,*APT] #aa 
,A ,VISIT FROM ! ,UKRA9A 

#aibcaibc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY F\ND9.-A.-ATTIC1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,*,A,P,T,] ,X,I 

,A ,V,I,S,I,T ,F,R,O,M ,! ,U,K,R,A,9,A 

,E>LY 9 ,MAY TWO Y\NG M5 FROM ! ,UKRA9A >RIV$ 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,BO? HAD LIV$ 9 ,AM]ICA = A NUMB] ( YE>S & HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! ,YIDDI% ,LABOR & ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS4 ,ONE ( !M HAD ALSO BE5 $ITOR ( AN ,5GLI% WEEKLY ,AN>*I/ PAP]1 ,! ,AL>M1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,*ICAGO4 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 !Y LEFT = ,RUSSIA TOGE!R ) O!R EMIGRANTS4 ,>RIV+ 9 !IR NATIVE C\NTRY1 !Y JO9$ ! ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES !RE :I* HAD GA9$ TREM5D\S IMPETUS ?R\< ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!IR MA9 FIELD WAS ! ,UKRA9A ,9 #aiah !Y AID$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ,NABAT .<,AL>M.>1 & BEGAN ! PUBLICATION ( A PAP] ?AT NAME4 ,!ORETICALLY1 !Y W]E AT V>IANCE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKI2 PRACTICALLY ! ,F$]ATION ,AN>*I/S1 EV5 AS ! ,AN>*I/S ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA1 WORK$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKI & ALSO F\<T ON EV]Y FRONT AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 

,:5 ! TWO ,UKRA9IAN COMRADES LE>N$ ( \R >RIVAL 9 ,RUSSIA !Y REPEAT$LY TRI$ TO REA* US1 BUT [+ TO ! POLITICAL CONDITIONS & ! PRACTICAL IMPOSSIBILITY ( TRAVEL+1 !Y C\LD NOT COME NOR?4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY !Y HAD BE5 >RE/$ & IMPRISON$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,IMM$IATELY UPON !IR RELEASE !Y />T$ = ,PETROGRAD1 TRAVEL+ ILLEGALLY4 ,!Y KNEW ! DANG]S CONFRONT+ !M-- >RE/ & POSSIBLE %OOT+ = ! POSSESSION & USE ( FALSE DOCUM5TS--BUT !Y W]E WILL+ TO RISK ANY?+ BECAUSE !Y W]E DET]M9$ ?AT WE %\LD LE>N ! FACTS AB\T ! POV/ANTSI .<REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS.> MOVEM5TS L$ BY ?AT EXTRAORD9>Y FIGURE1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4 ,!Y WANT$ TO ACQUA9T US ) ! HI/ORY ( ! ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,RUSSIA & RELATE H[ ! IRON H& ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI HAD CRU%$ !M4 

,DUR+ TWO WEEKS1 9 ! /ILLNESS ( ! ,PETROGRAD NI<TS1 ! TWO ,UKRA9IAN ,AN>*I/S UNROLL$ BE=E US ! PANORAMA ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ! ,UKRA9A4 ,DISPASSIONATELY1 QUIETLY1 & ) ALMO/ UNCANNY DETA*M5T ! Y\NG M5 TOLD !IR /ORY4 

,?IRTE5 DIFF]5T GOV]NM5TS HAD 0RUL$0 ,UKRA9A4 ,EA* ( !M HAD ROBB$ & MURD]$ ! PEASANTRY1 MADE <A/LY POGROMS1 & LEFT DEA? & RU9 9 ITS WAY4 ,! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS1 A MORE 9DEP5D5T & SPIRIT$ RACE ?AN !IR NOR!RN BRO!RS1 HAD COME TO HATE ALL GOV]NM5TS & EV]Y MEASURE :I* ?REAT5$ !IR L& & FRE$OM4 ,!Y B&$ TOGE!R & F\<T BACK !IR OPPRESSORS ALL ?R\< ! LONG YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,! PEASANTS HAD NO !ORIES2 !Y C\LD NOT BE CLASS$ 9 ANY POLITICAL P>TY4 ,!IRS WAS AN 9/9CTIVE HATR$ ( TYRANNY1 & PRACTICALLY ! :OLE ( ,UKRA9A SOON BECAME A REBEL CAMP4 ,9TO ?IS SEE?+ CAULDRON !RE CAME1 9 #a#i#a#g1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4 

,MAKHNO WAS A ,UKRA9IAN BORN4 ,A NATURAL REBEL1 HE BECAME 9T]E/$ 9 ,AN>*ISM AT AN E>LY AGE4 ,AT SEV5TE5 HE ATTEMPT$ ! LIFE ( A ,CZ>I/ SPY & WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 BUT [+ TO HIS EXTREME Y\? ! S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ TO KATORGA = LIFE .<SEV]E IMPRISONM5T1 ONE ?IRD ( ! T]M 9 *A9S.>4 ,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION OP5$ ! PRISON DOORS = ALL POLITICAL PRISON]S1 ,MAKHNO AMONG !M4 ,HE HAD !N SP5T T5 YE>S 9 ! ,BUTIRKY PRISON1 9 ,MOSC[4 ,HE HAD BUT A LIMIT$ S*OOL+ :5 FIR/ >RE/$1 BUT 9 PRISON HE HAD US$ HIS LEISURE TO GOOD ADVANTAGE4 ,BY ! TIME ( HIS RELEASE HE HAD ACQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY1 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & LIT]ATURE4 ,%ORTLY AFT] HIS LIB]ATION ,MAKHNO RETURN$ TO HIS NATIVE VILLAGE1 ,GULYAI-,POLEH1 :]E HE ORGANIZ$ A TRADE UNION & ! LOCAL SOVIET4 ,!N HE ?REW HIMSELF 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & DUR+ ALL ( #aiag HE WAS ! SPIRITUAL TEA*] & LEAD] ( ! REBEL PEASANTS1 :O HAD RIS5 AGA9/ ! L&$ PROPRIETORS4 

,9 #a#i#a#h1 :5 ! ,BRE/ ,PEACE OP5$ ,UKRA9A TO ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN OCCUPATION1 ,MAKHNO ORGANIZ$ ! REBEL PEASANT B&S 9 DEF5SE AGA9/ ! =EIGN >MIES4 ,HE F\<T AGA9/ ,SKOROPADSKI1 ! ,UKRA9IAN ,HETMAN1 :O WAS SUPPORT$ BY ,G]MAN BAYONETS4 ,HE WAG$ SUCCESSFUL GU]RILLA W>F>E AGA9/ ,PETLURA1 ,KAL$91 ,GRIGORIEV1 & ,D5IK94 ,A CONSCI\S ,AN>*I/1 HE LABOR$ TO GIVE ! 9/9CTIVE REBELLION ( ! PEASANTRY DEF9ITE AIM & PURPOSE4 ,IT WAS ! ,MAKHNO IDEA ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS TO BE DEF5D$ AGA9/ ALL 5EMIES1 AGA9/ EV]Y C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y OR REACTION>Y ATTEMPT FROM RI<T & LEFT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME $UCATIONAL & CULTURAL WORK WAS C>RI$ ON AMONG ! PEASANTS TO DEVELOP !M ALONG AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ L9ES ) ! AIM ( E/ABLI%+ FREE PEASANT COMMUNES4 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#i1 ,MAKHNO 5T]$ 9TO AN AGREEM5T ) ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,HE WAS TO CONT9UE TO HOLD ! S\!RN FRONT AGA9/ ,D5IK9 & TO RECEIVE FROM ! ,BOL%EVIKI ! NECESS>Y >MS & AMMUNITION4 ,MAKHNO WAS TO REMA9 9 *>GE ( ! POV/ANTSI1 N[ GR[N 9TO AN >MY1 ! LATT] TO HAVE AUTONOMY 9 ITS LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOVIETS ( ! DI/RICT1 :I* COV]$ SEV]AL PROV9CES4 ,IT WAS AGRE$ ?AT ! POV/ANTSI %\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO HOLD CONF]5CES1 FREELY DISCUSS !IR AFFAIRS1 & TAKE ACTION UPON !M4 ,?REE SU* CONF]5CES W]E HELD 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 ,M>*1 & ,APRIL4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKI FAIL$ TO LIVE UP TO ! AGREEM5T4 ,! SUPPLIES :I* HAD BE5 PROMIS$ ,MAKHNO1 & :I* HE NE$$ DESP]ATELY1 W\LD >RIVE AFT] LONG DELAYS OR FAIL$ TO COME ALTOGE!R4 ,IT WAS *>G$ ?AT ?IS SITUATION WAS DUE TO ! ORD]S ( ,TROTSKY :O DID NOT LOOK FAVORABLY UPON ! 9DEP5D5T REBEL >MY4 ,H[EV] IT BE1 ,MAKHNO WAS HAMP]$ AT EV]Y /EP1 :ILE ,D5IK9 WAS GA9+ GR\ND CON/ANTLY4 ,PRES5TLY ! ,BOL%EVIKI BEGAN TO OBJECT TO ! FREE PEASANT ,SOVIETS1 & 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#a#i1 ! ,COMM&]-9-,*IEF ( ! S\!RN >MIES1 ,KAM5EV1 ACCOMPANI$ BY MEMB]S ( ! ,KH>KOV ,GOV]NM5T1 >RIV$ AT ! ,MAKHNO HEADQU>T]S TO SETTLE ! DISPUT$ MATT]S4 ,9 ! 5D ! ,BOL%EVIK MILIT>Y REPRES5TATIVES DEM&$ ?AT ! POV/ANTSI DISSOLVE4 ,! LATT] REFUS$1 *>G+ ! ,BOL%EVIKI ) A BREA* ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y AGREEM5T4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,D5IK9 ADVANCE WAS BECOM+ MORE ?REAT5+1 & ,MAKHNO /ILL RECEIV$ NO SUPPORT FROM ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,! PEASANT >MY !N DECID$ TO CALL A SPECIAL SESSION ( ! ,SOVIET = ,JUNE #a#e?4 ,DEF9ITE PLANS & ME?ODS W]E TO BE DECID$ UPON TO *ECK ! GR[+ M5ACE ( ,D5IK94 ,BUT ON ,JUNE #d? ,TROTSKY ISSU$ AN ORD] PROHIBIT+ ! HOLD+ ( ! ,CONF]5CE & DECL>+ ,MAKHNO AN \TLAW4 ,9 A PUBLIC MEET+ 9 ,KH>KOV ,TROTSKY ANN\NC$ ?AT IT W]E BETT] TO P]MIT ! ,:ITES TO REMA9 9 ! ,UKRA9A ?AN TO SUFF] ,MAKHNO4 ,! PRES5CE ( ! ,:ITES1 HE SAID1 W\LD 9FLU5CE ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTRY 9 FAVOR ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T1 :]EAS ,MAKHNO & HIS POV/ANTSI W\LD NEV] MAKE PEACE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKI2 !Y W\LD ATTEMPT TO POSSESS !MSELVES ( SOME T]RITORY & TO PRACTICE !IR IDEAS1 :I* W\LD BE A CON/ANT M5ACE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WAS PRACTICALLY A DECL>ATION ( W> AGA9/ ,MAKHNO & HIS >MY4 ,SOON ! LATT] F\ND ITSELF ATTACK$ ON TWO SIDES AT ONCE--BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI & ,D5IK94 ,! POV/ANTSI W]E POORLY EQUIPP$ & LACK$ ! MO/ NECESS>Y SUPPLIES = W>F>E1 YET ! PEASANT >MY = A CONSID]ABLE TIME SUCCE$$ 9 HOLD+ ITS [N BY ! %E] MILIT>Y G5IUS ( ITS LEAD] & ! RECKLESS C\RAGE ( HIS DEVOT$ REBELS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,BOL%EVIKI BEGAN A CAMPAIGN ( D5UNCIATION AGA9/ ,MAKHNO & HIS POV/ANTSI4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS ACCUS$ HIM ( HAV+ TREA*]\SLY OP5$ ! S\!RN FRONT TO ,D5IK91 & BR&$ ,MAKHNO'S >MY A B&IT GANG & ITS LEAD] A C\NT]REVOLUTIONI/ :O MU/ BE DE/ROY$ AT ALL CO/4 ,BUT ?IS 0C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/0 FULLY REALIZ$ ! ,D5IK9 M5ACE TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE GA!R$ NEW =CES & SUPPORT AMONG ! PEASANTS & 9 ! MON?S ( ,SEPTEMB] & ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#i1 HIS CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,D5IK9 GAVE ! LATT] ITS DEA? BL[ ON ! ,UKRA9A4 ,MAKHNO CAPTUR$ ,D5IK9'S >TILL]Y BASE AT ,M>IOPOL1 ANNIHILAT$ ! RE> ( ! 5EMY'S >MY1 & SUCCE$$ 9 SEP>AT+ ! MA9 BODY FROM ITS BASE ( SUPPLY4 ,?IS BRILLIANT MANCEUVRE ( ,MAKHNO & ! H]OIC FI<T+ ( ! REBEL >MY AGA9 BR\<T AB\T FRI5DLY CONTACT ) ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,! BAN WAS LIFT$ FROM ! POV/ANTSI & ! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS N[ BEGAN TO EULOGIZE ,MAKHNO AS A GREAT MILIT>Y G5IUS & BRAVE DEF5D] ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UKRA9A4 ,BUT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,MAKHNO & ! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E DEEPROOT$3 HE /ROVE TO E/ABLI% FREE PEASANT COMMUNES 9 ! ,UKRA9A1 :ILE ! ,COMMUNI/S W]E B5T ON IMPOS+ ! ,MOSC[ RULE4 ,ULTIMATELY A CLA% WAS 9EVITABLE1 & IT CAME E>LY 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#b4 

,AT ?AT P]IOD A NEW 5EMY WAS ?REAT5+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,GRIGORIEV1 =M]LY ( ! ,CZ>I/ >MY1 LAT] FRI5D ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 N[ TURN$ AGA9/ !M4 ,HAV+ GA9$ CONSID]ABLE SUPPORT 9 ! S\? BECAUSE ( HIS SLOGANS ( FRE$OM & FREE ,SOVIETS1 ,GRIGORIEV PROPOS$ TO ,MAKHNO ?AT !Y JO9 =CES AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/ REGIME4 ,MAKHNO CALL$ A MEET+ ( ! TWO >MIES & !RE PUBLICLY ACCUS$ ,GRIGORIEV ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION & PRODUC$ EVID5CE ( NUM]\S POGROMS ORGANIZ$ BY HIM AGA9/ ! ,JEWS4 ,DECL>+ ,GRIGORIEV AN 5EMY ( ! PEOPLE & ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ,MAKHNO & HIS /AFF CONDEMN$ HIM & HIS AIDES TO DEA?1 EXECUT+ !M ON ! SPOT4 ,P>T ( ,GRIGORIEV'S >MY JO9$ ,MAKHNO4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ,D5IK9 KEPT PRESS+ ,MAKHNO1 F9ALLY =C+ HIM TO )DRAW FROM HIS POSITION4 ,NOT ( C\RSE )\T BITT] FI<T+ ALL ALONG ! L9E ( N9E HUNDR$ V]/S1 ! RETREAT LA/+ F\R MON?S1 ,MAKHNO M>*+ T[>D ,GALICIA4 ,D5IK9 ADVANC$ UPON ,KH>KOV1 !N F>!R NOR?1 CAPTUR+ ,OREL & ,KURSK1 & F9ALLY REA*$ ! GATES ( ,TULA1 9 ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOOD ( ,MOSC[4 

,! ,R$ ,>MY SEEM$ P[]LESS TO *ECK ! ADVANCE ( ,D5IK91 BUT MEAN:ILE ,MAKHNO HAD GA!R$ NEW =CES & ATTACK$ ,D5IK9 9 ! RE>4 ,! UNEXPECT$NESS ( ?IS NEW TURN & ! EXTRAORD9>Y MILIT>Y EXPLOITS ( ,MAKHNO'S M5 9 ?IS CAMPAIGN DISORGANIZ$ ! PLANS ( ,D5IK91 DEMORALIZ$ HIS >MY1 & GAVE ! ,R$ ,>MY ! OPPORTUNITY ( TAK+ ! (F5SE AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 5EMY 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,TULA4 

,:5 ! ,R$ ,>MY REA*$ ,ALEX&ROVSK1 AFT] HAV+ F9ALLY BEAT5 ! ,D5IK9 =CES1 ,TROTSKY AGA9 DEM&$ ( ,MAKHNO ?AT HE DIS>M HIS M5 & PLACE HIMSELF UND] ! DISCIPL9E ( ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,! POV/ANTSI REFUS$1 :]EUPON AN ORGANIZ$ MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! REBELS WAS 9AUGURAT$1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI TAK+ MANY PRISON]S & KILL+ SCORES ( O!RS4 ,MAKHNO1 :O MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ! ,BOL%EVIK NET1 WAS AGA9 DECL>$ AN \TLAW & B&IT4 ,S9CE !N ,MAKHNO HAD BE5 UN9T]RUPT$LY WAG+ GU]RILLA W>F>E AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 

,! /ORY ( ! ,UKRA9IAN FRI5DS1 :I* ,I HAVE RELAT$ H]E 9 V]Y COND5S$ =M1 S\ND$ AS ROMANTIC AS ! EXPLOITS ( ,/5KA ,RAS91 ! FAM\S ,COSSACK REBEL IMMORTALIZ$ BY ,GOGOL4 ,ROMANTIC & PICTURESQUE1 BUT :AT BE>+ DID ! ACTIVITIES ( ,MAKHNO & HIS M5 HAVE UPON ,AN>*ISM1 ,I QUE/ION$ ! TWO COMRADES4 ,MAKHNO1 MY 9=MANTS EXPLA9$1 WAS HIMSELF AN ,AN>*I/ SEEK+ TO FREE ,UKRA9A FROM ALL OPPRESSION & /RIV+ TO DEVELOP & ORGANIZE ! PEASANTS' LAT5T AN>*I/IC T5D5CIES4 ,TO ?IS 5D ,MAKHNO HAD REPEAT$LY CALL$ UPON ! ,AN>*I/S ( ! ,UKRA9A & ( ,RUSSIA TO AID HIM4 ,HE (F]$ !M ! WIDE/ OPPORTUNITY = PROPAG&I/IC & $UCATIONAL WORK1 SUPPLI$ !M ) PR9T+ \TFITS & MEET+ PLACES1 & GAVE !M ! FULLE/ LIB]TY ( ACTION4 ,:5EV] ,MAKHNO CAPTUR$ A CITY1 FRE$OM ( SPEE* & PRESS = ,AN>*I/S & ,LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTIONI/S WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,MAKHNO (T5 SAID3 0 ,I AM A MILIT>Y MAN & ,I HAVE NO TIME = $UCATIONAL WORK4 ,BUT Y\ :O >E WRIT]S & SPEAK]S1 Y\ CAN DO ?AT WORK4 ,JO9 ME & TOGE!R WE %ALL BE ABLE TO PREP>E ! FIELD = A REAL ,AN>*I/ EXP]IM5T40 ,BUT ! *IEF VALUE ( ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T LAY 9 ! PEASANTS !MSELVES1 MY COMRADES ?\<T4 ,IT WAS A SPONTANE\S1 ELEM5TAL MOVEM5T1 ! PEASANTS' OPPOSITION TO ALL GOV]NM5TS BE+ ! RESULT NOT ( !ORIES BUT ( BITT] EXP]I5CE & ( 9/9CTIVE LOVE ( LIB]TY4 ,!Y W]E F]TILE GR\ND = ,AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,= ?IS REASON A NUMB] ( ,AN>*I/S JO9$ ,MAKHNO4 ,!Y W]E ) HIM 9 MO/ ( HIS MILIT>Y CAMPAIGNS & 5]GETICALLY C>RI$ ON ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&A DUR+ ?AT TIME4 

,I HAVE BE5 TOLD BY ,ZOR9 & O!R ,COMMUNI/S ?AT ,MAKHNO WAS A ,JEW-BAIT] & ?AT HIS POV/ANTSI W]E RESPONSIBLE = NUM]\S BRUTAL POGROMS4 ,MY VISITORS EMPHATICALLY D5I$ ! *>GES4 ,MAKHNO BITT]LY F\<T POGROMS1 !Y /AT$2 HE HAD (T5 ISSU$ PROCLAMATIONS AGA9/ SU* \TRAGES1 & HE HAD EV5 ) HIS [N H& PUNI%$ SOME ( ?OSE GUILTY ( ASSAULT ON ,JEWS4 ,HATR$ ( ! ,HEBREW WAS ( C\RSE COMMON 9 ! ,UKRA9A2 IT WAS NOT ]ADICAT$ EV5 AMONG ! ,R$ SOLDI]S4 ,!Y1 TOO1 HAVE ASSAULT$1 ROBB$1 & \TRAG$ ,JEWS2 YET NO ONE HOLDS ! ,BOL%EVIKI RESPONSIBLE = SU* ISOLAT$ 9/ANCES4 ,! ,UKRA9A IS 9FE/$ ) >M$ B&S :O >E (T5 MI/AK5 = ,MAKHNOVTSI & :O HAVE MADE POGROMS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI1 AW>E ( ?IS1 HAVE EXPLOIT$ ! CONFUSION TO DISCR$IT ,MAKHNO & HIS FOLL[]S4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,AN>*I/ ( ! ,UKRA9A--,I WAS 9=M$-- DID NOT IDEALIZE ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT ! POV/ANTSI W]E NOT CONSCI\S ,AN>*I/S4 ,!IR PAP] ,NABAT HAD REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZ$ ?IS FACT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,AN>*I/S C\LD NOT OV]LOOK ! IMPORTANCE ( POPUL> MOVEM5T :I* WAS 9/9CTIVELY REBELLI\S1 AN>*I/ICALLY 9CL9$1 & SUCCESSFUL 9 DRIV+ BACK ! 5EMIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 :I* ! BETT] ORGANIZ$ & EQUIPP$ ,BOL%EVIK >MY C\LD NOT ACCOMPLI%4 ,= ?IS REASON MANY ,AN>*I/S CONSID]$ IT !IR DUTY TO WORK ) ,MAKHNO4 ,BUT ! BULK REMA9$ AWAY2 !Y HAD !IR L>G] CULTURAL1 $UCATIONAL1 & ORGANIZ+ WORK TO DO4 

,! 9VAD+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 ?\< DIFF]+ 9 *>ACT] & PURPOSE1ALL AGRE$ 9 !IR REL5TLESS P]SECUTION ( ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,! LATT] W]E MADE TO SUFF]1 :ATEV] ! NEW REGIME4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E NO BETT] 9 ?IS REG>D ?AN ,D5IK9 OR ANY O!R ,:ITE ELEM5T4 ,AN>*I/S FILL$ ,BOL%EVIK PRISONS2 MANY HAD BE5 %OT & ALL LEGAL ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES W]E SUPPRESS$4 ,! ,T*EKA ESPECIALLY WAS DO+ <A/LY WORK1 HAV+ RESURRECT$ ! OLD ,CZ>I/ ME?ODS1 9CLUD+ EV5 TORTURE4 

,MY Y\NG VISITORS SPOKE FROM EXP]I5CE3 !Y HAD REPEAT$LY BE5 9 ,BOL%EVIK PRISONS !MSELVES4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #aa -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #aa -- ,ADD$4 

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