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,AFT]WORD 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,M,Y ,F,U,R,!,R ,D,I,S,I,L,L,U,S,I,O,N,M,5,T ,9 ,R,U,S,S,I,A 

,BY ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,N,Y3 ,D\BL$AY1 ,PAGE @& ,COMPANY2 #aibd 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,I,I 

,A,F,T,],W,O,R,D 

  

,NON-,BOL%EVIK ,SOCIALI/ CRITICS ( ! ,RUSSIAN FAILURE CONT5D ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION C\LD NOT HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 ,RUSSIA BECAUSE 9DU/RIAL CONDITIONS HAD NOT REA*$ ! NECESS>Y CLIMAX 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,!Y PO9T TO ,M>X1 :O TAU<T ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLU TION IS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 C\NTRIES ) A HI<LY DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIAL SY/EM & ITS ATT5DANT SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS4 ,!Y !RE=E CLAIM ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 & ?AT HI/ORICALLY IT HAD TO EVOLVE ALONG CON/ITUTIONAL1 DEMOCRATIC L9ES1 COMPLE M5T$ BY A GR[+ 9DU/RY1 9 ORD] TO RIP5 ! C\NTRY ECONOMICALLY = ! BASIC *ANGE4 

,?IS OR?ODOX ,M>XIAN VIEW LEAVES AN IMPORTANT FACTOR \T ( CONSID]ATION-A FACTOR P]HAPS MORE VITAL TO ! POSSIBILITY & SUCCESS ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AN-EV5 ! 9DU/RIAL ELEM5T4 ,?AT IS ! PSY*OLOGY ( ! MASSES AT A GIV5 P]IOD4 ,:Y IS !RE1 = 9/ANCE1 NO 
SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,FRANCE1 OR EV5 9 ,G]MANY8 ,SURELY !SE C\NTRIES HAVE REA*$ ! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T SET BY ,M>X AS ! CULM9AT+ /AGE4 ,! TRU? IS ?AT 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T & %>P SOCIAL CONTRA/S >E ( !MSELVES BY NO MEANS SUFFICI5T TO GIVE BIR? TO A NEW SOCIETY OR TO CALL =? A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! NECESS>Y SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 ! REQUIR$ MASS PSY*OLOGY IS MISS+ 9 SU* C\NTRIES AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! O!RS M5TION$4 ,?AT EXPLA9S :Y NO SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS TAK5 PLACE !RE4 

,9 ?IS REG>D ,RUSSIA HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( O!R MORE 9DU/RIALIZ$ & 0CIVILIZ$0 L&S4 IT IS TRUE ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS NOT AS ADVANC$ 9DU/RIALLY AS H] ,WE/]N NEI<BORS4 ,BUT ! ,RUSSIAN MASS PSY*OLOGY1 9SPIR$ & 9T5SIFI$ BY ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 WAS RIP5+ AT SO FA/ A PACE ?AT )9 A FEW MON?S ! PEOPLE W]E READY = SU* ULTRA-REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS AS 0,ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS0 & 0,! L& TO ! PEASANTS1 ! FACTORIES TO ! WORK]S40 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE SLOGANS %\LD NOT BE UND]-E/IMAT$4 ,EXPRESS+ 9 A L>GE DEGREE ! 9/9CTIVE & SEMI-CONSCI\S WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 !Y YET SIGNIFI$ ! COMPLETE SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & 9DU/RIAL REORGANIZATION ( ,RUSSIA4 ,:AT C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE OR ,AM]ICA IS PREP>$ TO 9T]PRET SU* REVOLUTION>Y MOTTOES 9TO LIFE8 ,YET 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ! MON?S ( ,JUNE & ,JULY1 #a#i#a#g1 !SE SLOGANS BECAME POPUL> & W]E 5?USIA/ICALLY & ACTIVELY TAK5 UP1 94 ! =M ( DIRECT ACTION1 BY ! BULK ( ! 9DU/RIAL & AGR>IAN POPULATION ( MORE ?AN #ae MILLIONS4 ,?AT WAS SUFFICI5T PRO( ( ! 0RIP5ESS0 ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,AS TO ECONOMIC 0PREP>$NESS0 9 !.> ,M>XIAN S5SE1 IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ,RUSSIA IS PREEM95TLY AN AGR>IAN C\NTRY4 ,M>X'S DICTUM PRESUPPOSES ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! PEASANT & F>M] POPULATION 9 EV]Y HI<LY DEVELOP$ SOCIETY1 AS A /EP T[>D SOCIAL FITNESS = REVOLUTION4 ,BUT EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 #a#i#a#g1 DEMON/RAT$ ?AT REVOLUTION DOES NOT AWAIT ?IS PROCESS ( 9DU/RIALIZATION &-:AT IS MORE IMPORTANT-CANNOT BE MADE TO WAIT4 ,! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS BEGAN TO EXPROPRIATE ! L&LORDS & ! WORK]S TOOK POSSESSION ( ! FACTORIES )\T TAK+ COGNIZANCE ( ,M>XIAN DICTA4 ,?IS POPUL> ACTION1 BY VIRTUE ( ITS [N LOGIC1 U%]$ 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 UPSETT+ ALL ,M>XIAN CALCULATIONS4 ,! PSY*OLOGY ( ! ,SLAV PROV$ /RONG] ?AN SOCIALDEMOCRATIC !ORIES4 

,?AT PSY*OLOGY 9VOLV$ ! PASSIONATE YE>N+ = LIB]TY NURTUR$ BY A C5TURY ( REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION AMONG ALL CLASSES ( SOCIETY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE HAD =TUNATELY REMA9$ POLITICALLY UNSOPHI/ICAT$ & UNT\*$ BY ! CORRUPTION & CONFUSION CREAT$ AMONG ! PROLET>IAT ( O!R C\NTRIES BY 0DEMOCRATIC0 LIB]TY & SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REMA9$1 9 ?IS S5SE1 NATURAL & SIMPLE1 UNFAMILI> ) ! SUBTLETIES ( POLITICS1 ( P>LIAM5T>Y TRICK]Y1 & LEGAL MAKE%IFTS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HIS PRIMITIVE S5SE ( JU/ICE & RI<T WAS /RONG & VITAL1 )\T ! DIS9TEGRAT+ F9ESSE ( PSEUDO-CIVILIZATION4 ,HE KNEW :AT HE WANT$ & HE DID NOT WAIT = 0HI/ORIC 9EVITABILITY0 TO BR+ IT TO HIM3 HE EMPLOY$ DIRECT ACTION4 ,! ,REVOLUTION TO HIM WAS A FACT ( LIFE1 NOT A M]E !ORY = DISCUSSION4 

,?US ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA 9 SPITE ( ! 9DU/RIAL BACKW>DNESS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT TO MAKE ! ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT 5\<4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y = IT TO ADVANCE & BROAD51 TO DEVELOP 9TO ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,?AT PHASE ( ! ,REVOLUTION NECESSITAT$ FULLE/ PLAY ( P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE & COLLECTIVE EF=T4 ,! DEVELOPM5T & SUCCESS ( ! ,REVOLUTION DEP5D$ ON ! BROADE/ EX]CISE ( ! CREATIVE G5IUS ( ! PEOPLE1 ON ! COOP]ATION ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & MANUAL PROLET>IAT4 ,COMMON 9T]E/ IS ! LEIT MOTIF ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y 5DEAVOR1 ESPECIALLY ON ITS CON/RUCTIVE SIDE4 ,?IS SPIRIT ( MUTUAL PURPOSE & SOLID>ITY SWEPT ,RUSSIA ) A MI<TY WAVE 9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! ,OCTOB],NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,9H]5T 9 ?AT 5?USIASM W]E =CES ?AT C\LD HAVE MOV$ M\NTA9S IF 9TELLIG5TLY GUID$ BY EXCLUSIVE CONSID]ATION = ! WELL-BE+ ( ! :OLE PEOPLE4 ,! M$IUM = SU* EFFECTIVE GUIDANCE WAS ON H&3 ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & ! COOP]ATIVES ) :I* ,RUSSIA WAS COV]$ AS ) A NETWORK ( BRIDGES COMB9+ ! CITY ) ! C\NTRY2 ! ,SOVIETS :I* SPRANG 9TO BE+ RESPONSIVE TO ! NE$S ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE2 &1 F9ALLY1 ! 9TELLIG5TSIA :OSE TRADITIONS = A C5TURY EXPRESS$ H]OIC DEVOTION TO ! CAUSE ( ,RUSSIA'S EMANCIPATION4 

,BUT SU* A DEVELOPM5T WAS BY NO MEANS )9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,= SEV]AL MON?S FOLL[+ ,OCTOB] !Y SUFF]$ ! POPUL> =CES TO MANIFE/ !MSELVES1 ! PEOPLE C>RY+ ! ,REVOLUTION 9TO EV]-WID5+ *ANNELS4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY FELT ITSELF SUFFICI5TLY /RONG 9 ! GOV]NM5T SADDLE1 IT BEGAN TO LIMIT ! SCOPE ( POPUL> ACTIVITY4 ,ALL ! SUCCE$+ ACTS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 ALL !IR FOLL[+ POLICIES1 *ANGES ( POLICIES1 !IR COMPROMISES & RETREATS1 !IR ME?ODS ( SUPPRESSION & P]SECUTION1 !IR T]RORISM & EXT]M9ATION ( ALL O!R POLITICAL VIEWS-ALL W]E BUT ! MEANS TO AN 5D3 ! RETA9+ ( ! ,/ATE P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,9DE$1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI !MSELVES 79 ,RUSSIA7 MADE NO SECRET ( IT4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 !Y CONT5D$1 IS ! ADVANCE GU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ! DICTATOR%IP MU/ RE/ 9 ITS H&S4 ,ALAS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI RECKON$ )\T !IR HO/-)\T ! PEASANTRY1 :OM NEI!R ! RAZVYORISKA1 ! ,T*EKA1 NOR ! :OLESALE %OOT+ C\LD P]SUADE TO SUPPORT ! ,BOL%EVIK REIME4 ,! PEASANTRY BECAME ! ROCK UPON :I* ! BE/LAID PLANS & S*EMES ( ,L59 W]E WRECK$4 ,BUT ,L591 A NIMBLE ACROBAT1 WAS SKILL$ 9 P]=M+ )9 ! N>R[E/ M>G94 ,! NEW ECONOMIC POLICY WAS 9TRODUC$ JU/ 9 TIME TO W>D (F ! DISA/] :I* WAS SL[LY BUT SURELY OV]TAK+ ! :OLE ,COMMUNI/ 
$IFICE4 

,I,I 

,! 0NEW ECONOMIC POLICY0 CAME AS A SURPRISE & A %OCK TO MO/ ,COMMUNI/S4 ,!Y SAW 9 IT A REV]SAL ( EV]Y?+ ?AT !IR ,P>TY HAD BE5 PROCLAIM+-A REV]SAL ( ,COMMUNISM ITSELF4 ,9 PROTE/ SOME ( ! OLDE/ MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TY1 M5 :O HAD FAC$ DANG] & P]SECUTION UND] ! OLD REGIME :ILE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY LIV$ ABROAD 9 SAFETY1 LEFT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY EMBITT]$ & DISAPPO9T$4 ,! LEAD]S !N DECL>$ A LOCK\T4 ,!Y ORD]$ ! CLE>+ ( ! ,P>TY RANKS ( ALL 0 D\BTFUL 0 ELEM5TS4 ,EV]YBODY SUSPECT$ ( AN 9DEP5D5T ATTITUDE & ?OSE :O DID NOT ACCEPT ! NEW ECONOMIC POLICY AS ! LA/ WORD 9 REVOLUTION>Y WISDOM W]E EXPELL$4 ,AMONG !M W]E ,COMMUNI/S :O = YE>S HAD R5D]$ MO/ DEVOT$ S]VICE4 ,SOME ( !M1 HURT TO ! QUICK BY ! UNJU/ & BRUTAL PROC$URE1 & %AK5 TO !IR DEP?S BY ! COLLAPSE ( :AT !Y HELD MO/ HI<1 EV5 RESORT$ TO SUICIDE4 ,BUT ! SMOO? SAIL+ ( ,L59'S NEW GOSPEL HAD TO BE ASSUR$1 ! GOSPEL ( ! SANCTITY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! FRE$OM ( CUT?ROAT COMPETITION ]ECT$ UPON ! RU9S ( F\R YE>S ( REVOLUTION4 

,H[EV]1 ,COMMUNI/ 9DIGNATION OV] ! NEW ECONOMIC POLICY M]ELY 9DICAT$ ! CONFUSION ( M9D ON ! P>T ( ,L59'S OPPON5TS4 ,:AT ELSE BUT M5TAL CONFUSION C\LD APPROVE  ( ! NUM]\S ACROBATIC POLITICAL /UNTS ( ,L59 & YET GR[ 9DIGNANT AT ! F9AL SOM]SAULT1 ITS LOGICAL CULM9ATION8 ,! TR\BLE ) ! DEV\T ,COMMUNI/S WAS ?AT !Y CLUNG TO ! ,IMMACULATE ,CONCEPTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE :I* BY ! AID ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS TO R$EEM ! WORLD4 ,BUT MO/ ( ! LEAD+ ,COMMUNI/S NEV] 5T]TA9$ SU* A DELUSION4 ,LEA/ ( ALL ,L594 

,DUR+ MY FIR/ 9T]VIEW ,I RECEIV$ ! IMPRESSION ?AT HE WAS A %REWD POLITICIAN :O KNEW EXACTLY :AT HE WAS AB\T & ?AT HE W\LD /OP AT NO?+ TO A*IEVE HIS 5DS4 ,AFT] HE>+ HIM SPEAK ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS & READ+ HIS WORKS ,I BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT ,L59 HAD V]Y LITTLE CONC]N 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & ?AT ,COMMUNISM TO HIM WAS A V]Y REMOTE ?+4 ,! C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL ,/ATE WAS ,L59'S DEITY1 TO :I* EV]Y?+ ELSE WAS TO BE SACRIFIC$4 ,SOMEONE SAID ?AT ,L59 W\LD SACRIFICE ! ,REVOLUTION TO SAVE ,RUSSIA4 ,L59'S POLICIES1 H[EV]1 HAVE PROV5 ?AT HE WAS WILL+ TO SACRIFICE BO? ! ,REVOLUTION & ! C\NTRY1 OR AT LEA/ P>T ( ! LATT]1 9 ORD] TO REALIZE HIS POLITICAL S*EME ) :AT WAS LEFT ( ,RUSSIA4 

,L59 WAS ! MO/ PLIABLE POLITICIAN 9 HI/ORY4 ,HE C\LD BE AN ULTRA-REVOLUTION>Y1 A COMPROMIS] & CONS]VATIVE AT ! SAME TIME4 ,:5 LIKE A MI<TY WAVE ! CRY SWEPT OV] ,RUSSIA1 0,ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS6 0 ,L59 SWAM ) ! TIDE4 ,:5 ! PEASANTS TOOK POSSESSION ( ! L& & ! WORK]S ( ! FACTORIES1 ,L59 NOT ONLY APPROV$ ( ?OSE DIRECT ME?ODS BUT W5T FUR!R4 ,HE ISSU$ ! FAM\S MOTTO1 0,ROB ! ROBB]S10 A SLOGAN :I* S]V$ TO CONFUSE ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE & CAUS$ UNTOLD 9JURY TO REVOLUTION>Y IDEALISM4 ,NEV] BE=E DID ANY REAL REVOLUTIONI/ 9T]PRET SOCIAL EXPROPRIATION AS ! TRANSF] ( WEAL? FROM ONE SET ( 9DIVIDUALS TO ANO!R4 ,YET ?AT WAS EXACTLY :AT ,L59'S SLOGAN MEANT4 ,! 9DISCRIM9ATE & IRRESPONSIBLE RAIDS1 ! ACCUMULATION ( ! WEAL? ( ! =M] B\RGEOISIE BY ! NEW ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY1 ! *ICAN]Y PRACTIC$ T[>D ?OSE :OSE ONLY CRIME WAS !IR =M] /ATUS1 W]E ALL ! RESULTS ( ,L59'S 0,ROB ! ROBB]S0 POLICY4 ,! :OLE SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION IS A KALEIDOSCOPE ( ,L59'S COMPROMISES & BETRAYAL ( HIS [N SLOGANS4 

,BOL%EVIK ACTS & ME?ODS S9CE ! ,OCTOB] DAYS MAY SEEM TO CONTRADICT ! NEW ECONOMIC POLICY4 ,BUT 9 REALITY !Y >E L9KS 9 ! *A9 
:I* WAS TO =GE ! ALL-P[]FUL1 C5TRALIZ$ ,GOV]NM5T ) ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM AS ITS ECONOMIC EXPRESSION4 ,L59 POSSESS$ CL>ITY ( VISION & AN IRON WILL4 ,HE KNEW H[ TO MAKE HIS COMRADES 9 ,RUSSIA & \TSIDE ( IT BELIEVE ?AT HIS S*EME WAS TRUE ,SOCIALISM & HIS ME?ODS ! REVOLUTION4 ,NO WOND] ?AT ,L59 FELT SU* CONTEMPT = HIS FLOCK1 :I* HE NEV] HESITAT$ TO FL+ 9TO !IR FACES4 0,ONLY FOOLS CAN BELIEVE ?AT ,COMMUNISM IS POSSIBLE 9 ,RUSSIA N[10 WAS ,L59'S REPLY TO ! OPPON5TS ( ! NEW ECONOMIC POLICY4 

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ,L59 WAS RI<T4 ,TRUE ,COMMUNISM WAS NEV] ATTEMPT$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 UNLESS ONE CONSID]S ?IRTY-?REE CATEGORIES ( PAY1 DIFF]5T FOOD RATIONS1 PRIVILEGES TO SOME & 9DIFF]5CE TO ! GREAT MASS AS ,COMMUNISM4 

,9 ! E>LY P]IOD ( ! ,REVOLUTION IT WAS COMP>ATIVELY EASY = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO POSSESS ITSELF ( P[]4 ,ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS1 C>RI$ AWAY BY ! ULTR>EVOLUTION>Y PROMISES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 HELP$ ! LATT] TO P[]4 ,ONCE 9 POSSESSION ( ! ,/ATE ! ,COMMUNI/S BEGAN !IR PROCESS ( ELIM9ATION4 ,ALL ! POLITICAL P>TIES & GR\PS :I* REFUS$ TO SUBMIT TO ! NEW DICTATOR%IP HAD TO GO4 ,FIR/ ! ,AN>*I/S & ,LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTIONI/S1 !N ! ,M5%EVIKI & O!R OPPON5TS FROM ! ,RI<T1 & F9ALLY EV]YBODY :O D>$ ASPIRE TO1 AN OP9ION ( HIS [N4 ,SIMIL> WAS ! FATE ( ALL 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!Y W]E EI!R SUBORD9AT$ TO ! NE$S ( ! NEW ,/ATE OR DE/ROY$ ALTOGE!R1 AS W]E ! ,SOVIETS1 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! COOP]ATIVES-?REE GREAT FACTORS = ! REALIZATION ( ! HOPES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,SOVIETS FIR/ MANIFE/$ !MSELVES 9 ! REVOLUTION ( #aie ,!Y PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T DUR+ ?AT BRIEF BUT SIGNIFICANT P]IOD4 ,?\< ! REVOLUTION WAS CRU%$1 ! ,SOVIET IDEA REMA9$ ROOT$ 9 ! M9DS & HE>TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASSES4 ,AT ! FIR/ DAWN :I* ILLUM9AT$ ,RUSSIA 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,SOVIETS REVIV$ AGA9 & CAME 9TO BLOOM 9 A V]Y %ORT TIME4 ,TO ! PEOPLE ! ,SOVIETS BY NO MEANS REPRES5T$ A CURTAILM5T ( ! SPIRIT ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS TO F9D ITS HI<E/1 FREE/ PRACTICAL EXPRESSION ?R\< ! ,SOVIETS4 ,?AT WAS :Y ! ,SOVIETS SO SPONTANE\SLY & RAPIDLY SPREAD ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI REALIZ$ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! POPUL> TR5D & JO9$ ! CRY4 ,BUT ONCE 9 CONTROL ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ! ,COMMUNI/S SAW ?AT ! ,SOVIETS ?REAT5$ ! SUPREMACY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !Y C\LD NOT DE/ROY !M >BITR>ILY )\T UND]M9+ !IR [N PRE/IGE AT HOME & ABROAD AS ! SPONSORS ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM4 ,!Y BEGAN TO %E> !M GRADUALLY ( !IR P[]S & F9ALLY TO SUBORD9ATE !M TO !IR [N NE$S4 

,! ,RUSSIAN TRADE UNIONS W]E MU* MORE AM5ABLE TO EMASCULATION4 ,NUM]ICALLY & 9 PO9T ( REVOLUTION>Y FIB] !Y W]E /ILL 9 !IR *ILDHOOD4 ,BY DECL>+ ADH]5CE TO ! TRADE UNIONS OBLIGATORY ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR ORGANIZATIONS GA9$ 9 PHYSICAL /ATURE1 BUT M5TALLY !Y REMA9$ 9 ! 9FANT /AGE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE BECAME ! WET NURSE ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,9 RETURN1 ! ORGANIZATIONS S]V$ AS ! FLUNKIES ( ! ,/ATE4 0,A S*OOL = ,COMMUNISM10 SAID ,L59 9 ! FAM\S CONTROV]SY ON ! FUNCTIONS ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,QUITE RI<T4 ,BUT AN ANTIQUAT$ S*OOL :]E ! SPIRIT ( ! *ILD IS FETT]$ & CRU%$4 ,NO:]E 9 ! WORLD >E LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AS SUBS]VI5T TO ! WILL & ! DICTATES ( ! ,/ATE AS !Y >E 9 ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA4 

,! FATE ( ! COOP]ATIVES IS TOO WELL KN[N TO REQUIRE ELUCIDATION4 ,! COOP]ATIVES W]E ! MO/ ESS5TIAL L9K BETWE5 ! CITY & ! C\NTRY4 ,!IR VALUE TO ! ,REVOLUTION AS A POPUL> & SUCCESSFUL M$IUM ( EX*ANGE & DI/RIBUTION & TO ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,RUSSIA WAS 9CALCULABLE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI TRANS=M$ !M 9TO COGS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T MA*9E & !REBY DE/ROY$ !IR USEFULNESS & EFFICI5CY4 

,I,I,I 

,IT IS N[ CLE> :Y ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 AS CONDUCT$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 WAS A FAILURE4 ,! POLITICAL P[] ( ! ,P>TY1 ORGANIZ$ & C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! ,/ATE1 S\<T TO MA9TA9 ITSELF BY ALL MEANS AT H&4 ,! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES ATTEMPT$ TO =CE ! ACTIVITIES ( ! PEOPLE 9TO =MS CORRESPOND+ ) ! 
PURPOSES ( ! ,P>TY4 ,! SOLE AIM ( ! LATT] WAS TO /R5G!N ! ,/ATE & MONOPOLIZE ALL ECONOMICAL1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL ACITIVITIES-EV5 ALL CULTURAL MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,! ,REVOLUTION HAD AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T OBJECT1 & 9 ITSV]Y *>ACT] IT WAS ! NEGATION ( AU?ORITY & C5TRALIZATION4 ,IT /ROVE TO OP5 EV]L>G] FIELDS = PROLET>IAN EXPRESSION & TO MULTIPLY ! PHASES ( 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE EF=T4 ,! AIMS & T5D5CIES4 ( ! ,REVOLUTION W]E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( ! RUL+ POLITICAL P>TY4 

,JU/ AS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ W]E ! ME?ODS ( ! ,REVOLUTION & ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?OSE ( ! =M] W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! SPIRIT ( ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF3 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BY EMANCIPATION FROM ALL OPPRESSIVE & LIMIT+ =CES2 9 %ORT2 BY LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 ,! ME?ODS ( ! ,/ATE1 ON ! CONTR>Y--( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,/ATE AS ( EV]Y GOV]NM5T--W]E BAS$ ON CO]CION1 :I* 9 ! C\RSE ( ?+S NECESS>ILY DEVELOP$ 9TO SY/EMATIC VIOL5CE1 OPPRESSION1 & T]RORISM4 ,?US TWO OPPOS+ T5D5CIES /RUGGL$ = SUPREMACY3 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,/ATE AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?AT /RUGGLE WAS A LIFE-&-DEA? /RUGGLE4 ,! TWO T5D5CIES1 CONTRADICTORY 9 AIMS & ME?ODS1 C\LD NOT WORK 
H>MONI\SLY3 ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,/ATE MEANT ! DEFEAT ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,IT W\LD BE AN ]ROR TO ASSUME ?AT ! FAILURE ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS DUE 5TIRELY TO ! *>ACT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,FUNDAM5TALLY1 IT WAS ! RESULT ( ! PR9CIPLES & ME?ODS ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,IT WAS ! AU?ORIT>IAN SPIRIT & PR9CIPLES ( ! ,/ATE :I* /IFL$ ! LIB]T>IAN & LIB]AT+ ASPIRATIONS4 ,W]E ANY O!R POLITICAL P>TY 9 CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ! RESULT W\LD HAVE BE5 ESS5TIALLY ! SAME4 ,IT IS NOT SO MU* ! ,BOL%EVIKI :O 
 KILL$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS ! ,BOL%EVIK IDEA4 ,IT WAS ,M>XISM1 H[EV] MODIFI$2 9 %ORT1 FANATICAL GOV]NM5TALISM4 ,ONLY ?IS UND]/&+ ( ! UND]LY+ =CES ?AT CRU%$ ! ,REVOLUTION CAN- PRES5T ! TRUE LESSON ( ?AT WORLD-/IRR+ EV5T4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION REFLECTS ON A SMALL SCALE ! C5TURYOLD /RUGGLE ( ! LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLE AGA9/ ! AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,= :AT IS PROGRESS IF NOT ! MORE G5]AL ACCEPTANCE ( ! PR9CIPLES ( LIB]TY AS AGA9/ ?OSE ( CO]CION8 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A LIB]T>IAN /EP DEFEAT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,/ATE1 BY ! TEMPOR>Y VICTORY ( ! REACTION>Y1 ! GOV]NM5TAL IDEA4 

,?AT VICTORY WAS DUE TO A NUMB] ( CAUSES4 ,MO/ ( !M HAVE ALREADY BE5 DEALT ) 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S4 ,! MA9 CAUSE1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT ! 9DU/RIAL BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA1 AS CLAIM$ BY MANY WRIT]S ON ! SUBJECT4 ,?AT CAUSE WAS CULTURAL :I*1 ?\< GIV+ ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE C]TA9 ADVANTAGES OV] !IR MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ NEI<BORS1 ALSO HAD SOME FATAL DISADVANTAGES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WAS 0CULTURALLY BACKW>D0 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ UNSPOIL$ BY POLITICAL & P>LIAM5T>Y CORRUPTION4 ,ON- ! O!R H&1 ?AT V]Y CONDITION  
9VOLV$1 9EXP]I5CE 9 ! POLITICAL GAME & A NAIVE FAI? 9 ! MIRACUL\S P[] ( ! P>TY ?AT TALK$ ! L\DE/ & MADE ! MO/ PROMISES4 ,?IS FAI? 9 ! P[] ( GOV]NM5T S]V$ TO 5?RALL$ ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY EV5 BE=E ! GREAT MASSES REALIZ$ ?AT ! YOKE HAD BE5 PUT >\ND !IR NECKS4 

,! LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLE WAS /RONG 9 ! 9ITIAL DAYS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! NE$ = FREE EXPRESSION ALL-ABSORB+4 ,BUT :5 ! FIR/ WAVE ( 5?USIASM REC$$ 9TO ! EBB ( EV]YDAY PROSAIC LIFE1 A FIRM CONVICTION WAS NE$$ TO KEEP ! FIRES ( LIB]TY BURN+4 ,!RE WAS ONLY A COMP>ATIVE H&FUL 9 ! GREAT VA/NESS ( ,RUSSIA TO KEEP ?OSE FIRES LIT-! ,AN>*I/S1 :OSE NUMB] WAS SMALL & :OSE EF=TS1 ABSOLUTELY SUPPRESS$ UND] ! ,CZ>1 HAD HAD NO TIME TO BE> FRUIT4 ,! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 TO SOME EXT5T 9/9CTIVE ,AN>*I/S1 W]E YET TOO UNFAMILI> ) TRUE LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES & ME?ODS TO APPLY !M EFFECTIVELY TO LIFE4 ,MO/ ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S !MSELVES W]E UN=TUNATELY /ILL 9 ! ME%ES ( LIMIT$ GR\P ACTIVITIES & ( 9DIVIDUALI/IC 5DEAVOR AS AGA9/ ! MORE IMPORTANT SOCIAL & COLLECTIVE EF=TS4 ,! ,AN>*I/S1 ! FUTURE UNBIAS$ 
 HI/ORIAN WILL ADMIT1 HAVE PLAY$ A V]Y IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION-A ROLE F> MORE SIGNIFICANT & FRUITFUL ?AN !IR COMP>ATIVELY SMALL NUMB] W\LD HAVE L$ ONE TO EXPECT4 ,YET HONE/Y & S9C]ITY COMPEL ME TO /ATE ?AT !IR WORK W\LD HAVE BE5 ( 9F9ITELY GREAT] PRACTICAL VALUE HAD !Y BE5 BETT] ORGANIZ$ & EQUIPP$ TO GUIDE ! RELEAS$ 5]GIES ( ! PEOPLE T[>D ! REORGANIZATION ( LIFE ON A LIB]T>IAN F\NDATION4 

,BUT ! FAILURE ( ! ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION-9 ! S5SE JU/ 9DICAT$ DOES BY NO MEANS >GUE ! DEFEAT ( ! LIB]T>IAN IDEA4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAS DEMON/RAT$ BEYOND D\BT ?AT ! ,/ATE IDEA1 ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 9 ALL ITS MANIFE/ATIONS 7ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 $UCATIONAL7 IS 5TIRELY & HOPELESSLY BANKRUPT4 ,NEV] BE=E 9 ALL HI/ORY HAS AU?ORITY1 GOV]NM5T1 ! ,/ATE1 PROV$ SO 9H]5TLY /ATIC1 REACTION>Y1 & EV5 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9 EFFECT4 ,9 %ORT1 ! V]Y ANTI!SIS ( REVOLUTION4 

,IT REMA9S TRUE1 AS IT HAS ?R\< ALL PROGRESS1 ?AT ONLY ! LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT & ME?OD CAN BR+ MAN A /EP FUR!R 9 HIS ET]NAL /RIV+ = ! BETT]1 F9]1 & FRE] LIFE4 ,APPLI$ TO ! GREAT SOCIAL UPHEAVALS KN[N AS REVOLUTIONS1 ?IS T5D5CY IS AS POT5T AS 9 ! ORD9>Y EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN ME?OD HAS BE5 A FAILURE ALL ?R\< HI/ORY & N[ IT HAS AGA9 FAIL$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,SO F> HUMAN +5UITY HAS DISCOV]$ NO O!R PR9CIPLE EXCEPT ! LIB]T>IAN1 = MAN HAS 9DE$ UTT]$ ! HI<E/ WISDOM :5 HE SAID ?AT LIB]TY IS ! MO!R ( ORD]1 NOT ITS DAU<T]4 ,ALL POLITICAL T5ETS & P>TIES NOT)/&+1 NO REVOLUTION CAN BE TRULY & P]MAN5TLY SUCCESSFUL UNLESS IT PUTS ITS EMPHATIC VETO UPON ALL TYRANNY & C5TRALIZATION1 & DET]M9$LY /RIVES TO MAKE ! REVOLUTION A REAL REVALUATION ( ALL ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL VALUES4 ,NOT M]E SUB/ITUTION ( ONE POLITICAL P>TY = ANO!R 9 ! CONTROL ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 NOT ! MASK+ ( AUTOCRACY BY PROLET>IAN SLOGANS1 NOT ! DICTATOR%IP ( A NEW CLASS OV] AN OLD ONE1 NOT POLITICAL SC5E %IFT+ ( ANY K9D1 BUT ! COMPLETE REV]SAL ( ALL !SE AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES WILL ALONE S]VE ! REVOLUTION4 

,9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD ?IS TRANS=MATION MU/ BE 9 ! H&S ( ! 9DU/RIAL MASSES3 ! LATT] HAVE ! *OICE BETWE5 AN 9DU/RIAL ,/ATE & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! =M] ! M5ACE TO ! CON/RUCTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ! NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE W\LD BE AS GREAT AS FROM ! POLITICAL ,/ATE4 ,IT W\LD BECOME A DEAD WEI<T UPON ! GR[? ( ! NEW =MS ( LIFE4 ,= ?AT V]Y REASON SYNDICALISM 7OR 9DU/RIALISM7 ALONE IS NOT1 AS ITS EXPON5TS CLAIM1 SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 ! LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT P]MEATES ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S ?AT ! MANIFOLD CREATIVE 5]GIES ( ! PEOPLE CAN MANIFE/ !MSELVES4 & ! REVOLUTION BE SAFEGU>D$ & DEF5D$4 ,ONLY FREE 9ITIATIVE & POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! REVOLUTION CAN PREV5T ! T]RIBLE BLUND]S COMMITT$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ) FUEL ONLY A HUNDR$ V]/S .<AB\T SIXTY-SIX MILES.> FROM ,PETROGRAD !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO NECESSITY = ?AT CITY TO SUFF] FROM COLD HAD ! WORK]S' ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ,PETROGRAD BE5 FREE TO EX]CISE !IR 9ITIATIVE = ! COMMON GOOD4 ,! PEASANTS ( ! ,UKRA9A W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 HAMP]$ 9 ! CULTIVATION ( !IR L& HAD !Y HAD ACCESS TO ! F>M IMPLEM5TS /ACK$ UP 9 ! W>EH\SES ( ,KH>KOV & O!R 9DU/RIAL C5T]S AWAIT+ ORD]S FROM ,MOSC[ = !IR DI/RIBUTION4 ,!SE >E *>ACT]I/IC EXAMPLES ( ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5TALISM & C5TRALIZATION1 :I* %\LD S]VE AS A W>N+ TO !  
WORK]S ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA ( ! DE/RUCTIVE EFFECTS ( ,/ATISM4 

,! 9DU/RIAL P[] ( ! MASSES1 EXPRESS$ ?R\< !IR LIB]T>IAN ASSOCIATIONS--,AN>*OSYNDICALISM--IS ALONE ABLE TO ORGANIZE SUCCESSFULLY ! ECONOMIC LIFE & C>RY ON PRODUCTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! COOP]ATIVES1 WORK+ 9 H>MONY ) ! 9DU/RIAL BODIES1 S]VE AS ! DI/RIBUT+ & EX*ANGE M$IA BETWE5 CITY & C\NTRY1 & AT ! SAME TIME L9K 9 FRAT]NAL BOND ! 9DU/RIAL & AGR>IAN MASSES4 ,A COMMON TIE ( MUTUAL S]VICE & AID IS CREAT$ :I* IS ! /RONGE/ BULW>K ( ! REVOLUTION-F> MORE EFFECTIVE !N COMPULSORY LABOR1 ! ,R$ ,>MY1 OR T]RORISM4 ,9 ?AT WAY ALONE CAN REVOLUTION ACT AS A LEAV5 TO QUICK5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW SOCIAL =MS & 9SPIRE ! MASSES TO GREAT] A*IEVEM5TS4 

,BUT LIB]T>IAN4 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS & ! COOP]ATIVES >E NOT ! ONLY M$IA 9 ! 9T]PLAY ( ! COMPLEX PHASES ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,!RE >E ! CULTURAL =CES ,:I*1 ?\< CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES1 HAVE YET !IR [N FUNCTIONS TO P]=M4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE BECAME ! SOLE >BIT] ( ALL ! NE$S ( ! SOCIAL BODY4 ,! RESULT1 AS ALREADY DESCRIB$1 WAS COMPLETE CULTURAL /AGNATION & ! P>ALYZES ( ALL CREATIVE 5DEAVOR4 ,IF SU* A DEBACLE IS TO BE AVOID$ 9 ! FUTURE1 ! CULTURAL =CES1 :ILE REMA9+ ROOT$ 9 ! ECONOMIC SOIL1 MU/ YET RETA9 9DEP5D5T SCOPE & FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION4 ,NOT ADH]- 5CE TO ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL P>TY BUT DEVOTION TO ! REVOLUTION1 KN[L$GE1 ABILITY1 &-ABOVE ALL-! CREATIVE IMPULSE %\LD BE ! CRIT]ION' ( FITNESS = CULTURAL WORK4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ?IS WAS MADE IMPOSSIBLE ALMO/ FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 BY ! VIOL5T SEP>ATION ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA & ! MASSES4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ORIG9AL (F5D] 9 ?IS CASE WAS ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 ESPECIALLY ! TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 :I* 9 ,RUSSIA T5ACI\SLY CLUNG -AS IT DOES 9 O!R C\NTRIES-TO ! COAT-TAILS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS ELEM5T1 UNABLE TO COMPREH5D ! SIGNIFICANCE ( REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS1 /ROVE TO /EM ! TIDE BY :OLESALE' SABOTAGE4 ,BUT 9 ,RUSSIA !RE WAS ALSO ANO!R K9D ( 9TELLIG5TSIA--ONE ) A GLORI\S REVOLUTION>Y PA/ ( A HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,?AT P>T ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA KEPT FAI? ) ! PEOPLE1 ?\< IT C\LD NOT UNRES]V$LY ACCEPT ! NEW DICTATOR%IP4 ,! FATAL ]ROR ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI WAS ?AT !Y MADE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO ELEM5TS4 ,!Y MET SABOTAGE ) :OLESALE T]ROR AGA9/ ! 9TELLIG5TSIA AS A CLASS1 & 9AUGURAT$ A CAMPAIGN ( HATR$ MORE 9T5SIVE ?AN ! P]SECUTION ( ! B\RGEOISIEITSELF--A ME?OD :I* CREAT$ AN ABYSS BETWE5 ! 9TELLIG5TSIA & ! PROLET>IAT & RE>$A B>RI] AGA9/ CON/RUCTIVE WORK4 

,L59 WAS ! FIR/ TO REALIZE ?AT CRIM9AL BLUND]4 ,HE PO9T$ \T ?AT IT WAS A GRAVE ]ROR TO LEAD ! WORK]S TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y C\LD BUILD UP ! 9DU/RIES & 5GAGE 9 CULTURAL WORK )\T ! AID & COOP]ATION ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAD NEI!R ! KN[L$GE NOR ! TRA9+ = ! TASK1 & ! 9TELLIG5TSIA HAD TO BE RE/OR$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL LIFE4 ,BUT ! RECOGNITION ( ONE ]ROR NEV] SAFEGU>D$ ,L59 & HIS ,P>TY FROM IMM$IATELY COMMITT+ ANO!R4 ,! TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA WAS CALL$ BACK ON T]MS :I* ADD$ DIS9TEGRATION TO ! ANTAGONISM AGA9/ ! REGIME4 

,:ILE ! WORK]S CONT9U$ TO />VE1 5G9E]S1 9DU/RIAL EXP]TS1 & TE*NICIANS RECEIV$ HI< SAL>IES1 SPECIAL PRIVILEGES1 & ! BE/ RATIONS4 ,!Y BECAME ! PAMP]$ EMPLOYES ( ! ,/ATE & ! NEW SLAVE DRIV]S ( ! MASSES4 ,! LATT]1 F$ = YE>S ON ! FALLACI\S TEA*+S ?AT MUSCLE ALONE IS NECESS>Y = A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION & ?AT ONLY PHYSICAL LABOR IS PRODUCTIVE1 & 9CIT$ BY ! CAMPAIGN ( HATR$ :I* /AMP$ EV]Y 9TELLECTUAL A C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/ & SPECULATOR1 C\LD NOT MAKE PEACE ) ?OSE !Y HAD BE5 TAU<T TO SCORN & DI/RU/4 

,UN=TUNATELY ,RUSSIA IS NOT ! ONLY C\NTRY :]E ?IS PROLET>IAN ATTITUDE AGA9/ ! 9TELLIG5TSIA PREVAILS4 ,EV]Y:]E POLITICAL DEMAGOGUES PLAY UPON ! IGNORANCE ( ! MASSES1 TEA* !M ?AT $UCATION & CULTURE >E B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES1 ?AT ! WORK]S CAN DO )\T !M1 & ?AT !Y ALONE >E ABLE TO REBUILD SOCIETY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAS MADE IT V]Y CLE> ?AT BO? BRA9 & MUSCLE >E 9DISP5SABLE TO ! WORK ( SOCIAL REG5]ATION4 ,9TELLECTUAL & PHYSICAL LABOR >E AS CLOSELY RELAT$ 9 ! SOCIAL BODY AS BRA9 & H& 9 ! HUMAN ORGANISM4 ,ONE CANNOT FUNCTION )\T ! O!R4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT MO/ 9TELLECTUALS CONSID] !MSELVES A CLASS AP>T FROM & SUP]IOR TO ! WORK]S1 BUT SOCIAL CONDITIONS EV]Y:]E >E FA/ DEMOLI%+ ! HI< P$E/AL ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,!Y >E MADE TO SEE ?AT !Y1 TOO1 >E PROLET>IANS1 EV5 MORE DEP5D5T UPON ! ECONOMIC MA/] ?AN ! MANUAL WORK]4 
 ,UNLIKE ! PHYSICAL PROLET>IAN1 :O CAN PICK UP HIS TOOLS & TRAMP ! WORLD 9 SE>* ( A *ANGE FROM A GALL+ SITUATION1 ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IANS HAVE !IR ROOTS MORE FIRMLY 9 !IR P>TICUL> SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T & CANNOT SO EASILY *ANGE !IR OCCUPATION OR MODE ( LIV+4 ,IT IS !RE=E ( UTMO/ IMPORTANCE TO BR+ HOME TO ! WORK]S ! RAPID PROLET>IZATION ( ! 9TELLECTUALS & ! COMMON TIE ?US CREAT$ BETWE5 !M4 ,IF ! ,WE/]N WORLD IS TO PR(IT BY ! LESSONS ( ,RUSSIA1 ! DEMAGOGIC FLATT]Y ( ! MASSES & BL9D ANTAGONISM T[>D ! 9TELLIG5TSIA MU/ CEASE4 ,?AT DOES NOT MEAN1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! TOIL]S %\LD DEP5D 5TIRELY UPON ! 9TELLECTUAL ELEM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MASSES MU/ BEG9 RI<T N[ TO PREP>E & EQUIP !MSELVES = ! GREAT TASK ! REVOLUTION WILL PUT UPON !M4 ,!Y %\LD ACQUIRE ! KN[L$GE & TE*NICAL SKILL NECESS>Y = MANAG+ & DIRECT+ ! 9TRICATE ME*ANISM ( ! 9DU/RIAL & SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4 ,BUT EV5 AT BE/ ! WORK]S WILL NE$ ! COOP]ATION ( ! PR(ESSIONAL & CULTURAL ELEM5TS4 ,SIMIL>LY ! LATT] MU/ REALIZE ?AT !IR TRUE 9T]E/S >E ID5TICAL ) ?OSE ( ! MASSES4 ,ONCE ! TWO SOCIAL =CES LE>N TO BL5D 9TO ONE H>MONI\S :OLE1 ! TRAGIC ASPECTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W\LD TO A GREAT EXT5T BE ELIM9AT$4 ,NO ONE W\LD BE %OT BECAUSE HE  
0ONCE ACQUIR$ AN $UCATION40 ,! SCI5TI/1 ! 5G9E]1 ! SPECIALI/1 ! 9VE/IGATOR1 ! $UCATOR1 & ! CREATIVE >TI/1 AS WELL AS ! C>P5T]1 MA*9I/1 & ! RE/1 >E ALL P>T & P>CEL ( ! COLLECTIVE =CE :I* IS TO %APE ! REVOLUTION 9TO ! GREAT >*ITECT ( ! NEW SOCIAL $IFICE4 ,NOT HATR$1 BUT UNITY2 NOT ANTAGONISM1 BUT FELL[%IP2 NOT %OOT+1 BUT SYMPA?Y-?AT IS ! LESSON ( ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN DEBACLE = ! 9TELLIG5TSIA AS WELL AS ! WORK]S4 ,ALL MU/ LE>N ! VALUE ( MUTUAL AID & LIB]T>IAN COOP]ATION1 ,YET EA* MU/ BE ABLE TO REMA9 9DEP5D5T 9 HIS [N SPH]E & 9 H>MONY ) ! BE/ HE CAN YIELD TO SOCIETY4 ,ONLY 9 ?AT WAY WILL PRODUCTIVE LABOR & $UCATIONAL & CULTURAL 5DEAVOR EXPRESS !MSELVES 94 EV] NEW] & RI*] =MS4 ,?AT IS TO ME ! ALL-EMBRAC+ & VITAL MORAL TAU<T BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,I,V 

,9 ! PREVI\S PAGES ,I HAVE TRI$ TO PO9T \T :Y ,BOL%EVIK PR9CIPLES1 ME?ODS1 & TACTICS FAIL$1 & ?AT SIMIL> PR9CIPLES &  ME?ODS APPLI$ 9 ANY O!R C\NTRY1 EV5 ( ! HI<E/ 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 MU/ ALSO FAIL4 ,I HAVE FUR!R %[N ?AT IT IS NOT ONLY ,BOL%EVISM ?AT FAIL$1 BUT ,M>XISM ITSELF4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ,/,A,T,E ,I,D,E,A1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE1 HAS BE5 PROV5 BANKRUPT BY ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IF ,I W]E TO SUM UP MY "9HOLE >GUM5T 9 ONE S5T5CE ,I %\LD SAY3 ,! 9H]5T T5D5CY ( ! ,/ATE IS TO CONC5TRATE1 TO N>R[1 & MONOPOLIZE ALL SOCIAL ACTIVITIES2 ! NATURE ( REVOLUTION IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO GR[1 TO BROAD51 & DISSEM9ATE ITSELF 9 EV]-WID] CIRCLES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,/ATE IS 9/ITUTIONAL & /ATIC2 REVOLUTION IS FLU5T1 DYNAMIC4 ,!SE TWO T5D5CIES >E 9COMPATIBLE & MUTUALLY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,! ,/ATE IDEA KILL$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & IT MU/ HAVE ! SAME RESULT 9 ALL O!R REVOLUTIONS1 UNLESS ! LIB]T>IAN IDEA PREVAIL4 

,YET ,I GO MU* FUR!R4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ,BOL%EVISM1 ,M>XISM1 & ,GOV]NM5TALISM :I* >E FATAL TO REVOLUTION AS WELL AS TO ALL VITAL HUMAN PROGRESS4 ,! MA9 CAUSE ( ! DEFEAT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION LIES MU* DEEP]4 ,IT IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! :OLE ,SOCIALI/ CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION ITSELF4 

,! DOM9ANT1 ALMO/ G5]AL1 IDEA ( REVOLUTION--P>TICU,I>LY ! ,SOCIALI/ IDEA-IS ?AT REVOLUTION IS A VIOL5T *ANGE ( SOCIAL CONDITIONS ?R\< :I* ONE SOCIAL CLASS1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 BECOMES DOM9ANT OV] ANO!R CLASS1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,IT IS ! CONCEPTION ( A PURELY PHYSICAL *ANGE1 & AS SU* IT 9VOLVES ONLY POLITICAL SC5E %IFT+ & 9/ITUTIONAL RE>RANGEM5TS4 ,B\RGEOIS DICTATOR%IP IS REPLAC$ BY ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 0--OR BY ?AT ( ITS 0ADVANCE GU>D10 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY2 ,L59 TAKES ! SEAT ( ! ,ROMANOVS1 ! ,IMP]IAL ,CAB9ET IS RE*RI/5$ ,SOVIET ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 ,TROTSKY IS APPO9T$ ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 & A LABOR] BECOMES ! ,MILIT>Y ,GOV]NOR ,G5]AL ( ,MOSC[4 ,?AT IS1 9 ESS5CE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION1 AS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ACTUAL PRACTICE4 ,& ) A FEW M9OR ALT]ATIONS IT IS ALSO ! IDEA ( REVOLUTION HELD BY ALL O!R ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 

,?IS CONCEPTION IS 9H]5TLY & FATALLY FALSE4 ,REVOLUTION IS 9DE$ A VIOL5T PROCESS4 ,BUT IF IT IS TO RESULT ONLY 9 A *ANGE ( DICTATOR%IP1 9 A %IFT+ ( NAMES & POLITICAL P]SONALITIES1 !N IT IS H>DLY WOR? :ILE4 ,IT IS SURELY NOT WOR? ALL ! /RUGGLE & SACRIFICE1 ! /UP5D\S LOSS 9 HUMAN LIFE & CULTURAL VALUES ?AT RESULT FROM EV]Y REVOLUTION4 ,IF   
SU* A REVOLUTION W]E EV5 TO BR+ GREAT] SOCIAL WELL BE+ 7:I* HAS NOT BE5 ! CASE 9 ,RUSSIA7 !N IT W\LD ALSO NOT BE WOR? ! T]RIFIC PRICE PAID3 M]E IMPROVEM5T CAN BE BR\<T AB\T )\T BLOODY REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NOT PALLIATIVES OR RE=MS ?AT >E ! REAL AIM & PURPOSE ( REVOLUTION1 AS ,I CONCEIVE IT4 

,9 MY OP9ION--A ?\S&FOLD /R5G!N$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE--! GREAT MISSION ( REVOLUTION1 ( ! ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N1 IS A FUNDAM5TAL TRANSVALUATION ( VALUES4 ,A TRANSVALUATION NOT ONLY ( SOCIAL1 BUT ALSO ( HUMAN' VALUES4 ,! LATT] >E EV5 PREEM95T1 = !Y >E ! BASIS ( ALL SOCIAL VALUES4 ,\R 9/ITUTIONS & CONDITIONS RE/ UPON DEEP-SEAT$ IDEAS4 ,TO *ANGE ?OSE CONDITIONS & AT !' SAME TIME LEAVE ! UND]LY+ IDEAS & VALUES 9TACT MEANS ONLY A SUP]FICIAL TRANS=MATION1' ONE ?AT CANNOT BE P]MAN5T OR BR+ REAL BETT]M5T4 ,IT IS A *ANGE ( =M ONLY1 NOT ( SUB/ANCE1 AS SO TRAGICALLY PROV5 BY ,RUSSIA4 

,IT IS AT ONCE ! GREAT FAILURE & ! GREAT TRAG$Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ?AT IT ATTEMPT$ 79 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! RUL+ POLITICAL P>TY7 TO *ANGE ONLY 9/ITUTIONS & CONDITIONS :ILE IGNOR+ 5TIRELY ! HUMAN & SOCIAL VALUES 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,WORSE YET1 9 ITS MAD PASSION = P[]1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE EV5 S\<T TO /R5G!N & DEEP5 ! V]Y IDEAS & CONCEPTIONS :I* ! ,REVOLUTION HAD COME TO DE/ROY4 ,IT SUPPORT$ & 5C\RAG$ ALL ! WOR/ ANTI-SOCIAL QUALITIES & SY/EMATICALLY DE/ROY$ ! ALREADY AWAK5$ CONCEPTION ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y VALUES4 ,! S5SE ( JU/ICE & EQUALITY1 ! LOVE ( LIB]TY & ( HUMAN BRO!RHOOD-!SE FUNDAM5TALS ( ! REAL REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY-! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE SUPPRESS$ TO ! PO9T ( EXT]M9ATION4 ,MAN'S 9/9CTIVE S5SE ( EQUITY WAS BR&$ AS WEAK S5TIM5TALITY2 HUMAN 1DIGNITY & LIB]TY BECAME A B\RGEOIS SUP]/ITION2 ! SANCTITY ( LIFE1 :I* IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 WAS CONDEMN$ AS ANREVOLUTION>Y1 ALMO/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,?IS FE>FUL P]V]SION ( FUNDAM5TAL VALUES BORE )9 ITSELF ! SE$ ( DE/RUCTION4 ,) ! CONCEPTION ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ONLY A MEANS ( SECUR+ POLITICAL P[]1 IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ALL REVOLUTION>Y VALUES %\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! NE$S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE2 9DE$1 EXPLOIT$ TO FUR!R ! SECURITY ( ! NEWLY ACQUIR$ GOV]NM5TAL  
P[]4 ,REASONS ( ,/ATE10 MASK$ AS ! 09T]E/S ( ! ,REVOLUTION & ( ! ,PEOPLE10 BECAME ! SOLE CRIT]ION ( ACTION1 EV5 ( FEEL+4 ,VIOL5CE1 ! TRAGIC 9EVITABILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS1 BECAME AN E/ABLI%$ CU/OM1 A HABIT4 & WAS PRES5TLY 5?RON$ AS ! MO/ P[]FUL & 0IDEAL0 9/ITUTION4 ,DID NOT ,Z9OVIEV HIMSELF CANONIZE ,DZ]ZH9SKY1 ! HEAD ( ! BLOODY ,T*EKA1 AS ! 0SA9T ( ! ,REVOLUTION08 ,W]E NOT ! GREATE/ PUBLIC HONORS PAID BY ! ,/ATE TO ,URITSKY1 ! F\ND] & SADI/IC *IEF ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,T*EKA8 

,?IS P]V]SION ( ! E?ICAL VALUES SOON CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO ! ALL-DOM9AT+ SLOGAN ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY3 ,! ,5,D ,J,U,/,I,F,I,E,S ,A,L,L ,M,E,A,N,S4 ,SIMIL>LY 9 ! PA/ ! ,9QUISITION & ! ,JESUITS ADOPT$ ?IS MOTTO & SUBORD9AT$ TO IT ALL MORALITY4 ,IT AV5G$ ITSELF UPON ! ,JESUITS AS IT DID UPON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! WAKE ( ?IS SLOGAN FOLL[$ LY+1 DECEIT1 HYPOCRISY & TREA*]Y1 MURD]1 OP5 & SECRET4 ,IT %\LD BE ( UTMO/ 9T]E/ TO /UD5TS ( SOCIAL PSY*OLOGY ?AT TWO MOVEM5TS AS WIDELY SEP>AT$ 9 TIME & IDEAS AS ,JESUITISM & ,BOL%EVISM REA*$ EXACTLY SIMIL> RESULTS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! PR9CIPLE4 ?AT ! 5D JU/IFIES ALL MEANS4 ,! HI/ORIC P>ALLEL1 ALMO/ 5TIRELY IGNOR$ SO F>1 CONTA9S A MO/ IMPORTANT LESSON = ALL COM+ REVOLUTIONS & = ! :OLE FUTURE ( MANK9D4 

,!RE IS NO GREAT] FALLACY ?AN ! BELIEF ?AT AIMS & PURPOSES >E ONE ?+1 :ILE ME?ODS & TACTICS >E ANO!R4 ,?IS CONCEPTION IS A POT5T M5ACE TO SOCIAL REG5]ATION4 ,ALL HUMAN EXP]I5CE TEA*ES ?AT ME?ODS & MEANS CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! ULTIMATE AIM4 ,! MEANS EMPLOY$ BECOME1 ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL HABIT & SOCIAL PRACTICE1 P>T & P>CEL ( ! F9AL PURPOSE2 !Y 9FLU5CE IT1 MODIFY IT1 & PRES5TLY ! AIMS & MEANS BECOME ID5TICAL4 ,FROM ! DAY ( MY >RIVAL 9 ,RUSSIA ,I FELT IT1 AT FIR/ VAGUELY1 !N EV] MORE CONSCI\SLY & CLE>LY4 ,! GREAT & 9SPIR+ AIMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION BECAME SO CL\D$ ) & OBSCUR$ BY ! ME?ODS US$ BY ! RUL+ POLITICAL P[] ?AT IT WAS H>D TO DI/+UI% :AT WAS TEMPOR>Y MEANS & :AT F9AL PURPOSE4 ,PSY*OLOGICALLY & SOCIALLY ! MEANS NECESS>ILY 9FLU5CE & ALT] ! AIMS4 ,! :OLE HI/ORY ( MAN IS CONT9U\S PRO( ( ! MAXIM ?AT TO DIVE/ ONE'S ME?ODS ( E?ICAL CONCEPTS MEANS TO ,S9K 9TO ! DEP?S ( UTT] DEMORALIZATION4 ,9 ?AT LIES ! REAL TRAG$Y ( ! ,BOL%EVIK PHILOSOPHY AS APPLI$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,MAY ?IS LESSON NOT BE 9 VA94 

,NO REVOLUTION CAN EV] SUCCE$ AS A FACTOR ( LIB]ATION UNLESS ! ,M,E,A,N,S US$ TO FUR!R IT BE ID5TICAL 9 SPIRIT & T5D5CY ) ! ,P,U,R,P,O,S,E,S TO BE A*IEV$4 ,REVOLUTION IS ! NEGATION ( ! EXI/+1 A VIOL5T PROTE/ AGA9/ MAN'S 9HUMANITY TO MAN ) ALL ! ?\S& & ONE SLAV]IES IT 9VOLVES4 ,IT IS ! DE/ROY] ( DOM9ANT VALUES UPON :I* A COMPLEX SY/EM ( 9JU/ICE1 OPPRESSION1 & WRONG HAS BE5 BUILT UP BY IGNORANCE & BRUTALITY4 -,IT IS ! H]ALD ( ,N,E,W ,V,A,L,U,E,S1 U%]+ 9 A TRANS=MATION ( ! BASIC RELATIONS ( MAN TO MAN1 & ( MAN TO SOCIETY4 ,IT IS NOT A M]E RE=M]1 PAT*+ UP SOME SOCIAL EVILS2 NOT A M]E *ANG] ( =MS & 9/ITUTIONS2 NOT ONLY A RE-DI/RIBUTOR ( SOCIAL WELL-BE+4 ,IT IS ALL ?AT1 YET MORE1 MU* MORE4 ,IT IS1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 ! ,T,R,A,N,S,V,A,L,U,A,T,O,R1 ! BE>] ( NEW VALUES4 ,IT IS ! GREAT ,T,E,A,*,] ,( ! ,N,E,W ,E,?,I,C,S1 9SPIR+ MAN ) A NEW CONCEPT ( LIFE & ITS MANIFE/ATIONS 9 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,IT IS ! M5TAL & SPIRITUAL REG5]ATOR4 

,ITS FIR/ E?ICAL PRECEPT IS ! ID5TITY ( MEANS US$ & AIMS S\<T4 ,! ULTIMATE 5D ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL *ANGE IS TO E/ABLI% ! SANCTITY ( HUMAN LIFE1 ! DIGNITY ( MAN1 ! RI<T ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+ TO LIB]TY & WELL 
BE+4 ,UNLESS ?IS BE ! ESS5TIAL AIM ( REVOLUTION1 VIOL5T SOCIAL *ANGES W\LD HAVE NO JU/IFICATION4 ,= EXT]NAL SOCIAL ALT]ATIONS CAN BE1 & HAVE BE51 ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! NORMAL PROCESSES ( EVOLUTION4 ,REVOLUTION1 ON ! CONTR>Y4 SIGNIFIES NOT M]E EXT]NAL *ANGE1 BUT 9T]NAL1 BASIC1 FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 ,?AT 9T]NAL *ANGE ( CONCEPTS & IDEAS1 P]MEAT+ EV]-L>G] SOCIAL /RATA1 F9ALLY CULM9ATES 9 ! VIOL5T UPHEAVAL KN[N AS REVOLUTION4 ,%ALL ?AT CLIMAX REV]SE ! PROCESS ( TRANSVALUATION1 TURN AGA9/ IT1 BETRAY IT8 ,?AT IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! REVOLUTION ITSELF MU/ QUIC- K5 & FUR!R ! PROCESS ( :I* IT IS ! CUMULATIVE EXPRESSION2 ITS MA9 MISSION IS TO 9SPIRE IT1 TO C>RY IT TO GREAT] HEI<TS1 GIVE IT FULLE/ SCOPE = EXPRESSION4 ,ONLY ?US IS REVOLUTION TRUE TO ITSELF4 

,APPLI$ 9 PRACTICE IT MEANS ?AT ! P]IOD ( ! ACTUAL REVOLUTION1 ! SO-CALL$ TRANSITORY /AGE1 MU/ BE ! 9TRODUCTION1 ! PRELUDE TO ! NEW SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS ! ?RE%OLD TO ! ,N,E,W ,L,I,F,E1 ! NEW ,H,\,S,E ,( ,M,A,N ,& ,H,U,M,A,N,I,T,Y ,AS SU* IT MU/ HE ( ! SPIRIT ( ! NEW LIFE1 H>MONI\S ) ! CON/RUCTION ( ! NEW $IFICE4 

,TO-DAY IS ! P>5T ( TO-MORR[4 ,! PRES5T CA/S ITS %AD[ F> 9TO ! FUTURE4 ,?AT IS ! LAW ( LIFE1 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL4 ,REVOLUTION ?AT DIVE/S ITSELF ( E?ICAL VALUES!REBY LAYS ! F\NDATION ( 9JU/ICE1 DECEIT1 & OPPRESSION = ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,! MEANS US$ TO PREP>E ! FUTURE BECOME ITS CORN]/ONE4 ,WITNESS ! TRAGIC CONDITION ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! ME?ODS ( ,/ATE C5TRALIZATION HAVE P>ALYZ$ 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & EF=T2! TYRANNY ( ! DICTATOR%IP HAS C[$ ! PEOPLE 9TO SLAVI% SUBMISSION & ALL BUT EXT+UI%$ ! FIRES ( LIB]TY2 ORGANIZ$ T]RORISM HAS DEPRAV$ & BRUTALIZ$ ! MASSES & /IFL$ EV]Y IDEALI/IC ASPIRATION2 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ MURD] HAS *EAP5$ HUMAN LIFE1& ALL S5SE ( ! DIGNITY ( MAN & ! VALUE ( LIFE HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$2 CO]CION AT EV]Y/EP HAS MADE EF=T BITT]1 LABOR A PUNI%M5T1 HAS TURN$ ! :OLE ( EXI/5CE 9TO A S*EME ( MUTUAL DECEIT1 & HAS REVIV$ ! L[E/ & MO/ BRUTAL 9/9CTS ( MAN4 ,A SORRY H]ITAGE TO BEG9 A NEW LIFE ( FRE$OM & BRO!RHOOD4 

,IT CANNOT BE SUFFICI5TLY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT REVOLUTION IS 9 VA9 UNLESS 9SPIR$ BY ITS ULTIMATE IDEAL4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS MU/ BE 9 TUNE  ) REVOLUTION>Y AIMS4 ,! MEANS US$ TO FUR!R ! REVOLUTION MU/ H>MONIZE ) ITS PURPOSES4 ,9 %ORT1 ! E?ICAL VALUES :I* ! REVOLUTION IS TO E/ABLI% 9 ! NEW SOCIETY MU/ BE 9ITIAT$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES ( ! SO-CALL$ TRANSITIONAL P]IOD4 ,! LATT] CAN S]VE AS A REAL & DEP5DABLE BRIDGE TO ! BETT] LIFE ONLY IF BUILT ( ! SAME MAT]IAL AS ! LIFE TO BE A*IEV$4 ,REVOLUTION IS ! MIRROR ( ! COM+ DAY2 IT IS ! *ILD ?AT IS TO BE ! ,MAN ( ,TO-MORR[4 

,! ,5,D 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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