,*APT] #i 

#aicaic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,DESCRIPTION 3 ,A ,BRIEF ,SUMM>Y ( ! ,CONCLUSIONS ,REA*$ BY ,AN>*ISM3 ,LAW4--,MORALITY4--,ECONOMIC ,IDEAS4--,! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,PASSION ,LEICA1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO 5T] 9TO AN EXPOSITION ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,! 
PRES5T SKET* HAS ITS [N DEF9ITE AIM--?AT ( 9DICAT+ ! RELATION 
( ,AN>*ISM TO MOD]N SCI5CE1--:ILE ! FUNDAM5TAL VIEWS ( 
,AN>*ISM MAY BE F\ND /AT$ 9 A NUMB] ( O!R WORKS4 ,BUT TWO OR 
?REE ILLU/RATIONS WILL HELP US TO DEF9E ! EXACT RELATION ( \R 
VIEWS TO MOD]N SCI5CE & ! MOD]N SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,:51 = 9/ANCE1 WE >E TOLD ?AT ,LAW 7WRITT5 L>GE7 0IS ! 
OBJECTIFICATION ( ,TRU?20 OR ?AT 0! PR9CIPLES UND]LY+ ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ,LAW >E ! SAME AS ?OSE UND]LY+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 
! HUMAN SPIRIT20 OR ?AT 0,LAW & ,MORALITY >E ID5TICAL & DIFF] 
ONLY =MALLY20 WE FEEL AS LITTLE RESPECT = !SE ASS]TIONS AS DOES 
,MEPHI/OPHELES 9 ,GOE!'S 0,FAU/40 ,WE >E AW>E ?AT ?OSE :O MAKE 
SU* SEEM+LY PR(\ND /ATEM5TS AS !SE HAVE EXP5D$ MU* ?\<T 
UPON !SE QUE/IONS4 ,BUT !Y HAVE TAK5 A WRONG PA?2 & H5CE WE 
SEE 9 !SE HI<-FL[N S5T5CES M]E ATTEMPTS AT UNCONSCI\S 
G5]ALIZATION1 BAS$ UPON 9ADEQUATE F\NDATIONS & CONFUS$1 
MOREOV]1 BY WORDS ( HYPNOTIC P[]4 ,9 OLD5 TIMES !Y TRI$ TO GIVE 
0,LAW0 A DIV9E ORIG92 LAT] !Y BEGAN TO SEEK A METAPHYSICAL BASIS = 
IT2 N[1 H[EV]1 WE >E ABLE TO /UDY ITS AN?ROPOLOGICAL ORIG94 ,&1 
AVAIL+ \RSELVES ( ! RESULTS OBTA9$ BY ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL 
S*OOL1 WE TAKE UP ! /UDY ( SOCIAL CU/OMS1 BEG9N+ ) ?OSE ( 
! PRIMITIVE SAVAGES1 & TRACE ! ORIG9 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( LAWS 
AT DIFF]5T EPO*S4 

,9 ?IS WAY WE COME TO ! CONCLUSION ALREADY EXPRESS$ ON A 
PREC$+ PAGE--NAMELY1 ?AT ALL LAWS HAVE A TWO-FOLD ORIG91 & 9 
?IS V]Y RESPECT DIFF] FROM ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS E/ABLI%$ BY CU/OM 
:I* >E G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ AS ! MORAL CODE ( A GIV5 SOCIETY4  
,LAW CONFIRMS & CRY/ALLIZES !SE CU/OMS1 BUT1 :ILE DO+ SO1 IT 
TAKES ADVANTAGE ( ?IS FACT TO E/ABLI% 7= ! MO/ P>T 9 A 
DISGUIS$ =M7 ! G]MS ( SLAV]Y & CLASS DI/9CTION1 ! 
AU?ORITY ( PRIE/ & W>RIOR1 S]FDOM & V>I\S O!R 9/ITUTIONS1 
9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! >M$ & W\LD BE RUL+ M9ORITY4 ,9 ?IS WAY 
A YOKE HAS IMP]CEPTIBLY BE5 PLAC$ UPON MAN1 ( :I* HE C\LD ONLY 
RID HIMSELF BY MEANS ( SUBSEQU5T BLOODY REVOLUTIONS4 ,& ?IS IS ! 
C\RSE ( EV5TS D[N TO ! PRES5T MOM5T--EV5 9 CONTEMPOR>Y 0LABOR 
LEGISLATION0 :I*1 ALONG ) 0PROTECTION ( LABOR10 COV]TLY 
9TRODUCES ! IDEA ( COMPULSORY ,/ATE >BITRATION 9 ! CASE 
( /RIKES1#a A 
COMPULSORY EI<T-H\R DAY = ! WORK+MAN 7NO LESS ?AN EI<T 
H\RS71 MILIT>Y EXPLOITATION ( ! RAILROADS DUR+ /RIKES1 LEGAL 
SANCTION = ! DISPOSSESSION ( PEASANTS 9 ,IREL&1 & SO ON4 ,& 
?IS WILL CONT9UE TO BE SO AS LONG AS ONE PORTION ( SOCIETY 
GOES ON FRAM+ LAWS = ALL SOCIETY1 & !REBY /R5G!NS ! 
P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* =MS ! *IEF SUPPORT ( ,CAPITALISM4 

,IT IS PLA91 !RE=E1 :Y ,AN>*ISM--:I* ASPIRES TO 
,JU/ICE 7A T]M SYNONYM\S ) EQUALITY7 MORE ?AN ANY O!R 
LAWGIV] 9 ! WORLD--HAS FROM ! TIME ( ,GODW9 REJECT$ ALL WRITT5 
LAWS4 

,:51 H[EV]1 WE >E TOLD ?AT BY REJECT+ ,LAW WE REJECT ALL 
MORALITY--S9CE WE D5Y ! 0CATEGORIC IMP]ATIVE0 ( ,KANT1--WE ANSW] 
?AT ! V]Y WORD+ ( ?IS OBJECTION IS TO US /RANGE & 
9COMPREH5ESIBLE4#b ,IT IS AS /RANGE & 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO US 
AS IT W\LD BE TO EV]Y NATURALI/ 5GAG$ 9 ! /UDY ( ! PH5OM5A 
( MORALITY4 ,9 ANSW] TO ?IS >GUM5T1 WE ASK3 0,:AT DO Y\ REALLY 
MEAN8 ,CAN Y\ NOT TRANSLATE Y\R /ATEM5TS 9TO COMPREH5SIBLE 
LANGUAGE--= 9/ANCE1 AS ,LAPLACE TRANSLAT$ ! =MULAE ( HI<] 
MA!MATICS 9TO A LANGUAGE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL1 & AS ALL GREAT M5 ( 
SCI5CE DID & DO EXPRESS !MSELVES80 

,N[1 :AT DOES A MAN :O TAKES HIS /& ON 0UNIV]SAL LAW0 OR 0! 
CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE0 REALLY MEAN8 ,DOES HE MEAN ?AT !RE IS 
9 ALL M5 ! CONCEPTION ?AT ONE \<T NOT TO DO TO ANO!R :AT HE 
W\LD NOT HAVE DONE TO HIMSELF--?AT IT W\LD BE BETT] EV5 TO RETURN 
GOOD = EVIL8 ,IF SO1 WELL & GOOD4 ,LET US1 !N1 /UDY 7AS ,ADAM 
,SMI? & ,HUT*ESON HAVE ALREADY /UDI$7 ! ORIG9 ( !SE MORAL 
IDEAS 9 MAN1 & !IR C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,LET US EXT5D \R 
/UDIES TO PRE-HUMAN TIMES 7A ?+ ,SMI? & ,HUT*ESON C\LD NOT DO74 
,!N1 WE MAY ANALYZE ! EXT5T TO :I* ! IDEA ( ,JU/ICE 
IMPLIES ?AT ( ,EQUAILTY4 ,! QUE/ION IS AN IMPORTANT ONE1 
BECAUSE ONLY ?OSE :O REG>D O!RS AS !IR EQUALS CAN ACCEPT 
! RULE1 0,DO NOT TO O!RS :AT Y\ W\LD NOT HAVE DONE TO Y\RSELF40 
,! L&LORD & ! SLAVE-[N]1 :O DID NOT LOOK UPON 0! S]F0 & 
! NEGRO AS !IR EQUALS1 DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! 0CATEGORICAL 
IMP]ATIVE0 & ! 0UNIV]SAL LAW0 AS APPLICABLE TO !SE UNHAPPY 
MEMB]S ( ! HUMAN FAMILY4 ,& !N1 IF ?IS OBS]VATION ( \RS BE 
CORRECT1 WE %ALL WEE :E!R IT IS AT ALL POSSIBLE TO 9CULCATE 
MORALITY :ILE TEA*+ ! DOCTR9E ( 9EQUALITY4 

,WE %ALL F9ALLY ANALYZE1 AS ,M>K ,GUYAU DID1 ! FACTS ( 
SELF-SACRIFICE4 ,& !N WE %ALL CONSID] :AT HAS PROMOT$ ! 
DEVELOPM5T 9 MAN ( MORAL FEEL+S--FIR/1 ( ?OSE :I* >E 
9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ! IDEA ( EQUALITY1 & !N ( ! O!RS2 
& AFT] ?IS CONSID]ATION WE %\LD BE ABLE TO D$UCE FROM \R /UDY 
EXACTLY :AT SOCIAL CONDITIONS & :AT 9/ITUTIONS PROMISE ! BE/ 
RESULTS = ! FUTURE4 ,IS ?IS DEVELOPM5T PROMOT$ BY RELIGION1 & 
TO :AT EXT5T8 ,IS IT PROMOT$ BY 9EQUALITY--ECONOMIC & 
POLITICAL--& BY A DIVISION 9TO CLASSES8 ,IS IT PROMOT$ BY LAW8 ,BY 
PUNI%M5T8 ,BY PRISONS8 ,BY ! JUDGE8 ,! JAIL]8 ,! HANGMAN8 

,LET US /UDY ALL ?IS 9 DETAIL1 & !N ONLY MAY WE SPEAK AGA9 ( 
,MORALITY & MORALIZATION BY MEANS ( LAWS1 LAW C\RTS1 JAIL]S1 SPIES1 & 
POLICE4 ,BUT WE HAD BETT] GIVE UP US+ ! SONOR\S WORDS :I* ONLY CONCEAL 
! SUP]FICIALITY ( \R SEMI-LE>N+4 ,9 !IR TIME ! USE ( !SE WORDS 
WAS1 P]HAPS1 UNAVOIDABLE--!IR APPLICATION C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 USEFUL2 BUT 
N[ WE >E ABLE TO APPROA* ! /UDY ( BURN+ SOCIAL QUE/IONS 9 EXACTLY ! 
SAME MANN] AS ! G>D5] & ! PHYSIOLOGI/ TAKE UP ! /UDY ( ! 
CONDITIONS MO/ FAVORABLE = ! GR[? ( A PLANT--LET US DO SO6.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-  

,LIKEWISE1 :5 C]TA9 ECONOMI/S TELL US ?AT 09 A P]FECTLY FREE M>KET ! PRICE ( COMMODITIES IS MEASUR$ BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR SOCIALLY NECESS>Y = !IR PRODUCTION10 WE DO NOT TAKE ?IS ASS]TION ON FAI? BECAUSE IT IS MADE BY C]TA9 AU?ORITIES OR BECAUSE IT MAY SEEM TO US 0TREM5D\SLY SOCIALI/IC40 ,IT MAY BE SO1 WE SAY4 ,BUT DO Y\ NOT NOTICE ?AT BY ?IS V]Y /ATEM5T Y\ MA9TA9 ?AT VALUE & ! NECESS>Y LABOR >E PROPORTIONAL TO EA* O!R--JU/ AS ! SPE$ ( A FALL+ BODY IS PROPORTIONAL TO ! NUMB] ( SECONDS IT HAS BE5 FALL+8 ,?US Y\ MA9TA9 A QUANTITATIVE RELATION BETWE5 !SE TWO MAGNITUDES2 :]EAS A QUANTITATIVE RELATION CAN BE PROV$ ONLY BY QUANTITATIVE MEASUREM5TS4 ,TO CONF9E Y\RSELF TO ! REM>K ?AT ! EX*ANGE-VALUE ( COMMODITIES 0G5]ALLY0 9CREASES :5 A GREAT] EXP5DITURE ( LABOR IS REQUIR$1 & !N TO ASS]T ?AT !RE=E ! TWO QUANTITIES >E PROPORTIONAL TO EA* O!R1 IS TO MAKE AS GREAT A MI/AKE AS ! MAN :O W\LD ASS]T ?AT ! QUANTITY ( RA9FALL IS MEASUR$ BY ! FALL ( ! B>OMET] BEL[ ITS AV]AGE HEI<T4 ,HE :O FIR/ OBS]V$ ?AT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 :5 ! B>OMET] IS FALL+ A GREAT] AM\NT ( RA9 FALLS ?AN :5 IT IS RIS+2 OR1 ?AT !RE IS A C]TA9 RELATION BETWE5 ! SPE$ ( A FALL+ /ONE & ! HEI<T FROM :I* IT FELL--?AT MAN SURELY MADE A SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]Y4 ,BUT ! P]SON :O W\LD COME AFT] HIM & ASS]T ?AT ! AM\NT ( RA9 FALL IS MEASUR$ BY ! FALL ( ! B>OMET] BEL[ ITS AV]AGE HEI<T1 OR ?AT ! SPACE ?R\< :I* A FALL+ BODY HAS PASS$ IS PROPORTIONAL TO ! TIME ( FALL & IS MEASUR$ BY IT1--?AT P]SON W\LD NOT ONLY TALK NONS5SE1 BUT W\LD PROVE BY HIS V]Y WORDS ?AT ! ME?OD ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* IS ABSOLUTELY /RANGE TO HIM2 ?AT HIS WORK IS UNSCI5TIFIC1 FULL AS IT MAY BE ( SCI5TIFIC EXPRESSIONS4 ,! ABS5CE ( DATA IS1 CLE>LY1 NO EXCUSE4 ,HUNDR$S1 IF NOT ?\S&S1 ( SIMIL> RELATION%IPS >E KN[N TO SCI5CE 9 :I* WE SEE ! DEP5D5CE ( ONE MAGNITUDE UPON ANO!R--= EXAMPLE1 ! RECOIL ( A CANNON DEP5D+ UPON ! QUANTITY ( P[D] 9 ! *>GE1 OR ! GR[? ( A PLANT DEP5D+ UPON ! AM\NT ( HEAT OR LI<T RECEIV$ BY IT2 BUT NO SCI5TIFIC MAN WILL PRESUME TO AFFIRM ! PROPORTIONALITY ( !SE MAGNITUDES )\T HAV+ 9VE/IGAT$ !IR RELATIONS QUANTITATIVELY1 & /ILL LESS W\LD HE REPRES5T ?IS PROPORTIONALITY AS A SCI5TIFIC LAW4 ,9 MO/ 9/ANCES ! DEP5D5CE IS V]Y COMPLEX--AS IT IS1 9DE$1 9 ! !ORY ( VALUE4 ,! NECESS>Y AM\NT ( LABOR & VALUE >E BY NO MEANS PROPORTIONAL4 

,! SAME REM>K REF]S TO ALMO/ EV]Y ECONOMIC DOCTR9E ?AT IS CURR5T TO-DAY 9 C]TA9 CIRCLES & IS BE+ PRES5T$ ) WOND]FUL NAIVETY AS AN 9V>IABLE LAW4 ,WE NOT ONLY F9D MO/ ( !SE SO-CALL$ LAWS GROSSLY ]RONE\S1 BUT MA9TA9 ALSO ?AT ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 !M WILL !MSELVES BECOME CONV9C$ ( !IR ]ROR AS SOON AS !Y COME TO SEE ! NECESSITY ( V]IFY+ !IR QUANTITATIVE D$UCTIONS BY QUANTITATIVE 9VE/IGATION4 

,MOREOV]1 ! :OLE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY APPE>S TO US 9 A DIFF]5T LI<T FROM ?AT 9 :I* IT IS SE5 BY MOD]N ECONOMI/S ( BO? ! MIDDLE-CLASS & ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC CAMPS4 ,! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD 7! ME?OD ( NATURAL SCI5TIFIC 9DUCTION7 BE+ UTT]LY UNKN[N TO !M1 !Y FAIL TO GIVE !MSELVES ANY DEF9ITE ACC\NT ( :AT CON/ITUTES 0A LAW ( NATURE10 AL?\< !Y DELI<T 9 US+ ! T]M4 ,!Y DO NOT KN[--OR IF !Y KN[ !Y CONT9UALLY =GET--?AT EV]Y LAW ( NATURE HAS A CONDITIONAL *>ACT]4 ,IT IS ALWAYS EXPRESS$ ?US3 0,IF C]TA9 CONDITIONS 9 NATURE MEET1 C]TA9 ?+S WILL HAPP540 0,IF ONE L9E 9T]SECTS ANO!R1 =M+ RI<T ANGLES ON BO? SIDES ( IT1 ! CONSEQU5CES WILL BE !SE OR ?OSE40 ,IF TWO BODIES >E ACT$ UPON BY SU* MOVEM5TS ONLY AS EXI/ 9 9T]/ELL> SPACE1 & !RE IS NO ?IRD BODY )9 MEASURABLE DI/ANCE ( !M1 !N !IR C5T]S ( GRAVITY WILL APPROA* EA* O!R AT A C]TA9 SPE$ 7! LAW ( GRAVITATION740 ,& SO ON4 ,9 EV]Y CASE !RE IS AN 0IF0--A CONDITION4 

,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS1 ALL ! SO-CALL$ LAWS & !ORIES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY >E 9 REALITY NO MORE ?AN /ATEM5TS ( ! FOLL[+ NATURE3 0,GRANT+ ?AT !RE >E ALWAYS 9 A C\NTRY A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O CANNOT SUBSI/ A MON?1 OR EV5 A =TNI<T1 )\T ACCEPT+ ! CONDITIONS ( WORK IMPOS$ UPON !M BY ! ,/ATE1 OR (F]$ TO !M BY ?OSE :OM ! ,/ATE RECOGNIZES AS [N]S ( L&1 FACTORIES1 RAILWAYS1 ETC41 !N ! RESULTS WILL BE SO & SO40 

,SO F> MIDDLE-CLASS POLITICAL ECONOMY HAS BE5 ONLY AN 5UM]ATION ( :AT HAPP5S UND] ! JU/-M5TION$ CONDITIONS--)\T DI/9CTLY /AT+ ! CONDITIONS !MSELVES4 ,& !N1 HAV+ DESCRIB$ ! FACTS :I* >ISE 9 \R SOCIETY UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 !Y REPRES5T TO US !SE FACTS AS RIGID1 9EVITABLE ECONOMIC LAWS4 ,AS TO SOCIALI/ POLITICAL ECONOMY1 AL?\< IT CRITICIZES SOME ( !SE D$UCTIONS1 OR EXPLA9S O!RS SOME:AT DIFF]5TLY1--IT HAS NOT YET BE5 ORIG9AL 5\< TO F9D A PA? ( ITS [N4 ,IT /ILL FOLL[S 9 ! OLD GROOVES1 & 9 MO/ CASES REPEATS ! V]Y SAME MI/AKES4 

,& YET1 9 \R OP9ION1 POLITICAL ECONOMY MU/ HAVE AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PROBLEM 9 VIEW4 ,IT \<T TO OCCUPY ) RESPECT TO HUMAN SOCIETIES A PLACE 9 SCI5CE SIMIL> TO ?AT HELD BY PHYSIOLOGY 9 RELATION TO PLANTS & ANIMALS4 ,IT MU/ BECOME ! PHYSIOLOGY ( SOCIETY4 ,IT %\LD AIM AT /UDY+ ! NE$S ( SOCIETY & ! V>I\S MEANS1 BO? HI!RTO US$ & AVAILABLE UND] ! PRES5T /ATE ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE1 = !IR SATISFACTION4 ,IT %\LD TRY TO ANALYZE H[ F> ! PRES5T MEANS >E EXP$I5T & SATISFACTORY1 ECONOMIC OR WA/EFUL & !N1 S9CE ! ULTIMATE 5D ( EV]Y SCI5CE 7AS ,BACON HAD ALREADY /AT$7 IS OBVI\SLY ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION TO LIFE1 IT %\LD CONC]N ITSELF ) ! DISCOV]Y ( MEANS = ! SATISFACTION ( !SE NE$S ) ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE WA/E ( LABOR & ) ! GREATE/ B5EFIT TO MANK9D 9 G5]AL4 ,SU* MEANS W\LD BE1 9 FACT1 M]E COROLL>IES FROM ! RELATIVE 9VE/IGATION M5TION$ ABOVE1 PROVID$ ?IS LA/ HAD BE5 MADE ON SCI5TIFIC L9ES4 

,IT WILL BE CLE>1 EV5 FROM ! HA/Y H9TS GIV5 ALREADY1 :Y IT IS ?AT WE COME TO CONCLUSIONS SO DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( ! MAJORITY ( ECONOMI/S1 BO? ( ! MIDDLE CLASS & ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC S*OOLS2 :Y WE DO NOT REG>D AS 0LAWS0 C]TA9 ( ! TEMPOR>Y RELATIONS PO9T$ \T BY !M2 :Y WE EXP\ND SOCIALISM 5TIRELY DIFF]5TLY2 & :Y1 AFT] /UDY+ ! T5D5CIES & DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( DIFF]5T NATIONS1 WE COME TO SU* RADICALLY DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS AS REG>DS ?AT :I* IS DESIRABLE & POSSIBLE2 :Y WE COME TO ,FREE ,COMMUNISM1 :ILE ! MAJORITY ( SOCIALI/S >RIVE AT ,/ATE-CAPITALISM & ,COLLECTIVISM4 

,P]HAPS WE >E WRONG & !Y >E RI<T4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO ASC]TA9 :O IS RI<T1 IT WILL NOT DO EI!R TO QUOTE ?IS & ?AT AU?ORITY1 TO REF] TO ,HEGEL'S TRILOGY1 OR TO >GUE BY ! 0DIALECTIC ME?OD40 ,?IS QUE/ION CAN BE SETTL$ ONLY BY TAK+ UP ! /UDY ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS AS FACTS ( NATURAL SCI5CE4#c 

,PURSU+ ! SAME ME?OD1 ,AN>*ISM >RIVES ALSO AT ITS [N CONCLUSIONS CONC]N+ ! ,/ATE4 ,IT C\LD NOT RE/ CONT5T ) CURR5T METAPHYSICAL ASS]TIONS LIKE ! FOLL[+3 

0,! ,/ATE IS ! AFFIRMATION ( ! IDEA ( ! HI<E/ ,JU/ICE 9 ,SOCIETY20 OR 0,! ,/ATE IS ! 9/IGATION & ! 9/RUM5T ( PROGRESS20 OR1 0)\T ! ,/ATE1 ,SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE40 ,AN>*ISM HAS APPROA*$ ! /UDY ( ! ,/ATE EXACTLY 9 ! MANN] ! NATURALI/ APPROA*ES ! /UDY ( SOCIAL LIFE AMONG BEES & ANTS1 OR AMONG ! MIGRATORY BIRDS :I* HAT* !IR Y\NG ON ! %ORES ( SUB->CTIC LAKES4 ,IT W\LD BE USELESS TO REPEAT H]E ! CONCLUSIONS TO :I* ?IS /UDY HAS BR\<T US ) REF]5CE TO ! HI/ORY ( ! DIFF]5T POLITICAL =MS 7& TO !IR DESIRABLE OR PROBABLE EVOLUTION 9 ! FUTURE72 IF ,I W]E TO DO SO1 ,I %\LD HAVE TO REPEAT :AT HAS BE5 WRITT5 BY ,AN>*I/S FROM ! TIME ( ,GODW91 & :AT MAY BE F\ND1 ) ALL NECESS>Y EXPLANATIONS1 9 A :OLE S]IES ( BOOKS & PAMPHLETS4 

,I WILL SAY ONLY ?AT ! ,/ATE IS A =M ( SOCIAL LIFE :I* HAS DEVELOP$ 
9 \R ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( A S]IES ( CAUSES1#d ONLY S9CE ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,BE=E ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ! ,/ATE1 9 ITS ,ROMAN =M1 DID NOT EXI/--OR1 MORE EXACTLY1 IT EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! M9DS ( ! HI/ORIANS :O TRACE ! G5EALOGY ( ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY TO ,RURIK & ?AT ( ,FRANCE TO ! ,M]OV+IAN K+S4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,/ATE 7,/ATE-,JU/ICE1 ,/ATE-,*UR*1 ,/ATE-,>MY7 
& ,CAPITALISM >E1 9 \R OP9ION1 9SEP>ABLE CONCEPTS4 ,9 HI/ORY 
!SE 9/ITUTIONS DEVELOP$ SIDE BY SIDE1 MUTUALLY SUPPORT+ & 
RE9=C+ EA* O!R4 ,!Y >E B\ND TOGE!R1 NOT BY A M]E 
CO9CID5CE ( CONTEMPORANE\S DEVELOPM5T1 BUT BY ! BOND ( CAUSE 
& EFFECT1 EFFECT & CAUSE4 ,?US1 ! ,/ATE APPE>S TO US AS A 
SOCIETY = ! MUTUAL 9SURANCE ( ! L&LORD1 ! W>RIOR1 ! 
JUDGE1 & ! PRIE/1 CON/ITUT$ 9 ORD] TO 5ABLE EV]Y ONE ( 
!M TO ASS]T HIS RESPECTIVE AU?ORITY OV] ! PEOPLE & TO EXPLOIT 
! POOR4 ,TO CONTEMPLATE ! DE/RUCTION ( ,CAPITALISM )\T ! 
ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE--?\< ! LATT] WAS CREAT$ SOLELY = ! 
PURPOSE ( FO/]+ ,CAPITALISM & HAS GR[N UP ALONGSIDE ( IT--IS 
JU/ AS ABSURD1 9 \R OP9ION1 AS IT IS TO HOPE ?AT ! EMANCIPATION 
( ! LABOR] WILL BE ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< ! ACTION ( ! 
,*RI/IAN *UR* OR ( ,CAES>ISM4 ,MANY SOCIALI/S ( ! ?IRTIES & 
=TIES1 & EV5 ! FIFTIES1 HOP$ = ?IS2 BUT = US1 :O HAVE 
5T]$ UPON ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 IT IS RIDICUL\S TO *]I% SU* 
HOPES AS ?IS6 

,FOOTNOTES 

  

#a 

0,COMPULSORY >BITRATION0--,:AT A GL>+ CONTRADICTION6 

#b,I AM NOT QUOT+ AN IMAG9>Y EXAMPLE1 BUT  
ONE TAK5 FROM A CORRESPOND5CE :I* ,I HAVE REC5TLY C>RI$ ON ) A ,G]MAN  
DOCTOR ( LAW4 

#c,A FEW EXTRACTS FROM A LETT] WRITT5 BY A R5[N$ ,BELGIAN BIOLOGI/ & RECEIV$ :5 !SE L9ES W]E 9 PR9T1 WILL HELP ME TO MAKE MY MEAN+ CLE>] BY A LIV+ ILLU/RATION4 ,! LETT] WAS NOT 9T5D$ = PUBLICATION1 & !RE=E ,I DO NOT NAME ITS AU?OR3 0,! FUR!R ,I READ .<SU* & SU* A WORK.>--HE WRITES--! SUR] ,I BECOME ?AT N[ADAYS ONLY ?OSE >E CAPABLE ( /UDY+ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL QUE/IONS :O HAVE /UDI$ ! NATURAL SCI5CES & HAVE BECOME IMBU$ ) !IR SPIRIT4 ,?OSE :O HAVE RECEIV$ ONLY A SO-CALL$ CLASSICAL $UCATION >E NO LONG] ABLE TO UND]/& ! PRES5T 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T & >E EQUALLY 9CAPABLE ( /UDY+ A MASS ( SOCIAL QUE/IONS4 4 4 4 4 ,! IDEA ( ! 9TEGRATION ( LABOR & ( DIVISION ( LABOR 9 TIME ONLY .<! IDEA ?AT IT W\LD BE EXP$I5T = SOCIETY TO HAVE EV]Y P]SON CULTIVAT+ ! L& & FOLL[+ 9DU/RIAL & 9TELLECTUAL PURSUITS 9 TURN1 ?US V>Y+ HIS LABOR & BECOM+ A V>I\SLY-DEVELOP$ 9DIVIDUAL.> WILL BECOME 9 TIME ONE ( ! CORN]/ONES ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE4 ,A NUMB] ( BIOLOGICAL FACTS >E 9 H>MONY ) ! ?\<T JU/ UND]L9$1 :I* %[S ?AT WE >E H]E DEAL+ ) A LAW ( NATURE .<?AT 9 NATURE1 9 O!R WORDS1 AN ECONOMY ( =CES MAY FREQU5TLY RESULT 9 ?IS WAY.>4 ,IF WE EXAM9E ! VITAL FUNCTIONS ( ANY LIV+ BE+ AT DIFF]5T P]IODS ( ITS LIFE1 & EV5 AT DIFF]5T TIMES ( ! YE>1 & SOMETIMES AT DIFF]5T MOM5TS ( ! DAY1 WE F9D ! APPLICATION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 TIME1 :I* IS 9SEP>ABLY CONNECT$ ) ! DIVISION ( LABOR AMONG ! DIFF]5T ORGANS 7! LAW ( ,ADAM ,SMI?74  

0,SCI5TIFIC PEOPLE UNACQUA9T$ ) ! NATURAL SCI5CES1>E FREQU5TLY UNABLE TO UND]/& ! TRUE MEAN+ ( A LAW ( NATURE2 ! WORD LAW BL9DS !M1 & !Y IMAG9E ?AT LAWS1 LIKE ?AT ( ,ADAM ,SMI?1 HAVE A FATALI/IC P[] FROM :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO RID ONESELF4 ,:5 !Y >E %[N ! REV]SE SIDE ( ?IS LA/--! SAD RESULTS ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( DEVELOPM5T & P]SONAL HAPP9ESS1--!Y ANSW]3 ?IS IS AN 9EXORABLE LAW1 & SOMETIMES !Y GIVE ?IS ANSW] SO (F-H&$LY ?AT !Y !REBY BETRAY !IR BELIEF 9 A K9D ( 9FALLIBILITY4 ,! NATURALI/1 H[EV]1 KN[S ?AT SCI5CE CAN P>ALYZE ! H>MFUL CONSEQU5CES ( A LAW2 ?AT FREQU5TLY HE :O GOES AGA9/ NATURE W9S ! VICTORY4 

0,! =CE ( GRAVITY COMPELS BODIES TO FALL1 BUT IT ALSO COMPELS ! BALLOON TO RISE4 ,TO US ?IS SEEMS SO CLE>2 BUT ! ECONOMI/S ( ! CLASSICAL S*OOL APPE> TO F9D IT DIFFICULT TO UND]/& ! FULL MEAN+ ( ?IS OBS]VATION4 

0,! LAW ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 TIME WILL C\NT]-BALANCE ! LAW ( ,ADAM ,SMI?1 & WILL P]MIT ! 9TEGRATION ( LABOR TO BE REA*$ BY EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL40 

#d,AN ANALYSIS ( :I* MAY BE 
F\ND--SAY--9 ! PAMPHLET1 0 ,! ,/ATE & ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE 0 
7,FRE$OM PAMPHLETS74 

7,S\RCE3 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,DAVID ,A4 ,MODELL & PUBLI%$ BY ,! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE ,CLUB ( ,PHILADELPHIA 9 #a#i#c47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aib 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/