,*APT] #f 
,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 ,AN>*ISM1 ,SYNDICALISM & ,SOVV]SIVISMO 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#f4 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 ,AN>*ISM1 ,SYNDICALISM & ,SOVV]SIVISMO 

,C>L ,LEVY 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI'S ,M>XISM & ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ TRADITIONS IS COMPLEX & 9TRIGU+ BUT IT IS OV]LOOK$ BY MO/ ( HIS S*OL>LY 9T]LOCUTORS4 ,I HAVE >GU$ ?AT !RE >E A NUMB] ( ELECTIVE AFF9ITIES BETWE5 ! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI'S UNOR?ODOX ,M>XISM & ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ TRADITION1 & ?AT ,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPT ( 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY1 ELABORAT$ DUR+ ! ]A ( ! FACTORY C\NCILS 9 ,TUR9 7#a#i#a#i-#a#i#b71 WAS %AP$ ?R\< HIS 5C\NT]S ) AN>*I/S1 SELF-$UCAT$ WORK]S & =MALLY $UCAT$ TE*NICIANS EMPLOY$ BY ,FIAT & O!RS4 ,HIS RELATION%IP TO ! AN>*I/S RUNS F> DEEP] ?AN AN ,ITALIAN V>IATION ( ! TACTICAL POLITICAL PLOY1 :I* ,L59 9DULG$ 9 HIS AN>*I/-S\ND+ PRON\NCEM5TS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! SPR+ & E>LY SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g4 

,H]E ,I FOCUS ON ! PRE- ',BI5NIO ,ROSSO ,GRAMSCI1' 9 ORD] TO %[ ?AT ,GRAMSCI'S AMALGAM ( LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN ?\<T WAS ALREADY =MULAT$ BE=E HE 5C\NT]$ ! ,L59I/ MODEL4 ,?REE ASPECTS ( ! PRE-,L59I/ ,GRAMSCI'S ,M>XISM S]VE AS B5*M>KS TO EVALUATE ! 9T]ACTION ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T & ACTION ) ,GRAMSCI'S SOCIAL ?\<T3 VOLUNT>ISM1 PREFIGURATION & HIS NASC5T CONCEPTION ( HEGEMONY AS IS EVID5T 9 HIS ATTITUDES T[>DS LANGUAGE1 $UCATION & FREE ?\<T4 

,GRAMSCI'S 9TRODUCTION TO ,M>XISM WAS FILT]$ ?R\< A PHILOSOPHICAL CULTURE ( VOLUNT>ISM ?AT P]MEAT$ ! ,ITALIAN UNIV]SITIES ( ANTEBELLUM ,ITALY1 :OSE MYRIAD V>IATIONS ON ! !ME W]E F\ND 9 ,EUROPEAN & ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN PHILOSOPHY 7ACTUALISM1 PRAGMATISM1 ,B]GSONISM & SO ON7 & W]E RIGOR\SLY D5\NC$ BY ,L59 & LAT] BY ,BUKH>9 7:O WAS ROA/$ = NAIVE MAT]IALISM BY ,GRAMSCI 9 ,PRISON ,NOTEBOOKS74.<#d#e.> ,! !ME ( VOLUNT>ISM IS DIRECTLY CONNECT$ TO ,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPT ( PREFIGURATION4.<#d#f.> ,SIMPLY PUT1 PREFIGURATION IMPLIES ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! FUTURE SOCIALI/ SOCIETY %\LD BE =E%AD[$ 9 ! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 CIVIL SOCIETY UND] CAPITALISM4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ?IS SOLVE ! DILEMMA ( H[ ONE GETS FROM ! CAPITALI/ TO SOCIALI/ /AGE ( HI/ORY1 IT ALSO IMPLIES ! LIB]T>IAN POT5TIAL ( WORK+-CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,= ,GRAMSCI1 !ORETICAL ,M>XI/ VOLUNT>ISM IS EMBODI$ 9 SELF-ORGANIZATION 9 CIVIL SOCIETY4 

,GRAMSCI WAS NO AN>*I/ OR SYNDICALI/1 BUT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM S]V$ AS FOILS TO =GE ,GRAMSCIAN SOCIAL ?\<T & POLITICAL ACTION4 ,9 HIS >GUM5TS ) ! LIB]T>IANS BE=E HIS 5C\NT]S ) ,L59 & :AT BECAME KN[N AS ,L59ISM1 ,GRAMSCI HAD ALREADY OP5$ HIS ?\<T TO A READY ACCEPTANCE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOLUTIONS PROPOS$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECTS ( ! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI1 H[EV]1 P>ADOXICALLY >E D]IV$ FROM ! LIB]T>IAN-LIKE VOLUNT>ISM ( HIS POLITICAL ?\<T1 NOT FROM ! DET]M9ISM ( ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,M>XISM1 EV5 ,L59'S RADICAL V>IANT4.<#d#g.> ,9 ! REMA9D] ( ?IS *APT]1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ,I WILL EXAM9E H[ ! E>LY ,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPT ( PREFIGURATION & HIS MA/] T]M1 HEGEMONY1 >E FLE%$ \T 9 ?IS DIALOGUE ) AN>*I/1 SYNDICALI/1 & LIB]T>IAN CULTURE MORE BROADLY CONCEIV$4 ,BUT IT IS HIS =M ( P$AGOGICAL SOCIALISM1 DR5*$ 9 ,G5TILEAN ASSUMPTIONS1 :I* DEMON/RATES ! !ORETICAL GULF SEP>AT+ HIS APP>5T LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM FROM ! POSITIVI/ CULTURE ( ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4 

,A SECOND !ME ( ! DISCUSSION1 RELEVANT TO ,GRAMSCI'S RELATION%IP ) ! AN>*I/S1 IS HIS CONCEPT ( ! SUBALT]N4 ,! T]M 'SUBALT]N' RELATES TO ,GRAMSCIAN KEYWORDS3 COMMON S5SE1 GOOD S5SE1 & SOVV]SIVISMO 7'SUBV]SIVISM'71.<#d#h.> & IT REOP5S ! CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S CONC]N+ ! CLASS BASIS ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,IS ! ,GRAMSCIAN CONCEPT ( ! SUBALT]N M]ELY A MORE SYMPA!TIC BUT ULTIMATELY PATRONIZ+ & PAT]NALI/ V]SION ( ?AT OLD ,M>XI/ CAN>D1 ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT8.<#d#i.> ,& IS ,GRAMSCI'S SEEM+LY SYMPA!TIC ACC\NT ( 'PRIMITIVE REBELS' JU/ AN OP5-M9D$ V]SION ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL GAZE8.<#d#a.> ,9DE$1 ! GAZE ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM ADOPT$1 S9CE HE CLAIM$ ,GRAMSCI 9SPIR$ HIS #aiei /UDY ( 'PRIMITIVE REBELS'8.<#d#a#a.> ,W]E ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S M]ELY POLITICALLY P]NICI\S MOD]N V]SIONS ( LESS ?REAT5+ 7TO ,M>XI/ POLITICAL HEGEMONY7 E>LI] RELIGI\S-BAS$ MILL5>IANS8 ,?US A DISCUSSION ( ,GRAMSCI'S 5C\NT] ) AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S IS 9H]5TLY 9T]E/+ = HIS 9TELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHY & HIS TYPE ( ,M>XISM1 & E*OES AN E>LI] PATT]N ( 5C\NT]S BY ,M>X ) ,/IRN]1 ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94.<#d#a#b.> ,! QUE/ION ( ,GRAMSCI'S TAKE ON ! SUBALT]N & ! PRIMITIVE REBELS IS ALSO A FRUITFUL WAY ( 9T]ROGAT+ ,GRAMSCI'S RELATION%IP TO ! HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM1 :I* ,I HAVE DISCUSS$ ELSE:]E4.<#d#a#c.> 

,PREFIGURATION & ! 'LIB]T>IAN ,GRAMSCI' 

,GRAMSCI1 ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA & ! AN>*I/S ,GRAMSCI EMPLOY$ ! DAILY CONC]NS ( ,TUR9'S LABOR & COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5TS AS LABORATORIES TO DEVELOP & ILLU/RATE HIS MORE COMPLEX !ORETICAL CONCEPTIONS V]Y E>LY 9 HIS C>E] -- ONE OR TWO YE>S BE=E ,GRAMSCI BEGAN TO PROMOTE ! ',SOVIETI/1' ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN OR 9CIPI5T ,TUR9ESE V]SIONS ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM4.<#d#a#d.> 

,IT WAS PRECISELY DUR+ HIS DISCUSSION ( ! COOP]ATIVE ?AT ,GRAMSCI C>RI$ \T A SU/A9$ ANALYSIS ( ,M>XI/ PHILOSOPH] ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA 7#a#h#d#c-#a#i#d74.<#d#a#e.> ,IT WAS ,LABRIOLA'S READ+ ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( PRAXIS ?AT ALL[$ ,GRAMSCI TO USE A DI/+UI%$ IF POLITICALLY M>G9AL ,M>XI/ S*OL> TO *ALL5GE ! OR?ODOXIES ( ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,M>XISM DUR+ ! W> YE>S 7#a#i#a#e-#a#i#a#h74 

,AL?\< !Y W]E FROM DIFF]5T G5]ATIONS1 !IR RELATION%IPS ) ! AN>*I/S W]E /RIK+LY SIMIL>4 ,BO? M5 WORK$ ) PROLET>IAN AN>*I/S1 BUT JU/ LIKE ,GRAMSCI1 ,LABRIOLA DIFF]5TIAT$ BETWE5 ,JACOB9ICAL 'CAPI'1 ! SPO/ATI DELLA BOR<ESIA 7B\RGEOIS DROP\TS71 ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! AN>*I/ WORK]S :OM ,LABRIOLA HAD HELP$ DUR+ ! ,ROMAN BUILD]S' /RIKE 9 ! E>LY #a#h#iS4 ,AL?\< ,LABRIOLA WAS CAPABLE ( DIFF]5TIAT+ BETWE5 ! 'REASONABLE' AN>*ISM ( ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & T]RORI/ BOMB]S & ASSASS9S1 HE NEV] TOOK ! 9TELLECTUAL PREMISES ( AN>*ISM V]Y S]I\SLY4 

,GRAMSCI & ,LABRIOLA BAS$ ! SUP]IORITY ( ,M>XISM OV] O!R =MS ( SOCIALISM ON ITS ABILITY TO =GE A WORLD VIEW ?AT REQUIR$ LITTLE BORR[+ FROM O!R SY/EMS ( PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T1 & ?IS CAUS$ !M TO FI<T AGA9/ ! M>RIAGE ( POSITIVISM & ,M>XISM4 ,!Y D5I$ ! 9TELLECTUAL VALIDITY ( O!R SY/EMS ( SOCIALISM1 P>TICUL>LY AN>*ISM1 BUT 9 !IR SE>* = AUTONOM\S WORK+-CLASS 9/ITUTIONS IMM]S$ 9 CIVIL SOCIETY & ) A %>$ HO/ILITY TO /ATE HELP OR 9T]V5TIONISM1 !Y F\ND AN APPRECIATION 9 ! WORK ( ,GEORGES ,SOREL1 A CLOSE CORRESPOND5T ( ,LABRIOLA 9 ! #a#h#iS &1 9 HIS LA/ YE>S1 AN ADMIR] ( ,GRAMSCI & HIS Y\NG COMRADES 9 ,TUR9 9 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b4 

,! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI1 ,SOREL & ! AN>*I/S 

,MO/ ACC\NTS ( ,GRAMSCI EMPHASIZE HIS %>P DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! TRADE UNION1 A RE=MI/ 9/ITUTION IMM]S$ 9 ! LOGIC ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KETPLACE & ! FACTORY C\NCIL1 REPRES5TATIVE ( ! RANK & FILE1 SUBV]SIVE ( LABOR AS A COMMODITY1 REFLECT+ ! PRODUCTIVI/ & FUNCTIONALI/ PR]EQUISITES ( FUTURE SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY4 

,AN >TICLE ON CONSUM] CO-OP]ATIVES BY ,GRAMSCI1 ',SOCIALISM & ,COOP]ATION' 7#c ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#f1 PUBLI%$ 9 ! LOCAL J\RNAL ( ! ,TUR9ESE SOCIALI/ COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T1 ,L',ALLEANZA ,CO-OP]ATIVA71 IS BA!D 9 ,SORELIAN ALLUSIONS & ?\<T PATT]NS4.<#d#a#f.> ,FIR/1 HE MADE IT ABUNDANTLY CLE> ?AT SOCIALISM HAD TO BE PRODUCTIVI/1 E*O+ ,SOREL4 ,CONSUM] CO-OP]ATIVES W]E NOT1 NOR C\LD !Y BE1 C5TRAL TO !SE POLITICS4 ,SOCIALISM1 HE WROTE 'IS NOT SIMPLY TO SOLVE ! DI/RIBUTION ( F9I%$ PRODUCTS1' BUT ONE MU/ ACCEL]ATE PRODUCTION1 SO ?AT1 'COLLECTIVISM WILL S]VE TO ACCEL]ATE ! RHY?M ( PRODUCTION ITSELF1 BY ELIM9AT+ ALL ?OSE >TIFICIAL FACTORS ( PRODUCTIVITY4'.<#d#a#g.> 

,SOCIALI/ CO-OP]ATIVES HAD TO /E] CLE> ( ! M$DLESOME & CORRUPT+ 9FLU5CES ( B\RGEOIS LEGISLATION & ! /ATE4 ,IF CO-OP]ATIVES DID NOT S]VE ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS !Y W]E PROTECTIONI/1 P>ASITICAL ORGANIZATIONS ?AT GAVE RISE TO A GR\P ( PRIVILEG$ WORK]S1 :O W]E SUCCESSFUL AT FREE+ !MSELVES P>TIALLY FROM CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 BUT :OSE ACTIONS W]E H>MFUL TO !IR CLASS SPECIFICALLY & CO/LY TO PRODUCTION MORE G5]ALLY4 ,?US ,GRAMSCI'S E>LY RADICALISM CAN BE PLAC$ )9 ! CULTURAL CONTEXT ( ! PRE-W> SYNDICALI/ WAVE1 :I* 5VELOP$ ! GLOBE & EMBRAC$ A CRITIQUE ( CRONY & /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ,LONDON ! EXIL$ ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ADAPT$ ,HILLAIRE ,BELLOC'S CRITIQUE ( A ',S]VILE ,/ATE' & IMPORT$ IT 9TO ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT'S OPPOSITION TO /ATI/ RE=MISM1 MIRROR+ ! E>LY ,GRAMSCI4.<#d#a#h.> 

,GRAMSCI'S G5]AL T5OR ( DISCUSSION IS L9K$ TO HIS E>LI] CONNECTIONS ) FREE-TRADE SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/S 9 ,S>D9IA & ,TUR94.<#d#a#i.> ,PREVI\SLY1 ,GAETANO ,SALVEM9I1 ! FREE-TRADE SOCIALI/ :O CRITICIZ$ '! DICTATOR%IP' ( ! NOR? ( ,ITALY OV] ! D[NTRODD5 S\?1 HAD BE5 A MAJOR 9FLU5CE1 & DUR+ ! W> ,GRAMSCI $IT$ A SPECIAL ISSUE ( ! LOCAL ,TUR9ESE SOCIALI/ NEWSPAP]1 ,IL ,GRIDO DEL ,POPOLO1 DEVOT$ TO ! NECESS>Y CONNECTIONS BETWE5 FREE TRADE & SOCIALISM4 ,FREE TRADE1 ,GRAMSCI BELIEV$1 W\LD HELP TO LESS5 ! NOR?_/S\? DIVIDE BUT IT WAS ALSO C5TRAL TO ! DEF9ITION ( HIS =M ( SOCIALISM4 

,GRAMSCI WAS ALSO ATTRACT$ TO ! ,5GLI% RADICAL LIB]ALS :O F\ND$ ! ,UNION = ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONTROL1 & P>TICUL>LY ,NORMAN ,ANGELL1 :OSE W>TIME WRIT+S1 ,GRAMSCI CLAIM$1 %[$ ?AT PROTECTIONI/ /ATE SOCIALISM OR /ATE CAPITALISM W]E UNIV]SAL EVILS >IS+ FROM ! 9H]5T DEM&S ( ! WORLD CONFLICT4 ,?IS P]VASIVE ',PRUSSIANISM' 7HIS REVEAL+ SYNONYM = ! ,S]VILE ,/ATE71 ,GRAMSCI FELT1 ?REAT5$ DEMOCRATIC LIB]TIES WON BE=E ! W>4.<#d#b.> ,BUT FREE TRADE WAS NOT ONLY ! GU>ANTOR ( CIVIL RI<TS2 FREE TRADE ALSO S]V$ AS A METAPHOR = ,GRAMSCI'S MAXIMALI/ PROGRAM4 ,CONCURR5TLY1 ,L591 :O APPRECIAT$ ! ME*ANICS ( P[] & PRODUCTION1 WAS PRAIS+ ! W>TIME ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE AS BE+ A /EP CLOS] TO SOCIALISM3 C>TELS1 TRU/S & 9DE$ /ATE-ASSI/$ C>TELS & TRU/S PREP>+ ! WAY = SOCIALISM2 !SE DID NOT CORRUPT ! WORK]S1 BUT TRA9$ !M = A FUTURE SOCIALI/ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,= ! E>LY FREE TRADE & 'LIB]T>IAN' ,GRAMSCI1 TRU/S1 C>TELS & /ATE CAPITALISM UND]M9$ ! UNITY ( ! WORK+ & PEASANT CLASSES 9 ,ITALY & ALSO /UNT$ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & ?US DELAY$ ! SOCIALI/ /AGE ( HI/ORY4.<#d#b#a.> 

,HE ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT 'RE=M FROM ABOVE' OR '/ATE SOCIALISM' HAD TOO LONG BE5 UNCRITICALLY ACCEPT$ )9 PRE-W> SOCIALISM & EV5 )9 ,M>XI/ !ORY ITSELF4 ,?IS BECAME EVID5T 9 AN >TICLE WRITT5 ON #h ,APRIL #aiag :5 ,GRAMSCI >GU$3 

,MANY ( \R COMRADES >E /ILL IMBU$ ) DOCTR9ES CONC]N+ ! /ATE ?AT W]E FA%IONABLE 9 ! WRIT+S ( SOCIALI/S TW5TY YE>S AGO4 ,!SE DOCTR9ES W]E CON/RUCT$ 9 ,G]MANY1 & P]HAPS 9 ,G]MANY MI<T /ILL HAVE !IR JU/IFICATION4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT 9 ,ITALY1 A C\NTRY EV5 LESS P>LIAM5T>Y ?AN ,G]MANY1 DUE TO ! PREVAIL+ POLITICAL CORRUPTION & ! LACK ( P>LIAM5T>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 ! /ATE IS ! GREATE/ 5EMY ( CITIZ5S 7( ! MAJORITY ( CITIZ5S7 & EV]Y GR[? ( ITS P[]S1 ( ITS ACTIVITY1 ( ITS FUNCTIONS1 ALWAYS EQUALS A GR[? ( CORRUPTION1 ( MIS]Y = CITIZ5S1 ( A G5]AL L[]+ ( ! LEVEL ( PUBLIC1 ECONOMIC & MORAL LIFE4.<#d#b#b.> 

,GRAMSCI'S COMPLEX1 & AT TIMES CONFUS$1 =M ( ANTI-/ATISM IS FUR!R %AP$ BY HIS APPROPRIATION ( ,SOREL'S CONCEPT ( CLEAVAGE1 NAMELY ! %>P SEP>ATION ( ! WORK+-CLASS FROM B\RGEOIS CULTURE & LIFE/YLES4.<#d#b#c.> ,BUT :ILE !RE W]E SIMIL>ITIES ) ,SOREL1 DIFF]5CES W]E ALSO EVID5T 9 ! E>LY 'LIB]T>IAN' ,GRAMSCI4 

,GRAMSCI & ,SOREL %>$ A BELIEF 9 A NON-,JACOB9ICAL TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM BAS$ UPON ! DAILY EXP]I5CES ( WORK]S 9 !IR [N TRADE UNIONS & CO-OP]ATIVES1 ) ,GRAMSCI ALLUD+ TO ,SOREL'S HI<LY 9FLU5TIAL BOOK L',AV5IR SOCIALI/E DES SYNDICATS1 CIRCULAT$ BY ,ITALIAN LEFT-W+ SOCIALI/ & SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/S BE=E ! W>4.<#d#b#d.> ,?IS WORK PR$ATES ,SOREL'S DEP>TURE 9TO MY?-MAK+ & ! CELEBRATION ( VIOL5CE1 & IS FIRMLY GR\ND$ 9 HIS 5C\NT]S ) ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA & ! =M] ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,FRANCESCO ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O1 :I* >OSE DUR+ ! SO-CALL$ REVISIONI/ DEBATE 7CONC]N+ ! REVISION ( ,M>XISM7 AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4.<#d#b#e.> ,FROM DIV]SE />T+ PO9TS !SE ?REE ?9K]S S\<T 9/ITUTIONS )9 CIVIL SOCIETY1 :I* MI<T TEMP] OR SUPPRESS /ATE SOCIALISM4 

,ITALIAN AN>*I/S BECAME %>PLY CRITICAL ( ,SOREL1 ESPECIALLY AFT] HE %[$ LITTLE REGRET = ! EXECUTION 9 #aii ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]1 ! AN>*I/ ,SPANI% $UCATIONALI/ 7:O HE CONSID]$ A MUDDLE-HEAD$ ,FREEMASON71 BUT 9 ANY CASE ,GRAMSCI'S ',SOREL' WAS DIFF]5T FROM ! MAJORITY ( PRE-W> ,ITALIAN SYNDICALI/S1 :O REMA9$ ATTRACT$ TO ! ,FR5*MAN'S WORKS1 ALBEIT1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$1 ?AT A C]TA9 READ+ ( ,SOREL HELP$ %AP$ ,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPT ( HEGEMONY DUR+ HIS PRISON YE>S -- ! Y\NG 'LIB]T>IAN' ,GRAMSCI'S TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM RELI$ UPON ! CONSCI\S1 REASON$ 9T]V5TION ( SOCIAL ACTORS1 RA!R ?AN MY?S4 ,HE DID NOT %>E ! FASC9ATION EXPRESS$ BY SYNDICALI/ 9TELLECTUALS ) ! EXOTIC1 9DE$ ! ',ORI5TALI/1' IMAG]Y ( RAW1 ANTI-9TELLECTUAL & UN$UCAT$ WORK]S SU* AS ! SYNDICALI/ PR(ESSOR ,5RICO ,LEONE4.<#d#b#f.> 

,GRAMSCI'S E>LY LIB]T>IANISM IS NOT M]ELY F\ND 9 HIS 'FREE-TRADE SOCIALISM1' AS DISCUSS$ PREVI\SLY1 IT CAN ALSO BE SE5 AS ,GRAMSCI'S 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XI/ PRAXIS1 :I* HE DEPLOY$ TO UND]M9E ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONALI/ CONCEPT ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM -- A CONCEPT EMBRAC$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & ,BOL%EVIKS -- OR EQUALLY ! ALT]NATIVE POSITIVI/ DET]M9ISM ( ,KROPOTK9ITE AN>*O-COMMUNISM1 :I* SOME ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S1 MO/ NOTABLY ,MALATE/A1 BELIEV$ ! ,RUSSIAN ADVANC$4 

,?IS L$ ,GRAMSCI TO PASSIONATE D5UNCIATIONS ( ! DIVISION ( SOCIALISM BETWE5 A LEAD]%IP CA/E IMBU$ ) ! CORRECT =MULAS & FOLL[]S :O W]E EASILY MANIPULAT$ BY !IR 'SCI5TIFIC' MAGIC TRICKS4 ,SO HE IMBIB$ CAUTI\SLY ! IDEAS ( ! SOCIOLOGI/ ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS1 ESPECIALLY ! 'IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y' FROM ! EXIL$ ,G]MAN PR(ESSOR ( POLITICS AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TUR92.<#d#b#g.> & 9DE$ ,GRAMSCI SOMETIMES ADVANC$ AN>*I/-LIKE CRITIQUES ( ! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ P>TY MA*9E3 

,! PROLET>IAT IS NOT AN >MY2 IT DOES NOT HAVE (FIC]S1 SUBALT]NS1 CORPORALS & SOLDI]S4 ,SOCIALI/S >E NOT (FIC]S ( ! PROLET>IAN >MY1 !Y >E P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 P]HAPS !Y >E ITS CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT AS ! CONSCI\SNESS CANNOT BE DIVID$ FROM AN 9DIVIDUAL1 & SO SOCIALI/S >E NOT PLAC$ 9 DUALITY ) ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y >E ONE1 ALWAYS ONE & !Y DO NOT COMM& BUT LIVE ) ! PROLET>IAT1 JU/ AS BLOOD CIRCULATES & MOVES 9 ! VE9S ( A BODY & IT IS NOT POSSIBLE = IT TO LIVE & MOVE 9SIDE RUBB] TUBES WRAPP$ >\ND A CORPSE4 ,!Y LIVE )9 ! PROLET>IAT1 !IR =CE IS 9 ! PROLET>IATS' & !IR P[] LAY 9 ?IS P]FECT ADHESION4.<#d#b#h.> 

,WE HAVE SE5 H[ LIB]T>IAN !MES P]MEAT$ ,GRAMSCI'S ?\<T EV5 BE=E ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ PHASE ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b4 ,HIS SOCIALISM WAS ANTI-/ATI/4 ,HE WAS SUSPICI\S & ON GU>D AGA9/ ! CREATION ( A SOCIALI/ HI]>*Y3 HE WAS AGA9/ ,JACOB9ICAL SOCIALISM4 ,HE PROMOT$ SOCIALISM GR\ND$ 9 CIVIL SOCIETY & PREFIGURATION4 ,BUT HE WAS ALSO ILL AT EASE ) SYNDICALI/ WORK]I/ >GUM5TS CONC]N+ SOCIALI/ & WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS4 ,BUT NEI!R %\LD ! SOCIALI/ LEAD]%IP PATRONIZE OR ORD] AB\T ! RANK & FILE1 FLAUNT+ !IR WELL-DEVELOP$ CONSCI\SNESS OV] ! LESS WELL-$UCAT$ GRASS ROOTS4 ,H[EV]1 ?AT DID NOT MEAN ?AT CONSCI\S SOCIALI/S DID NOT HAVE A DUTY TO $UCATE ! MOVEM5T4 ,& IT WAS OV] ! QUE/ION ( $UCATION & ! AN>*I/ CONCEPT ( 'FREE ?\<T' & ! 'FREE ?9K]' ?AT ,GRAMSCI 5GAG$ 9 HIS MO/ EXT5D$ !ORETICAL DEBATE ) ! AN>*I/S BE=E HIS CLA%ES DUR+ ! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b4 

,FREE ?\<T & $UCAT$ ?\<T 

,TUR91 ,GRAMSCI >GU$1 LACK$ A CULTURAL ORGANIZATION CONTROLL$ BY & ACT+ ON BEHALF ( WORK]S4 ,! ,UNIV]SITA ,POPOL>E WAS1 HE FELT1 A PURELY B\RGEOIS HUMANIT>IAN V5TURE4 ,9 CONTRA/1 HIS PROPOS$ ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CULTURE W\LD SUPPLY TRA9$ 9TELLECTUALS SUITABLY SOCIALIZ$ = ADEQUATE TASKS )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 TO HELP WORK]S 9 !IR /RUGGLES4 ,AL?\< HE DID NOT QUOTE ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS DIRECTLY1 HE WAS C]TA9LY ?9K+ ( HIS PRE-W> /UDY ( ,G]MAN SOCIALISM1 P>TICUL>LY ,MI*ELS' DESCRIPTION ( ! WAYS 9 :I* ROOTLESS 9TELLECTUALS BECAME ! OBJECT ( AN UNHEAL?Y H]O WOR%IP )9 ! MOVEM5T4.<#d#b#i.> ,GRAMSCI EQUAT$ ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ! MOVEM5T ) ! G5]ALLY L[ LEVEL ( $UCATION 5JOY$ BY ! RANK & FILE ( ! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,AGA9/ ,MI*ELS1 HE >GU$ ?AT AN ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ P>TY1 FILL$ ) $UCAT$ COMRADES1 W\LD BE SU/A9ABLY DEMOCRATIC & LIB]T>IAN BECAUSE IT W\LD FUNCTION ?R\< ! SPONTANE\S RATIONALITY HE DETECT$ 9 ! MICRO-9/ITUTIONS 7SU* AS ! ,CLUBS ( ,MORAL ,LIFE1 ! SUBURBAN CIRCLES & NEWSPAP] $ITORIAL GR\PS7 9 :I* HE WAS 9VOLV$ 9 !SE FIR/ YE>S ( SOCIALI/ ACTIVISM4 

,GRAMSCI'S CONCEPTION ( SOCIALI/ $UCATION & CULTURE WAS DEMOCRATIC1 P>TICIPATORY & LIB]T>IAN1 BUT IT HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! RATIONALI/ FREE ?\<T ?AT DOM9AT$ SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ POLITICAL CULTURE 9 ,LIB]AL ,ITALY4.<#d#c.> ,GRAMSCI BELIEV$ ?AT FUZZY-M9D$ RATIONALI/ FREE ?\<T PLAY$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! FICKLE & BOMBA/IC LEAD]%IP ( ! PRE-W> ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 BECAUSE IT D5I$ ! RANK-&-FILE CRITICAL FACULTIES TO CONTROL ?IS LEAD]%IP4 ,AN $UCAT$ P>TY W\LD BE MORE DEMOCRATIC & LIB]T>IAN BECAUSE IT W\LD FUNCTION ?R\< A SPONTANE\S 'SOCRATIC' RATIONALITY ACQUIR$ 9 SU* MICRO-9/ITUTIONS AS ! ',CLUBS ( ,MORAL ,LIFE4' 

,= ,GRAMSCI1 ! $UCATORS C\LD NOT BE F\ND AMONG ! PRE-W> LEAD]S ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T -- ,5RICO ,F]RI1 ,FILIPPO ,TURATI OR ,CLAUDIO ,TREVES -- S9CE !Y HAD BE5 CORRUPT$ BY POSITIVI/ SOCIAL ?\<T & %>$ ) WORK+-CLASS POPUL> CULTURE1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/ CULTURE1 ! MISLEAD+ ASSUMPTIONS ( FREE ?\<T4 ,DUR+ ! W> ,GRAMSCI DREW !SE CONC]NS TOGE!R 9 A VITRIOLIC ATTACK ON ! FAVORITE %IBBOLE? ( PRE-W> AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM3 ,ESP]ANTO4 ,ESP]ANTO WAS PROM95T AT ! ,UNIV]SITA ,POPOL>E & AMONG ! AN>*I/S1 = EXAMPLE1 ,TOL/OY4 

,GRAMSCI'S ATTACKS ON ,ESP]ANTO HI<LI<T$ AN ASPECT ( ,GRAMSCI'S TRA9+ AS A V]Y PROMIS+ /UD5T ( L+UI/ICS AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TUR94.<#d#c#a.> ,UMB]TO ,COSMO1 HIS PR(ESSOR ( L+UI/ICS AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TUR91 HAD TAU<T HIM ?AT LANGUAGES W]E UNIQUE REPRES5TATIONS ( NATIONAL OR REGIONAL CULTURE2 ?US HE DISMISS$ ,ESP]ANTO AS NONS5SE1 & >GU$ ?AT ! ATTA*M5T TO ,ESP]ANTO BY ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S M]ELY REPRES5T$ AN >TIFICIAL =M ( COSMOPOLITANISM ?AT WAS LIKELY TO PREV5T ,ITALIAN SOCIALISM FROM DEVELOP+ A REALI/IC =M ( 9T]NATIONALISM4.<#d#c#b.> ,YET ,GRAMSCI'S SAVAG+ ( ,ESP]ANTO WAS JU/ P>T & P>CEL ( ! BROAD] SYNDROME KN[N AS 'FREE ?\<T1' HIS *IEF T>GET1 :I* HE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! 9TELLECTUAL WEAKNESS ( AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ CULTURE 9 ,ITALY4 

,AS A FOLL[] ( BO? ,CROCE & ,SOREL1 :O W]E WELL KN[N = !IR ATTACKS ON MASONIC FREE ?\<T1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,GRAMSCI W\LD BE EXTREMELY HO/ILE TO ONE ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT'S MO/ LONG-*]I%$ BELIEFS4.<#d#c#c.> ,9 ,M>* #aiah ,GRAMSCI'S IDEAL TYPICAL ,FREE-,?9K] HAPP5$ TO BE ! AN>*I/ $ITOR ( ,MILAN'S ,L',UNIV]SITA ,POPOL>E1 ,LUIGI ,MOL9>I1 :O HAD PUBLI%$ 9 PAMPHLET =M1 A LECTURE HE GAVE 9 #aiag ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7,IL DRAMMA DELLA ,COMUNE71 :I* ,GRAMSCI ?\<T WAS A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( ! CULTURE ( FREE ?\<T4.<#d#c#d.> ,GRAMSCI RECEIV$ A DRUBB+ 9 ! AN>*I/ PRESS1 BUT 9 RESPONSE TO ,MOL9>I'S F9AL REJO9D] 7HE DI$ SOON AFT]7 ,GRAMSCI REVEAL$ A DEEP] >GUM5T :I* LIFT$ ! DEBATE FROM P]SONALITIES & P>TICUL>S TO HI< !ORY4 

,9 ',LIB]O ,P5SI]O & ,P5SI]O ,LIB]O' 7',FREE ,?\<T & ,LIB]AT$ ,?\<T'71.<#d#c#e.> ,MOL9>I'S WORLD-VIEW IS *>ACT]IZ$ AS 'LIB]O P5SI]O' 7'FREE ?\<T'73 A PHILI/9E1 B\RGEOIS EXPRESSION ASSOCIAT$ ) ,JACOB9 9DIVIDUALISM -- AN ASSOCIATION '?AT1' ,GRAMSCI WRITES1 EXPLA9S ':Y WE F9D GR\P$ >\ND IT ,FREEMASONS1 ,RADICALS & 444 LIB]T>IANS4' ,FREE ?\<T WAS EQUAT$ ) PRE-W> BLOCC>DISMO 7! FRONT ?AT 9CLUD$ ! SOCIALI/S & ! FREE ?\<T RADICALS1 LIB]ALS & LIB]T>IANS74 ,9 CONTRA/1 HIS ,M>XI/ 'P5SI]O LIB]O' 7'LIB]AT$ ?\<T'7 WAS A =M ( LIB]T>IAN HI/ORICISM ?AT BROKE ) ?IS TRADITION & LOOK$ TO ,B5$ETTO ,CROCE & ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA = ITS 9SPIRATION4 

,GRAMSCI ADVANC$ ! OP9ION ?AT ! AN>*I/S1 OR AT LEA/ !IR LEAD]S & !ORETICIANS1 W]E LESS LIB]T>IAN ?AN ! ,M>XI/ SOCIALI/S ( ! ANTI-POSITIVI/ HI/ORICI/ /AMP BECAUSE !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( ?9K+ CRITICALLY3 'HI/ORI/ICALLY1' & DIALECTICALLY1 DIGE/+ CONTRADICTORY >GUM5TS & 5RI*+ !IR [N ?\<T BY OV]COM+ !M4 ,HE >GU$3 '9 AS MU* AS ! LIB]T>IANS >E 9TOL]ANT DOGMATI/S1 SLAVES TO !IR [N P>TICUL> OP9IONS1' !Y '/]ILIZE' DEBATE ) !IR PETTY >GUM5TS4'.<#d#c#f.> 

,! DEBATE ) ,MOL9>I ALSO REVEALS ?AT ! M5TAL APP>ATUS BEH9D ?AT KEY C\PLET F\ND 9 ! ,NOTEBOOKS 7#a#i#b#i-#a#i#c#e7 -- S5SO COMUNE 7COMMON S5SE AS NAIVE S5SE7 & BUON S5SO 7'GOOD S5SE' MEAN+ $UCAT$ & CRITICAL S5SE7 -- WAS ALREADY PRES5T BY #aiah 9 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 P5SI]O LIB]O & LIB]O P5SI]O4.<#d#c#g.> ,ANTI-POSITIVI/ HI/ORICI/ SOCIALISM IS IMBU$ ) BUON S5SO & LIB]O P5SI]O :]EAS1 'SUBV]SIVE1' IMMATURE SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S 7EV5 IF !Y MI<T >GUE BETWE5 !MSELVES AB\T ! NE$ = ! /ATE7 %>$ ASSUMPTIONS :I* REFLECT$ !IR BANAL CULTURE ( S5SO COMUNE & P5SI]O LIB]O4 ,SU* M9DSETS C\LD NEV] CREATE C\NT]-HEGEMONY1 :I* W\LD LAY ! F\NDATIONS = A NEW WORK]S' /ATE & 9 TURN ?IS CULTURE %>$ MU* ) ! SUP]/ITI\S FOLKWAYS ( ! P[]LESS SUBALT]N CLASSES4 

,?US ,GRAMSCI'S 5C\NT]S ) ! FREE ?9K]S HELP$ MORE CLE>LY TO DEF9E HIS UNIQUE POSITION )9 ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ POLITICAL CULTURE4 ,AT HIS BE/1 ON ! ONE H& HE REFUS$ TO ACCEPT A PATRONIZ+ SPOON-FE$+ ( CULTURE TO ! WORK+ CLASSES1 & ON ! O!R HE REFUS$ TO BE HOODW9K$ BY A SIMPLE-M9D$ CELEBRATION ( POPULISM1 ! PROV9CIAL & ! P>O*IAL4 ,HIS CONCLUSION WAS ?AT ! WORK]S NE$$ TO MA/] ! HUMANI/ & SCI5TIFIC CODES ( $UCAT$ ,ITALY 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP ! M5TAL EQUIPM5T & SELF-CONFID5CE TO *ALL5GE ! RUL+ CLASSES & ! ?REAT ( ! 'DICTATOR%IP' ( ! SOCIALI/ PR(ESSORS )9 ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ P>TY4.<#d#c#h.> ,HAV+ SAID ?IS1 !RE IS MORE ?AN A DOSE ( AU?ORIT>IAN CONDESC5SION 9 ,GRAMSCI'S REM$IES4 ,GRAMSCI DISMISS$ ,MOL9>I'S EF=TS AT VULG>IZATION1 BUT ,MOL9>I'S EF=TS 9 ! FIELDS ( SCI5CE & HI/ORY = OV] #b YE>S HAD BE5 5ORM\SLY 9FLU5TIAL AMONG ! LESS $UCAT$ SOCIALI/S & TRADE UNIONI/S4.<#d#c#i.> 

,GRAMSCI'S TYPE ( SOCIALISM WAS MORE LIB]T>IAN ?AN ,L59'S SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 BUT IT TOO ASSUM$ ?AT AN ELITE ( $UCAT$ SOCIALI/S WAS NE$$ TO SET ! TONE & P>AMET]S = EFFECTIVE POLITICS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AL?\< ,GRAMSCI WAS PREP>$ TO WORK ) & >GUE AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 9 A MORE TOL]ANT & 5GAG+ MANN] ?AN ,L59 HAD DONE1 NEV]!LESS HIS ATTITUDE DID HAVE SOME SIMIL>ITIES ) ,L59'S VIGILANT GU>DIAN%IP ( OR?ODOXY4 ,L59'S OR?ODOXY WAS HIS V]SION ( ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONALI/ GOSPEL -- ,GRAMSCI'S ODD MIXTURE ( ,G5TILE1 ,CROCE1 ,SOREL & ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA MAY HAVE MADE HIM APPE> WILDLY UNOR?ODOX TO O!R ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/S1 BUT ?IS DID NOT PREV5T ,GRAMSCI FROM 9VOK+ OR?ODOXY :5 HE DISCUSS$ ! POT5TIAL = ! =MATION ( POLITICAL ALLIANCES ) ! LIB]T>IANS4 ,9 FACT1 9 ORD] TO EXPOSE ! MUDDLEHEAD$ NATURE ( ,ITALIAN POSITIVI/ SOCIALISM1 HE >GU$ ?AT HIS APPROA* WAS MORE ,M>XI/ & !RE=E MORE RIGID 9 ITS CONDITIONS = ACCEPT+ ALLIANCES ) ! LIB]T>IANS ?AN ! MA9/REAM SOCIALI/S4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,GRAMSCI >GU$ ?AT ! CULTURE ( FREE ?\<T HAD DEF9$ ! PRE-W> SOCIALI/S & ! LIB]T>IANS & ?AT HIS =M ( SOCIALISM TRANSC5D$ ?IS MURK & ?US !RE WAS ALWAYS A LIMIT TO ! ALLIANCES ) AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S ( :I* ,GRAMSCI WAS WILL+ TO C\NT5ANCE4 

,GRAMSCI & ! AN>*I/S3 ! B>RI]S TO ALLIANCES 

,DUR+ ! W> A NEW 9T]NATIONAL ,LEFT >OSE FROM A =TUIT\S COMB9ATION ( =M]LY MUTUALLY HO/ILE GR\PS3 SOME W]E PACIFI/1 SOME SOCIAL DEMOCRAT1 SOME AN>*I/S OR SYNDICALI/4.<#d#d.> ,9TELLECTUALS & J\RNALI/S SU* AS ,H5RI ,B>BUSSE1 ,ROMA9 ,ROLL&1 ,JACQUES ,MESNIL & ,MAX ,EA/MAN TRANSMITT$ IDEAS FROM ONE P>T ( ! NETWORK TO ANO!R1 SU/A9$ BY REPORTAGE 9 ,AVANTI61 ,L',HUMANITE1 ! ,LIB]ATOR OR ! ,WORK]S' ,DREADN\<T1 BY PRIVATE CORRESPOND5CE1 BUT ABOVE ALL BY ! IMAG]Y & MY?S SURR\ND+ 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CES AT ,ZIMM]WALD & ,KI5?AL1 AS WELL AS OV] ! CONTROV]SIES /IRR$ BY ! NEV] CONV5$ ,/OCKHOLM ,CONGRESS1 CALL$ BY ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET 9 #a#i#a#g4 

,:ILE POLITICIANS & 9TELLECTUALS ATTEMPT$ TO MOLD MASS MOVEM5TS FROM ! 9ITIAL RADICALIZATION ( #a#i#a#f-#a#i#a#h1 DIFF]5CES QUICKLY REAPPE>$4 ,GRAMSCI'S DEBATE ) ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S IS SYMPTOMATIC ( A BROAD] /ORY PLAY$ \T AGA9/ ! BACKDROP ( EV5TS UNFOLD+ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT HIS PECULI> !ORETICAL BACKGR\ND PRES5TS AN 9T]E/+ V>IATION ON A CONT95TAL1 9DE$ GLOBAL1 !ME4 

,= ! Y\NG ,GRAMSCI1 ! BU/L+ WORK+-CLASS SUBURBS ( ,TUR9 W]E PROLET>IAN UNITY-9-ACTION & ONE ( ITS E>LIE/ MANIFE/ATIONS WAS ! M>* ( ! SUBURBANITES ON ! B\RGEOIS C5T] DUR+ ! ,R$ ,WEEK ( #a#i#a#d1 :5 AN>*I/S1 SYNDICALI/S1 LEFT-W+ SOCIALI/S & REPUBLICANS UNIT$ 9 A QUASI-9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T AGA9/ MILIT>ISM & ! ,ITALIAN MON>*Y4 ,RECALL+ ! EV5TS ( #aiad 9 AN >TICLE ( #a#i#a#f1 ,GRAMSCI REMEMB]$ H[ '\R CITY MADE ?R\< MILIT>Y ORD] & TRADITION1' A CITY C5T] ( LOOM+ PILES ( >I/OCRATIC T[NH\SES1 >RAY$ 'LIKE A REGIM5T ( ! >MY ( !IR OLD ,SAVOY>D ,DUKES1' WITNESS$ ! M>* PA/ ( WELL-ORD]$ PROLET>IAN RANKS4.<#d#d#a.> ',CO>SE M5 DESC5D$ ON ! CITY B\LEV>DS & M>*$ 9 FRONT ( ! CLOS$ %OP %UTT]S1 PA/ ! PALE LITTLE M5 ( ! CITY POLICE :O W]E CONSUM$ BY ANG] & FE>4'.<#d#d#b.> 

,!SE ,SORELIAN IMAGES ( ! GRUFF1 PRODUCTIVE WORK+ CLASS M>*+ FROM ITS SUBURBAN /RON<OLDS TO *ALL5GE ! CL]ICAL OR P>ASITICAL CAFE SOCIETY W]E PRES5T 9 MU* ( ,GRAMSCI'S WRIT+S4.<#d#d#c.> 

,H[EV]1 ,GRAMSCI OPPOS$ POLITICALLY 9SPIR$ UNIT$ FRONTS ( SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S 9 ,TUR9 OR NATIONALLY4 ,BETWE5 #aiaf & E>LY #a#i#a#h1 ,GRAMSCI TOOK P>T 9 A DEBATE 9 ! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ PRESS ON ?IS SUBJECT1 SP>K$ (F BY ! PRIVATE & PUBLIC EX*ANGES ( ! AN>*I/ ,LUIGI ,FABBRI & ! LEAD+ MAXIMALI/ SOCIALI/ ,GIAC9TO ,M5OTTI ,S]RATI1 AS WELL AS O!R DISCUSSION BETWE5 ANTI-W> AN>*I/S1 SYNDICALI/S & SOCIALI/S4.<#d#d#d.> ,FABBRI WAS 9SPIR$ BY A LETT] FROM ,]RICO ,MALATE/A TO ,>M&O ,BOR<I 7! AN>*I/ LEAD] ( ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE ,ITALIANA 7,U,S,I77 WRITT5 FROM HIS EXILE 9 ,LONDON1 :I* PROPOS$ A NEW 9T]NATIONAL 7,LA ,MONDIALE7 ?AT W\LD 9CLUDE ANTI-W> SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4 ,IT W\LD HEAL ! S*ISM CAUS$ BY ! EXPULSION ( ! LIB]T>IANS FROM ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #ahif BUT W\LD HAVE HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! MILIT>IZ$ DISCIPL9$ ORGANIZATION ?AT ,L59 W\LD F\ND 9 #a#i#a#i4 

,GRAMSCI CONTE/$ ! COMMONLY HELD OP9ION 9 ! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ ,LEFT ?AT AN>*I/S OR SYNDICALI/S W]E MORE REVOLUTION>Y & 'PUR]' SOCIALI/S ?AN ! SOCIALI/ !MSELVES4 ,GRAMSCI ALSO WANT$ TO DI/ANCE HIS SOCIALISM FROM ! AN>*I/S' HET]ODOXY4 ,H]E HE >GU$ ?AT ! ANTIP>LIAM5T>IANISM ( ,MALATE/A & ! AN>*I/S POS$ AN OB/ACLE TO =MAL UNITY &1 RECALL+ HIS >GUM5TS AGA9/ ,FREE ,?\<T1 ?AT !IR M5TALITY WAS AHI/ORICAL & DOCTR9AIRE4 ,9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ,MALATE/A'S ,LA ,MONDIALE UND]M9$ ,GRAMSCI'S PREFIGURATIVE CONCEPTION ( SOCIALI/ POLITICS4 ,! CONCEPT ( PREFIGURATION MAY HAVE EVOLV$ 9 ,GRAMSCI'S !ORY BY #a#i#a#g1 BE=E HE 5C\NT]$ ! ,SOVIET MODEL1 BUT HIS TYPE ( PREFIGURATION1 :ILE NOT ,L59I/1 WAS /ILL L9K$ TO A WELL-ORGANIZ$ & DI/9CTIVE SOCIALI/ P>TY1 ?\< ?IS WAS A P>TY NOT F\ND$ ON ! CULTURE ( FREE ?\<T OR POSITIVI/ SOCIALISM4 ,RA!R1 ! CONS5SUAL DISCIPL9E ( A P>TY BAS$ ON ! $UCATIONAL PR9CIPLES ( ,GRAMSCI'S 'CLUBS ( MORAL LIFE1' L9K$ TO ! CREATIVITY ( PREFIGURATIVE 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ! CO-OP]ATIVES1 W\LD PRODUCE A DI/9CTIVE SOCIALI/ POLITICS4 

,! E>LY ,GRAMSCI & ! ,GRAMSCI ( ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO 

,I HAVE >GU$ ?AT JU/ AS ,GRAMSCI'S KEY CONCEPTIONS W]E ALREADY OP]AT+ 9 HIS M9D BE=E #a#i#a#h1 HIS ATTITUDES T[>DS ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S W]E ALREADY OP]ATIONALIZ$ BE=E HE WORK$ CLOSELY ) !M 9 ,L',ORD9E NUOVO4 ,?US ,GRAMSCI'S ?\<T BE=E HIS 5C\NT] ) ,L59 DID NOT SIGNAL A BREAK BETWE5 A LIB]T>IAN & AN AU?ORIT>IAN VIEWPO9T2 RA!R1 HIS Y\?FUL 'LIB]T>IANISM' WAS BAS$ ON FIR/ PREMISES1 :I* T5D$ T[>DS A CRITIQUE ( ! IDEOLOGIES ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 EV5 IF SUP]FICIALLY HE SEEM$ CLOSE TO !SE CAMPS4 ,?US1 AS ,I HAVE %[N ELSE:]E1 AN>*I/ 'ORGANIC 9TELLECTUALS' W]E CULTIVAT$ BUT AN>*I/ 'TRADITIONAL 9TELLECTUALS1' ! FRI5DS & COLLEAGUES ( ,MOL9>I1 W]E D5\NC$ AS MUDDL$ DEMAGOGUES2 AN>*I/ WORK]S AS ORGANICALLY TI$ TO ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 C\LD BE SAV$ FROM !IR MISGUID$ IDEAS1 AN>*I/ IDEOLOGUES W]E BEYOND R$EMPTION4 ,JU/ AS ! ,SORELIAN & PRODUCTIVI/ LEGACIES W]E SO IMPORTANT TO CATALYZE ,GRAMSCI'S PREFIGURATIVE & CIVIL-SOCIETY-BAS$ SOCIALISM ( PRE-#a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h1 HIS ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b WAS M]ELY A V>IATION ON ?IS !ME RE9=C$ BY 9T]NATIONAL EXAMPLES4 ,! LIB]T>IAN PRODUCTIVI/ ,TAYLORISM ( ! AN>*I/ 5G9E] ,PIETRO ,MOSSO WAS ! L9*P91 :I* HELD TOGE!R ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM ( #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b2 MEAN:ILE AN>*I/ METALWORK]S 9 ,F,I,O,M 7! SOCIALI/ 5G9E]S & METALWORK]S UNION7 W]E ESS5TIAL TO PROPAGATE ! IDEAS ( ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO ?R\<\T ! MOVEM5T 9 ITS ,TUR9ESE 9DU/RIAL HE>TL&4 ,:5 ,GRAMSCI FELL \T ) HIS COLLEAGUES1 ,ANGELO ,TASCA & !N ,PALMIRO ,TOGLIATTI 9 #a#i#b1 OV] ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 ! TRADE UNION & FACTORY C\NCIL1 HIS ONLY REMA9+ ALLIES W]E ! AN>*I/S4.<#d#d#e.> ,! >GUM5TS ,GRAMSCI ADVANC$ 9 ! E>LY W> YE>S W]E M]ELY REPEAT$ & PLAC$ 9 A MORE SUP]-*>G$ & PROPITI\S ATMOSPH]E1 ! VEHICLE ( PREFIGURATION -- ! FACTORY C\NCIL CAME 9TO ITS [N1 EV5 IF ! !ORY WAS FLE%$ \T 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( CO-OP]ATIVES 9 #a#i#a#f4 

,ONE B5*M>K DID *ANGE1 H[EV]1 & IS A CLUE TO HIS UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE ( ,L59'S WAY1 EV5 AFT] HIS E>LI] MIS9T]PRETATION ( ,L59 7TEMPOR>Y1 NECESS>Y *>ISMATIC CAPO ( A SY/EM ( SOVIETS & WORK]S' C\NCILS7 SEEM$ TO BE DISCR$IT$ BY ! REALITY3 ,L59 AS ! DICTATOR ( A MONOPOLY P>TY-/ATE4 ,! *ANGE 9 HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS ,JACOB9ISM IS L9K$ TO HIS CRITICISM ( MASONIC FREE ?\<T1 :I* RE=MI/ SOCIALI/S1 MO/ MAXIMALI/ SOCIALI/S & ! AN>*I/S ALL SUFF]$ FROM4 ,GRAMSCI'S EVALUATION ( ,JACOB9ISM *ANG$ DRA/ICALLY FROM ! W> YE>S TO #a#i#b4.<#d#d#f.> 

,AT FIR/ ,JACOB9ISM WAS NOT US$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,RUSSIAN POLITICS1 BUT ?AT ( PRE-W> ,ITALIAN POLITICAL CULTURE4 ,HE US$ IT 9 ! SAME BREA? AS HIS 9VOCATION ( ,SOREL'S & ,CROCE'S ATTACKS ON ! CULTURE ( ,MASONIC ,FREE ,?\<T4 ,JACOB9ISM 'IS A MESSIANIC VISION ( HI/ORY3 IT ALWAYS RESPONDS 9 AB/RACTIONS1 EVIL1 GOOD1 OPPRESSION1 LIB]TY1 LI<T1 %ADE1 :I* EXI/ ABSOLUTELY1 G5]ICALLY & NOT 9 HI/ORICAL =MS4'.<#d#d#g.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 LIKE ,FREE ,?\<T1 ,JACOB9ISM LACK$ GR\ND+ 9 HI/ORICISM4 

,BUT BY #aib HE ASSOCIAT$ ,JACOB9ISM ) ,P>IS H]OICALLY SEE+ (F ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 5EMIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & F9D+ A P>ALLEL 9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' CIVIL & =EIGN W>S ) ! MYRIAD 5EMIES ( !IR NEW /ATE4.<#d#d#h.> ,JACOB9ISM TOOK ON ANO!R POSITIVE1 DIFF]5T VAL5CE :5 ,GRAMSCI APPROA*$ ! QUE/ION ( ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE 9 ,ITALY 79 V>I\S & 9DE$ CONTRADICTORY =MS APPE>+ 9 HIS ESSAY ON ! ,S\!RN ,QUE/ION1 HIS APPROA* TO ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P7 & EV5 ,W> ,COMMUNISM & LAT] =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION74 ,JACOB9S W]E !N CA/ AS PITILESS AGA9/ ! 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION BUT ALSO /R5G!N$ BY =M+ ALLIANCES ) ?OSE ELEM5TS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE WILL+ TO ACCEPT ! POLITICAL HEGEMONY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! URBAN WORK+-CLASS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ! MID-#a#i#bS ,GRAMSCI >GU$ = ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY OV] PEASANT1 SYNDICALI/ OR AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ! S\?1 NOT = AN OP5-5D$ COOP]ATIVE SUPPORT = COMPETITORS 9 ! RURAL ,LEFT3 HE WAS NOT A PLURALI/4 ,HIS E>LY MI/AK5 PRAISE ( ,*]NOV WAS REPLAC$ BY V5OM\S ATTACKS ON ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES & ,MAKHNO'S 'AN>*I/ EXP]IM5T' 9 ,CIVIL-,W> ,UKRA9E4.<#d#d#i.> ,! ANTI-,JACOB9ICAL SOCIALISM ( PRE-#a#i#a#h & ! NEGATIVE 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,JACOB9S HE LE>N$ FROM ,CROCE1 ,SALVEM9I OR ,SOREL WAS REPLAC$ BY A PRAISE ( ! ,JACOB9S' RIGOR & !IR SUCCESSFUL L9KAGE TO ! 'HEAL?Y' =CES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,NO LONG] SOCIALLY DIVORC$ P$ANTS1 >ID IDEOLOGICAL FANATICS OR ! IMBIB]S ( %ALL[ ANTI-CL]ICAL POSITIVI/ NO/RUMS1 ,JACOB9S W]E ! MODELS = ! CREATIVE BUT IMPLACABLE ,BOL%EVIK ELITE4 ,GRAMSCI DID NOT AB&ON ?IS REVISION BE=E HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#c#g1 EV5 IF HE PROBABLY AGRE$ ?AT ,/AL9 HAD BECOME A CRUEL TYRANT1 A ,G5<IS ,KHAN ) A TELEPHONE1 AS ,BUKH>91 HIS =M] ALLY 9 ! #a#i#bS1 DESCRIB$ HIM4 

,AS ,GRAMSCI 5DORS$ ALL ?+S ,BOL%EVIK1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,TW5TY-,ONE ,PO9TS1 HE BECAME 9CREAS+LY MILITANTLY ANTI-AN>*I/4 ,H[EV]1 ?R\<\T ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 HE WAS PLAC$ 9 A TACTICAL DILEMMA4 ,BE=E ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL FACTIONS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & ! FAILURE ( NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 V>I\S SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS & ! ,COM9T]N1 ,GRAMSCI HAD TO TREAD C>EFULLY4 ,:ILE HE M]CILESSLY CRITICIZ$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,U,S,I1 HE C\LD NOT BURN ALL HIS BRIDGES1 S9CE ! ,RUSSIANS SAW M]IT 9 CULTIVAT+ ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S1 ESPECIALLY :5 A PRO-,COM9T]N FACTION WAS =M$ 9 ! ,U,S,I ITSELF4 ,9 ,TUR9 HIS AN>*I/ ALLIES W]E M>G9ALIZ$ 9 ,F,I,O,M AFT] ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES & SOME W]E MURD]$ BY ! ,FASCI/S 9 LATE #a#i#b#b1 BUT BE=E ! ,M>* ON ,ROME1 & 9DE$ UNTIL #a#i#b#e-#a#i#b#f1 ,GRAMSCI SAW ! ADVANTAGE 9 KEEP+ FEEL]S OP5 TO ! SOCIAL 9T]V5TIONI/ ,LEFT1 ,GABRIELE ,D',ANNUNZIO & EV5 BRIEFLY ) ! SUSPICI\SLY LIB]T>IAN ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO1 ! ONLY ANTI-,FASCI/ MILITIA 9 !SE YE>S :I* CAUS$ ,MUSSOL9I & ! ,FASCI/S SOME CONC]N4 ,BUT :ILE ,GRAMSCI & HIS COMRADES MA9TA9$ A NON/OP TIRADE AGA9/ ! '*ILD-LIKE' ANTICS ( ,MALATE/A & ,BOR<I1 ,Z9OVIEV & EV5 ,L591 RECOGNIZ$ 9 ,MALATE/A A REVOLUTION>Y & 9 ,BOR<I A MAN TO BE WOO$ 9 ,MOSC[4 ,GRAMSCI REV]T$ TO ! SAME TW9-TRACK APPROA* HE US$ 9 #aiaf -- ORGANIC 9TELLECTUAL AN>*I/S GOOD1 'TRADITIONAL' 9TELLECTUAL AN>*I/S BAD -- & *OSE TO F9ESSE ! TACTICAL CUNN+ ( ! ,RUSSIANS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4.<#d#e.> 

,AN>*ISM AS ! HI<E/ =M ( SOVV]SIVISMO.<#d#e#a.> 

,9 ! ,NOTEBOOKS1 ,GRAMSCI 5GAG$ 9 HI/ORICAL & COMP>ATIVE SOCIOLOGICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! MOD]N WORLD & P>TICUL>LY ! COLLAPSE ( LIB]AL ,ITALY & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,LEFT )9 IT4 ,?US ! NATURE ( ,ITALIAN ,FASCISM & ITS 5DUR+ SUCCESS WAS ! R$ ?READ1 :I* RAN ?R\<\T HIS NOTES4 ,! FAILURE ( ! ,LEFT & ! TRIUMPH ( ,FASCISM & ITS TRANS=MATION ( ! ,ITALIAN /ATE W]E UND]/OOD ?R\< ! T]M SOVV]SIVISMO4 ,?IS T]M MAY BE TAK5 AS A TOOL ( HI/ORICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS1 BUT IT IS DR5*$ ) HI<LY P>TIZAN POLITICAL FIR/ PREMISES ?AT ASSUME ?AT ,GRAMSCI'S HI/ORICI/ ,M>XISM (F]$ A MA/]-KEY = UNLOCK+ ! SECRETS ( ! PA/ AS WELL AS ! SOLUTIONS = ! FUTURE4 ,HE MAY HAVE BE5 WRIT+ HIS NOTES = ET]NITY1 & IT IS UNLIKELY HE W\LD HAVE SANCTION$ !IR PUBLICATION 9 ! =M !Y W]E PRODUC$1 BUT HE C]TA9LY HAD NOT LEFT HIS POLITICS AT ! CELL DOOR4 ,EV5 IF !RE WAS GOOD DEAL ( FRU/RATION & P]HAPS JU/IFIABLE P>ANOIA AB\T P>TY COMRADES & ! MURD]\S WAYS ( ! ,GEORGIAN TYRANT1 HE WAS /ILL A MILITANT ,M>XI/ :O WROTE 9 SU* A SPIRIT4.<#d#e#b.> ,! TR\BL+ ASPECT ( ,GRAMSCI'S HI/ORICIZ+ ,M>XISM IS ?AT M]E EMPIRICISM & '9=MATION' IS LOOK$ UPON AS ! GREATE/ ( MORTAL S9S4 ,9 %ORT1 UNLIKE ! RA!R 9ELEGANT1 PLODD+ NOTES ( ,ANGELO ,TASCA ON UTOPIAN SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM ?AT >E DEPOSIT$ 9 ,MILAN'S ,BIBLIOTECA ,FELTR9ELLI1 = EXAMPLE1 ,GRAMSCI DID NOT LET FACTS GET 9 ! WAY ( !ORY4.<#d#e#c.> 

,GRAMSCI WAS LESS CONC]N$ ) AN 9-DEP? ACC\NT ( ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S1 MORE 9 US+ !M 9 HIS CON/RUCTION ( ! ALL-PURPOSE ANALYTICAL T]M SOVV]SIVISMO4 ,BUT ?IS HAD BE5 HON$ FROM HIS DEBATES ) ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S BE=E #a#i#b#b1 & BORE ALL ! TRACES ( A POLITICAL T]M ( >T OR AN >TIFICE ( HI/ORICI/ METAPHYSICS4 ,JU/ AS DETAIL$ KN[L$GE ( ! FACTORY C\NCILS & SOVIETS & ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT PREV5T ,GRAMSCI FROM CREAT+ A FANTA/ICALLY LIB]T>IAN ,L59 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,RUSSIAN REGIME1 LACK ( DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S BE=E #aibf 9 ,ITALY DID NOT PREV5T HIM FROM %OE-HORN+ !M 9TO HIS NEAT & POLITICALLY *>G$ T]M1 SOVV]SIVISMO4 ,?IS IS FRU/RAT+1 BECAUSE ! T]M C]TA9LY HAS ITS USES AS A TOOL TO 9T]ROGATE ?AT AN>*I/ PA/1 BUT AS A PROVISIONAL PROBE1 AN IDEAL-TYPE1 NOT AS A =M ( POLITICAL ABUSE4 

,= ,GRAMSCI1 ! ,ITALIAN CONCEPT ( ! SUBV]SIVE & SOVV]SIVISMO W]E BAS$ ON A POPULI/ POSITION+ ( ! PEOPLE PIT*$ AGA9/ ! ILL-DEF9$ SIGNORI4 ,?IS SOVV]SIVISMO WAS A PRODUCT ( ,ITALY'S BA/>D MOD]NITY4 ,SUBV]SIVES C\LD COME FROM ! ,LEFT & ,RI<T1 & !RE WAS EV5 A SOVV]SIVISMO FROM ABOVE4 ,SUBV]SIVES C\LD BE REV]SIBLE1 AS WAS ! CASE ( ! SOCIAL 9T]V5TIONI/S1 :O 9T]E/$ ,GRAMSCI :5 HE WAS A NEWSPAP] $ITOR 9 ,TUR9 9 #aiba & #a#i#b#b4 ,?US1 ,GRAMSCI >GU$1 A LACK ( MOD]N POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 A WEAK E?ICAL POLITICAL CULTURE & AN 9CORRECT READ+ ( ,M>XISM OR SOCIAL !ORY1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ SUBV]SIVES1 *>ACT]IZ$ !SE CURR5TS4 ,! T\*/ONE ( ,GRAMSCI'S E>LY RADICALISM1 ! ,R$ ,WEEK ( #a#i#a#d1 & ,MALATE/A1 ONE ( ITS LEAD]S1 BECAME SYMBOLIC ( ?IS 'SUBV]SIVE' TYPE ( ,ITALIAN RADICALISM4 ,BUT ! <O/ AT ?IS BANQUET WAS HIS JAIL]1 & ,GRAMSCI FELT ?IS P]SONALLY1 = HE HAD BE5 DRAWN 9TO POLITICS P>TIALLY BY ! SOCIALI/ & ',/IRN]ITE' ,MUSSOL9I1 & HE ALMO/ SPOIL$ HIS COPY BOOK BY HIS TORTUR\S FLIRTATIONS ) ,MUSSOL9I'S W> 9T]V5TIONISM 9 #a#i#a#d4.<#d#e#d.> 

,SOVV]SIVISMO1 ,GRAMSCI >GU$1 HAD F$ (F ! ROLE ( VOLUNTE]S FROM ! ,RISORGIM5TO & ! EXAMPLE ( ,G>IBALDI & '! ,?\S&' TOPPL+ ! ,B\RBON ,K+DOM & SETT+ 9 TRA9 ! ,PI$MONT CONQUE/ ( ! P59SULA4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E M]ELY ONE V>IATION ON ?IS !ME1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! REPUBLICANS BUT ALSO ( C\RSE ! ,FASCI/ MILITIA ( ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,! ,ITALIAN /ATE WAS ALSO N\RI%$ BY RE=M$ SOVV]SIVI FROM ,CRISPI TO ,MUSSOL9I4 ,SO1 ,GRAMSCI CONCLUD$ ?AT ! DEP5D5CE ON *>ISMATIC POLITICS1 REFLECT$ 9 ! POLITICAL CULTURE ( AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ LEAD]S ( PRE-,FASCI/ ,ITALY1 DEMON/RAT$ ! L[ LEVEL ( $UCATION ( ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE & WEAKLY CON/RUCT$ 9/ITUTIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ & LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,BUT CONTR>Y TO ,GRAMSCI'S G5]ALIZATIONS1 ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S SU* AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A W]E WELL AW>E ( ! DANG]S ( H]O WOR%IP4.<#d#e#e.> ,MALATE/A PREA*$ ORGANIZATION1 ORGANIZATION & MORE ORGANIZATION4 ,AN>*ISM1 ,MALATE/A >GU$1 WAS NOT AB\T ! LACK ( ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS ESS5TIAL IF AN>*I/S W]E S]I\S AB\T DEAL+ ) ! EXIG5CIES ( ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL CITY4 ,HE MAY HAVE BE5 NAIVE1 BUT ,MALATE/A PLEAD$ ) ! FACTORY OCCUPI]S 9 #aib TO RECOMM5CE TRADE ) O!R FACTORIES )\T ! AID ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,= ,GRAMSCI1 ! LESSON ONE LE>N$ FROM ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS WAS ?AT '! SPONTANEITY 9 ! FACTORY C\NCIL MOVEM5T WAS NOT NEGLECT$1 EV5 LESS DESPIS$4 ,IT WAS $UCAT$1 DIRECT$1 PURG$ ( EXTRANE\S CONTAM9ATION2 ! AIM WAS TO BR+ IT 9TO L9E ) MOD]N !ORY4'.<#d#e#f.> ,BUT NO:]E 9 ,GRAMSCI DO WE F9D AN OP5 ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( 'MOD]N !ORY' 7COMMUNISM7 & POSSIBILITY ?AT SOCIALISM HAD FAIL$ TO TAKE ANO!R MORE LIB]T>IAN PA? 9 ! WAY ! T>NI%$ ,TASCA 7HE WAS ACCUS$ ( COLLABORATION ) ,VI*Y ,FRANCE DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>7 DID 9 ! PREFACE TO HIS PO/W> $ITION ( HIS WOND]FUL HI/ORY ( ! RISE ( ,FASCISM1 :]E HE 9VOK$ ! LIB]T>IAN POT5TIAL ( ! PRE-,FASCI/ ,*AMB]S ( ,LABOR4.<#d#e#g.> ,:5 ,GRAMSCI RECALL$ ANO!R EXEMPL> ( ,ITALIAN GRASS ROOTS SOCIALISM1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS1 !IR MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION WAS NOT !IR 9H]5T DEMOCRACY1 BUT !IR CONTRIBUTION TO 'MOD]N !ORY4' 

,ONE CAN FLE%-\T A ,GRAMSCIAN CRITIQUE ( ! ,/AL9I/ ,SOVIET ,UNION BUT HE NEV] QUE/ION$ ! ,M>XI/ MONOPOLY ( LEGITIMATE ?\<T & ACTION & HE NEV] EV5 GRANT$ ! AN>*I/S ! TITLE ( GADFLIES ( ! REVOLUTION1 !IR W>N+S AB\T ! UNTRAMMEL$ P[]S ( ! NEW ,SOVIET /ATE W]E NEV] ACCEPT$ BY ,GRAMSCI EV5 9 HIS DEEPE/ PESSIMI/IC MOM5TS1 BECAUSE !IR WAY ( ?9K+ WAS ALI5 TO HIS V]Y BE+4 

,CONCLUSION3 ,GRAMSCI 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY 

,MU* ( ?IS *APT] HAS BE5 AN EX]CISE 9 HI/ORICAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT )\T ITS CONTEMPOR>Y APPLICATIONS4 ,= ! AN>*I/ ,RI*>D ,DAY ,GRAMSCI IS DEAD BECAUSE ! POLITICS ( HEGEMONY CAN HAVE NO PLACE 9 ! ALT]-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T4.<#d#e#h.> ,DAY >GUES ?AT ! CONCEPT ( HEGEMONY 9 BO? ITS 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS REALI/ & ,GRAMSCIAN 9T]PRETATIONS %>E A SIMIL> ATTA*M5T TO ! /ATE AS PRIME ACTOR4 ,DAY'S BOOK IS 9SPIR$ BY ASPECTS ( PO/-AN>*ISM1 :I* DIS[NS ! CONCEPT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T & DRAWS ON ! MAV]ICK CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ,GU/AV ,L&AU]'S E>LI] =MULATION ( AN>*ISM4.<#d#e#i.> ,DAY'S PROPOSALS 9VOLVE *ANGES 9 P]SONAL RELATIONS1 9 CA/+ \T ! SPOOKS 9 \R HEADS & />T+ TO BUILD AN>*ISM AT ! 9T]P]SONAL LEVEL1 OR AS ! REC5TLY DECEAS$ ,BRITI% AN>*I/ ,COL9 ,W>D >GU$1.<#d#f.> CREAT+ RE=MI/ PROJECTS1 :I* UND]M9E ! SOLIDITY ( /ATE P[]1 OR1 TO P>APHRASE ANO!R ALT]-GLOBALIS]1 '*ANGE ! WORLD )\T TAK+ P[]4'.<#d#f#a.> ,BUT ?IS IS DIFF]5T TO CREAT+ C\NT]-HEGEMONY3 ! BUILD+ ( AN ALT]NATIVE =M ( HEGEMONY 9VOLVES /ATE =MATION OR RE=MATION4 ,GRAMSCI W\LD NOT HAVE DISAGRE$ ) ,DAY'S CRITICISM1 HE W\LD HAVE EMBRAC$ IT3 LIB]T>IAN TOOLS 9 ! ,GRAMSCIAN 9TELLECTUAL TOOLKIT W]E US$ TO CREATE A NEW /ATE & NOT TO ABOLI% /ATE P[]1 AT LEA/ UNTIL SOME DI/ANT PO9T 9 ! FUTURE :5 ! /ATE W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ! RA!R DI/URB+ S\ND+ =MULATION 9 ! ,QUAD]NI1 'REGULAT$ SOCIETY4' 

,ANO!R ASPECT ( ,GRAMSCI'S ?\<T IS RELEVANT TO AN 5C\NT] BETWE5 V>IETIES ( PO/-AN>*ISM1 PO/-COLONIALISM1 PO/-MOD]NISM1 ,GRAMSCI & ! 'CLASSICAL AN>*I/S4' ,IF ! CONCEPT ( HEGEMONY HAS LAUN*$ A ?\S& ACADEMIC ,GRAMSCIAN BOATS S9CE ! #a#i#fS1 ! T]M SUBALT]N1 US$ BY ! SELF-SAME S*OOL ( /UDIES FROM ! ,9DIAN SUBCONT95T & PRES5T ( C\RSE 9 ! WORK ( ! ,PALE/9IAN ,AM]ICAN ,$W>D ,SAID1 REVIV$ ! /UDY ( ,GRAMSCI1 SO ?AT AFT] #aihi & ! FALL ( ,/ATE ,COMMUNISM1 ,GRAMSCIAN /UDIES \TSIDE ( ,ITALY DID NOT MISS A HE>TBEAT1 :ILE ! 9CREAS+LY MORIBUND CONDITIONS ( ,GRAMSCIAN /UDIES 9SIDE ,ITALY EXP]I5C$ A R5AISSANCE ?R\< ! IMPORTATION ( CULTURAL & PO/-COLONIAL /UDIES1 :I* 9 TURN HAD BE5 SUP]*>G$ BY ?IS RE>RANG$ 'DIASPORIC ,GRAMSCI4'.<#d#f#b.> ,AS ,I M5TION$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION1 EV5 IF ! REC5T POPUL>ITY ( ! CONCEPT ( ! SUBALT]N 9 ,GRAMSCI IS NOT )\T ITS PROBLEMS1 BECAUSE IT IS UNCLE> :E!R ,GRAMSCI USES ?IS T]M AS A SYNONYM = ! ,ITALIAN MALE WORK+-CLASS1 = ?OSE AT ! M>G9S ( SOCIETY 7WOM51 M9ORITIES & POOR PEASANTS7 OR M]ELY AS ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 A C]TA9 READ+ MI<T ALL[ ONE TO 9T]ROGATE ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ CULTURE & HI/ORY MORE SYMPA!TICALLY -- AL?\< ?IS MAY M]ELY BE ,GRAMSCI'S ELABORATE REWORK+ ( A MODE ( REASON+ ALREADY EVID5T 9 HIS E>LY POLEMICS ) ,LUIGI ,MOL9>I & ! 'SUBV]SIVE' ADVOCATES ( ,ESP]ANTO4 

,GRAMSCI IS ALSO ATTRACTIVE TO MOD]N ?\<T BECAUSE ( HIS PO/-POSITIVI/ POSITION4 ,! !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS ( ,GRAMSCI'S VOLUNT>ISM >E 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ! DET]M9ISM ( ,L59'S SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,L59'S POLITICAL ACTIVISM WAS 9=M$ BY ! PROBLEM ( P[]1 H[ TO SEIZE & CONS]VE IT4.<#d#f#c.> ,L59 WAS A POLITICAL VOLUNT>I/ ( ! FIR/ ORD]1 BUT HIS SOCIAL ?\<T NEV] LEFT ! /RAITJACKET ( ! MO/ RULE-B\ND 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1' EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 ! LATE ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,NOTEBOOKS4 ,9DE$ ,L59 SP5T AN 9ORD9ATE AM\NT ( TIME ?R\<\T HIS LIFE /AMP+ \T A BEWILD]+ V>IETY ( 'H]ESIES1' :I* ?REAT5$ HIS LOVE AFFAIR ) 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM'3 MONI/S1 ',GOD-BUILD]S' & 9FANTILE COMMUNI/S W]E ALL *OS5 T>GETS4.<#d#f#d.> ,UNOR?ODOX & RU?LESS 9 SEIZ+ & HOLD+ P[]1 HIS POLITICAL ?\<T WAS P]HAPS MORE RULE-B\ND & OR?ODOX ?AN HIS FALL5 IDOLS1' ,KAUTSKY & ,PLEKHANOV4 ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT 9 #aiaf & #aiag ,L59 7& ,BUKH>97 >GU$ ?AT HI/ORICAL TIME C\LD BE SP$ UP PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW /AGE ( HI/ORY3 WORLD W> ?AT FL[$ FROM ! IMP]IALI/ CAPITALI/ /AGE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T SANCTION$ HIS AN>*I/-LIKE H]ETICAL POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#g4 ,BUT IT DID NOT SANCTION A RE?9K+ ( ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM HE HAD M5TALLY +E/$ BE=E #aiad -- ! ,M>XISM ( HI/ORICAL /AGES WAS NEV] DISAV[$1 IMP]IALISM WAS M]ELY ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 :I* SANCTION$ AN>*I/-LIKE DIRECT ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! SCI5TIFIC ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY WAS A 'SOCIAL TRAITOR' BECAUSE HE HAD BETRAY$ HIS POLITICAL PR9CIPLES1 NOT BECAUSE !IR MUTUALLY %>$ !ORY ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM WAS 9CORRECT4 

,GRAMSCI'S APPROA* WAS DIFF]5T4 ,HE READ ,L59 ?R\< HIS [N SYN!SIS ( ,ITALIAN NEO-IDEALI/ VOLUNT>ISM1 :I* [$ MORE TO ,GIOVANNI ,G5TILE & ,GEORGES ,SOREL ?AN E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4 ,9DE$ ,GRAMSCI'S FIR/ L5G?Y ANALYSIS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION WAS TITL$ ! ',! ,REVOLUTION ,AGA9/ ,CAPITAL1' ?AT IS1 ,M>X'S ,DAS ,KAPITAL4.<#d#f#e.> ,?US ?IS ANTI-CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION WAS ALSO A !ORETICAL REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! POSITIVI/ 5CRU/ATIONS1 :I* HAD 5VELOP$ ,M>XISM & IMPLICITLY MI<T HAVE T>NI%$ ! MA/] HIMSELF4 ,9 ,ITALY RE=MI/ & MAXIMALI/ SOCIALI/S W]E \TRAG$ BY ?IS >TICLE & ,GRAMSCI E>N$ AN UNSAVORY REPUTATION AS A ,B]GSONIAN1 :I* JU/ RE9=C$ A G5]AL SUSPICION AB\T HIS S\NDNESS DUE TO HIS E>LI] FLIRTATION ) ! PRO-W> 9T]V5TIONISM ( ! =M] ,DUCE ( ,ITALIAN MAXIMALI/ SOCIALISM1 ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ,GRAMSCI'S BEHAVIOR MI<T HAVE BE5 UND]/&ABLE TO ,L591.<#d#f#f.> :O LIK$ TO %APE EV5TS1 NOT TO BE ! PASSIVE RECIPI5T ( B5EFICIAL \TCOMES2 ,GRAMSCI1 IT CAN BE >GU$1 ?\<T ?AT SOCIALI/S C\LD NOT BE ABOVE ! FRAY 9 A WORLD HI/ORICAL EV5T SU* AS WORLD W>1 )\T BECOM+ UTT]LY M>G9ALIZ$4 ,9DE$1 ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 5D$ BY TAK+ A CONFUS+ TEMPORIZ+ POSITION1 :I* ILL-PREP>$ IT = ! TUMULTU\S ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO 7#a#i#a#i-#a#i#b74 

,H[EV]1 IF WE TURN ! TELESCOPE >\ND & IMAG9E A C\NT]FACTUAL HI/ORY 9 :I* ,GRAMSCI HAD 5C\NT]$ ,L59'S ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY BE=E HE HAD SUCCESSFULLY PILOT$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO /ATE P[]1 ,GRAMSCI W\LD HAVE C]TA9LY HAD A DIM IF NOT S>CA/IC REACTION TO IT4 ,!RE=E 9 #aiag & #aiah ,L59 WAS A FANTA/ICAL PROJECTION ( ,GRAMSCI'S RADICALISM1 NOT ! FLE% & BLOOD ,L59 9 COMM& ( ! NEW ,SOVIET /ATE4 ,9 ! ,QUAD]NI ,L59 IS PRAIS$ AS ! PRIME 9NOVATOR ( ! CONCEPT ( HEGEMONY4 ,:ILE ?IS HAD L$ MANY COMM5TATORS 7MO/ FAM\SLY ,P]RY ,&]SON7.<#d#f#g.> TO DISC\NT ! MYRIAD S\RCES ( ! CONCEPT & ESS5CE ( HEGEMONY1.<#d#f#h.> :I* PREC$$ ,GRAMSCI'S DEEP5+ KN[L$GE ( ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM DUR+ HIS SOJ\RN 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 ! 'Y\NG' & 'MATURE' ,GRAMSCI BO? ?\<T ,L59'S MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO ! !ORY ( ,M>XISM WAS ,L59'S ACTIONS 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#a#g1 ACTION NOT ?\<T1 :I* IS EQUAT$ TO ! ,M>XIAN CONCEPTION ( PRAXIS4 ,:E!R ?IS IS AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION ( :AT ,M>X MEANT BY PRAXIS IS QUE/IONABLE3 AT ! 5D ( ! DAY IT SEEMS A CASE ( ! OLD ADAGE ( 'NO?+ SUCCE$S LIKE SUCCESS4' ,GRAMSCI'S ,G5TILEAN ACTUALISM1 HIS POLITICS ( PRAGMATISM1 W]E F9ESS$ BY V]BAL ACROBATICS1 :I* W]E NEV] ADEQUATELY RECONCIL$ ) HIS GR&] V]SION ( :AT HE CALL$ ! PHILOSOPHY ( PRAXIS4 ,! DISJUNCTION BETWE5 HIS POLITICAL ?\<T & ! MODEL1 :I* PROV$ SUCCESSFUL 9 ACTUALLY GA9+ P[] 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 W\LD ?REAT5 ! COH]5CE ( HIS PROJECT = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE4.<#d#f#i.> 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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