,NOTES ON ! ,DEA? ( ,FRANCO 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,DEA? NORMALLY 9VITES EULOGY-EV5 = A ,MAFIA CAPO4 ,ACCORD+LY IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! DEA? ( ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO SUMMON$ UP ! USUAL TRIBUTE FROM ! ACOLYTES ( 0RELEVANCY0-A G5RE ( PEOPLE :O >E LIKELY TO PRAISE ANY DICTATOR FROM ,/AL9 TO ,FRANCO = 0MOD]NIZ+0 !IR C\NTRIES & U%]+ !M 9TO ! 09DU/RIAL AGE40 ,9 ! CASE ( ,EL ,CAUDILLO1 ,NIXON HAPP5$ TO LEAD ! PACK4 ,HE PRAIS$ ,FRANCO AS 0A LOYAL FRI5D & ALLY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES444:O BR\<T ,SPA9 BACK TO ECONOMIC RECOV]Y & 0UNIFI$ A DIVID$ NATION ?R\< A POLICY ( FIRMNESS & FAIRNESS T[>D ?OSE :O HAD F\<T AGA9/ HIM40 ,AT ! O!R 5D ( ! SPECTRUM1 ACCORD+ TO SOME PRESS ACC\NTS1 UNMEASUR$ NUMB]S ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,SPANI% FRONTI] OP5$ !IR W9E FLASKS & GOT DRUNK4 ,I SUSPECT ?AT IMM5SE SECTION ( ,SPANI% PUBLIC OP9ION IS REFLECT$ BY ?OSE Y\NG ,MADRIL5OS :O1 :5 ASK$ BY ,AM]ICAN TELEVISION 9T]VIEW]S :Y !Y FIL$ PA/ ! C(F91 BLUNTLY DECL>$ ?AT !Y WANT$ TO SEE IF ! 0OLD FASCI/0 WAS REALLY DEAD4 

,!RE IS A COM=TABLE CONCLUSION T[>D :I* ALL SECTORS (-OP9ION >E LIKELY TO CONV]GE1 NOTABLY ?AT ,FRANCO'S DEA? 0SPELLS ! 5D ( AN ]A40 ,?AT ,FRANCO MAY BE ! 0LA/0 ( ! 0OLD FASCI/S0 :OSE P]SONALITIES GAVE A FACE TO ! COLD TE*NOCRATIC FASCISM ( \R [N ]A HAS SOME TRU?1 AL?\< ,FRANCO'S 0P]SONALITY0 C\LD ACCURATELY BE DISMISS$ AS ONE %ADE ( GRAY PA9T$ ON ANO!R4 ,9 T]MS ( HIS P]SONALITY1 ! MAN WAS A DEAD5+ BLANK4 ,! PO9T SEEMS TO BE ?AT ,FRANCO PROVID$ A 0FACE10 9 CONTRA/ TO PRES5T-DAY BUREAUCRATS :O >E 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! MA*9ES !Y OP]ATE4 ,! REGIME C\LD NAME AV5IDAS AFT] HIM & SADDLE HIS DIM9UTIVE FIGURE ON M>BLE HORSES 9 NE>LY EV]Y CITY 9 ,SPA94 ,:AT C\LD WELL RESCUE HIS REIGN FROM ! OPPROBRIUM IT DES]VES IS =GETFULNESS1 NOT =GIV5ESS4 ,A LOSS ( A S5SE ( HI/ORY IS P]HAPS ! GREATE/ SUPPORT ?AT C\LD UND]P9 ! CULT ( 0RELEVANCY40 ,IT IS ?IS =GETFULNESS1 EQUAL$ ONLY BY ! IGNORANCE ?AT HAS SETTL$ >\ND ! ,SPA9 ( ! ?IRTIES1 ?AT MAY WELL SALVAGE ! NAME ( ,FRANCO & EXALT HIS IMPACT ON ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 

,FRANCO & ,MASS ,MURD] 

,LET ME /RESS ?AT IF ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO WAS D5I$ A PLACE BESIDE ,HITL] & ,/AL9 AS ONE ( HI/ORY'S MO/ T]RIFY+ MASS MURD]]S1 IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ( ! DEMOGRAPHIC LIMITATIONS IMPOS$ UPON HIM BY ! ,IB]IAN P59SULA4 ,HITL] HAD ! HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( ,EUROPE FROM :I* TO COLLECT HIS M\NTA9S ( CORPSES2 ,/AL91 ! MANY T5S ( MILLIONS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,FRANCO WAS LIMIT$ TO #bd MILLION PEOPLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GABRIEL ,JACKSON1 A LIB]AL HI/ORIAN ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>10 SOME #h1 DI$ \T ( ?OSE #b#d-MILLION BETWE5 #aicf & #a#i#d#e4 ,! FIGURE MAY WELL HAVE BE5 AS HI< AS A MILLION4 

,! 0,R$ ,T]ROR0 IMPUT$ BY MANY HI/ORIANS P>TICUL>LY TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 7= :OM ,JACKSON HAS NEI!R SYMPA?Y NOR UND]/&+7 IS BELI$ BY ,JACKSON HIMSELF 9 A BRIEF BUT TELL+ S5T5CE4 0,9 ,CATALONIA & ! ,LEVANT ! AN>*I/S >RE/$ MANY A L&LORD & MON>*I/ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT HE HAD PROBABLY BACK$ ! UPRIS+1 BUT MO/ ( !SE PEOPLE W]E RELEAS$ :5 ! EVID5CE1 & ! TE/IMONY ( VILLAG]S :O HAD KN[N !M = YE>S1 9DICAT$ !Y HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! UPRIS+40 ,BY CONTRA/ ) ! ADMITT$LY 9FLAT$ FIGURE ( #b1 EXECUTIONS :I* HE PLACES 9 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE1 ,JACKSON OBS]VES ?AT ! 0L>GE/ S+LE CATEGORY ( DEA?S W]E ! REPRISALS C>RI$ \T BY ! ,C>LI/S1 ! ,FALANGI/S1 & ! MILIT>Y !MSELVES4 ,PHYSICAL LIQUIDATION ( ! 5EMY BEH9D ! L9ES WAS A CON/ANT PROCESS ?R\<\T ! W>4 ,! ,NATIONALI/S HAD1 BY DEF9ITION1 F> MORE 5EMIES ?AN ! REVOLUTION>IES3 ALL MEMB]S ( ,POPUL> ,FRONT P>TIES1 ALL ,MASONS1 ALL (FICEHOLD]S ( ,U,G,T OR ,C,N,T UNIONS OR ( ,CASAS DEL ,PUEBLO1 ALL MEMB]S ( MIX$ JURIES :O HAD G5]ALLY VOT$ 9 FAVOR ( WORK] DEM&S4 ,! REPRESSION TOOK PLACE 9 ?REE /AGES4 ,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 ! >RE/ & :OLESALE %OOT+S CORRESPOND$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y T]ROR 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ZONE2 BUT !RE W]E A GREAT MANY MORE VICTIMS BECAUSE SU* >RE/S & %OOT+S W]E (FICIALLY SANCTION$ & BECAUSE SO L>GE A P]C5TAGE ( ! POPULATION W]E CONSID]$ HO/ILE4 ,9 ! SECOND /AGE1 ! ,NATIONALI/ ,>MY1 CONQU]+ >EAS :I* HAD BE5 HELD BY ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 C>RI$ \T HEAVY REPRISALS 9 REV5GE = ?OSE ( ! REVOLUTION>IES & 9 ORD] TO CONTROL A HO/ILE POPULACE ) FEW TROOPS444,9 ! ?IRD /AGE1 :I* LA/$ AT LEA/ 9TO ! YE> #a#i#d#c1 ! MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES C>RI$ \T MASS C\RT-M>TIALS FOLL[$ BY L>GE-SCALE EXECUTIONS40 #a 

,IF ONE ADDS #a1 0BATTLE CASUALTIES0-A LOOSE PHRASE ?AT (T5 9CLUD$ ! EXECUTION ( PRISON]S-TO ! #b1 EXECUTIONS 9 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE1 ! ,FRANCOI/S MAY HAVE SY/EMATICALLY SLAU<T]$ CLOSE TO #g1 PEOPLE & POSSIBLY AS MANY AS #h#h14 ,FOLL[+ ,FRANCO'S MILIT>Y VICTORY 9 #a#i#c#i1 ! SLAU<T] BEGAN 9 E>NE/4 ,IT CONT9U$ UNREL5T+LY UP TO ! E>LY =TIES1 :5 ,FRANCO1 C\RT+ ! ,ALLIES AFT] ,HITL]'S RETREATS 9 ,RUSSIA1 BEGAN TO R$UCE ! EXECUTIONS4 ,POSSIBLY AS MANY AS #c1 PEOPLE W]E EXECUT$ 9 ?IS FIVE-YE> P]IOD4 

,I KN[ ( NO ACC\NT ( ?IS C>NAGE MORE COMPELL+ & DRAMATIC ?AN ,EL5A DE ,LA ,S\*]E'S 0:5 TIME /OOD /ILL0 9 H] DEEPLY P]CEPTIVE WORK ,AN ,EXPLANATION ( ,SPA94 ,9 ,MADRID ALONE1 FIVE P]MAN5T C\RTS-M>TIAL TRI$ PRISON]S 9 0BAT*ES0 ( #be & #c4 ,ACCUSATIONS W]E M]ELY P]FUNCTORY1 BAS$ PRIM>ILY ON *>GES ( MEMB]%IP 9 A LEFTI/ ORGANIZATION OR P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC (FICE RA!R ?AN SUPPORTABLE 0ATROCITIES40 ,! P]C5TAGE ( ?OSE444ACCUS$1 RI<TLY OR WRONGLY1 ( 'BLOOD CRIMES' WAS M9UTE10 NOTES ,S\*]E4 ,FOLL[+ AN ADMONITORY H>ANGUE BY ! MILIT>Y PROSECUTOR1 ! DEF5SE WAS ALL[$ A 0BRIEF COLLECTIVE PLEA40 ,!N ! 5TIRE GR\P WAS S5T5C$ 7USUALLY TO EXECUTION7 )\T ! MILIT>Y JUDGES SO MU* AS LEAV+ ! HE>+ ROOM4 

,BAT* ,EXECUTIONS 

0,A NUMB] ( PRISON]S SP5T MON?S & SOMETIMES EV5 YE>S ON DEA? R[ &1 TWO OR ?REE EV5+S A WEEK1 W]E SUBMITT$ TO ! ANGUI% ( HE>+ !IR NAMES ON ! ROLL CALL ( M5 TO BE EXECUT$ ! NEXT MORN+4 ,9 ,MADRID DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO YE>S ( ! REGIME1 !RE W]E AT LEA/ ?REE HUNDR$ M5 9 EV]Y 'BAT*4' ,! CONDEMN$ SP5T !IR LA/ NI<T 9 ! PRISON *APEL1 /&+1 KNEEL+1 OR SEAT$ ON ! /ONE FLOOR4 ,AT DAWN1 !IR H&S W]E TI$ BEH9D !IR BACKS & ! L[] P>TS ( !IR FACES W]E B\ND ) RUBB] MUZZLES SO ?AT DUR+ !IR LA/ TRIP1 !IR *ANTS & HUZZAHS6 = ! REPUBLIC W\LD NOT 9CITE PEOPLE TO RIOT4 ,!N !Y W]E BU/L$ 9TO TRUCKS & TAK5 TO ! CEMET]Y :]E1 9 ! *ILL FOG ( E>LY MORN+1 SOLDI]S ) SLEEP-HEAVY EYES WAIT$ & HELD !IR MA*9E GUNS READY4 ,9 S+LE FILE ! CONDEMN$ WALK$ ACROSS A SORT ( GANGPLANK1 ITS WOOD ALREADY BATT]$ BY PREVI\S MA*9E GUN FIRE4 ,:5 ! GUNN]S HAD AGA9 POLI%$ (F !IR TASK1 (FIC]S ) HEAVY REVOLV]S LEAP$ H]E & !RE OV] ! EV]Y-:I*-WAY BODIES1 TO DEAL ! C\P DE GRACE TO ?OSE /ILL BREA?+40 #b 

,?IS IS ! /ORY ( ! 0FACE0 ( ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO1 ! /ORY WE >E REQUE/$ TO =GET1 TO BURY ) ,FRANCO'S [N CORPSE 9 ! 0,VALLEY ( ! ,FALL540 ,9 MY VIEW IT TAKES A CONV5TIONAL ,M>XI/ AS WELL AS A ,FASCI/ TO EXCULPATE HORRORS ( ?IS K9D 9 ! 0HI<] NAME ( HI/ORY40 ,ONE MAY REASONABLY ASK H[ MANY MILLIONS W]E SLAU<T]$ 9 MU* ! SAME FA%ION BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! ,*9ESE ,MAOI/S1 ! S(T-SPOK5 ,HO1 & ! VOLATILE ,CA/RO4 ,NOR CAN WE EXCULPATE ! LIB]ALS1 FIGURES LIKE ,?I]S :O1 AS E>LY AS #a#h#g#a1 PROVID$ A /RATEGIC MODEL = ,FRANCO BY )DRAW+ FROM ,P>IS :5 HIS POSITION PROV$ TO BE UNT5ABLE & RETURN+ ) A CONQU]+ >MY NOT TO A*IEVE VICTORY BUT TO 5ACT A BLOODY 0F9AL SOLUTION0 TO ! C5TURY-LONG UNRE/ ( ! ,P>ISIAN SANS-CULOTTES4 ,FRANCO FOLL[$ AN ID5TICAL POLICY4 ,HAV+ FAIL$ TO CAPTURE ! MAJOR CITIES ( ,SPA9 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 HE %IFT$ ! ?RU/ ( HIS REBELLION FROM A TYPICAL MILIT>Y PRONUNCIAMI5TO TO \TRI<T MILIT>Y CONQUE/4 ,! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT HAD PLAY$ SO CREATIVE A ROLE 9 ,SPANI% HI/ORY = NE>LY #g YE>S W]E TO BE UTT]LY UPROOT$ & DE/ROY$4 ,?IS WAS NO IDEOLOGICAL OR 9/ITUTIONAL ACT2 ITS GOAL WAS \TRI<T EXT]M9ATION ( EV]Y MILITANT1 EV5 EV]Y FOCUS ( UNRE/4 

,! ,FRANCO ,SMA% 

,=GETFULNESS ALSO ?REAT5S TO CONCEAL ! FACT ?AT ! 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>0 WAS ABOVE ALL A SWEEP+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION-9 ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT5'S WORDS1 A REVOLUTION 0MORE PR(\ND 9 SOME RESPECTS ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION 9 ITS E>LY /AGES0 &1 ,I W\LD BE 9CL9$ TO ADD1 9 ANY ( ITS /AGES4 ,IT WAS PRIM>ILY AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION1 :E!R GUID$ BY MASSIVE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I OR ! RESULT ( #g YE>S ( AN>*I/ AGITATION4 ,FRANCO SMA%$ ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,:E!R IT HAD ! RESILI5CE TO RETURN 9 ANY?+ RESEMBL+ ITS ORIG9AL =M AFT] ! BLOOD-LETT+ IT SUFF]$ W\LD N[ BE IDLE SPECULATION 9 VIEW ( ! *ANG$ SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 ,SPA94 

,9EXTRICABLY B\ND TO ,FRANCO'S VICTORY1 H[EV]1 WAS ! AID HE ACQUIR$ FROM ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO WRITE ! BIOGRAPHY ( ,FRANCO1 TO GIVE AN ACC\NT ( HIS 0,NATIONAL ,MOVEM5T10 OR TO EXPLA9-HIS SUCCESS )\T /RESS+ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ,/AL9 & ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,SPA94 ,FROM ! MURD] ( ,&RES ,N9-9 A SECRET ,/AL9I/ PRISON TO ! ,COMMUNI/ EXECUTION TEAMS :O %OT W\ND$ AN>*I/ MILITIAM5 DUR+ ! ,BATTLE ( ! ,EBRO1 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S HAS BE5 M>K$ BY SU* A RU?LESS COMMITM5T TO C\NT]REVOLUTION ?AT IT BE>S COMP>ISON ONLY ) ,EB]T & ,NOSKE 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! COMP>ISON WAS MADE 9 ! MO/ CUTT+ FA%ION BY ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 ONE ( ! MO/ WIDELY RESPECT$ ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S ( HIS DAY1 %ORTLY BE=E HE TOO WAS KILL$ BY ,/AL9I/ AG5TS 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#c#g1 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,9 TIME SOME ( US CAME TO REALIZE ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S ACTIVITIES =M$ P]HAPS ! MO/ ,SPANI% FASCISM4 ,TO PLACE ! P>TY ON ! 0LEFT0 HAD M>K$ \R DEF]5CE MORE TO SYMBOLISM1 RHETORIC1 & TRADITION ?AN TO POLITICAL REALITY4 ,:AT N[ BOGGLES MY M9D IS H[ LITTLE ?IS H>% FACT IS UND]/OOD TODAY )9 &1 F> LESS EXCUSABLY1 \TSIDE ( ,SPA94 ,! EM]G5CE ( A NEO-,/AL9ISM SO WIDESPREAD ?AT IT CAN 5RAPTURE CONTRIBUTORS TO ,W,9 AS WELL AS ! HACKS :O WRITE = ! ,GU>DIAN IS EVID5CE ( A '=GETFULNESS0 MU* CLOS] TO /UPIDITY ?AN TO A LACK ( MEMORY4 ,AS IF ! V]DICT ( ,SPA9 W]E NOT 5\<1 A REC5T V]DICT FROM ,PORTUGAL MI<T SEEM TO SUFFICE = YE>S TO COME4 0,! ,COMMUNI/S HAVE LET US D[N AGA910 BITT]LY DECL>$ A LEFTI/ J\RNALI/ 9 ,LISBON AFT] ! REC5T MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 0AS !Y LET ! RE/ ( ! LEFT D[N 9 ,*ILI AFT] ! C\P40 #c ,IT IS TIME TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS IS NEI!R 0TREA*]Y0 NOR 0BETRAYAL0 BUT ! CONSEQU5CES ( A TOTALLY MISPLAC$ BELIEF 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( AU?ORIT>IAN 0SOCIALISM0 AS SU*4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 EV]Y C\NTRY ( ! WORLD IS NO MORE ON ! 0LEFT0 ?AN ,FRANCO'S ,FALANGE2 IT CAN NO MORE BE 0R$-BAIT$0 ?AN ! FOLL[]S ( ,GEORGE ,WALLACE OR ,RONALD ,REAGAN4 

,TO SPEAK FRANKLY1 H[EV]1 ,I /RONGLY FE> ?AT ?IS V]DICT WILL NOT SUFFICE4 ,IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 :O HAVE BE5 D5I$ ACCESS TO !IR [N HI/ORY1 WILL SEE 9 ! WELL-F9ANC$ & WELL-ORGANIZ$ ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY A LEV] = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,BUT IT IS UTT]LY UN=GIVABLE ?AT ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE :O PR(ESS A NON-AU?ORIT>IAN APPROA*2 SO READILY SURR5D] !IR MORAL PROBITY ) EA* *ANGE 9 ! POLITICAL W9DS AS TO RE9=CE ! ILLUSION ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES >E SOCIALLY R$EEMABLE4 #d ,H]E ! CULT ( ! 0RELEVANT0 & ! 0CONTEMPOR>Y0 BETRAYS ITSELF AS ! LACK ( AN ORGANIC 9SI<T 9 :I* ! BACKGR\ND ( EV5TS IS SE5 AS MU* A P>T ( ! FUTURE AS ! PRES5T4 

,FRANCO'S VICTORY 9 #aici DID NOT =M ! PRELUDE TO ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> AS !-HI/ORIANS TELL US4 ,IT M>K$ ! DEF9ITIVE 5D ( ! CLASSICAL WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTIONS :I* BEGAN 9 #ahdh ) ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION ( ! ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,/EP BY /EP1 EA* MAJOR ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY EXHAU/$ ?IS H]ITAGE1 A H]ITAGE FROM :I* TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM D]IV$ !IR HOPES & !IR !ORETICAL EQUIPM5T4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ALL ! LAT] FIREWORKS NOT)/&+1 ! H]ITAGE 5D$ ) ! FALL ( ! ,COMMUNE 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,!REAFT]1 ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT NEV] S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] AS A CLASS1 H[EV] !ATRICAL ITS P>TICIPATION 9 ! EV5TS ( ! ?IRTIES & ! SIXTIES4 ,9DE$1 AS A CLASS ITS ACTIVITY WAS SIPHON$ 9TO 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ P>TIES & UNIONS1 ORGANIZATIONS TO :I* IT HAS BE5 OB$I5T = MORE ?AN A C5TURY4 ,EV5TUALLY1 IT WAS NOT ,?I]S & HIS EXECUTION]S :O W]E TO BR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE ( ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS TO AN 5D1 BUT ! ADV5T ( MOD]N L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & ! P[]FUL DISCIPL9E IT EX]CIS$ UPON ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ?IS ]A WAS ALMO/ C]TA9LY OV] BY #a#i#b1 REVEAL+ ITSELF 9 ! ASSIMILATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ]A 5D$ ) ! CRU%+ ( ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,AM]ICA1 ! C5T] ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & MASS PRODUCTION-P> EXCELL5CE1 NEV] EV5 ROSE TO ! LEVEL ( A LABOR P>TY1 MU* LESS AN 9SURRECTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 

,MILITANCY & VIOL5CE %\LD NEV] BE CONFUS$ ) REVOLUTION>Y BEHAVIOR & REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,! ,AM]ICAN CLASS /RUGGLE HAS BE5 MILITANT 5\<1 BUT R>ELY HAS IT EVOLV$ TO ! LEVEL 9 :I* SIZABLE NUMB]S ( WORK]S W]E TO *ALL5GE ! SOCIAL ORD] ITSELF4 ,9DE$2 NEV] HAS IT RIS5 TO ! LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS :]E SELF-ACTIVITY C\LD YIELD ! PROMISE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T :I* WE ASSOCIATE ) A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,SPA9 ALONE C>RI$ ! CLASSICAL TRADITION WELL 9TO \R [N C5TURY4 ,H]E1 EV]Y CLASSICAL WORK+ CLASS' MOVEM5T1 9DE$ ALMO/ EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y SECT1 PLAY$ \T ITS PROGRAMMATIC ROLE ) GUNS 9 H&4 ,EA* EXHIBIT$ ITS POSSIBILITIES & LIMITATIONS )9 ! TRADITIONAL FRAMEWORK ?AT HAD BE5 CREAT$ BY ! #a#h#dS4 ,) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION A FULL HI/ORY ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM-:E!R SYNDICALI/ OR ,M>XI/1 LIB]T>IAN OR AU?ORIT>IAN-CAME TO AN 5D4 

,AS 9 ,FRANCE1 MOD]N 9DU/RY ) ITS CONCOMITANT %IFTS 9 POPULATION FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE TO ! CITIES1 ITS RE=MI/ WORK+ CLASS1 ITS M]G] ) ! /ATE1 ITS USE ( ECONOMIC CONTROLS1 ITS FO/]+ ( A TE*NOCRATIC S5SIBILITY & HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY1 & ITS WIDE COMM]CIAL BASE-ALL HAVE COMB9$ TO *ANGE ,SPA9 MORE PR(\NDLY 9 ! PA/ DECADE ?AN 9 ! PA/ C5TURY4 

,! EXT5T ( !SE *ANGES CAN BE 'MEASUR$ BY ! OCCUPATIONAL %IFTS )9 ! ,SPANI% POPULATION ITSELF4 ,SPA91 AS SE5 ?R\< ! PIC>ESQUE NOVELS ( ITS TRADITIONAL AU?ORS OR ! HAZY EYES ( ROMANTIC T\RI/S1 HAS LONG BE5 CATEGORIZ$ AS A HOPELESSLY PRE-9DU/RIAL NATION1 ALMO/ AS ?\< A TRADITIONAL NATIONAL TEMP]AM5T C\LD P]PETUALLY ,SURM\NT FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC REALITIES4 ,?IS VISION MI<T HAVE HAD SOME VALIDITY AS REC5TLY AS #a#i#f1 :5 AGRICULTURE WAS /ILL ! C\NTRY'S MAJOR ACTIVITY1 EMBRAC+ NE>LY #db P]C5T ( ! POPULATION4 ,)9 A M]E ,SPAN ( TWELVE ,YE>S1 ! %IFT FROM RURAL TO URBAN OCCUPATIONS HAS BE5 SPECTACUL>4 ,BY #a#i#g#b1 ONLY #bg P]C5T ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE W]E 9VOLV$ 9 AGRICULTURE & ! TR5D IS /ILL D[NW>D4 

,BY F> ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ,SPANI>DS >E N[ 5GAG$ 9 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 CON/RUCTION1 ,S]VICE ACTIVITIES1 MANAG]IAL TASKS1 PR(ESSIONAL WORK1 COMM]CE1 & GOV]NM5TAL RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,! GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT HAS BE5 9CREAS+ AT A RATE ( AB\T SEV5 TO EI<T P]C5T ANNUALLY4 ,=EIGN 9VE/M5T 9 ,SPA9 IS 5ORM\S4 

,DESPITE ! REC5T ECONOMIC SLUMP :I* R$UC$ ! LABOR =CE 9 ! ,AM]ICAN AUTO 9DU/RY BY ONE-?IRD1 ,=D CONT9U$ TO 9VE/ SOME @s#c#e MILLION 9 ITS 9/ALLATIONS 9 ,SPA94 ,AS ONE ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T (FICIAL REC5TLY OBS]V$3 0,SPA9 IS N[ ONE ( ! MO/ HEAVILY 9DU/RIALIZ$ NATIONS 9 ! WORLD40 

,! %IFT 9 ,SPA9 FROM AGRICULTURE TO 9DU/RY & COMM]CE HAS CREAT$ AN 5TIRELY NEW CON/ELLATION ( SOCIAL =CES ) NEW POLITICAL1 CULTURAL1 & TEMP]AM5TAL REALITIES4 ,SPA9 N[ POSSESSES A SUB/ANTIAL MANAG]IAL CLASS1 MORE ,AM]ICAN 9 ITS \TLOOK ?AN ,HISPANIC4 ,! ABRICIJO IS GIV+ WAY TO ! H&%AKE2 ! SIE/A TO ! LUN*EON4 

,SURR\ND+ ?IS MANAG]IAL CLASS IS A SUPPORTIVE >MY ( SALESM51 TE*NICIANS1 /ATI/ICAL ANALY/S2 ADV]TIS+ LEGM51 ACC\NTANTS1 BOOKKEEP]S1 SECRET>IES1 TYPI/S1 RECEPTIONI/S1 & CL]KS-ALL ORI5T$ T[>D ! ,SPANI% V]SION ( ! 0,AM]ICAN DREAM0 ( UPW>D MOBILITY & SUBURBAN AM5ITIES4 ,! SUSCEPTIBILITY ( ?IS SECTOR TO SOCIAL RADICALISM IS LIKELY TO BE M9IMAL1 IF NON-EXI/5T2 IT IS LIB]AL AT BE/ & BY NO MEANS TOTALLY B]EFT ( AU?ORIT>IAN PROCLIVITIES4 ,IT MAY DESIRE A MORE DEMOCRATIC =M ( GOV]NM5T 9 :I* TO VOICE ITS 9T]E/S1 BUT C]TA9LY ONE ?AT IS MOD]ATE1 PRUD5T1 & WELL-TAM$4 

,SU* A SECTOR DID NOT EXI/ ON A L>GE SCALE 9 ! ?IRTIES4 ,AS A SIZABLE P>T ( ! URBAN POPULATION1 IT IS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT BUFF] TO 0EXTREMISM40 ,! NEW MANAG]IAL CLASS & ! ASPIRANTS ?AT FOLL[ 9 ITS WAKE =M ! MASS BASE = A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y OR A REPUBLIC & W\LD 9 !MSELVES BE SUFFICI5T TO CU%ION ! %OCKWAVES ?AT PLUNG$ ,SPA9 9TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION =TY YE>S AGO4 

,MORE 5IGMATIC ?AN ! MANAG]IAL SECTOR IS ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS-! CLASS ?AT /ILL =MS ! GREAT HOPE ( ! ?IRTIES' G5]ATION ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,PYR5EES4 ,EXCEPT = ! ,BASQUE REGION1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFFICULT BY PRES5T-DAY /&>DS TO REG>D ?IS CLASS AS FULLY 9DU/RIALIZ$ =TY YE>S AGO4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 ! TEXTILE WORK]S :O W]E TO FILL ! RANKS ( ! ,C,N,T W]E L>GELY EMPLOY$ 9 %OPS ( LESS ?AN A HUNDR$ WORK]S [N$ AS FAMILY CONC]NS4 

,(T51 ! MO/ RADICAL ( !SE WORK]S W]E ( REC5T RURAL BACKGR\NDS1 AT MO/ A G5]ATION REMOV$ FROM A PEASANT OR CRAFTSMAN /ATUS4 ,A M>K$ T5SION BETWE5 ! 9TIMACY ( ! PUEBLO & ! ANONYMITY ( ! CITY1 BETWE5 WORK REGULAT$ BY ! SEASONS & WORK REGULAT$ BY ! CLOCK1 EXAC]BAT$ ! UBIQUIT\S MAT]IAL MIS]Y ?AT BURD5$ ,SPANI% LIFE & EVOK$ A FI]Y1 9T5SELY LIB]T>IAN RESPONSE4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ,MADRID1 A CITY COMPOS$ ( BUREAUCRATS1 RETAIL]S1 & CRAFTSM5 HAD A PR$OM9ANTLY ,SOCIALI/ 0PROLET>IAT40 ,! CON/RUCTION WORK]S 9 ! CAPITAL W]E MA9LY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,! ,B>CELONA WORK]S1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E MA9LY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S2 ! MORE PRIVILEG$ RAILROAD WORK]S & ! SKILL$ MA*9I/S 9 ! REPAIR %OPS T5D$ EV5 9 ,CATALONIA T[>D ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,ONE C\LD CLE>LY DEL9EATE BETWE5 A H]$IT>Y PROLET>IAT & A TRANSITIONAL ONE-! =M] DRIFT+ 9TO ,SOCIALI/ UNIONS1 ! LATT] 9TO AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ONES4 

,! ,SPANI% WORK]S ( ! SEV5TIES >E 9CREAS+LY ! CREATURES ( MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS-9 P>T1 TOO1 EMIGRE WORK]S :O HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ BY GIANT 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY4 ,DESPITE ! >DU\S NATURE ( !IR WORK & ! COMP>ATIVELY L[ WAGES !Y E>N1 !Y >E 9 A V]Y SIGNIFICANT S5SE A P>T ( ! 9DU/RIAL BUREAUCRACY ( MOD]N-DAY CAPITALISM4 

,UNLIKE ! OLD PATRONAL SY/EM :I* IMP>T$ A 0FACE0 & A C]TA9 COMPREH5SIBILITY TO ,SPANI% CAPITALISM1 ! MOD]N CORPORATE /RUCTURE IS ANONYM\S & TOTALLY B]EFT ( HUMAN SCALE4 ,TO ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S ( ! ?IRTIES1 0COLLECTIVIZATION0 ) ITS CONCOMITANT SY/EM ( SELF-MANAGEM5T AT ! BASE ( ! ECONOMY HAD AN AU!NTICALLY P]SONAL *>ACT]4 

,! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ DOCTR9ES /EMM$ 9 NO SMALL MEASURE FROM ITS TANGIBILITY & RELATION%IP TO EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE AT ! WORKPLACE4 ,! ,B>CELONA WORK]S ( ! SEV5TIES1 BY CONTRA/1 LIVE 9 A COMP>ATIVELY ATOMIZ$ WORLD ( 9DU/RIAL GIGANTISM :]E 0NATIONALIZATION0 IS LIKELY TO SEEM MORE 0REALI/IC0 & ! CONCEPT ( A WORK]S' /ATE MORE APPROPRIATE TO ! PREVAIL+ ECONOMY ?AN A /ATELESS SOCIETY4 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,I REG>D ! DISSOLUTION ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY 9TO ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATE WORLD AS ! LEA/ EVID5CE ( 0SOCIAL PROGRESS40 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,I HAVE NO ECOLOGICAL OR SOCIAL REASON = VIEW+ ?IS DEVELOPM5T AS ANY?+ O!R ?AN A PR(\ND RETROGRESSION ?AT W\LD S]VE ONLY TO RE9=CE HI]>*Y1 C5TRALIZATION1 /ATE-CONTROL1 & EV5TUALLY REPLACE ! T]ROR-RIDD5 BUT OV]T FASCISM ( ! ,FRANCO DICTATOR%IP BY ! 0FRI5DLY0 BUT CONCEAL$ FASCISM ( A TE*NOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP4 

,BUT ! FACT ( ?IS *ANGE MU/ BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO \R E/IMATE ( ,SPA9'S FUTURE DEVELOPM5T IF WE >E NOT TO CL\D \R VISION ) ILLUSORY HOPES4 ,V9C5TE ,ROMANO1 9 A RA!R NAIVE 9TRODUCTION TO A VOLUME ( DOCUM5TS BY ! ,SPANI% WORK]S' COMMISSIONS1 /RESSES ?AT 0ANY FUTURE F$]ATION ( ,SPANI% LABOR UNIONS WILL HAVE TO AB&ON ! OLD DIVISIONS :I* EXI/$ BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W> & WILL HAVE TO 9CLUDE ALL WORK]S )\T DI/9CTION AS TO !IR POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S BELIEFS40 

,?IS VIEW IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+4 ,IF IT REFLECTS ANY SIGNIFICANT T5D5CY )9 ! COMMISSIONS !MSELVES1 IT W\LD REPLACE ! 9T5SELY POLITICAL UNIONISM ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT ONCE SO RI* 9 ITS IDEALISM & S5SE ( SOCIAL COMMITM5T1 BY ! 0PURE-&-SIMPLE0 ECONOMI/IC UNIONISM ( ! ,AM]ICAN PROLET>IAT1 SO DEAD5+1 BUREAUCRATICALLY /ULTIFY+1 & HOPELESS 9 ITS SOCIAL PROSPECTS4 

,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T & ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T 9 ! ?IRTIES W]E S]I\S 5\<4 ,! TRAG$Y IS ?AT !SE DIFF]5CES W]E NOT C>RI$ F> 5\<-?AT ! ,C,N,T1 ) A NAIVETE ?AT (T5 SLIPP$ 9TO A GROSS BETRAYAL ( ITS [N PR9CIPLES1 SURR5D]$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y GOALS TO ! CAUSE ( 0PROLET>IAN UNITY40 

,IF ! ,SPANI% WORK]S FOLL[ ! PA? ( 0UNITY10 ECONOMISM1 & ORGANIZATIONAL C5TRALIZATION1 !Y WILL BEHAVE NO DIFF]5TLY ?AN ! WORK+ CLASS ELSE:]E4 ,ORGANIZATIONAL 0UNITY0 ON ?IS BASIS WILL S]VE ONLY TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE !M AS PILL>S ( A MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATE SOCIETY1 H[EV] MILITANTLY !Y /RUGGLE = !IR PRACTICAL DAY-TO-DAY 9T]E/S4 ,!IR ORGANIZATION WILL NO LONG] PRESUPPOSE A RADICAL *ANGE 9 SOCIETY2 RA!R1 IT WILL PRESUPPOSE PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE3 A /RUGGLE ) CAPITALISM1 NOT AGA9/ IT4 

,?IS K9D ( /RUGGLE IS 9TR9SICALLY A NEGOTIATABLE ONE ?AT OCCURS )9 ! P>AMET]S ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,AS TO ! PRE-CAPITALI/ RURAL ORIG9S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !Y WILL DISAPPE> ) ! PUEBLO ITSELF4 ,AGRIBUS9ESS LIES AS MU* 9 /ORE = ,SPA9 AS IT DOES = ,FRANCE-& ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRIBUS9ESS1 ! ]OSION ( ! PEASANTRY AS A =CE = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,ILLEGALITY ,ADVANTAGE\S TO ,C,P 

,A 0UNIFI$0 ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY BECOME ! CRY ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! LA/ MON?S ( ! 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>40 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT IT WAS A*IEV$1 IT B5EFIT$ NEI!R ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ SEGM5T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T NOR ! ,SOCIALI/1 BUT PRIM>ILY ! ,COMMUNI/4 ,TODAY1 A 0UNIFI$0 ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY BE CONTROLL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,ANO!R H>% FACT MU/ BE FAC$ CONC]N+ ,SPA93 BY NE>LY EV]Y ACC\NT AVAILABLE1-! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS ! BE/ ORGANIZ$ AS WELL AS ! BE/ F9ANC$ POLITICAL MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,ITS MEMB]%IP HAS BE5 E/IMAT$ TO BE AS HI< AS #h1 & IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY NOT LESS ?AN #c14 

,MEMB]%IP 9 AN ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION HAS A V]Y T5U\S MEAN+1 TO BE SURE1 & ! ,COMMUNI/S HAVE NOTORI\SLY 9FLAT$ !IR MEMB]%IP FIGURES 9 ALL !IR P>TIES4 ,BUT !RE DOES SEEM TO BE WIDESPREAD AGREEM5T1 EV5 AMONG OPPON5TS ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ?AT NO POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 9 ,SPA9 HAS COMP>ABLE P[] & RES\RCES4 

,ILLEGALITY ITSELF CONF]S ?IS ADVANTAGE ON ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 JU/ AS IT S]VES TO IMP>T A DEMOCRATIC1 NE>LY AN>*I/ *>ACT] TO ! ,WORK]S' ,COMMISSIONS4 ,! COMMUNI/S COMM& RES\RCES FROM ABROAD ?AT O!R POT5TIALLY L>G] ILLEGAL ORGANIZATIONS CLE>LY LACK4 ,!IR POSITION IS ALSO 5HANC$ BY ! AURA ( P[] ?AT EMANATES FROM !IR AFFILIATIONS ) ! 0,EA/]N ,BLOC0 9 ,EUROPE1 EV5 ?\< ! L>GE/ ( ! TWO ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 ,SPA9 OPPOS$ ! ,RUSSIAN 9VASION ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA & PROBABLY HAS V]Y LITTLE ACCESS TO ,SOVIET RES\RCES4 

,C5TRALIZ$1 FAIRLY WELL-KNIT1 & 0EFFICI5T10 ! ,COMMUNI/S (F] AN IMAGE ( CONSID]ABLE P[]1 AN IMAGE ?AT IS NOT )\T ATTRACTION TO MANY ,SPANI>DS :O HAVE BE5 TAU<T TO RESPECT P[] BY ! DICTATOR%IP ITSELF4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,WORK]S' ,COMMISSIONS 7:I* >E BY NO MEANS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S7 MU/ ADOPT DEC5TRALIZ$ =MS ( ORGANIZATION & LOOSE1 HI<LY DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES IF !Y >E TO MA9TA9 ! WIDESPREAD ADH]5CE !Y 5JOY 9 ,SPA9-/RUCTURES :I* POLITICAL P>TIES PRUD5TLY AVOID AS TOO LIB]T>IAN4 

,BETWE5 ! COMP>ATIVELY WELL-ORGANIZ$ ,COMMUNI/S & ! LOOSELY ORGANIZ$ ,WORK]S' ,COMMISSIONS1 ! ,SOCIALI/S1 REPUBLICANS1 CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/S1 & NATIONALI/IC P>TIES LIVE 9 A CONTRADICTORY REALITY4 ,C5TRALI/IC 9 !ORY1 !Y C>RY ON AN ILL-ORGANIZ$ EXI/5CE 9 REALITY4 

,ACCORD+LY ! ,COMMUNI/S HAVE BE5 BUOY$ TO ! TOP ( ! ILLEGAL POLITICAL WORLD ( ,SPA9-& ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE ! WORD 0POLITICAL0 BECAUSE ! ,WORK]S' ,COMMISSIONS & ! AN>*I/S FACE AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SITUATION-PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 NOT DESPITE IT4 

,CONSID]+ ! SIZE ( ! MANAG]IAL1 PR(ESSIONAL1 & :ITE COLL> SECTORS ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY1 ,I /RONGLY D\BT IF ! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD BE NE>LY AS /RONG AS !Y >E TODAY IF ORGANIZATIONS ?AT APPEAL TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES W]E FREE TO FUNCTION 9 ,SPA94 ,IT REMA9S SUPREMELY IRONICAL ?AT ,FRANCO'S 0CRUSADE AGA9/ COMMUNISM0 HAS ULTIMATELY DONE MORE TO E/ABLI% ! ,COMMUNI/S AS ! L>GE/ POLITICAL GR\P+ 9 ,SPA9 ?AN ANY O!R S+LE FACTOR AP>T FROM ,RUSSIAN 0AID0 DUR+ ! #a#i#c#f-#c#i P]IOD4 

,! ,WORK]S' ,COMMISSIONS >E L>GE1 AN>*IC 9 /RUCTURE1 & TOO NAIVE 9 !IR ATTITUDE T[>D H>D5$ POLITICALS LIKE ! ,COMMUNI/S TO REALIZE ! DANG]S ?AT >E IMPLICIT 9 !IR CRY = 0UNITY40 ,!Y DO NOT PR(ESS TO BE A SUB/ITUTE = AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ TRADE UNION F$]ATION4 

,9 ! EV5T ?AT !Y W]E LEGALIZ$1 !Y W\LD BECOME A BATTLEGR\ND = CONFLICT+ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 SU* AS ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ,SOCIALI/S1 ,CA?OLICS & AN>*I/S4 

,! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O >E (T5 MI/AK5LY BELIEV$ TO 0CONTROL0 ! COMMISSIONS1 REPORT$LY HAVE BE5 V]Y MU* DISCR$IT$ DUE TO ! P>TY'S FAILURE TO SUPPORT ! REC5T ,BASQUE G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S SEEM TO HAVE MU* LESS 9FLU5CE AMONG ! ,SPANI% WORK]S ?AN ! PRESS HAS L$ US TO BELIEVE1 AL?\< !Y & ! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD SEEM TO BE ! MO/ LIKELY HEIR ( ! COMMISSIONS-9 %ORT1 A ,FR5*-/YL$ UNION MOVEM5T1 RHETORICALLY RADICAL1 BUT PRAGMATICALLY RE=MI/ & BUREAUCRATIC4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 H[EV]1 ! TRADITIONAL ,P,S,O,E 7,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY1 TO USE ! (FICIAL NAME ( ! ORGANIZATION7 IS 9 CONSID]ABLE DIS>RAY & ITS CAPACITY TO 9FLU5CE ,SPANI% EV5TS DEP5DS HEAVILY UPON ITS LEGALIZATION4 

,AN>*ISM ,PROSP]S ,AGA9 

,! GREAT UNKN[N 9 ,SPA9 IS ! SIZE & 9FLU5CE ( ! AN>*I/ GR\PS4 ,! ,AM]ICAN PRESS & ! RESPECTABLE ANTI-,FRANCO JUNTAS ?AT HAVE BE5 SOLICIT+ GOV]NM5TS & ! PUBLIC = F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE >E PAT5TLY UNWILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE ANY AN>*I/ PRES5CE 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL EVID5CE ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES LIT]ALLY EXPLODES 9 ! =M ( DRAMATIC AT5TADOS4 ,EV5 AN>*I/S ABROAD HAD BEGUN TO DESPAIR ?AT ! MEMORY ( AN IMM5SE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! '?IRTIES HAD ANY MEAN+ = ,SPA9 9 ! 'SEV5TIES4 

,AS REC5TLY AS A FEW WEEKS AGO1 ! MO/ PESSIMI/IC ACC\NTS ,I HE>D D5I$ ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 SU* TRADITIONAL C5T]S ( AN>*ISM AS ,B>CELONA & ,Z>AGOZA4 ,OCCASIONAL ACTIONS BY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S SEEM$ TO BE LITTLE MORE ?AN EPISODIC EV5TS1 C>RI$ (F BY SMALL DESP]ATE GR\PS :I* HAD FILT]$ 9 FROM ,FRANCE4 

,!RE IS N[ EVID5CE ?AT ?IS IMAGE IS 9ACCURATE4 ,REC5T POLICE R\NDUPS ( SCORES ( AN>*I/S REVEAL ?AT ! SIZE & C]TA9LY ! 9FLU5CE ( ! MOVEM5T HAS BE5 GREATLY UND]E/IMAT$4 ,AL?\< ,I HAVE HE>D 5\< CONFLICT+ OP9IONS TO WOND] :E!R ?IS MOVEM5T IS V]Y L>GE OR V]Y SMALL1 ,I AM QUITE CONV9C$ FROM ! POLICE >RE/S ?AT AN 9DIG5\S SUB/RATA )9 ,SPA9 N\RI%ES AN>*I/ ACTIVITY & ORGANIZATION4 

,IT W\LD 9DE$ BE SURPRIS+ ?AT A ,C,N,T OR AT LEA/ ,C,N,T NUCLEI DO NOT EXI/ 9 ,SPANI% FACTORIES & VILLAGES4 ,ACKN[L$GM5T ( ,C,N,T ACTIVITY APPE>S EV5 9 ,WORK]S' ,COMMISSION DOCUM5TS ,I HAVE READ4 ,IT IS ALSO CLE> ?AT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! 09T]IOR0 IS V]Y FRAGM5T$ 9 T]MS ( ITS IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE4 ,IT IS DIVID$ BETWE5 ! EXILES ABROAD & ! 0ILLEGALS0 9 ,SPA92 BETWE5 0OLD TIM]S0 & Y\?2 BETWE5 ?OSE :O EMPHASIZE PROPAG&A & O!RS :O DEM& ACTION2 BETWE5 LIB]T>IANS :O FEEL ?AT MANY ,M>XIAN CONCEPTS CAN NO LONG] BE IGNOR$ & ! ADH]5TS ( A L>GELY MORAL ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,F9ALLY1 IT IS DIVID$ BETWE5 ?OSE :O WI% TO RETA9 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ DOCTR9E 9 ALL ITS OR?ODOXY & 9DIVIDUALS :O BELIEVE ?AT TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM MU/ BE TRANSC5D$ BY A NEW =M ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,! DIVISIONS BETWE5 ! EXILES & 9DIG5\S GR\PS OR ! OLD & Y\NG >E !MSELVES QUITE TRADITIONAL & OCCURR$ ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,! NE$ TO P]PETUATE OR?ODOXY OR TRANSC5D IT 9 ! FACE ( HI/ORIC SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS-?IS1 QUITE ASIDE FROM ! OLD BATTLE BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y PURISM & RE=MI/ ACCOMMODATION-IS ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ( ALL4 ,[+ TO ! ILLEGAL NATURE ( ! MOVEM5T1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E :E!R ! TR5D AWAY FROM OR?ODOXY IS N\RI%$ BY ,MAOI/ OR ,NEW ,LEFT 9FLU5CES4 

,UNLIKE O!R WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 ,SPA9 HAS HAD ONLY A SUP]FICIAL CONTACT ) ! ,NEW ,LEFT CONCEPTS ( ! SIXTIES4 ,! ILLEGALITY ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & ! POLITICAL *>ACT] ( MANY /RIKES HAS MADE ! ,SPANI% ,LEFT HI<LY WORK+-CLASS ORI5T$4 ,CRITIQUES ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T SO COMMON 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E NOT READILY ACCEPT$ BY ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 

,5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE IS ATTA*$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS 9 *ANG+ ,SPANI% SOCIETY-NOT M]ELY BY LEFT & C5T] ORGANIZATIONS BUT EV5 BY 05LI<T5$0 SECTORS ( ! B\RGEOISIE :I* SEE AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T AS A SAFETY VALVE 9 PREV5T+ AN AVOIDABLE CLASS W>4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! PRIM>Y RE=M 9 ,SPA9 IS SE5 TO BE NOT M]ELY ! LEGALIZATION ( 0RESPONSIBLE0 POLITICAL P>TIES1 BUT MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 0RESPONSIBLE0 TRADE UNIONS4 ,I SUSPECT ?AT EV5 A WELL GROOM$ SYNDICALI/ F$]ATION W\LD BE ACCEPTABLE1 A F$]ATION ?AT W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY R5D] A MILITANT REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9CONSEQU5TIAL4 

,U4,S4 ,PROPS ,FASCISM 

,! GREATE/ S+LE PROP TO ! ,FRANCO DICTATOR%IP HAS BE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE REMA9 MORE DEEPLY IMPLICAT$ 9 ,SPANI% DEVELOPM5TS ?AN ANY O!R 9 ! WORLD4 ,AM]ICAN AID RESCU$ ! DICTATOR%IP DUR+ ITS MO/ DIFFICULT P]IOD 9 ! FIFTIES :5 ! P59SULA MOV$ CLOS] TO REVOLUTION ?AN AT ANY TIME S9CE #a#i#c#f4 ,AM]ICAN 9VE/M5TS & T\RISM N\RI%$ ! DICTATOR%IP ?R\<\T ! SIXTIES4 ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y BASES 9 ,SPA9 REM9D ! PEOPLE ?AT ! REGIME HAS RES]VES OV] & BEYOND ITS POLICE & >M$ =CES UPON :I* IT CAN CALL 9 ! EV5T ( ANY DECISIVE CRISIS4 

,9DE$1 ,AM]ICAN & ,SPANI% MILIT>Y =CES HAVE TRA9$ TOGE!R & VAGUE CLAUSES 9 ! MILIT>Y AGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! TWO C\NTRIES ALL[ = >M$ ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 9 ,SPANI% 9T]NAL AFFAIRS4 ,VISITS BY ,NIXON & ,=D HAVE RE9=C$ ,FRANCO'S SAGG+ PRE/IGE 9 PREC>I\S P]IODS ( ! DICTATOR'S RULE4 

,TODAY1 ! ONE FEATURE ?AT VITIATES ANY MEAN+FUL ANALYSIS ( ,SPANI% CONDITIONS IS A GNAW+ S5SE ( UNC]TA9TY4 ,WE KN[ FROM ! =EIGN PRESS ?AT POPUL> RESI/ANCE OCCURS DAILY & ON A WIDESPREAD SCALE4 ,BUT ! TRUE RELATION%IP ( =CES )9 ! >MY1 ! *UR*1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! NATIONAL GR\PS1 & ! RESI/ANCE ORGANIZATIONS HAS BE5 EFFECTIVELY OBSCUR$ BY ! REGIME4 

,AS LONG AS ! FREE EXPRESSION ( IDEAS IS =BIDD5 ALL ! /RATA ?AT COMPOSE ,SPANI% SOCIETY & ! GR\PS ?AT PR(ESS TO SPEAK 9 !IR NAME DO NOT EV5 KN[ !IR [N /R5G? & 9FLU5CE4 

,?IS S5SE ( MUTUAL IGNORANCE1 SU/A9$ P>TLY BY ! LEGITIMATION ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GIVES TO ! REGIME1 REPRES5TS A V]Y EXPLOSIVE FACTOR 9 ,SPANI% SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT MAKES ANY EF=T TO V5TURE A PROGNOSIS AB\T ! C\RSE ( EV5TS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS LABYR9?9E 0TRANSITION01 ,SPA9 C\LD WELL TAKE A BLOODY TURN-BY NO MEANS ONE ?AT W\LD FAVOR ! ,LEFT-?AT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 =ESE5 A FEW YE>S E>LI]4 ,! CONVICTION :I* ,I DEVELOP$ DUR+ A VISIT TO ,SPA9 SOME EI<T YE>S AGO1 NOTABLY ?AT ! PEOPLE HAD BE5-TOO EMBITT]$ BY ! SLAU<T] ( ! ?IRTIES TO SLIP 9TO CIVIL W>1 IS NO LONG] A C]TA9TY4 ,A FRI5D WELL 9=M$ ON ,SPANI% CONDITIONS REM9DS ME ?AT SIXTY P]C5T ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE TODAY HAVE NO MEMORY ( ! CONFLICT4 

,MILITANCY HAS REPLAC$ RE/RA9T AMONG Y\NG ,SPANI>DS & ! RE/LESS NATIONAL GR\PS4 ,IT W\LD BE WRONG TO BELIEVE ?AT A BLOODY CLA% )9 ,SPA9 IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! ,SPANI>DS >E NO LONG] ! DEFEAT$ PEOPLE ( ! =TIES1 NOR DO ! W>N+S ( !-PREVI\S G5]ATION C>RY ANY WEI<T 9 ! =MULATION ( POPUL> DECISIONS4 

,TEMPO IS N[ EV]Y?+4 ,! TICK+ ( ! CLOCK HAS REPLAC$ ! 0PROV]BIAL0 TOLL+ ( ! BELLS4 ,) EA* PASS+ WEEK1 GRIM FRU/RATIONS >E TURN+ 9TO AGGRESSIVE ANG]4 ,IT W\LD BE IRONICAL 9DE$ IF ,SPA91 A C\NTRY 9 :I* ELEM5T>Y B\RGEOIS FRE$OMS W\LD PROBABLY SUFFICE TO REMOVE ! ?REAT ( A POPUL> UPRIS+1 EXPLOD$ 9 REVOLT-NOT BECAUSE ! REGIME1 FOLL[+ 9 ,FRANCO'S FOOT/EPS1 ACT$ TOO =CEFULLY1 BUT BECAUSE IT ACT$ TOO LATE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,NOTES ON ! ,DEA? ( ,FRANCO -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,NOTES ON ! ,DEA? ( ,FRANCO -- ,UPDAT$4 

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