,*APT] #g 
,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ ,P]SPECTIVES ON ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#g4 ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ ,P]SPECTIVES ON ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i 

,SAKU ,P9TA 

,9TRODUCTION 

,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM IS (T5 REG>D$ AS A CURR5T )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ TRADITION ?AT BE>S A CLOSE RESEMBLANCE TO :AT SOME N[ REF] TO AS 'CLASS /RUGGLE' AN>*ISM.<#d#g.> & IS R\T9ELY CONSID]$ TO BELONG TO A BROAD] 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/' T5D5CY4.<#d#g#a.> ,9 SO F> AS ?OSE AN>*I/ CURR5TS :I* EMBRACE A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS POLITICS >E DEL9EAT$ FROM 9DIVIDUALI/ OR O!R V>IANTS1 ! COMMON EMPHASIS ON DIRECT ACTION & =MS ( SELF-ORGANIZATION AS ! PREFIGURATIVE ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 DI/RU/ ( BUREAUCRACY & (FICIALDOM1 & CRITIQUE ( BO? RE=MISM & ,BOL%EVISM ALL L5D CR$5CE TO SUGGE/IONS ( CONV]G5T P]SPECTIVES BETWE5 C\NCILISM & CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISMS4 ,MOREOV]1 MU* LIKE ! BROADLY DEF9$ AN>*I/ TRADITION1 ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM BECAME SUBM]G$ DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> -- & OV]%AD[$ DUR+ ! POLITICAL CLIMATE ( ! PO/W> BIPOL> SY/EM.<#d#g#b.> -- ONLY TO RESURFACE ) ! UPSURGE ( ANTISY/EMIC MOVEM5TS ( ! NEW ,LEFT & ! PO/-#f#h ]A4 

,H[EV]1 :ILE !ORETICAL SIMIL>ITIES HAVE BE5 ACKN[L$G$1 HI/ORICALLY-SITUAT$ EXAM9ATIONS ( ! EVOLV+ RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ PRAXIS HAVE BE5 SORELY LACK+ 9 ,LEFT & LABOR HI/ORIOGRAPHY4.<#d#g#c.> ,AN APPROA* S5SITIVE TO HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS & CONCRETE POLITICAL MANIFE/ATIONS MAY PROVIDE SOME 9SI<T 9TO ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! 'R$' & 'BLACK' L>GELY MISS+ FROM :AT /RICTLY ANALYTICAL OR NORMATIVE APPROA*ES CAN TELL US4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y MAY ALSO S]VE AS CORRECTIVES TO SIMPLI/IC TREATM5TS C\NT] POS+ A S+UL>1 'CAPITAL-,M' ,M>XI/ BETE NOIRE TO A MORE V>I$ & ROBU/ AN>*ISM1 OR VICE V]SA4 ,9DE$1 ! VIEW ( IDEOLOGIES AS DYNAMIC1 CONCEPTUAL PRODUCTS ( !IR SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC 5VIRONM5TS1 MORPH+ 9 RELATION TO *ANG$ CIRCUM/ANCES1 IS AN APPROA* GA9+ GR\ND 9 CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL !ORY4.<#d#g#d.> 

,?IS *APT] WILL EXAM9E ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ P]SPECTIVES ON AN>*OSYNDICALI/ P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ,REVOLUTION #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i ?R\< ! WRIT+S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,GR\P ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S & ITS MO/ \T/&+ !ORI/S ,PAUL ,MATTICK & ,K>L ,KORS*4 ,?IS CONFLICT REPRES5TS A PIVOTAL EPISODE 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 BOOK5D+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#c#i74 ,! ANTI-,FASCI/ /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA9 PROVID$ ! BACKDROP AGA9/ :I* IDEOLOGICAL T5SIONS W]E DRAMATICALLY PLAY$ \T1 & ONE 9 :I* ! POLITICAL AIMS & OBJECTIVES ( NE>LY ALL POLITICAL ACTORS 9VOLV$ W]E SUBJECT TO REVISION3 SOME AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT$ 9 GOV]NM5T1 ,/AL9I/S ACTIVELY DEF5D$ LIB]AL DEMOCRACY & PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & SECTIONS ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE MADE COMMON CAUSE ) SELF-/YL$ SOCIALI/S4 ,! TWO MA9 C\NCILI/ J\RNALS ( ?IS P]IOD -- ,RATECORRESPOND5Z 9 ! ,NE!RL&S & ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE 9 ! ,U,S,A -- FOLL[$ ! EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 CLOSELY4 ,9 HIS #aifi 9TRODUCTION TO A REPR9T$ COLLECTION ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ J\RNAL1 ,PAUL ,MATTICK REFLECT$ ON ?IS P]IOD1 /AT+ ?AT3 

,! ANTI-,FASCI/ CIVIL W> 9 ,SPA91 :I* WAS IMM$IATELY A PROV+ GR\ND = ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 F\ND ! C\NCIL COMMUNI/S QUITE NATURALLY -- DESPITE !IR ,M>XI/ ORI5TATION -- ON ! SIDE ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 EV5 ?\< CIRCUM/ANCES COMPELL$ ! LATT] TO SACRIFICE !IR [N PR9CIPLES TO ! PROTRACT$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! COMMON ,FASCI/ 5EMY4.<#d#g#e.> 

,! *APT] WILL BEG9 ) A BRIEF \TL9E ( ! ORIG9S & DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,DUT*-,G]MAN ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ CURR5T1 BE=E PROVID+ A SKET* ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,GR\P ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S4 ,IT WILL !N CONSID] ! CRITICAL1 BUT SYMPA!TIC1 SUPPORT ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S BY ! ,AM]ICAN C\NCILI/S1 HI<LI<T+ ! CRITIQUE ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ! POSITIVE APPRAISAL ( AN>*I/ COLLECTIVIZATION1 & ! MA9 C\NCILI/ CRITIQUES ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 9 ,SPA94 ,9 CONCLUSION1 C\NCILI/ ATTITUDES TO ! P]=MANCE ( AN>*ISM 9 ,SPA9 WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 RELATION TO SIMIL> SELF-CRITIQUES MADE BY RANK & FILE =MATIONS SU* AS ,LA ,AGRUPACION DE ,LOS ,AMIGOS DE ,DURRUTI 7! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P74 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI W]E AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ AFF9ITY GR\P1 =MALLY LAUN*$ ON #ag ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 NAM$ AFT] ! LEG5D>Y AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANT ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI :O WAS KILL$ 9 ! DEF5SE ( ,MADRID 9 #a#i#c#f4.<#d#g#f.> ,! GR\P FUNCTION$ AS A ,LEFT OPPOSITION =MATION )9 ! TWO MA9 9/ITUTIONAL EXPRESSIONS ( AN>*ISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 9 ,SPA91 ! ,C,N,T 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO2 ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 & ,F,A,I 7,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA2 ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION71 & ROSE TO PROM95CE DUR+ ! ',MAY ,DAYS' ( #aicg 9 ,B>CELONA4.<#d#g#g.> 

,BEYOND /RICTLY HI/ORICAL 9T]E/1 ! C\NCILI/S' CRITICAL APPRAISAL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA91 & ITS C\NT]P>T )9 ! RADICAL ,LEFT ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 REVEALS A S]IES ( COMMON CONSID]ATIONS BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISMS & ,M>XISMS ) REG>DS TO ! DYNAMICS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE3 ! LIMITATIONS ( ANTI-,FASCISM )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY2 9T]NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVES ON ! RISKS & B5EFITS ( EXT5D+ ISOLAT$ 'NATIONAL' OR REGIONAL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES BEYOND !IR FRONTI]S2 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 MASS-BAS$ WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & AVANT-G>DE POLITICAL GR\P+S 9 PRE- & PO/-REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS2 & F9ALLY1 ! V]Y ?ORNY QUE/ION ( :AT1 EXACTLY1 IS MEANT BY 'TAK+ P[]'8 

,WORK]S' C\NCILS & ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ PRAXIS 

,! ,DUT*-,G]MAN ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ T5D5CY1 REPRES5TS ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT & ORIG9AL REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES ( ! 9T]W> P]IOD4 ,! BE/-KN[N ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ !ORI/S 9CLUDE ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 ,H]MAN ,GORT] & ,OTTO ,RUHLE1 :ILE >GUABLY ! MO/ FAM\S & CONTROV]SIAL C\NCILI/ ACTIVI/1 ,M>9US VAN D] ,LUBBE1 WAS RESPONSIBLE = SETT+ ! FIRE ?AT DE/ROY$ ! ,REI*/AG BUILD+ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicc AS AN ACT ( PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ,NAZIS4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM HAD A MASS AUDI5CE & CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,DUT* & ,G]MAN WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 

,! C5T]PIECE ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ !ORY IS ! NOTION ?AT WORK]S' C\NCILS CON/ITUTE ! MA9 UNIT ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE & ! BASIS ON :I* PO/-CAPITALI/ >RANGEM5TS %\LD BE CON/RUCT$4 ,9 HIS ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 ONE ( ! MO/ WIDELY READ EXPOSITIONS ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ IDEAS1 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK DESCRIB$ C\NCILS AS =MS ( WORK+-CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION ROOT$ 9 ! MYRIAD ORGANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE C\NCILS1 TYPICALLY CREAT$ 9 SITUATIONS 9 :I* WORK]S ATTEMPT TO WRE/ CONTROL ( !IR WORKPLACES & COMMUNITIES1 W\LD REPLACE P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & ! /ATE ) COLLABORAT+ BODIES ( RECALLABLE DELEGATES RESPONSIBLE = DEMOCRATICALLY ADM9I/]+ PRODUCTION AS WELL AS ACTIVITY 9 O!R SPH]ES4 ,?IS =M ( ORGANIZATION W\LD AM\NT TO A 'TOTAL REVOLUTION' 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS & RESULT 9 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 POLITICS & ECONOMICS UND] CAPITALISM4.<#d#g#h.> ,LIKE CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/S1 ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S BELIEVE ?AT DEMOCRACY IS A %AM UNLESS EXT5D$ TO ! ECONOMY & O!R >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,FROM !SE PREMISES1 ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S DEVELOP$ A CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY & M$IAT$ =MS ( POLITICAL ACTION AS RUNN+ DIRECTLY C\NT] TO ! EMANCIPATORY AIMS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,AS ,RA*LEFF WROTE 9 HIS #aigf /UDY ( C\NCILI/ HI/ORY & POLITICAL !ORY3 

,! C\NCILI/S 444 REJECT$ ! P>TY /RUCTURE BECAUSE IT RECAPITULAT$ ! CAPITALI/ DIVISION BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR1 BETWE5 ORD]-GIV]S & ORD]-TAK]S4 ,) !IR EMPHASIS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! MEANS & 5DS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SOCIALISM -- WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & SOCIETY -- CANNOT BE A*IEV$ ?R\< A =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT H9D]$ SELF-EMANCIPATION4 ,RA!R ?AN /IMULAT+ ! CAPABILITIES ( WORK]S1 P>TIES FUNCTION TO /IFLE !M4.<#d#g#i.> 

,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S ALSO REJECT$ ! TRADE UNION =M1 = SIMIL> REASONS1 >GU+ ?AT CONV5TIONAL UNIONS HAD FAIL$ AS 9/RUM5TS ( REVOLUTION1 BE+ 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! FUNCTION+ ( ADVANC$ CAPITALISM AS AG5TS ( SOCIAL CONTROL & COLLABORATIONI/ CAPITAL-LABOR M$IATION4 ,BY ACT+ ABOVE OR ON BEHALF ( ! WORK]S1 ! C\NCILI/S REASON$ ?AT BO? TRADE UNION & P>TY (FICIALS RE/RA9$ & USURP$ ! CREATIVE POT5TIAL & AG5CY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 DO+ SO1 A BUREAUCRATIC /RATUM =M$1 DEVELOP+ & DEF5D+ ITS [N PRIVILEGES & CLASS 9T]E/S AS ! MANAG]S1 RA!R ?AN GRAV$IGG]S1 ( CAPITALISM4 ,!SE HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONS W]E >GU$ TO BE OB/ACLES TO HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 A GOAL ?AT C\LD ONLY BE REALIZ$ ?R\< COLLECTIVE SOCIAL ACTION & 9/ITUTIONS P[]$ 'FROM BEL[4' 

,FROM ,LEFT RADICALISM TO ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM1 #a#i-#a#i#b#d 

,! IDEAS \TL9$ ABOVE W]E NOT CONSID]$ AS AB/RACT !ORETICAL POSITIONS4 ,RA!R1 C\NCILI/ IDEAS W]E 9=M$ ?R\< ! /UDY ( MASS WORK]S' /RUGGLES -- P>TICUL>LY 9 ! EM]G5CE ( WORK]S' C\NCILS 7SOVIETS7 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aie & AGA9 9 #a#i#a#g1 AS WELL AS ! APPE>ANCE ( C\NCILS 9 ,G]MANY1 ,HUNG>Y & ,ITALY 9 ! UPRIS+S1 FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 MILIT>Y MUT9IES1 & 9SURRECTIONS ?AT SWEPT C5TRAL & S\!RN ,EUROPE 9 ! YE>S IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4.<#d#h.> 

,9 ,G]MANY & ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ PRAXIS ORIG9AT$ 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY FROM A RADICAL ,LEFT M9ORITY 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY.<#d#h#a.> & ! ,DUT* ',TRIBUNI/' GR\P1 BO? ( :OM COLLABORAT$ EXT5SIVELY4.<#d#h#b.> ,P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT PROPON5T ( ?IS RADICAL ,LEFT FACTION WAS ! ,G]MAN-,POLI% REVOLUTION>Y ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,H] WRIT+S1 ESPECIALLY ,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION1.<#d#h#c.> FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i1 & H] #aif ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE1 ! ,POLITICAL ,P>TY & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS1.<#d#h#d.> HELP$ LAY ! 9TELLECTUAL F\NDATIONS ( ! ,LEFT RADICAL &1 LAT]1 C\NCILI/ CURR5TS4 ,LUXEMBURG'S FAM\S LIB]T>IAN DICTUM -- DIRECT$ AS A CRITICISM ( ,L59 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION -- PRESAG$ LAT] CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! HEIRS ( ?IS RADICAL CURR5T & ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ',FRE$OM1' %E MA9TA9$1 'IS ALWAYS & EXCLUSIVELY FRE$OM = ! ONE :O ?9KS DIFF]5TLY 444 ITS EFFECTIV5ESS VANI%ES :5 0FRE$OM0 BECOMES A SPECIAL PRIVILEGE4'.<#d#h#e.> 

,FREQU5TLY D5\NC$ AS AN 'AN>*I/ DEVIATION1' ,BR\E1 9 HIS /UDY ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#c71 NOT$ ?AT ',! ,G]MAN LEFT RADICALS HAD BE5 9 CONFLICT = YE>S ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N P>TY4'.<#d#h#f.> ,9TRAP>TY DIVISIONS )9 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CAMP CAME TO A HEAD DUR+ ! CRISIS ON ! POLITICAL ,LEFT PROVOK$ BY ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 &1 AT A LAT] /AGE1 ! OV]ALL RECONFIGURATION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,?OSE :O HAD MA9TA9$ ANTI-W> POSITIONS & HAD WELCOM$ ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA =M$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY 7,K,P,D1 ,KOMMUNI/IS*E ,P>TEI ,DEUTS*L&S74 ,SIMIL> TO MANY ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNI/S1 ! MAJORITY ( ?IS P>TY HELD ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y & ANTI-TRADE UNION POSITIONS4 ,P]HAPS 9ITIALLY TAK+ ,L59'S E>LY #aiag REVOLUTION>Y WRIT+S AT FACE VALUE1 LIKE HIS ,APRIL ,!SES OR ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION.<#d#h#g.> - MU* AS MANY ,RUSSIAN & 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/S HAD DONE DUR+ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION.<#d#h#h.> -- WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! ,DUT*-,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T >GU$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/S HAD REVEAL$ ! EMANCIPATORY POT5TIAL ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS4 

,A S]IES ( BUREAUCRATIC MANEUV]S )9 ! ,K,P,D BY A SMALL SECTION ( ! P>TY WAS SUCCESSFUL 9 CAPTUR+ IMPORTANT POSITIONS 9 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 & ?R\< ?IS 9FLU5CE EXPELL$ LEFT-W+ BRAN*ES4 ,! /RATEGIC AIM ( !SE EXPULSIONS C5T]$ >\ND EF=TS TO ATTRACT MEMB]S ( O!R1 MORE MOD]ATE1 P>TIES TO ! ,K,P,D 9 ! HOPE ( BUILD+ A MASS P>TY4.<#d#h#i.> ,! 9SI/5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL = ALL AFFILIAT$ P>TIES TO P>TICIPATE 9 ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS 9 !IR NATIONAL P>LIAM5TS AS WELL TO WORK )9 ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ORD] TO RADICALIZE !M W]E ALSO DIVISIVE ISSUES = MANY ,WE/]N ,COMMUNI/S4.<#d#i.> ,= ! ,DUT*-,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT1 ! FUNCTION ( ! TRADE UNIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES HAD ALREADY BE5 CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION FROM !IR P]=MANCE BE=E1 DUR+ & AFT] ! W>4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,L59'S #aib POLEMIC1 ,LEFT-,W+ ,COMMUNISM3 ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD].<#d#i#a.> EXPLICITLY AIM$ AT DE/ROY+ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y & RADICAL SECTIONS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4.<#d#i#b.> 

,! EXPELL$ SECTIONS ( ! ,K,P,D REGR\P$ TO =M ! ,G]MANY ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,K,A,P,D1 ,KOMMUNI/IS*E ,>BEIT]-,P>TEI ,DEUTS*L&S7 9 #a#i#b1 & P>TICIPAT$ AS AN OBS]V] GR\P )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL UNTIL ! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS ( ?AT BODY 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,AL?\< 9CREAS+LY CRITICAL1 FOLL[+ ! ,K,A,P,D EXIT FROM ! ,COM9T]N C\NCILI/S 5GAG$ 9 A MU* MORE DETAIL$ CRITIQUE ( ,BOL%EVISM & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4.<#d#i#c.> ,P]HAPS ! TWO DEF9ITIVE C\NCILI/ /ATEM5TS AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM 9CLUDE ,H]MAN ,GORT]'S #aib ,OP5 ,LETT] TO ,COMRADE ,L59.<#d#i#d.> & ,HELMUT ,WAGN]'S ,!SES ON ,BOL%EVISM4.<#d#i#e.> ,BO? WRIT+S EXPRESS ! VIEW ?AT CONDITIONS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE PRECLUD$ ! ADOPTION ( P>LIAM5T>Y & UNIONI/ ME?ODS = REVOLUTION>Y 5DS4 ,WAGN]'S ANALYSIS ( ,BOL%EVISM1 :I* BECAME ! /&>D C\NCILI/ VIEW1 FUR!R >GU$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY HAD C>RI$ \T A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 A PR$OM9ANTLY AGR>IAN SOCIETY 7RA!R ?AN A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION7 AGA9/ ! REMNANTS ( ,RUSSIAN FEUDAL ABSOLUTISM & A WEAK LIB]AL CAPITALI/ CLASS1 & 9/ALL$ ! REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLIG5TSIA AS MA/]S ( A DICTATORIAL P>TY-/ATE4 

,! PROGRAM ( ! ,K,A,P,D EXPLICITLY /AT$ ?AT !Y W]E 'NOT A P>TY 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE4' ,RA!R ?AN P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ELECTORAL PROCESS OR SEEK+ TO CAPTURE /ATE P[]1 ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION WAS GIV5 A MORE MODE/ ROLE1 NAMELY1 UNIT+ & CO-ORD9AT+ ! EF=TS ( ! MO/ POLITICALLY ADVANC$ SEGM5TS ( ! WORK+-CLASS UND] A ,COMMUNI/ PROGRAM4 ,! FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS OR 'WORK]S' UNIONS' 7,UNION57 W]E CONSID]$ AS CON/ITUT+ '! F\NDATION ( ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY TO COME'.<#d#i#f.> ,P>ALLEL TO ! ,K,A,P,D 7PEAK+ 9 #aib ) SOME #d1 MEMB]S7 WAS ! #b1 /RONG ,G5]AL ,WORK]S' ,UNION ( ,G]MANY 7,A,A,U,D ,ALLGEME9E ,>BEIT] ,UNION ,DEUTS*L&S71 A NETWORK ( FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS MODEL$ ON ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W74 ,( ALL E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 ! 'REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM' ( ! ,I,W,W HAD ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT & LA/+ IMPACT ON C\NCILI/ 9DU/RIAL /RATEGY4.<#d#i#g.> 

,DIFF]5CES EM]G$ )9 ! C\NCILI/ ,LEFT 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS4.<#d#i#h.> ,A SPLIT FROM ! ,A,A,U,D1 L$ BY ,OTTO ,RUHLE1 L$ TO ! CREATION ( ! ,A,A,U,E 7,ALLGEME9E ,>BEIT]-,UNION -- ,E9HEITSORGANISATION71 AS A POLITICAL-ECONOMIC 'UNIT>Y ORGANIZATION4' ,MILITANTS ( ! ,A,A,U,E D5I$ ! NECESSITY ( A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION SEP>ATE FROM WORK]S' ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS4.<#d#i#i.> ,?IS UND]P9N$ ! MA9 DEBATES )9 ! C\NCILI/ MOVEM5T REG>D+ ! UTILITY ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,?REE DIFF]5T POSITIONS EM]G$4 ,RUHLE >GU$ ?AT EF=TS %\LD BE DIRECTLY AT =M+ WORKPLACE GR\PS AS A SYN!SIS ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT ATTEMPTS TO =M SEP>ATE POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS %\LD BE AB&ON$4 ,?IS POSITION WAS LAID \T MO/ CLE>LY 9 ,RUHLE'S PAMPHLET ,! ,REVOLUTION IS ,NOT A ,P>TY ,AFFAIR1.<#e.> & 9 SEV]AL RESPECTS1 RESEMBL$ ?AT ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM4.<#e#a.> ,H]MAN ,GORT] >GU$ = A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY & DEF5D$ ! ROLE ( ! ,K,A,P,D AS A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION = MILITANTS1 C>RY+ \T PROPAG&A WORK & L9K+ MEMB]S 9 A COMMON ORGANIZATION UND] A COMMON PLAT=M4 ,PANNEKOEK & ,MATTICK 9 SOME WAYS OSCILLAT$ BETWE5 ! TWO POSITIONS3 ) ! =M] SETTL+ ON A SOME:AT 'SPONTANEI/' P]SPECTIVE :I* ASS]T$ ?AT ANY \TSIDE 9T]V5TION 9 WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES W\LD ULTIMATELY BE H>MFUL1.<#e#b.> & ! LAT] CONSID]+ !SE DIFF]5CES 79 RETROSPECT7 TO BE ( LITTLE PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE4.<#e#c.> 

,DESPITE DIFF]5CES1 ! CONCEPTIONS ( A ,L59I/-TYPE P>TY OR ACTIVITY 9 P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS W]E /RATEGIES REJECT$ BY ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S4 ,! C\NCILI/ NOTION ( A 'P>TY1' AS 'A GR\P :I* %>E.<S.> A G5]AL COMMON P]SPECTIVE & .<SEEKS.> TO CL>IFY & PUBLICIZE ! ISSUES ( CLASS /RUGGLE1'.<#e#d.> 9 ?IS S5SE1 DID NOT FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF] FROM SOME AN>*I/ CONCEPTIONS ( A REVOLUTION>Y1 ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4.<#e#e.> ,9 ! RADICAL POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E ( ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC1 HI/ORIAN ,HANS ,MANFR$ ,BOCK CONSID]$ ! ,G]MAN ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S TO BE1 ALONG ) ! ,FOD]ATION D] ,KOMMUNI/IS*5 ,AN>*I/5 7,F,K,A,D1 ,F$]ATION ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*I/S ( ,G]MANY7 & ! ,FREIE ,>BEIT] ,UNION ,DEUTS*L&S 7,F,A,U,D1 ,FREE ,WORK]S' ,UNION ( ,G]MANY71 A P>T ( A COMMON1 'RELATIVELY WIDESPREAD ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5T' ) 'OP5 BORD]S & FLUID CROSS+S & 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5' !SE 'COMPON5TS ( ! ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN CAMP4'.<#e#f.> 

,PO/-#a#i#b#d ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM 9 ! ,U,S,A 

,BY #aibd ! COMB9$ MEMB]%IP ( C\NCILI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,G]MANY HAD DW9DL$ TO SOME #b1#g ACTIVE MILITANTS4.<#e#g.> ,?OSE :O REMA9$ COMMITT$ TO ADVANC+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVES FOCUS$ PRIM>ILY ON DEVELOP+ !ORY & C>RY+ \T PROPAG&A & $UCATIONAL WORK4 ,ONE SU* GR\P WAS ! ,AM]ICAN ,UNIT$,WORK]S ,P>TY1 LAT] R5AM$ ! ,GR\P ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S1 =M$ 9 #aicd ?R\< ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,PAUL ,MATTICK4 ,MATTICK1 A =M] ,K,A,P,D & ,A,A,U,D WORK]-9TELLECTUAL1 EMIGRAT$ TO ! ,U,S,A 9 #a#i#b#d1 FIR/ MOV+ TO ,B5TON ,H>BOR1 ,MI*IGAN1 LAT] SETTL+ 9 ,*ICAGO1 ,ILL9OIS 9 #a#i#b#g4 ,BONAC*I WRITES ?AT ,G]MAN RADICAL EMIGRES LIKE ,MATTICK3 

444 SAW ! ,U4,S4 AS ! /RONGE/ CAPITALI/ C\NTRY ) ! MO/ RADICAL LABOR TRADITION 7! ,I,W,W7 444 PROVID+ ! IDEAL CONDITIONS = ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT CLASS AUTONOMY :I* 9 ,EUROPE HAD BE5 H&ICAPP$ BY CAPITALISM'S /RUCTURAL BACKW>DNESS & BY ! LABOR MOVEM5T'S TRADITION ( RE=MISM4.<#e#h.> 

,9DE$1 ,MATTICK ATTRIBUT$ ! =MATION ( AUTONOM\S C\NCILS ( ! UNEMPLOY$ 9 ! ,U,S,A DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION AS CREAT+ ! CONDITIONS = ! EM]G5CE ( A ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T 9 ?AT C\NTRY4.<#e#i.> ,PRIOR TO ! =MATION ( AN EXPLICITLY C\NCILI/ ORGANIZATION1 ORGANIZ+ & PROPAG&A RELAT$ TO UNEMPLOYM5T ISSUES WAS CONDUCT$ ?R\< ! ,I,W,W4 ,MATTICK WAS AN ACTIVE MEMB]1 & DRAFT$ A ,G]MANLANGUAGE REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM = ! UNION 9 #aicc BAS$ ON ! !ORIES ( ,H5RYK ,GROSSMAN -- ,DIE ,TODESKRISE DES KAPITALI/IS*5 ,SY/EMS UND DIE ,AUFGAB5 DES ,PROLET>IATS 7,! DEA? CRISIS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ! TASKS ( ! PROLET>IAT7.<#e#a.> -- :I* DID NOT MAKE ! IMPACT ,MATTICK ANTICIPAT$4 ,9 #aica ,MATTICK ATTEMPT$ TO REVIVE ! ,>BEIT]-,ZEITUNG NEWSPAP] 9 ,*ICAGO1 A ,G]MAN-LANGUAGE RADICAL PUBLICATION FAM\SLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,HAYM>KET ,M>TYRS4 

,AS ! MOVEM5T ( ! UNEMPLOY$ DECL9$1 ,MATTICK LEFT ! ,I,W,W.<#e#a#a.> & REGR\P$ ) O!R ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S1 ,WOBBLIES1 MEMB]S ( ! LEFT-W+ FACTION ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,PROLET>IAN ,P>TY1 & UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S 9 #aicd TO CREATE ! ,UNIT$ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,U,W,P74.<#e#a#b.> ,?IS GR\P1 ) MEMB]S BAS$ 9 ,*ICAGO1 ,BUFFALO1 ,WA%+TON ,D4,C41 & ,NEW ,YORK1.<#e#a#c.> FUNCTION$ PRIM>ILY AS A 'PROPAG&A ORGANIZATION ADVOCAT+ ! SELF-RULE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4'.<#e#a#d.> ,! P>TY'S MANIFE/O -- ,WORLD-WIDE ,FASCISM OR ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION8 - \TL9$ ! ROLE ( ! P>TY1 SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! ,K,A,P,D3 

,! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION>Y P>TY IS AN 9/RUM5T ( REVOLUTION & AS SU* IT MU/ S]VE ?AT PURPOSE4 ,IT HAS NO 9T]E/S SEP>ATE FROM ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT IS ONLY AN EXPRESSION ( ! FACT ?AT M9ORITIES BECOME CONSCI\SLY REVOLUTION>Y E>LI] ?AN ! BROAD MASSES 444 ,IT DOES NOT LOOK = P[] = ITSELF OR = ANY BUREAUCRACY1 BUT WORKS TO /R5G!N ! P[] ( ! WORK]S C\NCILS1 ,SOVIETS4 ,IT IS NOT 9T]E/$ TO HOLD POSITIONS1 BUT TO PLACE ! P[] 9 ! H&S ( WORK]S COMMITTEES1 EX]CIS$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,IT DOES NOT SEEK TO LEAD ! WORK]S1 BUT TELLS ! WORK]S TO USE !IR [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,IT IS A PROPAG&A ORGANIZATION = ,COMMUNISM1 & %[S BY EXAMPLE H[ TO FI<T 9 ACTION4.<#e#a#e.> 

,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 ! ,U,W,P BEGAN PUBLI%+ ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE4 ,MATTICK1 :O $IT$ ! J\RNAL1 *>ACT]IZ$ IT AS A '=UM = DISCUSSION1 UNHAMP]$ BY ANY SPECIFIC DOGMATIC PO9T ( VIEW1 & OP5 TO NEW IDEAS ?AT HAD SOME RELEVANCE TO ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T4'.<#e#a#f.> ,SOON AFT]1 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,U,W,P *ANG$ ITS NAME TO ! ,GR\P ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S4 ,!Y EXPLA9$ ?AT S9CE ! ,U,W,P 'WAS NOT A 0P>TY0 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE1 ! RET5TION ( ! WORD HAS L$ TO A LOT ( NE$LESS MISUND]/&+S4'.<#e#a#g.> ,9 #ai* ! J\RNAL *ANG$ ITS TITLE TO ,LIV+ ,M>XISM1 & 9 #aidb ! TITLE WAS *ANG$ TO ,NEW ,ESSAYS4 ,! NAME *ANGES DID NOT REFLECT REVISIONS TO ! J\RNAL'S POLITICAL ORI5TATION4 ,A MEMB]%IP DECL9E PROMPT$ ! FIR/ TITLE *ANGE TO ,LIV+ ,M>XISM AS ! J\RNAL 'DID NOT PROMOTE ! GR[? ( ! ORGANIZATION BUT WAS PRACTICALLY NO MORE ?AN A VEHICLE = ! ELUCIDATION ( ! IDEAS ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM4'.<#e#a#h.> ,MATTICK WROTE ?AT ! OV]ALL DECL9E ( RADICALISM ) ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 'MADE ! NAME ,LIV+ ,M>XISM SEEM RA!R PRET5TI\S1 AS WELL AS A H9DRANCE 9 ! SE>* = A WID] CIRCULATION1'.<#e#a#i.> & ! J\RNAL APPE>$ AS ,NEW ,ESSAYS UNTIL IT CEAS$ PUBLICATION 9 #a#i#d#c4 ,ASIDE FROM ,MATTICK1 ,K>L ,KORS*1 A ,M>XI/ 9TELLECTUAL :O EMIGRAT$ TO ! ,U,S,A 9 #a#i#c#f1 WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ PROM95T REGUL> CONTRIBUTOR TO ! J\RNAL4 ,! WRIT+S ( KEY FIGURES 9 ! ,EUROPEAN C\NCIL MOVEM5T1 LIKE ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK & ,OTTO ,RUHLE1 APPE>$ REGUL>LY AS DID TRANSLATIONS FROM !IR ,DUT* SI/] PUBLICATION ,RATEKORRESPOND5Z4.<#e#b.> ,9 KEEP+ ) !IR OP5 ATTITUDE TO O!R WORK+-CLASS GR\PS1 ! J\RNAL ALSO PUBLI%$ CONTRIBUTIONS BY O!R FIGURES ON ! RADICAL ,LEFT1 NOTABLY AN >TICLE BY ,MAX ,NOMAD 7=M]LY A FOLL[] ( ,JAN ,WACLAW ,MA*AJSKI7 & ,DANIEL ,GU]9'S ',FASCI/ ,CORPORATISM' 7A TRANSLATION FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ J\RNAL ,LA ,REVOLUTION PROLET>I5NE74.<#e#b#a.> 

,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & REVOLUTION 

,! EV5TS SURR\ND+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> >E WELL-KN[N & DOCUM5T$1 & !RE IS NO NE$ TO GO 9TO ANY GREAT DETAIL 9TO ! CAUSES & \TCOMES ( ! CONFLICT4 ,( NOTE1 H[EV]1 IS ! WAY 9 :I* ! CONFLICT HAS G5]ALLY BE5 PORTRAY$1 NAMELY1 AS ONE BETWE5 ,FASCISM & DEMOCRACY4.<#e#b#b.> ,! FACT ?AT A MASS-BAS$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T EX]T$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 AN>*I/-DOM9AT$ >EAS SU* AS ,CATALONIA1 HAS NOT FIGUR$ PROM95TLY 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT UNTIL REC5T TIMES4 ,CONV]SELY1 ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T1 AT ! TIME1 WAS ACTIVELY CONCEAL$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ADVANC+ ! AIMS ( ,SOVIET =EIGN POLICY4 ,= ! ,AM]ICAN C\NCILI/S1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T & ! T5SIONS )9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT W]E C5TRAL TO ANY UND]/&+ ( EV5TS 9 ,SPA94 

,BETWE5 ,OCTOB] #aicf & ,APRIL #a#i#c#i1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE1 & ITS LAT] 9C>NATIONS1 RAN NO FEW] ?AN EI<T >TICLES & ?REE BOOK REVIEWS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! CONFLICT 9 ,SPA91 9 ADDITION TO A REPR9T$ APPEAL FROM ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I = 9T]NATIONAL CLASS SOLID>ITY4.<#e#b#c.> ,( ! >TICLES1 A TOTAL ( FIVE W]E WRITT5 BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 ONE BY ,HELMUT ,WAGN] 7A TRANSLATION FROM ,RATEZCORRESPOND5Z71 & TWO BY ,K>L ,KORS*4 ,! EXT5SIVE COV]AGE ( ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT )9 ! PAGES ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE IS ALL ! MORE NOTABLE GIV5 ! LACK ( 9=MATION -- FROM A REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE -- \TSIDE ( ,SPA9 & 9 P>TICUL>1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,! 'CONCILIATORY APPROA* T[>DS ! ,C,N,T'.<#e#b#d.> POSITION$ ! J\RNAL AS A M$IATOR BETWE5 ! SOMETIMES UNCRITICAL SUPPORT = ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT BY SOME AN>*I/ GR\PS & ! R\T9ELY 9FLEXIBLE APPROA* DISPLAY$ BY SOME ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S4 ,UNLIKE SOME C\NCILI/-ORI5T$ ORGANIZATIONS1 !RE IS NO EVID5CE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,GR\P ( ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S HAD ANY PHYSICAL PRES5CE 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! W> 9 ! MILITIAS OR AS J\RNALI/S4.<#e#b#e.> 

,ANTI-,FASCISM1 REVOLUTION1 & ! REACTION 

,! FIR/ FULL-L5G? >TICLE ON ,SPA9 APPE>$ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 LESS ?AN F\R MON?S AFT] ,G5]AL ,FRANCO LAUN*$ HIS MILIT>Y REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,SECOND ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC4 ,WRITT5 BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 5TITL$ ',! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA91' ?IS ESSAY CON/ITUT$ ! FULL ISSUE ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE4 ,IT BEGAN BY \TL9+ ! 'SEMI-FEUDAL' SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 ,SPA9 9 ! YE>S PRIOR TO ! \TBREAK ( ! CIVIL W>1 ) AN EMPHASIS ON ! P[]FUL GRIP ( ! *UR*1 L&[N]S1 & MILIT>Y ON ! /ATE APP>ATUS & ECONOMY1 & AN ASSESSM5T ( ! V>I\S =CES )9 ! ANTI-,FASCI/ FRONT4.<#e#b#f.> ,SEMI-FEUDAL CONDITIONS1 >GU$ ,MATTICK1 RET>D$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,SPANI% 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE AS WELL AS ! EM]G5CE ( AN EFFECTIVE LIB]AL-DEMOCRATIC RE=M MOVEM5T :I* C\LD IMPOSE MOD]N CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ON ! FEUDAL 9T]E/S1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 & PEASANTRY4 ,DESPITE ! ELECTORAL VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT COALITION ( ! LIB]AL & P>LIAM5T>Y LABOR P>TIES 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! WEAKNESS ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE WAS FUR!R EXPOS$4 ,MOD]ATE GOV]NM5T POLICY 9 L&1 LABOR1 & $UCATION RE=MS ALI5AT$ ! TRADITIONAL ,SPANI% RUL+ ELITE & DID LITTLE TO EASE T5SIONS OR PLACATE ! 9CREAS+LY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS MOVEM5T4 ',! REACTION1' WROTE ,MATTICK1 'SIMPLY REALIZ$ ?AT ANY CONCESSION :I* ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T MADE TO ! WORK]S HAD TO BE MADE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! REACTION>Y ELEM5TS4'.<#e#b#g.> ,9 REBELL+1 ! ,SPANI% G5]ALS1 & ! CLASS 9T]E/S !Y REPRES5T$1 S\<T TO IMPOSE ITS [N ORD] BY MEANS ( A DICTATOR%IP :I*1 TO ! RI<T-W+ PLOTT]S1 WAS DIRECT$ 'AGA9/ A GOV]NM5T :I* BY ITS PREVI\S POLICY SEEM$ LIABLE TO BECOME ! PRISON] ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4'.<#e#b#h.> 

,! CONFLICT ?AT 5SU$1 PITT+ ! REACTION AGA9/ ANTI-,FASCI/ =CES1 WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY POLITICAL FRAGM5TATION1 BUT NONE!LESS POL>IZ$ COMPET+ ELEM5TS 9TO TWO CAMPS4 ,MATTICK ASS]T$ ?AT3 

,NO D\BT ! /RUGGLE = ! P[] 9 ,SPA9 IS BETWE5 ?REE DIFF]5T T5D5CIES2 PRACTICALLY1 H[EV]1 ! /RUGGLE HAS AS YET BE5 CONF9$ TO ! ONE BETWE5 ,FASCISM & ,ANTI-,FASCISM 444 ,! REACTION>Y =CES TAK+ UP = ,FASCISM >E CONFRONT$ BY ?OSE ( A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL-RE=MI/ CA/E1 ?O AT ! SAME TIME BY A MOVEM5T AIM+ AT SOCIALISM1 SO ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL GR\P IS FI<T+ AGA9/ TWO T5D5CIES3 ,FASCISM AGA9/ ,DEMOCRACY & ,REVOLUTION1 ?IS ,DEMOCRACY AGA9/ ,FASCISM & ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,REVOLUTION AGA9/ ,FASCISM & B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4.<#e#b#i.> 

,MATTICK NOT$ ?AT :ILE DIV]G5T TR5DS COEXI/$ )9 ! ANTI-,FASCI/ CAMP1 ! IMM$IATE ?REAT ?AT ! REACTION POS$ COMPELL$ !SE =CES TO UNITE AS A MATT] ( SURVIVAL1 JU/ AS ! ,FASCI/S CONC]N$ !MSELVES ) ! CLASS ASPIRATIONS ( WORK]S RA!R ?AN ON DIFF]5CES 9 !IR ORGANIZATIONS & POLICIES4 

,NEI!R ! GR\PS ( FASCI/S NOR ?OSE ( ! WORK]S >E ALL[$ ! TIME OR OPPORTUNITY TO GO !IR [N SPECIAL WAYS1 & IT IS IDLE TO ASK :E!R ! ,SPANI% WORK]S UND] ! PRES5T CONDITIONS %\LD FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM & = B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY OR NOT4.<#e#c.> 

,MATTICK P]CEPTIVELY SPECULAT$ ?AT '.<I.>N CASE ! REACTION %\LD BE /RUCK D[N1 !N 444 ! /RUGGLE ( ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC =CES AGA9/ ?OSE :I* >E AIM+ TO SET ASIDE ! EXPLOITATION SOCIETY MU/ AGA9 COME 9TO ! =EGR\ND4'.<#e#c#a.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! FRICTIONS )9 ! ANTI-,FASCI/ FRONT W\LD1 DUE TO IRRECONCILABLE 9T]E/S & OBJECTIVES1 COME 9TO CONFLICT SOON] OR LAT]2 FRICTIONS ':I* MU/ BECOME ! GREAT] ! LONG] ! CIVIL W> IS DRAWN \T1 S9CE 9 SU* CONDITIONS ! REAL SOCIALIZATION IS B\ND TO SPREAD & ! SOCIAL-RE=MI/ =CES *ALL5G$ TO GREAT] RESI/ANCE4'.<#e#c#b.> 

,) !SE CONSID]ATIONS1 ,MATTICK TURN$ TO AN ANALYSIS ( ! DIFF]5T FACTIONS )9 ! ANTI-,FASCI/ FRONT4 ,SPANI% SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AS ! 'LEFT W+ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1' POLITICALLY CONC]N$ ) MA9TA9+ P>LIAM5T>Y & CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! SMALL BUT DISPROPORTIONATELY 9FLU5TIAL ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MA9TA9$ A SIMIL> \TLOOK HAV+ 'GIV5 UP EV]Y POLICY ( ITS [N1 O!R ?AN ?AT ( FUR!R ATT5UAT+ ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE4 ,LIKE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IT WANTS NO?+ MORE ?AN TO DEF5D CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY AGA9/ FASCISM4'.<#e#c#c.> ,IF ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY REPRES5T$ A C5T]-LEFT POSITION 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ! ,COMMUNI/ SECTIONS W]E TO ! RI<T ( IT ON ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM4 ,ONLY ! DISSID5T ,M>XI/ ,P,\,M 7,P>TIDO ,OBR]O ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A1 ,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION71 ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT =CES1 C\LD BE CONSID]$ TO BE ! C>RI]S ( A G5U9E ,L59I/ OR ,BOL%EVIK POSITION1 ADVANC+ A PROGRAM ( /ATE [N]%IP ( ! ECONOMY SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4.<#e#c#d.> ,( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 ,MATTICK WROTE3 

,OV] AGA9/ !SE 'M>XI/' ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* HAVE NO?+ MORE 9 COMMON ) ,M>XISM ?AN ! NAME1 /&S ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I*1 EV5 ?\< IT HAS NOT ! ORGANIZATIONAL /R5G? ( ! POPUL>-FRONT P>TIES1 CAN NEV]!LESS BE RAT$ AS !IR WOR?Y ADV]S>Y1 CAPABLE ( BR++ 9TO QUE/ION ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PSEUDOM>XI/ /ATE CAPITALI/S4.<#e#c#e.> 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ F$]ALISM 9 ,SPA9 WAS CONSID]$ BY ,MATTICK TO BE A PRODUCT ( ! DISORGANIZATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS -- DIVID$ BETWE5 LIB]AL-DEMOCRATIC & REACTION>Y ELEM5TS -- & UNEV5 & REGIONAL 9DU/RIAL CONC5TRATIONS 9 ,SPA91 MEAN+ LESS EMPHASIS ON C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL & DIRECTION ( ! MOVEM5T3 

,! LOCALIZ+ ( ! WORK]S MANIFE/ATIONS WAS 444 AN 9EVITABLE PRODUCT ( ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ONLY 9DU/RIAL OASES EXI/$ 9 ! FEUDAL DES]T 444 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! FUR!R 9DU/RIALIZ+ ( ,SPA91 ?IS SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 444 WILL BE OBLIG$1 REG>DLESS ( ITS PREVI\S ATTITUDE1 TO TAKE UP ) MORE COORD9AT$ & C5TRALIZ$ =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 IF IT IS NOT TO GO UND]4 ,OR1 POSSIBLY1 ! C5TRALI/IC CONTROL & COORD9ATION ( ALL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ACTIVITY WILL BE IMPOS$ OV]NI<T BY A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION2 & 9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ! F$]ALI/IC TRADITIONS W\LD BE ( 5ORM\S VALUE1 S9CE !Y W\LD =M ! NECESS>Y C\NT]-WEI<T AGA9/ ! DANG]S ( C5TRALISM4.<#e#c#f.> 

,COMB9+ C5TRALISM & F$]ALISM WAS NOT UND]/OOD BY ,MATTICK OR O!R C\NCILI/S AS BE+ CONTRADICTORY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 AN E>LI] >TICLE 9 ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE 5TITL$ ',AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM' ! AU?OR ',W,R,B' >GU$ ?AT A COMMUNI/ ECONOMY NE$$ CO-ORD9ATION TO SATISFY HUMAN NE$S & DESIRES1 REQUIR+ ELEM5TS ( C5TRALISM & F$]ALISM4 ,AUT>KIC1 TOTALLY SELF-SUFFICI5T UNITS W]E DEEM$ AT BE/ TO BE UNFEASIBLE1 & AT WOR/1 C\LD DEVELOP 'COMPETITIVE T5D5CIES' IF AUTONOM\S COMMUNES 5GAG$ 9 EX*ANG+ SURPLUS PRODUCTS ) O!R COMMUNES4 ,DECISION-MAK+ P[] 9 A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY W\LD HAVE TO BE AS DEC5TRALIZ$ & F$]ATIVE AS POSSIBLE AS A CORRECTIVE TO ! =MATION ( BUREAUCRACY3 ?US1 A COMB9ATION ( C5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RIAL CO-ORD9ATION & F$]AL DECISION-MAK+ & CONTROL4.<#e#c#g.> ,:ILE ! ,C,N,T SYNDICATOS UNICOS1 OR 9DU/RIAL UNIONS1 S\<T TO REM$Y ! DEC5TRALIZ$ CRAFT OR TRADE UNION /RUCTURE1 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 & O!RS1 HAVE ALSO CRITICIZ$ SOME ( ! 'RA!R NAIVE & IDEALI/IC'.<#e#c#h.> CONCEPTIONS ( A LOCALI/ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 EXPRESS$ BY ,ISAAC ,PU5TE.<#e#c#i.> & DOM9ANT 9 ! #aicf ,S>AGOSSA ,C,N,T CONF]5CE1 ALONG ! SAME L9ES4.<#e#d.> ,GU]91 9 FACT1 EXPLICITLY REJECT$ ,PU5TE'S NOTION ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM AS AN '9FANTILE IDYLL ( A JUMBLE ( 0FREE COMMUNES10 AT ! HE>T ( ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T BE=E #aicf .<444.> ,?IS S(T DREAM LEFT ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM EXTREMELY ILL-PREP>$ = ! H>% REALITIES ( REVOLUTION & CIVIL W> ON ! EVE ( ,FRANCO'S PUTS*4'.<#e#d#a.> 

,OV]ALL1 ,MATTICK PRAIS$ ! SELF-ORGANIZ$ NATURE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ITS REJECTION ( BO? P>LIAM5T>ISM & SOVIET-/YLE /ATE CAPITALISM4 ',9 ! C\RSE ( ! PRES5T CIVIL W>1' HE WROTE1 'AN>*O-SYNDICALISM HAS BE5 ! MO/ =W>D-DRIV+ REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T4'.<#e#d#b.> 

,MATTICK MA9TA9$ ?AT A WORK]S' REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 W\LD 5C\NT] MULTIPLE DIFFICULTIES4 ,ASIDE ( ! IMM$IATE ?REAT POS$ BY ,FASCISM /OOD ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T W\LD BE CONFRONT$ ) ,POPUL> ,FRONT C\NT]REVOLUTION OR =EIGN 9T]V5TION4 ,TO BE SUCCESSFUL1 ,MATTICK HELD ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S HAD TO 5COMPASS AN 9T]NATIONALI/ \TLOOK & EXT5D ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE BEYOND ITS NATIONAL B\ND>IES1 9/IGAT+ 9SURG5T MOVEM5TS 9 NEI<BOR+ ,FRANCE & ,NOR? ,AFRICA 9 P>TICUL>4.<#e#d#c.> ,?IS1 HE REASON$1 W\LD NATURALLY PROVOKE IMP]IALI/ P[]S TO PROTECT !IR COLONIAL POSSESSIONS :ILE CONTROLL+ DOME/IC DISS5T1 9 EFFECT TRANS=M+ ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL CLASS W>4 ,MATTICK'S VIEW ON ?IS WAS NE>LY ID5TICAL TO ?AT ( ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MILITANT ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I 7#a#h#i#g-#a#i#c#g74.<#e#d#d.> ,*OMSKY SUMM>IZ$ ,B]N]I'S POSITION3 

,HE >GU$ ?AT ,MOROCCO %\LD BE GRANT$ 9DEP5D5CE & ?AT AN ATTEMPT %\LD BE MADE TO /IR UP REBELLION ?R\<\T ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,?US A REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE %\LD BE UND]TAK5 AGA9/ ,WE/]N CAPITALISM 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA &1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS REGIME 9 ,SPA91 :I* WAS GRADUALLY DISMANTL+ ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! ,JULY REVOLUTION4.<#e#d#e.> 

,9 PROPOS+ SU* A /RATEGY1 ,B]N]I HOP$ ?AT ,FRANCO'S BASE ( MILIT>Y SUPPORT 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA W\LD BE SEV]ELY WEAK5$ & ?AT ! RESPONSE BY ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ NATIONS W\LD HELP IGNITE REVOLUTION \TSIDE ( ,SPA94 

,ASIDE FROM EXT5D+ ! /RUGGLE \TSIDE ( ,SPA91 ACCORD+ TO ,MATTICK1 A POLITICAL ANTI-,FASCI/ /RUGGLE W\LD ONLY BR+ LIMIT$ RETURNS1 AT BE/ U%]+ 9 SOVIET-/YLE /ATE CAPITALISM1 SO A BROAD] ANTICAPITALI/ /RUGGLE WAS NECESS>Y3 ',! WORK]S' /RUGGLE MU/ BE DIRECT$ NOT EXCLUSIVELY AGA9/ ,FASCISM1 BUT AGA9/ ,CAPITAL 9 ALL ITS =MS & MANIFE/ATIONS4'.<#e#d#f.> 

,9 ! NEXT ISSUE ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE1 ,MATTICK WROTE A %ORT] FOLL[-UP >TICLE 5TITL$ ',:AT ,NEXT 9 ,SPA98' ,H]E ,MATTICK UND]SCOR$ HIS PREVI\S ASS]TION ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 FAC$ MAJOR OB/ACLES & HO/ILITIES FROM ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S3 

,! EXT5T ( ! CIVIL W>1 ! AN>*I/ ELEM5T 9 IT1 ALL[$ = ! POSSIBILITY ?AT 9 ,SPA9 CAPITALISM ITSELF MAY BE WIP$ \T4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE MEANT ! OP5 9T]V5TION ( MANY CAPITALI/ P[]S 9 ,SPA9 & A SUDD5 CLA% ( IMP]IALI/ 9T]E/S :I* PROBABLY W\LD HAVE M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD W>4.<#e#d#g.> 

,! ,RUSSIAN 9T]V5TION1 CLAIM$ ,MATTICK1 HAD PUT ! AN>*I/S AT A DISADVANTAGE1 & SEV]ELY LIMIT$ ! SCOPE ( !IR ACTIVITY4 ',RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ,FRANCO W\LD W91 9 CASE HELP FROM ! \TSIDE WAS D5I$ TO ! LOYALI/S1 ! AN>*I/S HAD TO ACCEPT ! ,RUSSIAN BRIBE & DOM9ATION ( ! ANTI-,FASCI/ FRONT :I* AUTOMATICALLY WORK$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S4'.<#e#d#h.> ,9 ?IS E>LY /AGE ( ! W>1 ,MATTICK REIT]AT$ HIS POSITION ?AT A JO9T /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM WAS UNAVOIDABLE3 ',ALL POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS HAD TO FI<T ,FRANCO & PO/PONE ! SETTLEM5T ( ALL O!R QUE/IONS .<444.> ,IT W\LD BE FOOLI% TO BLAME ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS = ! ONE OR ! O!R WRONG /EP1 AS EV5 A CORRECT POLICY W\LD HAVE MEANT NO?+1' & CONT9U$ ?AT ',! CIRCUM/ANCES =CE ! POLICIES ( ! AN>*I/S1 NOT !IR [N DECISIONS4'.<#e#d#i.> 

,K>L ,KORS* & AN>*I/ COLLECTIVIZATION 

,K>L ,KORS*'S MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO ! C\NCILI/ P]SPECTIVES ON ! W> & REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 WAS HIS POSITIVE ASSESSM5T ( ! AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS AT COLLECTIVIZ+ ! ECONOMY1 :I* HE \TL9$ 9 TWO >TICLES1 ',ECONOMICS & ,POLITICS 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9' & ',COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA91' BO? PUBLI%$ 9 #ai* AS ! PROSPECTS ( AN ANTI-,FASCI/ VICTORY APPE>$ SLIM4 ,BO? ( !SE >TICLES W]E ORIG9ALLY 9T5D$ = PUBLICATION 9 ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL'S ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,RESE>* J\RNAL 9 ,NEW ,YORK BUT DISAGREEM5TS BETWE5 ,KORS* & ! ,9/ITUTE1 >IS+ FROM $ITORIAL REVISIONS1 COMPELL$ HIM TO PUBLI% !M 9 ,LIV+ ,M>XISM4.<#e#e.> 

,9 ',ECONOMICS & ,POLITICS 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9' ,KORS* >GU$ ?AT ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & ITS A*IEVEM5TS 9 COLLECTIVIZATION REPRES5T$ A NEW P]IOD ( CLASS /RUGGLE WOR?Y ( S]I\S ATT5TION & C\LD NOT BE ME*ANICALLY EVALUAT$ ') SOME AB/RACT IDEAL OR ) RESULTS ATTA9$ UND] 5TIRELY DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4'.<#e#e#a.> ,KORS* MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION '%\LD NOT BE COMP>$ ) ANY?+ :I* HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA AFT] ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g4'.<#e#e#b.> ,9 ?IS ASS]TION1 ,KORS* S\<T TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 AGA9/ UNNAM$ ,L59I/ CRITICS :O 'EXTOLL ! REVOLUTION>Y CONSI/5CY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP ( #a#i#a#g1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! 0*AOTIC IRRESOLUTION0 DISPLAY$ BY ! DISS5TIONS & WAV]+S ( ! ,SPANI% ,SYNDICALI/S & ,AN>*I/S ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#h4'.<#e#e#c.> ,AGA9/ !SE CRITICS1 ,KORS* >GU$ ?AT ! ',BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP ( #aiag WAS 9 NO WAY EXEMPT FROM ?OSE HUMAN WAV]+ & WANT ( =ESI<T :I* >E 9H]5T 9 ANY REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4'.<#e#e#d.> ,SPECIFICALLY1 ,KORS* CIT$ ,L59'S SUPPORT ( ! ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,KORNILOV'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y REBELLION %[+ 'H[ LITTLE ! M9OR FOLL[]S ( ,L59 >E 5TITL$ TO CRITICIZE ! DEFICI5CIES ( ! SYNDICALI/ A*IEVEM5TS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,CATALONIA4'.<#e#e#e.> ,POLITICALLY1 ,KORS*'S DEF5SE ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S WAS AIM$ AT REMOV+ ! 'DEEP %AD[ ?R[N ON ! CON/RUCTIVE WORK' ( ,CATALONIA'S REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S BY ,/AL9I/S1 & EXPOS+ ! SOCIALI/ CONT5T ( COLLECTIVIZATION AS OPPOS$ TO /ATE CAPITALI/ NATIONALIZATION4.<#e#e#f.> 

,KORS*'S FOLL[-UP >TICLE1 ',COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA91' MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,SPANI% WORK]S HAD A*IEV$ A GREAT] DEGREE ( SUCCESS 9 CON/RUCT+ A SELF-MANAG$ ECONOMY ?AN !IR E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY PR$ECESSORS4 ,BAS+ HIS ACC\NT ON A ,C,N,T-,F,A,I PAMPHLET -- ,COLLECTIVIZATION3 ,! CON/RUCTIVE WORK ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION - ,KORS* ASS]T$ ?AT '.<T.>HE SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ LABOR MOVEM5T ( ,SPA9' W]E 'BETT] 9=M$ & POSSESS$ A MU* MORE REALI/IC CONCEPTION ( ! NECESS>Y /EPS TO A*IEVE !IR ECONOMIC AIMS ?AN HAD BE5 %[N1 9 SIMIL> SITUATIONS1 BY ! SO-CALL$ 0,M>XI/0 LABOR MOVEM5TS 9 O!R P>TS ( ,EUROPE4'.<#e#e#g.> ,:ILE AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ ATTEMPTS AT REALIZ+ WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T W]E RE/RICT$ BY REACTION>Y =CES AS WELL AS ! MOD]ATE1 ,SOVIET-BACK$ ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T1 = ,KORS*1 DESPITE !SE LIMITATIONS1 ! HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE & LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION W]E TO BE PLAC$ ALONGSIDE ! #ahga ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! #aiah ,HUNG>IAN & ,BAV>IAN REVOLUTIONS1 & ! E>LY REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g4.<#e#e#h.> 

,KORS* EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! ,CATALAN WORK]S W]E ABLE TO EXPROPRIATE VA/ SECTIONS ( 9DU/RY1 TRANSPORTATION1 & O!R SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY AFT] !IR [N]S & MANAG]S1 MANY ( :OM HAD SUPPORT$ ! MILIT>Y REBELLION1 FL$ AFT] ITS DEFEAT 9 ,B>CELONA & O!R >EAS4 ,?IS REVOLT :I* 'RESEMBL$ A W> AGA9/ AN 9VISIBLE 5EMY1' %[$ ! 'RELATIVE EASE ) :I* UND] EQUALLY =TUNATE CIRCUM/ANCES 444 DEEP & F> REA*+ *ANGES 9 PRODUCTION MANAGEM5T & WAGE PAYM5T CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ )\T GREAT =MAL & ORGANIZATIONAL TRANS=MATIONS4'.<#e#e#i.> 

,KORS* CONCLUD$ ) AN ANALYSIS ( HIS MA9 9T]E/1 NAMELY1 ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/ =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ',!SE SYNDICALI/ =MATIONS1' HE /AT$1 'ANTI-P>TY & ANTI-C5TRALI/IC1 W]E 5TIRELY BAS$ ON ! FREE ACTION ( ! WORK+ MASSES4' ,?IS FEATURE ( ,SPANI% SYNDICALISM WAS CONSID]$ BY ,KORS* TO BE AN ASSET1 AS ITS ACTIVITY WAS BAS$ ON NON-BUREAUCRATIC ME?ODS1 'MANAG$ FROM ! \TSET NOT BY PR(ESSIONAL (FICIALDOM1 BUT BY ! ELITE ( ! WORK]S 9 ! RESPECTIVE 9DU/RIES4' ,FUR!R1 '.<T.>HE 5]GY ( ! ANTI-/ATE ATTITUDE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT1 UNHAMP]$ BY SELF-CREAT$ ORGANIZATIONAL OR IDEOLOGICAL OB/ACLES EXPLA9S ALL !IR SURPRIS+ SUCCESSES 9 ! FACE ( OV]:ELM+ DIFFICULTIES4'.<#e#f.> 

,PROBLEMS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION3 SYNDICATES OR SOVIETS8 

,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ ! DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! YE>S ( ! CIVIL W> -- & IMPORTANTLY1 CIRCUM/ANCES :I* COMPELL$ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T -- BO? ,MATTICK & ,KORS* ALSO CRITICIZ$ AN>*I/ ATTITUDES T[>DS POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 OR P]HAPS MORE ACCURATELY1 ! SEP>ATION ( ! POLITICAL FROM ! ECONOMIC 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,= ,KORS*1 ?IS WAS ! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT LESSON1 NOT ONLY ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 BUT ( ! 5TIRE PO/-,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD3 

,! V]Y FACT ?AT ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I !MSELVES W]E F9ALLY COMPELL$ TO REV]SE !IR TRADITIONAL POLICY ( NON9T]F]5CE 9 POLITICS UND] ! PRESSURE ( 9CREAS+LY BITT] EXP]I5CES1 DEMON/RAT$ .<444.> ! VITAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ACTION 9 EV]Y PHASE &1 MO/ ( ALL1 9 ! IMM$IATELY REVOLUTION>Y PHASE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS1 !N IS ! FIR/ & =EMO/ LESSON ( ?AT CONCLUD+ PHASE ( ! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY ( PO/ W> ,EUROPE :I* IS ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4.<#e#f#a.> 

,9 KEEP+ ) C\NCILI/ P]SPECTIVES ON EM]G5T SOCIAL =MS ?AT DEVELOP ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ,KORS*'S CRITIQUE UND]SCOR$ ! POSITION ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS CANNOT BE =M$ PRIOR TO A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD & MU/ DEVELOP 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! TASKS AT H& BY PLAC+ ALL P[] 9 ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 RA!R ?AN MA9TA9+ TRADITIONAL LEAD]%IP ROLES & SECTIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,9 A REVIEW ( AN>*I/ ,DIEGO ,SANTILLAN'S ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 ,MATTICK ALSO GAVE A CLE> PICTURE ( ! FUNCTION ( SYNDICATES1 =M$ 9 A PRE-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 & ! PROBLEMS ASSOCIAT$ ) MA9TA9+ ?IS ORGANIZATIONAL =M 9 A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD3 

,IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT SYNDICATES1 9CLUD+ ! AN>*I/ ,C,N,T1 >E PRE-REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E ORGANIZ$ PR9CIPALLY TO WRE/ CONCESSIONS FROM ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS MO/ EFFICI5TLY1 A /AFF ( ORGANIZ]S1 AN APP>ATUS1 WAS NECESS>Y4 ,?IS /AFF BECAME ! NEW BUREAUCRACY1 ITS MEMB]S ! LEAD]S & GUIDES4.<#e#f#b.> 

,! FAILURE ( ! AN>*I/S TO ASS]T A NEW =M ( WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL P[] MEANT ?AT /ATE & CAPITALI/ P[]1 :I* HAD L>GELY1 BUT NOT 5TIRELY1 DISSOLV$ 9 VA/ >EAS ( ,SPA9 7P>TICUL>LY ,CATALONIA7 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ,FRANCO'S C\P D'ETAT1 WAS ABLE TO REASS]T ITSELF & REGA9 ITS =M] POSITION ( DOM9ANCE4 ,?IS ALSO MEANT ?AT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( AN ALT]NATIVE POLITICAL-ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I W]E ULTIMATELY =C$ TO COMPROMISE !IR ANTI-/ATI/ PR9CIPLES BY 5T]+ ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,B>CELONA ,MAY ,DAYS1 #aicg 

,ULTIMATELY1 9 ,MAY #aicg 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! LOGICAL 5D ( ?IS COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T CULM9AT$ 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4.<#e#f#c.> ,?IS HI/ORICAL MOM5T REVEAL$ ! T5SIONS )9 ! BROAD ',REPUBLICAN' CAMP 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM1 & ! DIV]G5T /RATEGIES 9 CONDUCT+ ! W> & ! ECONOMY4 ',NO HI/ORICAL EPISODE1' CLAIM$ HI/ORIAN ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 'HAS BE5 SO DIV]SELY REPORT$ OR DEF9$4'.<#e#f#d.> ,= ! AN>*I/S & ,P,\,M1 ! ,MAY ,DAYS W]E SIMPLY A RESPONSE FROM ! WORK+ CLASS TO COMMUNI/ PROVOCATIONS4 ,BOLLOT5 OBS]V$ ?AT FEW ACC\NTS ( ,MAY #aicg 'W]E RECONCILABLE1 :I* P>TIALLY EXPLA9S :Y ! ,MAY EV5TS1 DESPITE NUM]\S ATTEMPTS TO CL>IFY !M1 >E /ILL 444 %R\D$ 9 OBSCURITY4'.<#e#f#e.> 

,T5SIONS BEGAN 9 E>LY ,APRIL :5 ! ,P,S,U,C 7,P>TIT ,SOCIALI/A ,UNIFICAT DE ,CATALUNYA1 ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA1 ! ONLY ,COM9T]N-AFFILIAT$ ORGANIZATION 9 ,CATALONIA7 & ,U,G,T 7,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES1 ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S1 A UNION ALIGN$ POLITICALLY ) ! ,P,S,U,C7 ANN\NC$ A ',VICTORY ,PLAN' = ,CATALONIA1 SEEK+ TO CREATE A REGUL> >MY 9 ! REGION1 NATIONALIZE W> 9DU/RIES & TRANSPORT1 CREATE AN 9T]NAL GOV]NM5T SECURITY =CE1 & CONC5TRATE ALL >MS & MUNITIONS 9TO ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T3 9 EFFECT1 REASS]T /ATE P[] & AU?ORITY 9 ,CATALONIA4.<#e#f#f.> ,! POLITICAL ASSASS9ATIONS ( ,COMMUNI/ (FICIALS ,RODRIQUEZ ,SALAS & ,ROLDAN ,CORTADA & ,ANTONIO,M>T91 ! AN>*I/ PRESID5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE 9 ,PUIGC]DA1 W]E QUICKLY FOLL[$ BY ! SEIZURE ( 'FRONTI] PO/S ALONG ! ,FRANCO-,SPANI% BORD] HI!RTO CONTROLL$ BY REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1' DISPAT*$ BY F9ANCE M9I/] ,JUAN ,NEGR9 FROM ,VAL5CIA1 ! SEAT ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4.<#e#f#g.> ,9 ?IS POLITICALLY S5SITIVE ATMOSPH]E1 ,MAY ,DAY CELEBRATIONS 9 ,B>CELONA W]E CANCEL$ = FE> ?AT OP5LY DISPLAY+ POLITICAL ALLEGIANCES 9 ! CITY C\LD TRIGG] VIOL5CE4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,MAY #c1 GOV]NM5T =CES SEIZ$ ! TELEFONICA1 OR C5TRAL TELEPHONE EX*ANGE4 ,! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE HAD BE5 OP]AT$ BY A JO9T ,U,G,T-,C,N,T COMMITTEE :]E '! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E ! DOM9ANT =CE1 & !IR R$ & BLACK FLAG1 :I* HAD FL[N FROM ! T[] ( ! BUILD+ EV] S9CE ,JULY1 ATTE/$ TO !IR SUPREMACY4'.<#e#f#h.> ,! PEOPLE ( ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS ( ,B>CELONA1 :]E AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E FIRMLY 5TR5*$1 W]E 5RAG$ BY ! SEIZURE ( ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE4 ,/RATEGICALLY LOCAT$ BUILD+S W]E QUICKLY OCCUPI$ & B>RICADES ]ECT$4 ,9T5SE /REET-FI<T+ BETWE5 >M$ WORK]S & GOV]NM5T =CES CONT9U$ = F\R DAYS4 ,ONLY AFT] ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP APPEAL$ = A CEASE-FIRE W]E ! B>RICADES DISMANTL$ & ! WORK]S DIS>M$4 ,GRAHAM CONCLUD$ ?AT3 

,! MEAN+ ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS WAS NOT1 9 ! 5D1 AB\T 'BREAK+ ! ,C,N,T' P] SE - ITS LEAD]%IP WAS ALREADY A WILL+ P>T ( ! LIB]AL ,REPUBLICAN ALLIANCE4 ,RA!R IT WAS AB\T BREAK+ ! ,C,N,T'S ORGANIZATIONAL SOLID>ITIES 9 ,B>CELONA TO DEPRIVE ITS CON/ITU5CIES 444 ( ! ME*ANISMS & POLITICAL MEANS ( RESI/+ ! /ATE4 ',MAY' WAS AB\T A PROCESS ( =CIBLE 'NATIONALIZATION'3 9 ! IMM$IATE T]M AB\T W> PRODUCTION1 BUT ULTIMATELY AB\T /ATE BUILD+ ?R\< SOCIAL DISCIPL9+ & CAPITALI/ CONTROL ( NATIONAL ECONOMIC PRODUCTION4.<#e#f#i.> 

,MATTICK COMM5T$ ON !SE DEVELOPM5TS 9 TWO >TICLES4 ,9 ',CIVIL ,W> 9 ,CATALONIA' HE /AT$ ?AT ',! CLA% BETWE5 ! ,G5]ALIDAD & ! ,AN>*I/S IS A NATURAL \TGR[? ( ! POLITICS ( ! 0,PEOPLES ,FRONT0 444 ,! LOGIC ( ! ,PEOPLES ,FRONT POLITICS DOM9AT$ BY ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY MAKES ! %OOT+ & SUPPRESSION ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9EVITABLE4'.<#e#g.> ,MATTICK'S SECOND >TICLE ON ! ,B>CELONA ,MAY ,DAYS1 ',MOSC[-,FASCISM3 ,! ,B>RICADES ,MU/ BE ,TORN ,D[N61' =CEFULLY CONDEMN$ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT POLICY3 

,! WORK]S' REVOLUTION MU/ BE RADICAL FROM ! V]Y \TSET1 OR IT WILL BE LO/4 ,!RE WAS REQUIR$ ! COMPLETE EXPROPRIATION ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL P[] O!R ?AN ?AT ( ! >M$ WORK]S1 & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL ELEM5TS OPPOS+ SU* A C\RSE4 ,NOT DO+ ?IS1 ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( ,B>CELONA1 & ! ELIM9ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 ,SPA9 W]E 9EVITABLE4 ,! ,C,N,T NEV] APPROA*$ ! QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT HAS ALWAYS BE5 CONC]N$ FIR/ ( ALL ) ! ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS ACT+ = ! WORK]S & ) ! AID ( ! WORK]S1 BUT WAS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 ! SELF-9ITIATIVE & ACTION ( ! WORK]S 9DEP5D5T ( ORGANIZATIONAL 9T]E/S4.<#e#g#a.> 

,MATTICK NOT$ 9 PASS+ ?AT ',! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI0 SPLIT AWAY FROM ! CORRUPT$ LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE ORIG9AL AN>*ISM1 TO SAFEGU>D ! IDEAL1 TO MA9TA9 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1' BUT DID SO TOO LATE4.<#e#g#b.> ,HE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE TO REASS]T ITSELF1 DECL>+ ?AT ',! B>RICADES1 IF AGA9 ]ECT$1 %\LD NOT BE TORN D[N4'.<#e#g#c.> 

,CONCLUSIONS 

,! ,AM]ICAN C\NCILI/S1 :ILE SYMPA!TIC TO ! CAUSE ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 DIRECT$ TWO MAJOR CRITICISMS AT !IR P]=MANCE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,FIR/1 ! AN>*I/ WORK]S FAIL$ TO CREATE UNIFI$ ECONOMIC-POLITICAL ORGANS ( WORK]S' P[] 9 >EAS 9 :I* !Y CLE>LY HELD A DOM9ANT POSITION & SUPPRESS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS4 ,9 NEGLECT+ TO DO SO1 !Y ALL[$ A WEAK5$ /ATE P[] TO REEM]GE1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! ,B>CELONA ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,SECOND1 & RELAT$ TO ! FIR/1 WAS A !ORETICAL WEAKNESS1 :I* RECOGNIZ$ ! DANG]S ( /ATI/ BUREAUCRACY BUT DID NOT EXT5D ?IS UND]/&+ TO ! SYNDICATES1 :]E ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP BECAME GRADUALLY SEP>AT$ FROM ! SELF-ORGANIZ$ ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!SE ATTITUDES W]E TEMP]$ BY AN 9TIMATE UND]/&+ ( ! V]Y DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ISOLATION1 9 :I* ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T F\ND ITSELF4 

,)9 ?IS HI/ORICAL JUNCTURE1 !SE CRITIQUES RA!R ?AN CREAT+ A FUR!R GULF BETWE5 ,M>XI/-C\NCILI/ & AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 9DICATE A MORE CONSID]ABLE SPH]E ( !ORETICAL CONV]G5CE4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY EVID5T :5 CONSID]+ ! POSITIONS ADOPT$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI 7,FO,D71 ONE ( ! FEW ORGANIZ$ ELEM5TS 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #aicg :I* ACTIVELY DISC\RAG$ ! >M$ WORK]S FROM AB&ON+ ! B>RICADES4 

,! ,FO,D WAS =M$ PRIM>ILY TO COMBAT :AT !Y REG>D$ AS ! RE=MI/ POSITIONS ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! GRADUAL SURR5D] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GA9S ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,! TWO ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT POLITICAL DECISIONS :I* !Y W]E OPPOS$ W]E ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 5TRY 9TO ! ,REPUBLICAN C5TRAL & REGIONAL ,CATALAN GOV]NM5TS & ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! WORK]S' MILITIAS UND] ! POLITICAL DIRECTION ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,ON ! FIR/ PO9T1 ! REJECTION ( ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 'M9I/]IALISM1' ! ,FO,D CRITICIZ$ ! 'TREASON' ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP 9 COLLABORAT+ ) ELEM5TS 9 ! /ATE APP>ATUS :O W]E HO/ILE TO ! MA9 SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T3 P>TICUL>LY ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( L>GE SEGM5TS ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE & ! WORK]S' PATROLS 9 PLACE ( GOV]NM5T SECURITY OR POLICE AG5CIES4 ,?AT ?IS COLLABORATION WAS CONDUCT$ AS ! ONLY VIABLE OPTION1 = ANTI-,FASCI/ UNITY 9 ! W> EF=T1 WAS TOTALLY REJECT$ BY ! ,FO,D4 ,! W> & ! REVOLUTION W]E 9SEP>ABLE1 & TO PO/PONE ! REVOLUTION WAS TO DE/ROY ! MORALE ( ! WORK+-CLASS BASE ( SUPPORT :I* SU/A9$ ! W> EF=T4 ,ON ! SECOND PO9T1 ! REORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S' MILITIAS 9TO A REGUL> >MY1 ! ,FO,D W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO A CO-ORD9AT$1 WELL-ORGANIZ$ MILIT>Y4 ,9 FACT1 ! GR\P \TL9$ ! BASIS = SU* A =MATION1 :I* !Y REF]R$ TO AS A 'CONF$]AL >MY' :I* !Y 5VISAG$ AS BE+ CO-ORD9AT$ BY A 'S+LE COLLECTIVE COMM&1' UND] ! GUIDANCE ( WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4.<#e#g#d.> ,:AT !Y OBJECT$ TO WAS ! HI]>*Y1 MILIT>Y =MALISM1 & ABOVE ALL1 ! /ATE DIRECTION ( ! MILIT>Y UND] ! GUISE ( BE+ A NONPOLITICAL =MATION4 

,! ,FO,D1 :ILE A SMALL GR\P+ 9SIDE ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 MI<T BE SAID TO HAVE SOME 9FLU5CE BEYOND !IR SMALL NUMB]S1.<#e#g#e.> & C]TA9LY1 REFLECT$ ! OP9IONS ( ! RANK & FILE ( ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS1 AT LEA/ IF ! SPONTANE\S FI<T+ ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS IS TAK5 AS A B>OMET]4 ,!SE EV5TS W]E UND]/OOD AS A TURN+ PO9T1 SIGNAL+ ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,DUR+ ! /REET FI<T+ 9 ,B>CELONA BETWE5 GOV]NM5T =CES & ! >M$ WORK+-CLASS1 ! ,FO,D OP5LY DEFI$ ! APPEALS ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP = A CEASE FIRE1 & W5T ONE /EP FUR!R1 AGITAT+ = ! CREATION ( A 'REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA4' ,?IS 'JUNTA' OR C\NCIL WAS 5VISAG$ AS AN ORGAN ( WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL P[]1 SUPPRESS+ ! =CES ?AT W]E 9 OP5 CONFLICT ) ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 ! MO/ PROM95T 9TELLECTUAL VOICE ( ! GR\P1 PRES5T$ A CRITIQUE ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & \TL9$ A PROPOS$ ALT]NATIVE POLITICAL-ECONOMIC /RUCTURE 9 ! PAMPHLET ,T[>DS A ,FRE% ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS PAMPHLET1 ,BALIUS S\<T TO RESOLVE ! CONTRADICTIONS ( (FICIAL ,C,N,T-,F,A,I POLICY :ILE ADVANC+ A MORE CONSI/5T 9T]PRETATION ( 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4' ,BALIUS >GU$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T LACK$ A COH]5T VISION & WAS NOT PREP>$ TO FACE ! TASKS ( BUILD+ & DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION4 

,:AT HAPP5$ WAS :AT HAD TO HAPP54 ,! ,C,N,T WAS UTT]LY DEVOID ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,WE DID NOT HAVE A CONCRETE PROGRAM4 ,WE HAD NO IDEA :]E WE W]E GO+ 444 ,BY NOT KN[+ :AT TO DO1 WE H&$ ! REVOLUTION ON A PLATT] TO ! B\RGEOISIE & ! M>XI/S :O SUPPORT ! F>CE ( YE/]YE>4 ,:AT IS WORSE1 WE ALL[$ ! B\RGEOISIE A BREA?+ SPACE2 TO RETURN1 TO RE-=M & TO BEHAVE AS W\LD A CONQU]OR4.<#e#g#f.> 

,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 >GU$ ,BALIUS1 'COLLABORAT$ ) ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! AFFAIRS ( /ATE1 PRECISELY :5 ! ,/ATE WAS CRUMBL+ AWAY ON ALL SIDES .<444.> ,IT BREA!D A LUNGFUL ( OXYG5 9TO AN ANEMIC1 T]ROR-/RICK5 B\RGEOISIE4' ,C,N,T-,F,A,I COLLABORATION ) ! /ATE1 !N1 NOT ONLY VIOLAT$ ANTI-/ATI/ PR9CIPLES BUT ALL[$ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT =CES TIME TO REVIVE /ATE P[] & LIMIT COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,B>CELONA & O!R >EAS4 ,BALIUS >GU$ ?AT ',ONE ( ! MO/ DIRECT REASONS :Y ! REVOLUTION HAS BE5 ASPHYXIAT$ & ! ,C,N,T DISPLAC$1 IS ?AT IT BEHAV$ LIKE A M9ORITY GR\P1 EV5 ?\< IT HAD A MAJORITY 9 ! /REETS4'.<#e#g#g.> ,! PROPOS$ 'REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA' ( ! ,FO,D WAS NOT 5VISAG$ AS A 'SUB/ITUTIONI/ BODY1' SEP>ATE FROM ! WORK+-CLASS1 BUT RA!R AN ELECT$ BODY DRAWN EXCLUSIVELY FROM WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ) ! TASKS ( MANAG+ ! W> EF=T1 MA9TA9+ PUBLIC ORD]1 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS1 & CONDUCT+ REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A4 ,! C\NCIL W\LD 9CLUDE A RECALL PROCESS & A REGUL> ROTATION ( MEMB]S TO PREV5T A BUREAUCRATIC CLASS FROM DEVELOP+1 & W\LD BE SUBORD9ATE TO ! UNIONS 9 ECONOMIC AFFAIRS4 ,SYNDICATES W\LD ?US BE ! MA9 ORGAN FROM :I* ! C\NCIL W\LD DRAW ITS POLITICAL P[] & LEGITIMACY1 & W\LD HAVE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( DIRECT+ ! ECONOMY ON ! PR9CIPLES ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AS ,BALIUS NOT$ AT A LAT] /AGE1 ! ,FO,D ADVOCAT$ 'ALL P[] TO ! SYNDICATES1' OR UNIONS1 RA!R ?AN SOVIETS1 AS ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T W]E REG>D$ AS POSSESS+ ! ORGANIZATIONAL ATTRIBUTES NECESS>Y = C>RY+ \T LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ RECON/RUCTION4 

,WE DID NOT SUPPORT ! =MATION ( ,SOVIETS2 !RE W]E NO GR\NDS 9 ,SPA9 = CALL+ = SU*4 ,WE /OOD = 'ALL P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS4' ,9 NO WAY W]E WE POLITICALLY ORI5T$4 ,! JUNTA WAS SIMPLY A WAY \T1 A REVOLUTION>Y =MULA TO SAVE ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,WE W]E UNABLE TO EX]CISE GREAT 9FLU5CE BECAUSE ! ,/AL9I/S1 HELP$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I RE=MI/S1 UND]TOOK !IR C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y AGGRESSION SO RAPIDLY4.<#e#g#h.> 

,! ,FO,D DIFF]$ SLI<TLY ) ! C\NCILI/S ON ?IS PO9T1 H[EV]1 9 O!R WAYS !IR SELF-CRITICISM W]E NE>LY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! VIEWS ( ,MATTICK & ,KORS*4 ',TAK+ P[]' W\LD MEAN NO?+ LESS ?AN ! DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY1 W> EF=T1 & ALL O!R >EAS BY WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & ! SUPPRESSION ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS BY WORK]S' MILITIAS DIRECTLY TI$ & ACC\NTABLE TO !SE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,HALFWAY MEASURES & COMPROMISES ) SOCIAL =CES HO/ILE TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION W\LD ONLY RESULT 9 DEFEAT4 

,9 T]MS ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE HI/ORICAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS T[>DS AN>*I/-,M>XI/ CONV]G5CES1 !SE MAY BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE UND]SCOR$ A COMMON EMPHASIS ON WORK+-CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION AS BO? ME?OD & NON-DOGMATIC S\RCE ( 9SPIRATION4 ,MATTICK1 9 REFLECT+ ON ,KORS*'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM1 P]HAPS BE/ SUMS UP ?IS ATTITUDE3 

,KORS* TURN$ TO ! AN>*I/S )\T GIV+ UP HIS ,M>XI/ CONCEPTIONS2 NOT TO ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS AN>*I/S ( LAISSEZ FAIRE IDEOLOGY1 BUT TO ! AN>*I/ WORK]S & POOR PEASANTS ( ,SPA9 :O HAD NOT YET SUCCUMB$ TO ! 9T]NATIONAL C\NT]-REVOLUTION :I* N[ C\NT$ AMONG ITS SYMBOLS ! NAME ( ,M>X AS WELL 444 ,! AN>*I/ EMPHASIS ON FRE$OM & SPONTANEITY1 ON SELF-DET]M9ATION1 &1 !RE=E1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 ON ACTION RA!R ?AN IDEOLOGY1 ON SOLID>ITY MORE ?AN ON ECONOMIC 9T]E/ W]E PRECISELY ! QUALITIES ?AT HAD BE5 LO/ TO ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ITS RISE TO POLITICAL 9FLU5CE & P[] 9 ! EXP&+ CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,IT DID NOT MATT] TO ,KORS* :E!R HIS AN>*I/ICALLY-BIAS$ 9T]PRETATION ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM WAS TRUE TO ,M>X OR NOT4 ,:AT MATT]$1 UND] ! CONDITIONS ( TW5TIE?-C5TURY CAPITALISM1 WAS TO RECAPTURE !SE AN>*I/ ATTITUDES 9 ORD] TO HAVE A LABOR MOVEM5T AT ALL4.<#e#g#i.> 

,IT IS ON ?IS LEVEL ?AT WE BEG9 TO SEE SOME ( ! BROAD \TL9ES ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ POLITICS 9 ! 9T]W> P]IOD1 EXPRESS$ LESS AS A DOCTR9AL SY/EM OR TRADITION1 BUT RA!R AS A S]IES ( COMMON CONSID]ATIONS & POLITICAL COMMITM5TS =G$ DUR+ HEI<T5$ REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS1 & FUR!R DEVELOP$ UPON REFLECTION 9 DEFEAT4 ,! WORK]S' C\NCILS ( ! ,DUT*-,G]MAN C\NCILI/S1 ! 'REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA' ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 AS WELL AS ! 'FREE SOVIETS' & CALLS = MORE COH]5T =MS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BY ! ,MAKHNOVS*9A 9 AN E>LI] P]IOD1 AMONG O!RS1 REFLECT A COMMON ORGANIZATIONAL FOCUS ON =MS ( WORK]S' AUTONOMY & A VIEW TO G5]ALIZ+ !SE EM]G5T SOCIAL =MS AS ! BASIS = A FREE SOCIETY4 

,NOTES 

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