,*APT] #e 

#aicaic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,DESCRIPTION 3 ,! ,POSSIBILITY ( A ,NEW ,SYN!TIC ,PHILOSOPHY4--,H]B]T ,SP5C]'S ATTEMPT3 :Y IT FAIL$4--,! ,ME?OD NOT SU/A9$4--,A ,FALSE ,CONCEPTION ( 0,! ,/RUGGLE = ,EXI/5CE40 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,MI*ELLE ,BRUTON1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,S9CE ,AN?ROPOLOGY--! HI/ORY ( MAN'S PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T 
& ( HIS RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL IDEALS1 & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS--CAME 
TO BE /UDI$ EXACTLY AS ALL O!R NATURAL SCI5CES >E /UDI$1 
IT WAS F\ND POSSIBLE1 NOT ONLY TO %$ A NEW LI<T UPON ?IS HI/ORY1 
BUT TO DIVE/ IT = EV] ( ! METAPHYSICS :I* HAD H9D]$ ?IS 
/UDY 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY AS ! ,BIBLICAL TEA*+S HAD H9D]$ ! 
/UDY ( ,GEOLOGY4 

,IT W\LD SEEM1 !RE=E1 ?AT :5 ! CON/RUCTION ( A SYN!TIC PHILOSOPHY 
WAS UND]TAK5 BY ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 HE %\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE1 >M$ AS HE WAS ) 
ALL ! LATE/ CONQUE/S ( SCI5CE1 TO BUILD IT )\T FALL+ 9TO ! ]RORS 
MADE BY ,COMTE 9 HIS 0,POSITIVE ,POLITICS40 ,& YET ,SP5C]'S SYN!TIC 
PHILOSOPHY1 ?\< IT UND\BT$LY REPRES5TS AN 5ORM\S /EP 9 ADVANCE 
7COMPLETE AS IT IS )\T RELIGION & RELIGI\S RITES71 /ILL CONTA9S 9 ITS 
SOCIOLOGICAL P>T MI/AKES AS GROSS AS >E F\ND 9 ! =M] WORK4 

,! FACT IS ?AT1 HAV+ REA*$ 9 HIS ANALYSIS ! PSY*OLOGY ( SOCIETIES1 
,SP5C] DID NOT REMA9 TRUE TO HIS RIGOR\SLY SCI5TIFIC ME?OD1 & FAIL$ TO 
ACCEPT ALL ! CONCLUSIONS TO :I* IT HAD L$ HIM4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ,SP5C] 
ADMITS ?AT ! L& \<T NOT TO BECOME ! PROP]TY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 :O1 9 
CONSEQU5CE ( !IR RI<T TO RAISE R5TS1 W\LD H9D] O!RS FROM EXTRACT+ 
FROM ! SOIL ALL ?AT C\LD BE EXTRACT$ FROM IT UND] IMPROV$ ME?ODS ( 
CULTIVATION2 OR W\LD EV5 SIMPLY KEEP IT \T ( USE 9 ! EXPECTATION ?AT ITS 
M>KET PRICE WILL BE RAIS$ BY ! LABOR ( O!RS4 ,AN >RANGEM5T SU* AS ?IS 
HE CONSID]S 9EXP$I5T & FULL ( DANG]S = SOCIETY4 ,BUT1 :ILE ADMITT+ 
?IS 9 ! CASE ( L&1 HE DID NOT V5TURE TO EXT5D ?IS CONCLUSION TO ALL 
O!R =MS ( ACCUMULAT$ WEAL?--= EXAMPLE1 TO M9ES1 H>BORS1 & FACTORIES4 

,OR1 AGA91 :ILE PROTE/+ AGA9/ ! 9T]F]5CE ( GOV]NM5T 9 ! LIFE 
( SOCIETY1 & GIV+ TO ONE ( HIS BOOKS A TITLE :I* IS EQUIVAL5T TO A 
REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 0,! ,9DIVIDUAL VS4 ,! ,/ATE10 HE1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 
UND] ! PRETEXT ( ! DEF5SIVE ACTIVITY ( ! ,/ATE 9 ITS 
5TIRETY1--SU* AS IT IS TO-DAY1 ONLY SLI<TLY LIMIT+ ITS ATTRIBUTES4 

,!SE & O!R 9CONSI/5CIES >E PROBABLY ACC\NT$ = BY ! FACT ?AT 
! SOCIOLOGICAL P>T ( ,SP5C]'S PHILOSOPHY WAS =MULAT$ 9 HIS M9D 7UND] 
! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,5GLI% RADICAL MOVEM5T7 MU* E>LI] ?AN ITS 
NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC P>T--NAMELY1 BE=E #a#h#e#a1 :5 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL 
9VE/IGATION ( HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS WAS /ILL 9 ITS RUDIM5T>Y /AGE4 ,9 
CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS1 ,SP5C]1 LIKE ,COMTE1 DID NOT TAKE UP ! 9VE/IGATION ( 
!SE 9/ITUTIONS BY !MSELVES1 )\T PRECONCEIV$ CONCLUSIONS4  
,MOREOV]1 AS SOON AS HE CAME 9 HIS WORK TO SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY--TO ,SOCIOLOGY--HE 
BEGAN TO MAKE USE ( A NEW ME?OD1 A MO/ UNRELIABLE ONE--! ME?OD ( 
ANALOGIES--:I* HE1 ( C\RSE1 NEV] RESORT$ TO 9 ! /UDY ( PHYSICAL 
PH5OM5A4 ,?IS NEW ME?OD P]MITT$ HIM TO JU/IFY A :OLE S]IES ( 
PRECONCEIV$ !ORIES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 WE DO NOT POSSESS AS YET A PHILOSOPHY 
CON/RUCT$ 9 BO? ITS P>TS--NATURAL SCI5CES & SOCIOLOGY--) ! AID ( 
! SAME SCI5TIFIC ME?OD4 

,!N1 ,SP5C]1 IT MU/ ALSO BE ADD$1 IS ! MAN LEA/ SUIT$ = ! /UDY ( 
PRIMITIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT HE IS DI/+UI%$ EV5 AMONG ! 
,5GLI%1 :O G5]ALLY DO NOT 5T] READILY 9TO =EIGN MODES ( LIFE & 
?\<T4 0,WE >E A PEOPLE ( ,ROMAN LAW1 & ! ,IRI% >E COMMON-LAW PEOPLE3 
!RE=E WE DO NOT UND]/& EA* O!R10 A V]Y 9TELLIG5T ,5GLI%MAN ONCE 
REM>K$ TO ME4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,5GLI%M5'S RELATIONS ) ! 0L[] RACES0 
IS FULL ( LIKE MISUND]/&+S4 ,& WE SEE !M 9 ,SP5C]'S WRIT+S AT 
EV]Y /EP4 ,HE IS QUITE 9CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ ! CU/OMS & WAYS ( 
?9K+ ( ! SAVAGE1 ! 0BLOODY REV5GE0 ( ! ,ICEL&IC SAGA1 OR ! /ORMY 
LIFE1 FILL$ ) /RUGGLES1 ( ! M$IAEVAL CITIES4 ,! MORAL IDEAS ( 
!SE /AGES ( CIVILIZATION >E ABSOLUTELY /RANGE TO HIM2 & HE SEES 9 !M 
ONLY 0SAVAG]Y10 0DESPOTISM10 & 0CRUELTY40 

,F9ALLY--:AT IS /ILL MORE IMPORTANT--,SP5C]1 LIKE ,HUXLEY & MANY O!RS1 
UTT]LY MISUND]/OOD ! MEAN+ ( 0! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE40 ,HE SAW 9 IT1 
NOT ONLY A /RUGGLE BETWE5 DIFF]5T SPECIES ( ANIMALS 7WOLVES DEV\R+ 
RABBITS1 BIRDS FE$+ ON 9SECTS1 ETC471 BUT ALSO A DESP]ATE /RUGGLE = FOOD1 
= LIV+-ROOM1 AMONG ! DIFF]5T MEMB]S )9 EV]Y SPECIES--A 
/RUGGLE :I*1 9 REALITY1 DOES NOT ASSUME ANY?+ LIKE ! PROPORTIONS HE 
IMAG9$4 

,H[ F> ,D>W9 HIMSELF WAS TO BLAME = ?IS MISUND]/&+ ( ! REAL 
MEAN+ ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 WE CANNOT DISCUSS H]E4 ,BUT C]TA9 IT IS 
?AT :51 TWELVE YE>S AFT] 0,! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES10 ,D>W9 PUBLI%$ HIS 
0,DESC5T ( ,MAN0 HE ALREADY UND]/OOD /RUGGLE = LIFE 9 A DIFF]5T S5SE4  
0,?OSE COMMUNITIES10 HE WROTE 9 ! LATT] WORK1 0:I* 9CLUD$ ! GREATE/ 
NUMB] ( ! MO/ SYMPA!TIC MEMB]S W\LD FL\RI% BE/ & RE> ! GREATE/ 
NUMB] ( (FSPR+40 ,! *APT] DEVOT$ BY ,D>W9 TO ?IS SUBJECT C\LD HAVE 
=M$ ! BASIS ( AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T & MO/ :OLESOME VIEW ( NATURE & 
( ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETIES 7! SIGNIFICANCE ( :I* ,GOE! HAD 
ALREADY =ESE574 ,BUT IT PASS$ UNNOTIC$4 ,ONLY 9 #ahgi DO WE F9D1 9 A 
LECTURE BY ! ,RUSSIAN ZOOLOGI/ ,KESSL]1 A CLE> UND]/&+ ( MUTUAL AID & 
! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 0,= ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( A SPECIES10 
,KESSL] PO9T$ \T1 CIT+ SEV]AL EXAMPLES1 0! LAW ( MUTUAL AID IS ( 
F> GREAT] IMPORTANCE ?AN ! LAW ( MUTUAL /RUGGLE40 ,SOON AFT] ?IS ,L\IS 
,BU*N] PUBLI%$ HIS BOOK 0,LOVE10 9 :I* HE %[$ ! IMPORTANCE ( 
SYMPA?Y AMONG ANIMALS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( MORAL CONCEPTS2 BUT 9 
9TRODUC+ ! IDEA ( LOVE & SYMPA?Y 9/EAD ( SIMPLE SOCIABILITY1 HE 
NE$LESSLY LIMIT$ ! SPH]E ( HIS 9VE/IGATIONS4 

,TO PROVE & FUR!R TO DEVELOP ,KESSL]'S EXCELL5T IDEA1 EXT5D+ IT TO MAN1 
WAS AN EASY /EP4 ,IF WE TURN \R M9DS TO A CLOSE OBS]VATION ( NATURE & TO 
AN UNPREJUDIC$ HI/ORY ( HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS1 WE SOON DISCOV] ?AT ,MUTUAL ,AID 
REALLY APPE>S1 NOT ONLY AS ! MO/ P[]FUL WEAPON 9 ! /RUGGLE = 
EXI/5CE AGA9/ ! HO/ILE =CES ( NATURE & ALL O!R 5EMIES1 BUT ALSO AS 
! *IEF FACTOR ( PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION4 ,TO ! WEAKE/ ANIMALS IT 
ASSURES LONGEVITY 7& H5CE AN ACCUMULATION ( M5TAL EXP]I5CE71 ! 
POSSIBILITY ( RE>+ ITS PROG5Y1 & 9TELLECTUAL PROGRESS4 ,& ?OSE ANIMAL 
SPECIES AMONG :I* ,MUTUAL ,AID IS PRACTIC$ MO/1 NOT ONLY SUCCE$ BE/ 9 
GETT+ !IR LIVELIHOOD1 BUT ALSO /& AT ! HEAD ( !IR RESPECTIVE CLASS 
7( 9SECTS1 BIRDS1 MAMMALS7 AS REG>DS ! SUP]IORITY ( !IR PHYSICAL & 
M5TAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS FUNDAM5TAL FACT ( NATURE ,SP5C] DID NOT P]CEIVE4 ,! /RUGGLE = 
EXI/5CE )9 EV]Y SPECIES1 ! 0FREE FI<T0 = EV]Y MORSEL ( FOOD1 
,T5NYSON'S 0,NATURE1 R$ 9 TOO? & CLAW ) RAV9E0--HE ACCEPT$ AS A FACT 
REQUIR+ NO PRO(1 AS AN AXIOM4 ,ONLY 9 REC5T YE>S DID HE BEG9 9 SOME 
DEGREE TO UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( MUTUAL AID 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD1 & TO 
COLLECT NOTES & MAKE EXP]IM5TS 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,BUT EV5 !N HE /ILL 
?\<T ( PRIMITIVE MAN AS ( A BEA/ :O LIV$ ONLY BY SNAT*+1 ) TOO? 
& CLAW1 ! LA/ MORSEL ( FOOD FROM ! M\? ( HIS FELL[M54 

,( C\RSE1 HAV+ BAS$ ! SOCIOLOGICAL P>T ( HIS PHILOSOPHY ON SO FALSE A 
PREMISE1 ,SP5C] WAS NO LONG] ABLE TO BUILD UP ! SOCIOLOGICAL P>T ( HIS 
SYN!TIC PHILOSOPHY )\T FALL+ 9TO A S]IES ( ]RORS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,DAVID ,A4 ,MODELL & PUBLI%$ BY ,! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE ,CLUB ( ,PHILADELPHIA 9 #a#i#c47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aib 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

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