,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW #aiia ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,TAGS 3 RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 OPPON5TS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 /RUGGLE ) ! /ATE1 CRITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL1 P>LIAM5T>Y & M9I/]IAL1 EF=T TO WORK1 T[NS & VILLAGES1 COMMUNITY ( COMMUNITIES1 GR[ OR DIE4 ,TEXT 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,PHOTO BY ,ALEX ,PROIMOS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,P]HAPS ! GREATE/ S+LE FAIL+ ( MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION -- ,I REF] P>TICUL>LY TO ! ,LEFT1 TO RADICAL ECOLOGY GR\PS1 & TO ORGANIZATIONS ?AT PR(ESS TO SPEAK = ! OPPRESS$ -- IS !IR LACK ( A POLITICS ?AT WILL C>RY PEOPLE BEYOND ! LIMITS E/ABLI%$ BY ! /ATUS QUO4 ,POLITICS TODAY MEANS DUELS BETWE5 TOP-D[N BUREAUCRATIC P>TIES = ELECTORAL (FICE1 ?AT (F] VACU\S PROGRAMS = 0SOCIAL JU/ICE0 TO ATTRACT A NONDESCRIPT 0ELECTORATE40 ,ONCE 9 (FICE1 !IR PROGRAMS USUALLY TURN 9TO A B\QUET ( 0COMPROMISES 0 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 MANY ,GRE5 P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE HAVE BE5 ONLY M>G9ALLY DIFF]5T FROM CONV5TIONAL P>LIAM5T>Y P>TIES4 ,NOR HAVE SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 ) ALL !IR V>I\S LABELS1 EXHIBIT$ ANY BASIC DIFF]5CES FROM !IR CAPITALI/ C\NT] P>TS4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN PUBLIC -- ITS 0APOLITICISM0 -- IS UND]/&ABLY DEPRESS+4 ,GIV5 !IR L[ EXPECTATIONS1 :5 PEOPLE DO VOTE1 !Y NORMALLY TURN TO E/ABLI%$ P>TIES IF ONLY BECAUSE1 AS C5T]S ( P[]1 !Y C>T PRODUCE RESULTS ( SORTS 9 PRACTICAL MATT]S4 ,IF ONE BO!RS TO VOTE1 MO/ PEOPLE REASON1 :Y WA/E A VOTE ON A NEW M>G9AL ORGANIZATION ?AT HAS ALL ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! MAJOR ONES & ?AT WILL EV5TUALLY BECOME CORRUPT$ IF IT SUCCE$S8 ,WITNESS ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S1 :OSE 9T]NAL & PUBLIC LIFE 9CREAS+LY APPROXIMATES ?AT ( O!R P>TIES 9 ! NEW ,REI*4 ,?AT ?IS 0POLITICAL PROCESS0 HAS L+]$ ON ) ALMO/ NO BASIC ALT]ATION = DECADES N[ IS DUE 9 GREAT P>T TO ! 9]TIA ( ! PROCESS ITSELF4 ,TIME WE>S EXPECTATIONS ?91 & HOPES >E (T5 R$UC$ TO HABITS AS ONE DISAPPO9TM5T IS FOLL[$ BY ANO!R4 ,TALK ( A 0NEW POLITICS10 ( UPSETT+ TRADITION1 :I* IS AS OLD AS POLITICS ITSELF1 IS BECOM+ UNCONV9C+4 ,= DECADES1 AT LEA/1 ! *ANGES ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ 9 RADICAL POLITICS >E L>GELY *ANGES 9 RHETORIC RA!R ?AN /RUCTURE4 ,! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S >E ONLY ! MO/ REC5T ( A SUCCESSION ( 0NONP>TY P>TIES0 7TO USE !IR ORIG9AL WAY ( DESCRIB+ !IR ORGANIZATION7 ?AT HAVE TURN$ FROM AN ATTEMPT TO PRACTICE GRASSROOTS POLITICS -- IRONICALLY1 9 ! ,BUNDE/AG1 ( ALL PLACES6 -- 9TO A TYPICAL P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY1 ! ,LABOR ,P>TY 9 ,BRITA91 ! ,NEW ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ,CANADA1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ,FRANCE1 & O!RS1 DESPITE !IR ORIG9AL EMANCIPATORY VISIONS1 B>ELY QUALIFY TODAY AS EV5 LIB]AL P>TIES 9 :I* A ,FRANKL9 ,D4 ,ROOSEVELT OR A ,H>RY ,TRUMAN W\LD HAVE F\ND A COM=TABLE HOME4 ,:ATEV] SOCIAL IDEALS !SE P>TIES MAY HAVE HAD G5]ATIONS AGO HAVE BE5 ECLIPS$ BY ! PRAGMATICS ( GA9+1 HOLD+1 & EXT5D+ !IR P[] 9 !IR RESPECTIVE P>LIAM5T>Y & M9I/]IAL BODIES4 ,IT IS PRECISELY SU* P>LIAM5T>Y & M9I/]IAL OBJECTIVES ?AT WE CALL 0POLITICS0 TODAY4 ,TO ! MOD]N POLITICAL IMAG9ATION1 0POLITICS0 IS PRECISELY A BODY ( TE*NIQUES = HOLD+ P[] 9 REPRES5TATIVE BODIES -- NOTABLY ! LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE >5AS -- NOT A MORAL CALL+ BAS$ ON RATIONALITY1 COMMUNITY1 & FRE$OM4 ,A ,CIVIC ,E?ICS ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM REPRES5TS A S]I\S1 9DE$ A HI/ORICALLY FUNDAM5TAL PROJECT1 TO R5D] POLITICS E?ICAL 9 *>ACT] & GRASSROOTS 9 ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS /RUCTURALLY & MORALLY DIFF]5T FROM O!R GRASSROOTS EF=TS1 NOT M]ELY RHETORICALLY DIFF]5T4 ,IT SEEKS TO RECLAIM ! PUBLIC SPH]E = ! EX]CISE ( AU!NTIC CITIZ5%IP :ILE BREAK+ AWAY FROM ! BLEAK CYCLE ( P>LIAM5T>ISM & ITS MY/IFICATION ( ! 0P>TY0 ME*ANISM AS A MEANS = PUBLIC REPRES5TATION4 ,9 !SE RESPECTS1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT M]ELY A 0POLITICAL /RATEGY40 ,IT IS AN EF=T TO WORK FROM LAT5T OR 9CIPI5T DEMOCRATIC POSSIBILITIES T[>D A RADICALLY NEW CONFIGURATION ( SOCIETY ITSELF-A COMMUNIT>IAN SOCIETY ORI5T$ T[>D MEET+ HUMAN NE$S1 RESPOND+ TO ECOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVES1 & DEVELOP+ A NEW E?ICS BAS$ ON %>+ & COOP]ATION4 ,?AT IT 9VOLVES A CONSI/5TLY 9DEP5D5T =M ( POLITICS IS A TRUISM4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 IT 9VOLVES A R$EF9ITION ( POLITICS1 A RETURN TO ! WORD'S ORIG9AL ,GREEK MEAN+ AS ! MANAGEM5T ( ! COMMUNITY OR POLIS BY MEANS ( DIRECT FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! =MULATION ( PUBLIC POLICY & BAS$ ON AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ILY & SOLID>ITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT ONE ( MANY PLURALI/IC TE*NIQUES ?AT IS 9T5D$ TO A*IEVE A VAGUE & UNDEF9$ SOCIAL GOAL4 ,DEMOCRATIC TO ITS CORE & NON-HI]>*ICAL 9 ITS /RUCTURE1 IT IS A K9D ( HUMAN DE/9Y1 NOT M]ELY ONE ( AN ASSORTM5T ( POLITICAL TOOLS OR /RATEGIES ?AT CAN BE ADOPT$ & DISC>D$ ) ! AIM ( A*IEV+ P[]4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 9 EFFECT1 SEEKS TO DEF9E ! 9/ITUTIONAL CONT\RS ( A NEW SOCIETY EV5 AS IT ADVANCES ! PRACTICAL MESSAGE ( A RADICALLY NEW POLITICS = \R DAY4 ,MEANS & ,5DS ,H]E1 MEANS & 5DS MEET 9 A RATIONAL UNITY4 ,! WORD POLITICS N[ EXPRESSES DIRECT POPUL> CONTROL ( SOCIETY BY ITS CITIZ5S ?R\< A*IEV+ & SU/A9+ A TRUE DEMOCRACY 9 MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES -- ?IS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM REPUBLICAN SY/EMS ( REPRES5TATION ?AT PREEMPT ! RIY1 LEGISLATORS1 & ! LIKE1 ?AT EXI/S AS A CO]CIVE APP>ATUS1 CLE>LY DI/9CT FROM & ABOVE ! PEOPLE4 ,! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ APPROA* DI/+UI%ES /ATECRAFT -- :I* WE USUALLY *>ACT]IZE AS 0POLITICS0 TODAY -- & POLITICS AS IT ONCE EXI/$ 9 PRECAPITALI/ DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES4 ,MOREOV]1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ALSO 9VOLVES A CLE> DEL9EATION ( ! SOCIAL REALM -- AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL REALM -- 9 ! /RICT MEAN+ ( ! T]M SOCIAL3 NOTABLY1 ! >5A 9 :I* WE LIVE \R PRIVATE LIVES & 5GAGE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU*1 ! SOCIAL REALM IS TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM BO? ! POLITICAL & ! /ATI/ REALMS4 ,5ORM\S MIS*IEF HAS BE5 CAUS$ BY ! 9T]*ANGEABLE USE ( !SE T]MS -- SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ! /ATE4 ,9DE$1 ! T5D5CY HAS BE5 TO ID5TIFY !M ) ONE ANO!R 9 \R ?9K+ & 9 ! REALITY ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,BUT ! /ATE IS A COMPLETELY ALI5 =MATION1 A ?ORN 9 ! SIDE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 AN EXOG5\S 5TITY ?AT HAS 9CESSANTLY 5CROA*$ ON ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL REALMS4 ,(T51 9 FACT1 ! /ATE HAS BE5 AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 AS WITNESS ! RISE ( ,ASIAN EMPIRES1 ANCI5T IMP]IAL ,ROME1 & ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE ( MOD]N TIMES4 ,MORE ?AN ?IS1 IT HAS /EADILY 9VAD$ ! POLITICAL DOMA91 :I*1 = ALL ITS PA/ %ORTCOM+S1 HAD EMP[]$ COMMUNITIES1 SOCIAL GR\P+S1 & 9DIVIDUALS4 ,SU* 9VASIONS HAVE NOT GONE UN*ALL5G$4 ,9DE$1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! /ATE ON ! ONE H& & ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL REALMS ON ! O!R HAS BE5 AN ONGO+ SUBT]RANEAN CIVIL W> = C5TURIES4 ,IT HAS (T5 BROK5 \T 9TO ! OP5 -- 9 MOD]N TIMES 9 ! CONFLICT ( ! ,CA/ILIAN CITIES 7COMUN]OS7 AGA9/ ! ,SPANI% MON>*Y 9 ! #a#e#bS1 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS AGA9/ ! C5TRALI/ ,JACOB9 ,CONV5TION ( #a#g#i#c1 & 9 5DLESS O!R CLA%ES BO? BE=E & AFT] !SE 5C\NT]S4 ,TODAY1 ) ! 9CREAS+ C5TRALIZATION & CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 ! NATION-/ATE1 A 0NEW POLITICS0 -- ONE ?AT IS G5U9ELY NEW -- MU/ BE /RUCTUR$ 9/ITUTIONALLY >\ND ! RE/ORATION ( P[] BY MUNICIPALITIES4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY NECESS>Y BUT POSSIBLE EV5 9 SU* GIGANTIC URBAN >EAS AS ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 ,MONTREAL1 ,LONDON1 & ,P>IS4 ,SU* URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS >E NOT1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 CITIES OR MUNICIPALITIES 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE ( ?OSE T]MS1 DESPITE BE+ DESIGNAT$ AS SU* BY SOCIOLOGI/S4 ,IT IS ONLY IF WE ?9K ?AT !Y >E CITIES ?AT WE BECOME MY/IFI$ BY PROBLEMS ( SIZE & LOGI/ICS4 ,EV5 BE=E WE CONFRONT ! ECOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVE ( PHYSICAL DEC5TRALIZATION 7A NECESSITY ANTICIPAT$ BY ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS & ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ALIKE71 WE NE$ FEEL NO PROBLEMS AB\T DEC5TRALIZ+ !M 9/ITUTIONALLY4 ,:5 ,FRANCOIS ,MITT]& TRI$ TO DEC5TRALIZE ,P>IS ) LOCAL CITY HALLS A FEW YE>S AGO1 HIS REASONS W]E /RICTLY TACTICAL 7HE WANT$ TO WEAK5 ! AU?ORITY ( ! CAPITAL'S RIGE METROPOLIS WAS IMPOSSIBLE BUT BECAUSE ! MAJORITY ( ! AFFLU5T ,P>ISIANS SUPPORT$ ! MAYOR4 ,CLE>LY1 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGES DO NOT OCCUR 9 A SOCIAL VACUUM4 ,NOR DO !Y GU>ANTEE ?AT A DEC5TRALIZ$ MUNICIPALITY1 EV5 IF IT IS /RUCTURALLY DEMOCRATIC4 WILL NECESS>ILY BE HUMANE1 RATIONAL1 & ECOLOGICAL 9 DEAL+ ) PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS PREMIS$ ON ! /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 A /RUGGLE ?AT DEP5DS ON $UCATION & ORGANIZATION4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+1 IT PRESUPPOSES A G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC DESIRE BY PEOPLE TO >RE/ ! GR[+ P[]S ( ! NATION-/ATE & RECLAIM !M = !IR COMMUNITY & !IR REGION4 ,UNLESS !RE IS A MOVEM5T -- HOPEFULLY AN EFFECTIVE ,LEFT ,GRE5 MOVEM5T -- TO FO/] !SE AIMS1 DEC5TRALIZATION CAN LEAD TO LOCAL P>O*IALISM AS EASILY AS IT CAN LEAD TO ECOLOGICAL HUMANI/ COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT :5 HAVE BASIC SOCIAL *ANGES EV] BE5 )\T RISK8 ,! CASE ?AT ,M>X'S COMMITM5T TO A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & PLANN$ ECONOMY W\LD 9EVITABLY YIELD BUREAUCRATIC TOTALIT>IANISM C\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] MADE ?AN ! CASE ?AT DEC5TRALIZ$ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITIES WILL 9EVITABLY BE AU?ORIT>IAN & HAVE EXCLUSION>Y & P>O*IAL TRAITS ,ECONOMIC 9T]DEP5D5CE IS A FACT ( LIFE TODAY1 & CAPITALISM ITSELF HAS MADE P>O*IAL AUT>*IES A *IM]A4 ,:ILE MUNICIPALITIES & REGIONS CAN SEEK TO ATTA9 A CONSID]ABLE MEASURE ( SELF-AUFFICI5CY1 WE HAVE LONG LEFT ! ]A :5 SELF-AUFFICI5T COMMUNITIES ?AT CAN 9DULGE !IR PREJUDICES >E POSSIBLE4 ,CONF$]ALISM ,EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS ! NE$ = CONF$]ATION -- ! 9T]L9K+ ( COMMUNITIES ) ONE ANO!R ?R\< RECALLABLE DEPUTIES M&AT$ BY MUNICIPAL CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES & :OSE SOLE FUNCTIONS >E COORD9ATIVE & ADM9I/RATIVE4 ,CONF$]ATION HAS A LONG HI/ORY ( ITS [N ?AT DATES BACK TO ANTIQUITY & ?AT SURFAC$ AS A MAJOR ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION /ATE4 ,FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION ?R\< ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 CONF$]ALISM CON/ITUT$ A MAJOR *ALL5GE TO /ATE C5TRALISM4 ,NOR HAS IT DISAPPE>$ 9 \R [N TIME1 :5 ! BREAKUP ( EXI/+ TW5TIE?-C5TURY EMPIRES RAISES ! ISSUE ( 5=C$ /ATE C5TRALISM OR ! RELATIVELY AUTONOM\S NATION4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ADDS A RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y DISCUSSIONS ( CONF$]ATION 7AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA7 BY CALL+ = CONF$]ATIONS NOT ( NATION-/ATES BUT ( MUNICIPALITIES & ( ! NEIEAS AS WELL AS T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,9 ! CASE ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM' P>O*IALISM CAN ?US BE *ECK$ NOT ONLY BY ! COMPELL+ REALITIES ( ECONOMIC 9T]DEP5D5CE BUT BY ! COMMITM5T ( MUNICIPAL M9ORITIES TO DEF] TO ! MAJORITY WI%ES ( P>TICIPAT+ COMMUNITIES4 ,DO !SE 9T]DEP5D5CIES & MAJORITY DECISIONS GU>ANTEE US ?AT A MAJORITY DECISION WILL BE A CORRECT ONE8 ,C]TA9LY NOT -- BUT \R *ANCES = A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY >E MU* BETT] 9 ?IS APPROA* ?AN 9 ?OSE ?AT RIDE ON C5TRALIZ$ 5TITIES & BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUSES4 ,I CANNOT HELP BUT M>VEL ?AT NO MUNICIPAL NETWORK HAS BE5 EM]G5T AMONG ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S1 :O HAVE HUNDR$S ( REPRES5TATIVES 9 CITY C\NCILS >\ND ,G]MANY BUT :O C>RY ON A LOCAL POLITICS ?AT IS COMPLETELY CONV5TIONAL & SELF 5CLOS$ )9 P>TICUL> T[NS & CITIES4 ,MANY >GUM5TS AGA9/ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM -- EV5 ) ITS /RONG CONF$]AL EMPHASIS D]IVE FROM A FAILURE TO UND]/& ITS DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICY-MAK+ & ADM9I/RATION4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS FUNDAM5TAL TO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & MU/ ALWAYS BE KEPT 9 M9D4 ,POLICY IS MADE BY A COMMUNITY OR NEIDS1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES4 ,IF P>TICUL> COMMUNITIES OR NEIE VIOLAT$ OR :]E ECOLOGICAL MAYHEM IS P]MITT$1 ! MAJORITY 9 A LOCAL OR REGIONAL CONF$]ATION HAS EV]Y RI$ AGREEM5T BY ALL TO RECOGNIZE CIVIL RIE NOT ASS]T$ SO MU* BY A CONF$]AL C\NCIL AS BY ! MAJORITY ( ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CONCEIV$ AS ONE L>GE COMMUNITY ?AT EXPRESSES ITS WI%ES ?R\< ITS CONF$]AL DEPUTIES4 ,?US POLICY-MAK+ /ILL REMA9S LOCAL1 BUT ITS ADM9I/RATION IS VE/$ 9 ! CONF$]AL NETWORK AS A :OLE4 ,! CONF$]ATION 9 EFFECT IS A ,COMMUNITY ( COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON DI/9CT HUMAN RIIAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT TO BE TOTALLY W>P$ ( ITS =M & DIVE/$ ( ITS MEAN+1 IT IS A DESID]ATUM ?AT MU/ BE F\IAN MUNICIPALISM =MS ! NEW POLITICS ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T & ULTIMATELY CAPTURES ! IMAG9ATION ( MILLIONS4 ,C]TA9 PO9TS1 H[EV]1 %\LD BE OBVI\S4 ,! PEOPLE :O 9ITIALLY 5T] 9TO ! DUEL BETWE5 CONF$]ALISM & /ATISM WILL NOT BE ! SAME HUMAN BE+S AS ?OSE :O EV5TUALLY A*IEVE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,! MOVEM5T ?AT TRIES TO $UCATE !M & ! /RUGGLES ?AT GIVE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PR9CIPLES REALITY WILL TURN !M 9TO ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 RA!R ?AN PASSIVE 'CON/ITU5TS40 ,NO ONE :O P>TICIPATES 9 A /RUGGLE = SOCIAL RE/RUCTUR+ EM]GES FROM ?AT /RUGGLE ) ! PREJUDICES1 HABITS1 & S5SIBILITIES ) :I* HE OR %E 5T]$ IT4 ,HOPEFULLY1 !N1 SU* PREJUDICES -- LIKE P>O*IALISM -- WILL 9CREAS+LY BE REPLAC$ BY A G5]\S S5SE ( COOP]ATION & A C>+ S5SE ( 9T]DEP5D5CE4 ,MUNICIPALIZ+ ! ,ECONOMY ,IT REMA9S TO EMPHASIZE ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT M]ELY AN EVOCATION ( ALL TRADITIONAL ANTI/ATI/ NOTIONS ( POLITICS4 ,JU/ AS IT R$EF9ES POLITICS TO 9CLUDE FACE-TO-FACE MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACIES GRADUAT$ TO CONF$]AL LEVELS1 SO IT 9CLUDES A MUNICIPALI/ & CONF$]AL APPROA* TO ECONOMICS4 ,M9IMALLY1 A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ ECONOMICS CALLS = ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 NOT ITS C5TRALIZATION 9TO /ATE-[N$ 0NATIONALIZ$0 5T]PRISES ON ! ONE H& OR ITS R$UCTION TO 0WORK]-CONTROLL$0 =MS ( COLLECTIVI/IC CAPITALISM ON ! O!R4 ,TRADE-UNION CONTROL ( 0WORK] CONTROLL$0 5T]PRISES 7?AT IS1 SYNDICALISM7 HAS HAD ITS DAY4 ,?IS %\LD BE EVID5T TO ANYONE :O EXAM9ES ! BUREAUCRACIES ?AT EV5 REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS SPAWN$ DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#i#c#f4 ,TODAY1 CORPORATE CAPITALISM TOO IS 9CREAS+LY EAG] TO BR+ ! WORK] 9TO COMPLICITY ) HIS OR H] [N EXPLOITATION BY MEANS ( 0WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY40 ,NOR WAS ! REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 OR 9 O!R C\NTRIES SP>$ ! EXI/5CE ( COMPETITION AMONG WORK]-CONTROLL$ 5T]PRISES = RAW MAT]IALS1 M>KETS1 & PR(ITS4 ,EV5 MORE REC5TLY1 MANY ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM HAVE BE5 FAILURES AS EXAMPLES ( NONEXPLOITATIVE1 NE$-ORI5T$ 5T]PRISES1 DESPITE ! HI< IDEALS ) :I* !Y W]E 9ITIALLY F\ND$4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM PROPOSES A RADICALLY DIFF]5T =M ( ECONOMY ONE ?AT IS NEI!R NATIONALIZ$ NOR COLLECTIVIZ$ ACCORD+ TO SYNDICALI/ PRECEPTS4 ,IT PROPOSES ?AT L& & 5T]PRISES BE PLAC$ 9CREAS+LY 9 ! CU/ODY ( ! COMMUNITY MORE PRECISELY1 ! CU/ODY ( CITIZ5S 9 FREE ASSEMBLIES & !IR DEPUTIES 9 CONF$]AL C\NCILS4 ,H[ WORK %\LD BE PLANN$1 :AT TE*NOLOGIES %\LD BE US$1 H[ GOODS %\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ >E QUE/IONS ?AT CAN ONLY BE RESOLV$ 9 PRACTICE4 ,! MAXIM 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S0 W\LD SEEM A B$ROCK GUIDE = AN ECONOMICALLY RATIONAL SOCIETY1 PROVID$ TO BE SURE ?AT GOODS >E ( ! HIE GUID$ BY RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL /&>DS1 & ?AT ! ANCI5T NOTIONS ( LIMIT & BALANCE REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS M>KETPLACE IMP]ATIVE ( 0GR[ OR DIE40 ,9 SU* A MUNICIPAL ECONOMY -- CONF$]AL1 9T]DEP5D5T1 & RATIONAL BY ECOLOGICAL1 NOT SIMPLY TE*NOLOGICAL1 /&>DS -- WE W\LD EXPECT ?AT ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ?AT DIVIDE PEOPLE TODAY 9TO WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 MANAG]S1 & ! LIKE W\LD BE MELD$ 9TO A G5]AL 9T]E/ 9 :I* PEOPLE SEE !MSELVES AS CITIZ5S GUID$ /RICTLY BY ! NE$S ( !IR COMMUNITY & REGION RA!R ?AN BY P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES & VOCATIONAL CONC]NS4 ,H]E1 CITIZ5%IP W\LD COME 9TO ITS [N1 & RATIONAL AS WELL AS ECOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! PUBLIC GOOD W\LD SUPPLANT CLASS & HI]>*ICAL 9T]E/S4 ,?IS IS ! MORAL BASIS ( A MORAL ECONOMY = MORAL COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT ( OV]>*+ IMPORTANCE IS ! G5]AL SOCIAL 9T]E/ ?AT POT5TIALLY UND]P9S ALL MORAL COMMUNITIES1 AN 9T]E/ ?AT MU/ ULTIMATELY CUT ACROSS CLASS1 G5D]1 E?NIC1 & /ATUS L9ES IF HUMANITY IS TO CONT9UE TO EXI/ AS A VIABLE SPECIES4 ,?IS 9T]E/ IS ! ONE CREAT$ 9 \R TIMES BY ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,CAPITALISM'S 0GR[ OR DIE0 IMP]ATIVE /&S RADICALLY AT ODDS ) ECOLOGY'S IMP]ATIVE ( 9T]DEP5D5CE & LIMIT ,! TWO IMP]ATIVES CAN NO LONG] COEXI/ ) EA* O!R -- NOR CAN ANY SOCIETY F\ND$ ON ! MY? ?AT !Y CAN BE RECONCIL$ HOPE TO SURVIVE4 ,EI!R WE WILL E/ABLI% AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 OR SOCIETY WILL GO UND] = EV]YONE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( HIS OR H] /ATUS4 ,WILL ?IS ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY BE AU?ORIT>IAN1 OR POSSIBLY EV5 TOTALIT>IAN1 A HI]>*ICAL DISP5SATION ?AT IS IMPLICIT 9 ! IMAGE ( ! PLANET AS A 0SPACE%IP0 ,OR WILL IT BE DEMOCRATIC8 ,IF HI/ORY IS ANY GUIDE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A COMM5D ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 MU/ FOLL[ ITS [N LOGIC4 ,ONE CANNOT RESOLVE ?IS HI/ORICAL DILEMMA )\T GETT+ TO ITS ROOTS4 ,)\T A SE>*+ ANALYSIS ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS & !IR SOCIAL S\RCES1 ! P]NICI\S 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WE N[ HAVE WILL LEAD TO 9CREAS$ C5TRALIZATION & FUR!R ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,9 A DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ?OSE ROOTS >E LIT]ALLY ! GRASS ROOTS ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM SEEKS TO FO/]4 ,= ?OSE :O RIGELY = PR(IT1 MILIT>Y NE$S1 & IMP]IAL APPETITES -- ON A GLOBAL SCALE ) A SEEM+ COMPLEXITY ?AT CAN ACTUALLY BE EASILY DIM9I%$4 ,IF ?IS SEEMS TOO 0UTOPIAN0 = \R TIME1 !N SO MU/ ! PRES5T FLOOD ( LIT]ATURE ?AT ASKS = RADICALLY SWEEP+ %IFTS 9 5]GY POLICIES1 F>-REA*+ R$UCTIONS 9 AIR & WAT] POLLUTION1 & ! =MULATION ( WORLDWIDE PLANS TO >RE/ GLOBAL W>M+ & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OZONE LAY] BE SE5 AS 0UTOPIAN40 ,IS IT TOO MU*1 IT IS FAIR TO ASK1 TO TAKE SU* DEM&S ONE /EP FUR!R & CALL = 9/ITUTIONAL & ECONOMIC *ANGES ?AT >E NO LESS DRA/IC & ?AT 9 FACT >E BAS$ ON TRADITIONS ?AT >E DEEPLY S$IM5T$ 9 ,AM]ICAN -- 9DE$1 ! WORLD'S -- NOBLE/ DEMOCRATIC & POLITICAL TRADITIONS8 ,NOR >E WE OBLIG$ TO EXPECT !SE *ANGES TO OCCUR IMM$IATELY4 ,! ,LEFT LONG WORK$ ) M9IMUM & MAXIMUM PROGRAMS = *ANGE1 9 :I* IMM$IATE /EPS ?AT CAN BE TAK5 N[ W]E L9K$ BY TRANSITIONAL ADVANCES & 9T]M$IATE >EAS ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY YIELD ULTIMATE GOALS4 ,M9IMAL /EPS ?AT CAN BE TAK5 N[ 9CLUDE 9ITIAT+ ,LEFT ,GRE5 MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT PROPOSE POPUL> NEI 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!SE M9IMAL /EPS CAN LEAD /EP-BY-/EP TO ! =MATION ( CONF$]AL BODIES & ! 9CREAS+ LEGITIMATION ( TRULY DEMOCRATIC BODIES4 ,CIVIC BANKS TO FUND MUNICIPAL 5T]PRISES & L& PUR*ASES2 ! FO/]+ ( NEW ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ 5T]PRISES ?AT >E [N$ BY ! COMMUNITY2 & ! CREATION ( GRASSROOTS NETWORKS 9 MANY FIELDS ( 5DEAVOR & ! PUBLIC WEAL -- ALL !SE CAN BE DEVELOP$ AT A PACE APPROPRIATE TO *ANGES ?AT >E BE+ MADE 9 POLITICAL LIFE4 ,?AT CAPITAL WILL LIKELY 0MIGRATE0 FROM COMMUNITIES & CONF$]ATIONS ?AT >E MOV+ T[>D LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A PROBLEM ?AT EV]Y COMMUNITY1 EV]Y NATION1 :OSE POLITICAL LIFE HAS BECOME RADICALIZ$ HAS FAC$4 ,CAPITAL1 9 FACT1 NORMALLY 0MIGRATES0 TO >EAS :]E IT CAN ACQUIRE HI< PR(ITS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,OV]:ELM$ BY FE>S ( CAPITAL MIGRATION1 A GOOD CASE C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ = NOT ROCK+ ! POLITICAL BOAT AT ANY TIME4 ,F> MORE TO ! PO9T >E ?AT MUNICIPALLY [N$ 5T]PRISES & F>MS C\LD PROVIDE NEW ECOLOGICALLY VALUABLE & HEAL?-N\RI%+ PRODUCTS TO A PUBLIC ?AT IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY AW>E ( ! L[-QUALITY GOODS & /APLES ?AT >E BE+ FOI/$ ON IT N[4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A POLITICS ?AT CAN EXCITE ! PUBLIC IMAG9ATION1 APPROPRIATE = A MOVEM5T ?AT IS DIRELY 9 NE$ ( A S5SE ( DIRECTION & PURPOSE4 ,! PAP]S ?AT APPE> 9 ?IS COLLECTION (F] IDEAS1 WAYS1 & MEANS NOT ONLY TO UNDO ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] BUT TO REMAKE IT DRA/ICALLY -- EXP&+ ITS RESIDUAL DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS 9TO A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,A,D,D,5,D,U,M ,?IS ADD5DUM SEEMS TO BE NECESS>Y BECAUSE SOME ( ! OPPON5TS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM -- &1 REGRETTABLY1 SOME ( ITS ACOLYTE -- MISUND]/& :AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM SEEKS TO A*IEVE 9DE$1 MISUND]/& ITS V]Y NATURE4 ,= SOME ( ITS 9/RUM5TAL ACOLYTES1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS BECOM+ A TACTICAL DEVICE TO GA9 5TRY 9TO SO CALL$ 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5TS & NEW ?IRD P>TIES ?AT CALL = 0GRASSROOTS POLITICS10 SU* AS ?OSE PROPOS$ BY ,N,[ & C]TA9 ,LABOR LEAD]S ,9 ! NAME ( 0LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM10 SOME RADICAL ACOLYTES ( ! VIEW >E PREP>$ TO BLUR ! T5SION ?AT !Y %\LD CULTIVATE BETWE5 ! CIVIC REALM & ! /ATE -- PRESUMABLY TO GA9 GREAT] PUBLIC ATT5TION 9 ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS = GUB]NATORIAL1 CONGRESSIONAL1 & O!R /ATE (FICES4 ,!SE RADICALS REGRETTABLY W>P LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9TO A M]E 0TACTIC0 OR 0/RATEGY0 & DRA9 IT ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T4 ,BUT ?OSE :O PROPOSE TO USE T5ETS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM = 0TACTICAL0 REASONS AS A MEANS TO 5T] ANO!R RE=MI/ P>TY OR FUNCTION AS ITS 0LEFT W+0 HAVE LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! IDEA4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT A PRODUCT ( ! =MAL LOGIC ?AT HAS SU* DEEP ROOTS 9 LEFT-W+ 0ANALYZES0 & 0/RATEGIES0 TODAY1 DESPITE ! CLAIMS ( MANY RADICALS ?AT 0DIALECTICS0 IS !IR 0ME?OD40 ,! /RUGGLE T[>D CREAT+ NEW CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS \T ( OLD ONES 7OR REPLAC+ ! OLD ONES ALTOGE!R7 & CREAT+ CIVIC CONF$]ATIONS IS A SELF =MATIVE ONE1 A CREATIVE DYNAMIC =M$ FROM ! T5SION ( SOCIAL CONFLICT4 ,! EF=T TO WORK ALONG !SE L9ES IS AS MU* A P>T ( ! 5D AS ! PROCESS ( MATUR+ FROM ! *ILD TO ! ADULT -- FROM ! RELATIVELY UNDIFF]5TIAT$ TO ! FULLY DIFF]5TIAT$ -- ) ALL ITS DIFFICULTIES4 ,! V]Y FID A*IEV+ A NEW E?OS ( CITIZ5%IP & COMMUNITY1 NOT SIMPLY TO GA9 VICTORIES 9 L>GELY RE=MI/ CONFLICTS4 ,?US1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT M]ELY AN EF=T SIMPLY TO 0TAKE OV]0 CITY C\NCILS TO CON/RUCT A MORE 05VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY0 CITY GOV]NM5T4 ,!SE ADH]5TS OR OPPON5TS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 9 EFFECT1 LOOK AT ! CIVIC /RUCTURES ?AT EXI/ BE=E !IR EYES N[ & ESS5TIALLY 7ALL RHETORIC TO ! CONTR>Y ASIDE7 TAKE !M AS !Y EXI/4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 BY CONTRA/1 IS AN EF=T TO TRANS=M & DEMOCRATIZE CITY GOV]NM5TS1 TO ROOT !M 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 TO KNIT !M TOGE!R ALONG CONF$]AL L9ES1 TO APPROPRIATE A REGIONAL ECONOMY ALONG CONF$]AL & MUNICIPAL L9ES4 ,9 FACT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM GA9S ITS LIFE & ITS 9TEGRITY PRECISELY FROM ! DIALECTICAL T5SION IT PROPOSES BETWE5 ! NATION-/ATE & ! MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATION4 ,ITS 0LAW ( LIFE10 TO USE AN OLD ,M>XIAN T]M1 CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ITS /RUGGLE ) ! /ATE4 ,! T5SION BETWE5 MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS & ! /ATE MU/ BE CLE> & UNCOMPROMIS+4 ,S9CE !SE CONF$]ATIONS W\LD EXI/ PRIM>ILY 9 OPPOSITION TO /ATECRAFT1 !Y CANNOT BE COMPROMIS$ BY /ATE1 PROV9CIAL1 OR NATIONAL ELECTIONS1 MU* LESS A*IEV$ BY !SE MEANS4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS =M$ BY ITS /RUGGLE ) ! /ATE1 /R5G!N$ BY ?IS /RUGGLE1 9DE$ DEF9$ BY ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,DIVE/$ ( ?IS DIALECTICAL T5SION ) ! /ATE1 ( ?IS DUALITY ( P[] ?AT MU/ ULTIMATELY BE ACTUALIZ$ 9 A FREE 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES10 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM BECOMES LITTLE MORE ?AN 0SEW] SOCIALISM40 ,MANY H]OIC COMRADES :O >E PREP>$ TO DO BATTLE 7ONE DAY7 ) ! COSMIC =CES ( CAPITALISM F9D ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS TOO ?ORNY1 IRRELEVANT1 OR VAGUE TO DEAL ) & OPT = :AT IS BASICALLY A =M ( POLITICAL P>TICUL>ISM4 ,\R SPRAY-CAN OR ' ALT]NATIVE CAFE0 RADICALS MAY *OOSE TO BRU% LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ASIDE AS 0A LUDICR\S TACTIC10 BUT IT NEV] CEASES TO AMAZE ME ?AT WELL-MEAN+ RADICALS :O >E COMMITT$ TO ! 0OV]?R[0 ( CAPITALISM 7NO LESS67 F9D IT TOO DIFFICULT TO FUNCTION POLITICALLY -- &1 YES1 ELECTORALLY -- 9 !IR [N NEIK ! MORE MATURE LEFT MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/1 ,I F9D IT V]Y H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y WILL EV] DO MU* H>M TO ! PRES5T SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,9DE$1 BY CREAT+ CULTURAL C5T]S1 P>KS1 & GOOD H\S+1 !Y MAY WELL BE IMPROV+ ! SY/EM BY GIV+ CAPITALISM A HUMAN FACE )\T DIM9I%+ ITS UND] LY+ UNFRE$OM AS A HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETY4 ,A B\QUET ( /RUGGLES = 0ID5TITY0 HAS (T5 FRACTUR$ RIS+ RADICAL MOVEM5TS S9CE ,S,D,S 9 ! #a#i#fS1 RANG+ FROM =EIGN TO DOME/IC NATIONALISMS4 ,BECAUSE !SE ID5TITY /RUGGLES >E SO POPUL> TODAY1 SOME ( ! CRITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9VOKE 0PUBLIC OP9ION0 AGA9/ IT4 ,BUT :5 HAS IT BE5 ! TASK ( REVOLUTION>IES TO SURR5D] TO 0PUBLIC OP9ION0 NOT EV5 ! 0PUBLIC OP9ION0 ( ! OPPRESS$1 :OSE VIEWS CAN (T5 BE V]Y REACTION>Y8 ,TRU? HAS ITS [N LIFE -- REG>DLESS ( :E!R ! OPPRESS$ MASSES P]CEIVE OR AGREE ON :AT IS TRUE4 ,NOR IS IT 0ELITI/0 TO 9VOKE TRU?1 9 CONTRADICTION TO EV5 RADICAL PUBLIC OP9ION1 :5 ?AT OP9ION ESS5TIALLY SEEKS A M>* BACKW>D 9TO ! POLITICS ( P>TICUL>ISM & EV5 RACISM4 ,IT IS V]Y EASY TO DROP TO ALL F\RS !SE DAYS1 BUT AS RADICALS \R MO/ IMPORTANT NE$ IS TO /& ON TWO FEET -- ?AT IS1 TO BE AS FULLY HUMAN AS POSSIBLE -- & TO *ALL5GE ! EXI/+ SOCIETY 9 BEHALF ( \R %>$ COMMON HUMANITY1 NOT ON ! BASIS ( G5D]1 RACE1 AGE1 & ! LIKE4 ,CRITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM EV5 DISPUTE ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( A 0G5]AL 9T]E/40 ,IF1 = SU* CRITICS1 ! FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY ADVOCAT$ BY LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & ! NE$ TO EXT5D ! PREMISES ( DEMOCRACY BEYOND M]E JU/ICE TO COMPLETE FRE$OM DO NOT SUFFICE AS A 0G5]AL 9T]E/10 IT W\LD SEEM TO ME ?AT ! NE$ TO REPAIR \R RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD IS C]TA9LY A 0G5]AL 9T]E/0 ?AT IS BEYOND DISPUTE -- &1 9DE$1 IT REMA9S ! 0G5]AL 9T]E/0 ADVANC$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO COOPT MANY DISSATISFI$ ELEM5TS 9 ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 BUT NATURE IS NOT COOPTABLE4 ,9DE$1 ! ONLY POLITICS ?AT REMA9S = ! ,LEFT IS ONE BAS$ ON ! PREMISE ?AT !RE IS A 0G5]AL 9T]E/0 9 DEMOCRATIZ+ SOCIETY & PRES]V+ ! PLANET ,N[ ?AT TRADITIONAL =CES SU* AS ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAVE EBB$ FROM ! HI/ORICAL SC5E1 IT CAN BE SAID ) ALMO/ COMPLETE C]TA9TY ?AT )\T LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ! LEFT WILL HAVE NO POLITICS :ATEV]4 ,A DIALECTICAL VIEW ( ! RELATION%IP ( CONF$]ALISM TO ! NATION-/ATE1 AN UND]/&+ ( ! N>R[NESS1 9TROV]T$ *>ACT]1 & P>O*IALISM ( ID5TITY-MOVEM5TS4 & A RECOGNITION ?AT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS ESS5TIALLY DEAD ALL ILLU/RATE ?AT IF A NEW POLITICS IS GO+ TO DEVELOP TODAY1 IT MU/ BE UNFL9*+LY PUBLIC1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ALT]NATIVE-CAFE 0POLITICS0 ADVANC$ BY MANY RADICALS TODAY4 ,IT MU/ BE ELECTORAL ON A MUNICIPAL BASIS1 CONF$]AL 9 ITS VISION1 & REVOLUTION>Y 9 ITS *>ACT]4 ,9DE$1 9 MY VIEW1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON CONF$]ALISM1 IS PRECISELY ! 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES0 = :I* AN>*I/S HAVE F\TICLE WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ AS ! 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY ,PROJECT'S ,READ+S 9 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM1 A COLLECTION ( WRIT+S ON ! SUBJECT4 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES - ,OCTOB] #aiia ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #aiia 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW -- ,ADD$4 ,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/