,*APT] #h 
,A ',BOHEMIAN ,FREELANC]'8 ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 ,HIS ,E>LY ,RELATION%IP TO ,AN>*ISM & ! ,9TELLECTUAL ,ORIG9S ( ,AUTONOMISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#h4 ,A ',BOHEMIAN ,FREELANC]'8 ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 ,HIS ,E>LY ,RELATION%IP TO ,AN>*ISM & ! ,9TELLECTUAL ,ORIG9S ( ,AUTONOMISM 

,*RI/IAN ,HOGSBJ]G 

,9 ,APRIL #a#i#d1 9 A PRIVATE LETT] WRITT5 AMID A FI]CE FACTION FI<T !N 5GULF+ ,U,S ,TROTSKYISM1 ,LEON ,TROTSKY W\LD REF] 9 PASS+ TO ,CYRIL ,LIONEL ,ROB]T ,JAMES 7#a#i#a-#a#i#h#i71 ONE ( HIS LEAD+ COMRADES HAIL+ ORIG9ALLY FROM ,TR9IDAD1 AS A ',BOHEMIAN FREELANC]4'.<#e#h.> ,NO D\BT SU* AN APPELLATION W\LD HAVE CAUS$ DI/RESS TO ,JAMES HAD HE HE>D ( IT AT ! TIME1 = HIS POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL EVOLUTION HAD [$ MU* TO ,TROTSKY'S ,M>XISM EV] S9CE HIS READ+ ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#c#b4 ,YET SU* AN APPELLATION W\LD1 = MANY1 BO? )9 & \TSIDE OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM1 SEEM TO BE V9DICAT$ BY ,JAMES'S SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T AS A POLITICAL ?9K]1 :I* W\LD SEE HIM LEAVE ! (FICIAL ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#e#a4 ,9DE$1 MANY COMM5TATORS HAVE GONE MU* FUR!R ?AN ,TROTSKY1 & ASSOCIAT$ ,JAMES'S MATURE POLITICAL ?\<T AS MU* ) AN>*I/ ?9K+ AS ) REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,9 #a#i#h#a1 ,PAUL ,B]MAN DECL>$ HE ?\<T ,JAMES HAD ULTIMATELY COME UP ) 'A V]SION ( SOCIALISM ?AT WITT+LY OR UNWITT+LY 9CORPORATES ELEM5TS ( AN>*ISM )9 A L>G] ,M>XI/ FRAMEWORK4'.<#e#h#a.> ,9 #a#i#h#g1 ,JAMES ,D4 ,Y\NG1 SUBSEQU5TLY AU?OR ( ,! ,WORLD ( ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 ASS]T$ ',JAMES WAS ALWAYS A DISSID5T ) A T\* ( AN>*I/ DISAFFECTION4'.<#e#h#b.> ,9 #a#i#h#i1 AFT] ,JAMES'S PASS+1 ,ROB9 ,BLACKBURN 9 AN OBITU>Y DECL>$ HIM AN ',AN>*O-,BOL%EVIK1' :ILE ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON APP>5TLY W5T AS F> AS TO SPEAK ( ,JAMES'S WRIT+ NOT JU/ BE+ '9FUS$ ) A LIB]T>IAN T5D5CY' BUT ( ,JAMES'S '9/9CTIVE1 UN>TICULAT$ AN>*ISM4'.<#e#h#c.> 

,YET !RE IS A PROBLEM H]E1 S9CE ,JAMES'S AN>*ISM WAS NOT SIMPLY 'UN>TICULAT$4' ,RA!R1 HIS WRIT+S EXPLICITLY DISPLAY A CASUAL & TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ DISMISSIV5ESS ( AN>*ISM AS IRR$EEMABLY 'PETTY-B\RGEOIS' 9 BO? !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,9 #a#i#d#h1 9 ,NOTES ON ,DIALECTICS1 ,JAMES NOT$ ?AT '! ,PR\DHONI/S & ,BAKUN9I/S REPRES5T$ ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/IC 9FLU5CES 9 ! PROLET>IAT' AT ! TIME ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL :I* LO/ \T TO ,M>XISM AFT] '! MASS UPHEAVAL ( ! .<,P>IS.> ,COMMUNE DEFEAT$ ! ,PR\DHONI/S' BECAUSE ( '! DECL9E ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM 9 CAPITALISM AS A :OLE4' ,DUR+ ! 'PROLET>IAN UPRIS+' ( ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W>1 ,JAMES 9 ,NOTES ON ,DIALECTICS NOT$ ?AT ! '! PETTY-B\RGEOIS AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ BUREAUCRACIES' ALLI$ !MSELVES ) ,/AL9ISM1 :I* 'DELIV]$ ! PROLET>IAT TO ,FRANCO1' COMM5T+ ?AT '! :OLE ,POPUL> ,FRONT ,MANEUV] WAS P>T ( ! ORGANIC MOVEM5T ( ! NEW PETTY B\RGEOISIE T[>D ,/AL9ISM4'.<#e#h#d.> ,MOREOV]1 AS ,B]MAN ADMITT$1 9 ONE ( ! ONLY SU/A9$ & DETAIL$ DISCUSSIONS ( ,JAMES & AN>*ISM 9 ! EXI/+ S*OL>%IP1 ,JAMES3 

444 HAS ALWAYS CALL$ HIMSELF1 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+1 A ,L59I/ 444 AS TO AN>*ISM1 9 ALL ( HIS WRIT+S HE CONDEMNS IT =CEFULLY4 ,BUT ,I MU/ SAY1 ,JAMES'S =CEFULNESS ON ?IS PO9T REM9DS ME ( NO?+ SO MU* AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S SIMIL> =CEFULNESS 9 ! OP5+ PAGES ( ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE -- AN 9/ANCE ( PROTE/+ TOO MU*4.<#e#h#e.> 

,! DEBATE OV] ,JAMES'S RELATIVE 9TELLECTUAL AFF9ITY ) OR DI/ANCE FROM AN>*ISM IS UNLIKELY TO BE RESOLV$ 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,GIV5 ! COMPLEXITY ( HIS POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL EVOLUTION1 :I* RANG$ WIDELY OV] BO? TIME & SPACE1 IT IS C]TA9LY BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( :AT IS POSSIBLE 9 ONE *APT] TO EV5 ATTEMPT SU* A FEAT4 ,RA!R ?IS *APT] WILL ATTEMPT TO CL>IFY AN IMPORTANT ASPECT ( ?IS QUE/ION ?R\< A CONCRETE HI/ORICAL EXPLORATION FIR/ ( ,JAMES'S E>LY RELATION%IP TO AN>*ISM & HIS GR[+ OP5NESS TO ! IDEA ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION UND] ,/AL9 WAS '/ATE-CAPITALI/' RA!R ?AN SOCIALI/1 & SECOND1 A BRIEF] DISCUSSION ( H[ HIS MORE MATURE POLITICAL ?\<T CAME TO 9SPIRE & 9FLU5CE /R&S ( 'AUTONOMI/' ?9K+ DUR+ ! #a#i#eS & BEYOND4 ,9 MAK+ SU* AN EXAM9ATION1 H[EV]1 IT IS P]HAPS WOR? /AT+ ?AT WE WILL BEG9 FROM ! PREMISE ?AT ,JAMES IS BE/ RECOGNIZ$ & UND]/OOD FROM ! \TSET NOT AS AN AN>*I/ ?9K]1 BUT AS A ,M>XI/4 ,9DE$1 AS ,I HAVE SUGGE/$ ELSE:]E1 ,JAMES WAS ONE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY'S MO/ ORIG9AL & \T/&+ CONTRIBUTORS TO :AT ,HAL ,DRAP] HAS T]M$ ! REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRATIC TRADITION ( 'SOCIALISM FROM BEL[4'.<#e#h#f.> ,= ,PAUL ,BUHLE1 ,JAMES'S ORIG9AL & AU?ORIZ$ BIOGRAPH]1 ,JAMES WAS 'ONE ( ! FEW TRULY CREATIVE ,M>XI/S FROM ! #a#i#cS TO ! #a#i#eS1 P]HAPS ALONE 9 HIS MA/]FUL SYN!SIS ( WORLD HI/ORY1 PHILOSOPHY1 GOV]NM5T1 MASS LIFE & POPUL> CULTURE4' ,BUHLE ?\<T ANY REF]5CE TO ,JAMES'S POLITICS AS 'AN>*I/' 9 'ITS TREATM5T ( P>TY & /ATE' WAS ULTIMATELY A 'S9C]E BUT MI/AK5' POSITION4.<#e#h#g.> 

,! AIM ( ?IS *APT] H[EV] IS TO ILLUM9ATE ! EVOLUTION & 9TELLECTUAL 9FLU5CE ( ,JAMES'S CREATIVITY AS A 'DISSID5T ,M>XI/1' TO USE ! PHRASE ( ANO!R BIOGRAPH] ( ,JAMES'S1 ,DAVID ,R5TON1 NOT TO ATTEMPT TO DEMON/RATE 9 DETAIL HIS 9TELLECTUAL DI/ANCE FROM AN>*ISM4.<#e#h#h.> ,9DE$1 AN>*I/S HELP$ %APE ! POLITICAL ?\<T & HI/ORICAL IMAG9ATION ( ! Y\NG ,JAMES1 & HIS LIFE & WORK 9 #a#i#cS ,BRITA9 9 P>TICUL> (F]S A FASC9AT+ GLIMPSE 9TO AN ALMO/ =GOTT5 SUBT]RANEAN WORLD ( F>-,LEFT POLITICS1 A /ORY ( H]ETICS & R5EGADES1 FROM SURREALI/ POETS TO ,JEWI% PR9T]S & AN>*I/ BOOKSELL]S4 ,! EMPIRICAL FOCUS ( ! >TICLE WILL !RE=E FIR/LY EXAM9E H[ ! SE$S ( ,JAMES'S 'DISSID5T ,M>XISM' W]E >GUABLY FIR/ S[N 9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD1 BE=E MAK+ A BRIEF \TL9E ( H[ IT FL[]$ DUR+ HIS ,U,S SOJ\RN & !N CAME TO F]TILIZE ?9K+ ON ! ,EUROPEAN F>-,LEFT DUR+ ! #a#i#eS & SUBSEQU5TLY4 ,9 ! PROCESS IT IS HOP$ ?AT SOME ( ! CREATIVE OV]LAPS :I* DO EXI/ BETWE5 ! TWO TRADITIONS ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM WILL BE ILLUM9AT$4 

,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES'S E>LY BOHEMIANISM 

,RA!R ?AN BE+ AN '9/9CTIVE AN>*I/1' ! E>LY POLITICS ( ,JAMES1 SU* AS !Y W]E :ILE A Y\NG TEA*]1 J\RNALI/ & WRIT] 9 ! ,BRITI% ,CR[N ,COLONY ( ,TR9IDAD W]E DI/9CTLY ( ! GRADUAL1 PRACTICAL1 /ATI/1 RE=MI/ V>IETY4 ,HE WAS A DEMOCRAT 9 A C\NTRY )\T ANY MEAN+FUL DEMOCRACY1 A P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/ 9 A C\NTRY )\T A MEAN+FUL P>LIAM5T4 ,JAMES'S H]O AT ! TIME1 & ! SUBJECT ( HIS FIR/ BOOK 9 #a#i#c#b1 WAS ,CAPTA9 ,>?UR ,&REW ,CIPRIANI1 ! =M] ,COMM&+ ,(FIC] ( ! ,BRITI% ,WE/ ,9DIES ,REGIM5T 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & !N LEAD] ( ! MASS SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC NATIONALI/ ,TR9IDAD ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,T,W,A74 ,9SPIR$ 9 P>T ALSO BY ,G&HI & ,M>CUS ,G>VEY1 ,JAMES BECAME A CAMPAIGN] = ',WE/ ,9DIAN SELF-GOV]NM5T1' BUT AT ?IS /AGE HE WAS V]Y F> FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ & 'CLASS /RUGGLE ,PAN-,AFRICANI/' HE W\LD BECOME4 ,IF '.<C.>ONS]VATISM UNPRODD$ H>D5S 9TO TYRANNY1 RADICALISM UN*ECK$ DEG5]ATES 9TO *AOS1' HE WROTE 9 ONE #aica >TICLE4.<#e#h#i.> ,IF ANY?+1 ,JAMES WAS A LIB]AL HUMANI/ :O ASPIR$ TO LIVE BY ! T5ETS ( ! ,VICTORIAN ?9K] & CULTURAL CRITIC ,MAT!W ,>NOLD1 BUT HIS ATTEMPT TO S9C]ELY FOLL[ ,>NOLDIAN IDEALS L$ HIM TO FIR/ IMPLICITLY1 & !N EXPLICITLY1 CRITICIZE ,BRITI% COLONIAL RULE4 ,HE JO9$ UP ) O!R WRIT]S >\ND TWO LIT]>Y J\RNALS1 ,TR9IDAD & !N ,! ,BEACON1 ! LATT] ( :I* ! $ITOR ,ALB]T ,GOMES RECALL$ 'BECAME ! FOCUS ( A MOVEM5T ( 5LI<T5M5T SPE>HEAD$ BY ,TR9IDAD'S ANGRY Y\NG M5 ( ! ,?IRTIES4 ,IT WAS ! TORPOR1 ! SMUGNESS & ! HYPOCRISY ( ! ,TR9IDAD ( ! P]IOD ?AT PROVOK$ ! RESPONSE :I* PRODUC$ BO? ! MAGAZ9E & ! DEFIANT BOHEMIANISM ( ! MOVEM5T ?AT WAS BUILT >\ND IT4'.<#e#i.> 

,9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD1 !N1 ,JAMES SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 SOME?+ ( AN '9/9CTIVE ,BOHEMIAN FREELANC]4'.<#e#i#a.> ,>RIV+ 9 ,BRITA9 9 #a#i#c#b1 WITNESS+ ! ,LANCA%IRE COTTON TEXTILE WORK]S /RIKE :ILE UP 9 ,NELSON1 & !N READ+ ,TROTSKY'S ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AMID ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION & ! TRIUMPH ( ,HITL]'S ,NAZIS 9 #aicc L$ ,JAMES TO POLITICALLY RADICALIZE :ILE WORK+ AS ! ,MAN*E/] ,GU>DIAN'S CRICKET CORRESPOND5T4 ,9 #a#i#c#d1 ,JAMES LEFT ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY :I* HE HAD JO9$ 9 SOLID>ITY ) ,CIPRIANI'S ,T,W,A & JO9$ ! T9Y ,BRITI% ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T1 9 P>TICUL> ! SECTION ( IT 9SIDE ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,I,L,P71 ! ,M>XI/ ,GR\P4 

,JAMES ORI5TAT$ TO ,TROTSKYISM L>GELY ?R\< HIS [N CRITICAL 9DEP5D5T READ+1 BUT IT WAS :ILE SE>*+ \T ,M>XI/ CLASSICS 9 ,LONDON 9 #aicc ?AT HE HAPP5$ TO VISIT A BOOK%OP ON #fh ,R$ ,LION ,/REET1 ,LAHR1 [N$ BY AN AN>*I/ FROM ,G]MANY1 ,*>LIE ,LAHR4 ,LAHR WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,DAVID ,GOODWAY1 'V]Y PROBABLY ! LA/' 9 ! L9E1 '/RET*+ BACK TO ! LATE EI<TE5?-C5TURY1' ( 'GREAT ,LONDON RADICAL BOOKSELL]SCUM-PUBLI%]S4'.<#e#i#b.> ,DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 ,JONA?AN ,ROSE >GUES1 HIS BOOK%OP WAS 'A MECCA = D[N & \T ,NIETZS*EANS & SCRUFFY POETS4'.<#e#i#c.> ,JAMES REMEMB]S ,LAHR SOON 'GOT 9T]E/$ 9 :AT ,I WAS DO+ & W\LD PUT ASIDE A BOOK OR PAMPHLET = ME HE KNEW OR ?\<T W\LD 9T]E/ ME4'.<#e#i#d.> ,! TWO SOON =M$ :AT ,JAMES DESCRIBES AS 'A CURI\S P>TN]%IP1' ) ,LAHR HELP+ ,JAMES BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) KN[L$GE ( ! REACTION>Y NATURE ( 9DIVIDUAL ,LABOR LEAD]S & ,BRITI% TRADE UNION BUREAUCRATS4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,JAMES LE>N$ MU* AB\T CONTEMPOR>Y ,G]MANY & ,HITL]'S RISE TO P[]4.<#e#i#e.> 

,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES'S READ+ ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,ONE MI<T SURMISE ?AT IT WAS ,LAHR :O ALSO RECOMM5D$ ,JAMES READ ! GREAT AN>*I/ ,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S MA/]FUL ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#i71 A PIONE]+ VOLUME ( 'HI/ORY-FROM-BEL[' ?AT WAS ADMIR$ BY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 AS P>T ( HIS ONGO+ RESE>* ON ! ,HAITIAN ,REVOLUTION4.<#e#i#f.> ,9 #a#i#c#h1 9 HIS MAJE/IC CLASSIC ,! ,BLACK ,JACOB9S1 ,JAMES PRAIS$ ,KROPOTK9 = HAV+ A 'MORE 9/9CTIVE UND]/&+ ( REVOLUTION ?AN ANY WELL-KN[N BOOK' ON ! SUBJECT ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4.<#e#i#g.> ,= ,KROPOTK91 ! 'TRUE F\NT & ORIG9 ( ! ,REVOLUTION' WAS '! PEOPLE'S READ9ESS TO TAKE UP >MS1' NOT+ ?AT IT WAS ?IS ?AT PREVI\S 'HI/ORIANS ( ! ,REVOLUTION HAD NOT DONE JU/ICE -- ! JU/ICE [$ TO IT BY ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION4'.<#e#i#h.> ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,KROPOTK9'S /RESS ON ! REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE ( ! PEASANTRY 9 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION SEEMS TO HAVE 9FLU5C$ ,JAMES :5 HE CAME TO UND]/&+ & ANALYZ+ ! LIB]ATION /RUGGLE ( ! 5SLAV$ BLACK MASSES ( ,FR5* COLONIAL ,SA9T ,DOM+UE4 ,= ,KROPOTK91 '! 9SURRECTION ( ! PEASANTS = ! ABOLITION ( ! FEUDAL RI<TS & ! RECOV]Y ( ! COMMUNAL L&S' 9 ! SUMM] ( #a<i WAS1 '! V]Y ESS5CE1 ! F\NDATION ( ! GREAT ,REVOLUTION' & '! GREAT RIS+ ( ! RURAL DI/RICTS1' ! JACQU]IE1 :I* 'LA/$ FIVE YE>S1 WAS :AT 5ABL$ ! ,REVOLUTION TO ACCOMPLI% ! IMM5SE WORK ( DEMOLITION :I* WE [E TO IT4'.<#e#i#i.> 

,:5 ,JAMES DESCRIB$ ! OP5 REVOLT & 9DE$ 9SURRECTION ON ! ,NOR? ,PLA9 9 ,SA9T ,DOM+UE 9 ,AUGU/ #a#g#i#a1 :5 ! 5SLAV$ BLACKS 'NEGLECT$ & IGNOR$ BY ALL ! POLITICIANS ( EV]Y BR& & P]SUASION' HAD 'ORGANIZ$ ON !IR [N & /RUCK = FRE$OM AT LA/' HE EFFECTIVELY BR\<T \T ! WAY 9 :I* !IR UPRIS+ RESEMBL$ ! CONTEMPORANE\S /RUGGLES ( ! ,FR5* PEASANTRY3 

,! SLAVES WORK$ ON ! L&1 &1 LIKE REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS EV]Y:]E1 !Y AIM$ AT ! EXT]M9ATION ( !IR OPPRESSORS 444 ! SLAVES DE/ROY$ TIRELESSLY4 ,LIKE ! PEASANTS 9 ! ,JACQU]IE 444 !Y W]E SEEK+ !IR SALVATION 9 ! MO/ OBVI\S WAY1 ! DE/RUCTION ( :AT !Y KNEW WAS ! CAUSE ( !IR SUFF]+S2 & IF !Y DE/ROY$ MU* IT WAS BECAUSE !Y HAD SUFF]$ MU*4.<#f.> 

,BY #a#h#c1 AFT] #ab YE>S ( FI<T+ = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & SOCIAL LIB]ATION1 ,JAMES NOT$ ?AT ! BLACK REBEL SLAVE >MY HAD BE5 =C$ TO BURN ,SA9T ,DOM+UE 'FLAT SO ?AT AT ! 5D ( ! W> IT WAS A *>R$ DES]T'3 

,:Y DO Y\ BURN EV]Y?+8 ASK$ A ,FR5* (FIC] ( A PRISON]4 ,WE HAVE A RI<T TO BURN :AT WE CULTIVATE BECAUSE A MAN HAS A RI<T TO DISPOSE ( HIS [N LABOR1 WAS ! REPLY ( ?IS UNKN[N AN>*I/4.<#f#a.> 

,IF O!R WRIT]S1 ABOVE ALL ,TROTSKY 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 HAD HELP$ ,JAMES UND]/& ! WAY 9 :I* ! 5SLAV$ BLACKS ACT$ LIKE A 'PROTO-PROLET>IAT' DUR+ ! ,HAITIAN ,REVOLUTION1 !N ,KROPOTK9'S ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION MU/ HAVE BE5 CRITICAL TO HELP+ ,JAMES UND]/& ! WAY 9 :I* ! REBELLI\S SLAVE >MY ACT$ LIKE A 'PROTO-PEASANTRY4'.<#f#b.> 

,ANO!R WAY 9 :I* ,JAMES SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ,KROPOTK9 WAS ?R\< HIS DISCUSSION ( EV5TS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE ITSELF1 P>TICUL>LY ! ',COMMUNISM' 9 ,P>IS BETWE5 ,M>* #agic & ,JULY #a#g#i#d4.<#f#c.> ',9 ! /REETS ( ,P>IS1 ,JACQUES ,V>LET & ,R\X W]E PREA*+ ,COMMUNISM1 NOT 9 PRODUCTION BUT 9 DI/RIBUTION1 A NATURAL REACTION TO ! PR(ITE]+ ( ! NEW B\RGEOISIE1' A COMM5T ?AT ESS5TIALLY SUMM>IZES ,KROPOTK9'S MORE DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( '! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T' 9 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4.<#f#d.> ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ,JAMES'S ADMIRATION & RESPECT = ,KROPOTK9'S GREAT WORK MAY HAVE 5C\RAG$ LAT] ASSESSM5TS ( HIS '9/9CTIVE' AN>*ISM4 ,9 #a#i#f#c1 9 ! REVIS$ $ITION ( ,! ,BLACK ,JACOB9S1 ,JAMES W\LD C]TA9LY CONT9UE TO PRAISE ',KROPOTK9'S BRIEF HI/ORY ( OV] FIFTY YE>S AGO' AS '! BE/ G5]AL BOOK 9 ,5GLI% .<ON ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION.> 444 ,KROPOTK9 ?\<T ! ,REVOLUTION WAS A WOND]FUL EV5T & WAS NEI!R AFRAID NOR EMB>RASS$ TO SAY SO4'.<#f#e.> 

,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 AN>*I/S 9 ,BRITA9 & ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> 

,:ILE ,JAMES'S S5SE ( FAIR PLAY & CRITICAL ?9K+ ABILITIES L$ HIM TO READ WIDELY & ABSORB A LOT ( DIFF]5T IDEAS1 HIS POLITICAL ?\<T WAS ALSO PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ BY ! :OLE 5VIRONM5T ( F>-,LEFT POLITICS 9 #a#i#cS ,BRITA91 & ! ECLECTIC MILIEU >\ND ! ,I,L,P1 ) ITS V>I\S TRADITIONS 9CLUD+ ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM & DIV]SE O!R =MS ( NON-,L59I/ SOCIALISMS4.<#f#f.> ,MOREOV]1 FA/ EM]G+ AS ! 9TELLECTUAL DRIV+ =CE ( ,BRITI% ,TROTSKYISM DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 ,JAMES WAS ON REASONABLY GOOD T]MS ) ONE ( ! LEAD+ AN>*I/S 9 ,BRITA9 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 AS WELL AS ANTI-,/AL9I/ COMMUNI/ ACTIVI/S LIKE ! VET]AN ,GUY ,ALDR$ :O HE MET 9 ,GLASG[4.<#f#g.> ,ALMO/ BY ACCID5T1 ,JAMES HAD CROSS$ PA?S ) ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 A Y\NG AN>*I/ FROM ,ITALY :O WAS $ITOR ( ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD1 ! MA9 ,BRITI% AN>*I/ PAP] ( ! DAY 7PREVI\SLY & SUBSEQU5TLY CALL$ ,FRE$OM7 :I* ,RI*>DS HAD LAUN*$ 9 ,LONDON 9 LATE #aicf 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! ]UPTION ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION :ILE ONLY #ba YE>S OLD4.<#f#h.> ,AS ! $ITOR ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ J\RNAL ,FI<T 7LAUN*$ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f71 ,JAMES MET ,RI*>DS ON ONE ( HIS REGUL> VISITS TO ! PR9T]S AT ,N>OD ,PRESS 9 #a#b#i_/#a#c#a ,B$=D ,/REET1 ,:ITE*APEL1 :I* WAS RUN BY A TEAM ( ,JEWI% APPR5TICES UND] ',PAPA ,N>ODITSKY' & HIS ?REE SONS4 ,AS ,RI*>DS REMEMB]$1 'AP>T FROM ! BOYS !MSELVES 444 ONE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO MEET O!R $ITORS SUP]VIS+ !IR J\RNALS1' 9CLUD+ '! G5TLE-SPEAK+ ,WE/ ,9DIAN M>XI/ ,C4,L4,R ,JAMES :O WAS PRODUC+ HIS ,FI<T6 ,NO PUN*-UPS1 POLITICAL OR O!RWISE4'.<#f#i.> 

,JAMES W\LD ON OCCASION RALLY TO ! SIDE ( ! ,BRITI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! ,I,L,P & ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7,C,P,G,B7 9 ,FI<T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#g1 ,JAMES TOOK ISSUE ) LEAD+ ,I,L,P FIGURE ,F5N] ,BROCKWAY 9 ,FI<T = =BIDD+ ,I,L,P SPEAK]S TO /& ON ! AN>*I/ PLAT=M DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAY CELEBRATIONS 9 ,BRITA9 ?AT YE> 9 ORD] TO APPEASE ! ,C,P,G,B ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> !N RAG+1 ,JAMES NOT$ ?AT 9 ,SPA9 '! ,I,L,P1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S & ! ,AN>*I/S1 >E 9 !IR DIFF]5T WAYS1 ON ONE SIDE ( ! B>RICADE & ! ,/AL9I/S ON ! O!R'2 REFLECT+ ON ! ,BRITI% CONTEXT HE ASK$ RHETORICALLY ( ,BROCKWAY1 'WILL HE PROPOSE .<A.> UNIT$ FRONT1 ACTIVELY 9 DEF5SE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 BETWE5 ! ,I,L,P1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S & ! ,AN>*I/S8'.<#f#a.> 

,RI*>DS'S PUBLICATION ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD SUGGE/S SOME?+ AB\T ! WID] CONNECTION BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ! T9Y ,PAN-,AFRICANI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA9 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ,JAMES ) HIS COMPATRIOT & BOYHOOD FRI5D1 ,GEORGE ,PADMORE1 LAUN*$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AFRICAN ,S]VICE ,BUREAU 7,I,A,S,B7 9 ,LONDON1 & ! TITLE AT LEA/ ( ! ,I,A,S,B'S #aicg NEWSLETT]1 ,AFRICA & ! ,WORLD1 SEEMS A LITTLE 9SPIR$ BY ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD4 ,! PRES5CE AMONG ! PATRONS ( ! ,I,A,S,B ( ! ,I,L,P AFFILIAT$ SOCIALI/ FREE-?9K] ,F4,A4 ,RIDLEY1 :O CALL$ = AN 'AN>*O-M>XI/ ALLIANCE' 9 #a#i#c#h1 IS P]HAPS SIGNIFICANT4.<#f#a#a.> ,!RE >E TANTALIZ+ GLIMPSES 9 ,E!L ,MANN9'S SATIRICAL #aide NOVEL ,COMRADE ,O' ,COMRADE ( ONE KEY ,PAN-,AFRICANI/ 9 ,BRITA9 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ! ,B>BADIAN VET]AN ANTI-COLONIALI/ & ORGANIZ] ( ! ,COLONIAL ,SEAM5'S ,ASSOCIATION -- ,*RIS ,BRAI?WAITE -- BETT] KN[N UND] HIS PSEUDONYM ',*RIS ,JONES' -- SPEAK+ ALONGSIDE ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN ON MEET+S ON ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION 9 ,LONDON DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4.<#f#a#b.> ,SU* CONTACTS & MEET+S MEANT ,GEORGE ,PADMORE W\LD LAT] RECALL ! P]IOD 'IMM$IATELY BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>' AS 'ONE ( ! MO/ /IMULAT+ & CON/RUCTIVE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,PAN-,AFRICANISM1' NOT+ ?AT BLACK 9TELLECTUALS MADE :AT HE CALL$ A 'DETAIL$ & SY/EMATIC /UDY ( ,EUROPEAN POLITICAL !ORIES & SY/EMS' 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM4.<#f#a#c.> 

,TOGE!R ) ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ! ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS W]E ( IMPORTANCE 9 EXPLA9+ ,JAMES'S LAT] BREAK ) OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM4 ,9 EXPOS+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ,/AL9ISM1 BO? EV5TS L$ ,JAMES TO QUE/ION ,TROTSKY'S *>ACT]IZATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,! SAME EV5TS W]E ALSO TO BE CRITICAL = ! POLITICAL EVOLUTION ( ,JAMES'S KEY 9TELLECTUAL COLLABORATOR DUR+ ! #a#i#dS1 ,RAYA ,DUNAYEVSKAYA4 ,AS ,PET] ,HUDIS HAS SUGGE/$1 ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> 9 P>TICUL>3 

444 PRES5T$ REVOLUTION>IES ) :AT ,DUNAYEVSKAYA WAS LAT] TO CALL ! 'ABSOLUTE CONTRADICTION' ( \R AGE -- ! EM]G5CE ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION FROM )9 REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY ! ,/AL9I/S1 H[EV]1 :OSE ROLE WAS COMPROMIS$ BY !SE EV5TS4 ,= ! V>I\S ANTI-,/AL9I/ T5D5CIES1 BE !Y ,TROTSKYI/1 AN>*I/ OR 9DEP5D5T1 FAIL$ TO SUCCESSFULLY COMBAT ! NEW PH5OM5ON ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION EM]G+ FROM )9 REVOLUTION4.<#f#a#d.> 

,9 RESPONSE TO ! APP>5T 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL FAILURE TO HAVE FULLY PREP>$ = ! NEW REALITY ( ,/AL9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y T]ROR 9 ,SPA91 ,DUNAYEVSKAYA1 ,TROTSKY'S ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE SECRET>Y FROM #a#i#c#g-#a#i#c#h1 LAT] RECALL$ H[ %E FIR/ BECAME CRITICAL ( ! LIMITATIONS ( ,TROTSKY'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE' DUR+ ?IS TUMULTU\S P]IOD4 ',\T ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> !RE EM]G$ A NEW K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y :O POS$ QUE/IONS1 NOT ONLY AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM1 BUT AGA9/ ,TROTSKYISM1 9DE$ AGA9/ ALL E/ABLI%$ ,M>XISMS4'.<#f#a#e.> 

,JAMES SIMIL>LY BEGAN TO ASK QUE/IONS ( ,TROTSKY'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 A WORK :I* ,TROTSKY HAD COMPLET$ 9 ,JUNE #aicf & SO BE=E ! ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS & ! ,/AL9I/ SUPPRESSION ( ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION 7,P,\,M7& AN>*I/S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,9DE$1 BY ! TIME ,JAMES WROTE HIS PIONE]+ ANTI-,/AL9I/ ,M>XI/ HI/ORY ( '! RISE & FALL ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1' ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 :ILE /ILL =MALLY ACCEPT+ ,TROTSKY'S ANALYSIS HE WAS ALREADY %[+ AN OP5NESS TO ?OSE >GU+ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD BECOME A /ATE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SPECIAL ,BRAN* OP]ATIVES1 :5 ,JAMES SPOKE 9 ,LONDON 9 DEF5SE ( ,TROTSKY AFT] ! FIR/ ,MOSC[ ,TRIAL ON #i ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f1 'HE COMP>$ ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,BRITI% & ,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 ADD+ ?AT A =M ( CAPITALISM WAS CREEP+ 9TO ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE4'.<#f#a#f.> ,9 ! C\RSE ( RESE>*+ ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION1 ,JAMES READ ! WORKS ( A NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O FELT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS N[ /ATE-CAPITALI/ 9CLUD+ TWO =M] LEAD+ ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S1 ,>?UR ,ROS5B]G & ,K>L ,KORS* -- ! LATT] ,JAMES APP>5TLY MET 9 #a#i#c#f4.<#f#a#g.> 

,ANO!R 9FLU5CE WAS ! =M] LEAD+ ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,BORIS ,S\V>9E4 ,BORN ,BORIS ,LIEFS*ITZ 9 #ahhe 9 ,KIEV1 ,S\V>9E1 :O CLE>LY HAD SOME SORT ( AN>*I/ SYMPA?IES E>LY ON AS HE TOOK HIS NAME FROM ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ BOMB-PLANT] 9 ,EMILE ,ZOLA'S ,G]M9AL - HAD BE5 A F\ND+ MEMB] ( ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,HAV+ KN[N ,TROTSKY S9CE MEET+ HIM 9 ,P>IS DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,W>1 ,S\V>9E HAD SPOK5 BRAVELY AGA9/ ,/AL9 9 ,MOSC[4 ,?\< ,TROTSKY HAD HI< HOPES ( ,S\V>9E =M+ A VIABLE ,FR5* ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T1 S9CE #a#i#b#i1 ,S\V>9E HAD BROK5 (F GOOD RELATIONS ) ,TROTSKY1 ATTACK+ ,L59ISM & DESCRIB+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS '/ATE CAPITALI/4' ,S\V>9E'S #aice BIOGRAPHY ( ,/AL9 MA9TA9$ ?AT '! ,F$]ATION ( ,SOCIALI/ ,SOVIET ,REPUBLICS1 ! V]Y NAME A F\RFOLD CONTRADICTION ( ! REALITY1 HAS LONG AGO CEAS$ TO EXI/1' & ',SOVIET /ATE CAPITALISM1' 'SO-CALL$ ,SOVIET SOCIETY' RE/S 'ON ITS [N ME?OD ( EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4'.<#f#a#h.> ,JAMES SEEMS TO HAVE MET UP ) ,S\V>9E 9 ,P>IS 9 #ai* & W\LD TRANSLATE HIS ,/AL9E 9TO ,5GLI% 9 #a#i#c#i1 G5]\SLY DESCRIB+ IT AS 'A BOOK ) AN AN>*I/ BIAS AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT IRREPROA*ABLY DOCUM5T$1 V]Y FAIR1 & FULL ( 9SI<T4'.<#f#a#i.> 

,9DE$1 :ILE ,JAMES HIMSELF 9 ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION REMA9$ LOYAL TO ,TROTSKY'S *>ACT]IZATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 HE ALSO PRES5T$ MU* EVID5CE :I* SUGGE/$ ?AT ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA C\LD NOT 9 ANY WAY BE DESCRIB$ AS A 'WORK]S' /ATE1' EV5 A 'DEG5]AT$' ONE4 ,AS ,JAMES NOT$1 '! FICTION ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 AFT] #b YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION1 IS DEAD4 ,BUT ! BUREAUCRACY FE>S ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT KN[S1 NONE BETT]1 ! TEMP] ( ! PEOPLE IT SO M]CILESSLY *EATS & EXPLOITS4'.<#f#b.> ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! BUREAUCRACY WAS A BRUTAL OPPRESSOR1 BUT WAS NOT ACTUALLY EXPLOIT+ ! WORK+ CLASS4.<#f#b#a.> ,YET = ,JAMES1 ! FIR/ ,FIVE ,YE> ,PLAN MEANT ?AT '! REMNANTS ( WORK]S CONTROL W]E WIP$ AWAY4'.<#f#b#b.> ',! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 AFT] ITS ,H]CULEAN EF=TS1 SEEMS TO HAVE EX*ANG$ ONE SET ( MA/]S = ANO!R1 :ILE ! V]Y BASIS ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE IS BE+ UND]M9$ B5EA? ITS FEET4' ,JAMES DECL>$ ?AT ! ME?ODS ( ,/AL9'S 9DU/RIALIZATION DRIVE SEEM$ TO BE JU/ 'DISCOV]+ :AT ! CAPITALI/S KNEW HUNDR$S ( YE>S AGO 444 :]E WILL ALL ?IS 5D8'.<#f#b#c.> 

,SU* IDEAS W]E 9 ! AIR ON ! F>-,LEFT DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 & SO ,JAMES'S CRITICISMS1 ( ! IDEA ?AT /ATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION NECESS>ILY MEANT SOCIALISM1 W]E NOT UNIQUE4.<#f#b#d.> ,AFT] WRIT+ ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION1 = EXAMPLE1 ,JAMES W\LD 9 #aicg WRITE AN 9TRODUCTION = ,R$ ,SPANI% ,NOTEBOOK1 AN EYEWITNESS ACC\NT ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 ?R\< ! EYES ( TWO SURREALI/ POETS :O HAD GONE TO FI<T = ! ,P,\,M1 ,M>Y ,L[ & ! ,CUBAN ,TROTSKYI/ ,JUAN ,BREA4 ,BREA HAD CONCLUD$ BY POND]+ ! MOTIVES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ) RESPECT TO REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 NOT+ 'LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ,RUSSIA IS NO LONG] A PROLET>IAN /ATE BUT IS MAK+ H] FIR/ /EPS T[>DS CAPITALISM4'.<#f#b#e.> ,ONE O!R WITNESS TO ,/AL9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 WAS ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 :O SEEMS TO HAVE MET UP ) ,JAMES 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicg AFT] RETURN+ TO ,BRITA9 & :O ONCE DESCRIB$ ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION AS A 'V]Y ABLE BOOK4' ,9 HIS #ai* CLASSIC WORK ( REVOLUTION>Y J\RNALISM1 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA1 ,ORWELL DESCRIB$ ! 'SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY' BE+ BUILT 9 ,RUSSIA BY ,/AL9 AS LITTLE MORE ?AN 'A PLANN$ /ATE-CAPITALISM ) ! GRAB-MOTIVE LEFT 9TACT4'.<#f#b#f.> 

,ON #c ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#h1 AT ! F\ND+ CONF]5CE ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,JAMES 9T]V5$ =CEFULLY 9 ! DEBATE *ALL5G+ ! OR?ODOX POSITION ?AT ,TROTSKYI/S %\LD CALL = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 CASE ( W>4.<#f#b#g.> ,A MON? LAT]1 ,JAMES W\LD TRAVEL TO ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 MEET ,TROTSKY HIMSELF = DISCUSSIONS ON ! /RATEGY & TACTICS ( ! BLACK LIB]ATION /RUGGLE 9 ! ,U,S,A1 & /EADILY E/ABLI% HIMSELF AS AN ORIG9AL & CREATIVE ?9K] 9SIDE ! ,U,S ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T DUR+ ! #a#i#dS4.<#f#b#h.> ,TROTSKY'S #aid COMM5T ON ,JAMES AS A 'BOHEMIAN FREELANC]' !RE=E HAS TO BE SE5 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SPLIT 9 ,U,S ,TROTSKYISM1 & ! POSITION ,JAMES TOOK 9 ?IS SPLIT :I* SAW HIM SIDE AGA9/ ,TROTSKY & ) ! M9ORITY >\ND ,MAX ,%A*TMAN -- RA!R ?AN AS A COMM5T BY ,TROTSKY ON ,JAMES'S DEVELOP+ IDEAS ON ! CLASS NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,9DE$1 ,JAMES'S SUBSEQU5T EMBRACE & DEVELOPM5T ( ! !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM AFT] ,TROTSKY'S DEA? W\LD /EADILY 5ABLE HIM & O!RS TO HELP CL>IFY ,M>X'S MEAN+ ( SOCIALISM ITSELF AS ! SELF-EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ANEW1 :]E /ATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS NOT RECOGNIZ$ AS ANY K9D ( 5D 9 ITSELF1 TO BE EQUAT$ ) 'SOCIALISM1' BUT M]ELY A MEANS = A*IEV+ ! 5D GOAL ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?R\< ! CREATION ( :AT ,L59 9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION HAD CALL$ ! ',COMMUNE-,/ATE4'.<#f#b#i.> 

,JAMES'S READ+ ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & FRAT]NAL RELATION%IP ) SU* AN>*I/S AS ,*>LIE ,LAHR & ,V]NON ,RI*>DS 9 ,BRITA9 %\LD NOT !N DETRACT FROM ! FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE ( ! T[]+ REVOLUTION>Y FIGURE ( ,LEON ,TROTSKY & ,TROTSKYISM = ,JAMES DUR+ ! #a#i#cS 9 %AP+ & 9=M+ HIS 5TIRE WORLD VIEW4 ,ANY CRITICISMS ( ,TROTSKYISM ?AT ,JAMES HAD ?AT MAY HAVE BE5 9=M$ 9 P>T BY AN>*ISM W]E NOT GO+ TO LEAD HIM TO FUNDAM5TALLY BREAK ) ,M>XI/ WAYS ( ?9K+4 ,AFT] EXPLOR+ SOME ( ! WAYS 9 :I* ,JAMES POLITICALLY EVOLV$ FROM P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM TO A POLITICS BAS$ ON ! REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRATIC TRADITION ( 'SOCIALISM FROM BEL[' DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 WE %ALL N[ EXAM9E H[ HIS LAT] 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,U,S,A FROM #ai* TO #aiec W\LD COME TO 9FLU5CE ONE CURR5TLY 9FLU5TIAL /R& ( AUTONOMI/ POLITICAL !ORY4 

,! EVOLUTION ( ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES'S MATURE ,M>XISM 

,9 ,BEYOND A ,B\ND>Y1 ,JAMES'S #aifc SEMI-AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CLASSIC CULTURAL HI/ORY ( CRICKET 9 ITS COLONIAL CONTEXT1 HE HAD ?IS TO SAY :5 HE LOOK$ BACK AT HIS POLITICAL EVOLUTION AFT] >RIV+ FROM ,TR9IDAD TO 5C\NT] A ,EUROPE DEVA/AT$ BY ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & ! ECONOMIC SLUMP & N[ WITNESS+ ! AL>M+ RISE ( FASCISM3 

,FICTION-WRIT+ DRA9$ \T ( ME & WAS REPLAC$ BY POLITICS4 ,I BECAME A ,M>XI/1 A ,TROTSKYI/4 ,I PUBLI%$ L>GE BOOKS & SMALL >TICLES ON !SE & O!R K9DR$ SUBJECTS4 ,I WROTE & SPOKE4 ,LIKE MANY O!RS1 ,I EXPECT$ W>1 & DUR+ OR AFT] ! W> SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 #ai* A LECTURE T\R TOOK ME TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,I /AY$ !RE #ae YE>S4 ,! W> CAME4 ,IT DID NOT BR+ SOVIETS & PROLET>IAN P[]4 ,9/EAD ! BUREAUCRATIC-TOTALIT>IAN MON/] GREW /RONG] & SPREAD4 ,AS E>LY AS #aida ,I HAD BEGUN TO QUE/ION ! PREMISES ( ,TROTSKYISM4 ,IT TOOK NE>LY A DECADE ( 9CESSANT LABOR & COLLABORATION TO BREAK ) IT & REORGANIZE MY M>XI/ IDEAS TO COPE ) ! PO/W> WORLD4 ,?AT WAS A MATT] ( DOCTR9E1 ( HI/ORY1 ( ECONOMICS & POLITICS4.<#f#c.> 

,TO ATTEMPT TO DO JU/ICE TO ?IS 'REORGANIZATION' ( ,M>XISM BY ,JAMES IS IMPOSSIBLE H]E1 BUT A FEW WORDS ON ITS MO/ CRUCIAL ASPECTS IS ESS5TIAL4 ,US+ HIS ,TROTSKYI/ PSEUDONYM1 ',J4,R4 ,JOHNSON1' ,JAMES1 TOGE!R ) ,RAYA ,DUNAYEVSKAYA1 OR ',FR$DIE ,=E/' AS %E WAS KN[N1 & ,GRACE ,LEE ,BOGGS & O!RS1 BECAME KN[N COLLECTIVELY AS ! ',JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY' 9SIDE #a#i#dS ,U,S ,TROTSKYISM4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ITS AFT]MA? !Y DREW 9SPIRATION FROM ,L59'S ATTEMPTS TO COME TO T]MS ) ! DISA/] ?AT HAD 5GULF$ ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,SO = EXAMPLE1 JU/ AS ! EXIL$ ,L59 9 #aiad TURN$ 9 DESPAIR TO ! LIBR>Y & A S]I\S /UDY ( ,HEGELIAN DIALECTICS TO PRODUCE HIS ',PHILOSOPHICAL ,NOTEBOOKS1' SO ,JAMES1 ,DUNAYEVSKAYA & ,LEE 9 !IR SE>* TO F9D A PHILOSOPHY ( REVOLUTION N[ ALSO SP5T H\RS 5GAG$ 9 S]I\S /UDY ( ! ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH]4 ,ONE PRODUCT ( ?IS WAS ,JAMES'S #aidh WORK ,NOTES ON ,DIALECTICS 7SUBTITL$ ,HEGEL1 ,M>X1 ,L5974 

,?\< A SY/EMATIC EXPOSITION IS IMPOSSIBLE1 IT IS VITAL TO HAVE SOME S5SE ( H[ ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY ATTEMPT$ TO1 9 ,JAMES'S [N WORDS 'WORK ?R\< ,L59ISM' 9 ORD] TO TRY TO COME TO T]MS ) ! CRISIS ?AT HAD OV]COME NOT JU/ ,M>XISM BUT ! WID] WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T 9 A P]IOD DOM9AT$ BY ,/AL9ISM & ,FASCISM4.<#f#c#a.> ,?IS 'WORK+ ?R\<' ,L59ISM NECESSITAT$ A BREAK ) ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( 'OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM1' A MOVEM5T ,JAMES HAD BE5 COMMITT$ TO S9CE BECOM+ AN ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y 9 #a#i#c#d4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS BREAK WAS CONCEIV$ AS A CONSCI\S ATTEMPT TO NOT ONLY RETURN TO CLASSICAL ,M>XISM AS UND]/OOD BY ,M>X & ,L59 -- BUT ALSO TO DEVELOP ?AT TRADITION SO IT FITT$ ) ! NEW REALITIES ( ! PO/W> WORLD4 ,IT WAS TO MAKE1 AS ,JAMES PUT IT GR&LY1 '\R [N LEAP FROM ! HEI<TS ( ,L59ISM4'.<#f#c#b.> 

,= ,TROTSKY ! F\ND+ ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #ai* REPRES5T$ ! SOLUTION TO :AT HE CALL$ ! HI/ORIC 'CRISIS ( REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP' GRIPP+ ! (FICIAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,AGA9/ ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY DUR+ ! #a#i#dS FELT ! CRITICAL CRISIS ( ! AGE WAS 9/EAD :AT !Y CALL$ ! 'CRISIS ( ! SELF-MOBILIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1' & SO >GU$ = A GREAT] /RESS & FOCUS ON :AT ,JAMES CALL$ 'FREE CREATIVE ACTIVITY' & 'DISCIPL9$ SPONTANEITY1' ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF AUTONOM\S ( (FICIAL POLITICAL P>TIES & TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACIES4.<#f#c#c.> 

,YET ,JAMES1 WRIT+ :ILE /ILL A MEMB] ( ! (FICIAL ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T1 /ILL FELT 9 AN IMPORTANT S5SE ?AT ! /RUGGLE TO BUILD A ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL AMID A P]IOD ( WORLD-HI/ORIC DEFEATS = ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T HAD AT LEA/ PRES]V$ ! HONOR & ! TRADITION ( REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM ASSOCIAT$ ) ,M>X & ,L594 ,! NEW-F\ND /RESS ON ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! WORK ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY1 ,JAMES 9SI/$1 HAD NOT COME FROM AN>*ISM4 ,AS ,JAMES PUT IT 9 ,NOTES ON ,DIALECTICS1 

444 WE HAVE >RIV$1 >E >RIV+ AT ,M>XI/ IDEAS = \R TIME \T ( ,TROTSKYISM4 ,WE W\LD NOT COME \T ( ,/AL9ISM1 OR SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 OR AN>*ISM4 ,DESPITE EV]Y BLUND]1 & WE HAVE NOT SP>$ !M1 ,TROTSKYISM WAS & REMA9S 9 ! TRULY DIALECTICAL S5SE1 ! ONLY !ORETICAL REVOLUTION>Y CURR5T S9CE ,L59ISM 444 WE CAME FROM !RE & C\LD HAVE ONLY COME FROM !RE4.<#f#c#d.> 

,H[EV]1 ,JAMES & ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY'S ',M>XI/ IDEAS = \R TIME1' DEVELOP$ 9SIDE #a#i#dS ,U,S ,TROTSKYISM1 W\LD ULTIMATELY COME TO 9FLU5CE ! ORIG9S ( A NEW & DIFF]5T CURR5T ( POLITICAL ?\<T TO EI!R AN>*ISM OR ,M>XISM 9 ITS CLASSICAL =MS -- AUTONOMISM4 ,AS ,/EVE ,WRI<T SUGGE/S1 '! CORE PREMISES ( AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM W]E FIR/ DEVELOP$ 9 ,ITALY DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS' :5 MILITANTS FIR/ S\<T TO CONFRONT ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL ) '! REAL /UDY ( A REAL FACTORY' 9 #a#i#fS ,ITALY1 BEG9N+ ) ,ROMANO ,ALQUATI'S PIONE]+ #aifa ',REPORT ( ! NEW =CES' AT ,F4,I4,A4,T4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,WRI<T & O!RS 9CLUD+ ,H>RY ,CLEAV] HAVE NOT$1 ! 9TELLECTUAL ORIG9S ( SU* A RESE>* PROJECT & 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM' 9 G5]AL LIE \TSIDE ,ITALY & DATE BACK TO BE=E ! #a#i#fS4.<#f#c#e.> ,DUR+ ! MOM5T\S YE> ( #aief & = TWO YE>S SUBSEQU5TLY1 = EXAMPLE1 ,DANIEL ,MO!1 A MEMB] ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y GR\P ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE >\ND ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS & A MILL+ MA*9E OP]ATOR AT ! ,R5AULT ,BILLANC\RT VEHICLE FACTORY1 KEPT A DI>Y4 ,?IS WAS SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ AS ,J\RNAL D'UN ,\VRI]1 #a#i#e#f-#e#h1 & TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,ITALIAN 9 #a#i#f4 ,EV5 E>LI]1 9 #a#i#e#d1 ,DANILO ,MONTALDI1 A 'DISSID5T ,M>XI/' SOCIOLOGI/ HAD PUBLI%$ 9 ,BATTAGLIA ,COMMUNI/A A TRANSLATION ( A #aidg WORK TITL$ ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] BY A MEMB] ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY ,PHIL ,S+] 7:O US$ ! PSEUDONYM ,PAUL ,ROMANO74 ,?IS WORK HAD FIR/ BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,FR5* BY ! COMRADES ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE :O PUBLI%$ IT 9 !IR J\RNAL 9 P>TS FROM #aidi ONW>DS1 BE=E BE+ TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,FR5* BY ,MONTALDI4.<#f#c#f.> ,IT !RE=E SEEMS IMPORTANT TO EXPLORE 9 DETAIL ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* ,PHIL ,S+]'S HI<LY 9FLU5TIAL WORK CAME TO BE WRITT54 

,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES & ! MAK+ ( ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] 

,PHIL ,S+] WAS AN ,AM]ICAN C> WORK] AT A ,G5]AL ,MOTORS PLANT :O 9 HIS LATE TW5TIES HAD KEPT A DI>Y1 :I*1 ) ! HELP ( ,GRACE ,LEE ,BOGGS1 HE HAD WRITT5 UP 9 ORD] TO PORTRAY ',LIFE 9 ! ,FACTORY1' ':AT ! WORK]S >E ?9K+ & DO+ :ILE ACTUALLY AT WORK ON ! B5* OR ON ! L9E4'.<#f#c#g.> ,= ,S+]1 MO/ SIGNIFICANT WAS HIS RECORD+ ( NOT SIMPLY ! DEGRAD+ EXP]I5CE ( FACTORY WORK BUT ALSO ! EV]YDAY ATTEMPTS BY WORK]S TO RESI/ AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION ?R\< /RUGGLES = DIGNITY & A MEAN+FUL EXI/5CE3 

,?IS PAMPHLET IS DIRECT$ TO ! RANK & FILE WORK] & ITS 9T5TION IS TO EXPRESS ?OSE 9N]MO/ ?\<TS :I* ! WORK] R>ELY TALKS AB\T EV5 TO HIS FELL[ WORK]S4 ,9 KEEP+ A DI>Y1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ! DAY TO DAY REACTIONS TO FACTORY LIFE1 ,I HOP$ TO UNCOV] ! REASONS = ! WORK]S DEEP DISSATISFACTION :I* HAS REA*$ A PEAK 9 REC5T YE>S & HAS EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 ! LATE/ /RIKES & SPONTANE\S WALK\TS4.<#f#c#h.> 

,! CONTRIBUTION MADE BY ,S+] HIMSELF TO ! MAK+ ( ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 WAS !N CLE>LY PR(\ND -- YET IT W\LD BE MI/AK5 TO ASSUME ?IS WAS NOT ESS5TIALLY ALSO A 'COLLECTIVE WORK' ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY1 ) ,JAMES HIMSELF PLAY+ A P>TICUL>LY CRITICAL ROLE4 ,AS ,GRACE ,LEE ,BOGGS1 :O UND] H] PSEUDONYM ,RIA ,/ONE WROTE A L5G?Y PIECE ( COMM5T>Y TITL$ ',! ,RECON/RUCTION ( ,SOCIETY' AS AN AFT]WORD TO ,S+]'S COMM5T>Y 9 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 RECALL$3 

444 BECAUSE ,C,L,R C\LD NOT BE PUBLICLY ACTIVE1 WE ACT$ AS HIS TRANSMISSION BELT TO ! L>G] ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITY 444 ONE ( ,C,L,R'S GREAT GIFTS WAS ?AT HE C\LD DETECT ! SPECIAL ABILITIES & 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUALS & 5C\RAGE !M TO USE !SE TO 5RI* ! MOVEM5T & AT ! SAME TIME 5L>GE !MSELVES4444 ,PHIL ,S+]1 A Y\NG ,G,M WORK]1 WAS ALWAYS TALK+ AB\T ! FRU/RATIONS ( ! RANK-&-FILE WORK] 9 ! PLANT4 ,C,L,R PROPOS$ ?AT HE KEEP A J\RNAL ( HIS EXP]I5CES4 ,!SE W]E SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]4.<#f#c#i.> 

,9 A S5SE ?IS DOES NOT S\ND ?AT ORIG9AL1 AS ATTEMPT+ TO UND]/& SOCIETY FROM ! /&PO9T ( WORK+-CLASS EXP]I5CE AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION HAD1 EV] S9CE ,M>X'S [N ,WORK]S' ,9QUIRY ( #ahh IF NOT BE=E1 AT LEA/ BE5 NOM9ALLY AT ! HE>T ( CLASSICAL ,M>XISM4 ,A FEW MON?S AFT] LAUN*+ ,PRAVDA 9 #a#i#a#b1 = EXAMPLE1 ,L59 NOT$ ?AT '! *RONICLE ( WORK]S' LIFE IS ONLY JU/ BEG9N+ TO DEVELOP 9TO A P]MAN5T FEATURE ( ,PRAVDA 444 ! WORK]S' NEWSPAP] IS A WORK]S' =UM4 ,BE=E ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA ! WORK]S %\LD RAISE H]E1 ONE AFT] ANO!R1 ! V>I\S QUE/IONS ( WORK]S' LIFE 9 G5]AL & ( WORK+-CLASS DEMOCRACY 9 P>TICUL>4' ,?\< ! REPRESSIVE CONDITIONS ( ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA MEANT ,L59'S ,PRAVDA ONLY LA/$ = A C\PLE ( YE>S AT A TIME ( RIS+ CLASS /RUGGLE 7#a#i#a#b-#a#i#a#d71 ONE /UDY ( ! PAP] BY ,TONY ,CLIFF NOT$ ?AT OV] #a#a1 LETT]S & ITEMS ( CORRESPOND5CE FROM WORK]S W]E PUBLI%$ 9 A S+LE YE>1 OR AB\T #ce ITEMS P] DAY4.<#f#d.> ,AS ,JAMES HAD NOT$ 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ',L59 & ,SOCIALISM' BACK 9 #aicg 9 ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION3 

,! CREATIVE CAPACITY ( ! MASSES -- HE .<,L59.> BELIEV$ 9 IT AS NO O!R LEAD] ( ! WORK]S EV] DID4444 ,! ,SOVIET SY/EM BAS$ ON ! MASSES 9 ! FACTORIES WAS TO ORGANIZE ?IS CREATIV5ESS NOT ONLY = PURPOSE ( GOV]NM5T BUT ALSO = PRODUCTION1 L9K+ ! TWO CLOS] & CLOS] TOGE!R UNTIL ULTIMATELY ! ALL-EMBRAC+ NATURE ( PRODUCTION BY ! :OLE ( SOCIETY R5D]$ ! ,/ATE SUP]FLU\S4.<#f#d#a.> 

,9DE$1 ! ,BRITI% ,TROTSKYI/ J\RNAL ,FI<T1 :I* ,JAMES HAD $IT$ 9 ! #a#i#cS1 HAD C>RI$ A REGUL> S]IES TITL$ ',ON ! ,JOB' 9 #a#i#c#g1 FEATUR+1 = EXAMPLE1 ',! ,BUILD+ ,WORK]' BY A Y\NG MEMB] ( ! ,M>XI/ ,GR\P :O WAS A C>P5T]1 ,>?UR ,ALEX&] ,BALL>D1 & !N ',FROM ! ,5G9E]'S ,B5*' BY A MEMB] ( ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,5G9E]+ ,UNION4.<#f#d#b.> ,TROTSKY HIMSELF 9 #aici FAM\SLY CRITICIZ$ ! ,U,S ,TROTSKYI/ PAP]1 ,SOCIALI/ ,APPEAL1 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT '.<IT.> IS A PAP] = ! WORK]S' & NOT A WORK]S' PAP]4444 ,Y\ DO NOT HE> AT ALL H[ ! WORK]S LIVE1 FI<T1 CLA% ) ! POLICE OR DR9K :ISKEY 444 ! TASK IS NOT TO MAKE A PAP] ?R\< ! JO9T =CES ( A SKILL$ $ITORIAL BO>D BUT TO 5C\RAGE ! WORK]S TO SPEAK = !MSELVES4'.<#f#d#c.> 

,YET IF ,JAMES'S 5C\RAG+ ( A FELL[ MEMB] ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY TO KEEP A DI>Y DETAIL+ HIS EXP]I5CE AT WORK WAS !N NOT SO ORIG9AL -- ! GR\P'S DI/9CTIVE P]SPECTIVES1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( A %IFT T[>DS '/ATE CAPITALISM' FROM ! #a#i#cS ON NOT SIMPLY 9 ,RUSSIA BUT 9T]NATIONALLY1 PR(\NDLY %AP$ :AT BECAME ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]4 ,AS ! LEAD]S ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY PUT IT !MSELVES 9 #a#i#d#g3 

444 ! ,RUSSIAN QUE/ION IS ONLY A P>T ( ! WORLD CRISIS4 ,! DECISIVE /AGE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T IS /ATIFICATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,/ATIFICATION ( PRODUCTION IS NOT A PHRASE OR A DESCRIPTION4 ,IT M>KS ! CAPITULATION ( AN>*IC CAPITALI/ SOCIETY TO ! PLANN+ ( ! 9VAD+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! PLANN+1 H[EV]1 TORN BY CLASS CONTRADICTIONS1 REPEATS ! FUNDAM5TAL FEATURES ( CAPITALI/ ANTAGONISMS 9 !IR MO/ B>B>\S =M4 ,/ATIFICATION C>RIES 9 ITSELF ! MO/ PR(\ND SOCIAL AW>5ESS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ITS SOCIAL /RUCTURE REPEAT$LY PROPELS ! PROLET>IAT ON ! ROAD TO ! COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4444 ,! B>B>ISM ( CAPITALISM WAS CONCRETELY DEMON/RAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT IT WAS ! ,AM]ICAN PROLET>IAT :I* CONCRETIZ$ = US ! NECESS>ILY AB/RACT CONCEPTION ( ! CREATIVE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 9DU/RY AS A =CE = ! SOCIAL REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY4 ,! WORK ( ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RIAL PSY*OLOGI/S & ! OBS]VATIONS ( PROLET>IAN COMRADES :OM WE HAD DEVELOP$ OP5$ ?IS DOOR TO US4 ,! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY WILL SOON PUBLI% A PAMPHLET BY ,PHIL ,ROMANO & ,RIA ,/ONE :I* WILL DEAL FULLY ) ?IS QUE/ION FROM BO? A PRACTICAL & A !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW4.<#f#d#d.> 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] !N WAS AB\T REAFFIRM+ & RE-EMPHASIZ+ ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY'S 'CONCEPTION ( ! CREATIVE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 9DU/RY AS A =CE = ! SOCIAL REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY' AT A TIME :5 'SOCIALISM' HAD COME TO BE SE5 M]ELY AS /ATE [N]%IP )\T ANY ACCOMPANY+ REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRACY OR WORK]S' CONTROL4.<#f#d#e.> ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,JAMES'S 9DIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOP+ ?IS CONCEPTION %\LD BE NOT$4 ,AS ! ,AM]ICAN ,TROTSKYI/ ,/ANLEY ,WEIR RECALL$3 

444 ,JAMES WAS ! FIR/ & ONLY LEAD] 9 ! 5TIRE ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T1 FROM :I* ,I HE>D DISCUSSION ( ! SPECIAL =M ( WORK]S' CONTROL :I* DEVELOPS 9 EV]Y WORKPLACE NATURALLY & 9=MALLY4 ,HE KNEW ( ! EXI/5CE ( 9=MAL CULTURES & ?AT !Y W]E ! BASIS FROM :I* TO BROA* ! 5TIRE QUE/ION ( WORK]S' CONTROL 444 ,= ME1 HE 9TRODUC$ ! IDEAS :I* DEMON/RAT$ ! VALUE ( :AT IS DONE SOCIALLY FROM BEL[ ON ! JOB TO GET \T PRODUCTION & TO SURVIVE4.<#f#d#f.> 

,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] & ,ITALIAN WORK]ISM 

,WE CAN N[ T5TATIVELY ASSESS ! IMPACT ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY AS EXPRESS$ ?R\< ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] ON ,ITALIAN WORK]ISM1 SOME?+ :I* AS WE HAVE SE5 WAS POSSIBLE ?ANKS 9 NO SMALL P>T TO ! TRANSLATIONS ( ,DANILO ,MONTALDI4.<#f#d#g.> ,AS ,MONTALDI NOT$1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] EXPRESS$3 

444 ) GREAT =CE & PR(UNDITY1 ! IDEA -- PRACTICALLY =GOTT5 BY ! M>XI/ MOVEM5T AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ,CAPITAL ,VOLUME#a -- ?AT BE=E BE+ ! ADH]5T ( A P>TY1 A MILITANT ( ! REVOLUTION OR ! SUBJECT ( A FUTURE SOCIALI/ P[]1 ! WORK] IS A BE+ :O LIVES ABOVE ALL 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ! FACTORY2 & ?AT IT IS 9 PRODUCTION ?AT ! REVOLT AGA9/ EXPLOITATION1 ! CAPACITY TO CON/RUCT A SUP]IOR TYPE ( SOCIETY1 ALONG ) CLASS SOLID>ITY ( O!R WORK]S & HATR$ = EXPLOITATION & EXPLOIT]S -- BO? ! CLASSIC BOSSES ( YE/]DAY & ! IMP]SONAL BUREAUCRATS ( TODAY & TOMORR[ -- >E =M$4.<#f#d#h.> 

,MOREOV]1 = ?OSE ON ! ANTI-,/AL9I/ F>-,LEFT 9 ,FRANCE & ESPECIALLY ,ITALY DUR+ ! #a#i#eS1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK] WAS EV5 MORE REM>KABLE GIV5 ! ANTI-,AM]ICANISM ( ! ,COMMUNI/-DOM9AT$ (FICIAL ,LEFT 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,AS ,F]RUCIO ,GAMB9O1 A SOCIOLOGI/ FROM ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,PADUA & CO-F\ND] ( TWO #a#i#fS ,ITALIAN WORK]I/ J\RNALS ,QUAD]NI ,ROSSI 7,R$ ,NOTEBOOKS71 & ,POT]E ,OP]AIO 7,WORK]S ,P[]7 RECALLS1 AFT] ! BRUTAL SUPPRESSION ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION BY ,RUSSIAN TANKS3 

444 T9Y GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS 9 ,S\!RN ,EUROPE DISCOV]$ & READ '! ,AM]ICAN COMRADES' -- TWO WORDS ?AT AT LONG LA/ IT WAS POSSIBLE TO PUT TOGE!R AGA9 -- '! ,AM]ICAN COMRADES' :O CONTRIBUT$ TO ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 444 ,! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS LOOK$ /RIK+LY SIMIL> ?R\<\T ! SO-CALL$ ,FIR/ ,WORLD -- &1 WE >GU$ AT ?AT TIME1 IT C\LD NOT BE DISSIMIL> 9 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD4 ,/ATE CAPITALISM WAS A LIV+ CATEGORY :]EBY WE C\LD RELATE 9 SOLID>ITY TO ! PEOPLE :O W]E BE>+ ! BRUNT ( ! OPPOSITION TO 'ACTUAT$ SOCIALISM4'.<#f#d#i.> 

,9 ! #a#i#fS1 ,GAMB9O & ANO!R HI/ORIAN ( ,U,S LABOR1 ,BRUNO ,C>TOSIO FROM ,MILAN -- W\LD EV5TUALLY E/ABLI% RELATIONS ) ,JAMES & HIS LOYAL DISCIPLE ,M>T9 ,GLAB]MAN1 & ! PUBLI%+ ( ,JAMES HIMSELF 9TO ,ITALIAN BEGAN ) ,! ,BLACK ,JACOB9S 9 #aifh -- & CONT9U$ SUBSEQU5TLY4.<#f#e.> ,L9KS W]E E/ABLI%$ ) ! ,JAMESIANS 9 ,DETROIT AT ! HE>T ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,BLACK ,WORK]S :ILE ! TRANSLATION ( O!R ,U,S ,JAMESIANS FOLL[$ 9 ! #a#i#gS4.<#f#e#a.> ,AS ,CLEAV] NOT$ 9 #a#i#g#i1 'WORKS BY ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 ,JAMES ,BOGGS1 ,GEORGE ,RAWICK1 & ,M>T9 ,GLAB]MAN1 AMONG O!RS1 HAVE BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,ITALIAN & PROBABLY RECEIV$ WID] CIRCULATION & DISCUSSION 9 ,ITALY ?AN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4'.<#f#e#b.> 

,OV]ALL1 ?\< IT HAS NOT BE5 POSSIBLE H]E TO EXAM9E ,JAMES'S 9FLU5CE ON ,ITALIAN AUTONOMISM MORE FULLY1 IT MI<T /ILL BE POSSIBLE TO DRAW A FEW CONCLUSIONS4 ,9 ONE S5SE IT IS A PITY ?AT AFT] HELP+ TO PROVIDE A CRITICAL FOCUS ON ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 A /RESS ON ! POSSIBILITIES :I* FL[$ FROM WILDCAT /RIKES & O!R UN(FICIAL 9DU/RIAL ACTION1 ?AT MORE ( ,JAMES'S WRIT+S W]E NOT TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,ITALIAN DUR+ ! #a#i#fS4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT !Y MI<T HAVE 5SUR$ LESS ( A SUBSEQU5T RETREAT FROM REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM T[>DS AN ULTIMATELY ELITI/ SUB/ITUTION ( ! ACTIONS ( A M9ORITY = ! MASS ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AMONG MANY 9 ! ,ITALIAN AUTONOMI/S4 ,FROM JO9+ ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T 9 #aicd UP UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#h#i1 ,JAMES -- UNLIKE SAY SOME ( ! CURR5T '?\<T LEAD]S' ( AUTONOMISM SU* AS ,MI*AEL ,H>DT & ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI -- NEV] LO/ SI<T ( EI!R ! C5TRAL IMPORTANCE ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE OR ! NE$ = SOME SORT ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATION4.<#f#e#c.> ,MOREOV]1 AS ,*AMSY ,EL-,OJEILI HAS NOT$1 COMP>$ TO ! MAJORITY ( E>LY ,ITALIAN WORK]I/ !ORI/S :O FAIL$ ADEQUATELY TO CONSID] ! LIVES ( WORK]S \TSIDE ( ! PURELY ECONOMIC BATTLES AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 ,JAMES WAS MORE 'ATT5TIVE TO ! WID] CULTURAL ASPECTS ( SU* AN 9VE/IGATION ( PROLET>IAN WORK+ LIFE4'.<#f#e#d.> 

,H[EV]1 ?AT SAID1 ,JAMES'S [N REIFICATION ( SPONTANEITY1 & [N GRADUAL AB&ONM5T ( ! RI* CLASSICAL ,BOL%EVIK LEGACY ( /RATEGY & TACTICS1 AFT] HIS #aiea BREAK ) (FICIAL ,TROTSKYISM1 W]E NOT )\T CONSEQU5CES ( !IR [N4 ,!Y MEANT ?AT HIS SUBSEQU5T GR\PS ( SUPPORT]S1 LIKE EV5 ! BE/ ELEM5TS ( ! ,ITALIAN AUTONOMI/S1 W]E UNABLE TO EV] REALLY SATISFACTORILY DEVELOP A NEW =M ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ABLE TO ADEQUATELY RELATE TO ! KEY 9SI<T ( 'WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY4'.<#f#e#e.> ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ?IS WAS BECAUSE ?AT 9SI<T 9 ITSELF1 )\T AN ADEQUATE MAT]IAL UND]/&+ ( ! WID] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONTEXT \TSIDE ! FACTORY1 & ! WID]1 UNEV5 CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS :]E =MS ( RE=MI/ POLITICS >E 9EVITABLY ALMO/ ALWAYS DOM9ANT -- EV5 9SIDE ! MO/ MILITANT FACTORY ITSELF -- CAN ONLY REVEAL SO MU*4 ,YET ?\< ,JAMES1 ! 'BOHEMIAN FREELANC]1' ULTIMATELY FAIL$ TO MAKE HIS GREAT LEAP =W>D 'FROM ! HEI<TS ( ,L59ISM1' HIS CREATIVE1 REVOLUTION>Y & DEMOCRATIC 'DISSID5T ,M>XISM' NONE!LESS DES]VES CRITICAL APPRECIATION & /UDY BY ANTI-CAPITALI/ S*OL>S & ACTIVI/S TODAY4 

,CONCLUSION 

,:5 ONE LOOKS BACK OV] ! LA/ #b YE>S TO ?OSE M5 :O >E MO/ F> SI<T$1 :O FIR/ BEGAN TO TEASE \T ! MUDDLE ( IDEOLOGY 9 \R TIMES1 :O W]E AT ! SAME TIME ,M>XI/ ) A H>D !ORETICAL BASIS1 & CLOSE /UD5TS ( SOCIETY1 HUMANI/S ) A TREM5D\S RESPONSE TO & UND]/&+ ( HUMAN CULTURE1 ,COMRADE ,JAMES IS ONE ( ! FIR/ ONE ?9KS (4 

,SO SPOKE ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON 9 #aifg AT A ',NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ON ,WORK]S ,CONTROL & ,9DU/RIAL ,DEMOCRACY1' AFT] ',COMRADE ,JAMES' HAD 9TRODUC$ HIMSELF TO ! GA!R$ ASSEMBLY AT ,COV5TRY 9 A CONTRIBUTION FROM ! FLOOR4.<#f#e#f.> ,( C\RSE1 ,?OMPSON C\LD >GUABLY HAVE GONE FUR!R & DAT$ ,JAMES'S CONTRIBUTION TO 'TEAS+ \T ! MUDDLE ( IDEOLOGY 9 \R TIMES' BACK NOT JU/ #b YE>S TO #aidg BUT #c YE>S1 FROM ! PUBLICATION 9 #aicg ( ,JAMES'S HI/ORY ( ! 'RISE & FALL ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1' ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION1 A PIONE]+ CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9'S IDEOLOGY ( ',SOCIALISM 9 ,ONE ,C\NTRY' & ITS CONSEQU5CES = ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,?OMPSON'S ELOQU5T #aifg TRIBUTE & ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! 'H>D !ORETICAL BASIS' ( ,JAMES'S ,M>XISM >GUABLY S]VES AS A MORE ACCURATE REMEMBRANCE ?AN HIS LAT] APP>5T SUGGE/ION ( ,JAMES'S '9/9CTIVE1 UN>TICULAT$ AN>*ISM4' ,?IS *APT] HAS TRI$ TO DEMON/RATE NOT SIMPLY :Y ?IS IS ! CASE BUT ALSO SOME ( ! COMPLEXITIES 9VOLV$ 9 ANY DISCUSSION ( ,JAMES'S RELATION%IP TO AN>*ISM4 ,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ ?AT ,JAMES'S READ+ ( ,KROPOTK9 & MEET+ 9DIVIDUAL AN>*I/S MADE AN IMPACT ON HIS E>LY POLITICAL ?\<T1 ! ',M>XISM = \R TIME' DEVELOP$ BY ,JAMES & HIS CO-?9K]S 9 ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY DUR+ ! #a#i#dS WAS FUNDAM5TALLY %AP$ )9 ! !ORETICAL P>AMET]S ( ,M>XISM 9 ORD] TO OV]COME ! LIMITATIONS ( OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM 9 FAC+ UP TO ! NEW REALITIES ( ! PO/W> WORLD4 ,! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY'S /RESS ON ! *ANG+ NATURE ( ! WORK]'S EXP]I5CE ( EXPLOITATION & REVOLT AT ! PO9T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION BO? ANTICIPAT$ &1 ?R\< '! OBS]VATIONS ( PROLET>IAN COMRADES' SU* AS ,PHIL ,S+] 9 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 ALSO HELP$ %APE ! IDEAS DRIV+ ,ITALIAN WORK]ISM 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 

,JAMES'S DI/9CTIVE /RESS ON ! 'FREE CREATIVE ACTIVITY' & 'DISCIPL9$ SPONTANEITY' ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAS (T5 L$ COMM5TATORS TO DETECT AN AN>*I/ B5T TO HIS POLITICAL ?\<T4 ,PAUL ,B]MAN FELT ?AT 'ANYONE :O HAS READ ,DOLG(F'S OR ,LEHN+'S $ITIONS ( ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S WILL RECOGNIZE A ,BAKUN9I/ RESONANCE TO ,JAMES'S ANTI-/ATE PROLET>IANISM1' :I* WAS 9 FULL FL[ 9 = EXAMPLE ! #aieh CO-WRITT5 WORK ,FAC+ ,REALITY4.<#f#e#g.> ,A ,BAKUN9I/ RESONANCE TO ,JAMES'S MATURE POLITICAL ?\<T CANNOT BE DISC\NT$1 & H]E IT IS WOR? RECALL+ ?AT ,JAMES HIMSELF 9 #aidh REG>D$ ,BAKUN9 AS '! AN>*I/ :O BELIEVES 9 ! SPONTANE\S UPRIS+ ( ALL ! PEOPLE TO E/ABLI% SOCIALISM =?)4'.<#f#e#h.> ,H[EV]1 DESPITE ! ASS]TIONS ( ,E4 ,SAN ,JUAN ,JR41 :O HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT ',JAMES'S BELIEF 9 P]MAN5T WORLD REVOLUTION ULTIMATELY COMMITT$ HIM TO A RADICAL-POPUL> DEMOCRACY ALMO/ AN>*IC & UTOPIAN 9 TEMP] & MOTIVATION1' ,JAMES'S VISION ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM WAS ALWAYS %AP$ MORE BY ,M>XISM ?AN ANY /R& ( AN>*IC OR UTOPIAN ?9K+4.<#f#e#i.> ,:ATEV] ! CONTRIBUTION ( ! E>LY AN>*I/ ?9K]S TO ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM1 = ,JAMES1 AS HE PUT IT 9 ,NOTES ON ,DIALECTICS1 :AT WAS ( CRITICAL IMPORTANCE WAS ?AT ,M>X 'SEES FUR!R' ?AN ! LIKES ( ,BAKUN91 'AN >I/OCRAT1' & ,PR\DHON1 '! PETTY-B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/ ( A CAPITALISM CONTROLL$ BY ! /ATE4' ',HE .<,M>X.> SETTLES D[N TO A PATI5T SY/EMATIC PREP>ATION = ! FUSION ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! WORK]S1 ! 9TEGRATION ( DAY-TO-DAY & REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES4 ,HE WILL GIVE ! =MLESS LABOR MOVEM5T =M4'.<#f#f.> 

,F9ALLY1 ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON'S ?\<TS ON ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS MAY MAKE = ONE FITT+ CONCLUSION1 = !Y >E WORDS ?AT SEEM ALSO APPLICABLE TO ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 P]HAPS ! ',WILLIAM ,MORRIS ( ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY4' ,AS ,?OMPSON NOT$1 'WE HAVE TO MAKE UP \R M9DS AB\T ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'3 

,EI!R HE WAS AN ECC5TRIC1 ISOLAT$ FIGURE1 P]SONALLY ADMIRABLE1 BUT :OSE MAJOR ?\<T WAS WRONG OR IRRELEVANT & LONG LEFT BEH9D BY EV5TS4 ,?IS C\LD BE SO 444 ON ! O!R H&1 IT MAY BE ?AT ,MORRIS WAS A MAJOR 9TELLECTUAL FIGURE .<:O.> MAY BE ASSIMILAT$ TO ,M>XISM ONLY 9 ! C\RSE ( A PROCESS ( SELF-CRITICISM & RE-ORD]+ )9 ,M>XISM ITSELF4.<#f#f#a.> 

,ACKN[L$GM5TS 

,I AM 9DEBT$ TO ,DAVID ,GOODWAY = SOME ( ! MAT]IAL QUOT$ 9 ?IS *APT]1 :ILE ,I W\LD ALSO LIKE TO ?ANK ,IAN ,BIR*ALL1 ,DAVID ,H[ELL & ! ?REE ANONYM\S REVIEW]S ( ?IS PIECE 9 DRAFT = !IR CON/RUCTIVE1 CRITICAL COMM5TS4 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,ADD$4 

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