NTRIES SU/A9S ! REACTION & IS ITS MA9 BASE ( SUPPORT4 ,CITY WORK]S MU/ OV]COME !IR ANTI-PEASANT PREJUDICES NOT ONLY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 OR = /RATEGIC REASONS1 BUT AS AN ACT ( ELEM5T>Y JU/ICE4 ,!RE IS NO JU/IFICATION = !SE PREJUDICES4 ,! PEASANTS >E NOT P>ASITES2 !Y TOO >E H>D WORK]S1 EXCEPT ?AT !Y TOIL UND] DIFF]5T CONDITIONS4 ,! CITY WORK]S :O >E EXPLOIT$ BY B\RGEOIS MA/]S %\LD REALIZE ?AT ! PEASANTS1 :O >C ALSO EXPLOIT$1 >E !IR BRO!RS444 

,BE> ?IS 9 M9D4 ,! PEASANT HATES ALL GOV]NM5TS & OBEYS ! LAWS ONLY BECAUSE IT IS PRUD5T TO DO SO4 ,HE PAYS HIS TAXES REGUL>LY & TOL]ATES ! CONSCRIPTION ( HIS SONS 9TO ! >MY ONLY BECAUSE HE SEES NO ALT]NATIVE4 ,& HE IS AV]SE TO *ANGE1 BECAUSE HE ?9KS ?AT NEW GOV]NM5TS1 REG>DLESS ( !IR =MS & PROGRAMS1 WILL BE NO BETT] ?AN !IR PR$ECESSORS1 & BECAUSE HE WANTS TO AVOID ! RISKS & EXP5SES 9VOLV$ 9 :AT MAY V]Y WELL BE A USELESS OR EV5 MORE H>MFUL *ANGE4 

,! PEASANT WILL MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) ! CITY WORK]S ONLY :5 HE IS SURE ?AT ! CITY WORK]S >E NOT GO+ TO FOI/ !IR POLITICAL & SOCIAL SY/EM UPON HIM1 ALLEG$LY = HIS B5EFIT4 ,HE WILL BECOME AN ALLY AS SOON AS HE IS CONV9C$ ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S WILL NOT =CE HIS L& TO BE SURR5D]$ .<TO ! ,/ATE.>444 

,& :5 ! WORK]S1 AB&ON+ ! PRET5TI\S S*OLA/IC VOCABUL>Y ( DOCTR9AIRE SOCIALISM1 !MSELVES 9SPIR$ ) REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR1 COME TO ! PEASANTS & EXPLA9 9 SIMPLE LANGUAGE1 )\T EVASIONS & FANCY PHRASES1 :AT !Y WANT2 :5 !Y COME TO ! C\NTRY VILLAGES1 NOT AS CONCEIT$ PRECEPTORS & 9/RUCTORS BUT AS BRO!RS & EQUALS1 TRY+ TO SPREAD ! ,REVOLUTION BUT NOT IMPOS+ IT ON ! L& WORK]S2 :5 !Y BURN ALL ! (FICIAL DOCUM5TS1 JUDGM5TS1 C\RT ORD]S1 & TITLES TO PROP]TY1 & ABOLI% R5TS1 PRIVATE DEBTS1 MORTGAGES1 CRIM9AL & CIVIL LAW BOOKS1 ETC444 4 ,:5 ?IS M\NTA9 ( USELESS OLD PAP]S SYMBOLIZ+ ! POV]TY & 5SLAVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT GOES UP 9 FLAMES -- !N1 Y\ CAN BE SURE1 ! PEASANTS WILL UND]/& & JO9 !IR FELL[ REVOLUTIONI/S1 ! CITY WORK]S4 

,:AT GIVES ! URBAN WORK]S ! RI<T TO IMPOSE !IR PREF]R$ =M ( GOV]NM5T OR ECONOMIC SY/EM ON ! PEASANTS8 ,!Y CLAIM ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION GIVES !M ?AT RI<T4 ,BUT REVOLUTION IS NO LONG] REVOLUTION :5 IT BECOMES DESPOTIC1 & :5 9/EAD ( PROMOT+ FRE$OM1 IT BEGETS REACTION4 

,! IMM$IATE IF NOT ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( ! ,REVOLUTION IS ! EXTIRPATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY 9 ALL ITS POSSIBLE MANIFE/ATION2 ?IS AIM REQUIRES ! ABOLITION &1 IF NECESS>Y1 ! VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE1 BECAUSE ! ,/ATE1 AS ,PR\DHON DEMON/RAT$ SO WELL1 IS ! Y\NG] BRO!R ( ! ,*UR*1 IT IS ! HI/ORICAL CONSECRATION ( ALL DESPOTISM & ALL PRIVILEGE1 ! POLITICAL REASON = ALL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL S]VITUDE1 ! V]Y ESS5CE & C5T] ( ALL REACTION4 ,:OEV] 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REVOLUTION WANTS TO E/ABLI% A ,/ATE -- EV5 A PROVISIONAL ,/ATE -- E/ABLI%ES REACTION & WORKS = DESPOTISM1 NOT FRE$OM2 = PRIVILEGE1 NOT = EQUALITY444 

,:]E DID ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S GET ! PREPO/]\S1 >ROGANT1 & UNJU/ IDEA ?AT !Y HAVE ! RI<T TO FL\T ! WILL ( T5 MILLION PEASANTS & IMPOSE !IR POLITICAL & SOCIAL SY/EM UPON !M8 ,:AT IS ! !ORETICAL JU/IFICATION = ?IS FICTITI\S RI<T8 ,?IS ALLEG$ RI<T1 9 FACT1 IS ANO!R B\RGEOIS GIFT1 A POLITICAL 9H]ITANCE FROM B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONISM4 ,& IT IS BAS$ ON ! ALLEG$ OR REAL SUP]IORITY ( 9TELLIG5CE & $UCATION1 I4E41 ! SUPPOS$ SUP]IORITY ( URBAN OV] RURAL CIVILIZATION4 ,BUT Y\ %\LD REALIZE ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE CAN EASILY BE 9VOK$ TO JU/IFY EV]Y CONQUE/1 & CONSECRATE ALL OPPRESSION4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAVE ALWAYS US$ ?IS PR9CIPLE TO PROVE ?AT IT IS !IR EXCLUSIVE MISSION & !IR EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO GOV]N 7OR :AT ADDS UP TO ! SAME ?+71 TO EXPLOIT ALL ! WORK]S4 ,9 CONFLICTS BETWE5 NATIONS AS WELL AS BETWE5 CLASSES1 ?IS FATAL PR9CIPLE SANCTIONS ALL 9VASIVE AU?ORITY4 ,DID NOT ! ,G]MANS REPEAT$LY 9VOKE ?IS PR9CIPLE TO EXCUSE !IR ONSLAU<TS AGA9/ ! LIB]TY & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,SLAVIC & O!R PEOPLES & TO LEGITIMIZE !IR VIOL5T & IMPOS$ ,G]MANIZATION8 ,WAS IT NOT !IR CLAIM ?AT SU* SUBJUGATION IS ! TRIUMPH ( CIVILIZATION OV] B>B>ISM8 

,BEW>E6 ,! ,G]MANS >E ALREADY SAY+ ?AT ,G]MAN ,PROTE/ANT CIVILIZATION IS F> SUP]IOR TO ! ,CA?OLIC CIVILIZATION ( ! ,LAT9 PEOPLES 9 G5]AL & TO ,FR5* CIVILIZATION 9 P>TICUL>4 ,TAKE HE$6 ,! ,G]MANS MAY SOON FEEL MORALLY OBLIG$ TO CIVILIZE Y\1 JU/ AS Y\ >E N[ TELL+ US ?AT Y\ >E DUTY-B\ND TO CIVILIZE & =CEFULLY EMANCIPATE Y\R C\NTRYM51 Y\R BRO!RS1 ! ,FR5* PEASANTS4 ,TO ME1 BO? CLAIMS >E EQUALLY ODI\S1 & ,I OP5LY DECL>E ?AT 9 RELATIONS BETWE5 NATIONS AS 9 RELATIONS BETWE5 CLASSES1 ,I WILL ALWAYS BE ON ! SIDE ( ?OSE :OM Y\ 9T5D TO CIVILIZE BY !SE TYRANNICAL ME?ODS4 ,I WILL JO9 !M 9 REBELLION AGA9/ ALL SU* >ROGANT CIVILIZ]S1 BE !Y WORK]S OR ,G]MANS2 & 9 SO DO+1 ,I WILL BE S]V+ ! ,REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! REACTION4 

,?IS BE+ ! CASE1 ,I WILL !N BE ASK$1 ,MU/ WE !N AB&ON ! IGNORANT & SUP]/ITI\S PEASANTS TO ! REACTION8 ,BY NO MEANS66 ,REACTION MU/ BE UPROOT$ 9 ! C\NTRY AS WELL AS 9 ! RURAL >EAS4 ,I WILL !N BE TOLD3 ,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO SAY WE WANT TO DE/ROY ! REACTION2 IT MU/ BE ELIM9AT$1 & ?IS CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY BY DECREES4 ,AGA9 ,I SAY1 BY NO MEANS66 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 & ALL HI/ORY PROVES IT1 DECREES1 LIKE ALL AU?ORITY 9 G5]AL1 ABOLI% NO?+2 !Y ONLY P]PETUATE ?AT :I* !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO DE/ROY4 

,:AT1 !N1 %\LD BE DONE8 ,S9CE ! REVOLUTION CANNOT BE IMPOS$ UPON ! RURAL >EAS1 IT MU/ BE G]M9AT$ )9 ! AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES1 BY /IRR+ UP A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PEASANTS !MSELVES1 9CIT+ !M TO DE/ROY1 BY DIRECT ACTION1 EV]Y POLITICAL1 JUDICIAL1 CIVIL1 & MILIT>Y 9/ITUTION1 & TO E/ABLI% & ORGANIZE AN>*Y ?R\< ! :OLE C\NTRYSIDE4 

,?IS CAN BE DONE 9 ONLY ONE WAY1 BY SPEAK+ TO ! PEASANTS 9 A MANN] :I* WILL IMPEL !M 9 ! DIRECTION ( !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,!Y LOVE ! L&8 ,LET !M TAKE ! L& & ?R[ \T ?OSE L&LORDS :O LIVE BY ! LABOR ( O!RS66 ,!Y DO NOT LIKE PAY+ MORTGAGES1 TAXES1 R5TS1 & PRIVATE DEBTS8 ,LET !M /OP PAY+66 ,& LA/LY1 !Y HATE CONSCRIPTION8 ,DON'T =CE !M TO JO9 ! >MY66 

,& :O WILL FI<T ! ,PRUSSIANS8 ,Y\ NE$ NOT WORRY AB\T ?AT4 ,ONCE ! PEASANTS >E >\S$ & ACTUALLY SEE ! ADVANTAGES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 !Y WILL VOLUNT>ILY GIVE MORE MONEY & MORE M5 TO DEF5D ! ,REVOLUTION ?AN IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO EXTRACT FROM !M BY COMPULSORY (FICIAL MEASURES4 ,! PEASANTS WILL1 AS !Y DID 9 #a#g#i#b1 AGA9 REPEL ! ,PRUSSIAN 9VAD]S4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ONLY ?AT !Y HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO RAISE HELL1 & ONLY ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION CAN 9SPIRE !M TO DO IT4 

,BUT WILL NOT ! 9/ITUTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY BE EV5 MORE FIRMLY 5TR5*$ :5 ! PEASANTS DIVIDE UP ! L& EXPROPRIAT$ FROM ! B\RGEOISIE8 ,NO1 = ) ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE & ALL ITS JURIDICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 TOGE!R ) ! LEGAL FAMILY & ! LAW ( 9H]ITANCE -- ALL ( :I* WILL BE SWEPT AWAY 9 ! MAEL/ROM ( ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION -- PROP]TY WILL NO LONG] BE PROTECT$ & SANCTION$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,!RE WILL BE NEI!R POLITICAL NOR JURIDICAL RI<TS2 !RE WILL BE ONLY E/ABLI%$ REVOLUTION>Y FACTS4 

,Y\ WILL ASK1 ,S9CE PRIVATE L&$ PROP]TY WILL NO LONG] BE PROTECT$ BY ! ,/ATE OR ANY O!R EXT]NAL P[] & WILL BE DEF5D$ ONLY BY EA* [N] HIMSELF1 WILL NOT EV]Y MAN GRAB :AT HE CAN FROM ! O!R & ! /RONG ROB ! WEAK8 ,FUR!RMORE1 :AT WILL /OP ! WEAK FROM UNIT+ TO PLUND] ! O!R L&HOLD]8 0,!RE IS NO WAY \T ( ?IS10 Y\ WILL EXCLAIM4 0,?IS MEANS CIVIL W>60 

,YES1 !RE WILL BE CIVIL W>4 ,BUT :Y BE SO AFRAID ( CIVIL W>8 ,BE>+ 9 M9D HI/ORICAL EVID5CE1 ,I ASK1 HAVE GREAT IDEAS1 GREAT P]SONALITIES1 & GREAT NATIONS EM]G$ FROM CIVIL W> OR FROM A SOCIAL ORD] IMPOS$ BY SOME TUTEL>Y GOV]NM5T8 ,HAV+ BE5 SP>$ CIVIL W> = OV] TW5TY YE>S1 HAV5'T Y\1 A GREAT NATION1 N[ FALL5 SO L[ ?AT ! ,PRUSSIANS C\LD DEV\R Y\ 9 ONE GULP8 

,CIVIL W>1 SO DE/RUCTIVE TO ! P[] ( /ATES1 IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 & BECAUSE ( ?IS V]Y FACT1 ALWAYS FAVORABLE TO ! AWAK5+ ( POPUL> 9ITIATIVE & TO ! 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 & EV5 ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! POPULACE4 ,& = ?IS V]Y SIMPLE REASON3 CIVIL W> UPSETS & %AKES ! MASSES \T ( !IR %EEPI% /ATE1 A CONDITION V]Y DE> TO ALL GOV]NM5TS1 A CONDITION :I* TURNS PEOPLES 9TO H]DS TO BE UTILIZ$ & %ORN AT ! :IMS ( !IR %EPH]DS4 ,CIVIL W> BREAKS ?R\< ! BRUTALIZ+ MONOTONY ( M5'S DAILY EXI/5CE1 & >RE/S ?AT ME*ANI/IC R\T9E :I* ROBS !M ( CREATIVE ?\<T444 

,DO Y\ WI% TO SEE T5 MILLION PEASANTS UNIT$ AGA9/ Y\ 9 A S+LE1 SOLID1 & UNANIM\S MASS1 9C5S$ BY ! HATR$ :I* Y\R DECREES & REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE HAS >\S$8 ,OR W\LD Y\ PREF] A CLEAVAGE1 A DIVISION 9 !IR RANKS1 TO BE OP5$ BY ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION2 ONE :I* WILL 5ABLE Y\ TO EX]T 9FLU5CE & BUILD A P[]FUL BASE ( SUPPORT AMONG ! PEASANTS8 ,DO Y\ NOT REALIZE ?AT ! PEASANTS >E BACKW>D1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y HAVE NOT BE5 %AK5 \T ( !IR TORPOR BY A CIVIL W> :I* W\LD HAVE >\S$ /RIFE 9 ! /AGNANT RURAL VILLAGES8 ,COMPACT MASSES >E HUMAN H]DS1 LITTLE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! DEVELOP+ 9FLU5CE ( IDEAS & PROPAG&A4 ,CIVIL W>1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CREATES DIV]SITY ( IDEAS1 9T]E/S1 & ASPIRATIONS1 ,! PEASANTS LACK NEI!R HUMANIT>IAN FEEL+ NOR 9NATE HATR$ ( 9JU/ICE2 :AT !Y LACK IS REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT & DET]M9ATION4 ,! CIVIL W> WILL GIVE !M ?IS SPIRIT4 

,! CIVIL W> WILL MAKE ! :OLE C\NTRYSIDE RECEPTIVE TO Y\R REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A4 ,Y\ WILL HAVE CREAT$1 ,I REPEAT1 :AT Y\ HAVE NEV] YET HAD -- A P>TY :I*1 ON A GR& SCALE1 CAN ORGANIZE TRUE SOCIALISM1 A COLLECTIVE SOCIETY1 ANIMAT$ BY ! MO/ COMPLETE FRE$OM4 ,Y\ WILL ORGANIZE IT FROM BEL[ UPW>D BY 5C\RAG+ ! SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! PEASANTS !MSELVES 9 ACCORD ) !SE PRECEPTS4 

,DO NOT FE> ?AT ! CIVIL W>1 I4E41 AN>*Y1 WILL DEVA/ATE ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,!RE IS 9 EV]Y HUMAN SOCIETY A /RONG 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION1 A P[]FUL COLLECTIVE 9]TIA :I* SAFEGU>DS IT FROM SELF-ANNIHILATION1 & IT IS PRECISELY ?IS 9]TIA :I* ACC\NTS = ! SL[ & DIFFICULT PROGRESS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,UND] ! DEAD5+ WEI<T ( ! ,/ATE1 ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIETY1 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AS WELL AS 9 ! CITIES 7?\< MORE SO 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE71 HAS TODAY LO/ ALL ITS VIGOR1 ALL SPONTANEITY ( ?\<T & ACTION1 & IF ?IS SITUATION CONT9UES = A FEW MORE DECADES1 ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY MAY WI!R AWAY444 

,DO NOT FE> ?AT ! PEASANTS WILL SLAU<T] EA* O!R UNLESS RE/RA9$ BY PUBLIC AU?ORITY & RESPECT = CRIM9AL & CIVIL LAW4 ,!Y MI<T />T (F 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 BUT !Y WILL QUICKLY REALIZE ?AT IT IS ECONOMICALLY & PHYSICALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO P]SI/ 9 DO+ SO4 ,!Y WILL !N /OP FI<T+ EA* O!R1 COME TO AN UND]/&+1 & =M SOME K9D ( ORGANIZATION TO AVOID FUTURE /RIFE & TO FUR!R !IR MUTUAL 9T]E/S4 ,! OV]RID+ NE$ TO FE$ !MSELVES & !IR FAMILIES 7& !RE=E TO RESUME CULTIVATION ( !IR L&71 ! NECESSITY TO DEF5D !IR HOMES1 !IR FAMILIES1 & !IR [N LIVES AGA9/ UN=ESE5 ATTACK -- ALL !SE CONSID]ATIONS WILL UND\BT$LY SOON COMPEL !M TO CONTRACT NEW & MUTUALLY SUITABLE >RANGEM5TS4 

,& DO NOT ?9K1 BECAUSE !SE >RANGEM5TS WILL BE MADE BY ! PRESSURE ( CIRCUM/ANCES & NOT BY (FICIAL DECREES1 ?AT ! RI*E/ PEASANTS WILL !RE=E EX]CISE AN EXCESSIVE 9FLU5CE4 ,=1 NO LONG] PROTECT$ BY ! LAW1 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! GREAT L&[N]S WILL BE UND]M9$4 ,!Y >E P[]FUL ONLY BECAUSE !Y >E PROTECT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 & ONCE ! ,/ATE IS ABOLI%$ !IR P[] WILL ALSO DISAPPE>4 ,AS TO MORE A/UTE & RELATIVELY AFFLU5T PEASANTS1 !IR P[] WILL BE SUCCESSFULLY ANNULL$ BY ! GREAT MASS ( SMALL & POOR] PEASANTS &1 AS WELL1 BY ! L&LESS AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S4 ,?IS GR\P1 AN 5SLAV$ MASS =C$ TO SUFF] 9 SIL5CE1 WILL BE REG5]AT$ & MADE POT5T BY REVOLUTION>Y AN>*Y4 

,9 %ORT1 ,I DO NOT SAY ?AT ! PEASANTS1 FREELY REORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 WILL MIRACUL\SLY CREATE AN IDEAL ORGANIZATION1 CON=M+ 9 ALL RESPECTS TO \R DREAMS4 ,BUT ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT :AT !Y CON/RUCT WILL BE LIV+ & VIBRANT1 A ?\S& TIMES BETT] & MORE JU/ ?AN ANY EXI/+ ORGANIZATION4 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS PEASANT ORGANIZATION1 BE+ ON ! ONE H& OP5 TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A ( ! CITIES1 & ON ! O!R1 NOT PETRIFI$ BY ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,/ATE -- = !RE WILL BE NO ,/ATE -- WILL DEVELOP & P]FECT ITSELF ?R\< FREE EXP]IM5TATION AS FULLY AS ONE CAN REASONABLY EXPECT 9 \R TIMES4 

,) ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 ! SPONTANE\S SELF-ORGANIZATION ( POPUL> LIFE1 = C5TURIES P>ALYZ$ & ABSORB$ BY ! OMNIPOT5T P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 WILL REV]T TO ! COMMUNES4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( EA* COMMUNE WILL TAKE AS ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE ! ACTUAL CONDITION ( ITS CIVILIZATION4 ,& S9CE ! DIV]SITY BETWE5 LEVELS ( CIVILIZATION .<CULTURE1 TE*NOLOGY.> 9 DIFF]5T COMMUNES ( ,FRANCE1 AS 9 ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE1 IS V]Y GREAT1 !RE WILL FIR/ BE CIVIL W> BETWE5 ! COMMUNES !MSELVES1 9EVITABLY FOLL[$ BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T & EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 !M4 ,BUT 9 ! MEANTIME1 WILL NOT ! 9T]NAL /RUGGLE )9 ! COMMUNES & BETWE5 ! COMMUNES !MSELVES P>ALYZE ,FR5* RESI/ANCE1 ?US SURR5D]+ ,FRANCE TO ! ,PRUSSIANS8 

,BY NO MEANS4 ,HI/ORY %[S ?AT NATIONS NEV] FEEL SO SELF-CONFID5T & P[]FUL 9 !IR =EIGN RELATIONS AS :5 !Y >E RACK$ & DEEPLY DIVID$ 9T]NALLY2 & ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 NATIONS >E NEV] SO WEAK AS :5 !Y >E APP>5TLY UNIT$ UND] A SEEM+LY 9V9CIBLE AU?ORITY4 

,TO CONV9CE Y\RSELF ( ?IS1 Y\ HAVE BUT TO COMP>E TWO HI/ORICAL P]IODS3 ! FIR/1 A ,FRANCE TEMP]$ & 9VIGORAT$ FROM ! 9T]NAL W>S ( ! ,FRONDE1 UND] ! Y\NG ,K+ ,L\IS ,X,I,V2 ! SECOND1 A ,FRANCE 9 ! ,K+'S OLD AGE1 ) ! MON>*Y 5TR5*$1 PACIFI$ & UNIFI$ BY ?IS GREAT ,FR5* LEAD]4 ,CONTRA/ ! FIR/ ,FRANCE1 FLU%$ ) VICTORIES1 ) ! SECOND ,FRANCE M>*+ FROM DEFEAT TO DEFEAT1 M>*+ TO H] RU94 ,COMP>E ALSO ! ,FRANCE ( #agib ) ! ,FRANCE ( TODAY .<#a#h#g.>4 ,! ,FRANCE ( #a#g#i#b-#a#g#i#c WAS TORN AP>T BY CIVIL W>1 ! :OLE ,REPUBLIC LOCK$ 9 MORTAL COMBAT1 FI<T+ FURI\SLY TO SURVIVE4 ,& 9 SPITE ( ?IS CIVIL /RIFE ,FRANCE VICTORI\SLY REPELL$ AN 9VASION BY ALMO/ EV]Y ,EUROPEAN P[]4 ,BUT 9 #a#h#g1 ,FRANCE1 UNIFI$ & PACIFI$ UND] ! ,EMPIRE1 F9DS ITSELF BATT]$ BY ! ,PRUSSIAN >MIES & SO DEMORALIZ$ ?AT ITS V]Y EXI/5CE IS IMP]IL$444 4 ,! 9HUMAN1 LU/FUL COMPULSION TO BECOME ! GREATE/ & MI<TIE/ NATION 9 ! WORLD IS COMP>ABLE TO ! FRANTIC1 SUP]HUMAN EX]TIONS ( A DELIRI\S PATI5T1 :O RALLIES ALL HIS TEMPOR>Y 5]GY1 ONLY TO FALL BACK AGA91 UTT]LY EXHAU/$444 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TEMP] & ,ITS ,MATRIX 

,FRANCE CAN NO LONG] BE RESUSCITAT$1 GALVANIZ$ 9TO ACTION BY VA9 DREAMS ( NATIONAL GREATNESS & GLORY4 ,ALL ?IS IS ALREADY A ?+ ( ! PA/4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ,NAPOLEON ,ILL1 UND]M9$ BY 9T]NAL DEG5]ATION1 CORRUPTION1 & 9TRIGUE1 HAS DIS9TEGRAT$ UND] ! BL[S ( ! ,PRUSSIANS444 

,EXCEPT 9 ,5GL& & ,SCOTL& :]E !RE >E1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 NO PEASANTS1 OR 9 ,IREL&1 ,ITALY1 & ,SPA91 :]E ! PEASANTS BECAUSE ( !IR UTT] POV]TY >E SPONTANE\SLY 9CL9$ TO BE SOCIALI/IC & REVOLUTION>Y1 ! PETTY PEASANT PROPRIETORS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE -- P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY -- >E SEMI-SATISFI$4 ,!Y *]I% !IR PROP]TY & FEEL ?AT !Y MU/ DEF5D !IR IMAG9>Y ADVANTAGES AGA9/ ! ATTACKS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION2 & AL?\< !Y HAVE NO REAL B5EFITS1 !Y /ILL CL+ TO ! ILLUSION ( [N]%IP1 TO !IR VA9 DREAMS ( WEAL?4 ,9 ADDITION TO !SE DRAWBACKS1 ! PEASANTS >E SY/EMATICALLY KEPT 9 A CONDITION ( BRUTI% IGNORANCE BY !IR *UR*ES & GOV]NM5TS4 ,! PEASANTS N[ CON/ITUTE ! PR9CIPAL1 ALMO/ ! ONLY1 BASE = ! SECURITY & P[] ( /ATES4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 !IR GOV]NM5TS C>EFULLY & CONSI/5TLY NURTURE !IR PREJUDICES1 IMPLANT ,*RI/IAN FAI? & LOYALTY TO AU?ORITY1 & 9CITE HATR$ AGA9/ ! PROGRESSIVE NONCON=MI/ ELEM5TS 9 ! CITIES4 ,9 SPITE ( ALL !SE OB/ACLES1 ! PEASANTS1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY EXPLA9$1 CAN EV5TUALLY BE WON OV] TO ! SIDE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS1 ! 9ITIATIVE MU/ BE TAK5 BY ! REVOLUTION>Y CITY PROLET>IANS1 = !Y >E ! ONLY ONES :O TODAY EMBODY ! >\S$ IDEA & SPIRIT1 ! UND]/&+ & ! CONSCI\S WILL TO MAKE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,H5CE ! GREATE/ ?REAT TO ! EXI/5CE ( /ATES IS N[ CONC5TRAT$ SOLELY 9 ! CITY PROLET>IAT4444 

,IT IS ( C\RSE OBVI\S ?AT IF ?IS W> 5DS 9 A DISA/R\S & %AMEFUL DEFEAT = ,FRANCE1 ! WORK]S WILL BE IMMEASURABLY MORE DISSATISFI$ ?AN !Y >E AT PRES5T4 ,BUT DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT !Y W\LD BE DISPOS$ TO BECOME MORE REVOLUTION>Y8 ,& EV5 IF ?IS W]E SO1 W\LD ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE BE ANY LESS DIFFICULT ?AN IT IS TODAY8 

,MY ANSW] IS AN UNHESITAT+ NO1 = ! FOLL[+ REASON3 ! REVOLUTION>Y TEMP] ( ! WORK+ MASSES DOES NOT DEP5D SOLELY ON ! EXT5T ( !IR MIS]Y & DISCONT5T1 BUT ALSO ON !IR FAI? 9 ! JU/ICE & ! TRIUMPH ( !IR CAUSE4 ,! WORK+ MASSES1 FROM ! DAWN ( HI/ORY ?R\< \R [N TIMES1 HAVE BE5 POV]TY-/RICK5 & DISCONT5T$4 ,= ALL POLITICAL SOCIETIES1 ALL /ATES1 REPUBLICS AS WELL AS MON>*IES1 HAVE BE5 BAS$ ON ! OP5 OR ?9LY DISGUIS$ MIS]Y & =C$ LABOR ( ! PROLET>IAT444 4 ,BUT ?IS DISCONT5T R>ELY PRODUCES REVOLUTIONS4 ,EV5 PEOPLES R$UC$ TO ! UTMO/ POV]TY1 DESPITE !IR TRIBULATIONS1 FAIL TO %[ SIGNS ( /IRR+4 ,:Y DON'T !Y REVOLT8 ,IS IT BECAUSE !Y >E SATISFI$ ) !IR LOT8 ,( C\RSE NOT4 ,!Y DO NOT REVOLT BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO ADEQUATE P]CEPTION ( !IR RI<TS NOR ANY CONFID5CE 9 !IR [N P[]S2 & LACK+ BO?1 !Y BECAME HELPLESS & 5DUR$ SLAV]Y = C5TURIES4 ,H[ CAN !SE REVOLUTION>Y QUALITIES BE ACQUIR$ BY ! MASSES8 ,! $UCAT$ 9DIVIDUAL BECOMES AW>E ( HIS RI<TS BO? BY !ORETICAL REASON+ & ! PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE ( LIFE4 ,! FIR/ CONDITION1 I4E41 ! ABILITY TO ?9K AB/RACTLY1 HAS NOT YET BE5 ATTA9$ BY ! MASSES444 4 ,H[ CAN ! WORK+ MASSES ACQUIRE ANY KN[L$GE ( !IR RI<TS8 ,ONLY ?R\< !IR GREAT HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES1 ?R\< ?IS GREAT TRADITION1 UNFOLD$ OV] ! C5TURIES & TRANSMITT$ FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 CONT9UALLY AUGM5T$ & 5RI*$ BY NEW SUFF]+S & NEW 9JU/ICES1 F9ALLY P]MEAT+ & 5LI<T5+ ! GREAT PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,AS LONG AS A PEOPLE HAVE NOT YET SUNK 9TO A /ATE ( HOPELESS DECAD5CE1 ITS PROGRESS IS ALWAYS DUE TO ?IS GREAT B5EFIC5T TRADITION1 TO ?IS UNEQUAL$ TEA*] ( ! MASSES444 4 ,BUT PEOPLES 9 DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL EPO*S DO NOT PROGRESS AT A /EADY OR EQUAL PACE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! RATE ( PROGRESS FLUCTUATES1 BE+ SOMETIMES RAPID1 DEEP1 & F> -- REA*+2 AT O!R TIMES IT IS B>ELY P]CEPTIBLE1 OR ELSE IT GR9DS TO A HALT & SEEMS EV5 TO TAKE A BACKW>D C\RSE1 FL[ CAN ?IS PH5OM5ON BE EXPLA9$8 

,IT CAN BE ASCRIB$ TO ! K9D ( EV5TS :I* %APE EA* HI/ORICAL P]IOD4 ,!RE >E EV5TS ?AT 5]GIZE PEOPLE & PROPEL !M 9 A =W>D DIRECTION4 ,O!R EV5TS HAVE A DISC\RAG+1 DEPRESS+ EFFECT OIL ! MORALE & G5]AL ATTITUDE ( ! MASSES1 DI/ORT+ !IR S5SE ( JUDGM5T1 P]V]T+ !IR M9DS1 & LEAD+ !M 9 SELF -- DE/RUCTIVE DIRECTIONS4 ,9 /UDY+ G5]AL HI/ORICAL PATT]NS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PEOPLES1 ONE CAN DETECT TWO CONTRA/+ MOVEM5TS COMP>ABLE TO ! EBB & FL[ ( ! OCEANIC TIDES4 

,9 C]TA9 EPO*S1 EV5TS OCCUR :I* H]ALD ! COM+ ( GREAT HI/ORICAL *ANGES1 ( GREAT EXPECTATIONS & TRIUMPHS = HUMANITY4 ,AT !SE PO9TS EV]Y?+ SEEMS TO MOVE IT A QUICK5$ PACE4 ,ALL AIR ( VIGOR & P[] SEEMS TO P]VADE ! SOCIAL ATMOSPH]E2 M9DS1 HE>TS1 & WILLS COALESCE 9TO ONE MI<TY UPSURGE AS HUMANITY M>*ES T[>D ! CONQUE/ ( NEW HORIZONS4 ,IT IS AS ?\< AN ELECTRIC CURR5T W]E GALVANIZ+ ! :OLE SOCIETY1 UNIT+ ! FEEL+S ( TEMP]AM5TALLY DIFF]5T 9DIVIDUALS 9TO ONE COMMON S5TIM5T1 =G+ TOTALLY DIFF]5T M9DS & WILLS 9TO ONE4 ,AT SU* TIMES ! 9DIVIDUAL IS BRIMFUL ( CONFID5CE & C\RAGE BECAUSE HIS FEEL+S >E RECIPROCAT$ & HEI<T5$ BY ! EMOTIONS ( HIS FELL[M54 ,CIT+ BUT A FEW EXAMPLES FROM MOD]N HI/ORY1 SU* WAS ! P]IOD AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! EVE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,SO ALSO1 BUT TO A CONSID]ABLY LESS] EXT5T1 W]E ! YE>S PREC$+ ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 ,& SU*1 #a BELIEVE1 IS ! *>ACT] ( \R PRES5T ]A1 :I* MAY BE ! PRELUDE TO EV5TS :I* WILL P]HAPS \T%9E ! GLORI\S DAYS ( #a<i & #a#g#i#c4444 

,BUT !RE >E ALSO SOMB]1 DI%E>T5+1 DISA/R\S EPO*S1 :5 EV]Y?+ REEKS ( DECAD5CE1 EXHAU/ION1 & DEA?1 PRESAG+ ! EXHAU/ION ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE CONSCI5CE4 ,!SE >E ! EBB TIDES FOLL[+ HI/ORIC CATA/ROPHES4 ,SU* WAS ! TUNE ( ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE & ! RE/ORATION ( ,NAPOLEON #a4 ,SU* W]E ! TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S FOLL[+ ! CATA/ROPHE ( ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 ,SU* W\LD BE ! TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S FOLL[+ ! CONQUE/ ( ,FRANCE BY ! >MIES ( ,PRUSSIAN DESPOTISM4444 

,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 A H&FUL ( WORK]S MAY REMA9 REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT !Y WILL LACK1 5?USIASM & CONFID5CE2 = CONFID5CE IS POSSIBLE ONLY :5 ! S5TIM5TS ( AN 9DIVIDUAL F9D AN E*O1 A SUPPORT 9 ! :OLEHE>T$ REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT & WILL ( ! POPULACE4444 ,BUT ! POPULACE WILL BE COMPLETELY DISORGANIZ$1 DEMORALIZ$1 & CRU%$ BY ! REACTION444 4 ,ALL ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 9 & \T ( ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 WILL BE SUPPRESS$4 ,!RE WILL BE NO DISCUSSION GR\PS1 NO COOP]ATIVE $UCATIONAL CIRCLES1 NO WAY TO REVIVE ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! WORK]S444 4 ,EA* WORK] WILL BE 9TELLECTUALLY & MORALLY ISOLAT$1 CONDEMN$ TO IMPOT5CE4 

,TO MAKE SURE ?AT ! WORK]S WILL NOT REORGANIZE !MSELVES1 ! GOV]NM5T WILL >RE/ & DEPORT SEV]AL HUNDR$1 OR P]HAPS SEV]AL ?\S&1 ( ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 MILITANT1 & D$ICAT$ WORK]S TO ,DEVIL'S ,ISL& .<! =M] ,FR5* P5AL COLONY.>4 ,) ! WORK+ MASSES FAC+ SO DEPLORABLE A SITUATION1 IT WILL BE A LONG TIME BE=E !Y >E CAPABLE ( MAK+ ! ,REVOLUTION6 

,EV5 IF1 DESPITE ?IS MO/ UNFAVORABLE SITUATION1 & IMPELL$ BY ?AT ,FR5* H]OISM :I* REFUSES TO ACCEPT DEFEAT1 & DRIV5 EV5 MORE BY DESP]ATION1 ! ,FR5* WORK]S REVOLT1 !Y >E LIKELY TO BE TAU<T A LESSON BY ! MO/ DEADLY ( MOD]N WEAPONS4 ,AGA9/ ?IS DREADFUL 0P]SUASION10 NEI!R 9TELLIG5CE NOR ! COLLECTIVE WILL CAN AVAIL ! WORK]S1 DRIV5 TO RESI/ANCE BY SUICIDAL DESP]ATION ALONE1 A RESI/ANCE LIKELY TO LEAVE !M 9F9ITELY WORSE (F ?AN EV]4 

,& !N8 ,FR5* SOCIALISM WILL NO LONG] BE ABLE TO TAKE ITS PLACE 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 FI<T+ = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! NEW GOV]NM5T MAY1 = REASONS ( ITS [N1 GRUDG+LY TOL]ATE A FEW REMA9+ SOCIALI/ P]IODICALS & WRIT]S 9 ,FRANCE4 ,BUT NEI!R ! WRIT]S1 NOR ! PHILOSOPH]S1 NOR !IR BOOKS >E 5\< TO BUILD A LIV+1 P[]FUL1 SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,SU* A MOVEM5T CAN BE MADE A REALITY ONLY BY ! AWAK5$ REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 ! COLLECTIVE WILL1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES !MSELVES4 ,)\T ?IS1 ! BE/ BOOKS 9 ! WORLD >E NO?+ BUT !ORIES SPUN 9 EMPTY SPACE1 IMPOT5T DREAMS4 

,A ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,PROGRAM 

,LET US EXAM9E ! SITUATION 9 C\NTRIES \TSIDE ,FRANCE :]E ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HAS BECOME A REAL P[]444 ,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,WORK]S P>TY 7,S4,D4,W4,P47 & ! ,G5]AL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S 7,G4,A4,G4,W471 F\ND$ BY ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE1 >E BO? SOCIALI/ 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y WANT TO ALT] ! RELATIONS BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR 9 A SOCIALI/ MANN] .<ABOLI% CAPITALISM.>4 ,! ,LASSALLEANS AS WELL AS ! ,EIS5A* P>TY .<NAM$ AFT] ! CONGRESS HELD 9 ,EIS5A*1 ,AUGU/ #g-#i1 #a#h#f#i.> AGREE FULLY ?AT 9 ORD] TO EFFECT ?IS *ANGE1 IT WILL BE ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y FIR/ TO RE=M ! ,/ATE1 & IF ?IS CANNOT BE DONE BY WIDESPREAD PROPAG&A & A LEGAL PEACEFUL LABOR MOVEM5T1 !N ! ,/ATE WILL HAVE TO BE RE=M$ BY =CE1 I4E41 BY A POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 

,ALL ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S BELIEVE ?AT ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION MU/ PREC$E ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS A FATAL ]ROR4 ,= ANY REVOLUTION MADE BE=E A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL NECESS>ILY BE A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION -- :I* CAN LEAD ONLY TO B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM -- A NEW1 MORE EFFICI5T1 MORE CLEV]LY CONCEAL$ =M ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY ! B\RGEOISIE4.<#c.> 

,?IS FALSE PR9CIPLE -- ! IDEA ?AT A POLITICAL REVOLUTION MU/ PREC$E A SOCIAL REVOLUTION -- IS1 9 EFFECT1 AN OP5 9VITATION TO ALL ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOIS LIB]AL POLITICIANS TO 9FILTRATE ! ,S4,D4,W4,P4 ,& ?IS P>TY WAS ON MANY OCCASIONS PRESSUR$ BY ITS LEAD]S -- NOT BY ! RADICAL-M9D$ RANK & FILE MEMB]S -- TO FRAT]NIZE ) ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS ( ! ,VOLKSP>TEI 7,PEOPLE'S ,P>TY71 AN OPPORTUNI/ P>TY CONC]N$ ONLY ) POLITICS & VIRUL5TLY OPPOS$ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS HO/ILITY WAS AMPLY DEMON/RAT$ BY ! VICI\S ATTACKS ( ITS PATRIOTIC ORATORS & (FICIAL J\RNALS AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ( ,VI5NA4 

,!SE ONSLAU<TS AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM >\S$ ! 9DIGNATION & OPPOSITION ( ALMO/ ALL ! ,G]MANS & S]I\SLY EMB>RASS$ ,LIEBKNE*T & ! O!R LEAD]S ( ! ,S4,D4,W4,P4 ,!Y WANT$ TO CALM ! WORK]S & ?US /AY 9 CONTROL ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 REMA9 ON FRI5DLY T]MS ) ! LEAD]S ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS ( ! ,VOLKSP>TEI1 :O SOON REALIZ$ ?AT !Y HAD MADE A S]I\S TACTICAL ]ROR BY ANTAGONIZ+ ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T )\T :OSE SUPPORT !Y C\LD NOT HOPE TO ATTA9 POLITICAL P[]4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT ! ,VOLKSP>TEI FOLL[$ ! TRADITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE NEV] TO MAKE A REVOLUTION BY !MSELVES4 ,!IR TACTICS1 H[EV] +5I\SLY APPLI$1 >E ALWAYS BAS$ ON ?IS PR9CIPLE3 TO 5LI/ ! P[]FUL HELP ( ! PEOPLE 9 MAK+ A POLITICAL REVOLUTION BUT TO REAP ! B5EFIT = !MSELVES4 ,IT WAS ?IS SORT ( CONSID]ATION :I* 9DUC$ ! ,VOLKSP>TEI TO REV]SE ITS ANTISOCIALI/ /& & PROCLAIM ?AT IT TOO1 IS N[ A SOCIALI/ P>TY444 ,AFT] A YE> ( NEGOTIATIONS1 ! TOP LEAD]S ( ! WORK]S' & ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES ADOPT$ ! FAM\S ,EIS5A* ,PROGRAM & =M$ A S+LE P>TS1 RETA9+ ! NAME ,S4,D4,W4,P4 ,?IS PROGRAM IS REALLY A /RANGE HYBRID ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7! ,9T]NATIONAL7 & ! WELL-KN[N OPPORTUNI/IC PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY444 

,>TICLE #a ( ! PROGRAM IS 9 FACT CONTRADICTORY TO ! FUNDAM5TAL POLICY & SPIRIT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,S4,D4,W4,P4 WANTS TO 9/ITUTE A FREE ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE4 ,BUT ! WORDS FREE & ,PEOPLE'S >E ANNULL$ & R5D]$ MEAN+LESS BY ! WORD ,/ATE2 ! NAME ,9T]NATIONAL IMPLIES ! NEGATION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,>E ! FRAM]S ( ! PROGRAM TALK+ AB\T AN 9T]NATIONAL OR UNIV]SAL /ATE1 OR DO !Y 9T5D TO SET UP ONLY A /ATE EMBRAC+ ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE -- ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTRIES1 ,HOLL&1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,SPA91 ,PORTUGAL1 & ! ,SLAVIC NATIONS SUBJECT$ TO ,AU/RIA8 ,NO4 ,!IR POLITICAL /OMA*S CANNOT DIGE/ SO MANY C\NTRIES AT ONE TIME4 ,) A PASSION !Y DO NOT EV5 ATTEMPT TO CONCEAL1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS PROCLAIM ?AT !Y WANT TO ]ECT ! GREAT PAN-,G]MANIC FA!RL&4 ,& ?IS IS :Y ! ONLY AIM ( ! ,S4,D4,W4,P41 ! CON/RUCTION ( AN ALL-,G]MAN /ATE1 IS ! V]Y FIR/ >TICLE ( !IR PROGRAM4 ,!Y >E ABOVE ALL ,G]MAN PATRIOTS4 

,9/EAD ( D$ICAT+ !MSELVES TO ! CREATION ( ! ALL-,G]MAN ,/ATE1 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S %\LD JO9 !IR EXPLOIT$ BRO!RS ( ! 5TIRE WORLD 9 DEF5SE ( !IR MUTUAL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9T]E/S2 ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( EA* C\NTRY MU/ BE BAS$ SOLELY ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY444 ,IF1 9 CASE ( CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO /ATES1 ! WORK]S W\LD ACT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,>TICLE #a ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM1 !Y W\LD1 AGA9/ !IR BETT] 9CL9ATIONS1 BE JO9+ !IR [N B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ !IR FELL[ WORK]S 9 A =EIGN C\NTRY4 ,!Y W\LD !REBY SACRIFICE ! 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ( ! WORK]S TO ! NATIONAL PATRIOTISM ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY :AT ! ,G]MAN WORK]S >E N[ DO+ 9 ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>4 ,AS LONG AS ! ,G]MAN WORK]S SEEK TO SET UP A NATIONAL /ATE -- EV5 ! FREE/ ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE -- !Y WILL 9EVITABLY & UTT]LY SACRIFICE ! FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE TO ! GLORY ( ! ,/ATE1 SOCIALISM TO POLITICS1 JU/ICE & 9T]NATIONAL BRO!RHOOD TO PATRIOTISM4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GO 9 TWO DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS AT ! SAME TIME4 ,SOCIALISM & SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9VOLVE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE3 -- CONSEQU5TLY1 ?OSE :O WANT A /ATE MU/ SACRIFICE ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! MASSES TO ! POLITICAL MONOPOLY ( A PRIVILEG$ P>TY4 

,! ,S4,D4,W4,P4 W\LD SACRIFICE ! ECONOMIC1 & ) IT1 ! POLITICAL EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT -- OR MORE CORRECTLY SAID1 ITS EMANCIPATION FROM POLITICS & ! ,/ATE -- TO ! TRIUMPH ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS FOLL[S PLA9LY FROM ! SECOND & ?IRD >TICLES ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM4 ,! FIR/ ?REE CLAUSES ( ,>TICLE #b CON=M 9 EV]Y RESPECT TO ! SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL3 ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM2 FULL POLITICAL & SOCIAL EQUALITY2 EV]Y WORK] TO RECEIVE ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR4 ,BUT ! F\R? CLAUSE1 BY DECL>+ ?AT POLITICAL EMANCIPATION IS ! PRELIM9>Y CONDITION = ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ?AT ! SOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL QUE/ION IS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 A DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 NULLIFIES !SE PR9CIPLES & MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO PUT !M 9TO PRACTICE4 ,! F\R? CLAUSE AM\NTS TO SAV+3 

0,WORK]S1 Y\ >E SLAVES1 VICTIMS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,DO Y\ WANT TO FREE Y\RSELF FROM ?IS ECONOMIC /RAITJACKET8 ,( C\RSE Y\ DO1 & Y\ >E ABSOLUTELY RI<T4 ,BUT TO ATTA9 Y\R JU/ DEM&S1 Y\ MU/ FIR/ HELP US MAKE ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,AFT]W>DS1 WE WILL HELP Y\ MAKE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,LET US FIR/1 ) Y\R /R5G?1 ]ECT ! DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 A GOOD DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 AS 9 ,SWITZ]L&3 & !N WE PROMISE TO GIVE Y\ ! SAME B5EFITS ?AT ! ,SWISS WORK]S N[ 5JOY444 4 7,WITNESS ! /RIKES 9 ,BASEL & ,G5EVA1 RU?LESSLY SUPPRESS$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE47 

,TO CONV9CE Y\RSELF ?AT ?IS 9CR$IBLE DELUSION ACCURATELY REFLECTS ! T5D5CIES & SPIRIT ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 Y\ HAVE BUT TO EXAM9E ,>TICLE #c1 :I* LI/S ALL ! IMM$IATE & PROXIMATE GOALS TO BE ADVANC$ 9 ! P>TY'S LEGAL & PEACEFUL PROPAG&A & ELECTION CAMPAIGNS4 ,!SE DEM&S M]ELY DUPLICATE ! FAMILI> PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS3 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE ) DIRECT LEGISLATION BY ! PEOPLE2 ABOLITION ( ALL POLITICAL PRIVILEGES2 REPLACEM5T ( ! P]MAN5T /&+ >MY BY ! VOLUNTE]S' & CITIZ5S' MILITIAS2 SEP>ATION ( ,*UR* FROM ,/ATE1 & ! S*OOLS FROM ! ,*UR*2 FREE & COMPULSORY ELEM5T>Y $UCATION2 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ASSEMBLY1 & ASSOCIATION2 & REPLACEM5T ( ALL 9DIRECT TAXATION BY A S+LE1 DIRECT1 & PROGRESSIVELY HI<] 9COME TAX BAS$ ON E>N+S4 

,DOES NOT ?IS PROGRAM PROVE ?AT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS -- >E 9T]E/$ 9 ! EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL RE=M ( ! 9/ITUTIONS & LAWS ( ! ,/ATE1 & ?AT = !M SOCIALISM IS BUT AN EMPTY DREAM1 :I* MAY AT BE/ BE REALIZ$ 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE8 

,W]E IT NOT = ! FACT ?AT ! TRUE ASPIRATIONS & RADICAL S5TIM5TS ( ITS MEMB]S1 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S1 GO MU* FUR!R ?AN ?IS PROGRAM1 W\LD WE NOT BE JU/IFI$ 9 SAY+ ?AT ! ,S4,D4,W4,P4 WAS CREAT$ = ! SOLE PURPOSE ( US+ ! WORK+ MASSES AS ! UNCONSCI\S TOOL TO PROMOTE ! POLITICAL AMBITI\S ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS8 

,!RE >E ONLY TWO PLANKS 9 ?IS PROGRAM :I* FREE-5T]PRISE CAPITALI/S WILL DISLIKE4 ,! FIR/ APPE>S 9 ! LATT] HALF ( CLAUSE #h1 ,>TICLE #c2 IT DEM&S E/ABLI%M5T ( A NORMAL WORK+ DAY 7LIMITATION ( H\RS71 ABOLITION ( *ILD LABOR1 & LIMITATION ( WOM5'S WORK2 MEASURES :I* MAKE ! FREE 5T]PRIS]S %UDD]4 ,AS PASSIONATE LOV]S ( ALL FRE$OM :I* !Y CAN USE TO !IR ADVANTAGE1 !Y DEM& ! UNLIMIT$ RI<T TO EXPLOIT ! PROLET>IAT & BITT]LY RES5T /ATE 9T]F]5CE4 ,H[EV]1 ! POOR CAPITALI/S HAVE FALL5 UPON EVIL DAYS4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 =C$ TO ACCEPT /ATE 9T]V5TION EV5 9 ,5GL&1 :I* IS BY NO /RET* ( ! IMAG9ATION A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,! O!R PLANK -- CLAUSE #a1 ,>TICLE #c -- IS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT & SOCIALI/IC4 ,IT DEM&S /ATE HELP1 PROTECTION1 & CR$IT = WORK]S' COOP]ATIVES1 P>TICUL>LY PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES1 ) ALL NECESS>Y GU>ANTEES1 I4E41 FRE$OM TO EXP&4 ,FREE 5T]PRISE IS NOT AFRAID ( SUCCESSFUL COMPETITION FROM WORK]S' COOP]ATIVES BECAUSE ! CAPITALI/S KN[ ?AT WORK]S1 ) !IR MEAG] 9COMES1 WILL NEV] BY !MSELVES BE ABLE TO ACCUMULATE 5\< CAPITAL TO MAT* ! IMM5SE RES\RCES ( ! EMPLOY+ CLASS 444 BUT ! TABLES WILL BE TURN$ :5 ! WORK]S' COOP]ATIVES1 BACK$ BY ! P[] & WELL-NI< UNLIMIT$ CR$IT ( ! ,/ATE1 BEG9 TO FI<T & GRADUALLY ABSORB BO? PRIVATE & CORPORATE CAPITAL 79DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL74 ,= ! CAPITALI/ WILL 9 FACT BE COMPET+ ) ! ,/ATE1 & ! ,/ATE IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! MO/ P[]FUL ( ALL CAPITALI/S4.<#d.> 

,LABOR EMPLOY$ BY ! ,/ATE -- SU* IS ! FUNDAM5TAL1 PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM1 ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,! ,/ATE1 HAV+ BECOME ! SOLE PROPRIETOR -- AT ! 5D ( A P]IOD ( TRANSITION NECESS>Y = ALL[+ SOCIETY TO PASS1 )\T TOO GREAT DISLOCATION1 FROM ! PRES5T ORGANIZATION ( B\RGEOIS PRIVILEGE TO ! FUTURE ORGANIZATION ( (FICIAL EQUALITY = ALL -- ! ,/ATE WILL !N BECOME ! ONLY BANK]1 CAPITALI/1 ORGANIZ]1 & DIRECTOR ( ALL NATIONAL LABOR1 & ! DI/RIBUTOR ( ALL ITS PRODUCTS4 ,SU* IS ! IDEAL ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( MOD]N COMMUNISM4 

  

.<#a.> ,BAKUN9 H]E PO9TS \T ?AT = FE> ( A MASS 9SURRECTION1 ! GOV]NM5T DID NOT 9/ITUTE EV5 ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y MEASURES TO HALT ! ADVANCE ( ! ,PRUSSIAN >MIES1 & !RE) BEG9S HIS DISCUSSION ( HIS PRACTICAL REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 

.<#b.> ,ANO!R POSSIBLE REASON = ! APA?Y IS ?AT ,M>SEILLES1 ,LYONS1 & ! O!R CITIES REF]R$ TO W]E NOT 9VAD$ BY ! ,PRUSSIANS1 :O /OPP$ %ORT AT ,P>IS1 :]E ! PEACE WAS CONCLUD$4 

.<#c.> ,BY 0B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM01 ,BAKUN9 AS WELL AS ,M>X MEANT A P>TN]%IP BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 ! 0PUBLIC0 & ! ,/ATE4 -- ,IT WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ,G]MANY BY ,BISM>CK & ADVOCAT$ 9 \R TIMES BY RI<T-W+ DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/S1 05LI<T5$ CAPITALI/S40 & LIB]ALS 9 G5]AL4 

.<#d.> ,IT WILL BE SE5 FROM ! CONTEXT ( ! NEXT P>AGRAPH ?AT ,BAKUN9 REG>DS /ATE SUBSIDY ( WORK]S' COOP]ATIVES AS P>T ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO /ATE SOCIALISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahfi 3 ,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN ON ! ,PRES5T ,CRISIS -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #h1 #bai 3 ,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN ON ! ,PRES5T ,CRISIS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN ON ! ,PRES5T ,CRISIS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/