,*APT] #a 

#aicaic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,DESCRIPTION 3 ,TWO FUNDAM5TAL T5D5CIES 9 ,SOCIETY3 ! POPUL> & ! GOV]NM5TAL4--,! ,K9%IP ( ,AN>*ISM & ! ,POPUL>-CREATIVE T5D5CY4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,M>TA ,NIMEVA ,NIMEVI5E1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,AN>*ISM1 LIKE ,SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL1 & LIKE EV]Y O!R SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 
HAS NOT1 ( C\RSE1 DEVELOP$ \T ( SCI5CE OR \T ( SOME PHILOSOPHICAL S*OOL4 
 ,! SOCIAL SCI5CES >E /ILL V]Y F> REMOV$ FROM ! TIME :5 !Y %ALL BE 
AS EXACT AS >E PHYSICS & *EMI/RY4 ,EV5 9 METEOROLOGY WE CANNOT YET PR$ICT 
! WEA!R A MON?1 OR EV5 ONE WEEK1 9 ADVANCE4 ,IT W\LD BE UNREASONABLE1 
!RE=E1 TO EXPECT ( ! Y\NG SOCIAL SCI5CES1 :I* >E CONC]N$ ) 
PH5OM5A MU* MORE COMPLEX ?AN W9DS & RA91 ?AT !Y %\LD =ETELL SOCIAL 
EV5TS ) ANY APPROA* TO C]TA9TY4 ,BESIDES1 IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT 
M5 ( SCI5CE1 TOO1 >E BUT HUMAN1 & ?AT MO/ ( !M EI!R BELONG BY 
DESC5T TO ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 & >E /EEP$ 9 ! PREJUDICES ( !IR 
CLASS1 OR ELSE >E 9 ! ACTUAL S]VICE ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,NOT \T ( ! 
UNIV]SITIES1 !RE=E1 DOES ,AN>*ISM COME4 

,AS ,SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL1 ,AN>*ISM WAS BORN AMONG ! PEOPLE2 & IT 
WILL CONT9UE TO BE FULL ( LIFE & CREATIVE P[] ONLY AS LONG AS IT REMA9S A 
?+ ( ! PEOPLE4 

,AT ALL TIMES TWO T5D5CIES W]E CONT9UALLY AT W> 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,ON ! 
ONE H&1 ! MASSES W]E DEVELOP+1 9 ! =M ( CU/OMS1 A NUMB] ( 
9/ITUTIONS :I* W]E NECESS>Y TO MAKE SOCIAL LIFE AT ALL POSSIBLE--TO 9SURE 
PEACE AMONG M51 TO SETTLE ANY DISPUTES ?AT MI<T >ISE1 & TO HELP ONE 
ANO!R 9 EV]Y?+ REQUIR+ COOP]ATIVE EF=T4 ,! SAVAGE CLAN AT ITS 
E>LIE/ /AGE1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ! HUNT]S'1 &1 LAT] ON1 ! 
9DU/RIAL GUILDS1 ! FREE T[N-REPUBLICS ( ! MIDDLE AGES1 ! BEG9N+S ( 
9T]NATIONAL LAW :I* W]E WORK$ \T 9 ?OSE E>LY P]IODS1 & MANY O!R 
9/ITUTIONS1--W]E ELABORAT$1 NOT BY LEGISLATORS1 BUT BY ! CREATIVE P[] ( 
! PEOPLE4 

,& AT ALL TIMES1 TOO1 !RE APPE>$ SORC]]S1 PROPHETS1 PRIE/S1 & HEADS 
( MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 :O 5DEAVOR$ TO E/ABLI% & TO /R5G!N !IR 
AU?ORITY OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y SUPPORT$ ONE ANO!R1 CONCLUD$ ALLIANCES1 9 
ORD] ?AT !Y MI<T REIGN OV] ! PEOPLE1 HOLD !M 9 SUBJECTION1 & COMPEL 
!M TO WORK = ! MA/]S4 

,AN>*ISM IS OBVI\SLY ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! FIR/ T5D5CY--?AT IS1 ( 
! CREATIVE1 CON/RUCTIVE P[] ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 :I* AIM$ AT 
DEVELOP+ 9/ITUTIONS ( COMMON LAW 9 ORD] TO PROTECT !M FROM ! 
P[]-SEEK+ M9ORITY4 ,BY MEANS ( ! SAME POPUL> CREATIVE P[] & 
CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 BAS$ UPON MOD]N SCI5CE & TE*NICS1 ,AN>*ISM TRIES 
N[ AS WELL TO DEVELOP 9/ITUTIONS :I* W\LD 9SURE A FREE EVOLUTION ( 
SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !RE=E1 ,AN>*I/S & ,GOV]NM5TALI/S HAVE EXI/$ 
?R\< ALL HI/ORIC TIMES4 

,!N1 AGA91 IT ALWAYS HAPP5$ ALSO ?AT 9/ITUTIONS--EV5 ! MO/ 
EXCELL5T SO F> AS !IR ORIG9AL PURPOSE WAS CONC]N$1 & E/ABLI%$ 
ORIG9ALLY ) ! OBJECT ( SECUR+ EQUALITY1 PEACE & MUTUAL AID--9 ! 
C\RSE ( TIME BECAME PETRIFI$1 LO/ !IR ORIG9AL MEAN+1 CAME UND] ! 
CONTROL ( ! RUL+ M9ORITY1 & BECAME 9 ! 5D A CON/RA9T UPON ! 
9DIVIDUAL 9 HIS 5DEAVORS = FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 ,!N M5 W\LD RISE AGA9/ 
!SE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT1 :ILE SOME ( !SE DISCONT5T$ 5DEAVOR$ TO ?R[ 
(F ! YOKE ( ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS--( CA/E1 COMMUNE OR GUILD--ONLY 9 ORD] 
?AT !Y !MSELVES MI<T RISE OV] ! RE/ & 5RI* !MSELVES AT !IR 
EXP5SE2 O!RS AIM$ AT A MODIFICATION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( 
ALL1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ORD] TO %AKE (F ! AU?ORITY :I* HAD FIX$ ITS HOLD 
UPON SOCIETY4 ,ALL RE=M]S--POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 & ECONOMIC--HAVE BELONG$ 
TO ?IS CLASS4 ,& AMONG !M !RE ALWAYS APPE>$ P]SONS :O1 )\T ABID+ 
! TIME :5 ALL !IR FELL[-C\NTRYM51 OR EV5 A MAJORITY ( !M1 %ALL HAVE 
BECOME IMBU$ ) ! SAME VIEWS1 MOV$ ONW>D 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 
OPPRESSION1 9 MASS :]E IT WAS POSSIBLE1 & S+LE-H&$ :]E IT C\LD NOT 
BE DONE O!RWISE4 ,!SE W]E ! REVOLUTIONI/S1 & !M1 TOO1 WE MEET AT ALL 
TIMES4 

,BUT ! REVOLUTIONI/S !MSELVES G5]ALLY APPE>$ UND] TWO DIFF]5T 
ASPECTS4 ,SOME ( !M1 9 RIS+ AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITY1 5DEAVOR$1 
NOT TO ABOLI% IT1 BUT TO TAKE IT 9 !IR [N H&S4 ,9 PLACE ( ! AU?ORITY 
:I* HAD BECOME OPPRESSIVE1 !SE RE=M]S S\<T TO CREATE A NEW ONE1 
PROMIS+ ?AT IF !Y EX]CIS$ IT !Y W\LD HAVE ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE 
DE>LY AT HE>T1 & W\LD EV] REPRES5T ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 
H[EV]1 ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,CAES>S WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,IMP]IAL ,ROME1 ! 
P[] ( ! ,*UR* ROSE 9 ! FIR/ C5TURIES AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,ROMAN 
,EMPIRE1 & ! TYRANNY ( DICTATORS GREW UP 9 ! M$IEVAL COMMUNES AT ! 
TIME ( !IR DECAY4 ,( ! SAME T5D5CY1 TOO1 ! K+S & ! CZ>S AVAIL$ 
!MSELVES TO CON/ITUTE !IR P[] AT ! 5D ( ! FEUDAL P]IOD4 ,! BELIEF 
9 A POPUL> EMP]OR1 ?AT IS1 ,CAES>ISM1 HAS NOT DI$ \T EV5 YET4 

,BUT ALL ! :ILE ANO!R T5D5CY WAS EV] MANIFE/4 ,AT ALL TIMES BEG9N+ 
) ,ANCI5T ,GREECE1 !RE W]E P]SONS & POPUL> MOVEM5TS ?AT AIM$1 NOT AT 
! SUB/ITUTION ( ONE GOV]NM5T = ANO!R1 BUT AT ! ABOLITION ( AU?ORITY 
ALTOGE!R4 ,!Y PROCLAIM$ ! SUPREME RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! PEOPLE1 
& 5DEAVOR$ TO FREE POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS FROM =CES :I* W]E =EIGN & 
H>MFUL TO !M1 9 ORD] ?AT ! UNHAMP]$ CREATIVE G5IUS ( ! PEOPLE MI<T 
REMOLD !SE 9/ITUTIONS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NEW REQUIREM5TS4 ,9 ! 
HI/ORY ( ! ANCI5T ,GREEK REPUBLICS1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ?AT ( ! 
M$IAEVAL COMMONWEAL?S1 WE F9D NUM]\S EXAMPLES ( ?IS /RUGGLE 7,FLOR5CE 
& ,PSKOV >E ESPECIALLY 9T]E/+ 9 ?IS CONNECTION74 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 
!RE=E1 ,JACOB9I/S & ,AN>*I/S HAVE EXI/$ AT ALL TIMES AMONG RE=M]S 
& REVOLUTIONI/S4 

,9 PA/ AGES !RE W]E EV5 GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5TS ( ?IS LATT] 
7,AN>*I/7 *>ACT]4 ,MANY ?\S&S ( PEOPLE !N ROSE AGA9/ AU?ORITY--ITS 
TOOLS1 ITS C\RTS & ITS LAWS--& PROCLAIM$ ! SUPREME RI<TS ( MAN4 
,DISC>D+ ALL WRITT5 LAWS1 ! PROMOT]S ( !SE MOVEM5TS 5DEAVOR$ TO 
E/ABLI% A NEW SOCIETY BAS$ ON EQUALITY & LABOR & ON ! GOV]NM5T ( EA* 
BY HIS [N CONSCI5CE4 ,9 ! ,*RI/IAN MOVEM5T AGA9/ ,ROMAN LAW1 ,ROMAN 
GOV]NM5T1 & ,ROMAN MORALITY 7OR1 RA!R1 ,ROMAN IMMORALITY71 :I* BEGAN 9 
,JUDEA 9 ! REIGN ( ,AUGU/US1 !RE UND\BT$LY EXI/$ MU* ?AT WAS 
ESS5TIALLY ,AN>*I/IC4 ,ONLY BY DEGREES IT DEG5]AT$ 9TO AN ECCLESIA/ICAL 
MOVEM5T1 MODEL$ UPON ! ANCI5T ,HEBREW *UR* & UPON ,IMP]IAL ,ROME ITSELF1 
:I* KILL$ ! ,AN>*I/IC G]M1 ASSUM$ ,ROMAN GOV]NM5TAL =MS1 & BECAME 
9 TIME ! *IEF BULW>K ( GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY1 SLAV]Y1 & OPPRESSION4 

,LIKEWISE1 9 ! ,ANABAPTI/ MOVEM5T 7:I* REALLY LAID ! F\NDATION = ! 
,RE=MATION7 !RE WAS A CONSID]ABLE ELEM5T ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,BUT1 /IFL$ AS IT 
WAS BY ?OSE ( ! RE=M]S :O1 UND] ,LU!R'S LEAD]%IP1 JO9$ ! PR9CES 
AGA9/ ! REVOLT+ PEASANTS1 IT DI$ \T AFT] :OLESALE MASSACRES ( ! 
PEASANTS HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T 9 ,HOLL& & ,G]MANY4 ,!REUPON ! MOD]ATE 
RE=M]S DEG5]AT$ BY DEGREES 9TO ?OSE COMPROMIS]S BETWE5 CONSCI5CE & 
GOV]NM5T :O EXI/ TO-DAY UND] ! NAME ( ,PROTE/ANTS4 

,AN>*ISM1 CONSEQU5TLY1 [ES ITS ORIG9 TO ! CON/RUCTIVE1 CREATIVE 
ACTIVITY ( ! PEOPLE1 BY :I* ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( COMMUNAL LIFE W]E DEVELOP$ 
9 ! PA/1 & TO A PROTE/--A REVOLT AGA9/ ! EXT]NAL =CE :I* HAD 
?RU/ ITSELF UPON !SE 9/ITUTIONS2 ! AIM ( ?IS PROTE/ BE+ TO GIVE NEW 
SCOPE TO ! CREATIVE ACTIVITY ( ! PEOPLE1 9 ORD] ?AT IT MI<T WORK \T ! 
NECESS>Y 9/ITUTIONS ) FRE% VIGOR4 

,9 \R [N TIME ,AN>*ISM >OSE FROM ! SAME CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y 
PROTE/ ?AT CALL$ =? ,SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL4 ,ONLY ?AT SOME ( ! 
SOCIALI/S1 HAV+ REA*$ ! NEGATION ( ,CAPITAL & ( \R SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 
BAS$ UPON ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR1 W5T NO FUR!R4 ,!Y DID NOT D5\NCE 
:AT1 9 \R OP9ION1 CON/ITUTES ! *IEF BULW>K ( ,CAPITAL2 NAMELY1 
,GOV]NM5T & ITS *IEF SUPPORTS3 C5TRALIZATION1 LAW 7ALWAYS WRITT5 BY A 
M9ORITY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ?AT M9ORITY71 & ,C\RTS ( JU/ICE 7E/ABLI%$ 
MA9LY = ! DEF5SE ( ,AU?ORITY & ,CAPITAL74 

,AN>*ISM DOES NOT EXCLUDE !SE 9/ITUTIONS FROM ITS CRITICISM4 ,IT ATTACKS 
NOT ONLY ,CAPITAL1 BUT ALSO ! MA9 S\RCES ( ! P[] ( ,CAPITALISM4 

7,S\RCE3 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,DAVID ,A4 ,MODELL & PUBLI%$ BY ,! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE ,CLUB ( ,PHILADELPHIA 9 #a#i#c47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aib 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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