,*APT] #a 

#aicaic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,DESCRIPTION 3 ,CONT9UATION3--,ME?ODS ( ,ACTION4--,! ,UND]/&+ ( ,REVOLUTIONS & !IR ,BIR?4--,! ,CREATIVE ,+5UITY ( ! ,PEOPLE4--,CONCLUSION4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,*RI/OPHE ,BECK]1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT1 S9CE ,AN>*ISM DIFF]S SO WIDELY 9 ITS ME?OD ( 9VE/IGATION & 9 ITS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES1 ALIKE FROM ! ACADEMICAL SOCIOLOGI/S & FROM ITS SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC FRAT]NITY1 IT MU/ ( NECESSITY DIFF] FROM !M ALL 9 ITS MEANS ( ACTION4 

,UND]/&+ ,LAW1 ,RI<T1 & ! ,/ATE AS WE DO1 WE CANNOT SEE ANY GU>ANTEE ( PROGRESS1 /ILL LESS ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 9 ! SUBMISSION ( ! ,9DIVIDUAL TO ! ,/ATE4 ,WE >E !RE=E NO LONG] ABLE TO SAY1 AS DO ! SUP]FICIAL 9T]PRET]S ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 ?AT MOD]N ,CAPITALISM HAS COME 9TO BE+ ?R\< 0! AN>*Y ( EXPLOITATION10 ?R\< 0! !ORY ( NON9T]F]5CE10 :I* WE >E TOLD ! ,/ATES HAVE C>RI$ \T BY PRACTIC+ ! =MULA ( 0LET !M DO AS !Y LIKE0 7LAISSEZ FAIRE1 LAISSEZ PASS]74 ,WE KN[ ?AT ?IS IS NOT TRUE4 ,:ILE GIV+ ! CAPITALI/ ANY DEGREE ( FREE SCOPE TO AMASS HIS WEAL? AT ! EXP5SE ( ! HELPLESS LABOR]S1 ! GOV]NM5T HAS ,N,O,:,],E & ,N,E,V,] DUR+ ! :OLE N9ETE5? C5TURY AF=D$ ! LABOR]S ! OPPORTUNITY 0TO DO AS !Y PLEAS$40 ,! T]RIBLE REVOLUTION>Y1 ?AT IS1 ,JACOB9I/1 CONV5TION LEGISLAT$3 0,= /RIKES1 = =M+ A ,/ATE )9 ! ,/ATE--DEA?60 ,9 #ahac PEOPLE W]E HANG$ 9 ,5GL& = GO+ \T ON /RIKE1 & 9 #ahca !Y W]E DEPORT$ TO ,AU/RALIA = =M+ ! ,GREAT ,TRADES' ,UNION 7,UNION ( ALL ,TRADES7 ( ,ROB]T ,[52 9 ! SIXTIES PEOPLE W]E /ILL CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR = P>TICIPAT+ 9 /RIKES1 & EV5 N[1 9 #a#i#b1 TRADE UNIONS >E PROSECUT$ = DAMAGES AM\NT+ TO HALF A MILLION DOLL>S = PICKET+--= HAV+ DISSUAD$ LABOR]S FROM WORK+ 9 TIMES ( /RIKE4 ,:AT IS ONE TO SAY1 !N1 ( ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,SWITZ]L& 7REMEMB] ! MASSACRE AT ,AIROLO671 & ESPECIALLY ( ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA8 ,IT IS NE$LESS1 ALSO1 TO TELL H[1 BY MEANS ( TAXES1 ! ,/ATE BR+S LABOR]S TO ! V]GE ( POV]TY :I* PUTS !M BODY & S\L 9 ! P[] ( ! FACTORY BOSS2 H[ ! COMMUNAL L&S HAVE BE5 ROBB$ FROM ! PEOPLE1 & >E /ILL ROBB$ FROM !M 9 ,5GL& BY MEANS ( ! ,5CLOSURE ,ACTS4 ,OR1 MU/ WE REM9D ! READ] H[1 EV5 AT ! PRES5T MOM5T1 ALL ! ,/ATES1 )\T EXCEPTION1 >E CREAT+ DIRECTLY 7:AT IS ! USE ( TALK+ ( 0! ORIG9AL ACCUMULATION0 :5 IT IS CONT9U$ AT ! PRES5T TIME67 ALL K9DS ( MONOPOLIES--9 RAILROADS1 TRAMWAYS1 TELEPHONES1 GASWORKS1 WAT]WORKS1 ELECTRIC WORKS1 S*OOLS1 ETC41 ETC4 ,9 %ORT1 ! SY/EM ( NON9T]F]5CE--! LAISSEZ FAIRE--HAS NEV] BE5 APPLI$ = ONE S+LE H\R BY ANY GOV]NM5T4 ,& !RE=E1 IF IT IS P]MISSIBLE = MIDDLE-CLASS ECONOMI/S TO AFFIRM ?AT ! SY/EM ( 0NON9T]F]5CE0 IS PRACTIC$ 7S9CE !Y 5DEAVOR TO PROVE ?AT POV]TY IS A LAW ( NATURE71 IT IS SIMPLY %AMEFUL ?AT SOCIALI/S %\LD SPEAK ?US TO ! WORK]S4 ,FRE$OM TO OPPOSE EXPLOITATION HAS SO F> NEV] & NO:]E EXI/$4 ,EV]Y:]E IT HAD TO BE TAK5 BY =CE1 /EP BY /EP1 AT ! CO/ ( C\NTLESS SACRIFICES4 0,NON9T]F]5CE10 & MORE ?AN NON9T]F]5CE--DIRECT SUPPORT2 HELP & PROTECTION--EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! EXPLOIT]S4 ,NOR C\LD IT BE OV]WISE4 ,! MISSION ( ! ,*UR* HAS BE5 TO HOLD ! PEOPLE 9 9TELLECTUAL SLAV]Y2 ! MISSION ( ! ,/ATE WAS TO HOLD !M1 HALF />V$1 9 ECONOMIC SLAV]Y4 

,KN[+ ?IS1 WE CANNOT SEE A GU>ANTEE ( PROGRESS 9 A /ILL GREAT] SUBMISSION ( ALL TO ! ,/ATE4 ,WE SEEK PROGRESS 9 ! FULLE/ EMANCIPATION ( ! ,9DIVIDUAL FROM ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE2 9 ! GREATE/ DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & 9 ! LIMITATION ( ALL ! GOV]NM5TAL FUNCTIONS1 BUT SURELY NOT 9 ! EXT5SION !RE(4 ,! M>* =W>D 9 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS APPE>S TO US TO CONSI/ 9 ABOLI%+1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! ,/ATE AU?ORITY :I* HAS FIX$ ITSELF UPON SOCIETY 7ESPECIALLY S9CE ! SIXTE5? C5TURY71 & :I* N[ TRIES TO EXT5D ITS FUNCTIONS MORE & MORE2 &1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 9 ALL[+ ! BROADE/ POSSIBLE DEVELOPM5T = ! PR9CIPLE ( FREE AGREEM5T1 & 9 ACKN[L$G+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL POSSIBLE ASSOCIATIONS =M$ = DEF9ITE 5DS1 EMBRAC+ 9 !IR F$]ATIONS ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,! LIFE ( SOCIETY ITSELF WE UND]/&1 NOT AS SOME?+ COMPLETE & RIGID1 BUT AS SOME?+ NEV] P]FECT--SOME?+ EV] /RIV+ = NEW =MS1 & EV] *ANG+ !SE =MS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NE$S ( ! TIME4 ,?IS IS :AT LIFE IS 9 ,NATURE4 

,SU* A CONCEPTION ( HUMAN PROGRESS & ( :AT WE ?9K DESIRABLE 9 ! FUTURE 7:AT1 9 \R OP9ION1 CAN 9CREASE ! SUM ( HAPP9ESS7 LEADS US 9EVITABLY TO \R [N SPECIAL TACTICS 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,IT 9DUCES US TO /RIVE = ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE DEVELOPM5T ( P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & GR\P1 & TO SECURE UNITY ( ACTION1 NOT ?R\< DISCIPL9E1 BUT ?R\< ! UNITY ( AIMS & ! MUTUAL CONFID5CE :I* NEV] FAIL TO DEVELOP :5 A >EA NUMB] ( P]SONS HAVE CONSCI\SLY EMBRAC$ SOME COMMON IDEA4 ,?IS T5D5CY MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ALL ! TACTICS & 9 ALL ! 9T]NAL LIFE ( EV]Y ,AN>*I/ GR\P1 & SO F> WE HAVE NEV] HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( SEE+ !SE TACTICS FAIL4 

,!N1 WE ASS]T & 5DEAVOR TO PROVE ?AT IT DEVOLVES UPON EV]Y NEW ECONOMIC =M ( SOCIAL LIFE TO DEVELOP ITS [N NEW =M ( POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,IT HAS BE5 SO 9 ! PA/1 & SO IT UND\BT$LY WILL BE 9 ! FUTURE4 ,NEW =MS >E ALREADY G]M9AT+ ALL R\ND4 

,FEUDAL RI<T & AUTOCRACY1 OR1 AT LEA/1 ! ALMO/ UNLIMIT$ P[] ( A CZ> OR A K+1 HAVE MOV$ H& 9 H& 9 HI/ORY4 ,!Y DEP5D$ ON EA* O!R 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,EXACTLY 9 ! SAME WAY ! RULE ( ! CAPITALI/S HAS EVOLV$ ITS [N *>ACT]I/IC POLITICAL ORD]-- REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T--BO? 9 /RICTLY C5TRALIZ$ MON>*IES & 9 REPUBLICS4 

,SOCIALISM1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! =M 9 :I* IT WILL APPE>1 & 9 :ATEV] DEGREE IT MAY APPROA* TO ITS UNAVOIDABLE GOAL--,COMMUNISM1--WILL ALSO HAVE TO *OOSE ITS [N =M ( POLITICAL /RUCTURE4 ,( ! OLD =M IT CANNOT MAKE USE1 NO MORE ?AN IT C\LD AVAIL ITSELF ( ! HI]>*Y ( ! ,*UR* OR ( AUTOCRACY4 ,! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY & C5TRALIZATION >E AS IRRECONCILABLE ) ,SOCIALISM AS WAS AUTOCRACY ) CAPITALI/ RULE4 ,ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 ,SOCIALISM MU/ BECOME MORE POPUL>1 MORE COMMUNALI/IC1 & LESS DEP5D5T UPON 9DIRECT GOV]NM5T ?R\< ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,IT MU/ BECOME MORE SELF-GOV]N+4 ,BESIDES1 :5 WE CLOSELY OBS]VE ! MOD]N LIFE ( ,FRANCE1 ,SPA9 ,5GL&1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WE NOTICE 9 !SE C\NTRIES ! EVID5T T5D5CY TO =M 9TO GR\PS ( 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES1 T[NS & VILLAGES1 :I* W\LD COMB9E BY MEANS ( FREE F$]ATION1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY 9NUM]ABLE NE$S & ATTA9 C]TA9 IMM$IATE 5DS4 ,( C\RSE1 NEI!R ! ,RUSSIAN ,M9I/] ,WITTE NOR ! ,G]MAN ,WILLIAM ,I,I1 NOR EV5 ! ,JACOB9I/S :O TO-DAY RULE ,SWITZ]L&1 >E MAK+ = ?IS GOAL4 ,ALL !SE WORK UPON ! OLD MODEL = CAPITALI/ & GOV]NM5TAL C5TRALIZATION 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE2 BUT ! ABOVE-M5TION$ DISMEMB]M5T ( ! ,/ATE1 BO? T]RITORIAL & FUNCTIONAL1 IS UND\BT$LY AIM$ AT BY ! PROGRESSIVE P>T ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY & ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE4 ,9 ACTUAL LIFE ?IS T5D5CY MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ?\S&S ( ATTEMPTS AT ORGANIZATION \TSIDE ! ,/ATE1 FULLY 9DEP5D5T ( IT2 AS WELL AS 9 ATTEMPTS TO TAKE HOLD ( V>I\S FUNCTIONS :I* HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY USURP$ BY ! ,/ATE & :I*1( C\RSE1 IT HAS NEV] PROP]LY P]=M$4 ,& !N1 AS A GREAT SOCIAL PH5OM5ON ( UNIV]SAL IMPORT1 ?IS T5D5CY F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & 9 A :OLE S]IES ( SIMIL> UPRIS+S 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA92 :ILE 9 ! DOMA9 ( ?\<T--( IDEAS SPREAD+ ?R\< SOCIETY--?IS VIEW HAS ALREADY ACQUIR$ ! =CE ( AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FACTOR ( FUTURE HI/ORY4 ,! FUTURE REVOLUTIONS 9 ,FRANCE & 9 ,SPA9 WILL BE COMMUNALI/--NOT C5TRALI/4 

,ON ! /R5G? ( ALL ?IS1 WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT TO WORK 9 FAVOR ( A C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE-CAPITALISM & TO SEE 9 IT A DESID]ATUM1 MEANS TO WORK AGA9/ ! T5D5CY ( PROGRESS ALREADY MANIFE/4 ,WE SEE 9 SU* WORK AS ?IS A GROSS MISUND]/&+ ( ! HI/ORIC MISSION ( ,SOCIALISM ITSELF--A GREAT HI/ORICAL MI/AKE1 & WE MAKE W> UPON IT4 ,TO ASSURE ! LABOR]S ?AT !Y WILL BE ABLE TO E/ABLI% ,SOCIALISM1 OR EV5 TO TAKE ! FIR/ /EPS ON ! ROAD TO ,SOCIALISM1 BY RETA9+ ! 5TIRE GOV]NM5T MA*9]Y1 & *ANG+ ONLY ! P]SONS :O MANAGE IT2 NOT TO PROMOTE1 BUT EV5 TO RET>D ! DAY ON :I* ! WORK+ PEOPLE'S M9DS %ALL BE B5T UPON DISCOV]+ !IR [N1 NEW =MS ( POLITICAL LIFE1--?IS IS 9 \R EYES A COLOSSAL HI/ORICAL BLUND] :I* BORD]S UPON CRIME4 

,F9ALLY1 S9CE WE REPRES5T A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 WE TRY TO /UDY ! HI/ORY ( ! ORIG9 & DEVELOPM5T ( PA/ REVOLUTIONS4 ,WE 5DEAVOR1 FIR/ ( ALL1 TO FREE ! HI/ORIES ( REVOLUTIONS WRITT5 UP TILL N[ FROM ! P>TISAN1 & = ! MO/ P>T FALSE1 GOV]NM5TAL COLOR+ ?AT HAS BE5 GIV5 !M4 ,9 ! HI/ORIES HI!RTO WRITT5 WE DO NOT YET SEE ! PEOPLE2 NOR DO WE SEE H[ REVOLUTIONS BEGAN4 ,! /]EOTYP$ PHRASES AB\T ! DESP]ATE CONDITION ( PEOPLE PREVI\S TO REVOLUTIONS1 FAIL TO EXPLA9 :5CE1 AMID ?IS DESP]ATION1 CAME ! HOPE ( SOME?+ BETT]--:5CE CAME ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT4 ,& !RE=E1 AFT] READ+ !SE HI/ORIES1 WE PUT !M ASIDE1 &1 GO+ BACK TO FIR/ S\RCES1 TRY TO LE>N FROM !M :AT CAUS$ ! PEOPLE TO RISE & :AT WAS ITS P>T 9 REVOLUTIONS4 

,?US1 WE UND]/& ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION NOT AT ALL AS IT IS PICTUR$ BY ,L\IS ,BLANC1 :O PRES5TS IT *IEFLY AS A GREAT POLITICAL MOVEM5T DIRECT$ BY ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB4 ,WE SEE 9 IT1 FIR/ ( ALL1 A *AOTIC POPUL> MOVEM5T1 *IEFLY ( ! PEASANT FOLK 70,EV]Y VILLAGE HAD ITS ,ROBESPI]RE10 AS ! ,ABBE ,GREGOIRE1 :O KNEW ! PEOPLE'S REVOLT1 REM>K$ TO ! HI/ORIAN ,S*LOSS]74 ,?IS MOVEM5T AIM$ *IEFLY AT ! DE/RUCTION ( EV]Y VE/IGE ( FEUDAL RI<TS & ( ! R$EMPTIONS ?AT HAD BE5 IMPOS$ = ! ABOLITION ( SOME ( !M1 AS WELL AS AT ! RECOV]Y ( ! L&S :I* HAD BE5 SEIZ$ FROM ! VILLAGE COMMUNES BY VULTURES ( V>I\S K9DS4 ,& 9 SO F> ! PEASANT MOVEM5T WAS SUCCESSFUL4 ,!N1 UPON ?IS F\NDATION ( REVOLUTION>Y TUMULT1 ( 9CREAS$ PULSATION ( LIFE1 & ( DISORGANIZATION ( ALL ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE1 WE F9D1 ON ! ONE H&1 DEVELOP+ AMONG ! T[N LABOR]S A T5D5CY T[>DS A VAGUELY UND]/OOD SOCIALI/ EQUALITY2 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES WORK+ H>D1 & SUCCESSFULLY1 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% !IR [N AU?ORITY UPON ! RU9S ( ?AT ( ROYALTY & NOBILITY4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! MIDDLE CLASSES F\<T /UBBORNLY & DESP]ATELY ?AT !Y MI<T CREATE A P[]FUL1 ALL 9CLUSIVE1 C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T1 :I* W\LD PRES]VE & ASSURE TO !M !IR RI<T ( PROP]TY 7GA9$ P>TLY BY PLUND] BE=E & DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION7 & AF=D !M ! FULL OPPORTUNITY ( EXPLOIT+ ! POOR )\T ANY LEGAL RE/RICTIONS4 ,?IS P[]1 ?IS RI<T TO EXPLOIT1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES REALLY OBTA9$2 & 9 ! ,/ATE C5TRALIZATION :I* WAS CREAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ,JACOB9I/S1 ,NAPOLEON F\ND AN EXCELL5T SOIL = E/ABLI%+ HIS EMPIRE4 ,FROM ?IS C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY1 :I* KILLS ALL LOCAL LIFE1 ,FRANCE IS SUFF]+ EV5 TO ?IS V]Y DAY1 & ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO ?R[ (F ITS YOKE--AN ATTEMPT :I* OP5$ A NEW ]A 9 HI/ORY--WAS MADE BY ! PROLET>IAT ( ,P>IS ONLY 9 #a#h#g#a4 

,)\T 5T]+ H]E UPON AN ANALYSIS ( O!R REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO SAY ?AT WE UND]/& ! COM+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 NOT AT ALL AS A ,JACOB9I/ DICTATOR%IP--NOT AT ALL AS A RE=M ( ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS BY MEANS ( LAWS ISSU$ BY A ,CONV5TION OR A ,S5ATE OR A ,DICTATOR4 ,SU* REVOLUTIONS HAVE NEV] OCCURR$1 & A MOVEM5T :I* %\LD TAKE ?IS =M W\LD BE DOOM$ TO 9EVITABLE DEA?4 ,WE UND]/& ! REVOLUTION AS A WIDESPREAD POPUL> MOVEM5T1 DUR+ :I*1 9 EV]Y T[N & VILLAGE )9 ! REGION ( ! REVOLT1 ! MASSES WILL HAVE TO TAKE UPON !MSELVES ! TASK ( REBUILD+ SOCIETY--WILL HAVE TO TAKE UP !MSELVES ! WORK ( CON/RUCTION UPON COMMUNI/IC BASES1 )\T AWAIT+ ANY ORD]S & DIRECTIONS FROM ABOVE2 ?AT IS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 !Y WILL HAVE TO ORGANIZE1 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 ! MEANS ( SUPPLY+ FOOD TO EV]YONE & ( PROVID+ DWELL+S = ALL1 & !N PRODUCE :ATEV] WILL BE F\ND NECESS>Y = FE$+1 CLO?+1 & %ELT]+ EV]YBODY4 

,AS TO ! REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 :E!R SELF-APPO9T$ OR ELECT$--BE IT 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 AS !Y SAID 9 ! =TIES 9 ,FRANCE & >E /ILL SAY+ 9 ,G]MANY1 OR AN ELECT$ 0TEMPOR>Y GOV]NM5T10 OR1 AGA91 A ,JACOB9I/ 0CONV5TION10--WE PLACE 9 IT NO HOPES :ATEV]4 ,NOT BECAUSE WE P]SONALLY DO NOT LIKE IT1 BUT BECAUSE NO:]E & NEV] 9 HI/ORY DO WE F9D ?AT PEOPLE1 C>RI$ 9TO GOV]NM5T BY A REVOLUTION>Y WAVE1 HAVE PROV$ EQUAL TO ! OCCASION2 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E !Y HAVE FALL5 BEL[ ! REVOLUTION>Y REQUIREM5TS ( ! MOM5T2 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E !Y BECAME AN OB/ACLE TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE PLACE NO HOPE 9 ?IS REPRES5TATION BECAUSE1 9 ! WORK ( REBUID+ SOCIETY UPON NEW COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES1 SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 H[EV] WISE & DEVOT$ TO ! CAUSE1 >E & MU/ BE P[]LESS4 ,!Y CAN ONLY F9D A LEGAL EXPRESSION = SU* A DE/RUCTION AS IS ALREADY BE+ ACCOMPLI%$--AT MO/ !Y CAN BUT WID5 & EXT5D ?AT DE/RUCTION SO AS TO SUGGE/ IT TO REGIONS :I* HAVE NOT YET BEGUN IT4 ,BUT ?AT IS ALL4 ,! DE/RUCTION MU/ BE WR\<T FROM BEL[ 9 EV]Y PORTION ( ! T]RITORY2 O!RWISE IT WILL NOT BE DONE4 ,TO IMPOSE IT BY LAW IS IMPOSSIBLE1 AS1 9DE$1 ! REVOLT ( ! ,V5DEE HAS PROV$4 ,AS = ANY NEW BASES ( LIFE :I* >E ONLY GR[+ AS YET1--NO GOV]NM5T CAN EV] F9D AN EXPRESSION = !M BE=E !Y BECOME DEF9$ BY ! CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES !MSELVES1 AT ?\S&S ( PO9TS AT ONCE4 

,LOOK+ UPON ! PROBLEMS ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ?IS LI<T1 ,AN>*ISM1 OBVI\SLY1 CANNOT TAKE A SYMPA!TIC ATTITUDE T[>D ! PROGRAM :I* AIMS AT 0! CONQUE/ ( P[] 9 PRES5T SOCIETY0--LA CONQUETE DES P\VOIRS AS IT IS EXPRESS$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT BY PEACEFUL1 P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS1 9 ! PRES5T ,/ATE SU* A CONQUE/ AS ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 PROPORTION AS ! SOCIALI/S BECOME A P[] 9 ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ,/ATE1 !IR ,SOCIALISM MU/ DIE \T2 O!RWISE ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 :I* >E MU* MORE P[]FUL BO? 9TELLECTUALLY & NUM]ICALLY ?AN IS ADMITT$ 9 ! SOCIALI/ PRESS1 WILL NOT RECOGNIZE !M AS !IR RUL]S4 ,& WE KN[ ALSO ?AT1 W]E A REVOLUTION TO GIVE ,FRANCE OR ,5GL& OR ,G]MANY A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T1 ! RESPECTIVE GOV]NM5T W\LD BE ABSOLUTELY P[]LESS )\T ! ACTIVITY ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 & ?AT1 NECESS>ILY1 IT W\LD SOON BEG9 TO ACT FATALLY AS A BRIDLE UPON ! REVOLUTION4 

,F9ALLY1 \R /UDIES ( ! PREP>ATORY /AGES ( ALL REVOLUTIONS BR+ US TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT NOT A S+LE REVOLUTION HAS ORIG9AT$ 9 P>LIAM5TS OR 9 ANY O!R REPRES5TATIVE ASSEMBLY4 ,ALL BEGAN ) ! PEOPLE4 ,& NO REVOLUTION HAS APPE>$ 9 FULL >MOR--BORN1 LIKE ,M9]VA \T ( ! HEAD ( ,JUPIT]1 9 A DAY4 ,!Y ALL HAD !IR P]IODS ( 9CUBATION1 DUR+ :I* ! MASSES W]E V]Y SL[LY BECOM+ IMBU$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 GREW BOLD]1 COMM5C$ TO HOPE1 & /EP BY /EP EM]G$ FROM !IR =M] 9DIFF]5CE & RESIGNATION4 ,& ! AWAK5+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ALWAYS TOOK PLACE 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT1 AT FIR/1 S+LE 9DIVIDUALS1 DEEPLY MOV$ BY ! EXI/+ /ATE ( ?+S1 PROTE/$ AGA9/ IT1 ONE BY ONE4 ,MANY P]I%$--0USELESSLY10 ! >M-*AIR CRITIC W\LD SAY2 BUT ! 9DIFF]5CE ( SOCIETY WAS %AK5 BY !SE PROG5ITORS4 ,! DULLE/ & MO/ N>R[-M9D$ PEOPLE W]E COMPELL$ TO REFLECT1--,:Y %\LD M51 Y\NG1 S9C]E1 & FULL ( /R5G?1 SACRIFICE !IR LIVES 9 ?IS WAY8 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO REMA9 9DIFF]5T--IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TAKE A /&1 = OR AGA9/3 ?\<T WAS AWAK5+4 ,!N1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 SMALL GR\PS CAME TO BE IMBU$ ) ! SAME SPIRIT ( REVOLT2 !Y ALSO REBELL$--SOMETIMES 9 ! HOPE ( LOCAL SUCCESS--9 /RIKES OR 9 SMALL REVOLTS AGA9/ SOME (FICIAL :OM !Y DISLIK$1 OR 9 ORD] TO GET FOOD = !IR HUNGRY *ILDR51 BUT FREQU5TLY ALSO )\T ANY HOPE ( SUCCESS3 SIMPLY BECAUSE ! CONDITIONS GREW UNBE>ABLE4 ,NOT ONE1 OR TWO1 OR T5S1 BUT HUNDR$S ( SIMIL> REVOLTS HAVE PREC$$ & MU/ PREC$E EV]Y REVOLUTION4 ,)\T !SE NO REVOLUTION WAS EV] WR\<T2 NOT A S+LE CONCESSION WAS EV] MADE BY ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,EV5 ! FAM\S 0PEACEFUL0 ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 ,RUSSIA1 ( :I* ,TOL/OY (T5 SPEAKS AS ( A PEACEFUL CONQUE/1 WAS =C$ UPON ! GOV]NM5T BY A S]IES ( PEASANT UPRIS+S1 BEG9N+ ) ! E>LY FIFTIES 7P]PAPS AS AN E*O ( ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h71 SPREAD+ FROM YE> TO YE>1 & GA9+ 9 IMPORTANCE SO AS TO ATTA9 PROPORTIONS HI!RTO UNKN[N1 UNTIL #a#h#e#g4 ,ALEX&] ,H]Z5'S WORDS1 0,BETT] TO ABOLI% S]FDOM FROM ABOVE ?AN TO WAIT UNTIL ! ABOLITION COMES FROM BEL[10--REPEAT$ BY ,ALEXD] ,I,I BE=E ! S]F-[N]S ( ,MOSC[--W]E NOT M]E PHRASES1 BUT ANSW]$ TO ! REAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,?IS WAS ALL ! MORE TRUE AS TO ! EVE ( EV]Y REVOLUTION4 ,HUNDR$S ( P>TIAL REVOLTS PREC$$ EV]Y ONE ( !M4 ,& IT MAYBE /AT$ AS A G5]AL RULE ?AT ! *>ACT] ( EV]Y REVOLUTION IS DET]M9$ BY ! *>ACT] & ! AIM ( ! UPRIS+S BY :I* IT IS PREC$$4 

,TO WAIT1 !RE=E1 = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO COME AS A BIR?DAY PRES5T1 )\T A :OLE S]IES ( PROTE/S ON ! P>T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI5CE1 & )\T HUNDR$S ( PRELIM9>Y REVOLTS1 BY :I* ! V]Y NATURE ( ! REVOLUTION IS DET]M9$1 IS1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 ABSURD4 ,BUT TO ASSURE ! WORK+ PEOPLE ?AT !Y WILL GA9 ALL ! B5EFITS ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION BY CONF9+ !MSELVES TO ELECTORAL AGITATION1 & TO ATTACK VEHEM5TLY EV]Y ACT ( 9DIVIDUAL REVOLT & ALL M9OR PRELIM9>Y MASS-REVOLTS--EV5 :5 !Y APPE> AMONG NATIONS HI/ORICALLY F> MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ! ,G]MANS--MEANS TO BECOME AS GREAT AN OB/ACLE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT & TO ALL PROGRESS AS WAS & IS ! ,*RI/IAN ,*UR*4 

,:I?\T 5T]+ 9TO FUR!R DISCUSSION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ,AN>*ISM & ! ,AN>*I/ PROGRAM ( ACTION1 5\< HAS BE5 SAID1 ,I ?9K1 TO %[ ! PLACE ( ,AN>*ISM AMONG ! MOD]N SOCIOLOGICAL SCI5CES4 

,AN>*ISM IS AN ATTEMPT TO APPLY TO ! /UDY ( ! HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS ! G5]ALIZATIONS GA9$ BY MEANS ( ! NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC 9DUCTIVE ME?OD2 & AN ATTEMPT TO =ESEE ! FUTURE /EPS ( MANK9D ON ! ROAD TO LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY1 ) A VIEW TO REALIZ+ ! GREATE/ SUM ( HAPP9ESS = EV]Y UNIT ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 

,IT IS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ?AT NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC1 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T :I* BEGAN AT ! CLOSE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 WAS HAMP]$ = HALF A C5TURY BY ! REACTION ?AT SET 9 ?R\<\T ,EUROPE AFT] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 & HAS BE5 APPE>+ AGA9 9 FULL VIGOR EV] S9CE ! 5D ( ! FIFTIES4 ,ITS ROOTS LIE 9 ! NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC PHILOSOPHY ( ! C5TURY M5TION$4 ,ITS COMPLETE SCI5TIFIC BASIS1 H[EV]1 IT C\LD RECEIVE ONLY AFT] ?AT AWAK5+ ( NATURALISM :I*1 AB\T =TY YE>S AGO1 BR\<T 9TO BE+ ! NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC /UDY ( HUMAN SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,9 ,AN>*ISM !RE IS NO ROOM = ?OSE PSEUDO-SCI5TIFIC LAWS ) :I* ! ,G]MAN METAPHYSICIANS ( ! TW5TIES & ?IRTIES HAD TO CONS5T !MSELVES4 ,AN>*ISM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ANY ME?OD O!R ?AN ! NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC4 ,?IS ME?OD IT APPLIES TO ALL ! SO-CALL$ HUMANIT>IAN SCI5CES1 &1 AVAIL+ ITSELF ( ?IS ME?OD AS WELL AS ( ALL RESE>*ES :I* HAVE REC5TLY BE5 CALL$ =? BY IT1 ,AN>*ISM 5DEAVORS TO RECON/RUCT ALL ! SCI5CES DEAL+ ) MAN1 & TO REVISE EV]Y CURR5T IDEA ( RI<T1 JU/ICE1 ETC41 ON ! BASES :I* HAVE S]V$ = ! REVISION ( ALL NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,ITS OBJECT IS TO =M A SCI5TIFIC CONCEPT ( ! UNIV]SE EMBRAC+ ! :OLE ( ,NATURE & 9CLUD+ ,MAN4 

,?IS WORLD-CONCEPT DET]M9ES ! POSITION ,AN>*ISM HAS TAK5 9 PRACTICAL LIFE4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,9DIVIDUAL & ! ,/ATE1 ,AN>*ISM1 LIKE ITS PR$ECESSORS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 TAKES ! SIDE ( ! ,9DIVIDUAL AS AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 ( ,SOCIETY AS AGA9/ ! ,AU?ORITY :I* OPPRESSES IT4 ,&1 AVAIL+ ITSELF ( ! HI/ORICAL DATA COLLECT$ BY MOD]N SCI5CE1 IT HAS %[N ?AT ! ,/ATE--:OSE SPH]E ( AU?ORITY !RE IS N[ A T5D5CY AMONG ITS ADMIR]S TO 9CREASE1 & A T5D5CY TO LIMIT 9 ACTUAL LIFE--IS1 9 REALITY1 A SUP]/RUCTURE1--AS H>MFUL AS IT IS UNNECESS>Y1 &1 = US ,EUROPEANS1 ( A COMP>ATIVELY REC5T ORIG92 A SUP]/RUCTURE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ,CAPITALISM--AGR>IAN1 9DU/RIAL1 & F9ANCIAL--:I* 9 ANCI5T HI/ORY CAUS$ ! DECAY 7RELATIVELY SPEAK+7 ( PO,IITICALLY-FREE ,ROME & ,GREECE1 & :I* CAUS$ ! DEA? ( ALL O!R DESPOTIC C5T]S ( CIVILIZATION ( ! ,EA/ & ( ,EGYPT4 ,! P[] :I* WAS CREAT$ = ! PURPOSE ( WELD+ TOGE!R ! 9T]E/S ( ! L&LORD1 ! JUDGE1 ! W>RIOR1 & ! PRIE/1 & HAS BE5 OPPOS$ ?R\<\T HI/ORY TO EV]Y ATTEMPT ( MANK9D TO CREATE = !MSELVES A MORE ASSUR$ & FRE] MODE ( LIFE1--?IS P[] CANNOT BECOME AN 9/RUM5T = EMANCIPATION1 ANY MORE ?AN ,CAES>ISM 7,IMP]IALISM7 OR ! ,*UR* CAN BECOME ! 9/RUM5T = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 ,AN>*ISM HAS COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ROOT ( MOD]N EVIL LIES1 NOT 9 ! FACT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATES ! PR(ITS OR ! SURPLUS-VALUE1 BUT 9 ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( !SE PR(ITS1 :I* ACCRUE ONLY BECAUSE MILLIONS ( PEOPLE HAVE LIT]ALLY NO?+ TO SUBSI/ UPON )\T SELL+ !IR LABOR-P[] AT A PRICE :I* MAKES PR(ITS & ! CREATION ( 0SURPLUS VALUES0 POSSIBLE4 ,AN>*ISM UND]/&S1 !RE=E1 ?AT 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY ATT5TION MU/ BE DIRECT$ FIR/ ( ALL TO SO-CALL$ 0CONSUMPTION10 & ?AT ! FIR/ CONC]N ( ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE TO REORGANIZE ?AT SO AS TO PROVIDE FOOD1 CLO?+ & %ELT] = ALL4 0,PRODUCTION10 ON ! O!R H&1 MU/ BE SO ADAPT$ AS TO SATISFY ?IS PRIM>Y1 FUNDAM5TAL NE$ ( SOCIETY4 ,!RE=E1 ,AN>*ISM CANNOT SEE 9 ! NEXT COM+ REVOLUTION A M]E EX*ANGE ( MONET>Y SYMBOLS = LABOR-*ECKS1 OR AN EX*ANGE ( PRES5T ,CAPITALISM = ,/ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,IT SEES 9 IT ! FIR/ /EP ON ! ROAD TO ,NO-GOV]NM5T ,COMMUNISM4 

,:E!R OR NOT ,AN>*ISM IS RI<T 9 ITS CONCLUSIONS1 WILL BE %[N BY A SCI5TIFIC CRITICISM ( ITS BASES & BY ! PRACTICAL LIFE ( ! FUTURE4 ,BUT 9 ONE ?+ IT IS ABSOLUTELY RI<T3 9 ?AT IT HAS 9CLUD$ ! /UDY ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! SPH]E ( NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATIONS2 HAS =EV] P>T$ COMPANY ) METAPHYSICS2 & MAKES USE ( ! ME?OD BY :I* MOD]N NATURAL SCI5CE & MOD]N MAT]IAL PHILOSOPHY W]E DEVELOP$4 ,[+ TO ?IS1 ! V]Y MI/AKES :I* ,AN>*ISM MAY HAVE MADE 9 ITS RESE>*ES CAN BE DETECT$ ! MORE READILY4 ,BUT ITS CONCLUSIONS CAN BE V]IFI$ ONLY BY ! SAME NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC1 9DUCTIVE-D$UCTIVE ME?OD BY :I* EV]Y SCI5CE & EV]Y SCI5TIFIC CONCEPT ( ! UNIV]SE IS CREAT$4 

7,S\RCE3 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,DAVID ,A4 ,MODELL & PUBLI%$ BY ,! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE ,CLUB ( ,PHILADELPHIA 9 #a#i#c47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aib 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/