,*APT] #ae 
,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS 

#aibcaibc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,KEIJO ,KNUTAS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,*,A,P,T,] ,X,V 

,! ,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N,S 

,IT WAS ! MON? ( ,JUNE & ! TIME ( \R DEP>TURE WAS APPROA*+4 ,PETROGRAD SEEM$ MORE BEAUTIFUL ?AN EV]2 ! :ITE NI<TS HAD COME --ALMO/ BROAD DAYLI<T )\T ITS GL>E1 ! MY/]I\S SOO?+ :ITE NI<TS ( ,PETROGRAD4 ,!RE W]E RUMORS ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y DANG] & ! CITY WAS GU>D$ AGA9/ ATTACK4 ,M>TIAL LAW PREVAIL+1 IT WAS =BIDD5 TO BE \T ON ! /REETS AFT] #a ,A4 ,M41 EV5 ?\< IT WAS ALMO/ DAYLI<T4 ,OCCASIONALLY SPECIAL P]MITS W]E OBTA9$ BY FRI5DS & !N WE W\LD WALK ?R\< ! DES]T$ /REETS OR ALONG ! BANKS ( ! D>K ,NEVA1 DISCUSS+ 9 :ISP]S ! P]PLEX+ SITUATION4 ,I S\<T = SOME \T/&+ FEATURE 9 ! BLURR$ PICTURE --! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 

A HUGE FLAME %OOT+ ACROSS ! WORLD ILLUM9AT+ ! BLACK HORIZON ( ! DIS9H]IT$ & OPPRESS$ --! ,REVOLUTION1 ! NEW HOPE1 ! GREAT SPIRITUAL AWAK5+4 ,& H]E ,I WAS 9 ! MID/ ( IT1 YET NO:]E C\LD ,I SEE ! PROMISE & FULFILLM5T ( ! GREAT EV5T4 ,HAD ,I MISUND]/OOD ! MEAN+ & NATURE ( REVOLUTION8 ,P]HAPS ! WRONG & ! EVIL ,I HAVE SE5 DUR+ ?OSE FIVE MON?S W]E 9SEP>ABLE FROM A REVOLUTION4 ,OR WAS IT ! POLITICAL MA*9E :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKI HAVE CREAT$ --IS ?AT ! =CE :I* IS CRU%+ ! ,REVOLUTION 8 ,IF ,I HAD WITNESS$ ! BIR? ( ! LATT] ,I %\LD N[ BE BETT] ABLE TO JUDGE4 ,BUT APP>5TLY ,I >RIV$ AT ! 5D --! AGONIZ+ 5D ( A PEOPLE4 ,IT IS ALL SO COMPLEX1 SO IMP5ETRABLE1 A TUPIK1 A BL9D ALLEY1 AS ! ,RUSSIANS CALL IT4 ,ONLY TIME & E>NE/ /UDY1 AID$ BY SYMPA!TIC UND]/&+1 WILL %[ ME ! WAY \T4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,I MU/ KEEP UP MY C\RAGE & --AWAY FROM ,PETROGRAD1 \T AMONG ! PEOPLE4 

,PRES5TLY ! LONG-AWAIT$ MOM5T >RIV$4 ,ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#i#b1 \R C> WAS C\PL$ TO A SL[ TRA9 CALL$ 0,MAXIM ,GORKI10 & WE PULL$ \T ( ! ,NIKOLAYEVSKI /ATION1 B\ND = ,MOSC[4 

,9 ,MOSC[ !RE W]E MANY =MALITIES TO GO ?R\< )4 ,WE ?\<T A FEW DAYS W\LD' SUFFICE1 BUT WE REMA9$ TWO WEEKS4 ,H[EV]1 \R /AY WAS 9T]E/+4 ,! CITY WAS ALIVE ) DELEGATES TO ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL2 FROM ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD ! WORK]S HAD S5T !IR COMRADES TO ! PROMIS$ L&1 REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA1 ! FIR/ REPUBLIC ( ! WORK]S4 ,AMONG ! DELEGATES !RE W]E ALSO ,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S :O BELIEV$ AS FIRMLY AS ,I DID SIX MON?S PREVI\SLY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E ! SYMBOL ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAD RESPOND$ TO ! ,MOSC[ CALL ) 5?USIASM4 ,SOME ( !M ,I HAD MET 9 ,PETROGRAD & N[ !Y W]E EAG] TO HE> ( MY EXP]I5CES & LE>N MY OP9IONS4 ,BUT :AT WAS ,I TO TELL !M1 & W\LD !Y BELIEVE ME IF ,I DID 8 ,W\LD ,I HAVE BELIEV$ ANY ADV]SE CRITICISM BE=E ,I CAME TO ,RUSSIA8 ,BESIDES1 ,I FELT ?AT MY VIEWS REG>D+ ! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E /ILL TOO UN=M$1 TOO VAGUE1 A CONGLOM]ATION ( M]E IMPRESSIONS4 ,MY OLD VALUES HAD BE5 %ATT]$ & SO F> ,I HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO REPLACE !M4 ,I C\LD !RE=E NOT SPEAK ON ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS1 BUT ,I DID 9=M MY FRI5DS ?AT ! ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD PRISONS W]E CR[D$ ) ,AN>*I/S & O!R REVOLUTIONI/S1 & ,I ADVIS$ !M NOT TO CONT5T !MSELVES ) ! (FICIAL EXPLANATIONS BUT TO 9VE/IGATE = !MSELVES4 ,I W>N$ !M ?AT !Y W\LD BE SURR\ND$ BY GUIDES & 9T]PRET]S1 MO/ ( !M M5 ( ! ,T*EKA1 & ?AT !Y W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO LE>N ! FACTS UNLESS !Y MADE A DET]M9$1 9DEP5D5T EF=T4 

,!RE WAS CONSID]ABLE EXCITEM5T 9 ,MOSC[ AT ! TIME4 ,! ,PR9T]S' ,UNION HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$ & ITS 5TIRE MANAG+ BO>D S5T TO PRISON4 ,! ,UNION HAD CALL$ A PUBLIC MEET+ TO :I* MEMB]S ( ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,MISSION W]E 9VIT$4 ,!RE ! FAM\S ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTIONI/ ,T*]NOV HAD UNEXPECT$LY MADE HIS APPE>ANCE4 ,HE SEV]ELY CRITICIZ$ ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 RECEIV$ AN OVATION FROM ! HUGE AUDI5CE ( WORK]S1 & !N VANI%$ AS MY/]I\SLY AS HE HAD COME4 ,! ,M5%EVIK ,DAN WAS LESS SUCCESSFUL4 ,HE ALSO ADDRESS$ ! MEET+1 BUT HE FAIL$ TO MAKE HIS ESCAPE3 HE L&$ 9 ! ,T*EKA4 ,! NEXT MORN+ ! ,MOSC[ ,PRAVDA & ! ,IZVE/IA D5\NC$ ! ACTION ( ! ,PR9T]S' ,UNION AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 & RAG$ AB\T ,T*]NOV HAV+ BE5 P]MITT$ TO SPEAK4 ,! PAP]S CALL$ = EXEMPL>Y PUNI%M5T ( ! PR9T]S :O D>$ DEFY ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,BAK]S' ,UNION1 A V]Y MILITANT ORGANIZATION1 HAD ALSO BE5 SUPPRESS$1 & ITS MANAGEM5T REPLAC$ BY ,COMMUNI/S4 ,SEV]AL MON?S BE=E1 9 ,M>*1 ,I HAD ATT5D$ A CONV5TION ( ! BAK]S4 ,! DELEGATES IMPRESS$ ME AS A C\RAGE\S GR\P :O DID NOT FE> TO CRITICIZE ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME & PRES5T ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,I WOND]$ !N ?AT !Y W]E P]MITT$ TO CONT9UE ! CONF]5CE1 = !Y W]E \TSPOK5 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO ! ,COMMUNI/S4 0,! BAK]S >E ',%KURNIKI' .<SK9N]S.>10 ,I WAS TOLD2 0!Y ALWAYS 9/IGATE /RIKES1 & ONLY C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S CAN WI% TO /RIKE 9 ! WORK]S' ,REPUBLIC40 ,BUT IT SEEM$ TO ME ?AT ! WORK]S C\LD NOT FOLL[ SU* REASON+4 ,!Y DID /RIKE4 ,!Y EV5 COMMITT$ A MORE HE9\S CRIME3 !Y REFUS$ TO VOTE = ! ,COMMUNI/ C&IDATE1 ELECT+ 9/EAD A MAN ( !IR [N *OICE4 ,?IS ACTION ( ! BAK]S WAS FOLL[$ BY ! >RE/ ( SEV]AL ( !IR MORE ACTIVE MEMB]S4 ,NATURALLY ! WORK]S RES5T$ ! >BITR>Y ME?ODS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T 

,LAT] ,I MET SOME ( ! BAK]S & F\ND !M MU* EMBITT]$ AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,I 9QUIR$ AB\T ! CONDITION ( !IR UNION1 TELL+ !M ?AT ,I HAD BE5 9=M$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN UNIONS W]E V]Y P[]FUL & HAD PRACTICAL CONTROL ( ! 9DU/RIAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! BAK]S LAU<$4 0,! TRADE UNIONS >E ! LACKEYS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T10 !Y SAID2 0!Y HAVE NO 9DEP5D5T FUNCTION1 & ! WORK]S HAVE NO SAY 9 !M4 ,! TRADE UNIONS >E DO+ M]E POLICE DUTY = ! ,GOV]NM5T40 ,?AT S\ND$ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! /ORY TOLD BY ,MELNI*ANSKY1 ! *AIRMAN ( ! ,MOSC[ ,TRADE ,UNION ,SOVIET1 :OM ,I HAD MET ON MY FIR/ VISIT TO ,MOSC[4 

,ON ?AT OCCASION HE HAD %[N ME AB\T ! TRADE UNION HEADQU>T]S KN[N AS ! ,DOM ,SOYUSOV1 & EXPLA9$ H[ ! ORGANIZATION WORK$4 ,SEV5 MILLION WORK]S W]E 9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 HE SAID2 ALL TRADES & PR(ESSIONS BELONG$ TO IT4 ,! WORK]S !MSELVES MANAG$ ! 9DU/RIES & [N$ !M4 0,! BUILD+ Y\ >E 9 N[ IS ALSO [N$ BY ! UNIONS10 HE REM>K$ ) PRIDE2 0=M]LY IT WAS ! ,H\SE ( ! ,NOBILITY40 ,! ROOM WE W]E 9 HAD BE5 US$ = FE/IVE ASSEMBLIES & ! GREAT NOBLES SAT 9 CRE/$ *AIRS >\ND ! TABLE 9 ! C5T]4 ,MELNI*ANSKY %[$ ME ! SECRET UND]GR\ND PASSAGE HIDD5 BY A LITTLE TURNTABLE1 ?R\< :I* ! NOBLES C\LD ESCAPE 9 CASE ( DANG]4 ,!Y NEV] DREAM$ ?AT ! WORK]S W\LD SOME DAY GA!R >\ND ! SAME TABLE & SIT 9 ! BEAUTIFUL HALL ( M>BLE COLUMNS4 ,! $UCATIONAL & CULTURAL WORK DONE BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! *AIRMAN FUR!R EXPLA9$1 WAS ( ! GREATE/ SCOPE4 0,WE HAVE \R WORK]S' COLLEGES & O!R CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS GIV+ C\RSES & LECTURES ON V>I\S SUBJECTS4 ,!Y >E ALL MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,! UNIONS [N !IR [N MEANS ( RECREATION1 & WE HAVE ACCESS TO ALL ! !AT]S40 ,IT WAS APP>5T FROM HIS EXPLANATION ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS ( ,RUSSIA HAD REA*$ A PO9T F> BEYOND ANY?+ KN[N BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 

,A SIMIL> ACC\NT ,I HAD HE>D FROM ,TSIP]OVIT*1 ! *AIRMAN ( ! ,PETROGRAD TRADE UNIONS1 ) :OM ,I HAD MADE MY FIR/ TRIP TO ,MOSC[4 ,HE HAD ALSO %[N ME AB\T ! ,PETROGRAD ,LABOR ,TEMPLE1 A BEAUTIFUL & SPACI\S BUILD+ :]E ! ,PETROGRAD UNIONS HAD !IR (FICES4 ,HIS RECITAL ALSO MADE IT CLE> ?AT ! WORK]S ( ,RUSSIA HAD AT LA/ COME 9TO !IR [N4 

,BUT GRADUALLY ,I BEGAN TO SEE ! O!R SIDE ( ! M$AL4 ,I F\ND ?AT LIKE MO/ ?+S 9 ,RUSSIA ! TRADE UNION PICTURE HAD A D\BLE FACET3 ONE P>AD$ BE=E =EIGN VISITORS & 09VE/IGATORS10 ! O!R KN[N BY ! MASSES4 ,! BAK]S & ! PR9T]S HAD REC5TLY BE5 %[N ! O!R SIDE4 ,IT WAS A LESSON ( ! B5EFITS ?AT ACCRU$ TO ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC4 

,9 ,M>* ,I HAD ATT5D$ AN ELECTION MEET+ >RANG$ BY ! WORK]S ( ONE ( ! L>GE ,MOSC[ FACTORIES4 ,IT WAS ! MO/ EXCIT+ GA!R+ ,I HAD WITNESS$ 9 ,RUSSIA --! DIMLY LIT HALL 9 ! FACTORY CLUB ROOMS1 ! FACES ( ! M5 & WOM5 WORN ) PRIVATION & SUFF]+1 ! 9T5SE FEEL+ OV] ! WRONG DONE !M1 ALL IMPRESS$ ME V]Y /RONGLY4 ,!IR *OS5 REPRES5TATIVE1 AN ,AN>*I/1 HAD BE5 REFUS$ HIS M&ATE BY ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES4 ,IT WAS ! ?IRD TIME ! WORK]S GA!R$ TO REELECT !IR DELEGATE TO ! ,MOSC[ ,SOVIET1 & EV]Y TIME !Y ELECT$ ! SAME MAN4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ C&IDATE OPPOS+ HIM WAS ,SEMA%KO1 ! ,COMMISS> ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,HEAL?4 ,I HAD EXPECT$ TO F9D AN $UCAT$ & CULTUR$ MAN4 ,BUT ! BEHAVIOR & LANGUAGE ( ! ,COMMISS> AT ?AT ELECTION MEET+ W\LD HAVE PUT A HOD-C>RI] TO %AME4 ,HE RAV$ AGA9/ ! WORK]S = *OOS+ A NON-,COMMUNI/1 CALL$ ANA!MA UPON !IR HEADS1 & ?REAT5$ !M ) ! ,T*EKA & ! CURTAILM5T ( !IR RATIONS4 ,BUT HE HAD NO EFFECT UPON ! AUDI5CE EXCEPT TO EMPHASIZE !IR OPPOSITION TO HIM1 & TO >\SE ANTAGONISM AGA9/ ! P>TY HE REPRES5T$4 ,! F9AL VICTORY1 H[EV]1 WAS ) ,SEMA%KO4 ,! WORK]S' *OICE WAS REPUDIAT$ BY ! AU?ORITIES & LAT] EV5 >RE/$ & IMPRISON$4 ,?AT WAS 9 ,M>*4 ,9 ,MAY1 DUR+ ! VISIT ( ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,MISSION1 ! FACTORY C&IDATE TOGE!R ) O!R POLITICAL PRISON]S DECL>$ A HUNG] /RIKE1 :I* RESULT$ 9 !IR LIB]ATION4 

,! /ORY TOLD ME BY ! BAK]S ( !IR ELECTION EXP]I5CES HAD ! QUALITY ( \R [N ,WILD ,WE/ DUR+ ITS PIONE] DAYS4 ,T*EKI/S ) LOAD$ GUNS W]E 9 ! HABIT ( ATT5D+ GA!R+S ( ! UNIONS & !Y MADE IT CLE> :AT W\LD HAPP5 IF ! WORK]S %\LD FAIL TO ELECT A ,COMMUNI/4 ,BUT ! BAK]S1 A /RONG & MILITANT ORGANIZATION1 W\LD NOT BE 9TIMIDAT$4 ,!Y DECL>$ ?AT NO BREAD W\LD BE BAK$ 9 ,MOSC[ UNLESS !Y W]E P]MITT$ TO ELECT !IR [N C&IDATE4 ,?AT HAD ! DESIR$ EFFECT4 ,AFT] ! MEET+ ! ,T*EKI/S TRI$ TO >RE/ ! C&IDATE-ELECT1 BUT ! BAK]S SURR\ND$ HIM & SAW HIM SAFELY HOME4 ,! NEXT DAY !Y S5T !IR ULTIMATUM TO ! AU?ORITIES1 DEM&+ RECOGNITION ( !IR *OICE & ?REAT5+ TO /RIKE 9 CASE ( REFUSAL4 ,?US ! BAK]S TRIUMPH$ & GA9$ AN ADVANTAGE OV] !IR LESS C\RAGE\S BRO!RS 9 ! O!R LABOR ORGANIZATIONS ( M9OR IMPORTANCE4 ,9 />V+ ,RUSSIA ! WORK ( ! BAK]S WAS AS VITAL AS LIFE ITSELF4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#d1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,ADD$4 

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