,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION & ,EVALUATION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY ,TEXT 3 ,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID IS USUALLY1 & RID TO SAY :E!R ?IS CLASSIC CAN BE CONSID]$ HIS BE/1 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT IT IS PROBABLY HIS MO/ FAM\S & ONE ( HIS MO/ WIDELY READ4 ,SUFFICE TO SAY1 ?AT IT IS R>ELY \T ( PR9T TE/IFIES TO ITS IMPORTANCE AS WELL AS ! QUALITY & TIMELESSNESS ( ITS MESSAGE4 ,IT IS (T5 CALL$ AN AN>*I/ CLASSIC4 ,?IS IS NOT 5TIRELY ACCURATE4 ,YES1 IT IS A CLASSIC & IT WAS WRITT5 BY AN AN>*I/1 9DE$ ! LEAD+ AN>*I/ ?9K] ( ! TIME4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT A BOOK AB\T AN>*ISM4 ,IT IS1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 A WORK ( POPUL> SCI5CE1 A 0BE/-SELL+ WORK10 :I* MADE COOP]ATION 0WELL KN[N 9 LAY SOCIETY0 :ILE 5SUR+ IT W\LD 0BE DISCUSS$ AMONG BIOLOGI/S 9 ! FOLL[+ DECADES40.<#a.> ,IT WAS AIM$ AT REBUTT+ ! MISUSE ( EVOLUTION>Y !ORY TO JU/IFY ! /ATUS QUO1 BUT ITS SYN!SIS ( ZOOLOGICAL1 AN?ROPOLOGICAL1 HI/ORICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL DATA A*IEV$ F> MORE &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ITS 9FLU5CE IS GREAT4 0,IT IS >GUABLE ?AT ( ALL ! BOOKS ON COOP]ATION WRITT5 BY BIOLOGI/S10 SUGGE/S ,LEE ,ALAN ,DUGATK9 ,PR(ESSOR ( ,EVOLUTION>Y ,BIOLOGY AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,L\ISVILLE1 0,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID HAD ! MO/ PR(\ND AFFECT ON BIOLOGI/S1 SOCIAL SCI5TI/S1 & LAYM5 ALIKE40.<#b.> ,AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,A%LEY ,MONTAGU D$ICAT$ HIS BOOK ,D>W91 ,COMPETITION & ,COOP]ATION1 TO ,KROPOTK91 /AT+ IT WAS A 0CLASSIC0 & 0NO BOOK 9 ! :OLE REALM ( EVOLUTION>Y !ORIES IS MORE READABLE OR MORE IMPORTANT1 = IT IS ,MUTUAL ,AID :I* PROVIDES ! FIR/ ?OR\ ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT AN>*ISM PLAYS NO P>T 9 IT NOR ?AT IT HOLDS NO?+ ( 9T]E/ = AN>*I/S OR AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,F> FROM IT6 ,! V]Y MODE ( ANALYSIS1 ! LOOK+ 9TO MUTUAL AID T5D5CIES ( EV]YDAY LIFE IS 9H]5TLY LIB]T>IAN4 ,IT FL[S FROM ! 0BOTTOM-UP0 & IS ROOT$ 9 POPUL> HI/ORY4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 IT IS DOCUM5T$ ) ! SKILL ( A TAL5T$ SCI5TI/ &1 9 ?IS1 IT IS SOME:AT UNUSUAL4 ,IT IS (T5 NOT$ ?AT ,PR\DHON1 ! F\ND+ FA!R ( AN>*ISM1 WAS UNIQUE 9 BE+ A SOCIALI/ ?9K] :O WAS ALSO WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,KROPOTK91 HE WAS ONE ( ! FEW SOCIALI/ ?9K]S :O WAS A TRA9$ SCI5TI/1 AN EXTREMELY GIFT$ ONE ACCORD+ TO HIS PE]S4 ,?IS $UCATION 9 ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD CAN BE SE5 FROM ALL HIS WORK1 BUT MO/ OBVI\SLY 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,GIV5 ?AT ?IS WORK IS PROBABLY ! BE/ KN[N BY NON-AN>*I/S1 IT IS USEFUL TO PLACE IT 9TO ! CONTEXT ( HIS REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS AS WELL AS EVALUAT+ H[ WELL IT HAS SURVIV$ ADVANCES 9 SCI5CE4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 ,KROPOTK9'S LIFE WILL BE T\*$ UPON1 AS WELL AS ! 0LIFE0 ( HIS BOOK1 ITS ORIG9S & 9FLU5CES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! V>I\S MY?S :I* HAVE >IS5 AB\T ,MUTUAL ,AID WILL BE DISCUSS$ & DEBUNK$4 ,BY SO DO+1 IT WILL BECOME CLE> :Y ?IS BOOK IS CONSID]$ SO IMPORTANT BY BO? AN>*I/S & NON-AN>*I/S ALIKE4 ,! ,AN>*I/ =M]LY KN[N AS ,PR9CE ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 WAS BORN 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #ahdb )9 A ROYAL FAMILY ?AT C\LD TRACE ITS ORIG9S TO ! F\ND]S ( ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME4 ,AT ! AGE ( FIFTE51 HE 5T]$ ! ,CORPS ( ,PAGES 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 AN ELITE ,C\RT 9/ITUTION ATTA*$ TO ! IMP]IAL H\SEHOLD4 ,KROPOTK91 LIKE ,BAKUN9 BE=E HIM1 BECAME 9T]E/$ 9 POLITICS & SOCIAL ISSUES AS WELL AS SCI5CE4 ,9 #ahfb HE WAS PROMOT$ TO ! >MY &1 UTILIZ+ ! PRIVILEGE ?AT MEMB]S ( ! ,CORPS C\LD *OOSE !IR REGIM5T1 HE DECID$ TO JO9 A ,SIB]IAN ,COSSACK REGIM5T 9 ! REC5TLY ANNEX$ ,AMUR DI/RICT4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ,KROPOTK9 ACCEPT$ *>GE ( A GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY EXP$ITION1 CROSS+ ,NOR? ,MAN*URIA FROM ,TRANSBAIKALIA TO ! ,AMUR1 & %ORTLY AFT]W>DS WAS ATTA*$ TO ANO!R EXP$ITION :I* PROCE$$ UP ! ,SUNG>I ,RIV] 9TO ! HE>T ( ,MAN*URIA4 ,KROPOTK9 US$ BO? EXP$ITIONS TO PURSUE HIS SCI5TIFIC 9T]E/S1 YIELD+ VALUABLE GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS4 ,?IS1 COMB9$ ) ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( OBTA9+ ANY REAL RE=MS 9 ,SIB]IA1 9DUC$ HIM TO DEVOTE HIMSELF ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ?IS HIMY 9 #a#h#f#g1 HE RETURN$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO BEG9 UNIV]SITY &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 BECAME ! SECRET>Y ( ! PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY SECTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY4 ,9 #ahgc HE PUBLI%$ A PAP] 9 :I* HE PROV$ ?AT ! EXI/+ MAPS ( ,ASIA MISREPRES5T$ ! PHYSICAL =MATION ( ! C\NTRY1 ! MA9 /RUCTURAL L9ES BE+ 9 FACT FROM S\?-WE/ TO NOR?-EA/1 NOT FROM NOR? TO S\?1 OR FROM EA/ TO WE/ AS HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY SUPPOS$4 ,9 #a#h#g#a1 :ILE EXPLOR+ GLACIAL DEPOSITS 9 ,F9L& & ,SW$5 = ! ,RUSSIAN ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY1 HE WAS ASK$ TO BE ITS SECRET>Y4 ,H[EV]1 HIS GR[+ SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS MADE HIM REFUSE ! (F]1 9/EAD BECOM+ A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ & AGITATOR = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,US+ ! PRIVILEGES ( HIS SCI5TIFIC POSITION1 HE VISIT$ ,SWITZ]L& 9 #ahgb & JO9$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,I,W,M,A74 ,VISIT+ ! LIB]T>IAN ,JURA F$]ATION1 HE QUICKLY CONCLUD$ ?AT 0MY VIEWS UPON SOCIALISM W]E SETTL$4 ,I WAS AN AN>*I/40.<#d.> ,ON RETURN+ TO ,RUSSIA1 HE TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 SPREAD+ REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A ?R\< ! ,CIRCLE ( ,T*AIKOVSKY1 BE+ >RE/$ 9 #ahgd = HIS ACTIVITIES4 ,HE ESCAP$ TWO YE>S LAT]1 W5T 9TO EXILE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & BECAME A1 IF NOT !1 LEAD+ EXPON5T ( ! COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM :I* WAS REPLAC+ ,BAKUN9'S COLLECTIVI/-AN>*ISM AS ! DOM9ANT !ORY 9 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 7A POSITION IT HOLDS TO ?IS DAY7.<#e.>4 ,AS WELL AS $IT+ ! AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] ,LE ,REVOLTE1 HE WROTE NUM]\S >TICLES & REVOLUTION>Y PAMPHLETS4 ,DUE TO PRESSURE FROM ! ,RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR1 HE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,SWITZ]L& 9 #ahha AFT] ATT5D+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ CONF]5CE 9 ,LONDON4 ,EV5TUALLY ,KROPOTK9 SETTL$ 9 ,FRANCE & WAS SOON >RE/$ AS P>T ( A G5]AL CRACKD[N ON ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,AFT] A TRIAL 9 ,LYONS 9 #a#h#h#c1 :I* WAS UTILIZ$ BY ! #ec DEF5DANTS TO EXP\ND !IR AN>*I/ IDEAS1 HE WAS GIV5 A FIVE-YE> PRISON S5T5CE4 ,! ,POLICE ,CORRECTIONAL ,C\RT O/5SIBLY CLAIM$ ?IS WAS = BE+ A MEMB] ( AN ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,I,W,M,A 7:I* HAD BE5 \TLAW$ AFT] ! BRUTAL REPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE74 ,AFT] REPEAT$ 9T]NATIONAL CAMPAIGNS1 HE WAS RELEAS$ 9 #ahhf & SETTL$ 9 ,5GL& :]E HE HELP$ F\ND ! AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] ,FRE$OM1 CONTRIBUT+ TO ! AN>*I/ & NON-AN>*I/ PRESS1 WRIT+ BOOKS 7SU* AS ,MUTUAL ,AID & ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION71 PRODUC+ AN>*I/ PAMPHLETS & SPEAK+ AT SOCIALI/ & TRADE UNION EV5TS ACROSS ,BRITA9 & ELSE:]E4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g1 AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION & ! SUBSEQU5T FALL ( ! ,CZ>4 ,CRITICAL ( ,L59'S REGIME1 HE SP5T HIS F9AL YE>S WORK+ ON HIS UNF9I%$ ,E?ICS & W>N+ ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD NOT TO FOLL[ ! MI/AKES BE+ MADE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HE DI$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#b#a1 & HIS FUN]AL WAS US$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS A F9AL PUBLIC PROTE/ AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK TYRANNY4 ,HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN>*ISM W]E SIGNIFICANT4 ,AS HIS FELL[ LEAD+ AN>*I/ & FRI5D ,]RICO ,MALATE/A PUT IT1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS 0)\T D\BT ONE ( ?OSE :O HAVE CONTRIBUT$ MO/ 444 TO ! ELABORATION & PROPAGATION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS0 & HAS 0WELL DES]V$ ! RECOGNITION & ! ADMIRATION ?AT ALL AN>*I/S FEEL = HIM40.<#f.> ,H[EV]1 HE WAS ALSO WELL KN[N AS A SCI5TI/ & WAS 0A NATURALI/ ( SOME R5[N1 ) SPECIALIZ$ 9T]E/ 9 GEOLOGY40.<#g.> ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! FACT ?AT AS WELL AS HIS JU/LY FAM\S 5TRY ON ,AN>*ISM1 HE ALSO CONTRIBUT$ MO/ ( ! ,RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL >TICLES TO ! ELEV5? $ITION ( ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA4 ,HIS OBITU>Y 9 ,! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,J\RNAL EXPRESS$ REGRET ?AT ,KROPOTK9'S 0ABSORPTION0 9 HIS POLITICAL VIEWS 0S]I\SLY DIM9I%$ ! S]VICES :I* O!RWISE HE MI ) ALL ! SCI5CES BE>+ ON HIS SUBJECT0 & HIS 0CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOGRAPHICAL SCI5CE >E ( ! HILY ATTRACTIVE P]SONALITY1 SYMPA!TIC NATURE1 A W>M BUT P]HAPS TOO T5D] HE>T1 & A WIDE KN[L$GE 9 LIT]ATURE1 SCI5CE1 & >T40.<#h.> ,SCI5CE'S LOSS WAS AN>*ISM'S GA94 ,D>W9'S ,BULLDOG & ,MUTUAL ,AID ,AS ,KROPOTK9 EXPLA9$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ! >TICLES ! BOOK WAS BAS$ ON W]E WRITT5 9 RESPONSE TO ,?OMAS ,H5RY ,HUXLEY'S 0,! ,/RUGGLE = ,EXI/5CE 9 ,HUMAN ,SOCIETY0 WRITT5 9 #a#h#h#h4 ,BO? ,HUXLEY'S ORIG9AL >TICLE & ,KROPOTK9'S REPLIES APPE>$ 9 ! J\RNAL ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4.<#i.> ,! S]IES ( REPLIES APPE>$ BETWE5 #ahi & #ahif & W]E EXP&$ TO =M ,MUTUAL ,AID 9 #a#i#b4 ,:ILE ,HUXLEY'S >TICLE IS (T5 PORTRAY$ AS PRES5T+ A 0,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/0 POSITION1 ?IS IS NOT TRUE4 ,9 FACT1 HE ADVOCAT$ NUM]\S /ATE 9T]V5TIONS :I* W\LD HORRIFY ANY ONE ACTUALLY HOLD+ ?AT POSITION AS WELL AS ANY SELF-RESPECT+ CLASSICAL LIB]AL ( ! TIME 7OR N[74 ,?AT /ATE ACTION TO HELP ?OSE WORSE AFFECT$ BY LAISSEZ-FAIRE WAS 0NOT ONLY DESIRABLE FROM A PHILAN?ROPIC PO9T ( VIEW1 BUT AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( SAFE 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 APPE>S TO ME TO BE 9DISPUTABLE10 ,HUXLEY >GU$4 ,A NATION ?AT PURSU$ A 0,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/0 POSITION W\LD SOON SELF-DE/RUCT & :AT WAS NE$$ WAS /ATE 9T]V5TION TO 5SURE 0A POPULATION ! LABOR ( :I* IS SUFFICI5TLY REMUN]AT$0 SO IT MAY BE 0PHYSICALLY & MORALLY HEAL?Y & SOCIALLY /ABLE40 ,)9 REASON1 ( C\RSE1 AS 0A MOD]ATE PRICE ( LABOR0 WAS 0ESS5TIAL TO \R SUCCESS AS COMPETITORS 9 ! M>KETS ( ! WORLD40 ,H[EV]1 ,HUXLEY DREW !SE CONCLUSIONS FROM AN >GUM5T ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY WAS MA9TA9$ AGA9/ \R NATURAL 9/9CTS1 :I* WAS 0,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/0 AT ITS CORE3 0,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! MORALI/ ! ANIMAL WORLD IS ON AB\T ! SAME LEVEL AS A GLADIATOR'S %[4 ,! CREATURES >E FAIRLY WELL TREAT$1 & SET TO FIT] IS GIV540 ,?IS ALSO APPLI$ TO HUMAN SOCIETY & 0SO AMONG PRIMITIVE M51 ! WEAKE/ & /UPIDE/ W5T TO ! WALL1 :ILE ! T\Y RELATIONS ( ! FAMILY1 ! ,HOBBESIAN W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL WAS ! NORMAL /ATE ( EXI/5CE40 ,E?ICS W]E AN >TIFICIAL CREATION1 :I* >E 9 CONTRADICTION TO 0! DEEP-SEAT$ ORGANIC IMPULSES :I* IMPEL ! NATURAL MAN TO FOLL[ HIS NON-MORAL C\RSE40 ,?IS SUGGE/$ ?AT CIVILIZATION WAS A FRAGILE CREATION1 BUILT AGA9/ ! NATURAL /ATE ( HUMANITY & ANIMAL LIFE3 0,! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION - ?AT IS1 ( SOCIETY - ON ! O!R H&1 IS ! RECORD ( ! ATTEMPTS :I* ! HUMAN RACE HAS MADE TO ESCAPE FROM ?IS POSITION4 ,! FIR/ M5 :O SUB/ITUT$ ! /ATE ( MUTUAL PEACE = ?AT ( MUTUAL W>1 :ATEV] ! MOTIVE :I* IMPELL$ !M TO TAKE ?AT /EP1 CREAT$ SOCIETY40 ,KROPOTK9 CONSID]$ ,HUXLEY'S SPECULATION AS 0ATROCI\S0.<#a.>1 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION TO ! FACTS ( BO? NATURE & HI/ORY4 ,HE W\LD ALSO HAVE TAK5 UMBRAGE AT CLAIMS ?AT ! ,/ATE WAS M]ELY 0! PEOPLE 9 !IR CORPORATE CAPACITY0 & ! ,MAL?USIAN ASS]TION ?AT SO LONG AS 0UNLIMIT$ MULTIPLICATION GOES ON1 NO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* HAS EV] BE5 DEVIS$ 444 NO FIDDLE-FADDL+ ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 WILL DELIV] SOCIETY FROM ! T5D5CY TO BE DE/ROY$ BY ! REPRODUCTION )9 ITSELF40 ,AS WELL AS ITS CRUDELY 9ACCURATE ASSUMPTIONS ON 0NATURE01 P>TICUL>LY ( E>LY HUMAN LIFE1 !RE IS ALSO ITS OBVI\S /ATI/ IMPLICATION4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF 0CIVILIZATION0 REQUIRES ! D5IAL ( 0NATURAL MAN0 !N H[ IS ?IS TO BE A*IEV$1 UNLESS BY CO]CION BY ! /ATE8 ,& IF \R SOCIAL PROBLEMS >E AT ROOT BIOLOGICAL1 :AT NE$ IS !RE = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION8 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 EXPLA9$ 9 AN AN>*I/ ESSAY WRITT5 AFT] ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ,HUXLEY'S POSITION LIKE 0ALL \R RELIGI\S1 HI/ORICAL1 JURIDICAL1 & SOCIAL $UCATION IS IMBU$ ) ! IDEA ?AT HUMAN BE+S1 IF LEFT TO !MSELVES1 W\LD REV]T TO SAVAG]Y2 ?AT )\T AU?ORITY M5 W\LD EAT ONE ANO!R2 = NO?+1 !Y SAY1 CAN BE EXPECT$ FROM ! 'MULTITUDE' BUT BRUTI%NESS & ! W>R+ ( EA* AGA9/ ALL4 ,M5 W\LD P]I% IF ABOVE !M SO>$ NOT ! ELECT 444 ,!SE SAVIORS PREV5T1 WE >E TOLD1 ! BATTLE ( ALL AGA9/ ALL40 ,?IS1 HE >GU$1 WAS NONS5SE AS 0A SCI5TIFIC /UDY ( SOCIETIES & 9/ITUTIONS BR+S US TO QUITE DIFF]5T VIEWS4 ,IT PROVES ?AT USAGES & CU/OMS CREAT$ BY MANK9D = ! SAKE ( MUTUAL AID1 MUTUAL DEF5SE1 & PEACE 9 G5]AL1 W]E PRECISELY ELABORAT$ BY ! 'NAMELESS MULTITUDE4' ,& IT WAS !SE CU/OMS ?AT 5ABL$ MAN TO SURVIVE 9 HIS /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 9 ! MID/ ( EXTREMELY H>D NATURAL CONDITIONS40 ,! NOTION ?AT ! /ATE WAS M]ELY ! 9/RUM5T ( ! PEOPLE IS H>DLY SUPPORT$ BY HI/ORY NOR CURR5T PRACTICE1 = :AT ! /ATE & ITS LAWS HAVE DONE IS TO 0FIX1 OR RA!R TO CRY/ALLIZE 9 A P]MAN5T =M1 SU* CU/OMS AS ALREADY W]E 9 EXI/5CE0 & ADD+ TO !M 0SOME NEW RULES - RULES ( 9EQUALITY & S]VILE SUBMISSION ( ! MASSES 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! >M$ RI* & ! W>LIKE M9ORITIES40.<#a#a.> ,HUXLEY'S POSITION1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 WAS SOME:AT SELF-CONTRADICTORY4 ,IF1 AS HE SUGGE/S1 0NATURAL0 MAN IS 9H]5TLY AGGRESSIVE & NE$S ! /ATE TO KEEP HIM 9 *ECK !N :Y >E \R RUL]S1 ?OSE 9 *>GE ( ! /ATE1 EXCEPTIONS TO ?IS 0HUMAN NATURE08 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ELSE:]E1 0:ILE \R OPPON5TS SEEM TO ADMIT !RE IS A K9D ( SALT ( ! E>? - ! RUL]S1 ! EMPLOY]S1 ! LEAD]S - :O1 HAPPILY 5\<1 PREV5T ?OSE BAD M5 - ! RUL$1 ! EXPLOIT$1 ! L$ - FROM BECOM+ /ILL WORSE ?AN !Y >E0 WE AN>*I/S 0MA9TA9 ?AT BO? RUL]S & RUL$ >E SPOIL$ BY AU?ORITY0 & 0BO? EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$ >E SPOIL$ BY EXPLOITATION40 ,SO 0!RE IS . DIFF]5CE1 & A V]Y IMPORTANT ONE4 ,WE ADMIT ! IMP]FECTIONS ( HUMAN NATURE1 BUT WE MAKE NO EXCEPTION = ! RUL]S4 ,!Y MAKE IT1 AL?\< SOMETIMES UNCONSCI\SLY1 & BECAUSE WE MAKE NO SU* EXCEPTION1 !Y SAY ?AT WE >E DREAM]S40.<#a#b.> ,MOREOV]1 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$1 IF 0! ONLY LESSON ,NATURE GIVES TO MAN IS ONE ( EVIL1 !N .<,HUXLEY.> NECESS>ILY HAS TO ADMIT ! EXI/5CE ( SOME O!R1 EXTRA-NATURAL 444 9FLU5CE :I* 9SPIRES MAN ) CONCEPTIONS ( 'SUPREME GOOD'0 :I* 0NULLIFIES HIS [N ATTEMPT AT EXPLA9+ EVOLUTION BY ! ACTION ( NATURAL =CES ONLY40.<#a#c.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,HUXLEY LIMITS ! P[] ( EVOLUTION>Y !ORY BY EXCLUD+ HUMANS & !IR CULTURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION FROM IT4.<#a#d.> ,IF HUMAN NATURE IS SO BAD1 !N GIV+ SOME PEOPLE P[] OV] O!RS & HOP+ ?IS WILL LEAD TO JU/ICE & FRE$OM IS HOPELESSLY UTOPIAN4 ,9DE$1 ! SO-CALL$ 0CIVILIZ$0 NATIONS HAVE USUALLY BE5 F> MORE 0SAVAGE0 & 0B>B>IC01 BO? 9T]NALLY & EXT]NALLY1 ?AN ?OSE SOCIETIES !Y HAVE >ROGANTLY LABEL$ SO4 ,&1 AS ,KROPOTK9 NOT$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 A SO-CALL$ 0SAVAGE0 W\LD HAVE BE5 %OCK$ BY H[ ! RI* TREAT$ ! POOR.<#a#e.> - ASSUM+ ?AT !Y SURVIV$ ! (T5 G5OCIDAL IMP]IALISM 9FLICT$ ON !M BY ! 0CIVILIZ$40 ,SO ,KROPOTK9 C\LD ONLY VIEW ,HUXLEY'S ESSAY AS LITTLE MORE ?AN UNSUB/ANTIAT$ ASS]TION 70A V]Y 9CORRECT REPRES5TATION ( ! FACTS ( ,NATURE0.<#a#f.>71 MISUS+ SCI5CE TO JU/IFY AN OPPRESSIVE & UNJU/ SOCIAL SY/EM & SIMPLY REFLECT+ ! 7RE=MI/-5D ( !7 DOM9ANT POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CULTURE4 ,HIS [N RESE>* & EXP]I5CE 9DICAT$ AS MU*4 ,BE+ A TRA9$ SCI5TI/1 HE W5T \T TO PROVE IT - & SO :AT WAS TO BECOME ,MUTUAL ,AID WAS WRITT54 ,IT BECAME AN 9/ANT SUCCESS & A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO EVOLUTION>Y & AN?ROPOLOGICAL ?\W91 IT IS SOME:AT IRONIC ?AT ,D>W9 WAS 9SPIR$ TO DEVELOP HIS !ORY ( NATURAL SELECTION AFT] READ+ ,MAL?US'S 9FAM\S 0,AN ,ESSAY ON ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POPULATION0 7IT WAS1 ,D>W9 NOT$1 0! DOCTR9E ( ,MAL?US APPLI$ ) MANIFOLD =CES TO ! :OLE ANIMAL & VEGETABLE K+DOMS0.<#a#g.>74 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ,MAL?US 9FLICT$ HIS 0LAW ( POPULATION0 ONTO ! WORLD 9 RESPONSE TO ! IDEAS ( AN>*I/ ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 & O!R SOCIAL RE=M]S4.<#a#h.> ,?AT IS1 AN>*ISM1 9DIRECTLY1 9SPIR$ ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION :I*1 9 TURN1 WAS US$ BY ,KROPOTK9 TO 5RI* AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,MAL?US'S ESSAY WAS AN EXPLICIT ATTEMPT TO PROVE ?AT SOCIAL /RATIFICATION1 & SO ! /ATUS QUO1 WAS A 0LAW ( NATURE0 & ?AT POV]TY WAS ! FAULT ( ! POOR !MSELVES1 NOT ! FAULT ( AN UNJU/ & AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIO-ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,AS SU*1 ! 0!ORY0 WAS CREAT$ ) POLITICAL GOALS 9 M9D & AS A WEAPON 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 SUMM>IZ$1 IT WAS 0P]NICI\S0 9 ITS 9FLU5CE4 ,IT 0SUMM$ UP IDEAS ALREADY CURR5T 9 ! M9DS ( ! WEAL?-POSSESS+ M9ORITY0 & >OSE TO COMBAT ! 0IDEAS ( EQUALITY & LIB]TY0 AWAK5$ BY ! ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTIONS4 ,MAL?US ASS]T$ AGA9/ ,GODW9 0?AT NO EQUALITY IS POSSIBLE2 ?AT ! POV]TY ( ! MANY IS NOT DUE TO 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT IS A NATURAL LAW40 ,?IS MEANT HE 0?US GAVE ! RI* A K9D ( SCI5TIFIC >GUM5T AGA9/ ! IDEAS ( EQUALITY40 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS SIMPLY 0A PSEUDO-SCI5TIFIC0 ASS]TION :I* REFLECT$ 0! SECRET DESIRES ( ! WEAL?-POSSESS+ CLASSES0 & NOT A SCI5TIFIC HYPO!SIS4 ,?IS WAS OBVI\S AS TE*NOLOGY HAS 5SUR$ ?AT ,MAL?US'S FE>S >E 0GR\NDLESS0 :ILE !Y >E CONT9UALLY REPEAT$4.<#a#i.> ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 />T+ ) ,MAL?US1 ALL ! 0DOOMSDAY0 PROPHETS ( ! 0POPULATION BOMB0 HAVE BE5 PROV$ WRONG TIME & TIME AGA94 ,?AT ! !ORY WAS FUNDAM5TALLY IDEOLOGICAL 9 NATURE CAN BE SE5 FROM ,MAL?US HIMSELF4 ,9 CONTRA/1 & 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION TO HIS POPULATION 0!ORY10 AS AN ECONOMI/ ,MAL?US WAS WORRI$ AB\T ! DANG] ( OV]-PRODUCTION )9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,?IS WAS DRIV5 BY A DESIRE TO JU/IFY ! EXI/5CE ( ! >I/OCRATIC L&LORD CLASS1 :I* HAD BE5 SUBJECT TO MU* SCORN BY ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,DAVID ,RIC>DO & !IR FOLL[]S AS LITTLE MORE ?AN P>ASITIC CONSUM]S ( ! PRODUCTS ( ! 9DU/RI\S CLASSES 7CAPITALI/S & WORK]S74 ,= ,MAL?US1 ! L&LORD CLASS PROVID$ ! GREAT PUBLIC S]VICE ( MA9TA9+ AGGREGATE DEM& 9 ! FACE ( ANY DEFICITS CAUS$ BY CAPITALI/ SAV+S 7:I* MAY NOT IMM$IATELY TRANSLATE 9TO 9VE/M5T BUY+74 ,SO1 IRONICALLY1 HIS ECONOMICS WAS COMPLETELY AT ODDS ) HIS >GUM5TS AB\T POPULATION1 9 ONE ! DANG] IS UND]PRODUCTION :ILE 9 ! O!R IT IS OV]PRODUCTION4 ,ANTICIPAT+ C]TA9 !MES ( ,KEYNES1 ,MAL?US >GU$ ?AT EFFECTIVE DEM& HAD TO BE BOL/]$ & EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO >GUE = ! POOR TO BE EMPLOY$ 9 BUILD+ ROADS & PUBLIC WORKS6 ,NO M5TION ( 0EXCESS0 POPULATION !RE1 :I* 9DICATES WELL ! IDEOLOGICAL NATURE ( HIS OV]-POPULATION !ORY4 ,IT COMES AS NO SURPRISE ?AT HIS ECONOMICS WRIT+S FELL 9TO OBSCURITY4.<#b.> ,SO IT IS EASY TO EXPLA9 ! SUPPORT ,MAL?US & HIS ASS]TIONS GOT 9 SPITE ( ! LACK ( EMPIRICAL EVID5CE.<#b#a.> & ! SELF-CONTRADICTORY UTT]ANCES ( ITS 9V5TOR4 ,ITS UTILITY 9 PROVID+ A JU/IFICATION = ! 9HUMAN MIS]IES 9FLICT$ UPON ! ,BRITI% WORK+ CLASS BY 0ITS0 RUL+ CLASS ( >I/OCRATS & 9DU/RIALI/S WAS ! ONLY REASON :Y IT WAS GIV5 ! TIME ( DAY 70IT PROVID$ ! ,BRITI% RUL+ CLASS ) AN >GUM5T AGA9/ SOCIAL RE=M40.<#b#b.>74 ,?AT ! POPULATION MY?1 LIKE 0G5ETIC0 JU/IFICATIONS = RACE-1 CLASS- & G5D]-BAS$ OPPRESSION1 KEEPS APPE>+ OV] & OV] AGA91 EV5 AFT] EXT5SIVE EVID5CE HAS DISPROV$ IT1 9DICATES ITS USEFULNESS TO ! IDEOLOGICAL GU>DIANS ( ! E/ABLI%M5T4 ,P]HAPS UNSURPRIS+LY1 GIV5 ITS ROOTS1 0NATURAL SELECTION01 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! =M ( :AT BECAME KN[N AS ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 WAS ALSO SEIZ$ UPON TO USE AGA9/ WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE & SOCIAL RE=M AS WELL AS TO JU/IFY ELITE RULE4 ,?US #a#i? C5TURY CAPITALI/ ,JOHN ,D4 ,ROCKEFELL] ASS]T$ ?AT ! 0GR[? ( L>GE BUS9ESS IS M]ELY A SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/ 444 ,IT IS M]ELY ! WORK+-\T ( A LAW ( NATURE & A LAW ( ,GOD40 ,ANO!R1 ,&REW ,C>NEGIE1 PROCLAIM$ ?AT :ILE ! LAW ( NATURAL SELECTION 0MAY BE SOMETIMES H>D = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IT IS BE/ = ! RACE1 BECAUSE IT 9SURES ! SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/ 9 EV]Y DEP>TM5T4 ,WE ACCEPT & WELCOME1 !RE=E1 AS CONDITIONS TO :I* WE MU/ ACCOMMODATE \RSELVES1 GREAT 9EQUALITY ( 5VIRONM5T1 ! CONC5TRATION ( WEAL?1 BUS9ESS1 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL1 9 ! H&S ( A FEW1 & ! LAW ( COMPETITION BETWE5 !SE1 AS BE+ NOT ONLY B5EFICIAL1 BUT ESS5TIAL = ! FUTURE PROGRESS ( ! RACE40.<#b#c.> ,& :O CAN PROTE/ AGA9/ ,GOD'S LAW OR REBEL AGA9/ ,NATURE8 ,NOT$ SCI5TI/ ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD WAS RIE 0NOT PURE & UNSULLI$ BITS ( 9=MATION0 AS 0CULTURE ALSO 9FLU5CES :AT WE SEE & H[ WE SEE IT4 ,!ORIES1 MOREOV]1 >E NOT 9EXORABLE 9DUCTIONS FROM FACTS4 ,! MO/ CREATIVE !ORIES >E (T5 IMAG9ATIVE VISIONS IMPOS$ UPON FACTS2 ! S\RCE ( IMAG9ATION IS ALSO /RONGLY CULTURAL40 ,SCI5CE 0CANNOT ESCAPE ITS CURI\S DIALECTIC4 ,EMB$D$ 9 SURR\ND+ CULTURE1 IT CAN1 NONE!LESS1 BE A P[]FUL AG5T = QUE/ION+ & EV5 OV]TURN+ ASSUMPTIONS ?AT NURTURE IT 444 ,SCI5TI/S CAN /RUGGLE TO ID5TIFY ! CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS ( !IR TRADE & TO ASK H[ ANSW]S MITL$ COLLEAGUES TO CONFRONT UNQUE/ION$ PROC$URES40.<#b#d.> ,KROPOTK9'S WORK MU/ BE SE5 9 ?IS LID EVID5CE1 ! CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS AT ! HE>T ( ! ,D>W9ISM ( HIS DAY4 ,9 ITS MO/ EXTREME =M1 ?IS BECAME 0,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM0 :I* 7LIKE MU* ( SOCIOBIOLOGY TODAY7 PROCE$S BY FIR/ PROJECT+ ! DOM9ANT IDEAS ( CURR5T SOCIETY ONTO NATURE 7(T5 UNCONSCI\SLY1 SO ?AT SCI5TI/S MI/AK5LY CONSID] ! IDEAS 9 QUE/ION AS BO? 0NORMAL0 & 0NATURAL074.<#b#e.> ,AN>*I/ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 REF]R$ TO ?IS AS 0! SUBTLE PROJECTION ( HI/ORICALLY CONDITION$ HUMAN VALUES0 ONTO NATURE RA!R ?AN 0SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY40 ,!N ! !ORIES ( NATURE PRODUC$ 9 ?IS MANN] >E TRANSF]R$ BACK ONTO SOCIETY & HI/ORY1 BE+ US$ TO 0PROVE0 ?AT ! PR9CIPLES ( CAPITALISM 7HI]>*Y1 AU?ORITY1 COMPETITION1 ETC47 >E ET]NAL LAWS1 :I* >E !N APPEAL$ TO AS A JU/IFICATION = ! /ATUS QUO6 0,:AT ?IS PROC$URE DOES ACCOMPLI%10 NOT$ ,BOOK*91 0IS RE9=CE HUMAN SOCIAL HI]>*IES BY JU/IFY+ ! COMM& ( M5 & WOM5 AS 9NATE FEATURES ( ! 'NATURAL ORD]4' ,HUMAN DOM9ATION IS !REBY TRANSCRIB$ 9TO ! G5ETIC CODE AS BIOLOGICALLY IMMUTABLE40.<#b#f.> ,AMAZ+LY1 !RE >E MANY SUPPOS$LY 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE :O TAKE ?IS SLEIY IDEAS ( ,RUSSIAN SCI5CE4 ,D>W9 )\T ,MAL?US ,:ILE ,MUTUAL ,AID WAS PROVOK$ BY ,HUXLEY'S #ahhh >TICLE1 ,KROPOTK9'S 9T]E/ 9 EVOLUTION>Y !ORY PRE-DAT$ BO? IT &1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 HIS AN>*ISM BY DECADES4 ,HE REC\NTS 9 HIS MEMOIRS H[ ,D>W9'S WORK HAD 0REVOLUTIONIZ$ ALL BIOLOGICAL SCI5CES0 :5 IT WAS PUBLI%$ & H[ 0A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES & FAMILI>ITY ) !IR ME?ODS MU/ LIE AT ! F\NDATION0 ( ANY /UDIES UND]TAK54.<#b#g.> ,AS AN AN>*I/1 ,KROPOTK9 FIR/ WROTE AB\T ,D>W9 TO M>K HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#h#b4 ,9 ! AN>*I/ WEEKLY ,LE ,REVOLTE1 ,D>W9 WAS PRAIS$ = %[+ ?AT SPECIES W]E MUTABLE & EVOLUTION RESULT$ FROM ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 SO MAK+ A PR(\ND CONTRIBUTION TO ! SPIRIT ( 0CRITICISM & DEMOLITION0 ?AT PROMIS$ TO EXPLODE ! RELIGI\S & SOCIAL FALLACIES ( ! AGE4 ,:ILE ! B\RGEOISIE HAD ATTEMPT$ TO USE ?IS !ORY AGA9/ SOCIALISM1 ! OPPOSITE WAS ! CASE AS O!RS 0APPLY+ HIS ME?ODS & DEVELOP+ HIS IDEAS0 HAD %[N ?AT IT W]E ! 0SOCIABLE SPECIES0 ?AT 0PROSP]1 DEVELOP & REPRODUCE 444 ,SOLID>ITY & JO9T LABOR - ?IS IS :AT SUPPORTS SPECIES 9 ! /RUGGLE TO MA9TA9 !IR EXI/5CE AGA9/ ! HO/ILE =CES ( NATURE40 ,?US ,D>W9ISM COMPRISES 0AN EXCELL5T >GUM5T TO ! EFFECT ?AT ANIMAL SOCIETIES >E BE/ ORGANIZ$ 9 ! COMMUNI/-AN>*I/ MANN]40.<#b#h.> ,! UNNAM$ O!RS 9 ?IS >TICLE W]E ! ,RUSSIAN NATURALI/S1 =1 AS HI/ORIAN ( SCI5CE ,DANIEL ,P4 ,TODES HAS %[N1 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 0MUTUAL AID REMA9$ AN UNCONTROV]SIAL ELEM5T 9 ,RUSSIAN EVOLUTION>Y ?\GU$ ?AT 9TRASPECIFIC RELATIONS W]E NORMALLY *>ACT]IZ$1 NOT BY COMPETITION1 BUT BY MUTUAL AID40 ,LEAD+ ,RUSSIAN ,ZOOLOGI/1 ,K4,F4 ,KESSL]1 9 A LECTURE GIV5 9 #a#h#g#i1 0TRANS=M$ A WIDESPREAD S5TIM5T 9TO A COH]5T 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION40 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 0HIS !ORY ( MUTUAL AID WAS NOT BAS$ ON A B5IGN VISION ( NATURAL RELATIONS 9 G5]AL OR ( 9TRASPECIFIC RELATIONS 9 P>TICUL>40 ,KROPOTK9 WAS SIMPLY 0! MO/ FAM\S HEIR TO ,KESSL]'S LEGACY0 & 0BR\ ,TODES %[S H[ ,D>W9'S IDEAS ON NATURAL SELECTION F\ND A WELCOME HOME 9 ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUAL & SCI5TIFIC CIRCLES BUT HIS ,MAL?USIAN ASSUMPTIONS W]E SE5 = :AT !Y W]E1 A PRODUCT ( HIS SOCIETY & 0! UNSURPRIS+ FACT ?AT HE %>$ ! IDEOLOGICAL \TLOOK ( HIS CLASS1 CIRCLE1 & FAMILY4 ,?IS \TLOOK WAS NOT UNIV]SAL1 & A READ] 444 :O DID NOT %>E IT 4444 MI ,9 O!R WORDS1 !SE ,RUSSIAN SCI5TI/S & COMM5TATORS 7BO? RADICAL & CONS]VATIVE7 QUICKLY P]CEIV$ :AT IT HAS TAK5 MOD]N HI/ORIANS SO LONG TO RECOGNIZE1 NAMELY ?AT NOT)/&+ HIS IMPORTANT SCI5TIFIC CLAIMS & EVID5CE1 ,D>W9'S METAPHORS & LANGUAGE REFLECT$ ! SOCIAL VALUES ( HIS TIME4 ,?AT IS1 MU* ( :AT PASS$ = 0OBJECTIVE SCI5CE0 WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN TRANSF]R+ ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( #a#i? C5TURY ,BRITI% CAPITALISM ONTO NATURE4.<#c#a.> ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD 9DICATES ! IMPACT ( ,TODES ORIG9AL #aihg >TICLE ON HIM4.<#c#b.> ,BE=E READ+ IT1 HE 0VIEW$ ,KROPOTK9 AS DAFTLY IDIOSYNCRATIC1 IF UND5IABLY WELL MEAN+4 ,HE IS ALWAYS SO PRES5T$ 9 /&>D C\RSES ON EVOLUTION>Y BIOLOGY - AS ONE ( ?OSE S(T & WOOLLY ?9K]S :O LET HOPE & S5TIM5TALITY GET 9 ! WAY ( ANALYTIC T\TS & ALL40 ,H[EV]1 HE DISCOV]$ ?AT 0! P>O*IALITY HAD BE5 M9E 9 MY IGNORANCE ( ,RUSSIAN EVOLUTION>Y ?\T ( A MA9/REAM FL[+ 9 AN UNFAMILI> DIRECTION1 NOT AN ISOLAT$ LITTLE >ROYO40 ,HIS WORK1 9 FACT1 REPRES5T$ 0A /&>D1 WELL-DEVELOP$ ,RUSSIAN CRITIQUE ( ,D>W91 BAS$ ON 9T]E/+ REASONS & COH]5T NATIONAL TRADITIONS40 ,G\LD NOT$ ?AT DECADES AFT] ,MUTUAL ,AID WAS PUBLI%$1 ! 0IDEAS ( ?IS S*OOL >E UNKN[N TO US40.<#c#c.> ,KROPOTK91 LIKE ! O!RS 9 ?IS TRADITION1 PO9T$ TO IDEAS & >GUM5TS ?AT ,D>W9 HIMSELF HAD DEVELOP$1 P>TICUL>LY 9 HIS LAT] WORK4 ,SO AS WELL AS PROVID+ SUB/ANTIAL EMPIRICAL EVID5CE1 ,KROPOTK9 0QUITE RI REF]R$ 444 TO EVID5CE PROVID$ BY ,D>W9 9 ,! ,DESC5T ( ,MAN 444 9 FUR!R SUPPORT ( HIS DOCTR9E40.<#c#d.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,D>W9 >GU$ ?AT COOP]ATION CONF]R$ AN ADVANTAGE ON 9DIVIDUALS &1 !RE=E1 ON A GR\P AS A :OLE4.<#c#e.> ,?IS MEANS ?AT A ,D>W9ISM )\T ,MAL?US C\LD BE F\ND 9 ,D>W9'S WORK1 BUILD+ UPON SU* 9SIHOSE COMMUNITIES1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( ! MO/ SYMPA!TIC MEMB]S1 W\LD FL\RI% BE/ & RE> ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( (FSPR+40.<#c#f.> ,SO ,KROPOTK9 WAS CORRECT :5 HE EXPLA9$ TO FELL[ AN>*I/ & BIOLOGI/ ,M>IE ,GOLDSMI? ?AT HE S\W9ISM1 IF NATURAL SELECTION IS UND]/OOD 9 ! PROP] MANN]40.<#c#g.> ,?US1 ,TODES >GUES1 ,KROPOTK9'S SUGGE/ION ?AT ! SIX? $ITION ( ,D>W9'S ,ORIG9 & HIS CORRESPOND5CE %[$ ?AT ,D>W9 HAD BE5 APPROA*+ A !ORETICAL POSITION MU* LIKE HIS 0WILL NOT /RIKE MOD]N HI/ORIANS ( BIOLOGY AS 5TIRELY FRAUDUL5T40.<#c#h.> ,9 SUMM>Y1 !N1 ,KROPOTK9'S VIEWS 0W]E BUT ONE EXPRESSION ( A BROAD CURR5T 9 ,RUSSIAN EVOLUTION>Y ?\W9'S APPROA* TO ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE :ILE EXPLOR+ ,SIB]IA AS A Y\? & WAS AN ACCOMPLI%$ & CELEBRAT$ NATURALI/ BE=E HIS POLITICAL VIEWS CRY/ALLIZ$4 ,FUR!RMORE 444 HIS IDEAS AB\T COOP]ATION 9 NATURE W]E QUITE COMMON AMONG ,RUSSIAN NATURALI/S ( V>Y+ POLITICAL P]SPECTIVES40 ,GIV5 ?IS1 ,KROPOTK9'S WORK 0CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS ! IDIOSYNCRATIC PRODUCT ( AN AN>*I/ DABBL+ 9 BIOLOGY40.<#c#i.> ,RA!R1 !Y W]E ! PRODUCT ( A TRA9$ SCI5TI/ US+ HIS CONSID]ABLE SKILLS TO REFUTE ! CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS :I* M>R$ AN O!RWISE GR\ND-BREAK+ CONTRIBUTION TO SCI5CE & HUMAN KN[L$GE4 ,9 ?IS HE WAS EXTREMELY SUCCESSFUL AS WILL BE SE54 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,MUTUAL ,AID ,KROPOTK9 WAS ALWAYS KE5 TO SITUATE AN>*ISM )9 ! TR5DS ( SCI5CE 7ONE ( HIS BE/ ESSAYS WAS CALL$ 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM074 ,AS SU*1 IT IS ONLY FITT+ TO SEE H[ ! !MES & IDEAS 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID HAVE F>$4 ,IF DONE1 IT WILL BE QUICKLY CONCLUD$ ?AT 7T]M9OLOGY ASIDE7 !Y HAVE /OOD ! TE/ ( TIME & >E N[ /&>D POSITIONS 9 EVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 BIOLOGY & AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,!RE IS OV]:ELM+ EVID5CE TO CORROBORATE ,KROPOTK9'S !SIS1 SO MU* SO IT IS NE> IMPOSSIBLE TO DOCUM5T IT4 ,SADLY1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT1 9 SPITE ( HIS EVID5CE-FREE ASS]TIONS & SPECULATIONS BE+ REFUT$1 ,HUXLEY WILL /ILL BE CONSID]$ ! 0H>D-HEAD$ SCI5TI/0 :ILE ,KROPOTK9'S WELL-DOCUM5T$ CRITIQUE WILL BE DISMISS$ AS 0POLITICALLY DRIV5 WI%FUL-?9K+40 ,AS REG>DS EVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD CONCLUD$ ?AT 0,KROPOTK9'S BASIC >GUM5T IS CORRECT4 ,/RUGGLE DOES OCCUR 9 MANY MODES1 & SOME LEAD TO COOP]ATION AMONG MEMB]S ( A SPECIES AS ! BE/ PA?WAY TO ADVANTAGE = 9DIVIDUALS40.<#d.> ,LEE ,ALAN ,DUGATK9 HAS DOCUM5T$ 9 GREAT DETAIL SU* BEHAVIOR 9 HIS WORK1 9CLUD+ HIS BOOK ,COOP]ATION ,AMONG ,ANIMALS3 ,AN ,EVOLUTION>Y ,P]SPECTIVE4 ,DUGATK9 HAS ALSO TRAC$ ! HI/ORY ( EVOLUTION>Y EXPLANATIONS ( COOP]ATION & ALTRUISM1 9CLUD+ ,KROPOTK9'S1 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,ALTRUISM ,EQUATION4.<#d#a.> ,LEAD+ PRIMATOLOGI/ ,FRANS DE ,WAAL WRITES ?AT ,KROPOTK9 0RI & DOCUM5TS SU* ACTIVITY 9 HIS BOOK ,GOOD ,NATUR$4.<#d#c.> ,) ,JESSICA ,C4 ,FLACK1 HE >GUES ?AT ,KROPOTK9 IS P>T ( A WID] TRADITION 09 :I* ! VIEW HAS BE5 ?AT ANIMALS ASSI/ EA* O!R PRECISELY BECAUSE BY DO+ SO !Y A*IEVE LONG T]M1 COLLECTIVE B5EFITS ( GREAT] VALUE ?AN ! %ORT T]M B5EFITS D]IV$ FROM /RAID COMPETITION4 ,KROPOTK9 SPECIFICALLY ADH]$ TO A VIEW 9 :I* ORGANISMS /RUGGLE NOT NECESS>ILY AGA9/ EA* O!R1 BUT COLLECTIVELY AGA9/ !IR 5VIRONM5TS40 ,!Y SUMM>IZE ?AT ! 0BASIC T5ET ( .<,KROPOTK9'S.> IDEAS WAS ON ! M>K4 ,ALMO/ SEV5TY YE>S LAT]1 9 AN >TICLE 5TITL$ ',! ,EVOLUTION ( ,RECIPROCAL ,ALTRUISM'1 ,TRIV]S REF9$ ! CONCEPTS ,KROPOTK9 ADVANC$ & EXPLA9$ H[ COOP]ATION &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 A SY/EM ( RECIPROCITY 7CALL$ 'RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM' BY ,TRIV]S7 C\LD HAVE EVOLV$40.<#d#d.> ,?US1 AS ONE BIOLOGI/ NOTES1 0,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS1 ?\< UNOR?ODOX1 W]E SCI5TIFICALLY RESPECTABLE1 & 9DE$ ! CONT5TION ?AT MUTUAL AID CAN BE A MEANS ( 9CREAS+ FITNESS HAD BECOME A /&>D P>T ( MOD]N SOCIOBIOLOGY40.<#d#e.> ,ROB]T ,TRIV]S ORIG9AL #aiga PAP] %[$ ?AT 0UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS NATURAL SELECTION FAVORS !SE ALTRUI/IC BEHAVIORS BECAUSE 9 ! LONG RUN !Y B5EFIT ! ORGANISM P]=M+ !M40 ,?IS APPLI$ AS MU* TO HUMANS AS TO O!R ANIMALS1 ) ,TRIV]S SUGGE/+ ?AT :ILE !RE WAS 0NO DIRECT EVID5CE REG>D+ ! DEGREE ( RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM PRACTIC$ DUR+ HUMAN EVOLUTION NOR ITS G5ETIC BASIS TODAY1 BUT GIV5 ! UNIV]SAL & NE>LY DAILY PRACTICE ( RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM AMONG HUMANS TODAY1 IT IS REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT IT HAS BE5 AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 REC5T HUMAN EVOLUTION & ?AT ! UND]LY+ EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS AFFECT+ ALTRUI/IC BEHAVIOR HAVE IMPORTANT G5ETIC COMPON5TS40.<#d#f.> ,TRIV]S DID NOT M5TION ,KROPOTK91 BUT HE LAT] REC\NT$ ?AT HE LE>N$ FROM EX*ANGES ) ,SOVIET BLOC SCI5TI/S ?AT 09 !IR LIT]ATURE1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 WAS AN E>LY PIONE] :OM !Y W\LD HAVE EXPECT$ ME TO CITE40.<#d#g.> ,H[EV]1 HE SEEM$ TO HAVE DEVELOP$ HIS !ORY 9DEP5D5TLY =1 9 A #aiib 9T]VIEW1 HE M5TION$ ?AT PEOPLE 0KEEP ASK+ AB\T ,KROPOTK94 ,Y\ KN[1 ,I HAVE NEV] READ ! AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O WRITE AB\T RECIPROCITY1 & ,I NEV] READ ,KROPOTK940.<#d#h.> ,HE ALSO NOTES ?AT A 0V]Y AGREEABLE FEATURE ( MY RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM1 :I* ,I HAD NOT ANTICIPAT$ 9 ADVANCE1 WAS ?AT A S5SE ( JU/ICE OR FAIRNESS SEEM$ A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( SELECTION = RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM4 ,?AT IS1 Y\ C\LD EASILY IMAG9E ?AT S5SE ( FAIRNESS W\LD EVOLVE AS A WAY ( REGULAT+ RECIPROCAL T5D5CIES40.<#d#i.> ,IF ,TRIV]S HAD CONSULT$ ,KROPOTK91 HE W\LD HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT HIS UNANTICIPAT$ FEATURE HAD BE5 ANTICIPAT$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID DECADES PREVI\SLY3 0,MOREOV]1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT LIFE 9 SOCIETIES W\LD BE UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE )\T A CORRESPOND+ DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL FEEL+S1 &1 ESPECIALLY1 ( A C]TA9 COLLECTIVE S5SE ( JU/ICE GR[+ TO BECOME A HABIT 444 ,& FEEL+S ( JU/ICE DEVELOP1 MORE OR LESS1 ) ALL GREG>I\S ANIMALS40.<#e.> ,AS DE ,WAAL >GUES1 ! 0FAIRNESS PR9CIPLE0 9 HUMANS HAS EVOLV$ & IS 0P>T ( \R BACKGR\ND AS COOP]ATIVE PRIMATES40 ,IT HAS REA*$ ! PO9T ( 0DECL>+ 9EQUITY A BAD ?+ 9 G5]AL 444 ,IF ! GOAL IS TO MA9TA9 COOP]ATIVE RELATION%IPS BY 5SUR+ PAY(FS = EV]YBODY1 H5CE A WIDESPREAD MOTIVATION TO P>TICIPATE 9 JO9T EF=TS1 ! EVOLUTION ( ! FAIRNESS PR9CIPLE IS REALLY NOT ?AT H>D TO EXPLA94 ,! P>ALLELS BETWE5 HUMAN & ANIMAL RESPONSES TO 9EQUITY SEEM TO TELL ?IS /ORY40.<#e#a.> ,RI*>D ,DAWK9S1 9 HIS MU* DISCUSS$ 9TRODUCTION TO MOD]N BIOLOGY1 ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E1 PRES5TS >GUM5TS :Y COOP]ATION S]VES AN EVOLUTION>Y PURPOSE4 ,9 ! #c? ANNIV]S>Y $ITION1 HE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! TITLE C\LD BE MISLEAD+ & >GU$ ?AT 0IF ANY?+1 IT DEVOTES MORE ATT5TION TO ALTRUISM0 ?AN SELFI%NESS4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE 0G5E SELFI%NESS CAN TRANSLATE ITSELF 9TO 9DIVIDUAL ALTRUISM40 ,AS ,DAWK9S /RESSES1 ! SELFI% G5E DOES NOT EXCLUDE1 & 9 FACT CAN 5C\RAGE1 :AT HE CALLS 0MUTUALI/IC COOP]ATION0 OR ! 0EVOLUTION ( ASSOCIATIONS ( MUTUAL B5EFIT0.<#e#b.> ,?IS HOPEFUL CONCLUSION IS BAS$ ON ,TRIV]S' WORK1 :I* ,DAWK9S SUMM>IZES 9 *APT] #a ( ?AT BOOK4 ,HE LAT] EXP&$ ON ?IS 9 A *APT] ADD$ TO ! BOOK'S SECOND $ITION 75TITL$ 0,NICE GUYS F9I% FIR/074 ,!ORETICALLY1 IT IS BAS$ ON GAME !ORY & ! ,PRISON]S' ,DILEMMA :]E TWO PEOPLE >E >RE/$ = A CRIME ?AT !Y DID COMMIT BUT !RE IS NOT 5\< EVID5CE TO CONVICT !M4 ,!Y >E SEP>AT$1 !N ASK$ TO 9=M ON ! O!R P]SON 9 EX*ANGE = NO S5T5CE & >E GIV5 NO *ANCE TO COMMUNICATE4 ,IF BO? 9=M1 !N !Y IMPLICATE EA* O!R4 ,IF BO? REMA9 SIL5T !N !Y >E RELEAS$4 ,9 ?IS SITUATION1 ! 0SELFI%0 ACTION 79=M ON Y\R P>TN]7 IS ACTUALLY ! WORSE ONE4 ,IF Y\ ASSUME ?IS DILEMMA IS REPEAT$ ) ! KN[L$GE ( :AT ! O!R P]SON DID LA/ TIME1 !N AN 9T]E/+ ?+ DEVELOPS - COOP]ATION BECOMES ! MO/ S5SIBLE ACTION4 ,POLITICAL SCI5TI/ ,ROB]T ,AXELROD CONDUCT$ RESE>* BY CREAT+ COMPUT] SIMULATIONS TO 9VE/IGATE :I* EVOLUTION>Y /RATEGIES W]E BE/1 COOP]ATIVE OR COMPETITIVE4.<#e#c.> ,DAWK9S NOTES ?AT ?IS WORK TOOK 0! IDEA ( RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM ON 9 EXCIT+ NEW DIRECTIONS40.<#e#d.> ,! RESULTS SUPPORT ,KROPOTK9'S POSITION ?AT COOP]ATION IS B5EFICIAL4 ,! FIR/ T\RNAM5T ,AXELROD ORGANIZ$ ATTRACT$ #ae /RATEGIES1 ( :I* #h W]E COOP]ATIVE 7OR NICE74 ,! W9N+ /RATEGY WAS NAM$ 0,TIT = ,TAT0 & WORK$ BY CO-OP]AT+ BY DEFAULT & SUBSEQU5TLY REPEAT 7RECIPROCATE7 :AT ! O!R PLAY] DID ON ! PREVI\S MOVE 7I4E41 IT WILL NEV] BE ! FIR/ TO DEFECT & WILL RETALIATE AGA9/ SELFI% BEHAVIOR74 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! #h COOP]ATIVE /RATEGIES W]E ALSO ! TOP ONES1 ) ! #g SELFI% 7OR NA/Y7 ONES TRAIL+ WELL BEH9D4 ,AXELROD PUBLI%$ ! RESULTS ( ! FIR/ T\RNAM5T & ORGANIZ$ ANO!R ONE4 ,?IS ATTRACT$ #fc /RATEGIES &1 AGA91 0,TIT = ,TAT0 WON4 ,AGA91 COOP]ATIVE /RATEGIES DID SIGNIFICANTLY BETT] ?AN ! SELFI% ONES 7ALL BUT ONE ( ! TOP #ae /RATEGIES W]E NICE & ALL BUT ONE ( ! BOTTOM #ae NA/Y74 ,F9ALLY1 ,AXELROD CONDUCT$ ANO!R 7MORE ECOLOGICAL7 T\RNAM5T US+ ! SAME /RATEGIES SUBMITT$ = ! SECOND ONE BUT 9/EAD ( PO9TS ! /RATEGIES RECEIV$ 0(FSPR+0 7I4E41 ! PREVAL5CE ( EA* TYPE ( /RATEGY 9 EA* R\ND WAS DET]M9$ BY ?AT /RATEGY'S SUCCESS 9 ! PREVI\S R\ND74 ,YET AGA91 0NICE0 /RATEGIES QUICKLY FL\RI%$ & CAME TO DOM9ATE 7& :ILE A FEW SELFI% /RATEGIES 9ITIALLY FL\RI%$1 !Y ALL EV5TUALLY BECAME EXT9CT74 ,?IS LA/ G5]ATIONAL T\RNAM5T WAS RUN SIX TIMES1 ) 0,TIT = ,TAT0 W9N+ FIVE ( !M4 ,FIVE O!R COOP]ATIVE /RATEGIES 5D$ UP NE>LY AS SUCCESSFUL & ONE ( !M WON ! SIX? RUN4 ,9 SUMM>Y1 0,TIT = ,TAT0 7ALONG ) O!R COOP]ATIVE /RATEGIES7 WAS SUP]IOR TO COMPETITIVE /RATEGIES4 ,DAWK9S SUGGE/S ?AT 0,TIT = ,TAT0 5SURES ANIMALS 0PROSP] FROM MUTUAL COOP]ATION0.<#e#e.> & DOES SO BY REW>D+ COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIOR & PUNI%+ ?OSE :O DO NOT RECIPROCATE4 ,?IS E*OES ,KROPOTK91 :O :5 DISCUSS+ ANTS >GU$ ?AT UNCOOP]ATIVE 9DIVIDUALS W\LD BE P5ALIZ$1 ?AT 0SELFI%0 ANTS W\LD BE 0TREAT$ AS AN 5EMY1 OR WORSE40 ,= BEES 0ANTI-SOCIAL 9/9CTS CONT9UE TO EXI/0 BUT 0NATURAL SELECTION CONT9UALLY MU/ ELIM9ATE !M0 AS ?OSE ) 0PR$ATORY 9CL9ATIONS0 W\LD BE 0ELIM9AT$ 9 FAVOR ( ?OSE :O UND]/& ! ADVANTAGES ( SOCIABLE LIFE & MUTUAL SUPPORT40 ,HE G5]ALIZ$ ?IS TO O!R SPECIES1 SU* AS BIRDS & MAMMALS4.<#e#f.> ,SO1 TO USE ,DAWK9S' T]M9OLOGY1 ,KROPOTK9 DOES NOT ASSUME MUTUAL AID IMPLIES ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E 09DISCRIM9ATE ALTRUI/S0 7OR 0SUCK]S07 BUT RA!R >E 0GRUDG]S01 9DIVIDUALS :O CO-OP]ATE BUT 0IF ANY 9DIVIDUAL *EATS !M1 !Y REMEMB] ! 9CID5T & BE> A GRUDGE40.<#e#g.> ,?IS MEANS ?AT ,MUTUAL ,AID IS NOT 9 CONTRADICTION ) MOD]N1 G5E BAS$ EVOLUTION>Y !ORY &1 9 FACT1 PREFIGURES MANY ( ITS >GUM5TS & CONCLUSIONS4 ,SADLY1 ,DAWK9S DOES NOT DISCUSS OR M5TION ,KROPOTK9'S WORK ANY:]E 9 ! BOOK4.<#e#h.> ,HE DOES1 H[EV]1 M5TION ,KROPOTK9 9 PASS+ 9 HIS ,UNWEAV+ ! ,RA9B[1 9 A *APT] 5TITL$ 0,! ,SELFI% ,COOP]ATOR01 BUT !RE SEEMS NO EVID5CE ?AT HE IS FAMILI> ) ,KROPOTK9'S WORK BEYOND SIMPLY ITS TITLE & /]EOTYPES4 ,DAWK9S PLACES ,KROPOTK9 70! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ & AU?OR ( ,MUTUAL ,AID07 ON ONE 5D ( A 0CONT9UUM0 ALONG ) ! 0GULLIBLE0 ,M>G>ET ,MEAD & 0A SPATE ( AU?ORS REACT+ 9DIGNANTLY TO ! IDEA ?AT NATURE IS G5ETICALLY SELFI%04 ,AT ! O!R 5D >E ?OSE LIKE ,D>W91 ,HUXLEY & 0TODAY'S ADVOCATES ( '! SELFI% G5E'0 :O 0EMPHASIZE ?AT NATURE REALLY IS R$ 9 TOO? & CLAW40 ,BUT ?IS1 HE SUGGE/S1 IS 0A FALSE OPPOSITION0 & !N GOES ON TO >GUE ALONG L9ES IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT ,KROPOTK9 W\LD HAVE OBJECT$ TO3 0,! POSITION ,I HAVE ALWAYS ADOPT$ IS ?AT MU* ( ANIMAL NATURE IS 9DE$ ALTRUI/IC1 COOP]ATIVE & EV5 ATT5D$ BY B5EVOL5T SUBJECTIVE EMOTIONS1 BUT ?AT ?IS FOLL[S FROM1 RA!R ?AN CONTRADICTS1 SELFI%NESS AT ! G5ETIC LEVEL4 ,ANIMALS >E SOMETIMES NICE & SOMETIMES NA/Y1 S9CE EI!R CAN SUIT ! SELF-9T]E/ ( G5ES AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,?AT IS PRECISELY ! REASON = SPEAK+ ( '! SELFI% G5E' RA!R ?AN1 SAY1 '! SELFI% *IMPANZEE4'0 0,IT IS N[ WIDELY UND]/OOD10 ,DAWK9S CONT9UES1 0?AT ALTRUISM AT ! LEVEL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ORGANISM CAN BE A MEANS BY :I* ! UND]LY+ G5ES MAXIMIZE !IR SELF-9T]E/40.<#e#i.> ,?AT WAS PRECISELY ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5T1 AL?\< HE BAS$ IT ON 9DIVIDUAL ANIMALS RA!R ?AN G5ES4.<#f.> ,SO BIOLOGI/S HAVE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ANIMALS1 9CLUD+ HUMANS1 EVOLV$ COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIOR )9 GR\PS TO 9CREASE !IR *ANCES ( SURVIVAL 7& SO 9CREASE !IR *ANCES TO PASS ON !IR G5ES TO SUBSEQU5T G5]ATIONS74 ,9 FACT1 ! ,HOBBESIAN ASSUMPTIONS ( ,HUXLEY HAVE BE5 PROV5 AS BANKRUPT AS ,KROPOTK9 >GU$1 AS DE ,WAAL SUMM>IZES3 0,= ! BIOLOGI/1 ?IS IMAG9>Y HI/ORY IS AS WIDE ( ! M>K AS CAN BE4 ,WE DESC5D FROM A LONG L9E ( GR\P-LIV+ PRIMATES1 MEAN+ ?AT WE >E NATURALLY EQUIPP$ ) A /RONG DESIRE TO FIT 9 & F9D P>TN]S TO LIVE & WORK )40.<#f#a.> ,SO1 REG>DLESS ( ! ASS]TIONS ( ,HOBBES & ,HUXLEY1 !RE WAS NEV] A PO9T AT :I* WE DECID$ TO BECOME SOCIAL4 ,WE >E DESC5D$ FROM HIOSE4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 HUMANS >E NOT BORN AS LON]S - \R BODIES & M9DS ONLY FL\RI% 9 SOCIAL LIFE & ! ABS5CE ( O!RS RESULTS 9 DEPRESSION & DET]IORAT+ HEAL?4 ,?US NOTIONS ( SOCIAL CONTRACTS 7I4E41 0! UND]LY+ ASSUMPTION ( A RATIONAL DECISION BY 9H]5TLY ASOCIAL CREATURES07 >E 0UNT5ABLE 9 LIUR SOCIAL MAKEUP IS SO OBVI\S ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO NE$ TO BELABOR ?IS PO9T W]E IT NOT = ITS CONSPICU\S ABS5CE FROM ORIG9 /ORIES )9 ! DISCIPL9ES ( LAW1 ECONOMICS1 & POLITICAL SCI5CE40.<#f#b.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 WORK 9 AN?ROPOLOGY HAS ALSO CONFIRM$ ,KROPOTK9'S REFUTATION ( ,HUXLEY'S ASS]TIONS1 AL?\< HIS CLASSIFICATION ( E>LY HUMAN SOCIETIES 70SAVAGES0 & 0B>B>IANS071 LIKE MO/ WRIT+S ( ?AT P]IOD1 W\LD MAKE MOD]N AN?ROPOLOGI/S CR+E4 ,SO :ILE ! T]M9OLOGY HAS DAT$1 ! EVID5CE & CONCLUSIONS HAVE NOT4 ,9DE$1 AS AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,BRIAN ,MORRIS SUMM>IZES1 0,KROPOTK9'S ESS5TIAL OBS]VATIONS HAVE BE5 MORE ?AN CONFIRM$ BY REC5T AN?ROPOLOGICAL RESE>*40.<#f#c.> ,MOD]N AN?ROPOLOGY HAS CONFIRM$ ,KROPOTK9'S BASIC 9SI ,?US1 NOTES ,*RI/OPH] ,BOEHM1 0=AG]S (T5 CO-OP]ATE ) NON-K9 SPONTANE\SLY & ) A SPIRIT ( G5]OSITY0 & 0PEOPLE 9 B&S T5D TO CO-OP]ATE 9T5SIVELY1 ) APP>5T GOOD WILL & ) GREAT B5EFIT TO GR\P MEMB]S 9 G5]AL40 ,MOREOV]1 SU* GR\PS ( EGALIT>IAN =AG]S 0UNI=MLY ES*EW /RONG1 AU?ORITATIVE LEAD]%IP4 ,YET !Y DO NOT GIVE UP ON MAK+ DECISIONS AT ! B& LEVEL4 ,CONS5SUS-SEEK+ IS A /RONG FEATURE ( ALL EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES40 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT EGALIT>IAN COOP]ATION 9 HUNT]-GA!R]S CAN LEAD TO ! 0ROBU/ SELECTION ( G5ES = ALTRUISM40.<#f#e.> ,?IS IS1 SURELY1 UNSURPRIS+ AS IT IS D\BTFUL HUMANITY W\LD HAVE SURVIV$ IF IT HAD NOT LIV$ 9 SOCIETIES & PRACTIC$ MUTUAL AID4 ,?US ! WORDS ( ANO!R AN>*I/ & AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ,DAVID ,GRAEB]3 0,! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM - SELF-ORGANIZATION1 VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 MUTUAL AID - >E AS OLD AS HUMANITY40.<#f#f.> ,CONFIRM+ ,KROPOTK91 BO? AN?ROPOLOGI/S & >*AEOLOGI/S HAVE F\ND WIDESPREAD COOP]ATION )9 TRIBAL SOCIETIES SO REPEAT$LY CONFIRM+ ?AT !RE IS NO?+ 9H]5T 9 0HUMAN NATURE0 :I* PRECLUDES EGALIT>IAN1 COOP]ATIVE1 SOCIETIES4 ,AS ,GRAEB] PO9TS \T1 0:AT WE SEE 9 ! MORE REC5T E?NOGRAPHIC RECORDS IS 5DLESS V>IETY4 ,!RE W]E HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES ) NOBLES & SLAVES1 !RE >E AGR>IAN SOCIETIES ?AT >E FI]CELY EGALIT>IAN4 ,EV5 9 444 ,AMAZONIA1 ONE F9DS SOME GR\PS :O CAN JU/LY BE DESCRIB$ AS AN>*I/S1 LIKE ! ,PI>OA1 LIV+ ALONGSIDE O!RS 7SAY1 ! W>LIKE ,%]5TRE7 :O >E CLE>LY ANY?+ BUT40.<#f#g.> ,H>OLD ,B>CLAY1 ANO!R LIB]T>IAN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 HAS DOCUM5T$ ! MORE AN>*I/IC TRIBES 9 HIS ,PEOPLE )\T ,GOV]NM5T4.<#f#h.> ,MELANIE ,KILL5 & ,M>9A ,CORDS1 9 AN APTLY TITL$ PIECE 0,PR9CE ,KROPOTK9'S ,* 9 DEVELOPM5TAL PSY*OLOGY & PRIMATOLOGY 9DICATES 0?AT HUMAN AGGRESSIVE 9CL9ATIONS >E BALANC$ BY EQUALLY /RONG T5D5CIES TO CO-OP]ATE ) ONE ANO!R - AN >GUM5T ,PR9CE ,PIOTR ,KROPOTK9 MADE A C5TURY AGO 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID40 ,!Y NOTE ?AT 0C\NT] TO PREVAIL+ IDEAS0 ?AT AGGRESSION IS ! NORM1 0!RE IS N[ A L>GE BODY ( WORK ON ! PSY*OLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( *ILDR5 ?AT SUGGE/S O!RWISE4 ,?IS RESE>* DEMON/RATES ?AT *ILDR5 DO NOT AUTOMATICALLY RESORT TO AGGRESSION :5 CONFLICTS >ISE BETWE5 !M4 ,9/EAD1 !Y (T5 USE AN >RAY ( /RATEGIES TO PREV5T1 MITIGATE & RESOLVE DISCORD & TO M9IMIZE ITS EFFECTS ON !IR SOCIAL RELATIONS40 ,*ILDR51 = EXAMPLE1 0SOMETIMES PROMOT$ !IR [N 9T]E/S1 !Y ALSO WORK$ V]Y H>D TO MAKE ?+S WORK \T = ! GR\P40 ,!SE 0RESULTS HAVE COME AS NO SURPRISE TO PRIMATOLOGI/S1 :O ALREADY HAVE AB&ON$ !IR SIMPLI/IC PRECONCEPTIONS AB\T ! SORTS ( AGGRESSIVE '9/9CTS'0 0,OBS]VATIONS FROM ! NATURAL WORLD10 !Y SUMM>IZE 0SUGGE/ ?AT !RE IS1 9 FACT1 A BIOLOGICAL BASIS = \R SOCIAL PR$ISPOSITIONS40.<#f#i.> ,SO HUMANITY1 AS ,MORRIS /RESSES1 IS 0NO EXCEPTION TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIABILITY 444 ,ALL HUMANS1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY & )\T EXCEPTION1 ?US LIVE 9 SOCIETIES40 ,?IS MEANS ?AT WE HAVE 0ALWAYS EXI/$ 9 SOCIETY1 9 ! S5SE ( A COMMUNITY ( PEOPLE B\ND TOGE!R = COMMON PURPOSES - AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE DEMON/RAT$40 ,?OSE :O /RESS 0?AT HUMANS W]E SOCIAL BE+S - COOP]ATIVE1 COMPASSIONATE1 ) AN 9NATE S5SE ( FAIRNESS1 & W]E ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 MUTUAL AID & RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM0 & CONSID] ?IS AS BE+ 0REC5TLY DISCOV]$ BY NEO-,D>W9IAN S*OL>S & EVOLUTION>Y PSY*OLOGI/S0 9 FACT 0COMPLETELY =GET TO M5TION ?AT ,KROPOTK9 HAD ADVANC$ !SE SAME IDEAS A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO40.<#g.> ,9 T]MS ( POPUL> 9TRODUCTIONS TO ! B5EFITS ( COOP]ATION = HUMANS1 ,ALFIE ,KOHN'S ,NO ,CONTE/.<#g#a.> PRES5TS A WELL DOCUM5T$ CRITIQUE ( ! NOTION ?AT COMPETITION IS 9H]5TLY ! BE/ OPTION4 ,HE NOTES H[ ,KROPOTK9 0IS /ILL RECOGNIZ$ AS BE+ ON ! RIRANGEM5T40.<#g#b.> ,HE %[S H[ COMPETITION HAS NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON ?OSE SUBJECT TO IT4 ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT1 9 ,SEE+ ,LIKE A ,/ATE.<#g#c.>1 DISCUSSES :Y C5TRALIZ$1 TOP-D[N1 S*EMES TO IMPROVE ! HUMAN CONDITION 9 ! #b? C5TURY FAIL$ SO BADLY4 ,ACKN[L$G+ HIS DEBT TO AN>*I/ ?9K]S LIKE ,KROPOTK9 70:O CONSI/5TLY EMPHASIZE ! ROLE ( MUTUALITY AS OPPOS$ TO IMP]ATIVE1 HI]>*ICAL CO-ORD9ATION 9 ! CREATION ( SOCIAL ORD]0.<#g#d.>7 HE /RESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( LOCAL KN[L$GE1 ( P>TICIPATION & DEC5TRALIZATION 9 SOCIAL ACTIVITY & 9/ITUTIONS1 ALL FACTORS :I* >E EXPRESS$ 9 ! K9DS ( POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS ,KROPOTK9 DOCUM5T$4 ,HE PROVIDES AN UPDATE ON 7TO QUOTE ,MUTUAL ,AID7 0! CRU%+ P[]S ( ! C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE0 V]SES 0! NE$ ( MUTUAL AID & SUPPORT0 F\ND 9 ! VILLAGE1 ! UNION & O!R POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS4.<#g#e.> ,USEFUL 9SI* 9 ! EFFECTS ( 9EQUALITIES ( WEAL? & P[]1 EFFECTS :I* >E WIDE-REA*+4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HEAL? IS AFFECT$ SIGNIFICANTLY BY 9EQUALITY4 ,POOR PEOPLE >E MORE LIKELY TO BE SICK & DIE AT AN E>LI] AGE1 COMP>$ TO RI* PEOPLE4 ,9DE$1 ! SU/A9$ ECONOMIC H>D%IP ASSOCIAT$ ) A L[ PLACE 9 ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y LEADS TO POOR] PHYSICAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL & COGNITIVE FUNCTION+4 ,MOREOV]1 ! DEGREE ( 9EQUALITY IS IMPORTANT1 ! GAP BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR - = ! L>G] ! GAP1 ! SICK] ! SOCIETY4 ,9EQUALITY1 9 %ORT1 IS BAD = \R HEAL?4 ,ACCORD+ TO AN $ITORIAL 9 ! ,BRITI% ,M$ICAL ,J\RNAL 0:AT MATT]S 9 DET]M9+ MORTALITY & HEAL? 9 A SOCIETY IS LESS ! OV]ALL WEAL? ( ?AT SOCIETY & MORE H[ EV5LY WEAL? IS DI/RIBUT$4 ,! MORE EQUALLY WEAL? IS DI/RIBUT$ ! BETT] ! HEAL? ( ?AT SOCIETY40.<#g#f.> ,AS ! GAP GR[S BETWE5 RI* & POOR1 ! HEAL? ( A PEOPLE DET]IORATES & ! SOCIAL FABRIC UNRAVELS4 ,! PSY*OLOGICAL H>D%IP ( BE+ L[ D[N ON ! SOCIAL LADD] HAS DETRIM5TAL EFFECTS ON PEOPLE1 BEYOND :ATEV] EFFECTS >E PRODUC$ BY ! SUB/&>D H\S+1 NUTRITION1 AIR QUALITY1 RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES1 & M$ICAL C>E 5JOY$ BY ! POOR4.<#g#g.> ,?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,AS WELL AS 9EQUALITIES 9 WEAL?1 9EQUALITIES 9 FRE$OM ALSO PLAY A L>GE ROLE 9 OV]ALL HUMAN WELL-BE+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MI*AEL ,M>MOT'S ,! ,/ATUS ,SYNDROME.<#g#h.>1 AS Y\ MOVE UP ANY K9D ( HI]>*Y Y\R HEAL? /ATUS IMPROVES4 ,AUTONOMY & POSITION 9 A HI]>*Y >E RELAT$ 7I4E4 ! HI<] Y\ >E 9 A HI]>*Y1 ! MORE AUTONOMY Y\ HAVE74 ,?US ! IMPLICATION ( ?IS EMPIRICAL WORK IS ?AT AUTONOMY IS A S\RCE ( GOOD HEAL?1 ?AT ! MORE CONTROL Y\ HAVE OV] Y\R WORK 5VIRONM5T & Y\R LIFE 9 G5]AL1 ! LESS LIKELY Y\ >E TO SUFF] ! CLASSIC /RESS-RELAT$ ILLNESSES1 SU* AS HE>T DISEASE4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! POT5TIAL TO CONTROL Y\R [N 5VIRONM5T IS RELAT$ TO Y\R CLASS & POSITION 9 ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 ,SO ! 9EQUALITY ( AUTONOMY & SOCIAL P>TICIPATION PRODUC$ BY HI]>*Y IS ITSELF A CAUSE ( POOR HEAL?4 ,!RE W\LD BE POSITIVE FE$BACK ON ! TOTAL AM\NT ( HEAL? - & ?US ( SOCIAL WELF>E - IF SOCIAL 9EQUALITY W]E R$UC$1 NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( WEAL? BUT ALSO1 CRUCIALLY1 9 P[]4 ,?IS IS /RONG EVID5CE 9 SUPPORT ( AN>*I/ VISIONS ( EGALIT>IANISM4 ,SOME SOCIAL /RUCTURES GIVE MORE PEOPLE MORE AUTONOMY ?AN O!RS & ACT+ TO PROMOTE SOCIAL JU/ICE ALONG !SE L9ES IS A KEY /EP T[>D IMPROV+ \R HEAL?4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT PROMOT+ LIB]T>IAN1 I4E4 SELF-MANAG$1 SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS W\LD 9CREASE NOT ONLY LIB]TY BUT ALSO PEOPLE'S WELL-BE+1 BO? PHYSICAL & M5TAL4 ,PRECISELY ! K9D ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ,KROPOTK9 DOCUM5T$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,ALL ?IS IS TO BE EXPECT$ AS HI]>*Y 7BY ITS V]Y NATURE7 IMPACTS NEGATIVELY ON ?OSE SUBJECT TO IT4 ,KROPOTK9 W\LD1 ( C\RSE1 HAVE NOT BE5 SURPRIS$ BY ?IS RESE>*4.<#g#i.> ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT 9 T]MS ( EVOLUTION>Y ADVANTAGE1 PRACTIC+ MUTUAL AID )9 SELF-MANAG$ ORGANIZATIONS ALL[S 9DIVIDUALS TO FL\RI% & SO CONFIRMS ,KROPOTK9'S BASIC >GUM5T ?AT ASSOCIATION RA!R ?AN CONFLICT GIVES AN EVOLUTION>Y $GE4 ,NOR W\LD ,KROPOTK9 HAVE BE5 SURPRIS$ ?AT ?OSE AT ! TOP ( ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y 7I4E41 ?OSE :O B5EFIT FROM IT7 W\LD SEEK TO DISMISS & DE/ROY SU* POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS4 ,HE WAS WELL AW>E ( CLASSES & HI]>*IES - & ! NE$ = ?OSE SUBJECT TO !M TO ABOLI% !M6 ,MY?S AB\T ,MUTUAL ,AID ,AN>*I/S HAVE LONG BE5 SUBJECT$ TO SOME:AT BIZ>RE 9T]PRETATIONS & ASS]TIONS AB\T \R IDEAS4 ,KROPOTK9'S CLASSIC IS NO EXCEPTION4 ,IT (T5 SEEMS TO BE ! CASE ?AT ?OSE :O DISCUSS ,MUTUAL ,AID GET NO FUR!R ?AN ! TITLE6 ,RI*>D ,DAWK9S' WORDS ON HIS [N MISUND]/OOD CLASSIC SEEM APPROPRIATE3 0,I CAN SEE H[ ! TITLE ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E C\LD BE MISUND]/OOD1 ESPECIALLY BY ?OSE PHILOSOPH]S :O PREF] TO READ A BOOK BY TITLE ONLY1 OMITT+ ! RA!R EXT5SIVE FOOTNOTE :I* IS ! BOOK ITSELF40.<#h.> ,) ,KROPOTK9'S MA/]PIECE1 !RE IS EV5 LESS EXCUSE = IT1 = IF ITS CRITICS HAD BO!R$ TO CONSULT ! SUB-TITLE 70,A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION07 !N ! MO/ OBVI\SLY WRONG CLAIMS W\LD HAVE BE5 AV]T$4 ,GIV5 ! MULTITUDE ( 9ACCURATE 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,KROPOTK9'S WORK1 IT IS SADLY NECESS>Y TO DISCUSS !M & 9DICATE !IR 9ACCURACIES4 ,MUTUAL ,AID & ,COMPETITION ,ONE ( ! /RANGE/ CLAIMS AB\T ,KROPOTK9'S WORK IS ?AT IT IGNORES COMPETITION )9 SPECIES1 BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?IS FL[S 9TO ! SIMIL> CLAIM ?AT ,MUTUAL ,AID %[$ ?AT ,KROPOTK9 WAS BL9D TO ! 0NA/Y0 SIDE ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,YET ?IS H>DLY MAKES MU* S5SE1 GIV5 ?AT HE BECAME AN AN>*I/1 =SAK+ A PROMIS+ SCI5TIFIC C>E]1 PRECISELY BECAUSE HE SAW ! HORRORS & EVILS ( CLASS SOCIETY3 0,SCI5CE IS AN EXCELL5T ?+4 ,I KNEW ITS JOYS & VALU$ !M - P]HAPS MORE ?AN MANY ( MY COLLEAGUES DID 4444 ,BUT :AT RI\ND ME WAS NO?+ BUT MIS]Y & /RUGGLE40.<#h#a.> ,IF HE W]E 0BL9D0 TO ! 0BAD0 SIDE ( 0HUMAN NATURE01 HE W\LD HAVE REMA9$ A MEMB] ( ! ,RUSSIAN >I/OCRACY & PURSU$ HIS SCI5TIFIC WORK4 ,MOREOV]1 EV5 A GLANCE AT ,MUTUAL ,AID %[S ?AT HE DID NOT D5Y ! ROLE ( /RUGGLE1 9 FACT ! OPPOSITE AS HE /RESS$ ?AT ! BOOK'S EXAMPLES CONC5TRAT$ ON MUTUAL AID SIMPLY BECAUSE MUTUAL /RUGGLE 7BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME SPECIES7 HAD 0ALREADY BE5 ANALYZ$1 DESCRIB$1 & GLORIFI$ FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL0 &1 AS SU*1 HE FELT NO NE$ TO ILLU/RATE IT4 ,HE DID NOTE ?AT IT 0WAS NECESS>Y TO %[1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! IMM5SE P>T :I* ?IS FACTOR . PLAYS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( BO? ! ANIMAL WORLD & HUMAN SOCIETIES4 ,ONLY AFT] ?IS HAS BE5 FULLY RECOGNIZ$ WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO PROCE$ TO A COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! TWO FACTORS40 ,AS HE REPEAT$LY /RESS$1 IT WAS 0A BOOK ON ! LAW ( ,MUTUAL ,AID1 VIEW$ AT AS ONE ( ! *IEF FACTORS ( EVOLUTION - NOT ( ALL FACTORS ( EVOLUTION & !IR RESPECTIVE VALUES40.<#h#b.> ,KROPOTK91 SUMM>IZ$ ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD1 0DID NOT D5Y ! COMPETITIVE =M ( /RUGGLE1 BUT HE >GU$ ?AT ! COOP]ATIVE /YLE HAD BE5 UND] EMPHASIZ$ & MU/ BALANCE OR EV5 PR$OM9ATE OV] COMPETITION 9 CONSID]+ NATURE AS A :OLE40.<#h#c.> ,TODES E*OES ?IS1 >GU+ ?AT = ,KROPOTK91 9TRASPECIFIC RELATIONS 0CONTA9$ ELEM5TS ( BO? COMPETITION & COOP]ATION1 ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( :I* V>I$ ACCORD+ TO CIRCUM/ANCES 444 ,AL?\< ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( COMPETITION & COOP]ATION FLUCTUAT$ BY SEASON & CIRCUM/ANCE1 NATURAL SELECTION G5]AT$ A HI/ORICAL T5D5CY T[>D COOP]ATION 444 ,SPECIES ?AT CO-OP]AT$ HAD A BETT] *ANCE ( SURVIVAL 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE ?AN DID LESS SOCIABLE ONES40 ,?IS APPLI$ TO HUMANS TOO1 AS HI/ORY 0TE/IFI$ TO A CON/ANT /RUGGLE BETWE5 T5D5CIES T[>D COMPETITION & COOP]ATION0.<#h#d.> ,?US ,KROPOTK9 WAS 09T]E/$ 9 %[+ ?AT COOP]ATION AS WELL AS COMPETITIV5ESS CAN HELP ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE1 & ?US BE FAVOR$ 9 EVOLUTION40.<#h#e.> ,?IS CAN BE SE5 :5 ,KROPOTK9 /RESS$ ?AT 7TO USE ! BOOK'S SUBTITLE7 MUTUAL AID WAS 0A FACTOR ( EVOLUTION40 ,AS HE PUT IT1 MUTUAL AID 0REPRES5T. ONE ( ! FACTORS ( EVOLUTION01 ANO!R BE+ 0! SELF-ASS]TION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 NOT ONLY TO ATTA9 P]SONAL OR CA/E SUP]IORITY1 ECONOMICAL1 POLITICAL1 & SPIRITUAL1 BUT ALSO 9 ITS MU* MORE IMPORTANT AL?\< LESS EVID5T FUNCTION ( BREAK+ ?R\< ! BONDS1 ALWAYS PRONE TO BECOME CRY/ALLIZ$1 :I* ! TRIBE1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ! CITY1 & ! ,/ATE IMPOSE UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL40 ,?US ,KROPOTK9 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !RE IS SOCIAL /RUGGLE )9 SOCIETY AS WELL AS 0! SELF-ASS]TION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TAK5 AS A PROGRESSIVE ELEM5T0 7I4E41 /RUGGLE AGA9/ =MS ( SOCIAL ASSOCIATION :I* N[ H9D] 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & DEVELOPM5T74.<#h#f.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,KROPOTK9'S RESE>* TRAC$ ! EVOLUTION ( MUTUAL AID ?R\< HI/ORY1 9DICAT+ :5 7& H[7 IT WAS OV]:ELM$ BY MUTUAL /RUGGLE 7ANO!R KEY FACTOR ( EVOLUTION71 & %[$ H[ IT PROVID$ ! F\NDATION = CONT9UAL EF=TS AT COOP]ATIVE SELF-EMANCIPATION FROM V>I\S =MS ( DOM9ATION 7! /ATE1 FEUDALISM1 9/ITUTIONAL RELIGION & CAPITALISM74 ,MUTUAL ,AID ALSO PRES5TS SOME 9SI ,! REALITY IS MORE COMPLEX ?AN ?AT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,KROPOTK9 NOT$ ?AT 0.H5 ,MUTUAL ,AID 9/ITUTIONS 444 BEGAN 444 TO LOSE !IR PRIMITIVE *>ACT]1 TO BE 9VAD$ BY P>ASITIC GR[?S1 & ?US TO BECOME H9DRANCES TO PROGRESS1 ! REVOLT ( 9DIVIDUALS AGA9/ !SE 9/ITUTIONS TOOK ALWAYS TWO DIFF]5T ASPECTS4 ,P>T ( ?OSE :O ROSE UP /ROVE TO PURIFY ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS1 OR TO WORK \T A HI<] =M ( COMMONWEAL?40 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 O!RS 05DEAVOR$ TO BREAK D[N ! PROTECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT1 ) NO O!R 9T5TION BUT TO 9CREASE !IR [N WEAL? & !IR [N P[]S40 ,9 ?IS CONFLICT 0LIES ! REAL TRAG$Y ( HI/ORY40.<#h#h.> ,AT BE/1 IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT1 = ,KROPOTK91 ! MUTUAL AID T5D5CY PRODUC$ :AT WAS BE/ 9 ! HI/ORICAL PROGRESSION ( HUMANITY4 ,AS HE PUT IT1 0:5EV] MANK9D HAD TO WORK \T A NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ADAPT$ TO A NEW PHASIS ( DEVELOPM5T1 ITS CON/RUCTIVE G5IUS ALWAYS DREW ! ELEM5TS & ! 9SPIRATION = ! NEW DEP>TURE FROM ?AT SAME EV]-LIV+ T5D5CY40 ,9S(> AS !SE NEW ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 0W]E A CREATION ( ! MASSES0 !Y W]E BAS$ ON MUTUAL AID1 AS W]E 0NEW E?ICAL SY/EMS0 & SO 0! E?ICAL PROGRESS ( \R RACE 444 APPE>S AS A GRADUAL EXT5SION ( ! MUTUAL AID PR9CIPLES40.<#h#i.> ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT ID5TICAL ) >GU+ ?AT COOP]ATION WAS AT ! HE>T ( SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,KROPOTK9 WAS WELL AW>E ( ! ROLE ( CONFLICT BETWE5 CLASSES1 BETWE5 RUL]S & RUL$1 9 HI/ORY & MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & ?IS IS REFLECT$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,SO1 TO /ATE ! OBVI\S1 !RE IS NO NE$ TO POND] :Y WE HAVE ! /ATE & CAPITALISM IF WE >E 0NATURALLY0 COOP]ATIVE4 ,BO? HAVE >IS5 PRECISELY BECAUSE WE >E ALSO 0NATURALLY0 COMPETITIVE &1 AS A RESULT1 PEOPLE EXPLOIT & OPPRESS O!RS - AS LONG AS ! O!RS LET !M4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE NO ILLUSIONS AB\T 0HUMAN NATURE0 - IF WE DID1 WE W\LD NOT BE AN>*I/S - & >GUE ?AT WE CANNOT APPEAL TO ! BETT] NATURE ( \R MA/]S TO BE LESS OPPRESSIVE2 WE NE$ TO ORGANIZE TO LIMIT !IR P[]S UNTIL SU* TIME AS WE CAN GET RID ( !M6 ,GIV5 ?AT ,KROPOTK9 DID NOT D5Y ! ROLE ( COMPETITION1 IT DOES SEEM IRONIC ?AT ! SUPPORT]S ( COMPETITION (T5 MAKE 7OBVI\SLY IDEOLOGICAL DRIV57 EXCEPTIONS TO !IR PEONS TO IT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :ILE 0COMPETITION0 IS G5]ALLY PRAIS$ )9 ! ECONOMY IT IS ALMO/ ALWAYS LIMIT$ TO COMPETITION )9 CLASSES1 NOT BETWE5 !M4 ,?US ! COMPETITION BETWE5 COMPANIES OR BETWE5 WORK]S IS LAUD$ BUT /RUGGLE BETWE5 CLASSES1 BETWE5 WORK]S & BOSSES1 IS CONDEMN$ 9 ! /RONGE/ T]MS4 ,EQUALLY1 ! MO/ EXTREME 0M>KET ADVOCATES0 >E (T5 ?OSE MO/ OPPOS$ TO ANTI-MONOPOLY LAWS & ACTIONS :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! MO/ OPPOS$ TO UNIONS4 ,?AT*] & ,REAGAN1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E UNCONC]N$ AB\T CORPORATE OLIGOPOLY & 0COLLUSION0 7COOP]ATION7 BETWE5 COMPANIES :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 US+ /ATE P[] TO REGULATE1 H9D]1 CRU% & G5]ALLY UND]M9E UNIONS4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS /ATE IMPOS$ NEO-LIB]AL 0COOP]ATION0 BETWE5 CLASSES WAS PR$ICTABLE - RIS+ 9EQUALITY AS WORK]S W]E UNABLE TO KEEP ! WEAL? !Y PRODUC$ 9 !IR [N H&S4 ,?IS IS UNSURPRIS+1 GIV5 ?AT ! ONLY =M ( 0COOP]ATION0 BETWE5 BOSS & WAGE SLAVE1 LIKE MA/] & SLAVE1 IS ?AT ( OB$I5CE ( ! LATT] TO ! =M]4 ,BY /RANGE CO-9CID5CE1 ! 0M>KET ADVOCATES0 :O >GUE AGA9/ CLASS COMPETITION DO SO BECAUSE1 !Y CLAIM1 IT IS AGA9/ ! LONG T]M 9T]E/S ( ! SUBJECT CLASS - :I* IS EXACTLY :AT EV]Y SET ( RUL]S SAY4 ,ALL ( :I* EXPLA9S ,KROPOTK9'S /ATEM5T ?AT 0! ORIG9 ( ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY0 LIES 9 0! CRITICISM 444 ( ! HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONS & ! AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIETY0.<#i.> ,= AN>*I/S1 G5U9E MUTUAL AID IS BAS$ ON ! RECOGNITION ( EQUALITY BETWE5 ! P>TICIPANTS - :I* IS PRECISELY :Y ,KROPOTK9 PO9T$ TO UNIONS & CO-OP]ATIVES AS EXAMPLES ( MUTUAL AID1 AS MEANS = WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE TO IMPROVE !IR CONDITIONS )9 ! HO/ILE 5VIRONM5T ( AN OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL SY/EM1 CAPITALISM4 ,MUTUAL ,AID & CLASS /RUGGLE ,A RELAT$ MY? IS ! NOTION ?AT ,MUTUAL ,AID D5IES ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,EV5 A NORMALLY WELL 9=M$ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ LIKE ,MAURICE ,BR9TON FELL 9TO ?IS /]EOTYPE ( ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5T4 ,TOO 9FLU5C$ BY HIS ,L59I/ BACKGR\ND1 HE ASS]T$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/'S 0AIM IS TO CONV9CE & REASON ) 7RA!R ?AN TO OV]?R[7 ?OSE :O OPPRESS ! MASSES0 & ?AT HE /OOD = 0A COOP]ATION ?AT CLE>LY TRANSC5D$ ! B>RI]S ( CLASS40.<#i#a.> ,YET A /UDY ( ,KROPOTK9'S AN>*I/ WRIT+S 7SU* AS ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD &1 MORE REC5TLY1 ,ACT = ,Y\RSELVES7 W\LD SOON %[ !Y >E CLE>LY REVOLUTION>Y & BAS$ ON CLASS /RUGGLE & ONLY SOMEONE :O HAD NEV] READ !M C\LD CLAIM O!RWISE4 ,TO QUOTE ,KROPOTK9 FROM ! #a#h#hS3 0,:AT SOLID>ITY CAN EXI/ BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ & ! WORK] HE EXPLOITS8 ,BETWE5 ! HEAD ( AN >MY & ! SOLDI]8 ,BETWE5 ! GOV]N+ & ! GOV]N$80.<#i#b.> ,HE MAKES ! SAME PO9T AFT] ,MUTUAL ,AID 9 HIS ESSAY 0,AN>*I/ ,MORALITY03 0,EQUALITY 9 MUTUAL RELATIONS ) ! SOLID>ITY >IS+ FROM IT1 ?IS IS ! MO/ P[]FUL WEAPON ( ! ANIMAL WORLD 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,& EQUALITY IS EQUITY4 0,BY PROCLAIM+ \RSELVES AN>*I/S1 WE PROCLAIM BE=EH& ?AT WE DISAV[ ANY WAY ( TREAT+ O!RS 9 :I* WE %\LD NOT LIKE !M TO TREAT US2 ?AT WE WILL NO LONG] TOL]ATE ! 9EQUALITY ?AT HAS ALL[$ SOME AMONG US TO USE !IR /R5G?1 !IR CUNN+ OR !IR ABILITY AFT] A FA%ION 9 :I* IT W\LD ANNOY US TO HAVE SU* QUALITIES US$ AGA9/ \RSELVES 444 ,WE DECL>E W> AGA9/ !IR WAY ( ACT+1 AGA9/ !IR WAY ( ?9K+4 ,! GOV]N$1 ! DECEIV$1 ! EXPLOIT$1 ! PRO/ITUTE1 W\ND ABOVE ALL ELSE \R S5SE ( EQUALITY4 ,IT IS 9 ! NAME ( EQUALITY ?AT WE >E DET]M9$ TO HAVE NO MORE PRO/ITUT$1 EXPLOIT$1 DECEIV$ & GOV]N$ M5 & WOM540.<#i#c.> ,KROPOTK9 WAS WELL AW>E ?AT COOP]ATION C\LD NOT BE APPLI$ BETWE5 CLASSES4 ,?IS AW>5ESS IS REFLECT$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID AS WELL1 :I* IS H>DLY SIL5T ON ! IMPORTANCE ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE HIE H>DLY ! P]SPECTIVES ( SOMEONE :O IGNOR$ CLASS CONFLICT & ITS ROLE 9 SOCIETY6 ,9DE$1 A MAJOR !ME ( ! BOOK IS ! EVOLUTION ( MUTUAL AID 9/ITUTIONS 9 RESPONSE TO SOCIAL *ANGE & CLASS CONFLICT4 ,A SIMIL> ASS]TION TO ,BR9TON'S WAS MADE MORE REC5TLY BY ,PAT ,/ACK1 A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,BRITI% ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY1 9 A /AGG]+LY 9ACCURATE RANT AGA9/ AN>*ISM4.<#i#d.> ,HIS SUMM>Y ( ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS LEFT A LOT TO BE DESIR$3 0,& ! AN>*I/ ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 F> FROM SEE+ CLASS CONFLICT AS ! DYNAMIC = SOCIAL *ANGE AS ,M>X DID1 SAW COOP]ATION BE+ AT ! ROOT ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS4 ,HE BELIEV$ ! COOP]ATION ( :AT HE T]M$ 'MUTUAL AID' WAS ! NATURAL ORD]1 :I* WAS DISRUPT$ BY C5TRALIZ$ /ATES4 ,9DE$ 9 EV]Y?+ FROM PUBLIC WALKWAYS & LIBR>IES ?R\< TO ! ,R$ ,CROSS1 ,KROPOTK9 FELT HE WAS WITNESS+ CONFIRMATION ?AT SOCIETY WAS MOV+ T[>DS HIS MUTUAL AID1 PREV5T$ ONLY FROM COMPLET+ ! J\RNEY BY ! /ATE4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT IF CLASS CONFLICT IS NOT ! MOTOR ( *ANGE1 ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT ! AG5T & COLLECTIVE /RUGGLE NOT ! MEANS40 ,!RE >E ?REE ISSUES ) ,/ACK'S SUMM>Y4 ,FIR/LY1 ,KROPOTK9 DID NOT1 9 FACT1 REJECT CLASS CONFLICT AS ! 0DYNAMIC ( SOCIAL *ANGE0 NOR REJECT ! WORK+ CLASS AS ITS 0AG5T40 ,SECONDLY1 ALL ( ,/ACK'S EXAMPLES ( 0MUTUAL AID0 DO NOT1 9 FACT1 APPE> 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,!Y DO APPE> 9 O!R WORKS BY ,KROPOTK9 BUT NOT AS EXAMPLES ( MUTUAL AID4.<#i#e.> ,N[1 IF ,KROPOTK9 HAD CONSID]$ !M AS EXAMPLES ( MUTUAL AID !N HE W\LD HAVE LI/$ !M 9 ?AT WORK4 ,?IRDLY1 ,MUTUAL ,AID HI*I/ COMMUNISM 0MANIFE/+ ITSELF '9 ! ?\S&S ( DEVELOPM5TS ( MOD]N LIFE4'0 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 :ILE OV]-/RESS+ ! ROLE ( COOP]ATION 9 ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS1 HE ALSO NOTES 7UNLIKE ,/ACK7 ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN DID NOT 0D5Y ?AT ! '/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE' PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SPECIES0 & ?AT HE 0DID NOT %R9K FROM ! NECESSITY ( REVOLUTION0 7& 0DID NOT EXPECT ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES TO GIVE UP !IR PRIVILEGES & POSSESSION )\T A FIRI$ \T BY ! MASSES !MSELVES0 A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( 0EXPROPRIATION0 ( SOCIAL WEAL?4 .<#i#f.> ,NOT ONLY HAD ,/ACK NOT READ ,KROPOTK9'S WORKS1 HE MISREPRES5T$ HIS SECOND>Y S\RCE4.<#i#g.> ,KROPOTK9 NEV] CLAIM$1 AS ,/ACK ASS]TS1 ?AT MUTUAL AID 0WAS ! NATURAL ORD]40 ,RA!R1 HE REPEAT$LY >GU$ ?AT 0! W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL IS NOT ! LAW ( NATURE4 ,MUTUAL AID IS AS MU* A LAW ( NATURE AS MUTUAL /RUGGLE0.<#i#h.> ,AT NO /AGE DID HE D5Y EI!R FACTOR 7MUTUAL AID & MUTUAL /RUGGLE71 UNLIKE ! B\RGEOIS APOLOGI/S HE WAS REFUT+4 ,MOREOV]1 READ+ ,MUTUAL ,AID QUICKLY %[S ?AT ,KROPOTK9 SAW HI/ORY M>K$ BY BO? COOP]ATION & CONFLICT AS Y\ W\LD EXPECT 9 A SOCIETY DIVID$ BY CLASS & HI]>*Y4 ,HE RECOGNIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( /RUGGLE OR COMPETITION AS A MEANS ( SURVIVAL BUT ALSO >GU$ ?AT COOP]ATION )9 A SPECIES WAS ! BE/ MEANS = IT TO SURVIVE 9 A HO/ILE 5VIRONM5T4 ,?IS APPLI$ TO LIFE UND] CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! HO/ILE 5VIRONM5T ( CLASS SOCIETY1 ! ONLY WAY 9 :I* WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE C\LD SURVIVE W\LD BE TO PRACTICE MUTUAL AID 79 O!R WORDS1 SOLID>ITY74 ,LITTLE WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ,KROPOTK9 LI/$ /RIKES & UNIONS AS EXPRESSIONS ( MUTUAL AID 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,SO IF ,/ACK HAD BO!R$ TO READ ,KROPOTK9'S CLASSIC HE W\LD HAVE BE5 AW>E ?AT IT LI/$ BO? UNIONS & /RIKES AS EXPRESSIONS ( MUTUAL AID.<#i#i.> 7A FACT :I* W\LD UND]M9E ,/ACK'S SILLY ASS]TION ?AT AN>*I/S REJECT COLLECTIVE WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE & ORGANIZATION74 ,= ,KROPOTK9 0,UNIONISM0 EXPRESS$ ! 0WORK]'S NE$ ( MUTUAL SUPPORT0 & HE WAS WELL AW>E ( H[ ! /ATE REPRESS$ & 0LEGISLAT$ AGA9/ ! WORK]S' UNIONS01 ?AT !SE W]E 0! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! MUTUAL-AID T5D5CY HAD TO MAKE ITS WAY40 ,?IS REPRESSION FAIL$1 AS 0! WORK]S' UNIONS W]E CONT9UALLY RECON/ITUT$0 & SPREAD1 =M+ 0VIGOR\S F$]AL ORGANIZATIONS 444 TO SUPPORT ! BRAN*ES DUR+ /RIKES & PROSECUTIONS40 ,9 SPITE ( ! DIFFICULTIES 9 ORGANIZ+ UNIONS & FI !RE >E ?\S&S ( /RIKES 444 ! MO/ SEV]E & PROTRACT$ CONTE/S BE+1 AS A RULE1 ! SO-CALL$ 'SYMPA?Y /RIKES1' :I* >E 5T]$ UPON TO SUPPORT LOCK$-\T COMRADES OR TO MA9TA9 ! RIE CON/ANTLY PRACTIC$ BY !M40.<#a.> ,?IS IS H>D TO SQU>E ) ,/ACK'S ASS]TION ?AT ,KROPOTK91 LIKE AN>*I/S 9 G5]AL1 ?\GUM5TS AT FACE VALUE1 !N HE CLE>LY IS >GU+ ?AT SOLID>ITY IS NOT AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ?AT MUTUAL AID & COOP]ATION CANNOT *ANGE ! WORLD6 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,/ACK'S >GUM5T ?AT ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT COOP]ATION WAS ! S\RCE ( PROGRESS IS 9 CONTRADICTION ) HIS O!R CLAIMS ?AT AN>*ISM 0DESPISES ! COLLECTIVITY0 & AN>*I/S 0DISMISS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! COLLECTIVE NATURE ( *ANGE40 ,H[ CAN Y\ HAVE COOP]ATION )\T =M+ A COLLECTIVE8 ,&1 EQUALLY1 SURELY SUPPORT = COOP]ATION CLE>LY IMPLIES ! RECOGNITION ( ! 0COLLECTIVE NATURE ( *ANGE08 ,F9ALLY1 ,MUTUAL ,AID IS PRIM>ILY A WORK ( POPUL> SCI5CE & NOT A WORK ON REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ !ORY LIKE1 SAY1 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD OR ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL4 ,AS SU*1 IT DOES NOT PRES5T A FULL EXAMPLE ( ,KROPOTK9'S REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & H[ MUTUAL AID FITS 9TO !M4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS A FIRM SUPPORT] ( UNIONS & /RIKES4 ,9 HIS >TICLE ON ,AN>*ISM = ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA1 HE /RESS$ ?AT AN>*I/S 0HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO PROMOTE !IR IDEAS DIRECTLY AMONG ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & TO 9DUCE ?OSE UNIONS TO A DIRECT /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL1 )\T PLAC+ !IR FAI? 9 P>LIAM5T>Y LEGISLATION40.<#a#a.> ,MUTUAL ,AID & ,SOCIOBIOLOGY ,ONE SCI5TI/ /ATES ?AT ,KROPOTK9 WAS ! 0MO/ 9FLU5TIAL MUTUAL AID !ORI/1 & ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT EVOLUTION>Y !ORI/S & SOCIOBIOLOGI/S ( HIS TIME40.<#a#b.> ,= ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 SOCIOBIOLOGY 0IS REASONABLE 5\< AS A RESE>* PROGRAM4 ,IT HAS SUB/ANTIAL RESULTS = SIMPL] ORGANISMS1 BUT LITTLE TO SAY AB\T HUMANS1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 BEYOND SPECULATIONS ( V>I\S K9DS1 ! E>LIE/1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 9 ,KROPOTK9'S WORK ON MUTUAL AID AS A FACTOR 9 EVOLUTION40.<#a#c.> ,H[EV]1 ,KROPOTK9'S RELATION TO SOCIOBIOLOGY IS NOT /RAID4 ,HE IS (T5 ATTACK$ = WRIT+ ,MUTUAL ,AID 9 AN ATTEMPT TO USE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR TO %[ ?AT WE >E NATURALLY ALTRUI/IC1 ATTEMPT+ TO EMPLOY SCI5CE TO MAKE A POLITICAL PO9T4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ?OSE :O USE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR TO JU/IFY ! NOTION WE >E NATURALLY COMPETITIVE OR HI]>*ICAL SUFF] NO SU* ATTACKS4 ,AS PRIMATOLOGI/ ,FRANS DE ,WAAL REC\NTS1 EUPHEMISMS = FRI5DLY1 COOP]ATIVE OR ALTRUI/IC BEHAVIOR >E (T5 UTILIZ$ AS US+ ?OSE T]MS IS CONSID]$ 0OV]LY AN?ROPOMORPHIC4 ,:]EAS T]MS RELAT$ TO AGGRESSION1 VIOL5CE1 & COMPETITION NEV] POS$ ! SLI ,?IS IS TO BE EXPECT$1 AS ! NOTION WE >E 0COMPETITIVE0 & 0HI]>*ICAL0 IS JU/ 0COMMON-S5SE0 AS WE LIVE 9 SU* A SOCIETY4 ,AS NOT$ ABOVE1 US+ 0NATURAL0 OR 0NATURAL LAW0 TO JU/IFY 9EQUALITIES HAS A LONG HI/ORY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES4 ,?IS HAS BE51 TO SOME DEGREE1 ! >GUM5T AGA9/ SOCIOBIOLOGY BY MANY ON ! LEFT4.<#a#e.> ,!SE ATTACKS >E UND]/&ABLE GIV5 ?AT1 :5 SOCIOBIOLOGY FIR/ APPE>$ 9 ! #a#i#gS1 NUM]\S >TICLES W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! M$IA US+ IT TO JU/IFY CAPITALISM & O!R SOCIAL HI]>*IES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BUS9ESS ,WEEK PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE 5TITL$1 0,A ,G5ETIC ,DEF5SE ( ! ,FREE ,M>KET0 7,APRIL #a1 #a#i#g#h7 :I* CLAIM$ ?AT 0,BIOECONOMICS SAYS ?AT GOV]NM5T PROGRAMS ?AT =CE 9DIVIDUALS TO BE LESS COMPETITIVE & SELFI% ?AN !Y >E G5ETICALLY PROGRAMM$ TO BE >E PREORDA9$ TO FAIL40 ,NEWSWEEK & ,TIME BO? RAN >TICLES ON SOCIOBIOLOGY :I* ASS]T$ ! 9EVITABILITY ( PATRI>*Y4 ,S9CE !N1 DUBI\S G5ETIC DEF5SES ( RACISM1 SEXISM1 CAPITALISM & SU* LIKE HAVE SURFAC$ ) DEPRESS+ REGUL>ITY4 ,IT DOES NOT HELP ?AT MANY SUPPORT]S (1 & COMM5TATORS ON1 SOCIOBIOLOGY MAKE ! FATAL ]ROR ( CONFUS+ 0SELFI%0 G5ES ) 0SELFI%0 9DIVIDUALS & DRAW 9APPROPRIATE CONCLUSIONS FROM SU* 9ACCURATE ASSUMPTIONS4.<#a#f.> ,KROPOTK9'S WORK HAS NOT BE5 RECEIV$ 9 ! SAME WAY1 SOME?+ ,*OMSKY HAS DISCUSS$4 ,HE NOTES ?AT ,$W>D ,O4 ,WILSON.<#a#g.> IS CONSID]$ ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ?IS S*OOL & HIS #aige BOOK ,SOCIOBIOLOGY 0HAS 9T]E/+ MAT]IAL ON SIMPL] ORGANISMS1 & 5DS ) A FEW PAGES ( SPECULATIONS ON HUMAN SOCIOBIOLOGY40 ,*OMSKY GOES ON TO SPECULATE ON ! REACTION TO ,KROPOTK9'S SIMIL> WORK3 0,! FIELD WAS ACTUALLY F\ND$ #he YE>S E>LI] BY ! LEAD+ AN>*I/ ?9K] ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ALSO A NATURAL SCI5TI/1 9 SEM9AL WORK ?AT L$ TO HIS CLASSIC ,MUTUAL ,AID3 A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#b4 ,HIS /UDIES CRITICIZ$ ! CONCLUSIONS ON '/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE' DRAWN BY ! NOT$ ,D>W9IAN ,T4,H4 ,HUXLEY1 :O NEV] RESPOND$ PUBLICLY1 ?\< 9 PRIVATE HE WROTE ?AT ,KROPOTK9'S PROM95TLY-PUBLI%$ WORK WAS 'V]Y 9T]E/+ & IMPORTANT4' ,KROPOTK9'S ,D>W9IAN SPECULATIONS AB\T ! POSSIBLE ROLE ( COOP]ATION 9 EVOLUTION1 ) !IR IMPLICATIONS = AN>*I/ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 REMA9 AB\T AS SOLID A CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN SOCIOBIOLOGY AS EXI/S TODAY4 ,BUT SOMEH[ ?IS WORK HAS NOT 5T]$ '! CANON'2 ONE CAN H>DLY IMAG9E :Y40.<#a#h.> ,?IS USE ( SOCIOBIOLOGY TO JU/IFY CAPITALISM & ! M>G9ALIZATION ( ,KROPOTK9'S MA/]PIECE COME AS NO SURPRISE1 AS ELITES HAVE ALWAYS SEIZ$ UPON !ORIES ?AT CAN BE US$ TO P]PETUATE & JU/IFY 9EQUALITIES ( P[] & WEAL?1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE :O BASE !MSELVES ON 0NATURAL0 FACTORS RA!R ?AN 9/ITUTIONAL ONES4.<#a#i.> ,?IS WAS ! CASE 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY ) ! PUBLICATION ( ,D>W9'S ,ON ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 :5 IT WAS UTILIZ$ TO DEF5D LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM AGA9/ SOCIAL RE=M & SPAWN$ ! REPULSIVE 0,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM0 :I* ,MUTUAL ,AID WAS WRITT5 TO REFUTE4 ,SO :ILE ! MORE CONS]VATIVE & RELIGI\S ELEM5TS ( ! RUL+ CLASS W]E TAK5 ABACK BY ! 0A!I/IC0 IMPLICATIONS ( ,D>W9'S IDEA1 ! MORE LIB]AL ELEM5TS ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS CLE>LY SAW ITS UTILITY TO !IR SOCIAL POSITION - JU/ AS !Y HAD ) ,MAL?US'S ESSAY ON POPULATION - REG>DLESS ( ! FACTS4 ,:I* RAISES ! QUE/ION1 DOES A SOCIOBOLOGICAL >GUM5T BECOME MORE ACCEPTABLE BECAUSE IT REA*ES LIB]T>IAN 70LEFT-W+07 CONCLUSIONS8 ,USUALLY ! PEOPLE :O >E1 RI*IES & CAPITALISM BECOME MORE RECEPTIVE :5 IT IS SUGGE/$ ?AT COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN COMPETITION IS PROGRAMM$ 9TO US BY 0,NATURE40 ,YET1 ,KROPOTK9 DOES NOT DRAW SU* />K CONCLUSIONS HIMSELF4 ,HE DOES NOT D5Y ! ROLE & IMPORTANCE ( COMPETITION )9 & BETWE5 GR\PS1 SUGGE/+ ?AT HE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT \R 0NATURE0 DOES NOT PRECLUDE IT NOR COOP]ATION4 ,AS HE WAS AT PA9S TO SUGGE/1 ! 5VIRONM5T HAS AN IMPACT ON ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS &1 AS SU*1 :E!R COOP]ATION OR COMPETITION PR$OM9ATES 9 A GIV5 SOCIETY IS DEP5D5T ON MANY 5VIRONM5TAL & CULTURAL FACTORS4 ,9 ?IS ,KROPOTK9'S POSITION IS ID5TICAL TO ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD1 :O >GU$ ?AT 0! RANGE ( \R POT5TIAL BEHAVIOR IS CIRCUMSCRIB$ BY \R BIOLOGY0 & IF ?IS IS :AT SOCIOBIOLOGY MEANS 0BY G5ETIC CONTROL1 !N WE CAN SC>CELY DISAGREE40 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT :AT IS MEANT4 ,RA!R1 IT IS A =M ( 0BIOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM0 ?AT SOCIOBIOLOGY >GUES =4 ,SAY+ ?AT !RE >E SPECIFIC G5ES = SPECIFIC HUMAN TRAITS SAYS LITTLE = :ILE 0.IOL5CE1 SEXISM1 & G5]AL NA/9ESS >E BIOLOGICAL S9CE !Y REPRES5T ONE SUBSET ( A POSSIBLE RANGE ( BEHAVIORS0 SO >E 0PEACEFULNESS1 EQUALITY1 & K9DNESS40 ,& SO 0WE MAY SEE !IR 9FLU5CE 9CREASE IF WE CAN CREATE SOCIAL /RUCTURES ?AT P]MIT !M TO FL\RI%40 ,?AT ?IS MAY BE ! CASE CAN BE SE5 FROM ! WORKS ( SOCIOBIOLOGI/S !MSELVES1 :O 0ACKN[L$GE DIV]SITY0 9 HUMAN CULTURES :ILE 0(T5 DISMISS.<+.> ! UNCOM=TABLE 'EXCEPTIONS' AS TEMPOR>Y & UNIMPORTANT AB]RATIONS40 ,?IS IS SURPRIS+1 = IF Y\ BELIEVE ?AT 0REPEAT$1 (T5 G5OCIDAL W>F>E HAS %AP$ \R G5ETIC DE/9Y1 ! EXI/5CE ( NONAGGRESSIVE PEOPLES IS EMB>RASS+40.<#a#a.> ,ULTIMATELY1 IF SOME PEOPLE >E COOP]ATIVE OR PEACEFUL N[1 AT O!R TIMES COMPETITIVE & AGGRESSIVE1 !N NEI!R AGGRESSION OR COMPETITIV5ESS >E 5COD$ 9 \R G5ES1 M]ELY ! POT5TIAL = !M3 0,IF 9NATE ONLY MEANS POSSIBLE1 OR EV5 LIKELY 9 C]TA9 5VIRONM5TS1 !N EV]Y?+ WE DO IS 9NATE & ! WORD HAS NO MEAN+40.<#a#a#a.> ,?AT ,KROPOTK9 W\LD %>E ?IS ANALYSIS & CRITIQUE CAN BE SE5 FROM HIS DISCUSSION ( CULTURAL DIFF]5CES 9 0SAVAGE0 CULTURES & SO-CALL$ 0CIVILIZ$0 ONES4 ,HE W\LD HAVE AGRE$ ) ,G\LD ?AT ! 0ISSUE IS NOT UNIV]SAL BIOLOGY VS4 HUMAN UNIQU5ESS1 BUT BIOLOGICAL POT5TIALITY VS4 BIOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM40 ,?AT SUGGE/S ?AT 0.ASIC HUMAN K9DNESS MAY BE AS 'ANIMAL' AS HUMAN NA/9ESS0 & ?AT UPBR++1 CLASS1 CULTURE & O!R 9FLU5CES 0DET]M9E H[ WE RE/RICT \R BEHAVIORS FROM ! WIDE SPECTRUM - EXTREME ALTRUISM TO EXTREME SELFI%NESS - ?AT \R G5ES P]MIT40.<#a#a#b.> ,AS ,MUTUAL ,AID PUT IT3 0,MAN IS A RESULT ( BO? HIS 9H]IT$ 9/9CTS & HIS $UCATION40.<#a#a#c.> ,= ,KROPOTK91 HUMAN ACTION WAS NOT G5ETICALLY PR$ET]M9$ BUT RA!R 9FLU5C$ BY NURTURE3 0,:ILE ! FUNDAM5TAL FEATURES ( HUMAN *>ACT]S CAN ONLY BE M$IAT$ BY A V]Y SL[ EVOLUTION1 ! RELATIVE AM\NT ( 9DIVIDUALI/ & MUTUAL AID SPIRIT >E AMONG ! MO/ *ANGEABLE FEATURES ( MAN4 ,BO? BE+ EQUALLY PRODUCTS ( AN ANT]IOR DEVELOPM5T1 !IR RELATIVE AM\NTS >E SE5 TO *ANGE 9 9DIVIDUALS & EV5 SOCIETIES ) A RAPIDITY :I* W\LD /RIKE ! SOCIOLOGI/ IF ONLY HE PAID ATT5TION TO ! SUBJECT1 & ANALYZ$ ! CORRESPOND+ FACTS40.<#a#a#d.> ,?IS WAS A !ME ,KROPOTK9 CONT9UALLY RETURN$ TO1 NAMELY ! IMPACT ( ! 5VIRONM5T ON ORGANISMS 7ANIMALS & PLANTS >E 0ALT]$ BY ! DIRECT ACTION ( !IR *ANG+ SURR\ND+S0.<#a#a#e.>74 ,A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY WILL %APE PEOPLE 9 C]TA9 7NEGATIVE7 WAYS & PRODUCE A 0HUMAN NATURE0 RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM A LIB]T>IAN ONE4 0,9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON EXPLOITATION & S]VITUDE10 HE /RESS$1 0HUMAN NATURE ITSELF IS DEGRAD$0 & 0AU?ORITY & S]VILITY WALK EV] H& 9 H&40.<#a#a#f.> ,YET1 IF HI]>*Y DEGRADES1 FRE$OM CAN RAISE4 ,SO 0:5 WE HE> M5 SAY+ ?AT ,AN>*I/S IMAG9E M5 MU* BETT] ?AN !Y REALLY >E1 WE M]ELY WOND] H[ 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE CAN REPEAT ?AT NONS5SE4 ,DO WE NOT SAY CONT9UALLY ?AT ! ONLY MEANS ( R5D]+ M5 LESS RAPACI\S & EGOTI/IC1 LESS AMBITI\S & LESS SLAVI% AT ! SAME TIME1 IS TO ELIM9ATE ?OSE CONDITIONS :I* FAVOR ! GR[? ( EGOTISM & RAPACITY1 ( SLAVI%NESS & AMBITION80.<#a#a#g.> ,?US WE HAVE ! POT5TIAL TO *ANGE \RSELVES :ILE WE *ANGE ! WORLD & BY *ANG+ ! WORLD WE CANNOT HELP BUT *ANGE \RSELVES4 ,F9ALLY1 IT W\LD BE REMISS NOT TO M5TION A CO-9CID5CE BETWE5 ,KROPOTK9'S CRITIQUE ( ! LIMITATIONS ( MA9/REAM #a#i? C5TURY ,D>W9ISM & ,G\LD'S CRITIQUE ( SOCIOBIOLOGY4 ,! =M] NOT$ ?AT ! SECTION 9 ! ,ORIG9S 5TITL$ 0,/RUGGLE = ,LIFE MO/ SEV]E BETWE5 ,9DIVIDUALS & ,V>IETIES ( ! SAME ,SPECIES0 HAD 0NONE ( ?AT WEAL? ( PRO(S & ILLU/RATIONS :I* WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO F9D 9 :ATEV] ,D>W9 WROTE4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME SPECIES IS NOT ILLU/RAT$ UND] ?AT HEAD+ BY EV5 ONE S+LE 9/ANCE3 IT IS TAK5 AS GRANT$40.<#a#a#h.> ,DECADES LAT]1 ,G\LD LAM5T$ ?AT 0.FT] TW5TY-SIX *APT]S ( C>EFUL DOCUM5TATION = ! NONHUMAN ANIMALS1 ,WILSON CONCLUDES .<,SOCIOBIOLOGY.> ) AN EXT5D$ SPECULATION ON ! G5ETIC BASIS ( SUPPOS$LY UNIV]SAL PATT]NS 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR40.<#a#a#i.> ,IT IS SIMPLY BECAUSE SU* SPECULATION FITS SO WELL ) ! ASSUMPTIONS ( ! DOM9ANT 7CAPITALI/7 CULTURE ?AT IT IS TREAT$ AS 0SCI5CE0 RA!R ?AN :AT IT IS - SPECULATION4 ,SOCIOBIOLOGI/S >E NOT IMMUNE TO ?IS1 REG>DLESS ( !IR CLAIMS ?AT !Y >E SCI5TI/S :O >E SOMEH[ OBJECTIVE OR ABOVE POLITICS4 ,AS AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,BRIAN ,MORRIS PUT IT1 0MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE BE5 CRITICAL ( ,WILSON'S PRES5TATION ( EMPIRICAL DATA1 :I* IS SELECTIVE & :I* T5DS TO UNIV]SALIZE :AT >E ESS5TIALLY ! VALUES & ATTRIBUTES ( A P>TICUL> K9D ( SOCIETY - ONE ) A CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY4 ,WILSON'S DEPICTION ( HUNT]-GA!R]S AS AGGRESSIVE C>NIVORES H>DLY MAT*ES ! EMPIRICAL EVID5CE 444 ,EQUALLY EVID5T IS ,WILSON'S T5D5CY TO DESCRIBE O!R CULTURES 9 T]MS ?AT D]IVE FROM HIS [N CULTURE 444 ,EV5 ! G5ES !Y POSSESS >E DESCRIB$ AS 'CAPITAL' 444 ,AS ) ,?OMAS ,HOBBES1 ,WILSON SEEMS TO EQUATE ! /ATE ( HUMAN NATURE ) ! IDEOLOGY ( CAPITALISM40.<#a#b.> ,RA!R ?AN ! LIKES ( ,KROPOTK9'S & ,G\LD'S POSITION ON HUMAN NATURE BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY POLITICS RA!R ?AN SCI5CE1 IT IS JU/ AS1 IF NOT MORE1 LIKELY ?AT SOCIOBIOLOGI/S >E !MSELVES HEAVILY 9FLU5C$1 P]HAPS UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY !IR [N PREJUDICES1 9T]E/S & ! SOCIETAL 9FLU5CES ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE AS WELL AS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EMS4 ,MUTUAL ,AID & ,GR\P ,SELECTION ,MI*AEL ,GLASSMAN >GUES ?AT 9 0MOD]N P>LANCE ,KROPOTK9'S !ORY IS ONE ( GR\P SELECTION40.<#a#b#a.> ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD SUGGE/$ ?AT ,KROPOTK9 0DID COMMIT A COMMON CONCEPTUAL ]ROR 9 FAIL+ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT NATURAL SELECTION IS AN >GUM5T AB\T ADVANTAGES TO 9DIVIDUAL ORGANISMS1 H[EV] !Y MAY /RUGGLE 444 ,KROPOTK9 SOMETIMES SPEAKS ( MUTUAL AID AS SELECT$ = ! B5EFIT ( 5TIRE POPULATIONS OR SPECIES - A CONCEPT =EIGN TO CLASSIC ,D>W9IAN LOGIC 7:]E ORGANISMS WORK1 ALBEIT UNCONSCI\SLY1 = !IR [N B5EFIT 9 T]MS ( G5ES PASS$ TO FUTURE G5]ATIONS740.<#a#b#b.> ,H[EV]1 A CLOSE READ+ SUGGE/S ?AT IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT ,KROPOTK9 EMPHASIZ$ EVOLUTION TAK+ PLACE AT ! LEVEL ( GR\PS OR SPECIES4 ,HIS >GUM5TS >E NOT C5T]$ ON 0GR\P SELECTION10.<#a#b#c.> :I* >GUES ?AT ADAPTATIONS CAN BECOME FIX$ OR SPREAD 9 A POPULATION BECAUSE ( ! B5EFITS !Y BE/[ ON GR\PS1 REG>DLESS ( ! EFFECT ON ! FITNESS ( 9DIVIDUALS )9 ?AT GR\P4 ,?IS IS POSSIBLE BECAUSE ( ! DIFF]5TIAL SURVIVAL ( GR\PS & SPECIES 7E4G41 :ILE ALTRUI/IC 9DIVIDUALS MAY BE AT A DISADVANTAGE AS REG>DS SELFI% ONES )9 GR\PS1 9T]NALLY COOP]ATIVE GR\PS >E MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE ?AN 9T]NALLY COMPETITIVE ONES & SO1 OV]TIME1 NATURAL SELECTION FAVORS COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIOR74 ,:ILE ,KROPOTK9 W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SURPRIS$ BY ?IS1 ! NOTION ( 0GR\P SELECTION0 IS SOME:AT IRRELEVANT AS ! B5EFITS ( MUTUAL AID APPLY AT ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL AS WELL AS ! GR\P LEVEL4 ,AS AN AN>*I/1 HE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT GR\PS >E MADE UP ( 9DIVIDUALS &1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 >GU$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID ?AT 0WE MAY SAFELY SAY ?AT MUTUAL AID IS AS MU* A LAW ( ANIMAL LIFE AS MUTUAL /RUGGLE1 BUT ?AT1 AS A FACTOR ( EVOLUTION1 IT MO/ PROBABLY HAS A F> GREAT] IMPORTANCE1 9ASMU* AS IT FAVORS ! DEVELOPM5T ( SU* HABITS & *>ACT]S AS 9SURE ! MA9T5ANCE & FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! SPECIES1 TOGE!R ) ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( WELF>E & 5JOYM5T ( LIFE = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ) ! LEA/ WA/E ( 5]GY40.<#a#b#d.> ,?US MUTUAL AID IS SE5 AS B5EFIT+ ! 9DIVIDUALS :O PRACTICE IT AS WELL AS GIV+ !IR GR\PS AN ADVANTAGE 9 ! /RUGGLE ( LIFE4 ,! TWO \TCOMES1 = ,KROPOTK91 >E NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE NOR 9 CONFLICT4 ,?IS IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ,G\LD1 :I* DRA9S HIS CRITICISM ( MU* ( ITS =CE3 0,BUT ,KROPOTK9 ALSO 7& (T57 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SELECTION = MUTUAL AID DIRECTLY B5EFITS EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9 ITS [N /RUGGLE = P]SONAL SUCCESS40 ,AS SU*1 ! ,RUSSIAN WAS WELL AW>E ?AT ! 0RESULT ( /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE MAY BE COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN COMPETITION1 BUT MUTUAL AID MU/ B5EFIT 9DIVIDUAL ORGANISMS 9 ,D>W9'S WORLD ( EXPLANATION0 & SO 0DID 9CLUDE ! OR?ODOX SOLUTION AS HIS PRIM>Y JU/IFICATION = MUTUAL AID40.<#a#b#e.> ,KROPOTK9 SIMPLY MADE ! OBVI\S PO9T ?AT 9DIVIDUALS CAN & DO B5EFIT :5 !Y PRACTICE MUTUAL AID & LIVE )9 GR\PS BAS$ ON IT4 ,KROPOTK91 LIKE MANY ( HIS FELL[S ( ! TIME1 DID1 AT TIMES1 USE LANGUAGE :I* C\LD BE 9T]PRET$ TO IMPLY HE ?\DLY ALONE 9 ?IS - = EXAMPLE1 MANY US$ ,D>W9ISM TO JU/IFY LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM & ! 0W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL0 BECAUSE IT /R5G!N$ 0! SPECIES0 BY WE$+ \T ! 0UNFIT40 ,IT IS FAIR TO SUGGE/1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,KROPOTK9 W\LD HAVE BE5 SYMPA!TIC TO ATTEMPTS TO ANALYZE EVOLUTION & NATURAL SELECTION AT MULTIPLE LEVELS 7! G5E1 CELL1 9DIVIDUAL1 GR\P & SPECIES74 ,HE WAS WELL AW>E1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT GR\P LIV+ PRODUC$ DIFF]5T BEHAVIOR ?AN ?AT ASSOCIAT$ ) SOLIT>Y ANIMALS 7MO/ OBVI\SLY1 GR\P PRESSURE TO R$UCE & CONTROL ANTI-SOCIAL ACTIVITY74 ,YET ?IS %\LD NOT DETRACT FROM ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT1 = ,KROPOTK91 COOP]ATION WAS FUNDAM5TALLY ( B5EFIT TO ! 9DIVIDUALS :O PRACTICE IT & ?AT GR\PS BAS$ ON SU* BEHAVIOR WILL SURVIVE BETT]4 ,= A GOOD OV]VIEW ( COOP]ATIVE & ALTRUI/IC ACTS & A !ORY ON H[ GR\P SELECTION GIVES RISE TO COOP]ATION1 SEE ,UNTO ,O!RS BY ,ELLIOTT ,SOB] & ,DAVID ,SLOAN ,WILSON4.<#a#b#f.> ,9T]E/+LY1 0,D>W9 DID 9VOKE GR\P SELECTION TO EXPLA9 /]ILE =MS AMONG ANTS0.<#a#b#g.> AS WELL AS US+ 0! PR9CIPLE ( GR\P SELECTION TO EXPLA9 ! EVOLUTION ( HUMAN MORALITY40.<#a#b#h.> ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! 0SELFI% G5E0 :I* AUTOMATICALLY EXCLUDES GR\P SELECTION1 REG>DLESS ( ,DAWK9S' PROTE/ATIONS O!RWISE4 ,AS ,KIM ,/]ELNY SUMM>IES1 IT IS 0N[ UNCONTROV]SIAL0 ?AT AN EMBRACE ( G5E SELECTION 0NE$ NOT REJECT GR\P SELECTION0 AS 0! EVOLUTION ( ! ORGANISM ITSELF 9VOLVES0 ! SAME PROBLEMS USUALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) GR\P SELECTION4 ,BO? >E CLAIMS AB\T VEHICLES4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ,SOB] & ,WILSON 0HAVE REOP5$ ! DEBATE AB\T GR\P SELECTION1 >GU+ ?AT ANIMALS >E NOT JU/ COOP]ATIVE1 !Y >E ALTRUI/IC40.<#a#b#i.> ,H[EV]1 IT IS USEFUL TO SKET* ! FLAWS 9 ,MATT ,RIDLEY'S >GUM5T AGA9/ GR\P SELECTION TO ILLU/RATE H[ ,D>W9ISM CAN BE MISUS$ = POLITICAL AG5DAS 7HE IS KE5 TO 5LI/ EVOLUTION>Y !ORY TO SUPPORT HIS NEO-LIB]ALISM74 ,RIDLEY DISMISSES IT BECAUSE HE >GUES ?AT ONLY 9DIVIDUALS CAN BE SELECT$1 NOT GR\PS4 ,HE RAISES ! QUE/ION3 0,BUT :AT HAPP5S :5 SOME?+ IS GOOD = ! SPECIES BUT BAD = ! 9DIVIDUAL80 ,& ANSW]S IT3 0,WE KN[ :AT HAPP5S4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL'S 9T]E/ COMES FIR/4 ,SELFLESS GR\PS W\LD BE P]PETUALLY UND]M9$ BY ! SELFI%NESS ( !IR 9DIVIDUALS40 ,HE SEEMS TO HAVE =GOTT5 ?AT HE E>LI] /RESS$ ?AT G5ES W]E :AT C\NT$1 NOT 9DIVIDUALS3 0,BUT ALWAYS1 )\T EXCEPTION1 LIV+ ?+S >E DESIGN$ TO DO ?+S ?AT 5HANCE ! *ANCES ( !IR G5ES OR COPIES ( !IR G5ES SURVIV+ & REPLICAT+40.<#a#c.> ,:ILE CONFUS+ ! SELFI% G5E ) ! SELFI% 9DIVIDUAL 7LIKE CONF\ND+ COMMUNAL PROP]TY ) PRIVATE PROP]TY1 AS HE ALSO DOES7 MAY BE GOOD = HIS IDEOLOGY1 IT IS BAD SCI5CE4.<#a#c#a.> ,IF G5ES CAN BE REPLICAT$ BY PROMOT+ ADAPTATIONS :I* FAVOR GR\P SURVIVAL !N SURELY ?IS IS AS FEASIBLE AS G5ES CO-OP]AT+ )9 AN 9DIVIDUAL TO 5SURE !IR SURVIVAL4 ,!N !RE IS ,RIDLEY'S IDEOLOGICAL DI*OTOMY BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS4 ,COOP]ATION1 HE >GUES1 IS 0NOT GR\P SELECTION3 IT IS 9DIVIDUAL SELECTION M$IAT$ BY GR\PI%NESS40 ,?US :ILE 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S CAN LIE 0) :I* GR\P10 IT MEANS ?AT WE 0>E AN EXTREMELY GR\PI% SPECIES1 BUT NOT A GR\P SELECT$ ONE4 ,WE >E DESIGN$ . NOT TO SACRIFICE \RSELVES = ! GR\P BUT TO EXPLOIT ! GR\P = \RSELVES40.<#a#c#b.> ,F9E2 EXCEPT = TWO ?+S4 ,FIR/1 HE %\LD BE FOCUS+ ON ! G5E1 NOT ! 9DIVIDUAL & SO SIMPLY CANNOT DISMISS ! POSSIBILITY ?AT G5E SURVIVAL C\LD PRODUCE SU* 0SACRIFICE40 ,SECOND1 GR\PS >E MADE ( O!R 9DIVIDUALS4 ,SURELY !Y W\LD ACT TO /OP AN 9DIVIDUAL EXPLOIT+ ! GR\P 7I4E41 !MSELVES78 ,RIDLEY SEEMS TO ASSUME ?AT 0ALTRUI/0 EQUATES TO 0/UPID01 AS CAN BE SE5 FROM HIS FICTIONAL EXAMPLE ( H[ 0SELFI%0 PEOPLE WILL ABUSE 0ALTRUI/IC0 ONES OV] COMMONLY [N$ RES\RCES ?AT ASSUMES ?AT ! 0LAW-ABID+0 9DIVIDUALS JU/ LET ! 0LAW-BREAK]S0 DO :AT !Y WANT4 .<#a#c#c.> ,9 REALITY1 IT IS EXTREMELY UNLIKE ?AT ! 0ALTRUI/IC0 9DIVIDUALS 7OR W\LD ?AT BE !IR G5ES87 W\LD LET !MSELVES BE SACRIFIC$ BY ! ACTIONS ( O!RS & W\LD1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 ACT TO /OP IT4 ,RIDLEY HIMSELF1 IRONICALLY1 9DICATES SU* COMMUNAL PRESSURES AT WORK LAT] 9 HIS BOOK :5 DISCUSS+ 0! COMMONS0 9 REAL LIFE RA!R ?AN 9 IDEOLOGICALLY DRIV5 0JU/-SO0 /ORIES4.<#a#c#d.> ,KROPOTK91 SIGNIFICANTLY1 WAS NOT BL9D TO ?IS ISSUE & 9DICATES 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID H[ SOCIAL CU/OMS >ISE TO /OP ANTI-SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALS EXPLOIT+ ! GR\P4 ,HE NOTES ?AT 0.F EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL W]E CON/ANTLY ABUS+ ITS P]SONAL ADVANTAGES )\T ! O!RS 9T]F]+ 9 FAVOR ( ! WRONG$1 NO SOCIETY-LIFE W\LD BE POSSIBLE0 & SO SOCIAL ANIMALS1 LIKE HUMANS1 9T]V5E TO /OP SU* ACTION4.<#a#c#e.> ,ADDRESS+ ! ISSUE ( ! /ABILITY ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 HE >GU$ ?AT DIRECT ACTION W\LD /OP ! 0GRADUAL & TEMPOR>ILY IMP]CEPTIBLE REG5]ATION ( ! OLD EVILS40 ,IF SOMEONE W]E OPPRESSIVE OR 0DRAW+ FROM SOCIETY ALL ?AT HE CAN1 & MONOPOLIZ+ FROM O!RS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE0 !N ! O!RS 0HAVE IT 9 !IR P[] TO APPLY A PROMPT *ECK BY BOYCOTT+ SU* A P]SON & REFUS+ TO HELP HIM ) !IR LABOR OR TO WILL+LY SUPPLY HIM ) ANY >TICLES 9 !IR POSSESSION4 ,!Y HAVE IT 9 !IR P[] TO USE =CE AGA9/ HIM4 ,!Y HAVE !SE P[]S 9DIVIDUALLY AS WELL AS COLLECTIVELY4 ,BE+ EI!R PA/ REBELS :O HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ ) ! SPIRIT ( LIB]TY1 OR ELSE HABITUAT$ TO 5JOY FRE$OM FROM !IR 9FANCY1 !Y >E H>DLY TO RE/ PASSIVE 9 VIEW ( :AT !Y FEEL TO BE WRONG40.<#a#c#f.> ,9 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 HE 9DICAT$ H[ ! 9DIVIDUALS 9 A GR\P )9 A FREE SOCIETY CAN PROTECT !MSELVES FROM ANTI-SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ( !IR MEMB]S BY1 = EXAMPLE1 ASK+ ! WORK-%Y TO LEAVE4.<#a#c#g.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! TIT-=-TAT REFUSAL ( RECIPROCITY TO UNCOOP]ATIVE 9DIVIDUALS & SO AN>*I/S HAVE LONG BE5 AW>E ?AT1 TO QUOTE ,ROB]T ,TRIV]S1 0COOP]ATION REQUIR$ P]PETUAL VIGILANCE TO 5JOY ITS FRUITS1 BUT TIT-=-TAT 444 C\LD BR+ ?IS COOP]ATIVE WORLD40.<#a#c#h.> ,:E!R ?IS MUTUAL AID1 EXPRESS$ 9 COMMUNITY SELF-DEF5SE1 AM\NTS TO 0GR\P SELECTION0 OR NOT WILL1 UND\BT$LY1 BE MU* DISCUSS$ BUT IF IT IS TRUE ?AT 9DIVIDUALS WILL TRY TO EXPLOIT GR\PS1 SO IT IS ?AT ! O!R 9DIVIDUALS :O MAKE UP ?OSE GR\PS WILL ACT TO DISC\RAGE IT4 ,:O W9S ?IS /RUGGLE CANNOT BE PR$ICT$1 BUT :OEV] IT IS WILL SEE !MSELVES1 & !IR G5ES1 SURVIVE & FL\RI%4 ,MUTUAL ,AID & ,ALTRUISM ,A COMMON MI/AKE IS TO CONFUSE MUTUAL AID ) ALTRUISM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 DUR+ HIS ATTEMPT TO JU/IFY ,?AT*]ISM G5ETICALLY1 ,MATT ,RIDLEY ASS]TS ?AT 0,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT BECAUSE ANTS W]E NICE TO EA* O!R1 SO MU/ WE BE 9/9CTIVELY VIRTU\S40.<#a#c#i.> ,IT IS H>D TO ?9K ( A MORE MISLEAD+ C>ICATURE ( ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5T 7& !RE IS /IFF COMPETITION = ?AT PRIZE674 ,/EVE ,JONES1 ,PR(ESSOR ( ,G5ETICS AT ,UNIV]SITY ,COLLEGE ,LONDON1 PRES5TS A SIMIL>LY 9ACCURATE DIATRIBE AGA9/ ,KROPOTK94 ,9 HIS BOOK ,CORAL HE ASS]TS ?AT ! 0SPLIT BETWE5 ! AN>*I/S & ! CAPITALI/S REFLECT$ A FUNDAM5TAL CLA% ( BELIEFS4 ,IS HUMANK9D RUL$ BY SELF-9T]E/1 OR IS IT ALTRUISM \R TRUE /ATE8 ,:AT IS ! LESSON FROM ,NATURE3 MUTUAL AID OR 9EVITABLE /RIFE80 ,= ,JONES1 AN>*I/S 0SEE A B5EVOL5T MESSAGE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD40.<#a#d.> ,HE IS E*O+ ,RIDLEY1 :O ASS]T$ ?AT ,KROPOTK9 0C\LD NOT /OMA* ! IDEA ?AT LIFE WAS A RU?LESS /RUGGLE ( SELFI% BE+S40.<#a#d#a.> ,! GRIM REALITY IS1 ,JONES /ATES1 ?AT SYMBIOSIS 0M>KS EA* /AGE 9 EVOLUTION1 BUT ! NOTION ( MUTUAL AID1 A JO9T EF=T TO A COMMON 5D1 HAS BE5 SUP]S$$ BY A /]N] VIEW3 ?AT SU* >RANGEM5TS BEGAN ) SIMPLE EXPLOITATION4 ,DISEASE1 P>ASITISM & CANNIBALISM HAVE BE5 >\ND S9CE LIFE BEGAN40 ,HE DOES ADMIT ?AT MANY CREATURES 0DO APPE> TO 9DULGE 9 MUTUAL AID0 & ?AT ! 0SEMBLANCE ( COOP]ATION IS ALL >\ND40 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS JU/ APPE>ANCE1 = ?IS IS1 9 FACT1 BAS$ 0NOT ON MUTUAL AID BUT ON GRE$ & MUTUAL EXPLOITATION40.<#a#d#b.> ,FIR/1 ! AWKW>D FACT ?AT ,KROPOTK9 WAS NOT DISCUSS+ SYMBIOSIS 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID NE$S TO BE M5TION$4 .<#a#d#c.> ,?IS T]M COMMONLY DESCRIBES CLOSE & (T5 LONG-T]M 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T BIOLOGICAL SPECIES & ?IS IS NOT :AT ! BOOK IS AB\T4 ,NOR IS IT AB\T MUTUALISM1 :I* DESCRIBES ANY RELATION%IP BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS ( DIFF]5T SPECIES :]E BO? 9DIVIDUALS D]IVE A FITNESS B5EFIT1 AL?\< ?IS DOES NOT CONTRADICT ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5T4 ,RA!R1 AS IS CLE> ONCE Y\ READ ! BOOK1 IT IS AB\T COOP]ATION1 I4E41 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME SPECIES LIV+ TOGE!R )9 GR\PS ( V>Y+ SIZES TO D]IVE A FITNESS B5EFIT4.<#a#d#d.> ,SECOND1 ,KROPOTK9 W\LD H>DLY HAVE DISAGRE$4 ,HE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT 0/RIFE0 & 0SELF-9T]E/0 9 BO? ! ANIMAL WORLD & HUMANITY EXI/$ - & ?AT IT DROVE MUTUAL AID4 0,LIFE IS /RUGGLE10 HE >GU$1 0& 9 ?AT /RUGGLE ! FITTE/ SURVIVE40.<#a#d#e.> ,HE EXPLICITLY & REPEAT$LY NOT$ ?AT ,MUTUAL ,AID PRES5T$ A ONE-SID$ P]SPECTIVE TO C\NT] ! DOM9ANT P]SPECTIVE ?AT /RESS$ COMPETITION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS3 0,HUXLEY'S VIEW ( NATURE HAD AS LITTLE CLAIM TO BE TAK5 AS A SCI5TIFIC D$UCTION AS ! OPPOSITE VIEW ( ,R\SSEAU1 :O SAW 9 NATURE BUT LOVE1 PEACE1 & H>MONY DE/ROY$ BY ! ACCESSION ( MAN 444 ,R\SSEAU HAD COMMITT$ ! ]ROR ( EXCLUD+ ! BEAK-&-CLAW FITIAL 9T]PRETATION ( NATURE40.<#a#d#f.> ,! NOTION ( CON/ANT /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS IS AN 0EXAGG]ATION0 :I* 0IS EV5 MORE UNSCI5TIFIC ?AN ,R\SSEAU'S IDEALIZATION40 ,KROPOTK9'S POSITION WAS ?AT SOCIABILITY 0IS AS MU* A LAW ( NATURE AS MUTUAL /RUGGLE0 & ?AT ! QUE/ION WAS :O IS ! FITTE/1 ?OSE :O COMPETE AGA9/ EA* O!R OR ?OSE :O CO-OP]ATE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ A H>% 5VIRONM5T4 ,HE PRES5T$ EVID5CE ?AT SUPPORT$ HIS VIEW ?AT 0?OSE ANIMALS :I* ACQUIRE HABITS ( MUTUAL AID >E UND\BT$LY ! FITTE/0 BECAUSE 0LIFE 9 SOCIETIES IS ! MO/ P[]FUL WEAPON 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE1 TAK5 9 ITS WIDE/ S5SE40 ,?US COOP]ATION PROVIDES 0MORE *ANCES TO SURVIVE0 & ANIMALS & HUMANS 0F9D 9 ASSOCIATION ! BE/ >MS = ! /RUGGLE = LIFE3 UND]/OOD1 ( C\RSE1 9 ITS WIDE ,D>W9IAN S5SE40.<#a#d#g.> ,AS ,TODES CORRECTLY NOTES1 ,KROPOTK9'S 0>GUM5TS RE/$1 NOT ON ! NOTION1 :I* HE ASSOCIAT$ ) ,R\SSEAU & ,BU*N]1 ?AT LOVE WAS 9H]5T TO ! NATURAL WORLD1 BUT ON AN ANALYSIS ( ! DYNAMICS ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE40.<#a#d#h.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS WELL AW>E ?AT ! DRIVE = COOP]ATION RE/$ ON ! 0SELFI%0 DESIRE TO SURVIVE4 ,HIS >GUM5T WAS ?AT MUTUAL AID1 RA!R ?AN MUTUAL /RUGGLE1 BETWE5 MEMB]S ( ! SAME GR\P OR SPECIES WAS ! BE/ MEANS ( DO+ SO4 ,9DE$1 HE EXPLICITLY ES*EWS ! NOTION ?AT 0ALTRUISM0 79 ! COMMON MEAN+ ( ! WORD7 IS ! BASIS ( MUTUAL AID3 IT IS NEI!R LOVE NOR SYMPA?Y AS SU* ?AT CAUSES ANIMALS TO ASSI/ ONE ANO!R1 BUT RA!R A MORE H>D-NOS$ RECOGNITION ?AT IT IS 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S = SURVIVAL TO DO SO4 ,MOREOV]1 HE >GU$1 ?IS GR\P LIV+ W\LD HAVE AN EFFECT ON ?OSE SUBJECT TO IT4 ,!Y W\LD DEVELOP ATTITUDES ?AT 5C\RAG$ COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIOR & SO MUTUAL AID WAS ! 0BROAD & NECESS>Y F\NDATION0 UPON :I* 0! /ILL HI<] MORAL FEEL+S >E DEVELOP$40.<#a#d#i.> ,AS SU*1 IT WAS 0! REAL F\NDATION ( \R E?ICAL CONCEPTIONS40.<#a#e.> ,SO MUTUAL AID HELPS TO EXPLA9 ALTRUI/IC ACTIONS & S5TIM5TS 7& :Y !SE HAVE EVOLV$71 BUT IT IS NOT ID5TICAL4 ,AS HE EXPLA9$ 9 A SUBSEQU5T WORK1 0,MUTUAL ,AID-,JU/ICE-,MORALITY >E ?US ! CONSECUTIVE /EPS ( AN ASC5D+ S]IES0 & ?AT MORALITY 0DEVELOP$ LAT] ?AN ! O!RS0 7& SO WAS 0AN UN/ABLE FEEL+ & ! LEA/ IMP]ATIVE ( ! ?REE074 ,?US MUTUAL AID CAME FIR/ & 5SUR$ 0! GR\ND IS PREP>$ = ! FUR!R & ! MORE G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( MORE REF9$ RELATIONS40.<#a#e#a.> ,SO :ILE ,KROPOTK9 T\*ES ON ?IS ISSUE 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 IT NE$S TO BE SUPPLEM5T$ BY ! ESSAY ,AN>*I/ ,MORALITY.<#a#e#b.> AS WELL AS ! PO/HUM\SLY PUBLI%$ ,E?ICS4 ,!N !RE IS ! C5TRAL CONTRADICTION 9 ,JONES' ACC\NT4 ,HE CLAIMS ?AT = SCI5TI/S 0NEI!R SYMBIOSIS NOR ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE HAS MU* MESSAGE = HUMAN AFFAIRS0 BE=E CONCLUD+ A FEW PAGES LAT] ?AT AN>*ISM HAS BE5 0SIDEL9$ BY ! IRON RULES ( GRE$ ?AT RULE ! GLOBE40.<#a#e#c.> ,?IS W\LD BE MORE CONV9C+ IF HE HAD NOT ATTACK$ PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,NIETZS*E & POLITICAL ?9K]S LIKE ,M>X = DRAW+ LESSONS = HUMAN SOCIETY FROM NATURE4 ,?IS IS =GOTT5 :5 HE TURNS TO ,KROPOTK94 ,!N WE HAVE AN ASS]TION ?AT ! 0IRON RULE ( GRE$0 IS A UNIV]SAL LAW ( NATURE4 ,SO1 APP>5TLY1 NATURE DOES HAVE A 0MESSAGE = HUMAN AFFAIRS0 AFT] ALL & IT JU/ HAPP5S TO CO9CIDE ) ! DOM9ANT ECONOMIC SY/EM & ! IDEOLOGY ( ITS RUL+ ELITE4 ,! CULTURAL PRESUMPTIONS & ASSUMPTIONS 9 SUGGE/+ ?AT DESCRIB+ ANIMALS & PEOPLE WORK+ TOGE!R 9 MUTUALLY B5EFICIAL WAYS AS 0MUTUAL EXPLOITATION0 IS VALUE-FREE SCI5CE :ILE DESCRIB+ IT AS 0MUTUAL AID0 IS JU/ NONSCI5TIFIC1 EMOTIONAL WOOLLY-?9K+ %\LD BE ALL TOO OBVI\S4.<#a#e#d.> ,SOME:AT IRONICALLY1 ,JONES NOTES ?AT 0SCI5TI/S HAVE NO?+ TO ADD TO PHILOSOPHY AP>T FROM FACTS40 ,YET HIS COMM5TS AB\T ,KROPOTK9'S LIFE >E REPEAT$LY WRONG4 ,HE TALKS ( ! FIX & ,KROPOTK90 9 ! ,I,W,M,A :51 9 REALITY1 IT WAS ,BAKUN9 :O F\E 9=M$ ?AT ) 0! APP>5T TRIUMPH ( HIS IDEAS 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION HIS ,UTOPIA WAS1 IT SEEM$1 REALIZ$ & ! ,PR9CE RETURN$ TO ,MOSC[4 ,)9 TWO YE>S HE WAS DISAPPO9T$1 & )9 ?REE DEAD40 ,KROPOTK91 H[EV]1 RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA BE=E ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION :I* SUGGE/S ?AT ,JONES EI!R IS UNAW>E ,KROPOTK9 DI$ 9 #aiba OR ?AT BO? ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS TOOK PLACE 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,! NOTION ?AT ,KROPOTK9 W\LD HAVE EXPECT$ HIS IDEAS TO HAVE BE5 IMPLEM5T$ BY ,M>XI/S IS SIMPLY /AGG]+ & SO ! ,BOL%EVIK EXP]IM5T SIMPLY CONFIRM$ FIVE DECADES ( >GU+ AGA9/ /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,JONES EV5 TALKS AB\T H[ 0! ,SLAVIC EXP]IM5T 9 MUTUALISM ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FAIL$10 SO %[+ ?AT IT IS NOT ONLY ,TROTSKYI/S :O >E IGNORANT ( ,L59'S /AT$ DESIRE TO CREATE /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA & HIS SY/EMATIC CAMPAIGN AGA9/ COOP]ATION 9 ! WORKPLACE 9 FAVOR ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T4.<#a#e#e.> ,MUTUAL ,AID & ,AN>*ISM ,:ILE ,MUTUAL ,AID IS FUNDAM5TALLY A WORK ( POPUL> SCI5CE1 IT DOES HAVE A RELATION%IP ) AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,IT W\LD BE SURPRIS+ IF ?IS W]E NOT ! CASE & SO WE F9D ?AT ,MUTUAL ,AID1 BO? 9 T]MS ( ME?ODOLOGY & SUBJECT1 HAS !MES :I* ,KROPOTK9 ADDRESS$ 9 HIS EXPLICITLY LIB]T>IAN WORK4 ,9 T]MS ( ! ME?ODOLOGY US$1 HE WAS ALWAYS KE5 TO APPLY HIS SCI5TIFIC TRA9+4 ,:ILE 7RI*ISM0.<#a#e#f.> ,KROPOTK9 7LIKE ,BAKUN97 HAD A HEAL?Y RESPECT = SCI5CE & DID1 QUITE RI*I/ !ORY4 0,AS TO ! ME?OD FOLL[$ BY ! AN>*I/ ?9K]10 HE WROTE 9 #a#h#h#g1 0IT IS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT FOLL[$ BY ! UTOPI/S 444 ,HE /UDIES HUMAN SOCIETY AS IT IS N[ & WAS 9 ! PA/ 444 TRIES TO DISCOV] ITS T5D5CIES1 PA/ & PRES5T1 ITS GR[+ NE$S1 9TELLECTUAL & ECONOMIC1 & 9 HIS IDEAL HE M]ELY PO9TS \T 9 :I* DIRECTION EVOLUTION GOES40.<#a#e#g.> ,DECADES LAT]1 9 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM1 HE REIT]AT$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ APPLI$ 0! 9DUCTIVE-D$UCTIVE ME?OD0 7! 0ONLY SCI5TIFIC ME?OD07 TO ! /UDY ( HI/ORY1 ECONOMY1 & DEVELOPM5TS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,?IS WAS BECAUSE 0MAN IS A P>T ( ,NATURE1 AS HIS P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE IS A NATURAL PH5OM5ON0 & SO !RE WAS 0NO REASON :Y WE %\LD 444 AB&ON ! ME?OD0 :5 WE /UDY HUMANITY4.<#a#e#h.> ,?US ,KROPOTK9 BR\*ISM1 BE+ SCI5TIFIC 09 ! USUAL S5SE ( BE+ BAS$ ON EMPIRICAL OBS]VATION & ON DEVELOP+ AN ANALYSIS ?AT WAS CONSI/5T ) & MADE S5SE ( ! DATA40.<#a#e#i.> ,?IS CAN BE SE5 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID & SO1 :ILE NOT DIRECTLY AN AN>*I/ TEXT1 IT APPLI$ :AT ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ WAS ! AN>*I/IC ME?OD TO EVOLUTION1 HI/ORY & POPUL> SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & !IR DEVELOPM5T4.<#a#f.> ,FIR/1 !RE IS ! P]SPECTIVE ADOPT$ ) ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,KROPOTK9 CONSID]$ HIS BOOK AS AN ATTEMPT TO WRITE A HI/ORY ( EVOLUTION FROM BEL[1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! OPPRESS$4 ,AS HE PUT IT1 HI/ORY1 0SU* AS IT HAS HI!RTO BE5 WRITT51 IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY A DESCRIPTION ( ! WAYS & MEANS BY :I* !OCRACY1 MILIT>Y P[]1 AUTOCRACY1 &1 LAT] ON1 ! RI*] CLASSES' RULE HAVE BE5 PROMOT$1 E/ABLI%$1 & MA9TA9$40 ,! 0MUTUAL AID FACTOR HAS BE5 HI!RTO TOTALLY LO/ SI ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS ! AN>*I/ POSITION ON SOCIAL *ANGE FROM ! BOTTOM-UP APPLI$ TO POPUL>IZ+ SCI5TIFIC IDEAS4 ,MUTUAL ,AID ALSO PROVIDES SUB/ANTIAL EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ! AN>*I/ !ORY ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,AN>*I/S >GUE ?AT HUMAN SOCIETAL EVOLUTION 79CLUD+ P]IODS ( SWIFT EVOLUTION CALL$ REVOLUTION7 WAS BAS$ ON ! CONFLICT BETWE5 :AT C\LD BE T]M$ ! 0LAW ( MUTUAL /RUGGLE0 & ! 0LAW ( MUTUAL AID40 ,! BOOK PROVIDES EMPIRICAL EVID5CE ?AT BO? HI/ORICALLY & )9 CURR5T /RUGGLES1 PEOPLE HAVE ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES TO RESI/ ! 9/ITUTIONS & NEGATIVE RESULTS ( MUTUAL /RUGGLE 7SU* AS ! OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION RESULT+ FROM PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ! /ATE & O!R SOCIAL HI]>*IES74 ,!SE TAKE MANY =MS1 9CLUD+ VILLAGE FOLKMOOTS1 NEI AS0 NEW 0ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS0 W]E 0A CREATION ( ! MASSES0 !Y 0HAVE ALL ORIG9AT$ FROM ! SAME S\RCE0 ( MUTUAL AID4 ,BY !SE MEANS1 ! MASSES 0MA9TA9$ !IR [N SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS BAS$ UPON !IR [N CONCEPTIONS ( EQUITY1 MUTUAL AID1 & MUTUAL SUPPORT 444 EV5 :5 !Y W]E SUBMITT$ TO ! MO/ F]OCI\S !OCRACY OR AUTOCRACY40.<#a#f#b.> ,?US ! NECESSITY ( MUTUAL AID PRODUC$ 9 ! /RUGGLE )91 BUT AGA9/1 CLASS_/HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY W\LD BE ! MEANS BY :I* ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A FREE SOCIETY W\LD BE CREAT$4 ,AS ,H>RY ,CLEAV] PUTS IT1 0,KROPOTK9 WAS PRES5T+ ! RESULTS ( RESE>* 9TO ?OSE CONCRETE DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! PRES5T :I* CON/ITUT$ ELEM5TS ( A PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 444 ,HE WAS %[+ H[ ! FUTURE WAS ALREADY APPE>+ 9 ! PRES5T60.<#a#f#c.> ,9 ! WORDS ( ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF1 ,AN>*ISM 0ORIG9AT$ 9 EV]YDAY /RUGGLES0 & 0! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS R5EW$ EA* TIME IT RECEIV$ AN IMPRESSION FROM SOME GREAT PRACTICAL LESSON3 IT D]IV$ ITS ORIG9 FROM ! TEA*+S ( LIFE ITSELF40.<#a#f#d.> ,SO RA!R ?AN AB/RACTLY C\NT]POISE A BETT] SOCIETY TO CAPITALISM1 ,KROPOTK9'S WORK %[$ H[ WE CREATE ! =M] :ILE FIIAN ,M>XI/ ,PAUL ,MATTICK WAS SIMPLY WRONG TO ASS]T ?AT ! 0:OLE CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ,HUXLEY & ,KROPOTK9 IS SOME:AT BESIDE ! PO9T -- IT DOES NOT T\* UPON ! RELEVANT ISSUES ( SOCIETY1 NAMELY ?AT 'MUTUAL AID' 9 HUMAN SOCIETY PRESUPPOSES ! ABOLITION ( CLASS RELATIONS40.<#a#f#e.> ,HE FAIL$ TO UND]/& ?AT 9/ITUTIONS ( 0MUTUAL AID0 W]E CREAT$ AS P>T ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CLASS SY/EMS & W]E ! MEANS TO !IR ABOLITION4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM COMP>+ ,KROPOTK9'S AN>*I/ WORKS TO ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,TRADE UNIONS & CO-OP]ATIVES >E HIE M5TION$ 9 HIS #aif PREFACE TO ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD4 ,!RE1 TRADE UNIONISM WAS PRAIS$ AS HAV+ 0A GR[+ T5D5CY T[>DS 444 BE+ NOT ONLY AN 9/RUM5T = IMPROV+ ! CONDITIONS ( LABOR1 BUT ALSO TO BECOME AN ORGANIZATION :I* MI ,ELSE:]E HE /RESS$ ?AT ! UNION 0IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y4 ,IT IS ! SOLE =CE ( ! WORK]S :I* CONT9UES ! DIRECT /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL )\T TURN+ TO P>LIAM5T>ISM40.<#a#f#g.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,KROPOTK9 CONT9UALLY /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( /RIKES1 SOLID>ITY & DIRECT ACTION BY UNIONS & WAS 7LIKE MO/ COMMUNI/-AN>*I/S7 A SYMPA!TIC1 IF NOT UNCRITICAL1 SUPPORT] ( SYNDICALISM4.<#a#f#h.> ,IF1 AS ,MUTUAL ,AID SUGGE/S1 ! POT5TIAL = AN>*ISM IS CREAT$ BY ! MASSES !MSELVES 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR /RUGGLES AGA9/ OPPRESSION !N IT FOLL[S ?AT SOCIALISM ITSELF MU/ BE CREAT$ ?AT WAY4 ,IF NOT1 IF BUILT 7IMPOS$7 FROM ABOVE1 SOCIALISM W\LD NEV] WORK - AN ANALYSIS :I* WAS AT ! HE>T ( ,BAKUN9'S CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM & :I* WAS PROV5 RI*I/S 9 #aie & #a#i#a#g1 ,KROPOTK9 SUPPORT$ ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' C\NCILS 70SOVIETS07 AS ! FRAMEWORK ( A FREE SOCIETY & !IR 0CONTROLL+ ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY IS A GREAT IDEA40 ,H[EV]1 ?IS WAS NOT :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA = 0AS LONG AS ! C\NTRY IS GOV]N$ BY A P>TY DICTATOR%IP1 ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' C\NCILS EVID5TLY LOSE !IR 5TIRE SIGNIFICANCE0 & >E 0R$UC$0 TO A 0PASSIVE ROLE01 CEAS+ 0TO BE FREE & ( ANY USE40 ,! 0PRESSURE ( A P>TY DICTATOR%IP 444 MEANS ! DEA?-KNELL ( ! NEW SY/EM40 ,HE /RESS$ ?AT 0PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE REPRES5T$ AN UND]TAK+ SO COMPLICAT$ ?AT ! PLANS ( ! /ATE SOCIALI/S 444 W\LD PROVE TO BE ABSOLUTELY 9EFFECTIVE AS SOON AS !Y W]E APPLI$ TO LIFE4 ,NO GOV]NM5T W\LD BE ABLE TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION IF ! WORK]S !MSELVES ?R\< !IR UNIONS DID NOT DO IT 9 EA* BRAN* ( 9DU/RY2 = 9 ALL PRODUCTION !RE >ISE DAILY ?\S&S ( DIFFICULTIES :I* NO GOV]NM5T CAN SOLVE OR =ESEE 444 ,ONLY ! EF=TS ( ?\S&S ( 9TELLIG5CES WORK+ ON ! PROBLEMS CAN CO-OP]ATE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW SOCIAL SY/EM & F9D ! BE/ SOLUTIONS = ! ?\S&S ( LOCAL NE$S40.<#a#f#i.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 HE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0HAVE %[N H[ ! ,REVOLUTION IS NOT TO BE MADE40.<#a#g.> ,?IS WAS DUE TO ! NATURE ( ! /ATE4 ,IF ! /ATE1 AS ,KROPOTK9 /RESSES1 IS DEF9$ BY 0! EXI/5CE ( A P[] SITUAT$ ABOVE SOCIETY1 BUT ALSO ( A T]RITORIAL CONC5TRATION AS WELL AS ! CONC5TRATION 9 ! H&S ( A FEW ( MANY FUNCTIONS 9 ! LIFE ( SOCIETIES0 !N SU* A /RUCTURE HAS NOT EVOLV$ BY *ANCE4 ,! 0PYRAMIDAL ORGANIZATION :I* IS ! ESS5CE ( ! ,/ATE0 HAS 0DEVELOP$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETIES TO PREV5T ! DIRECT ASSOCIATION AMONG M5 TO %ACKLE ! DEVELOPM5T ( LOCAL & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 TO CRU% EXI/+ LIB]TIES1 TO PREV5T !IR NEW BLOSSOM+ - ALL ?IS 9 ORD] TO SUBJECT ! MASSES TO ! WILL ( M9ORITIES40 ,?IS MEANS ?AT 0A SOCIAL 9/ITUTION CANNOT L5D ITSELF TO ALL ! DESIR$ GOALS1 S9CE1 AS ) EV]Y ORGAN1 . DEVELOP$ ACCORD+ TO ! FUNCTION IT P]=M$1 9 A DEF9ITE DIRECTION & NOT 9 ALL POSSIBLE DIRECTIONS40 ,?IS MEANS1 BY 0SEE+ ! ,/ATE AS IT HAS BE5 9 HI/ORY1 & AS IT IS 9 ESS5CE TODAY10 ! CONCLUSION AN>*I/S 0>RIVE AT IS = ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE40.<#a#g#a.> ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT MANY PEOPLE1 P>TICUL>LY /ATE SOCIALI/S1 TAKE 0PLEASURE 9 CONFUS+ ,/ATE ) ,SOCIETY01 A 0CONFUSION0 MADE BY ?OSE 0:O CANNOT VISUALIZE ,SOCIETY )\T A CONC5TRATION ( ! ,/ATE40 ,YET ?IS 0IS TO OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ,MAN LIV$ 9 ,SOCIETIES = ?\S&S ( YE>S BE=E ! ,/ATE HAD BE5 HE>D (0 & ?AT 0L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE . LIV$ 9 COMMUNES & FREE F$]ATIONS40 ,!SE W]E NOT /ATES AS ! /ATE 0IS ONLY ONE ( ! =MS ASSUM$ BY SOCIETY 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,:Y !N MAKE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 :AT IS P]MAN5T & :AT IS ACCID5TAL80.<#a#g#b.> ,! /ATE1 !N1 WAS A P>TICUL> =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON C]TA9 KEY ATTRIBUTES & SO 0! WORD ',/ATE' 444 %\LD BE RES]V$ = ?OSE SOCIETIES ) ! HI]>*ICAL SY/EM & C5TRALIZATION40.<#a#g#c.> ,KROPOTK9 WAS WELL AW>E ?AT ! /ATE WAS NOT SOME EVIL IMPOS$ ON SOCIETY FROM \TSIDE1 BUT ONE :I* GR[S \T ( IT & :I*1 :ILE %>+ KEY FEATURES1 EVOLVES ALONG SIDE IT4.<#a#g#d.> ,BAS$ ON ?IS EVOLUTION>Y ANALYSIS ( ! /ATE1 ,KROPOTK91 LIKE ALL AN>*I/S1 DREW ! CONCLUSION 0?AT ! ,/ATE ORGANIZATION1 HAV+ BE5 ! =CE TO :I* ! M9ORITIES RESORT$ = E/ABLI%+ & ORGANIZ+ !IR P[] OV] ! MASSES1 CANNOT BE ! =CE :I* WILL S]VE TO DE/ROY !SE PRIVILEGES40.<#a#g#e.> ,?IS MEANT ?AT SOCIALISM HAD TO BE BUILT US+ NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 BAS$ ON ! POPUL> P>TICIPATION FROM BEL[ LIKE ?OSE DOCUM5T$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID & ELSE:]E4.<#a#g#f.> ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT ,KROPOTK9'S DISCUSSION ( ! ,M$IEVAL ,CITY 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID IS ( P>TICUL> NOTE1 AS IT 9DICATES ?AT L>GE COMMUNITIES CAN BE ORGANIZ$ 9 A NON-/ATI/ MANN]4 ,IT 0WAS NOT A C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE0 &1 AT ! />T1 C\LD 0H>DLY BE NAM$ A ,/ATE AS REG>DS ITS 9T]IOR ORGANIZATION0 BECAUSE IT DID NOT HAVE ! 0PRES5T C5TRALIZATION ( FUNCTIONS0 NOR 0T]RITORIAL C5TRALIZATION40 ,9 FACT1 0SUPREME POLITICAL P[] C\LD BE VE/$ 5TIRELY 9 A DEMOCRATIC =UM0 & ! CITY WAS ?US A 0D\BLE F$]ATION0 ( DEMOCRATIC NEI ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 WE F9D ,KROPOTK91 E*O+ BO? ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 >GU+ 9 HIS EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ WORKS ?AT A FREE SOCIETY W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ! SAME MANN] BAS$ ON ! ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ 9 ! /RUGGLE )9 CAPITALISM4.<#a#g#h.> ,?US 0! =M ?AT ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION MU/ TAKE0 WAS 0! 9DEP5D5T ,COMMUNE0 & !IR F$]ATIONS ALONG ) 0A P>ALLEL TRIUMPH ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD0 BAS$ ON 0ASSOCIATIONS ( M5 & WOM5 :O W\LD WORK ON ! L&1 9 ! FACTORIES1 9 ! M9ES1 & SO ON1 .<& SO.> BECAME !MSELVES ! MANAG]S ( PRODUCTION40 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ! 0IDEA ( 9DEP5D5T ,COMMUNES = ! T]RITORIAL ORGANIZATION1 & ( F$]ATIONS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS = ! ORGANIZATION ( M5 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR DIFF]5T . FUNCTIONS1 GAVE A CONCRETE CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY REG5]AT$ BY A SOCIAL REVOLUTION40.<#a#g#i.> ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS AT PA9S TO /RESS ?AT ?IS NEW SY/EM W\LD BE SIMIL> 9 ITS \TL9ES TO ! PA/ ,COMMUNES DISCUSS$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID & NOT AN EXACT COPY3 0! ,COMMUNE ( TODAY CANNOT POSSIBLY CLO! ITSELF AGA9 9 ! =MS IT ASSUM$ SEV5 C5TURIES AGO 444 ! ,COMMUNE W\LD HAVE AN ORGANIZATION SO DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* IT HAD 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY ?AT WE W\LD BE 9 ! PRES5CE ( AN ABSOLUTELY NEW FACT1 EM]G+ 9 NEW CONDITIONS & LEAD+ 9EVITABLY TO ABSOLUTELY DIFF]5T CONSEQU5CES40.<#a#h.> ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 EV]Y SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS CONFIRM$ ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5TS4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! AN>*I/S W]E ! FIR/ TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! WORK]S' C\NCILS 70SOVIETS0 9 ,RUSSIAN71 PRODUC$ 9 ! PROCESS ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME 9 #a#i#e1 %\LD BE ! FRAMEWORK ( A FREE SOCIETY4.<#a#h#a.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 9 #aiag ! LIB]T>IANS :OLE-HE>T$LY SUPPORT$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T & ITS ATTEMPTS TO 9TRODUCE WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ! FACE ( HO/ILITY FROM ! CAPITALI/S AS WELL AS ! ,L59I/ /ATE4.<#a#h#b.> ,! L>GELY AN>*I/-9SPIR$ ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf PRODUC$ BO? COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS 7! NEI ,MORE REC5TLY1 ! POPUL> REVOLT AGA9/ NEO-LIB]ALISM 9 ,>G5T9A :I* />T$ 9 ,DECEMB] #ba SAW BO? ,AUTOGE/ION & ,HORIZONTALIDAD DEVELOP1 ?AT IS OCCUPI$ 7OR 0RECUP]AT$07 WORKPLACES AS WELL AS NEIRIO07 & 9T]-B>RIAL ASSEMBLIES4.<#a#h#d.> ,AS ONE P>TICIPANT 9 ?IS REVOLT NOT$3 0,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS BE5 TALK+ AB\T !SE IDEAS = YE>S0.<#a#h#e.> ,9DE$1 ONE POPUL> SLOGAN AT ! TIME WAS 0,OCCUPY1 ,RESI/1 & ,PRODUCE0 & IT W\LD BE NO EXAGG]ATION TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS1 UND\BT$LY UNKN[+LY1 SUMM>IZ$ ,KROPOTK9'S MESSAGE 9 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD6 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! DEM& 0,!Y ALL MU/ GO0 70,QUE SE VAYAN TODOS07 HAS DI/9CT P>ALLELS ) ,KROPOTK9'S PROCLAMATION 0,5\< ) GOV]NM5TS6 ,MAKE WAY = ! PEOPLE6 ,MAKE WAY = AN>*Y60.<#a#h#f.> ,CONCLUSIONS ,9 T]MS ( SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS1 MO/ ( ,KROPOTK9'S POSITIONS HAVE BECOME MA9/REAM4 ,HIS WORK HAS BE5 CONFIRM$ BY DEVELOPM5TS 9 MOD]N SCI5CE4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ ! WI%FUL ?9K+ ( AN AN>*I/ SEEK+ TO USE SCI5CE TO CONFIRM HIS IDEAS1 ,MUTUAL ,AID IS ! GR\NDBREAK+ WORK ( A TRA9$ SCI5TI/ :O ALSO HAPP5$ TO BE ! =EMO/ AN>*I/ ?9K] ( HIS TIME4 ,:ILE HIS T]M9OLOGY & EVID5CE HAVE DAT$1 HIS ME?ODOLOGY & CONCLUSIONS HAVE BE5 CONFIRM$ & BUILT UPON4 ,IT IS ?OSE :O D5Y ! CONCLUSIONS & SCI5TIFIC NATURE ( ,MUTUAL ,AID :O >E =C+ REALITY 9TO ! DOGMAS ( IDEOLOGY1 NOT ,KROPOTK94 ,?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,MUTUAL ,AID IS /ILL IMPORTANT AS MANY ( ! JU/IFICATIONS = CAPITALISM 7ON ! RIW9IAN RATIONALE HE COMBAT$ 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,NEO-LIB]ALISM & ITS 0TRICKLE-D[N0 IDEOLOGY IS PREMIS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ! ASC5DANCY ( 0! FITTE/0 B5EFITS ! :OLE SPECIES1 AS IS ! RELAT$ UND]LY+ IMPLICATION ?AT ?OSE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! HEAP >E FAT$ BY NATURE TO BE !RE4 ,?IS IS ALL COMB9$ ) PEANS TO 0! FREE M>KET0 & ! WOND]FUL EFFECTS ( 0COMPETITION0 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,WE >E BACK TO ! H>% CAPITALISM ,KROPOTK9 =SOOK HIS PROMIS+ SCI5TIFIC C>E] TO HELP 5D4 ,YET :ILE ?IS SELF-CONGRATULATORY RHETORIC MAY FL[1 IT DOES NOT /OP IT BE+ SELF-CONTRADICTORY &1 ULTIMATELY1 HYPOCRITICAL4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 WAS AT PA9S TO /RESS1 BUS9ESS ELITES NEV] REALLY BELIEVE 9 ! FREE M>KET4 ,AS N[1 :5 PU% CAME TO %OVE 7& (T5 LONG BE=E7 !Y TURN$ TO ! /ATE4 ,!N1 AS N[1 ! RUL+ CLASS LOOK$ TO ! /ATE = POLITICAL FAVORS1 = CONTRACTS1 = T>IFFS & SUBSIDIES1 = PUBLIC GRANTS ( L& & NATURAL RES\RCES1 = F9ANCIAL BAIL-\TS1 &1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 = PROTECTION - ! USE ( >M$ =CE1 AGA9/ ALL ?OSE :O MI 444 !Y HAVE NEV]1 NO:]E GIV5 ! WORK+ . ! LIB]TY ( OPPOS+ ?AT EXPLOITATION4 ,NEV] HAS ANY ,GOV]NM5T APPLI$ ! 'LEAVE ?+S ALONE' PR9CIPLE TO ! EXPLOIT$ MASSES4 ,IT RES]V$ IT = ! EXPLOIT]S ONLY 444 NO:]E HAS ! SY/EM ( 'NON9T]V5TION ( ! ,/ATE' EV] EXI/$4 ,EV]Y:]E ! ,/ATE HAS BE51 & /ILL IS1 ! MA9 PILL> & ! CREATOR1 DIRECT & 9DIRECT1 ( ,CAPITALISM & ITS P[]S OV] ! MASSES4 ,NO:]E1 S9CE ,/ATES HAVE GR[N UP1 HAVE ! MASSES HAD ! FRE$OM ( RESI/+ ! OPPRESSION BY CAPITALI/S 444 ,! /ATE HAS ALWAYS 9T]F]$ 9 ! ECONOMIC LIFE 9 FAVOR ( ! CAPITALI/ EXPLOIT]4 ,IT HAS ALWAYS GRANT$ HIM PROTECTION 9 ROBB]Y1 GIV5 AID & SUPPORT = FUR!R 5RI*M5T4 ,& IT C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE4 ,TO DO SO WAS ONE ( ! FUNCTIONS - ! *IEF MISSION - ( ! ,/ATE40.<#a#h#g.> ,!N1 AS N[1 :ILE ! RHETORIC IS ALWAYS AB\T 0COMPETITION01 09DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE01 0! FREE M>KET01 0SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/0 & SO =? 7AD NAUSEAM7 ! REALITY IS CORPORATE OLIGOPOLY1 OLIG>*IC BIG BUS9ESS1 /ATE 9T]V5TION 70SOCIALISM07 = ! RI*1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! MI+ 9EQUALITY - NOR ITS ,SOCIAL ,D>W9IAN SELF-JU/IFICATIONS & 0FREE-M>KET0 HYPOCRISY4 ,GIV5 ?IS1 ,KROPOTK9'S WORK IS /ILL AN IMPORTANT ANTIDOTE TO ! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 IT BR+S TO ! =EFRONT ?AT WE NE$ NOT LIVE LIKE ?IS & ?AT !RE IS NO?+ 9 0NATURE0 :I* PRECLUDES TRANSC5D+ CAPITALISM4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT ,MUTUAL ,AID1 9 SPITE ( ITS AGE1 CAN /ILL PLAY A ROLE 9 ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM & EQUALITY - AS LONG AS IT IS US$ TO UND]/& HI/ORY RA!R ?AN REPEAT IT1 US$ TO 9SPIRE NEW =MS ( MUTUAL AID & NEW MODES ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION4 ,IF WE DO ?AT1 !N \R /RUGGLES )91 BUT AGA9/1 CAPITALISM CAN NOT ONLY IMPROVE \R SITUATION TODAY !Y CAN ALSO CREATE ! POT5TIAL = A SOCIETY ( FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUALS :O CO-OP]ATE 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE !IR FULL POT5TIAL4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9'S WORK SUGGE/S1 NOT ONLY IS IT 9 KEEP+ ) \R 0NATURE01 IT IS 9 \R SELF-9T]E/1 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 AS A CLASS &1 ULTIMATELY1 AS A SPECIES TO DO SO4 ,FUR!R ,READ+ ,A GREAT MANY ( ,KROPOTK9'S WORKS1 9CLUD+ ,MUTUAL ,AID1 >E AVAILABLE ON-L9E4 ,9 T]MS ( PUBLI%$ WORKS1 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK $IT$ ,KROPOTK9'S ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA?4 ,9 #aa VOLUMES1 IT 9CLUDES ALL HIS MAJOR WRIT+S AS WELL AS NUM]\S IMPORTANT ESSAYS & >TICLES4.<#a#h#h.> ,?IS COLLECTION IS BY NO MEANS COMPLETE1 MISS+ \T ! >TICLES COLLAT$ 9 ,ACT = ,Y\RSELVES 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h7 = EXAMPLE4 ,TWO ( ,KROPOTK9'S %ORT] 9TRODUCTIONS TO AN>*ISM >E CONTA9$ 9 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g7 :ILE HIS ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g7 IS AB\T ! EVOLUTION ( ! /ATE & :Y SOCIALISM CANNOT BE 9TRODUC$ US+ IT4.<#a#h#i.> ,A USEFUL COLLECTION ( HIS PAMPHLETS IS AVAILABLE 9 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,COLLECTION ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,WRIT+S 7,DOV] ,PRESS1 #b#b74 ,?IS WAS =M]LY PUBLI%$ AS ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS & CONTA9S MU* ( HIS BE/ %ORT WORK1 AL?\< SOME 7LIKE 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM07 >E $IT$4 ,! COLLECTION ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD & ,O!R ,WRIT+S 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#e7 CONTA9S NEWLY TRANSLAT$ MAT]IAL FROM ! ,RUSSIAN $ITIONS ( ,KROPOTK9'S MEMOIRS1 ALONG ) HIS ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA >TICLE ON ,AN>*ISM4 ,ANO!R V]SION ( ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#g7 HAS ALSO APPE>$1 ) A NEW 9TRODUCTION4 ,ALSO AVAILABLE IS ,KROPOTK9'S CLASSIC >GUM5T = APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGY & ! 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS ,TOMORR[ 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e7 $IT$ BY ,COL9 ,W>D4 ,) REG>DS TO ! TOPICS DISCUSSION 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 A %ORT TALK BY ,KROPOTK9 5TITL$ 0,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,AN ,IMPORTANT ,FACTOR 9 ,EVOLUTION0 ALONG ) A FEW O!R ( HIS >TICLES >E AVAILABLE 9 ,AN>*Y6 ,AN ,AN?OLOGY ( ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN'S ,MO!R ,E>? 7,C\NT]PO9T1 #b#a74 ,MANY ( ,KROPOTK9'S >TICLES ON EVOLUTION AFT] ,MUTUAL ,AID >E CONTA9$ 9 VOLUME #aa ( HIS ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS 75TITL$ ,EVOLUTION & ,5VIRONM5T71 ALONGSIDE A FULL V]SION ( 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM40 ,! UNF9I%$ & PO/HUM\SLY PUBLI%$ ,E?ICS3 ,ORIG9 & ,DEVELOPM5T CAN BE CONSID]$ AS A DEVELOPM5T ( SOME ( ! !MES 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 SPECIFICALLY ! EVOLUTION ( E?ICAL VIEWS & /&>DS4 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE IS1 AS ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF NOT$1 A SUPPLEM5T TO ,MUTUAL ,AID'S DISCUSSION ( HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 T]MS ( ,KROPOTK9'S LIFE /ORY1 ! MO/ OBVI\S />T+ PLACE MU/ BE HIS [N AUTOBIOGRAPHY1 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% 9 #ahii & REPR9T$ AS P>T ( HIS ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS4 ,!RE >E ?REE BIOGRAPHIES AVAILABLE4 ,! ONE BY ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK & ,IVAN ,AVAKUMOVIC 7,! ,AN>*I/ ,PR9CE3 A BIOGRAPHICAL /UDY ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK97 HAS BE5 REPUBLI%$ AS ,FROM ,PR9CE TO ,REBEL 7,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#i7 AS A SUPPLEM5T TO ! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS PROJECT4 ,AS ?IS DATES FROM #a#i#e1 IT %\LD BE SUPPLEM5T$ BY ,M>T9 ,A4 ,MILL]'S BIOGRAPHY ,KROPOTK9 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#f74 ,! AN>*I/-GEOGRAPH]3 AN 9TRODUCTION TO ! LIFE ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7,G5GE1 #b#g7 BY ,BRIAN ,MORRIS IS A USEFUL1 IF %ORT1 WORK ON ?IS MATT]4 ,C>OL9E ,CAHM'S ,KROPOTK9 & ! RISE ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM1 #a#h#g#b-#a#h#h#f 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i7 IS ESS5TIAL READ+ AS IT COV]S ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,KROPOTK9'S COMMUNI/-AN>*I/ IDEAS :5 HE WAS AN ACTIVE MILITANT 9 ! ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! TWO /&>D G5]AL HI/ORIES ( AN>*ISM1 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK'S ,AN>*ISM3 ,A HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & MOVEM5TS 7,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#f7 & ,PET] ,M>%ALL'S ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE3 ,A HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,FONTANA1 #a#i#i#c71 BO? HAVE *APT]S ON ,KROPOTK9'S LIFE & IDEAS4 ,PAUL ,AVRI*'S ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#e7 & ! AN?OLOGY ,AN>*I/ ,PORTRAITS 7,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h7 BO? CONTA9 USEFUL ACC\NTS ( ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS & LIFE4 ,DANIEL ,GU]9'S ESS5TIAL ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S3 ,AN ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#e7 HAS A SECTION ON ,KROPOTK94 ,= GOOD 9TRODUCTIONS ( ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS BY AN>*I/S1 ,EVOLUTION & ,REVOLUTION3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,LIFE & ,?\* HAS CONFIRM$ !M4 ,H>RY ,CLEAV]'S 0,KROPOTK91 ,SELF-VALORIZATION & ! ,CRISIS ( ,M>XISM0 ESSAY 7,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 ,VOL4 #b1 ,NO4 #b7 IS AN EXCELL5T 9TRODUCTION TO ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS WRITT5 FROM A LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,COL9 ,W>D1 9 ,AN>*Y 9 ,ACTION 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #b#h71 HAS APPLI$ ! ME?ODOLOGY ,KROPOTK9 US$ SO WELL 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID TO DOCUM5T & DISCUSS LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES )9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,:ILE SOME:AT DAT$ 7IT WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g#c71 IT IS /ILL ( 9T]E/ & WOR? READ+4 ,! AN>*I/IC ASPECTS ( HUMAN HI/ORY >E EXPLOR$ 9 A SIMIL> MANN] AS ,KROPOTK9 BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 9 HIS ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM3 ,! ,EM]G5CE & ,DISSOLUTION ( ,HI]>*Y 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#e74 ,A ,NOTE ON ,T]M9OLOGY3 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ,MUTUALISM & ,SYMBIOSIS ,COOP]ATION BETWE5 ANIMALS TAKES MANY DIFF]5T =MS & IS (T5 CALL$ BY DIFF]5T NAMES TO SIGNIFY DIFF]5T TYPES ( ASSOCIATION4 ,9 SCI5TIFIC CIRCLES !SE T]MS 9CLUDE COOP]ATION1 MUTUALISM & SYMBIOSIS & >E (T5 CONFUS$4.<#a#i.> ,SYMBIOSIS COMMONLY DESCRIBES CLOSE & (T5 LONG-T]M 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T BIOLOGICAL SPECIES4 ,IT IS US$ TO DESCRIBE A WIDE RANGE ( ASSOCIATIONS1 9CLUD+ P>ASITIC1 COMM5SAL OR MUTUALI/IC1 ONES4 ,P>ASITISM1 OBVI\SLY1 IS AN ASSOCIATION :]E ONE SPECIES 7! P>ASITE7 B5EFITS FROM ITS HO/1 :I* IS H>M$4 ,COMM5SALISM IS A RELATION%IP BETWE5 TWO ORGANISMS :]E ONE B5EFITS & ! O!R IS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY H>M$ OR HELP$4 ,MUTUALISM IS 9T]ACTION :]E BO? 9DIVIDUALS B5EFIT4.<#a#i#a.> ,SO MUTUALISM IS (T5 CONSID]$ A SUBSET ( SYMBIOSIS1 AL?\< !RE >E DIFF]5T TYPES3 0SYMBIOTIC & NON-SYMBIOTIC MUTUALISM40.<#a#i#b.> ,9 BO? CASES IT IS ANY RELATION%IP BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS ( DIFF]5T SPECIES :]E BO? 9DIVIDUALS D]IVE A FITNESS B5EFIT4 ,NON-SYMBIOTIC MUTUALISM IS A RELATION%IP 09 :I* ! TWO SPECIES >E PHYSICALLY UNCONNECT$40.<#a#i#c.> ,SIMIL> 9T]ACTIONS )9 A SPECIES >E KN[N AS COOP]ATION4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ,MUTUAL ,AID IS AB\T COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN MUTUALISM AS 0MO/ ( ! DISCUSSION IS NOT AB\T MUTUALISM AT ALL1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 S9CE ! MAJORITY ( ! EXAMPLES CONC]N COOP]ATION )9 SPECIES RA!R ?AN BETWE5 SPECIES40 ,H[EV]1 MUTUALISM DOES NOT CONTRADICT MUTUAL AID &1 AS SU*1 IT CAN BE >GU$ ?AT ) ,KROPOTK9'S BOOK ! 0TRADITION ( MUTUALISM HAD 9 FACT BECOME IMPORTANT 9 BIOLOGY1 BUT 9 QUITE ANO!R =M0 IF MUTUALISM IS TAK5 9 ITS WIDE/ S5SE4.<#a#i#d.> ,IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT ,KROPOTK9 W\LD HAVE DISAGRE$ ) ADD+ EXAMPLES ( COOP]ATION BETWE5 SPECIES TO HIS >GUM5T4 ,! DIFF]5CES HAVE ALSO BECOME SOME:AT MUDDL$ AS SOME SCI5TI/S >GUE ?AT ALL !SE T]MS %\LD BE M]G$ 9TO ONE 7P]HAPS ALSO 9CLUD+ P>ASITISM74 ,RI*>D ,DAWK9S1 = EXAMPLE1 /ATES ?AT A 0RELATION%IP ( MUTUAL B5EFIT BETWE5 MEMB]S ( DIFF]5T SPECIES IS CALL$ MUTUALISM OR SYMBIOSIS0 & >GUES ?AT 0RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM IS NOT CONF9$ TO MEMB]S ( A S+LE SPECIES4 ,IT IS AT WORK 9 ALL RELATION%IPS ?AT >E CALL$ SYMBIOTIC40 ,HE !N SUGGE/S ?AT :ILE ! 0WORD SYMBIOSIS IS CONV5TIONALLY US$ = ASSOCIATIONS BETWE5 MEMB]S ( DIFF]5T SPECIES10 ) A G5E C5T]$ P]SPECTIVE 0!RE SEEMS NO LOGICAL REASON TO DI/+UI% ASSOCIATIONS BETWE5 SPECIES AS ?+S AP>T FROM ASSOCIATIONS BETWE5 MEMB]S ( ! SAME SPECIES40.<#a#i#e.> ,H[EV]1 TO DO ?AT MEANS BLURR+ ! DIFF]5T K9DS ( ASSOCIATION :I* ANIMALS CAN PRACTICE4 ,SOME ASSOCIATIONS >E P>ASITICAL1 & SO EXTREMELY ONE-SID$1 :ILE O!RS >E MORE MUTUALLY B5EFICIAL & COOP]ATIVE4 ,IT W\LD BE LIKE >GU+ ?AT ! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE IS ESS5TIALLY ! SAME AS A COOP]ATIVE ONE SIMPLY BECAUSE BO? >E ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 TO QUOTE ,PR\DHON1 EI!R ! WORK]S 0WILL BE SIMPLY ! EMPLOYEE ( ! PROPRIETOR-CAPITALI/-PROMOT]2 OR HE WILL P>TICIPATE0 & 0HAVE A VOICE 9 ! C\NCIL1 9 A WORD HE WILL BECOME AN ASSOCIATE40 ,9 ! =M]1 ! WORK] 0IS SUBORD9AT$1 EXPLOIT$3 HIS P]MAN5T CONDITION IS ONE ( OB$I5CE0 :ILE 9 ! LAT] 0HE RESUMES HIS DIGNITY AS A MAN & CITIZ5 444 HE =MS P>T ( ! PRODUC+ ORGANIZATION1 ( :I* HE WAS BE=E BUT ! SLAVE40 ,?IS MEANT 0WE NE$ NOT HESITATE1 = WE HAVE NO *OICE 444 IT IS NECESS>Y TO =M AN ,A,S,S,O,C,I,A,T,I,O,N AMONG WORK]S 444 BECAUSE )\T ?AT1 !Y W\LD REMA9 RELAT$ AS SUBORD9ATES & SUP]IORS1 & !RE W\LD 5SUE TWO 444 CA/ES ( MA/]S & WAGE-WORK]S1 :I* IS REPUGNANT TO A FREE & DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY40.<#a#i#f.> ,GIV5 ! DIFF]5T RELATION%IPS PRODUC$1 IT MAKES LITTLE S5SE TO CONFUSE SYMBIOSIS ) MUTUALISM AS ! =M] CAN 9CLUDE P>ASITISM :ILE ! LATT] EXCLUDES IT4 ,QUOT+ ,PR\DHON1 9CID5TALLY1 IS APPROPRIATE GIV5 ! HI/ORY ( ! T]M MUTUALISM4 ,! T]M SYMBIOSIS IS CR$IT$ TO ,ANTO DE ,B>Y1 A ,G]MAN BOTANI/ :O FIR/ US$ ! T]M 9 #ah< TO DESCRIBE 0V>I\S K9DS ( COMPLEX ASSOCIATIONS1 RANG+ ALONG A CONT9UUM FROM P>ASITIC RELATIONS TO RELATIONS 9 :I* ! ASSOCIATES HELP$ EA* O!R40 ,! LATT] HE REF]R$ TO AS 0MUTUALISM01 :I* HAD BE5 9TRODUC$ 9TO BIOLOGY A FEW YE>S E>LI] BY ,BELGIAN ZOOLOGI/ ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH VAN ,B5$5 :O 0>GU$ ?AT ! K9DS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 ANIMAL SOCIETIES W]E AS V>I$ AS ?OSE F\ND 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES40 ,B5$51 LIKE DE ,B>Y1 ALSO DIFF]5TIAT$ BETWE5 P>ASITISM1 AT ONE 5D1 & MUTUALISM AT ! O!R4 .<#a#i#g.> ,B5$5 9TRODUC$ ! T]M MUTUALISM 9 #a#h#g#c1 >GU+ ?AT 9 ADDITION TO P>ASITES 0WE F9D O!RS :O MUTUALLY PROVIDE EA* O!R S]VICES0 & 0IT W\LD BE MO/ UNFLATT]+ TO CALL !M ALL P>ASITES OR COMM5SALS4 ,WE CONSID] IT FAIR] TO CALL !M ,MUTUALI/S1 & ?US MUTUALISM TAKES ITS PLACE BESIDE COMM5SALISM & P>ASITISM40.<#a#i#h.> ,GIV5 ?AT ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS HAD ORGANIZ$ SOCIETIES ( ,MUTUALITE = DECADES1 IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT VAN ,B5$5 WAS UNAW>E ( ?IS USE ( ! T]M4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY ! CASE AS WORK]S 9 ,LYON EXPLICITLY CALL$ ?IS SY/EM 0MUTUALISM0 & ?IS IS :]E ! F\ND] ( AN>*ISM1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 PICK$ UP ! T]M BY :I* HE LAT] DESCRIB$ HIS [N SOCIO-POLITICAL IDEAS4.<#a#i#i.> ,PR\DHON WAS 0,FR5* MUTUELLISME'S MO/ FAM\S EXPON5T0 & HAD 0BECAME FAM\S ) HIS BOOK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY81 A QUE/ION HE ANSW]$ SIMPLY1 'PROP]TY IS !FT4'0 ,9 #a#h#g#a1 ! 0RUL+ CLASSES'S WORSE FE>S ( MUTUALISM W]E REALIZ$ 444 :5 ! ,COMMUNE TOOK CONTROL ( ,P>IS0 & 0MANIFE/$ A CLE> ,PR\DHONIAN 9SPIRATION0 BY ITS SUPPORT = A SOCIALISM BAS$ ON F$]ALISM & CO-OP]ATIVES4 ,IT WAS 09 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ! T]M MUTUALISM WAS BR\S LAT]4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 HE DREW 0! P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! L[] ANIMALS & HUMAN SOCIETY10 SUGGE/+ ?AT 0! 9DU/RIALI/ IS A ?IEF0 OR A P>ASITE BE=E GO+ ON 0TO DI/+UI% O!R SPECIES :I*1 F> FROM BE+ P>ASITES1 ACTUALLY ASSI/ O!R SPECIES BY KEEP+ !M CLEAN40 ,IT IS 09T]E/+ TO NOTE ! POSSIBLE RESONANCES ( ! P>TICUL> P>ALLELS HE *OOSES4 ,USE ( ! T]M 'MUTUALISM' MAY WELL HAVE EVOK$ ?\ISON0 ( P>ASITES ) CAPITALI/S 0IS TANTALIZ+LY CLOSE TO ',PROP]TY IS !FT' 444 ,IT IS SIMPLY H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT HE W\LD HAVE US$ SU* WORDS )\T SOME KN[L$GE ( ,PR\DHONIAN ?\ ,:ILE NOT CONCLUSIVELY PROV51 ! L9KS BETWE5 WORK+ CLASS MUTUAL AID ) AN EVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE ?AT FOCUSES ON COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN COMPETITION SEEM QUITE CLE>4 ,9T]E/+LY1 ,NOZH9 7ONE ( ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN NATURALI/S TO DISCUSS MUTUAL AID 9 NATURE7 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ,PR\DHON & HIS >GUM5T WAS 0GUID$ BY ! ,PR\DHONI/ CONCEPT ( MUTUALITE40.<#b#a.> ,) ,KROPOTK9'S WORK1 ! :EEL CAME FULL CIRCLE AS ! ,RUSSIAN EMPHASIS CAME BACK TO AN>*ISM4 ,JU/ AS ,D>W9 WAS 9SPIR$1 9 P>T1 BY ,MAL?US & HIS DEF5SE ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM1 SO ,KROPOTK9 9H]IT$ A COOP]ATIVE TRADITION 9 BIOLOGY :I* WAS 9SPIR$1 9 P>T1 BY WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE'S MUTUAL AID 9 RESPONSE TO ?AT V]Y SY/EM4 .<#a.> ,D\GLAS ,H4 ,B\*]1 ,SAM ,JAMES & ,KA?LE5 ,H4 ,KELL]1 0,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,MUTUALISM01 PP4 #c#a#e-#c#d#g1 ,ANNUAL ,REVIEW ( ,ECOLOGY & ,SY/EMATICS1 ,VOL4 #a#c1 #a#i#h#b1 PP4 #c#a#h-#i .<#b.> ,COOP]ATION ,AMONG ,ANIMALS3 ,AN ,EVOLUTION>Y ,P]SPECTIVE 7,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 1 #a#i#i#g71 P4 #h .<#c.> ,D>W91 ,COMPETITION & ,COOP]ATION 7,S*UMAN1 #a#i#e#b71 P4 #db .<#d.> ,MEMOIRS ( ,REVOLUTIONI/ 7,BLACK ,ROSE1 #a#i#h#i71 P4 #b#f#g4 ,KROPOTK91 RI*ISM TO BE 0! NO-GOV]NM5T SY/EM ( SOCIALISM0 & ?AT AN>*I/S 0CON/ITUTE ! LEFT W+0 ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 7,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,COLLECTION ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,WRIT+S 7,DOV] ,PRESS1 #b#b71 P4 #df & P4 #b#h#a74 .<#e.> ,COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM CAN BE SE5 AS A NATURAL EVOLUTION FROM ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS1 ! FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE BE+ ON H[ QUICKLY DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO NE$ C\LD BE A*IEV$ AFT] A REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE SOME COMMUNI/-AN>*I/S1 UNLIKE ,BAKUN91 W]E HO/ILE TO RE=MS & WORK+ )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ?IS IS NOT A FUNDAM5TAL COMMUNI/-AN>*I/ POSITION AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ,KROPOTK9'S SUPPORT = MILITANT UNIONISM & SYMPA?IES ) AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,C>OL9E ,CAHM COV]S ?IS P]IOD WELL 9 H] BOOK ,KROPOTK9 & ! RISE ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM1 #a#h#g#b-#a#h#h#f 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i74 .<#f.> ,]RICO ,MALATE/A3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,IDEAS 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c71 P4 #beg .<#g.> ,DAVID ,ROG] ,OLDROYD1 ,D>W9IAN ,IMPACTS3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,D>W9IAN REVOLUTION 7,OP5 ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c71 P4 #bcg .<#h.> ,! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,J\RNAL1 ,VOL4 #e#g1 ,NO4 #d1 7,APR41 #a#i#b#a71 PP4 #c#a#f-#c#a#i .<#i.> ,IRONICALLY1 ,KROPOTK9 REPLAC$ ,HUXLEY AS ! $ITOR ( ! SECTION 0,REC5T ,SCI5CE0 9 ! J\RNAL ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY :5 ! LATT] RETIR$ 9 #a#h#i#b4 .<#a.> ,MEMOIRS ( ,REVOLUTIONI/1 P4 #dfd .<#a#a.> 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM01 ,EVOLUTION & ,5VIRONM5T 7,BLACK ,ROSE1 #a#i#i#e71 P4 #d#h1 P4 #di .<#a#b.> ,ACT = ,Y\RSELVES 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h71 P4 #hc .<#a#c.> QUOT$ BY ,RU? ,K9NA1 0,KROPOTK9'S !ORY ( ,MUTUAL ,AID 9 ,HI/ORICAL ,CONTEXT01 PP4 #b#e#i-#b#h#c1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY1 ,NO4 #d1 P4 #bgf .<#a#d.> ,KROPOTK9'S RECOGNITION ( ?IS WAS E*O$ DECADES LAT] BY PRIMATOLOGI/ ,FRANS DE ,WAAL1 :O NOT$ ?AT ,HUXLEY 0PROPOS$ E?ICS AS HUMANITY'S CULTURAL VICTORY OV] ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS0 & SO 0WAS 9 EFFECT SAY+ ?AT :AT MAKES US HUMAN IS TOO BIG = ! EVOLUTION>Y FRAMEWORK40 ,?IS MEANT 0?AT PEOPLE >E FIT = SOCIETY ONLY BY $UCATION1 NOT NATURE40 ,HUXLEY1 ?\<1 0(F]$ NO H9T :ATSOEV] :]E HUMANITY C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE UNE>!D ! WILL & /R5G? TO GO AGA9/ ITS [N NATURE40 7,! APE & ! SU%I MA/]3 CULTURAL REFLECTIONS BY A PRIMATOLOGI/ 7,BASIC ,BOOKS1 #b#a71 P4 #c#d#d7 .<#a#e.> 0,I REMEMB] H[ VA9LY ,I TRI$ TO MAKE SOME ( MY ,TUNGUS FRI5DS UND]/& \R CIVILIZATION ( 9DIVIDUALISM3 !Y C\LD NOT1 & !Y RESORT$ TO ! MO/ FANTA/ICAL SUGGE/IONS40 7,MUTUAL ,AID 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #b#i71 P4 #a7 .<#a#f.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #bd .<#a#g.> ,ON ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES 7,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d71 P4 #fc .<#a#h.> ,AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! FULL TITLE ( ! ORIG9AL1 #a#g#i#h1 $ITION3 ,AN ,ESSAY ON ! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,POPULATION AS IT ,EFFECTS ! ,FUTURE ,IMPROVEM5T ( ,SOCIETY2 ) ,REM>KS ON ! ,SPECULATIONS ( ,MR4 ,GODW91 ,M4 ,CONDORCET & ,O!R ,WRIT]S4 ,LAT] $ITIONS 9CLUD$ ATTACKS ON SU* RADICALS AS ,?OMAS ,PA9E1 ,ROB]T ,[5 & ! FOLL[]S ( ,?OMAS ,SP5CE4 .<#a#i.> ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS ,TOMORR[ 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e71 P4 #g#g1 P4 #g#h1 P4 #g#i4 ,PR\DHON1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 HAD ALSO ATTACK$ ,MAL?US & HIS >GUM5TS 9 A CLASSIC ESSAY 5TITL$ ,! ,MAL?USIANS 7,LE ,REPRES5TANT DU ,PEUPLE1 ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#h#d#h74 ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK] TRANSLAT$ ! ESSAY = ! ,MAY #c#a1 #ahhd ISSUE ( ,LIB]TY4 .<#b.> ,DAVID ,MC,NALLY'S ,AGA9/ ! ,M>KET3 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,M>KET ,SOCIALISM & ! ,M>XI/ ,CRITIQUE 7,V]SO1 #a#i#i#c7 CONTA9S A GOOD SUMM>Y ( ! CLASS NATURE & CONTRADICTIONS ( ! WRIT+S ( ,MAL?US 7PAGES #g#e-#i#a74 ,SADLY1 HIS DISCUSSION ( ,PR\DHON 9 ! SAME WORK IS M>R$ ) /&>D ,M>XI/ CONFUSIONS & IGNORANCE ( ! SUBJECT4 .<#b#a.> ,IREL&1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS EXPORT+ FOOD DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,FAM9E AS ! L&LORDS F\ND IT MORE PR(ITABLE TO DO ?AT ?AN FE$ !IR />V+ WORK+ CLASS NEIGU+ ?AT ! HUNG] >\ND !M WAS CAUS$ BY 0NATURAL0 =CES RA!R ?AN1 SAY1 !IR MONOPOLIZATION ( ! L& & ITS PRODUCTS4 ,SEE ,LATE ,VICTORIAN ,HOLOCAU/S 7,V]SO1 #b#a7 BY ,MIKE ,DAVIS ON H[ ,VICTORIAN ATTITUDES1 ECONOMICS & POLICIES HELP$ CAUSE FAM9ES ACROSS ! WORLD4 ,! SAME PROCESS IS /ILL AT WORK1 ) FAM9ES COEXI/+ ) ! EXPORT ( FOOD4 .<#b#b.> ,DANIEL ,P4 ,TODES1 ,D>W9 ,)\T ,MAL?US3 ,! ,/RUGGLE = ,EXI/5CE 9 ,RUSSIAN ,EVOLUTION>Y ,?\ QUOT$ BY ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD1 ,! RI*NESS ( LIFE3 ,! ESS5TIAL ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD 7,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #b#g71 P4 #e#e#c-#d .<#b#d.> ,! ,MISMEASURE ( ,MAN 7,P5GU91 #a#i#h#a71 PP4 #b#a-#b1 P4 #bc .<#b#e.> ,IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT1 AS ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD NOTES1 0,D>W9 DEVELOP$ HIS !ORY AS A CONSCI\S ANALOG TO ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS ( ,ADAM ,SMI?0 7,! RI*NESS ( LIFE1 P4 #b#b#d7 .<#b#f.> ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#e71 P4 #i#e1 P4 #ib .<#b#g.> ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/1 P4 #ag .<#b#h.> QUOT$ BY ,TODES1 PP4 #a#c-#a .<#b#i.> ,TODES1 P4 #c#a1 P4 #a#b#b1 P4 #a#d1 P4 #a#i1 P4 #a#b#b1 P4 #abc .<#c.> ,TODES1 P4 #ac .<#c#a.> ,SADLY1 EV5 TODAY WE SEE ! /RANGE CO9CID5CE ( MANY 0OBJECTIVE0 SCI5TI/S EXPLA9+ ! ACTIONS ( ANIMALS & O!R CULTURES US+ ! ASSUMPTIONS & T]M9OLOGY FROM \R [N CAPITALI/IC & /ATI/ SOCIETIES4 ,EQUALLY1 IT IS CONSID]$ 0NONPOLITICAL0 TO /RESS ! ROLE ( COMPETITION1 BUT DISCUSS+ COOP]ATION 9 NATURE IS USUALLY DISMISS$ AS ATTEMPTS TO POLITICIZE 7AT BE/7 OR TO ROMANTICIZE 7AT WORSE7 0SCI5CE0 OR 0NATURE0 9 ! 9T]E/S ( IDEOLOGY4 ,AS ONE GR\P ( SCI5TI/S NOTE1 !RE WAS A 0LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 MUTUALISM AMONG ECOLOGI/S = MO/ ( ! #b? C5TURY1 & ! 9VOLVEM5T ( MANY ( ?OSE :O DID /UDY IT ) :AT AT ! TIME W]E LEFT-W+ CAUSES4 ,WE SUGGE/ AS A HYPO!SIS = HI/ORIANS ( SCI5CE ?AT MUTUALISM HAS BE5 AVOID$ 444 BECAUSE ( ITS ASSOCIATION ) LEFT-W+ POLITICS 7P]HAPS ESPECIALLY ) ,KROPOTK9740 7,D\GLAS ,H4 ,B\*]1 ,SAM ,JAMES & ,KA?LE5 ,H4 ,KELL]1 0,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,MUTUALISM01 P4 #c#a#h7 .<#c#b.> ,DANIEL ,P4 ,TODES1 0,D>W9'S ,MAL?USIAN ,METAPHOR & ,RUSSIAN ,EVOLUTION>Y ,?\*I/ J\RNAL ,! ,RAV5 7,VOL4 #f1 ,NO4 #d7 .<#c#c.> 0,KROPOTK9 WAS NO CRACKPOT01 PP4 #c#b#e-#c#i1 ,BULLY ,= ,BRONTOSAURUS 7,P5GU91 #a#i#i#a71 PP4 #c#c#a-#b .<#c#d.> ,OLDROYD1 ,D>W9IAN ,IMPACTS1 P4 #b#c#h4 ,OLDROYD WAS 9CL9$ TO ! VIEW ?AT 0,KROPOTK9'S EMPHASIS ON MUTUAL AID0 =MS 0! 'BE/' ( ! ANALOGIES ?AT >E TO BE DRAWN0 FROM NATURE AS REG>DS HUMAN SOCIETY1 AS 0MAN IS1 QUITE OBVI\SLY1 A SOCIAL ANIMAL40 7P4 #c#e#c7 .<#c#e.> 0,= ) ?OSE ANIMALS :I* W]E B5EFIT$ BY LIV+ 9 CLOSE ASSOCIATION1 ! 9DIVIDUALS :I* TOOK ! GREATE/ PLEASURE 9 SOCIETY W\LD BE/ ESCAPE V>I\S DANG]S2 :IL/ ?OSE ?AT C>$ LEA/ = !IR COMRADES & LIV$ SOLIT>Y W\LD P]I% 9 GREAT] NUMB]S4 ,) RESPECT TO ! ORIG9 ( ! P>5TAL & FILIAL AFFECTIONS1 :I* APP>5TLY LIE AT ! BASIS ( ! SOCIAL AFFECTIONS1 IT IS HOPELESS TO SPECULATE2 BUT WE MAY 9F] ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 TO A L>GE EXT5T GA9$ ?R\< NATURAL SELECTION40 7,*>LES ,D>W91 ,! ,DESC5T ( ,MAN1 & ,SELECTION 9 ,RELATION TO ,SEX 7,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a71 PP4 #h-#a7 .<#c#f.> ,D>W91 ,! ,DESC5T ( ,MAN1 P4 #hb .<#c#g.> QUOT$ BY ,TODES1 ,D>W9 ,)\T ,MAL?US1 P4 #acf .<#c#h.> ,TODES1 P4 #a* .<#c#i.> ,TODES1 P4 #a#d1 P4 #abc .<#d.> 0,KROPOTK9 WAS NO CRACKPOT01 P4 #c* .<#d#a.> ,! ,ALTRUISM ,EQUATION3 ,SEV5 ,SCI5TI/S ,SE>* = ! ,ORIG9S ( ,GOODNESS 7,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#f7 .<#d#b.> ,! APE & ! SU%I MA/]1 P4 #a#b#b4 .<#d#c.> ,GOOD NATUR$3 ! ORIG9S ( RIV>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#f7 .<#d#d.> 0',ANY ,ANIMAL ,:ATEV]'3 ,D>W9IAN ,BUILD+ ,BLOCKS ( ,MORALITY 9 ,MONKEYS & ,APES01 PP4 #a-#b#i1 ,J\RNAL ( ,CONSCI\SNESS ,/UDIES1 ,VOL4 #g1 ,NO4 #a-#b1 #b1 P4 #d .<#d#e.> ,D\GLAS ,H4 ,B\*]1 0,! ,IDEA ( ,MUTUALISM1 ,PA/ & ,FUTURE0 1 PP4 #a-#b#h1 ,! ,BIOLOGY ( ,MUTUALISM3 ,BIOLOGY & ,EVOLUTION 7,CROOM ,HELM 1 #a#i#h#e71 ,D\GLAS ,H4 ,B\*] 7$471 P4 #ag .<#d#f.> 0,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,RECIPROCAL ,ALTRUISM01 PP4 #c#e-#e#g1 ,! ,QU>T]LY ,REVIEW ( ,BIOLOGY1 ,NO4 #d#f1 P4 #c#e1 P4 #dh .<#d#g.> ,NATURAL ,SELECTION & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY3 ,SELECT$ ,PAP]S ( ,ROB]T ,TRIV]S 7,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#b7 P4 #a#f1 .<#d#h.> QUOT$ BY ,FRANS DE ,WAAL1 ,GOOD ,NATUR$1 P4 #be .<#d#i.> ,NATURAL ,SELECTION & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY1 PP4 #a#f-#g4 ,ELSE:]E1 HE NOT$ 0?AT JU/ PURSU+ ?IS SCRAT*-MY-BACK >GUM5T W\LD G5]ATE RA!R QUICKLY A REASON = JU/ICE & FAIRNESS WAS V]Y GRATIFY+1 BECAUSE IT WAS ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! F5CE ( ?AT AWFUL TRADITION 9 BIOLOGY ( ! RI ,MUTUAL ,AID1 PP4 #f#h-#i4 .<#e#a.> ,FRANS ,B4 ,M4 DE ,WAAL1 0,JO9T ,V5TURES ,REQUIRE ,JO9T ,PAY(FS3 ,FAIRNESS AMONG ,PRIMATES01 PP4 #c#d#i-#f#d1 ,SOCIAL ,RESE>*1 ,VOL4 #g#c1 ,NO4 #b1 P4 #c#f#c4 .<#e#b.> ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E 7,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#f71 P4 VIII1 P4 #b#c#c1 P4 #a#h#c4 ,HE SUGGE/S AN ALT]NATIVE TITLE C\LD HAVE BE5 0,! ,COOP]ATIVE ,G5E0 7P4 IX74 ,?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION :E!R IT W\LD HAVE BE5 SO SUCCESSFUL & :E!R1 LIKE ,MUTUAL ,AID1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 REF]5C$ AS ! WORK ( A 7TO QUOTE ,MATT ,RIDLEY'S DESCRIPTION ( ,KROPOTK97 0DREAMY0 S*OL> AT ODDS ) GRIM REALITY4 .<#e#c.> ,TRIV]S PRAIS$ ?IS RESE>*1 NOT+ IT 0ISOLAT$ A SIMPLE RULE ( ACTION1 TIT-=-TAT1 :I* WAS EVOLUTION>ILY /ABLE0 7,NATURAL ,SELECTION & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY1 P4 #a#h7 .<#e#d.> ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E1 P4 #bb .<#e#e.> ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E1 P4 #b#a#i4 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS APPLIES TO COMPETITION BETWE5 GR\PS AS WELL1 ) ,DAWK9S NOT+ ?AT 9T]NALLY COMPETITIVE GR\PS 0WILL BE MORE LIKELY SUBSEQU5TLY TO GO EXT9CT4 ,!RE CAN !RE=E BE A K9D ( HI<]-LEVEL 444 SELECTION 9 FAVOR ( RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM40 7P4 #c#b#a7 .<#e#f.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #c#h1 P4 #d#a4 ,HE EXPLICITLY PO9T$ TO BIRDS 7P4 #f#i7 & M>MOTS4 ,= ! LATT]1 HE NOT$ ?AT 0! SAME REM>K 444 MADE :5 SPEAK+ ( ! BEES0 C\LD BE MADE1 & SO :ILE !Y 0HAVE MA9TA9$ !IR FIMONY40 7P4 #e#i7 .<#e#g.> ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E1 PP4 #a#h#d-#e .<#e#h.> ,?IS CONFIRMS ,BRIAN ,MORRIS3 0,IT IS QUITE IRONIC H[ MANY REC5T SOCIOBIOLOGI/S CAN WRITE TEXTS ON ! EVOLUTION ( COOP]ATION 444 )\T EV5 M5TION+ ,KROPOTK940 7,KROPOTK93 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,COMMUNITY 7,HUMANITY ,BOOKS1 #b#d71 P4 #a#d#h74 ,DAWK9S SUBSEQU5TLY MANAG$ TO WRITE A BOOK AB\T ,A!ISM1 ,! ,GOD ,DELUSION1 )\T M5TION+ ,BAKUN9'S ,GOD & ! ,/ATE OR ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN4 .<#e#i.> ,UNWEAV+ ! ,RA9B[3 ,SCI5CE1 ,DELUSION & ! ,APPETITE = ,WOND] 7,ALLAN ,LANE1 #a#i#i#h71 PP4 #b#a#a-#b ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,DAWK9S1 UNLIKE ,KROPOTK9 & O!RS1 (T5 FAILS TO 9TEGRATE ?IS ASPECT ( EVOLUTION>Y !ORY 9TO HIS WRIT+S1 SOMETIMES PROCLAIM+ ?AT HE SEEKS TO CON/RUCT A SOCIETY :I* IS AS UN-,D>W9IAN AS POSSIBLE4 ,9 #b#e1 = EXAMPLE1 HE /AT$ ?AT 0WE %\LD NOT D]IVE \R VALUES FROM ,D>W9ISM1 UNLESS IT IS ) A NEGATIVE SIGN40 7,! ,SELFI% ,G5E1 P4 XIV7 ,FRANS DE ,WAAL1 RIE 5TITL$ TO ?R[ \T ,D>W9ISM1 TO SAY WE DON'T WANT TO LIVE 9 A ,D>W9IAN WORLD40 ,H[EV]1 COOP]ATION & ALTRUISM >E AS 0,D>W9IAN0 AS COMPETITION & SELFI%NESS1 AS ,DAWK9S HIMSELF HAS %[N4 ,?AT SUGGE/S1 DE ,WAAL >GUES1 0?AT CALLS TO REJECT ,D>W9ISM 9 \R DAILY LIVES SO AS TO BUILD A MORAL SOCIETY >E BAS$ ON A PR(\ND MISREAD+ ( ,D>W94 ,S9CE ,D>W9 SAW MORALITY AS AN EVOLUTION>Y PRODUCT1 HE 5VISION$ AN EM95TLY MORE LIVABLE WORLD ?AN ! ONE PROPOS$ BY ,HUXLEY & HIS FOLL[]S1 :O BELIEVE 9 A CULTURALLY IMPOS$1 >TIFICIAL MORALITY ?AT RECEIVES NO HELP+ H& FROM HUMAN NATURE4 ,HUXLEY'S WORLD IS BY F> ! COLD]1 MORE T]RIFY+ PLACE40 ,?US ,TRIV]S & ,KROPOTK9 0POND]$ ! ORIG9S ( A COOP]ATIVE1 & ULTIMATELY MORAL1 SOCIETY )\T 9VOK+ FALSE PRET5SE1 ,FREUDIAN D5IAL S*EMES1 OR CULTURAL 9DOCTR9ATION4 ,9 ?IS !Y PROV$ ! TRUE FOLL[]S ( ,D>W940 7,PRIMATES & ,PHILOSOPH]S 3 H[ MORALITY EVOLV$ 7,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#f71 P4 #i1 PP4 #a#f-#g1 P4 #a#b7 ,! ,GOD ,DELUSION 7,BANTUM ,PRESS1 #b#f7 HAS A USEFUL DISCUSSION ( 0,DOES \R MORAL S5SE HAVE A ,D>W9IAN ,ORIG980 7PP4 #b#a#e-#b#b7 9 :I* ,DAWK9S PRES5TS A SUMM>Y ( H[ \R E?ICS C\LD BE PRODUC$ BY NATURAL SELECTION RA!R ?AN BE+ IMPOS$ BY AN EXT]NAL BE+4 ,YET E*OES ( ,HUXLEY'S POSITION CAN BE SE5 9 ,DAWK9S COMM5TS ?AT :ILE \R E?ICS DO HAVE AN EVOLUTION>Y BASE1 \R WOND]FUL 0URGE TO K9DNESS0 IS ! RESULT ( A 0MISFIR+0 ( \R EVOLV$ NE$ = RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM1 0! MISFIR$ CONSEQU5CE ( ANCE/RAL VILLAGE LIFE40 ,?AT HE DOES NOT MEAN ANY?+ NEGATIVE BY ! T]M 0MISFIR+0 IS BESIDE ! PO9T AS IT1 AT ROOT1 SUGGE/S ?AT !RE IS NO EVOLUTION>Y VALUE 9 K9DNESS & COOP]ATION ONCE A SOCIETY REA*ES A C]TA9 LEVEL ( COMPLEXITY1 ?AT 0SELFI%0 BEHAVIOR RA!R ?AN COOP]ATION IS 9 \R BE/ 9T]E/S4 ,AGA91 ?IS SEEMS MORE AN ASSUMPTION DRIV5 BY ! SURR\ND+ CAPITALI/ 5VIRONM5T ?AN A S]I\S EVALUATION ( ! EVID5CE4 ,AN>*I/S REPLY ?AT !RE IS NO MISFIR+ AT ALL BUT RA!R COOP]ATION IS 9 \R BE/ 9T]E/S 7BO? AS 9DIVIDUALS & AS A SOCIETY7 REG>DLESS ( ! SIZE ( SOCIETY WE LIVE 94 ,ULTIMATELY1 \R E?ICAL /&>DS1 \R ABILITY TO BE HORRIFI$ BY ! WORSE ASPECTS ( COMPETITION 9 ! NATURAL & HUMAN WORLDS1 HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 ?AT V]Y ,D>W9IAN /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE &1 AS ,KROPOTK9 /RESS$1 ! COOP]ATION 7MUTUAL AID7 NE$$ TO SURVIVE & FL\RI%4 ,TO PLACE A 0NEGATIVE SIGN0 9 FRONT ( 0,D>W9ISM0 MEANS1 IRONICALLY1 TO PLACE IT 9 FRONT ( \R 7EVOLV$7 S5SE ( FAIRNESS1 TO IMPLY ?AT E?ICS DO NOT HAVE AN EVOLUTION>Y BASIS & ?AT COOP]ATION IS A P>ADOX AS 9DIVIDUALI/IC COMPETITION IS 0NATURAL40 ,SU* A POSITION1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 9VOLVES PROJECT+ ! CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS ( A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ONTO NATURE4 .<#f.> ,NOT ?AT ,KROPOTK9 C\LD HAVE KN[N AB\T G5ES AS ?IS KN[L$GE CAME LAT]4 ,9T]E/+LY1 ?\<1 HE WROTE TO ,M>IE ,GOLDSMI? 9 #aiaa ?AT 0.NATOMY1 HI/OLOGY & *ANGES OCCURR+ 9 ! CELLS - ALWAYS 9 ! S5SE ( ADAPTATION3 ?IS IS MO/ 9T]E/+ & 9 IT LIES ! KEY TO EVOLUTION40 7QUOT$ BY ,TODES1 P4 #a#c#h7 .<#f#a.> DE ,WAAL1 0,JO9T ,V5TURES ,REQUIRE ,JO9T ,PAY(FS3 ,FAIRNESS AMONG ,PRIMATES0 P4 #ce .<#f#b.> DE ,WAAL1 ,PRIMATES & ,PHILOSOPH]S1 P4 #d1 P4 #e .<#f#c.> ,MORRIS1 ,KROPOTK91 P4 #agg .<#f#d.> ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ,KROPOTK9 9FLU5C$ AN?ROPOLOGY1 ) ,ALFR$ ,REG9ALD ,RADCLIFFE-,BR[N1 FA!R ( MOD]N SOCIAL AN?ROPOLOGY & ONE ( ! CO-F\ND]S ( ,BRITI% SOCIAL AN?ROPOLOGY1 E>N+ ! NICKNAME 0,AN>*Y ,BR[N0 = HIS CLOSE ASSOCIATION ) ,KROPOTK94 ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5T ON SELECTION = SKILLS ?AT ALL[$ HUMANS TO ?RIVE BY WORK+ TOGE!R1 LAID ! GR\NDWORK = ,RADCLIFFE-,BR[N'S LAT] EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL AN?ROPOLOGY4 7,RI*>D ,J4 ,P]RY1 0,RADCLIFFE-,BR[N & ,KROPOTK93 ,! ,H]ITAGE ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,BRITI% ,SOCIAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY10 ,KROEB] ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY ,PAP]S1 VOL4 #e#a_/#e#b 7#a#i#g#d71 PP4 #f#a-#f#e7 .<#f#e.> ,HI]>*Y 9 ! ,=E/ 7,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#i71 P4 #b#c1 P4 #b#h1 P4 #b#e#d4 ,AS AN 9T]E/+ ASIDE1 ,BOEHM SPECULATES ?AT AN 0EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY0 IS ONE 0TAK5 OV] 444 BY REBELLI\S SUBORD9ATES 444 ,IT CAME 9TO BE+ BECAUSE ! RANK & FILE BEGAN TO ACT ON !IR ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES0 & SO ! 0COLLECTIVE P[] ( RES5TFUL SUBORD9ATES IS AT ! BASE ( HUMAN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY40 7P4 #b#c#h7 ,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO SEE :AT ,BAKUN9 W\LD HAVE MADE ( ?IS1 GIV5 ?AT HE HAD >GU$ 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE ?AT IT WAS MANK9D'S ABILITY TO REBEL ?AT MADE US HUMAN4 .<#f#f.> ,POSSIBILITIES3 ,ESSAYS ON ,HI]>*Y1 ,REBELLION & ,DESIRE 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#g71 P4 #cc .<#f#g.> ,FRAGM5TS ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,AN?ROPOLOGY 7,PRICKLY ,P>ADIGM ,PRESS1 #b#d71 PP4 #e#c-#d .<#f#h.> ,PEOPLE )\T ,GOV]NM5T3 ,AN ,AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,AN>*Y1 REV4 $41 7,LEFT ,BANK ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i7 .<#f#i.> ,AM]ICAN ,SCI5TI/1 VOL4 #i1 NO4 #c1 P4 #b#h4 ,KROPOTK9 W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SURPRIS$ TO DISCOV] ?AT 0:5 WE OBS]V$ ! V]Y SAME *ILDR5 PLAY+ ) A TEA*] PRES5T1 ! AM\NT ( GIVE & TAKE DECREAS$ DRAMATICALLY4 ,9/EAD ( NEGOTIAT+ !IR DIFF]5CES1 ! *ILDR5 APPEAL$ TO ! ADULT TO 9T]V5E1 ?REAT5$ ?AT ! ADULT W\LD 9T]V5E OR JU/ LET ! ISSUE DROP40 .<#g.> ,MORRIS1 P4 #a#g#d1 PP4 #a#d#h-#i .<#g#a.> ,NO ,CONTE/3 ,! ,CASE ,AGA9/ ,COMPETITION 7,H\ ,KOHN1 P4 #b#b1 P4 #i .<#g#c.> ,SEE+ ,LIKE A ,/ATE3 H[ C]TA9 S*EMES TO IMPROVE ! HUMAN CONDITION HAVE FAIL$ 7,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h7 .<#g#d.> ,SCOTT1 P4 #g .<#g#e.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #bbg .<#g#f.> ,BRITI% ,M$ICAL ,J\RNAL1 VOL4 #c#a#b1 ,APRIL #b1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #ihe .<#g#g.> ,GEORGE ,DAVEY ,SMI?1 0,9COME 9EQUALITY & MORTALITY3 :Y >E !Y RELAT$801 ,BRITI% ,M$ICAL ,J\RNAL1 ,VOL4 #c#a#b1 ,APRIL #b1 #a#i#i#f1 PP4 #i#h#g-#i#h#h .<#g#h.> ,! ,/ATUS ,SYNDROME3 ,H[ ,SOCIAL ,/&+ ,AFFECTS ,\R ,HEAL? & ,LONGEVITY 7,BLOOMSBURY1 #b#d74 ,! ,SPIRIT ,LEVEL3 ,:Y ,MORE ,EQUAL ,SOCIETIES ,ALMO/ ,ALWAYS ,DO ,BETT] BY ,RI*>D ,WILK9SON & ,KATE ,PICKETT 7,ALL5 ,LANE1 #b#i7 PRES5TS SIMIL> EVID5CE1 NOT+ ?AT ON ALMO/ EV]Y 9DEX ( QUALITY ( LIFE OR WELLNESS !RE IS A /RONG CORRELATION BETWE5 A C\NTRY'S LEVEL ( ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & ITS SOCIAL \TCOMES4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 IT IS NOT JU/ ! POOR ?AT >E ADV]SELY AFFECT$ BY 9EQUALITY1 BUT SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 .<#g#i.> ,AL?\< HE W\LD HAVE BE5 CRITICAL ( ! CONCLUSION WE NE$ TO RE=M ! SY/EM :I* PRODUCES !M RA!R ?AN OV]?R[ IT4 .<#h.> ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E1 P4 VIII .<#h#a.> ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/1 PP4 #b#b#c-#d .<#h#b.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 PP4 #b#c-#a1 P4 #bf .<#h#c.> 0,KROPOTK9 WAS NO CRACKPOT01 PP4 #c#c#e-#f .<#h#d.> ,TODES1 P4 #a#c#d1 P4 #ace .<#h#e.> ,D\GLAS ,H4 ,B\*]1 0,! ,IDEA ( ,MUTUALISM1 ,PA/ & ,FUTURE01 P4 #ag .<#h#f.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #bc .<#h#g.> 0,KROPOTK9'S ,E?ICAL ,AN>*ISM01 ,AN>*I/ ,PORTRAITS 7,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#e71 P4 #f .<#h#h.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 PP4 #b#f-#g .<#h#i.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #aha .<#i.> ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #aeh .<#i#a.> 0,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S - ,& ,KROPOTK901 PP4 #h#e-#i1 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[] 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#d71 P4 #h#f1 P4 #hh .<#i#b.> ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL 7,BLACK ,ROSE1 #a#i#i#b71 P4 #c4 ,BR9TON'S COMM5TS W]E MADE 9 ! CONTEXT ( A REVIEW ( ,PAUL ,AVRI*'S BOOK ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#e74 ,?IS CONTA9$ ! 9CORRECT ASS]TION ?AT 0! P>TISANS ( SYNDICALISM W5T BEYOND ,KROPOTK9 BY RECONCIL+ ! PR9CIPLE ( MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE ) ! ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,= ! SYNDICALI/S1 MUTUAL AID DID NOT EMBRACE HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 BUT EXI/$ ONLY ) ! RANKS ( A S+LE CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT1 5HANC+ ITS SOLID>ITY 9 ! BATTLE ) ! MANUFACTUR]S0 7P4 #h7 ,KROPOTK9 CLE>LY EMBRAC$ ! 0DOCTR9E ( CLASS /RUGGLE0 AS HAD ,BAKUN9 BE=E HIM 7& SO !RE IS NO?+ SPECIFICALLY 0,M>XIAN0 AB\T IT7 &1 AS %[N1 ,KROPOTK9 & ! SYNDICALI/S HELD SIMIL> VIEWPO9TS ON ?IS & O!R ISSUES4 ,AVRI*1 IRONICALLY1 W5T ON TO REFUTE HIS [N ASS]TION BY QUOT+1 ON ! V]Y NEXT PAGE1 ,KROPOTK9 ON H[ ! UNIONS W]E 0NATURAL ORGANS = ! DIRECT /RUGGLE ) CAPITALISM & = ! COMPOSITION ( ! FUTURE ORD]0 & ?AT ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS 0A P[]FUL WEAPON ( /RUGGLE06 7PP4 #h#a-#b7 .<#i#c.> ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #ii .<#i#d.> 0,AN>*Y 9 ! ,U,K801 ,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW1 NO4 #bdf .<#i#e.> ,NOTABLY ! ESSAY 0,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM3 ,ITS ,BASIS & ,PR9CIPLES0 :]E !Y >E US$ AS EXAMPLES ( COMMUNI/IC T5D5CIES )9 CAPITALISM1 EMPIRICAL EVID5CE ?AT CAN BE US$ TO NOT ONLY %[ ?AT COMMUNISM CAN WORK BUT ALSO ?AT IT IS NOT A UTOPIAN SOCIAL SOLUTION BUT AN EXPRESSION ( T5D5CIES )9 SOCIETY4 ,?AT IS1 HE WAS US+ EXAMPLES FROM EXI/+ SOCIETY TO %[ ?AT COMMUNISM IS NOT IMPOSSIBLE4 .<#i#f.> 0,KROPOTK9'S ,E?ICAL ,AN>*ISM01 P4 #f#b1 P4 #eh 1 P4 #ff .<#i#g.> ,/ACK'S NONS5SE IS SADLY TYPICAL ( ! QUALITY ( ALMO/ ALL ,M>XI/ CRITIQUES ( AN>*ISM4 .<#i#h.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #e .<#i#i.> ,?IS WAS NOT AN ACCID5T4 ,9 #a#h#i#e1 :5 RESE>*+ ! >TICLES :I* W\LD BECOME ! *APT] 0,MUTUAL ,AID ,AMONG ,\RSELVES0 ( ,MUTUAL ,AID1 HE WROTE TO FELL[ AN>*I/ ,MAX ,NETTLAU ( HIS DESIRE 0TO %[ ! 9CR$IBLE 444 AM\NT ( MUTUAL AID SUPPORT AMONG WORK]S1 AS MANIFE/$ DUR+ /RIKES40 7QUOT$ BY ,RU? ,K9NA1 0,KROPOTK9'S !ORY ( ,MUTUAL ,AID 9 ,HI/ORICAL ,CONTEXT01 P4 #b#g#i7 .<#a.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 PP4 #b#i-#a#b .<#a#a.> ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #bhg .<#a#b.> ,MI*AEL ,GLASSMAN1 0,MUTUAL ,AID ,!ORY & ,HUMAN ,DEVELOPM5T3 ,SOCIABILITY AS ,PRIM>Y01 PP4 #c#i#a-#d#a#b1 ,J\RNAL = ! ,!ORY ( ,SOCIAL ,BEHAVIOR1 VOL4 #c1 NO4 #d1 P4 #cib .<#a#c.> 0,ON ,L+UI/ICS & ,POLITICS3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 9T]VIEW$ BY ,GUN!R ,GREW5DORF01 PP4 #b#i#c-#c#c1 ,PROTOSOCIOLOGY1 ,VOL4 #f1 #aiid .<#a#d.> ,GOOD ,NATUR$1 P4 #ah .<#a#e.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S CRITIQUE 0,SOCIOBIOLOGY OR ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY0 9 ,:I* WAY = ! ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T8 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d7 OR 0,SOCIOBIOLOGY3 ,AN ALT]NATIVE VIEW0 BY ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 7,! ,RAV51 ,VOL4 #c1 ,NO4 #a74 .<#a#f.> ,IT DOES NOT HELP ?AT ITS MO/ FAM\S ADVOCATES HAVE DONE SO1 ) ,DAWK9S PROCLAIM+ 9 ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E ?AT 0G5E SELFI%NESS WILL USUALLY GIVE RISE TO SELFI%NESS 9 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR0 7AL?\< 0!RE >E SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* A G5E CAN A*IEVE ITS [N SELFI% GOALS BE/ BY FO/]+ A LIMIT$ =M ( ALTRUISM AT ! LEVEL ( 9DIVIDUAL ANIMAL071 ?AT 9DIVIDUAL ANIMALS >E 0SELFI% MA*9ES0 & 0.ET US TRY TOTEA* G5]OSITY & ALTRUISM1 BECAUSE WE >E BORN SELFI%40 ,9 ! #c? ANNIV]S>Y $ITION ,DAWK9S ADMITT$ HE DID 0) H9DSIE BORN SELFI%0 WAS 0MISLEAD+0 & ASKS ! READ] TO 0M5TALLY DELETE0 SU* 0ROGUE0 S5T5CES & REPLACE !M ) MORE SUITABLE ONES4 7P4 #b1 P4 #f#f1 P4 #c1 P4 IX7 .<#a#g.> ,WILSON ONCE ASS]T$ ?AT AN>*ISM WAS 0BIOLOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE40 7,ON ,HUMAN ,NATURE 7,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 1 #a#i#g#h71 P4 #b#h7 .<#a#h.> 0,ROLLBACK1 ,P>T ,I,I01 ,Z ,MAGAZ9E1 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#i#e4 .<#a#i.> ,AS ,G\LD NOTES1 0BIOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM POSSESSES SU* EVID5T UTILITY = GR\PS 9 P[]40 7,MISMEASURE ( ,MAN1 P4 #b#a7 ,DAWK9S HAS EXPLICITLY1 & REPEAT$LY1 D5I$ ?AT HUMANS >E SUBJECT TO BIOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM4 0,WE1 ALONE ON E>?1 CAN REBEL AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( ! SELFI% REPLICATORS0 HE CONCLUD$ &1 AS AN EXAMPLE1 SUGGE/S WE 0DO SO 9 A SMALL WAY EV]Y TIME WE USE CONTRACEPTION4 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y WE %\LD NOT REBEL 9 A L>GE WAY1 TOO40 7,! ,SELFI% ,G5E1 P4 #b#a1 P4 #c#c#b7 ,?IS HAS NOT /OPP$ O!RS US+ SOCIOBIOLOGY TO >GUE ?AT CAPITALI/IC & HI]>*ICAL =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ALONG ) MO/ IF NOT ALL =MS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 >E DUE TO G5ETIC FACTORS4 .<#a#a.> ,EV] ,S9CE ,D>W91 P4 #b#e#b1 P4 #b#e#g1 P4 #b$ .<#a#a#a.> ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD1 ,MISMEASURE ( ,MAN1 P4 #cc .<#a#a#b.> ,EV] ,S9CE ,D>W91 P4 #b#e#b1 P4 #bff .<#a#a#c.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #bag .<#a#a#d.> ,SMALL ,COMMUNAL ,EXP]IM5TS & ,:Y ,!Y ,FAIL 7,JURA ,M$IA1 #a#i#i#g71 P4 #a#g4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,KROPOTK9 HELD ?AT CAPITALISM1 RELIGION & GOV]NM5T >E 0! GREAT S\RCES ( MORAL DEPRAVITY40 7,AN>*ISM1 P4 #a#f7 .<#a#a#e.> ,EVOLUTION & ,5VIRONM5T1 P4 #a#e#i4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT NO MOD]N BIOLOGI/ W\LD BE IMPRESS$ BY ,KROPOTK9'S NEO-,LAM>CKIAN T5D5CIES1 BUT !SE >E NOT ESS5TIAL TO HIS >GUM5TS4 ,?AT HE COMB9$ ,LAM>CKIAN CONCEPTS ) ,D>W9IAN ONES WAS H>DLY UNUSUAL4 ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT1 AS ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD NOT$1 ,LAM>CKISM 0REMA9$ A POPUL> EVOLUTION>Y !ORY WELL 9TO0 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,D>W9 0WON ! BATTLE = EVOLUTION AS A FACT1 BUT HIS !ORY = ITS ME*ANISM - NATURAL SELECTION - DID NOT W9 WIDE POPUL>ITY UNTIL ! TRADITIONS ( NATURAL SELECTION & ,M5DELIAN G5ETICS W]E FUZ$ DUR+ ! #a#i#cS40 ,BY !N ,LAM>CKISM WAS 0/ILL A RESPECTABLE1 IF FA/ FAD+1 !ORY40 ,HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 0IS ,LAM>CKIAN 9 *>ACT]0 UNLIKE \R BIOLOGICAL HI/ORY4 7,! ,P&A'S ,?UMB3 ,MORE ,REFLECTIONS 9 ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY 7,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h71 P4 #f#f1 P4 #f#g1 P4 #g#a7 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! WEAL? ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & !IR EVOLUTION ?AT ,KROPOTK9 DOCUM5TS 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID4 .<#a#a#f.> ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #a#d1 P4 #ha .<#a#a#g.> ,ACT = ,Y\RSELVES1 P4 #hc .<#a#a#h.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #ga .<#a#a#i.> ,EV] S9CE ,D>W91 P4 #beb .<#a#b.> 0,SOCIOBIOLOGY3 ,AN ALT]NATIVE VIEW01 PP4 #c#i-#d .<#a#b#a.> ,MI*AEL ,GLASSMAN1 P4 #db .<#a#b#b.> 0,KROPOTK9 WAS NO CRACKPOT01 P4 #c* .<#a#b#c.> ,?IS IS AN OLD VIEW ?AT IS CURR5TLY GO+ ?R\< SOME?+ ( A REVIVAL4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,DECEMB] #bg >TICLE BY ,DAVID ,SLOAN ,WILSON & ,$W>D ,O4 ,WILSON >GU+ ?AT SOCIOBIOLOGY HAS TAK5 A FALSE TURN BY EXPLA9+ COOP]ATIVE ACTIVITIES 9 AN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9DIVIDUALI/IC FRAMEWORK & SO IGNOR+ 0MULTILEVEL SELECTION01 9CLUD+ GR\P SELECTION4 ,!Y CRITIQUE ! 0NAIVE GR\P SELECTIONISM0 ?AT PR$OM9AT$ 9 ! #a#i#fS & :I* SOCIOBIOLOGY REPLAC$4 70,RE?9K+ ,! ,!ORETICAL ,F\NDATION ,( ,SOCIOBIOLOGY01 PP4 #c#b#g-#d#h1 ,! ,QU>T]LY ,REVIEW ( ,BIOLOGY1 VOL4 #h#b1 NO4 #d7 .<#a#b#d.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #cc .<#a#b#e.> 0,KROPOTK9 WAS NO CRACKPOT01 P4 #c* .<#a#b#f.> ,UNTO ,O!RS3 ! EVOLUTION & PSY*OLOGY ( UNSELFI% BEHAVIOR 7,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h7 .<#a#b#g.> ,TODES1 P4 #aa .<#a#b#h.> ,SOB] & ,WILSON1 P4 #d .<#a#b#i.> ,DAWK9S VS4 ,G\LD3 ,SURVIVAL ( ! ,FITTE/ 7,ICON ,BOOKS1 #b#a71 P4 #e1 P4 #e#c4 ,SOB] & ,WILSON >GUE ?AT GR\PS1 AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUALS1 CAN BE VEHICLES = G5E SELECTION & SO PROPOSE A MULTI-LEVEL SELECTION !ORY ?AT USES ! SAME SET ( CONCEPTS AT EV]Y LEVEL4 7PP4 #h#h-#i#b7 ,DAWK9S HIMSELF ONCE NOT$ ?AT !RE CAN 0BE A K9D ( HI<]-LEVEL 444 SELECTION 9 FAVOR ( RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM4 ,?IS CAN BE DEVELOP$ 9TO AN >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( A K9D ( GR\P SELECTION ?AT1 UNLIKE MO/ !ORIES ( GR\P SELECTION1 MI ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,VIRTUE 7,VIK+ 1 #a#i#i#f71 P4 #a#g#e1 P4 #ah .<#a#c#a.> ,AS ,DAWK9S PUT IT3 0,TO 9VOKE ! RA9MAK]S YET AGA91 !RE IS NO MORE CONNECTION BETWE5 A SELFI% G5E & A SELFI% HUMAN ?AN !RE IS BETWE5 A ROCK & A RA9 CL\D40 7,UNWEAV+ ! ,RA9B[1 P4 #b#a7 .<#a#c#b.> ,RIDLEY1 P4 #ahh .<#a#c#c.> ,RIDLEY1 P4 #a< .<#a#c#d.> ,AS HE NOTES 9 ?AT DISCUSSION1 ! COMMONS W]E 0C>EFULLY REGULAT$ COMMUNAL PROP]TY0 & 0W]E NEV] FREE-=-ALLS0 7,RIDLEY1 P4 #b#c#b7 ,:I* %[S ! P[] ( IDEOLOGY 9 ACTION1 ) ! TRUE NATURE ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY CONV5I5TLY =GOTT5 :5 SPECULAT+ AGA9/ GR\P SELECTION BUT !N 9VOK$ :5 >GU+ AGA9/ NATIONALIZATION4 ,NOT TO M5TION ! /RANGE SIT1 BY !IR SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION BY ! /ATE 7AS DISCUSS$ BY ,KROPOTK9 9 *APT] #g,I ( ,MUTUAL ,AID74 .<#a#c#e.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #fi .<#a#c#f.> ,ACT = ,Y\RSELVES1 P4 #h#h4 ,! NOTION ?AT FRE$OM IMPLIES TOL]AT+ ! 0FRE$OM0 TO OPPRESS & EXPLOIT IS RIDICUL\S & ONE AN>*I/S HAVE LONG REFUT$4 ,AS ,MALATE/A PUT IT1 SOME SEEM TO SUPPOSE 0?AT AN>*I/S1 9 ! NAME ( !IR PR9CIPLES1 W\LD WI% TO SEE ?AT /RANGE FRE$OM RESPECT$ :I* VIOLATES & DE/ROYS ! FRE$OM & LIFE ( O!RS4 ,!Y SEEM ALMO/ TO BELIEVE ?AT AFT] HAV+ BR\*Y 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #b#a71 PP4 #d#b-#c7 .<#a#c#g.> ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#g71 P4 #ah .<#a#c#h.> ,TRIV]S1 ,NATURAL ,SELECTION & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY1 P4 #$ .<#a#c#i.> ,RIDLEY1 P4 #aee .<#a#d.> ,JONES1 ,CORAL3 ,A ,PESSIMI/ 9 ,P>ADISE 7,LITTLE1 ,BR[N1 #b#g71 P4 #i#f1 P4 #id .<#a#d#a.> ,RIDLEY1 PP4 #d-#e .<#a#d#b.> ,JONES1 P4 #a#a#f1 P4 #i#g1 P4 #i#h1 P4 #aba .<#a#d#c.> ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 A REF]5CE = ,MUTUAL ,AID DOES NOT EV5 APPE> 9 HIS 0,LIT]ATURE CIT$0 LI/+4 .<#a#d#d.> ,AT BE/ IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ,JONES SUBSCRIBES TO ! T5D5CY ( SOME SOCIOBIOLOGI/S TO LUMP ALL K9DS ( ASSOCIATION 7FROM P>ASITISM TO MUTUALISM7 9TO ONE CATEGORY LABEL$ 0SYMBIOSIS0 BUT ?IS CONFUSES & CONFLATES MORE ?AN IT EXPLA9S 7SEE 0,A ,NOTE ON ,T]M9OLOGY3 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ,MUTUALISM & ,SYMBIOSIS0 BEL[74 .<#a#d#e.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #g .<#a#d#f.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4#c#b .<#a#d#g.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4#a#d1 P4 #c#b1 P4 #c#c1 P4 #f#h1 P4 #c#c1 P4 #bbi .<#a#d#h.> ,TODES1 P4 #acb .<#a#d#i.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #bd .<#a#e.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #b#c#c4 ,KROPOTK91 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 HAD BE5 DISCUSS+ ! EVOLUTION>Y BASE = E?ICS S9CE ! E>LY #a#h#hS 7SEE 0,LAW & ,AU?ORITY0 9 ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 = EXAMPLE74 .<#a#e#a.> ,E?ICS3 ,ORIG9 & ,DEVELOPM5T 7,BLOM1 #a#i#f#h71 PP4 #c-#a .<#a#e#b.> ,CONTA9$ 9 ! COLLECTIONS ,AN>*ISM & ,FUGITIVE ,WRIT+S4 .<#a#e#c.> ,JONES1 P4 #ih P4 #abb .<#a#e#d.> ,?AT ,JONES CLE>LY PROJECTS CULTURAL BIASES ONTO NATURE CAN BE SE5 :5 HE /ATES ?AT ECONOMICS 0MAY HELP . TO UND]/& EVOLUTION0 & ! 0LAWS ( ! M>KET ALSO HELP TO EXPLA9 SY/EMS 9 :I* PROPON5TS APPE> 444 TO /RIVE T[>DS ! SAME %>$ 5D40 ,MOREOV]1 SOMETIMES 0! M>KET RETURNS TO ,NATURE = ADVICE40 7P4 #a#b1 P4 #i#h7 ,?AT*]ITE ,MATT ,RIDLEY /ATES 0,I DO NOT BELIEVE IT IS TOO F>-FET*$ TO SEE 9 ! ACTIONS ( HUNT]-GA!R]S DI/ANT E*OES ( ! ORIG9S ( MOD]N M>KETS 9 F9ANCIAL D]IVATIVES40 7P4 #a#a#e7 .<#a#e#e.> ,JONES1 P4 #a#b#b1 P4 #i#f1 P4 #a#b#a4 ,MAURICE ,BR9TON'S 0,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S ,CONTROL0 79CLUD$ 9 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[]7 IS /ILL ! CLASSIC WORK ON ! ,L59I/ IMPOSITION ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 .<#a#e#f.> ,IRONICALLY1 IT WAS ,PR\DHON1 NOT ,M>X1 :O FIR/ PROCLAIM$ ! NE$ = A 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 9 #a#h#d1 %ORTLY AFT] /AT+ 0,I AM AN AN>*I/0 & JU/ BE=E DEF9+ 0AN>*Y0 & DISCUSS+ ITS IMPLICATIONS AS A SOCIAL GOAL 7,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d71 P4 #b#i1 P4 #b#e7 .<#a#e#g.> ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #d#g4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ?IS ESSAY WAS ORIG9ALLY 5TITL$ 0,! ,SCI5TIFIC ,BASIS ( ,AN>*Y0 .<#a#e#h.> 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM01 P4 #e#d4 .<#a#e#i.> ,H>RY ,CLEAV]1 ,KROPOTK91 ,SELF-VALORIZATION & ! ,CRISIS ( ,M>XISM01 P4 #aba .<#a#f.> 0,Y\ HAVE SE51 ) ,MUTUAL ,AID01 HE WROTE TO ANO!R AN>*I/1 0:AT A REM>KABLE1 P[]FUL TOOL ( 9VE/IGATION ! AN>*I/ T5D5CY REPRES5TS40 7QUOT$ BY ,RU? ,K9NA1 0,KROPOTK9'S !ORY ( ,MUTUAL ,AID 9 ,HI/ORICAL ,CONTEXT01 P4 #b#g#i7 .<#a#f#a.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 PP4 #b#c-#a .<#a#f#b.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 P4 #a#h#a1 P4 #ag .<#a#f#c.> 0,KROPOTK91 ,SELF-VALORIZATION & ! ,CRISIS ( ,M>XISM01 P4 #ab .<#a#f#d.> 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM01 P4 #e#h1 P4 #eg .<#a#f#e.> 0,KROPOTK9 ON ,MUTUAL ,AID -- ,REVIEW01 ,WE/]N ,SOCIALI/1 ,BO/ON1 ,U,S,A1 ,JANU>Y-,FEBRU>Y #aief .<#a#f#f.> ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#g71 PP4 #e#b-#c4 ,H[EV]1 0NONE ( !SE MAY1 9 ANY DEGREE1 BE TAK5 AS A SUB/ITUTE = ,COMMUNISM1 OR EV5 = ,SOCIALISM40 .<#a#f#g.> QUOT$ BY ,MILL]1 ,KROPOTK9 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#f71 P4 #agg .<#a#f#h.> SEE ,C>OL9E ,CAHM'S ,KROPOTK9 & ! RISE ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM1 #a#h#g#b-#a#h#h#f = AN EXCELL5T ACC\NT ( ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS ON ?IS MATT]4 .<#a#f#i.> ,AN>*ISM1 PP4 #b#e#d-#e1 PP4 #g#f-#g .<#a#g.> QUOT$ BY ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? 7,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i71 P4 #ge .<#a#g#a.> ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g71 P4 #a1 P4 #e#i1 P4 #ef .<#a#g#b.> ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE1 PP4 #i-#a .<#a#g#c.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,E?ICS1 P4 #c#a#gFN .<#a#g#d.> 0,EV]Y ECONOMIC PHASE HAS A POLITICAL PHASE CORRESPOND+ TO IT1 & IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO T\* PRIVATE PROP]TY UNLESS A NEW MODE ( POLITICAL LIFE BE F\ND AT ! SAME TIME10 >GU$ ,KROPOTK94 0,A SOCIETY F\ND$ ON S]FDOM1 IS 9 KEEP+ ) ABSOLUTE MON>*Y2 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! WAGE SY/EM1 & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES BY ! CAPITALI/S F9DS ITS POLITICAL EXPRESSION 9 P>LIAM5T>IANISM40 ,AS SU*1 ! /ATE =M *ANGES & EVOLVES1 BUT ITS BASIC FUNCTION 7DEF5D] ( M9ORITY RULE7 & /RUCTURE 7DELEGAT$ P[] 9TO ! H&S ( A FEW7 REMA9S4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT 0A FREE SOCIETY REGA9+ POSSESSION ( ! COMMON 9H]ITANCE MU/ SEEK1 9 FREE GR\PS & FREE F$]ATIONS ( GR\PS1 A NEW ORGANIZATION1 9 H>MONY ) ! NEW ECONOMIC PHASE ( HI/ORY40 7,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 P4 #h#b7 .<#a#g#e.> 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM01 P4 #hb .<#a#g#f.> ,KROPOTK9 PO9T$ TO ! DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC F$]AT$ 0SECTIONS0 ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION AS ONE EXAMPLE ( 0A PEOPLE GOV]N+ ITSELF DIRECTLY - :5 POSSIBLE - )\T 9T]M$I>IES1 )\T MA/]S40 ,9 FACT1 0! PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM 444 DAT$ FROM #a#g#h#i1 & ?AT !Y HAD !IR ORIG91 NOT 9 !ORETICAL SPECULATIONS1 BUT 9 ! DE$S ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION40 7,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 7,ELEPHANT ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#h#f71 VOL4 #a1 P4 #b#a1 P4 #b#d7 .<#a#g#g.> ,MUTUAL ,AID1 PP4 #a#e#a-#c .<#a#g#h.> 0,AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#f'S & #a#h#g'S1 ! FOLL[]S ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL W]E PROPOS+ ! =MATION ( WORK]S' C\NCILS DESIGN$ BO? AS A WEAPON ( CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/S & AS ! /RUCTURAL BASIS ( ! FUTURE LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY40 7,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#e71 P4 #g#c7 .<#a#g#i.> 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM01 P4 #g#d1 P4 #g#h1 P4 #g#i4 ,?IS SELF-MANAGEM5T W\LD1 ( C\RSE1 BE BAS$ ON ! POPUL> EXPROPRIATION 0( ALL ?OSE :O HAVE ! MEANS ( EXPLOIT+ HUMAN BE+S2 ! RETURN TO ! COMMUNITY 444 ( EV]Y?+ ?AT 9 ! H&S ( ANYONE CAN BE US$ TO EXPLOIT O!RS40 7,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 PP4 #b#g-#h7 .<#a#h.> ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 P4 #ha .<#a#h#a.> ,SEE ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S 7PP4 #h-#a74 ,9 #a#i#g1 LIB]T>IANS CONCLUD$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION REQUIR$ 0! PROCLAMATION 9 VILLAGES & T[NS ( WORK]S' COMMUNES ) SOVIETS ( WORK]S' DEPUTIES 444 AT !IR HEAD40 7QUOT$ BY ,ALEX&RE ,SKIRDA1 ,FAC+ ! ,5EMY3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION FROM ,PR\DHON TO ,MAY #aifh 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#b71 P4 #g#g7 .<#a#h#b.> ,SEE ,MAURICE ,BR9TON10,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S ,CONTROL0 7CONTA9$ 9 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[]74 .<#a#h#c.> ,SEE ,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,DURRUTI 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#g7 .<#a#h#d.> ,SEE ,HORIZONTALISM3 ,VOICES ( ,POPUL> ,P[] 9 ,>G5T9A1 $IT$ BY ,M>9A ,SITR9 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#f7 .<#a#h#e.> ,EMILO1 QUOT$ 9 ,HORIZONTALISM1 P4 #* .<#a#h#f.> ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 P4 #agg .<#a#h#g.> 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM01 P4 #if .<#a#h#h.> ,PUBLI%$ BY ,BLACK ,ROSE1 IT 9CLUDES ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD2 ,E?ICS2 ,FUGITIVE ,WRIT+S2 ,EVOLUTION & ,5VIRONM5T2 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS2 ,9 ,RUSSIAN & ,FR5* ,PRISONS2 ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION2 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/2 ,MUTUAL ,AID2 ,RUSSIAN ,LIT]ATURE2 & ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL4 .<#a#h#i.> ,BO? ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM & ,! ,/ATE >E CONTA9$ 9 ,FUGITIVE ,WRIT+S 7,VOLUME #a ( ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS71 ALONG ) ,AN>*I/ ,MORALITY & TWO O!R ESSAYS4 .<#a#i.> ,9 FACT1 0EV5 ITS NAME IS NOT G5]ALLY AGRE$ ON4 ,T]MS ?AT MAY BE CONSID]$ SYNONYMS1 9 :OLE OR P>T1 >E SYMBIOSIS1 COMM5SALISM1 COOP]ATION1 PROTOCOOP]ATION1 MUTUAL AID1 FACILITATION1 RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM1 & 5TRAIDE40 7,B\*]1 ,JAMES & ,KELL]1 0,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,MUTUALISM01 P4 #c#a#e7 .<#a#i#a.> ,?IS IS ! USUAL DEF9ITION1 AS IT HAS 0BO? HI/ORICAL PRIORITY & G5]AL CURR5CY40 7,B\*]1 ,JAMES & ,KELL]1 P4 #c#a#e7 .<#a#i#b.> ,?IS 0APPROA* IS >TIFICIAL BUT CONV5I5T40 7,B\*]1 ,JAMES & ,KELL]1 P4 #c#a#f7 .<#a#i#c.> ,B\*]1 ,JAMES & ,KELL]1 P4 #cbb .<#a#i#d.> ,D\GLAS ,H4 ,B\*]1 0,! ,IDEA ( ,MUTUALISM1 ,PA/ & ,FUTURE01 P4 #ag .<#a#i#e.> ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E1 P4 #a#h#a1 P4 #b#b1 P4 #ahb .<#a#i#f.> ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 7,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i71 PP4 #b#a#e-#b#a#f .<#a#i#g.> ,JAN ,SAPP1 ,EVOLUTION BY ,ASSOCIATION3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,SYMBIOSIS 7,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 1 #a#i#i#d71 P4 #g .<#a#i#h.> ,QUOT$ BY ,D\GLAS ,H4 ,B\*]1 ,SAM ,JAMES & ,KA?LE5 ,H4 ,KELL]1 0,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,MUTUALISM01 P4 #cag .<#a#i#i.> ,AS ONE HI/ORIAN NOTES1 !RE WAS 0CLOSE SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! ASSOCIATIONAL IDEAL ( ,PR\DHON 444 & ! PROGRAM ( ! ,LYON ,MUTUALI/S 444 ,! SOCIALI/ IDEAL ?AT HE *AMPION$ WAS ALREADY BE+ REALIZ$1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 BY SU* WORK]S40 7,K4 ,/EV5 ,V9C5T1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON & ! ,RISE ( ,FR5* ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALISM 7,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,OX=D1 #a#i#h#d71 P4 #a#f#d7 .<#b.> ,D\GLAS ,H4 ,B\*]1 0,! ,IDEA ( ,MUTUALISM1 ,PA/ & ,FUTURE01 P4 #a#a1 P4 #a#b1 PP4 #a#c-#d .<#b#a.> ,JAMES ,ALL5 ,ROG]S1 0,RUSSIA3 ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES01 PP4 #b#e#f-#f#h1 ,! ,COMP>ATIVE ,RECEPTION ( ,D>W9ISM 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,TEXAS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#d71 ,?OMAS ,F4 ,GLICK 7$471 P4 #bci ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION & ,EVALUATION -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION & ,EVALUATION -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/