,*APT] #g #aicaic ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,DESCRIPTION 3 ,! ,PLACE ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,SCI5CE4--,ITS ,5DEAVOR TO ,=MULATE A ,SYN!TIC ,CONCEPTION ( ! ,WORLD4--,ITS ,OBJECT4 ,TEXT 3 ,PHOTO BY ,POL9A ,SIRO%1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,:AT POSITION1 !N1 DOES ,AN>*ISM OCCUPY 9 ! GREAT 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY8 ,! ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION HAS ALREADY BE5 P>TLY =MULAT$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES4 ,AN>*ISM IS A WORLD-CONCEPT BAS$ UPON A ME*ANICAL EXPLANATION ( ALL PH5OM5A1#a EMBRAC+ ! :OLE ( ,NATURE--?AT IS1 9CLUD+ 9 IT ! LIFE ( HUMAN SOCIETIES & !IR ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & MORAL PROBLEMS4 ,ITS ME?OD ( 9VE/IGATION IS ?AT ( ! EXACT NATURAL SCI5CES1 BY :I* EV]Y SCI5TIFIC CONCLUSION MU/ BE V]IFI$4 ,ITS AIM IS TO CON/RUCT A SYN!TIC PHILOSOPHY COMPREH5D+ 9 ONE G5]ALIZATION ALL ! PH5OM5A ( ,NATURE--& !RE=E ALSO ! LIFE ( SOCIETIES1--AVOID+1 H[EV]1 ! ]RORS M5TION$ ABOVE 9TO :I*1 = ! REASONS !RE GIV51 ,COMTE & ,SP5C] HAD FALL54 ,IT IS !RE=E NATURAL ?AT TO MO/ ( ! QUE/IONS ( MOD]N LIFE ,AN>*ISM %\LD GIVE NEW ANSW]S1 & HOLD ) REG>D TO !M A POSITION DIFF]+ FROM ?OSE ( ALL POLITICAL &1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ( ALL SOCIALI/IC P>TIES1 :I* HAVE NOT YET FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ! METAPHYSICAL FICTIONS ( OLD4 ,( C\RSE1 ! ELABORATION ( A COMPLETE ME*ANICAL WORLD-CONCEPTION HAS H>DLY BE5 BEGUN 9 ITS SOCIOLOGICAL P>T--9 ?AT P>T1 ?AT IS1 :I* DEALS ) ! LIFE & ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETIES4 ,BUT ! LITTLE ?AT HAS BE5 DONE UND\BT$LY BE>S A M>K$--?\< (T5 NOT FULLY CONSCI\S--*>ACT]4 ,9 ! DOMA9 ( PHILOSOPHY ( LAW1 9 ! !ORY ( MORALITY1 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 9 HI/ORY1 7BO? ( NATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS71 ,AN>*ISM HAS ALREADY %[N ?AT IT WILL NOT CONT5T ITSELF ) METAPHYSICAL CONCLUSIONS1 BUT WILL SEEK1 9 EV]Y CASE A NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC BASIS4 ,IT REJECTS ! METAPHYSICS ( ,HEGEL1 ( ,S*ELL+1 & ( ,KANT2 IT DIS[NS ! COMM5TATORS ( ,ROMAN & ,CANON ,LAW1 TOGE!R ) ! LE>N$ APOLOGI/S ( ! ,/ATE2 IT DOES NOT CONSID] METAPHYSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY A SCI5CE2 & IT 5DEAVORS TO GA9 A CLE> COMPREH5SION ( EV]Y QUE/ION RAIS$ 9 !SE BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE1 BAS+ ITS 9VE/IGATIONS UPON ! NUM]\S RESE>*ES ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE DUR+ ! LA/ ?IRTY OR =TY YE>S FROM A NATURALI/ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,9 ! SAME WAY AS ! METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTIONS ( A ,UNIV]SAL ,SPIRIT1 OR ( A ,CREATIVE ,=CE 9 ,NATURE1 ! ,9C>NATION ( ! ,IDEA1 ,NATURE'S ,GOAL1 ! ,AIM ( ,EXI/5CE1 ! ,UNKN[ABLE1 ,MANK9D 7CONCEIV$ AS HAV+ A SEP>ATE SPIRITUALIZ$ EXI/5CE71 & SO ON--9 ! SAME WAY AS ALL !SE HAVE BE5 BRU%$ ASIDE BY ! MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( TO-DAY1 :ILE ! EMBRYOS ( G5]ALIZATIONS CONCEAL$ B5EA? !SE MI/Y T]MS >E BE+ TRANSLAT$ 9TO ! CONCRETE LANGUAGE ( NATURAL SCI5CES1--SO WE PROCE$ 9 DEAL+ ) ! FACTS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,H]E ALSO WE TRY TO SWEEP AWAY ! METAPHYSICAL COBWEBS1 & TO SEE :AT EMBRYOS ( G5]ALIZATIONS--IF ANY--MAY HAVE BE5 CONCEAL$ B5EA? ALL SORTS ( MI/Y WORDS4.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- ,:5 ! METAPHYSICIANS TRY TO CONV9CE ! NATURALI/ ?AT ! M5TAL & MORAL LIFE ( MAN DEVELOPS 9 ACCORDANCE ) C]TA9 0,IMMAN5T 79-DWELL+7 ,LAWS ( ! ,SPIRIT10 ! LATT] %RUGS HIS %\LD]S & CONT9UES HIS PHYSIOLOGICAL /UDY ( ! M5TAL & MORAL PH5OM5A ( LIFE1 ) A VIEW TO %[+ ?AT !Y CAN ALL BE RESOLV$ 9TO *EMICAL & PHYSICAL PH5OM5A4 ,HE 5DEAVORS TO DISCOV] ! NATURAL LAWS ON :I* !Y >E BAS$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 :5 ! ,AN>*I/S >E TOLD1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT--AS ,HEGEL SAYS--EV]Y DEVELOPM5T CONSI/S ( A ,!SIS1 AN ,ANTI!SIS1 & A ,SYN!SIS2 OR ?AT 0! OBJECT ( ,LAW IS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,JU/ICE1 :I* REPRES5TS ! REALIZATION ( ! ,HIE ASK$1--,:AT1 9 !IR OP9ION1 IS 0! ,OBJECT ( ,LIFE80 !Y1 TOO1 SIMPLY %RUG !IR %\LD]S & WOND] H[1 AT ! PRES5T /ATE ( DEVELOPM5T ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 OLD FA%ION$ PEOPLE CAN /ILL BE F\ND :O BELIEVE 9 0WORDS0 LIKE !SE & /ILL EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 ! LANGUAGE ( PRIMITIVE AN?ROMORPHISM 7! CONCEPTION ( NATURE AS ( A ?+ GOV]N$ BY A BE+ 5D[$ ) HUMAN ATTRIBUTES74 ,HI<-FL[N WORDS DO NOT SC>E ! ,AN>*I/S1 BECAUSE !Y KN[ ?AT !SE WORDS SIMPLY CONCEAL IGNORANCE--?AT IS1 UNCOMPLET$ 9VE/IGATION--OR1 :AT IS MU* WORSE1 M]E SUP]/ITION4 ,!Y !RE=E PASS ON & CONT9UE !IR /UDY ( PA/ & PRES5T SOCIAL IDEAS & 9/ITUTIONS ACCORD+ TO ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ( 9DUCTION4 ,& 9 DO+ SO !Y F9D1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( A SOCIAL LIFE IS 9COMP>ABLY MORE COMPLICAT$--& 9COMP>ABLY MORE 9T]E/+ = PRACTICAL PURPOSES--?AN IT W\LD APPE> FROM SU* =MULAE4 ,WE HAVE HE>D MU* ( LATE AB\T 0! DIALECTIC ME?OD10 :I* WAS RECOMM5D$ = =MULAT+ ! SOCIALI/ IDEAL4 ,SU* A ME?OD WE DO NOT RECOGNIZE1 NEI!R W\LD ! MOD]N NATURAL SCI5CES HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) IT4 0,! DIALECTIC ME?OD0 REM9DS ! MOD]N NATURALI/ ( SOME?+ LONG S9CE PASS$--( SOME?+ \TLIV$ & N[ HAPPILY =GOTT5 BY SCI5CE4 ,! DISCOV]IES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ME*ANICS1 PHYSICS1 *EMI/RY1 BIOLOGY1 PHYSICAL PSY*OLOGY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 PSY*OLOGY ( NATIONS1 ETC41 W]E MADE--NOT BY ! DIALECTIC ME?OD1 BUT BY ! NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC ME?OD1 ! ME?OD ( 9DUCTION & D$UCTION4 ,& S9CE MAN IS P>T ( NATURE1 & S9CE ! LIFE ( HIS 0SPIRIT0--P]SONAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL--IS JU/ AS MU* A PH5OM5ON ( NATURE AS IS ! GR[? ( A FL[] OR ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL LIFE AMONG ! ANTS & ! BEES1--!RE IS NO CAUSE = SUDD5LY *ANG+ \R ME?OD ( 9VE/IGATION :5 WE PASS FROM ! FL[] TO MAN1 OR FROM A SETTLEM5T ( BEAV]S TO A HUMAN T[N4 ,! 9DUCTIVE-D$UCTIVE ME?OD HAS PROV$ ITS M]ITS SO WELL1 9 ?AT ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :I* HAS APPLI$ IT1 HAS CAUS$ SCI5CE TO ADVANCE MORE 9 A HUNDR$ YE>S ?AN IT HAD ADVANC$ DUR+ ! TWO ?\S& YE>S ?AT W5T BE=E4 ,& :51 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ?IS C5TURY1 ?IS ME?OD BEGAN TO BE APPLI$ TO ! 9VE/IGATION ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 NO PO9T WAS EV] REA*$ :]E IT WAS F\ND NECESS>Y TO AB&ON IT & AGA9 ADOPT M$IAEVAL S*OLA/ICISM--AS REVIS$ BY ,HEGEL4 ,BESIDES1 :51 = EXAMPLE1 PHILI/9E NATURALI/S1 SEEM+LY BAS+ !IR >GUM5TS ON 0,D>W9ISM10 BEGAN TO TEA*1 0,CRU% EV]YONE WEAK] ?AN Y\RSELF2 SU* IS ! LAW ( NATURE10 IT WAS EASY = US TO PROVE BY ! SAME SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ?AT NO SU* LAW EXI/S3 ?AT ! LIFE ( ANIMALS TEA*ES US SOME?+ 5TIRELY DIFF]5T1 & ?AT ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! PHILI/9ES W]E ABSOLUTELY UNSCI5TIFIC4 ,!Y W]E JU/ AS UNSCI5TIFIC AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ASS]TION ?AT ! 9EQUALITY ( WEAL? IS A LAW ( NATURE1 OR ?AT CAPITALISM IS ! MO/ CONV5I5T =M ( SOCIAL LIFE CALCULAT$ TO PROMOTE PROGRESS4 ,PRECISELY ?IS NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC ME?OD1 APPLI$ TO ECONOMIC FACTS1 5ABLES US TO PROVE ?AT ! SO-CALL$ 0LAWS0 ( MIDDLE-CLASS SOCIOLOGY1 9CLUD+ ALSO !IR POLITICAL ECONOMY1 >E NOT LAWS AT ALL1 BUT SIMPLY GUESSES1 OR M]E ASS]TIONS :I* HAVE NEV] BE5 V]IFI$ AT ALL4 ,MOREOV]1 EV]Y 9VE/IGATION ONLY BE>S FRUIT :5 IT HAS A DEF9ITE AIM--:5 IT IS UND]TAK5 = ! PURPOSE ( OBTA9+ AN ANSW] TO A DEF9ITE & CLE>LY WORD$ QUE/ION4 ,& IT IS ! MORE FRUITFUL ! MORE CLE>LY ! OBS]V] SEES ! CONNECT ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 HIS PROBLEM & HIS G5]AL CONCEPT ( ! UNIV]SE--! PLACE :I* ! =M] OCCUPIES 9 ! LATT]4 ,! BETT] HE UND]/&S ! IMPORTANCE ( ! PROBLEM 9 ! G5]AL CONCEPT1 ! EASI] WILL ! ANSW] BE4 ,! QUE/ION1 !N1 :I* ,AN>*ISM PUTS TO ITSELF MAY BE /AT$ ?US3 0,:AT =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE ASSURE TO A GIV5 SOCIETY1 & !N TO MANK9D G5]ALLY1 ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( HAPP9ESS1 & H5CE ALSO ( VITALITY80 0,:AT =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE ALL[ ?IS AM\NT ( HAPP9ESS TO GR[ & TO DEVELOP1 QUANTITATIVELY AS WELL AS QUALITATIVELY1--?AT IS1 TO BECOME MORE COMPLETE & MORE V>I$80 7FROM :I*1 LET US NOTE 9 PASS+1 A DEF9ITION ( PROGRESS IS D]IV$74 ,! DESIRE TO PROMOTE EVOLUTION 9 ?IS DIRECTION DET]M9ES ! SCI5TIFIC AS WELL AS ! SOCIAL & >TI/IC ACTIVITY ( ! ,AN>*I/4 ,FOOTNOTES #a ,IT W]E MORE CORRECT TO SAY1 A K9ETIC EXPLANATION1 BUT ?IS WORD IS NOT SO COMMONLY KN[N4 7,S\RCE3 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,DAVID ,A4 ,MODELL & PUBLI%$ BY ,! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE ,CLUB ( ,PHILADELPHIA 9 #a#i#c47 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aib 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/