,( ,FLY+ ,C>S & ! ,DECL9+ ,RATE ( ,PR(IT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,A SECRET QUE/ION HOV]S OV] US1 A S5SE ( DISAPPO9TM5T1 A BROK5 PROMISE WE W]E GIV5 AS *ILDR5 AB\T :AT \R ADULT WORLD WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE LIKE4 ,I AM REF]R+ NOT TO ! /&>D FALSE PROMISES ?AT *ILDR5 >E ALWAYS GIV5 7AB\T H[ ! WORLD IS FAIR1 OR H[ ?OSE :O WORK H>D %ALL BE REW>D$71 BUT TO A P>TICUL> G5]ATIONAL PROMISE--GIV5 TO ?OSE :O W]E *ILDR5 9 ! FIFTIES1 SIXTIES1 SEV5TIES1 OR EI<TIES--ONE ?AT WAS NEV] QUITE >TICULAT$ AS A PROMISE BUT RA!R AS A SET ( ASSUMPTIONS AB\T :AT \R ADULT WORLD W\LD BE LIKE4 ,& S9CE IT WAS NEV] QUITE PROMIS$1 N[ ?AT IT HAS FAIL$ TO COME TRUE1 WE'RE LEFT CONFUS$3 9DIGNANT1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 EMB>RASS$ AT \R [N 9DIGNATION1 A%AM$ WE W]E EV] SO SILLY TO BELIEVE \R ELD]S TO BEG9 )4 

,:]E1 9 %ORT1 >E ! FLY+ C>S8 ,:]E >E ! =CE FIELDS1 TRACTOR BEAMS1 TELEPORTATION PODS1 ANTIGRAVITY SL$S1 TRICORD]S1 IMMORTALITY DRUGS1 COLONIES ON ,M>S1 & ALL ! O!R TE*NOLOGICAL WOND]S ANY *ILD GR[+ UP 9 ! MID-TO-LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY ASSUM$ W\LD EXI/ BY N[8 ,EV5 ?OSE 9V5TIONS ?AT SEEM$ READY TO EM]GE--LIKE CLON+ OR CRYOG5ICS--5D$ UP BETRAY+ !IR L(TY PROMISES4 ,:AT HAPP5$ TO !M8 

,WE >E WELL 9=M$ ( ! WOND]S ( COMPUT]S1 AS IF ?IS IS SOME SORT ( UNANTICIPAT$ COMP5SATION1 BUT1 9 FACT1 WE HAV5'T MOV$ EV5 COMPUT+ TO ! PO9T ( PROGRESS ?AT PEOPLE 9 ! FIFTIES EXPECT$ WE'D HAVE REA*$ BY N[4 ,WE DON'T HAVE COMPUT]S WE CAN HAVE AN 9T]E/+ CONV]SATION )1 OR ROBOTS ?AT CAN WALK \R DOGS OR TAKE \R CLO!S TO ! ,LAUNDROMAT4 

,AS SOMEONE :O WAS EI<T YE>S OLD AT ! TIME ( ! ,APOLLO MOON L&+1 ,I REMEMB] CALCULAT+ ?AT ,I W\LD BE ?IRTY-N9E 9 ! MAGIC YE> #b & WOND]+ :AT ! WORLD W\LD BE LIKE4 ,DID ,I EXPECT ,I W\LD BE LIV+ 9 SU* A WORLD ( WOND]S8 ,( C\RSE4 ,EV]YONE DID4 ,DO ,I FEEL *EAT$ N[8 ,IT SEEM$ UNLIKELY ?AT ,I'D LIVE TO SEE ALL ! ?+S ,I WAS READ+ AB\T 9 SCI5CE FICTION1 BUT IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO ME ?AT ,I W\LDN'T SEE ANY ( !M4 

,AT ! TURN ( ! MILL5NIUM1 ,I WAS EXPECT+ AN \TP\R+ ( REFLECTIONS ON :Y WE HAD GOTT5 ! FUTURE ( TE*NOLOGY SO WRONG4 ,9/EAD1 JU/ AB\T ALL ! AU?ORITATIVE VOICES--BO? ,LEFT & ,RI<T--BEGAN !IR REFLECTIONS FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT WE DO LIVE 9 AN UNPREC$5T$ NEW TE*NOLOGICAL UTOPIA ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 

,! COMMON WAY ( DEAL+ ) ! UNEASY S5SE ?AT ?IS MI<T NOT BE SO IS TO BRU% IT ASIDE1 TO 9SI/ ALL ! PROGRESS ?AT C\LD HAVE HAPP5$ HAS HAPP5$ & TO TREAT ANY?+ MORE AS SILLY4 0,OH1 Y\ MEAN ALL ?AT ,JETSONS /UFF80 ,I'M ASK$--AS IF TO SAY1 BUT ?AT WAS JU/ = *ILDR56 ,SURELY1 AS GR[N-UPS1 WE UND]/& ,! ,JETSONS (F]$ AS ACCURATE A VIEW ( ! FUTURE AS ,! ,FL9T/ONES (F]$ ( ! ,/ONE ,AGE4 

,EV5 9 ! SEV5TIES & EI<TIES1 9 FACT1 SOB] S\RCES SU* AS ,NATIONAL ,GEOGRAPHIC & ! ,SMI?SONIAN W]E 9=M+ *ILDR5 ( IMM95T SPACE /ATIONS & EXP$ITIONS TO ,M>S4 ,CREATORS ( SCI5CE FICTION MOVIES US$ TO COME UP ) CONCRETE DATES1 (T5 NO MORE ?AN A G5]ATION 9 ! FUTURE1 9 :I* TO PLACE !IR FUTURI/IC FANTASIES4 ,9 #a#i#f#h1 ,/ANLEY ,KUBRICK FELT ?AT A MOVIEGO+ AUDI5CE W\LD F9D IT P]FECTLY NATURAL TO ASSUME ?AT ONLY ?IRTY-?REE YE>S LAT]1 9 #b#a1 WE W\LD HAVE COMM]CIAL MOON FLI<TS1 CITY-LIKE SPACE /ATIONS1 & COMPUT]S ) HUMAN P]SONALITIES MA9TA9+ A/RONAUTS 9 SUSP5D$ ANIMATION :ILE TRAVEL+ TO ,JUPIT]4 ,VIDEO TELEPHONY IS JU/ AB\T ! ONLY NEW TE*NOLOGY FROM ?AT P>TICUL> MOVIE ?AT HAS APPE>$--& IT WAS TE*NICALLY POSSIBLE :5 ! MOVIE WAS %[+4 #ba CAN BE SE5 AS A CURIO1 BUT :AT AB\T ,/> ,TREK8 ,! ,/> ,TREK MY?OS WAS SET 9 ! SIXTIES1 TOO1 BUT ! %[ KEPT GETT+ REVIV$1 LEAV+ AUDI5CES = ,/> ,TREK ,VOYAG] 91 SAY1 #b#e1 TO TRY TO FIGURE \T :AT TO MAKE ( ! FACT ?AT ACCORD+ TO ! LOGIC ( ! PROGRAM1 ! WORLD WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE RECOV]+ FROM FI<T+ (F ! RULE ( G5ETICALLY 5G9E]$ SUP]M5 9 ! ,EUG5ICS ,W>S ( ! N9ETIES4 

,BY #a#i#h#i1 :5 ! CREATORS ( ,BACK TO ! ,FUTURE ,I,I W]E DUTIFULLY PLAC+ FLY+ C>S & ANTI-GRAVITY HOV]BO>DS 9 ! H&S ( ORD9>Y TE5AG]S 9 ! YE> #b#a#e1 IT WASN'T CLE> IF ?IS WAS MEANT AS A PR$ICTION OR A JOKE4 

,! USUAL MOVE 9 SCI5CE FICTION IS TO REMA9 VAGUE AB\T ! DATES1 SO AS TO R5D] 0! FUTURE0 A ZONE ( PURE FANTASY1 NO DIFF]5T ?AN ,MIDDLE ,E>? OR ,N>NIA1 OR LIKE ,/> ,W>S1 0A LONG TIME AGO 9 A GALAXY F>1 F> AWAY40 ,AS A RESULT1 \R SCI5CE FICTION FUTURE IS1 MO/ (T51 NOT A FUTURE AT ALL1 BUT MORE LIKE AN ALT]NATIVE DIM5SION1 A DREAM-TIME1 A TE*NOLOGICAL ,ELSE:]E1 EXI/+ 9 DAYS TO COME 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ELVES & DRAGON-SLAY]S EXI/$ 9 ! PA/--ANO!R SCRE5 = ! DISPLACEM5T ( MORAL DRAMAS & MY?IC FANTASIES 9TO ! DEAD 5DS ( CONSUM] PLEASURE4 

,MI<T ! CULTURAL S5SIBILITY ?AT CAME TO BE REF]R$ TO AS PO/MOD]NISM BE/ BE SE5 AS A PROLONG$ M$ITATION ON ALL ! TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES ?AT NEV] HAPP5$8 ,! QUE/ION /RUCK ME AS ,I WAT*$ ONE ( ! REC5T ,/> ,W>S MOVIES4 ,! MOVIE WAS T]RIBLE1 BUT ,I C\LDN'T HELP BUT FEEL IMPRESS$ BY ! QUALITY ( ! SPECIAL EFFECTS4 ,RECALL+ ! CLUMSY SPECIAL EFFECTS TYPICAL ( FIFTIES SCI-FI FILMS1 ,I KEPT ?9K+ H[ IMPRESS$ A FIFTIES AUDI5CE W\LD HAVE BE5 IF !Y'D KN[N :AT WE C\LD DO BY N[--ONLY TO REALIZE1 0,ACTUALLY1 NO4 ,!Y W\LDN'T BE IMPRESS$ AT ALL1 W\LD !Y8 ,!Y ?\<T WE'D BE DO+ ?IS K9D ( ?+ BY N[4 ,NOT JU/ FIGUR+ \T MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ WAYS TO SIMULATE IT40 

,?AT LA/ WORD--SIMULATE--IS KEY4 ,! TE*NOLOGIES ?AT HAVE ADVANC$ S9CE ! SEV5TIES >E MA9LY EI!R M$ICAL TE*NOLOGIES OR 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES--L>GELY1 TE*NOLOGIES ( SIMULATION4 ,!Y >E TE*NOLOGIES ( :AT ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D & ,UMB]TO ,ECO CALL$ ! 0HYP]-REAL10 ! ABILITY TO MAKE IMITATIONS ?AT >E MORE REALI/IC ?AN ORIG9ALS4 ,! PO/MOD]N S5SIBILITY1 ! FEEL+ ?AT WE HAD SOMEH[ BROK5 9TO AN UNPREC$5T$ NEW HI/ORICAL P]IOD 9 :I* WE UND]/OOD ?AT !RE IS NO?+ NEW2 ?AT GR& HI/ORICAL N>RATIVES ( PROGRESS & LIB]ATION W]E MEAN+LESS2 ?AT EV]Y?+ N[ WAS SIMULATION1 IRONIC REPETITION1 FRAGM5TATION1 & PA/I*E--ALL ?IS MAKES S5SE 9 A TE*NOLOGICAL 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ! ONLY BREAK?R\<S W]E ?OSE ?AT MADE IT EASI] TO CREATE1 TRANSF]1 & RE>RANGE VIRTUAL PROJECTIONS ( ?+S ?AT EI!R ALREADY EXI/$1 OR1 WE CAME TO REALIZE1 NEV] W\LD4 ,SURELY1 IF WE W]E VACATION+ 9 GEODESIC DOMES ON ,M>S OR TOT+ AB\T POCKET-SIZE NUCLE> FUSION PLANTS OR TELEK9ETIC M9D-READ+ DEVICES NO ONE W\LD EV] HAVE BE5 TALK+ LIKE ?IS4 ,! PO/MOD]N MOM5T WAS A DESP]ATE WAY TO TAKE :AT C\LD O!RWISE ONLY BE FELT AS A BITT] DISAPPO9TM5T & TO DRESS IT UP AS SOME?+ EPO*AL1 EXCIT+1 & NEW4 

,9 ! E>LIE/ =MULATIONS1 :I* L>GELY CAME \T ( ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION1 A LOT ( ?IS TE*NOLOGICAL BACKGR\ND WAS ACKN[L$G$4 ,FR$RIC ,JAMESON'S 0,PO/MOD]NISM1 OR ! ,CULTURAL ,LOGIC ( ,LATE ,CAPITALISM0 PROPOS$ ! T]M 0PO/MOD]NISM0 TO REF] TO ! CULTURAL LOGIC APPROPRIATE TO A NEW1 TE*NOLOGICAL PHASE ( CAPITALISM1 ONE ?AT HAD BE5 H]ALD$ BY ,M>XI/ ECONOMI/ ,]NE/ ,M&EL AS E>LY AS #a#i#g#b4 ,M&EL HAD >GU$ ?AT HUMANITY /OOD AT ! V]GE ( A 0?IRD TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION10 AS PR(\ND AS ! ,AGRICULTURAL OR ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 9 :I* COMPUT]S1 ROBOTS1 NEW 5]GY S\RCES1 & NEW 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES W\LD REPLACE 9DU/RIAL LABOR--! 05D ( WORK0 AS IT SOON CAME TO BE CALL$--R$UC+ US ALL TO DESIGN]S & COMPUT] TE*NICIANS COM+ UP ) CRAZY VISIONS ?AT CYB]NETIC FACTORIES W\LD PRODUCE4 

,5D ( WORK >GUM5TS W]E POPUL> 9 ! LATE SEV5TIES & E>LY EI<TIES AS SOCIAL ?9K]S POND]$ :AT W\LD HAPP5 TO ! TRADITIONAL WORK+-CLASS-L$ POPUL> /RUGGLE ONCE ! WORK+ CLASS NO LONG] EXI/$4 7,! ANSW]3 IT W\LD TURN 9TO ID5TITY POLITICS47 ,JAMESON ?\<T ( HIMSELF AS EXPLOR+ ! =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS & HI/ORICAL S5SIBILITIES LIKELY TO EM]GE FROM ?IS NEW AGE4 

,:AT HAPP5$1 9/EAD1 IS ?AT ! SPREAD ( 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES & NEW WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ TRANSPORT--! CONTA9]IZATION ( %IPP+1 = EXAMPLE--ALL[$ ?OSE SAME 9DU/RIAL JOBS TO BE \TS\RC$ TO ,EA/ ,ASIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & O!R C\NTRIES :]E ! AVAILABILITY ( *EAP LABOR ALL[$ MANUFACTUR]S TO EMPLOY MU* LESS TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ PRODUCTION-L9E TE*NIQUES ?AN !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO EMPLOY AT HOME4 

,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ?OSE LIV+ 9 ,EUROPE1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & ,JAPAN1 ! RESULTS DID SEEM TO BE MU* AS PR$ICT$4 ,SMOKE/ACK 9DU/RIES DID DISAPPE>2 JOBS CAME TO BE DIVID$ BETWE5 A L[] /RATUM ( S]VICE WORK]S & AN UPP] /RATUM SITT+ 9 ANTISEPTIC BUBBLES PLAY+ ) COMPUT]S4 ,BUT BEL[ IT ALL LAY AN UNEASY AW>5ESS ?AT ! PO/WORK CIVILIZATION WAS A GIANT FRAUD4 ,\R C>EFULLY 5G9E]$ HI<-TE* SNEAK]S W]E NOT BE+ PRODUC$ BY 9TELLIG5T CYBORGS OR SELF-REPLICAT+ MOLECUL> NANOTE*NOLOGY2 !Y W]E BE+ MADE ON ! EQUIVAL5T ( OLD-FA%ION$ ,S+] SEW+ MA*9ES1 BY ! DAU<T]S ( ,MEXICAN & ,9DONESIAN F>M]S :O1 AS ! RESULT ( ,W,T,O OR ,N,A,F,T,A-SPONSOR$ TRADE DEALS1 HAD BE5 \/$ FROM !IR ANCE/RAL L&S4 ,IT WAS A GUILTY AW>5ESS ?AT LAY B5EA? ! PO/MOD]N S5SIBILITY & ITS CELEBRATION ( ! 5DLESS PLAY ( IMAGES & SURFACES4 

,:Y DID ! PROJECT$ EXPLOSION ( TE*NOLOGICAL GR[? EV]YONE WAS EXPECT+--! MOON BASES1 ! ROBOT FACTORIES--FAIL TO HAPP58 ,!RE >E TWO POSSIBILITIES4 ,EI!R \R EXPECTATIONS AB\T ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE W]E UNREALI/IC 79 :I* CASE1 WE NE$ TO KN[ :Y SO MANY 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE BELIEV$ !Y W]E NOT7 OR \R EXPECTATIONS W]E NOT UNREALI/IC 79 :I* CASE1 WE NE$ TO KN[ :AT HAPP5$ TO D]AIL SO MANY CR$IBLE IDEAS & PROSPECTS74 

,MO/ SOCIAL ANALY/S *OOSE ! FIR/ EXPLANATION & TRACE ! PROBLEM TO ! ,COLD ,W> SPACE RACE4 ,:Y1 !SE ANALY/S WOND]1 DID BO? ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BECOME SO OBSESS$ ) ! IDEA ( MANN$ SPACE TRAVEL8 ,IT WAS NEV] AN EFFICI5T WAY TO 5GAGE 9 SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,& IT 5C\RAG$ UNREALI/IC IDEAS ( :AT ! HUMAN FUTURE W\LD BE LIKE4 

,C\LD ! ANSW] BE ?AT BO? ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD BE51 9 ! C5TURY BE=E1 SOCIETIES ( PIONE]S1 ONE EXP&+ ACROSS ! ,WE/]N FRONTI]1 ! O!R ACROSS ,SIB]IA8 ,DIDN'T !Y %>E A COMMITM5T TO ! MY? ( A LIMITLESS1 EXPANSIVE FUTURE1 ( HUMAN COLONIZATION ( VA/ EMPTY SPACES1 ?AT HELP$ CONV9CE ! LEAD]S ( BO? SUP]P[]S !Y HAD 5T]$ 9TO A 0SPACE AGE0 9 :I* !Y W]E BATTL+ OV] CONTROL ( ! FUTURE ITSELF8 ,ALL SORTS ( MY?S W]E AT PLAY H]E1 NO D\BT1 BUT ?AT PROVES NO?+ AB\T ! FEASIBILITY ( ! PROJECT4 

,SOME ( ?OSE SCI5CE FICTION FANTASIES 7AT ?IS PO9T WE CAN'T KN[ :I* ONES7 C\LD HAVE BE5 BR\<T 9TO BE+4 ,= E>LI] G5]ATIONS1 MANY SCI5CE FICTION FANTASIES HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO BE+4 ,?OSE :O GREW UP AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY READ+ ,JULES ,V]NE OR ,H4,G4 ,WELLS IMAG9$ ! WORLD (1 SAY1 #aif ) FLY+ MA*9ES1 ROCKET %IPS1 SUBM>9ES1 RADIO1 & TELEVISION--& ?AT WAS PRETTY MU* :AT !Y GOT4 ,IF IT WASN'T UNREALI/IC 9 #ai TO DREAM ( M5 TRAVEL+ TO ! MOON1 !N :Y WAS IT UNREALI/IC 9 ! SIXTIES TO DREAM ( JET-PACKS & ROBOT LAUNDRY-MAIDS8 

,9 FACT1 EV5 AS ?OSE DREAMS W]E BE+ \TL9$1 ! MAT]IAL BASE = !IR A*IEVEM5T WAS BEG9N+ TO BE :ITTL$ AWAY4 ,!RE IS REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT EV5 BY ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES1 ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION WAS SL[+ D[N FROM ! HEADY PACE ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! C5TURY4 ,!RE WAS A LA/ SPATE 9 ! FIFTIES :5 MICR[AVE OV5S 7#a#i#e#d71 ! ,PILL 7#a#i#e#g71 & LAS]S 7#a#i#e#h7 ALL APPE>$ 9 RAPID SUCCESSION4 ,BUT S9CE !N1 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE TAK5 ! =M ( CLEV] NEW WAYS ( COMB9+ EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES 7AS 9 ! SPACE RACE7 & NEW WAYS ( PUTT+ EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES TO CONSUM] USE 7! MO/ FAM\S EXAMPLE IS TELEVISION1 9V5T$ 9 #a#i#b#f1 BUT MASS PRODUC$ ONLY AFT] ! W>47 ,YET1 9 P>T BECAUSE ! SPACE RACE GAVE EV]YONE ! IMPRESSION ?AT REM>KABLE ADVANCES W]E HAPP5+1 ! POPUL> IMPRESSION DUR+ ! SIXTIES WAS ?AT ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE WAS SPE$+ UP 9 T]RIFY+1 UNCONTROLLABLE WAYS4 

,ALV9 ,T(FL]'S #aig BE/ SELL] ,FUTURE ,%OCK >GU$ ?AT ALMO/ ALL ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( ! SIXTIES C\LD BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! 9CREAS+ PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE4 ,! 5DLESS \TP\R+ ( SCI5TIFIC BREAK?R\<S TRANS=M$ ! GR\NDS ( DAILY EXI/5CE1 & LEFT ,AM]ICANS )\T ANY CLE> IDEA ( :AT NORMAL LIFE WAS4 ,JU/ CONSID] ! FAMILY1 :]E NOT JU/ ! ,PILL1 BUT ALSO ! PROSPECT ( 9 VITRO F]TILIZATION1 TE/ TUBE BABIES1 & SP]M & EGG DONATION W]E AB\T TO MAKE ! IDEA ( MO!RHOOD OBSOLETE4 

,HUMANS W]E NOT PSY*OLOGICALLY PREP>$ = ! PACE ( *ANGE1 ,T(FL] WROTE4 ,HE CO9$ A T]M = ! PH5OM5ON3 0ACCEL]ATIVE ?RU/40 ,IT HAD BEGUN ) ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 BUT BY R\<LY #a#h#e1 ! EFFECT HAD BECOME UNMI/AKABLE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS EV]Y?+ >\ND US *ANG+1 BUT MO/ ( IT--HUMAN KN[L$GE1 ! SIZE ( ! POPULATION1 9DU/RIAL GR[?1 5]GY USE--WAS *ANG+ EXPON5TIALLY4 ,! ONLY SOLUTION1 ,T(FL] >GU$1 WAS TO BEG9 SOME K9D ( CONTROL OV] ! PROCESS1 TO CREATE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD ASSESS EM]G+ TE*NOLOGIES & !IR LIKELY EFFECTS1 TO BAN TE*NOLOGIES LIKELY TO BE TOO SOCIALLY DISRUPTIVE1 & TO GUIDE DEVELOPM5T 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIAL H>MONY4 

,:ILE MANY ( ! HI/ORICAL TR5DS ,T(FL] DESCRIBES >E ACCURATE1 ! BOOK APPE>$ :5 MO/ ( !SE EXPON5TIAL TR5DS HALT$4 ,IT WAS RI<T >\ND #aig :5 ! 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( SCI5TIFIC PAP]S PUBLI%$ 9 ! WORLD--A FIGURE ?AT HAD D\BL$ EV]Y FIFTE5 YE>S S9CE1 R\<LY1 #a#f#h#e--BEGAN LEVEL+ (F4 ,! SAME WAS TRUE ( BOOKS & PAT5TS4 

,T(FL]'S USE ( ACCEL]ATION WAS P>TICUL>LY UN=TUNATE4 ,= MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 ! TOP SPE$ AT :I* HUMAN BE+S C\LD TRAVEL HAD BE5 >\ND #be MILES P] H\R4 ,BY #ai IT HAD 9CREAS$ TO #a MILES P] H\R1 & = ! NEXT SEV5TY YE>S IT DID SEEM TO BE 9CREAS+ EXPON5TIALLY4 ,BY ! TIME ,T(FL] WAS WRIT+1 9 #a#i#g1 ! RECORD = ! FA/E/ SPE$ AT :I* ANY HUMAN HAD TRAVEL$ /OOD AT R\<LY #b#e1 MPH1 A*IEV$ BY ! CREW ( ,APOLLO #a 9 #a#i#f#i1 JU/ ONE YE> BE=E4 ,AT SU* AN EXPON5TIAL RATE1 IT MU/ HAVE SEEM$ REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT )9 A MATT] ( DECADES1 HUMANITY W\LD BE EXPLOR+ O!R SOL> SY/EMS4 

,S9CE #a#i#g1 NO FUR!R 9CREASE HAS OCCURR$4 ,! RECORD = ! FA/E/ A HUMAN HAS EV] TRAVEL$ REMA9S ) ! CREW ( ,APOLLO #a4 ,TRUE1 ! COMM]CIAL AIRL9] ,CONCORDE1 :I* FIR/ FLEW 9 #a#i#f#i1 REA*$ A MAXIMUM SPE$ ( #a1#d MPH4 ,& ! ,SOVIET ,TUPOLEV ,TU-#a#d#d1 :I* FLEW FIR/1 REA*$ AN EV5 FA/] SPE$ ( #a1#e#e#c MPH4 ,BUT ?OSE SPE$S NOT ONLY HAVE FAIL$ TO 9CREASE2 !Y HAVE DECREAS$ S9CE ! ,TUPOLEV ,TU-#a#d#d WAS CANCEL$ & ! ,CONCORDE WAS AB&ON$4 

,NONE ( ?IS /OPP$ ,T(FL]'S [N C>E]4 ,HE KEPT RETOOL+ HIS ANALYSIS TO COME UP ) NEW SPECTACUL> PRON\NCEM5TS4 ,9 #a#i#h1 HE PRODUC$ ,! ,?IRD ,WAVE1 ITS >GUM5T LIFT$ FROM ,]NE/ ,M&EL'S 0?IRD TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION0--EXCEPT ?AT :ILE ,M&EL ?\<T !SE *ANGES W\LD SPELL ! 5D ( CAPITALISM1 ,T(FL] ASSUM$ CAPITALISM WAS ET]NAL4 ,BY #a#i#i1 ,T(FL] WAS ! P]SONAL 9TELLECTUAL GURU TO ,REPUBLICAN CONGRESSMAN ,NEWT ,G+RI*1 :O CLAIM$ ?AT HIS #aiid 0,CONTRACT ,) ,AM]ICA0 WAS 9SPIR$1 9 P>T1 BY ! UND]/&+ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES NE$$ TO MOVE FROM AN ANTIQUAT$1 MAT]IALI/1 9DU/RIAL M9D-SET TO A NEW1 FREE-M>KET1 9=MATION AGE1 ,?IRD ,WAVE CIVILIZATION4 

,!RE >E ALL SORTS ( IRONIES 9 ?IS CONNECTION4 ,ONE ( ,T(FL]'S GREATE/ A*IEVEM5TS WAS 9SPIR+ ! GOV]NM5T TO CREATE AN ,(FICE ( ,TE*NOLOGY ,ASSESSM5T 7,O,T,A74 ,ONE ( ,G+RI*'S FIR/ ACTS ON W9N+ CONTROL ( ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES 9 #aiie WAS DEFUND+ ! ,O,T,A AS AN EXAMPLE ( USELESS GOV]NM5T EXTRAVAGANCE4 ,/ILL1 !RE'S NO CONTRADICTION H]E4 ,BY ?IS TIME1 ,T(FL] HAD LONG S9CE GIV5 UP ON 9FLU5C+ POLICY BY APPEAL+ TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC2 HE WAS MAK+ A LIV+ L>GELY BY GIV+ SEM9>S TO ,C,E,OS & CORPORATE ?9K TANKS4 ,HIS 9SI<TS HAD BE5 PRIVATIZ$4 

,G+RI* LIK$ TO CALL HIMSELF A 0CONS]VATIVE FUTUROLOGI/40 ,?IS1 TOO1 MI<T SEEM OXYMORONIC2 BUT1 9 FACT1 ,T(FL]'S [N CONCEPTION ( FUTUROLOGY WAS NEV] PROGRESSIVE4 ,PROGRESS WAS ALWAYS PRES5T$ AS A PROBLEM ?AT NE$$ TO BE SOLV$4 

,T(FL] MI<T BE/ BE SE5 AS A LI<TWEI<T V]SION ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIAL !ORI/ ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT HE WAS /&+ ON ! BR9K ( A NEW AGE--9 HIS CASE1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,AGE--DRIV5 BY ! 9EXORABLE PROGRESS ( TE*NOLOGY1 & ?AT ! SOCIAL CATACLYSMS ( HIS TIMES W]E CAUS$ BY ! SOCIAL SY/EM NOT ADJU/+4 ,! OLD] FEUDAL ORD] HAD DEVELOP$ ,CA?OLIC !OLOGY1 A WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T MAN'S PLACE 9 ! COSMOS P]FECTLY SUIT$ TO ! SOCIAL SY/EM ( ! TIME1 AS WELL AS AN 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE1 ! ,*UR*1 ?AT CONVEY$ & 5=C$ SU* IDEAS 9 A WAY ?AT C\LD GIVE EV]YONE A S5SE ( MEAN+ & BELONG+4 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,AGE HAD DEVELOP$ ITS [N SY/EM ( IDEAS--SCI5CE--BUT SCI5TI/S HAD NOT SUCCE$$ 9 CREAT+ ANY?+ LIKE ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,COMTE CONCLUD$ ?AT WE NE$$ TO DEVELOP A NEW SCI5CE1 :I* HE DUBB$ 0SOCIOLOGY10 & SAID ?AT SOCIOLOGI/S %\LD PLAY ! ROLE ( PRIE/S 9 A NEW ,RELIGION ( ,SOCIETY ?AT W\LD 9SPIRE EV]YONE ) A LOVE ( ORD]1 COMMUNITY1 WORK DISCIPL9E1 & FAMILY VALUES4 ,T(FL] WAS LESS AMBITI\S2 HIS FUTUROLOGI/S W]E NOT SUPPOS$ TO PLAY ! ROLE ( PRIE/S4 

,G+RI* HAD A SECOND GURU1 A LIB]T>IAN !OLOGIAN NAM$ ,GEORGE ,GILD]1 & ,GILD]1 LIKE ,T(FL]1 WAS OBSESS$ ) TE*NOLOGY & SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,9 AN ODD WAY1 ,GILD] WAS MORE OPTIMI/IC4 ,EMBRAC+ A RADICAL V]SION ( ,M&EL'S ,?IRD ,WAVE >GUM5T1 HE 9SI/$ ?AT :AT WE W]E SEE+ ) ! RISE ( COMPUT]S WAS AN 0OV]?R[ ( MATT]40 ,! OLD1 MAT]IALI/ ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIETY1 :]E VALUE CAME FROM PHYSICAL LABOR1 WAS GIV+ WAY TO AN ,9=MATION ,AGE :]E VALUE EM]GES DIRECTLY FROM ! M9DS ( 5TREPR5EURS1 JU/ AS ! WORLD HAD ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ EX NIHILO FROM ! M9D ( ,GOD1 JU/ AS MONEY1 9 A PROP] SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMY1 EM]G$ EX NIHILO FROM ! ,F$]AL ,RES]VE & 9TO ! H&S ( VALUE-CREAT+ CAPITALI/S4 ,SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMIC POLICIES1 ,GILD] CONCLUD$1 W\LD 5SURE ?AT 9VE/M5T W\LD CONT9UE TO /E] AWAY FROM OLD GOV]NM5T BOONDOGGLES LIKE ! SPACE PROGRAM & T[>D MORE PRODUCTIVE 9=MATION & M$ICAL TE*NOLOGIES4 

,BUT IF !RE WAS A CONSCI\S1 OR SEMI-CONSCI\S1 MOVE AWAY FROM 9VE/M5T 9 RESE>* ?AT MI<T LEAD TO BETT] ROCKETS & ROBOTS1 & T[>D RESE>* ?AT W\LD LEAD TO SU* ?+S AS LAS] PR9T]S & ,C,A,T SCANS1 IT HAD BEGUN WELL BE=E ,T(FL]'S ,FUTURE ,%OCK 7#a#i#g7 & ,GILD]'S ,WEAL? & ,POV]TY 7#a#i#h#a74 ,:AT !IR SUCCESS %[S IS ?AT ! ISSUES !Y RAIS$--?AT EXI/+ PATT]NS ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T W\LD LEAD TO SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 & ?AT WE NE$$ TO GUIDE TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 DIRECTIONS ?AT DID NOT *ALL5GE EXI/+ /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY--E*O$ 9 ! CORRIDORS ( P[]4 ,/ATESM5 & CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY HAD BE5 ?9K+ AB\T SU* QUE/IONS = SOME TIME4 

,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM HAS FO/]$ AN EXTREMELY RAPID RATE ( SCI5TIFIC ADVANCE & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION--ONE ) NO P>ALLEL 9 PREVI\S HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,EV5 CAPITALISM'S GREATE/ DETRACTORS1 ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 CELEBRAT$ ITS UNLEA%+ ( ! 0PRODUCTIVE =CES40 ,M>X & ,5GELS ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT CAPITALISM'S CONT9UAL NE$ TO REVOLUTIONIZE ! MEANS ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION W\LD BE ITS UNDO+4 ,M>X >GU$ ?AT1 = C]TA9 TE*NICAL REASONS1 VALUE--& !RE=E PR(ITS--CAN BE EXTRACT$ ONLY FROM HUMAN LABOR4 ,COMPETITION =CES FACTORY [N]S TO ME*ANIZE PRODUCTION1 TO R$UCE LABOR CO/S1 BUT :ILE ?IS IS TO ! %ORT-T]M ADVANTAGE ( ! FIRM1 ME*ANIZATION'S EFFECT IS TO DRIVE D[N ! G5]AL RATE ( PR(IT4 

,= #ae YE>S1 ECONOMI/S HAVE DEBAT$ :E!R ALL ?IS IS TRUE4 ,BUT IF IT IS TRUE1 !N ! DECISION BY 9DU/RIALI/S NOT TO P\R RESE>* FUNDS 9TO ! 9V5TION ( ! ROBOT FACTORIES ?AT EV]YONE WAS ANTICIPAT+ 9 ! SIXTIES1 & 9/EAD TO RELOCATE !IR FACTORIES TO LABOR-9T5SIVE1 L[-TE* FACILITIES 9 ,*9A OR ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? MAKES A GREAT DEAL ( S5SE4 

,AS ,I'VE NOT$1 !RE'S REASON TO BELIEVE ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION 9 PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES--! FACTORIES !MSELVES--BEGAN TO SL[ 9 ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES1 BUT ! SIDE EFFECTS ( ,AM]ICA'S RIVALRY ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION MADE 9NOVATION APPE> TO ACCEL]ATE4 ,!RE WAS ! AWESOME SPACE RACE1 ALONGSIDE FR5ETIC EF=TS BY ,U4,S4 9DU/RIAL PLANN]S TO APPLY EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES TO CONSUM] PURPOSES1 TO CREATE AN OPTIMI/IC S5SE ( BURGEON+ PROSP]ITY & GU>ANTE$ PROGRESS ?AT W\LD UND]CUT ! APPEAL ( WORK+-CLASS POLITICS4 

,!SE MOVES W]E REACTIONS TO 9ITIATIVES FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,BUT ?IS P>T ( ! HI/ORY IS DIFFICULT = ,AM]ICANS TO REMEMB]1 BECAUSE AT ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 ! POPUL> IMAGE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION SWIT*$ FROM T]RIFY+LY BOLD RIVAL TO PA!TIC BASKET CASE--! EXEMPL> ( A SOCIETY ?AT C\LD NOT WORK4 ,BACK 9 ! FIFTIES1 9 FACT1 MANY ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PLANN]S SUSPECT$ ! ,SOVIET SY/EM WORK$ BETT]4 ,C]TA9LY1 !Y RECALL$ ! FACT ?AT 9 ! ?IRTIES1 :ILE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD BE5 MIR$ 9 DEPRESSION1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD MA9TA9$ ALMO/ UNPREC$5T$ ECONOMIC GR[? RATES ( #a P]C5T TO #ab P]C5T A YE>--AN A*IEVEM5T QUICKLY FOLL[$ BY ! PRODUCTION ( TANK >MIES ?AT DEFEAT$ ,NAZI ,G]MANY1 !N BY ! LAUN*+ ( ,SPUTNIK 9 #a#i#e#g1 !N BY ! FIR/ MANN$ SPACECRAFT1 ! ,VO/OK1 9 #a#i#f#a4 

,IT'S (T5 SAID ! ,APOLLO MOON L&+ WAS ! GREATE/ HI/ORICAL A*IEVEM5T ( ,SOVIET COMMUNISM4 ,SURELY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD NEV] HAVE CONTEMPLAT$ SU* A FEAT HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! COSMIC AMBITIONS ( ! ,SOVIET ,POLITBURO4 ,WE >E US$ TO ?9K+ ( ! ,POLITBURO AS A GR\P ( UNIMAG9ATIVE GRAY BUREAUCRATS1 BUT !Y W]E BUREAUCRATS :O D>$ TO DREAM A/\ND+ DREAMS4 ,! DREAM ( WORLD REVOLUTION WAS ONLY ! FIR/4 ,IT'S ALSO TRUE ?AT MO/ ( !M--*ANG+ ! C\RSE ( MI<TY RIV]S1 ?IS SORT ( ?+--EI!R TURN$ \T TO BE ECOLOGICALLY & SOCIALLY DISA/R\S1 OR1 LIKE ,JOSEPH ,/AL9'S ONE-HUNDR$-/ORY ,PALACE ( ! ,SOVIETS OR A TW5TY-/ORY /ATUE ( ,VLADIMIR ,L591 NEV] GOT (F ! GR\ND4 

,AFT] ! 9ITIAL SUCCESSES ( ! ,SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM1 FEW ( !SE S*EMES W]E REALIZ$1 BUT ! LEAD]%IP NEV] CEAS$ COM+ UP ) NEW ONES4 ,EV5 9 ! EI<TIES1 :5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS ATTEMPT+ ITS [N LA/1 GR&IOSE S*EME1 ,/> ,W>S1 ! ,SOVIETS W]E PLANN+ TO TRANS=M ! WORLD ?R\< CREATIVE USES ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,FEW \TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA REMEMB] MO/ ( !SE PROJECTS1 BUT GREAT RES\RCES W]E DEVOT$ TO !M4 ,IT'S ALSO WOR? NOT+ ?AT UNLIKE ! ,/> ,W>S PROJECT1 :I* WAS DESIGN$ TO S9K ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 MO/ W]E NOT MILIT>Y 9 NATURE3 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ATTEMPT TO SOLVE ! WORLD HUNG] PROBLEM BY H>VE/+ LAKES & OCEANS ) AN $IBLE BACT]IA CALL$ SPIRUL9A1 OR TO SOLVE ! WORLD 5]GY PROBLEM BY LAUN*+ HUNDR$S ( GIGANTIC SOL>-P[] PLAT=MS 9TO ORBIT & BEAM+ ! ELECTRICITY BACK TO E>?4 

,! ,AM]ICAN VICTORY 9 ! SPACE RACE MEANT ?AT1 AFT] #a#i#f#h1 ,U4,S4 PLANN]S NO LONG] TOOK ! COMPETITION S]I\SLY4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! MY?OLOGY ( ! F9AL FRONTI] WAS MA9TA9$1 EV5 AS ! DIRECTION ( RESE>* & DEVELOPM5T %IFT$ AWAY FROM ANY?+ ?AT MI<T LEAD TO ! CREATION ( ,M>S BASES & ROBOT FACTORIES4 

,! /&>D L9E IS ?AT ALL ?IS WAS A RESULT ( ! TRIUMPH ( ! M>KET4 ,! ,APOLLO PROGRAM WAS A ,BIG ,GOV]NM5T PROJECT1 ,SOVIET-9SPIR$ 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT REQUIR$ A NATIONAL EF=T COORD9AT$ BY GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACIES4 ,AS SOON AS ! ,SOVIET ?REAT DREW SAFELY \T ( ! PICTURE1 ?\<1 CAPITALISM WAS FREE TO REV]T TO L9ES ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T MORE 9 ACCORD ) ITS NORMAL1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 FREE-M>KET IMP]ATIVES--SU* AS PRIVATELY FUND$ RESE>* 9TO M>KETABLE PRODUCTS LIKE P]SONAL COMPUT]S4 ,?IS IS ! L9E ?AT M5 LIKE ,T(FL] & ,GILD] TOOK 9 ! LATE SEV5TIES & E>LY EI<TIES4 

,9 FACT1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES NEV] DID AB&ON GIGANTIC1 GOV]NM5T-CONTROLL$ S*EMES ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,MA9LY1 !Y JU/ %IFT$ TO MILIT>Y RESE>*--& NOT JU/ TO ,SOVIET-SCALE S*EMES LIKE ,/> ,W>S1 BUT TO WEAPONS PROJECTS1 RESE>* 9 COMMUNICATIONS & SURVEILLANCE TE*NOLOGIES1 & SIMIL> SECURITY-RELAT$ CONC]NS4 ,TO SOME DEGREE ?IS HAD ALWAYS BE5 TRUE3 ! BILLIONS P\R$ 9TO MISSILE RESE>* HAD ALWAYS DW>F$ ! SUMS ALLOCAT$ TO ! SPACE PROGRAM4 ,YET BY ! SEV5TIES1 EV5 BASIC RESE>* CAME TO BE CONDUCT$ FOLL[+ MILIT>Y PRIORITIES4 ,ONE REASON WE DON'T HAVE ROBOT FACTORIES IS BECAUSE R\<LY #ie P]C5T ( ROBOTICS RESE>* FUND+ HAS BE5 *ANNEL$ ?R\< ! ,P5TAGON1 :I* IS MORE 9T]E/$ 9 DEVELOP+ UNMANN$ DRONES ?AN 9 AUTOMAT+ PAP] MILLS4 

,A CASE C\LD BE MADE ?AT EV5 ! %IFT TO RESE>* & DEVELOPM5T ON 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES & M$IC9E WAS NOT SO MU* A REORI5TATION T[>D M>KET-DRIV5 CONSUM] IMP]ATIVES1 BUT P>T ( AN ALL-\T EF=T TO FOLL[ ! TE*NOLOGICAL HUMBL+ ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ) TOTAL VICTORY 9 ! GLOBAL CLASS W>--SE5 SIMULTANE\SLY AS ! IMPOSITION ( ABSOLUTE ,U4,S4 MILIT>Y DOM9ANCE OV]SEAS1 &1 AT HOME1 ! UTT] R\T ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 

,= ! TE*NOLOGIES ?AT DID EM]GE PROV$ MO/ CONDUCIVE TO SURVEILLANCE1 WORK DISCIPL9E1 & SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,COMPUT]S HAVE OP5$ UP C]TA9 SPACES ( FRE$OM1 AS WE'RE CON/ANTLY REM9D$1 BUT 9/EAD ( LEAD+ TO ! WORKLESS UTOPIA ,ABBIE ,H(FMAN IMAG9$1 !Y HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO PRODUCE ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 ,!Y HAVE 5ABL$ A F9ANCIALIZATION ( CAPITAL ?AT HAS DRIV5 WORK]S DESP]ATELY 9TO DEBT1 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 PROVID$ ! MEANS BY :I* EMPLOY]S HAVE CREAT$ 0FLEXIBLE0 WORK REGIMES ?AT HAVE BO? DE/ROY$ TRADITIONAL JOB SECURITY & 9CREAS$ WORK+ H\RS = ALMO/ EV]YONE4 ,ALONG ) ! EXPORT ( FACTORY JOBS1 ! NEW WORK REGIME HAS R\T$ ! UNION MOVEM5T & DE/ROY$ ANY POSSIBILITY ( EFFECTIVE WORK+-CLASS POLITICS4 

,MEAN:ILE1 DESPITE UNPREC$5T$ 9VE/M5T 9 RESE>* ON M$IC9E & LIFE SCI5CES1 WE AWAIT CURES = CANC] & ! COMMON COLD1 & ! MO/ DRAMATIC M$ICAL BREAK?R\<S WE HAVE SE5 HAVE TAK5 ! =M ( DRUGS SU* AS ,PROZAC1 ,ZOL(T1 OR ,RITAL9--TAILOR-MADE TO 5SURE ?AT ! NEW WORK DEM&S DON'T DRIVE US COMPLETELY1 DYSFUNCTIONALLY CRAZY4 

,) RESULTS LIKE !SE1 :AT WILL ! EPITAPH = NEOLIB]ALISM LOOK LIKE8 ,I ?9K HI/ORIANS WILL CONCLUDE IT WAS A =M ( CAPITALISM ?AT SY/EMATICALLY PRIORITIZ$ POLITICAL IMP]ATIVES OV] ECONOMIC ONES4 ,GIV5 A *OICE BETWE5 A C\RSE ( ACTION ?AT W\LD MAKE CAPITALISM SEEM ! ONLY POSSIBLE ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & ONE ?AT W\LD TRANS=M CAPITALISM 9TO A VIABLE1 LONG-T]M ECONOMIC SY/EM1 NEOLIB]ALISM *OOSES ! =M] EV]Y TIME4 ,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT DE/ROY+ JOB SECURITY :ILE 9CREAS+ WORK+ H\RS DOES NOT CREATE A MORE PRODUCTIVE 7LET ALONE MORE 9NOVATIVE OR LOYAL7 WORK=CE4 ,PROBABLY1 9 ECONOMIC T]MS1 ! RESULT IS NEGATIVE--AN IMPRESSION CONFIRM$ BY L[] GR[? RATES 9 JU/ AB\T ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD 9 ! EI<TIES & N9ETIES4 

,BUT ! NEOLIB]AL *OICE HAS BE5 EFFECTIVE 9 DEPOLITICIZ+ LABOR & OV]DET]M9+ ! FUTURE4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 ! GR[? ( >MIES1 POLICE1 & PRIVATE SECURITY S]VICES AM\NTS TO DEAD WEI<T4 ,IT'S POSSIBLE1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! V]Y DEAD WEI<T ( ! APP>ATUS CREAT$ TO 5SURE ! IDEOLOGICAL VICTORY ( CAPITALISM WILL S9K IT4 ,BUT IT'S ALSO EASY TO SEE H[ *OK+ (F ANY S5SE ( AN 9EVITABLE1 R$EMPTIVE FUTURE ?AT C\LD BE DIFF]5T FROM \R WORLD IS A CRUCIAL P>T ( ! NEOLIB]AL PROJECT4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ALL ! PIECES W\LD SEEM TO BE FALL+ NEATLY 9TO PLACE4 ,BY ! SIXTIES1 CONS]VATIVE POLITICAL =CES W]E GR[+ SKITTI% AB\T ! SOCIALLY DISRUPTIVE EFFECTS ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS1 & EMPLOY]S W]E BEG9N+ TO WORRY AB\T ! ECONOMIC IMPACT ( ME*ANIZATION4 ,! FAD+ ,SOVIET ?REAT ALL[$ = A REALLOCATION ( RES\RCES 9 DIRECTIONS SE5 AS LESS *ALL5G+ TO SOCIAL & ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS1 OR 9DE$ DIRECTIONS ?AT C\LD SUPPORT A CAMPAIGN ( REV]S+ ! GA9S ( PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & A*IEV+ A DECISIVE VICTORY 9 :AT ,U4,S4 ELITES SAW AS A GLOBAL CLASS W>4 ,! *ANGE ( PRIORITIES WAS 9TRODUC$ AS A )DRAWAL ( BIG-GOV]NM5T PROJECTS & A RETURN TO ! M>KET1 BUT 9 FACT ! *ANGE %IFT$ GOV]NM5T-DIRECT$ RESE>* AWAY FROM PROGRAMS LIKE ,N,A,S,A OR ALT]NATIVE 5]GY S\RCES & T[>D MILIT>Y1 9=MATION1 & M$ICAL TE*NOLOGIES4 

,( C\RSE ?IS DOESN'T EXPLA9 EV]Y?+4 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT DOES NOT EXPLA9 :Y1 EV5 9 ?OSE >EAS ?AT HAVE BECOME ! FOCUS ( WELL-FUND$ RESE>* PROJECTS1 WE HAVE NOT SE5 ANY?+ LIKE ! K9D ( ADVANCES ANTICIPAT$ FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,IF #ie P]C5T ( ROBOTICS RESE>* HAS BE5 FUND$ BY ! MILIT>Y1 !N :]E >E ! ,KLAATU-/YLE KILL] ROBOTS %OOT+ DEA? RAYS FROM !IR EYES8 

,OBVI\SLY1 !RE HAVE BE5 ADVANCES 9 MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY 9 REC5T DECADES4 ,ONE ( ! REASONS WE ALL SURVIV$ ! ,COLD ,W> IS ?AT :ILE NUCLE> BOMBS MI<T HAVE WORK$ AS ADV]TIS$1 !IR DELIV]Y SY/EMS DID NOT2 9T]CONT95TAL BALLI/IC MISSILES W]5'T CAPABLE ( /RIK+ CITIES1 LET ALONE SPECIFIC T>GETS 9SIDE CITIES1 & ?IS FACT MEANT !RE WAS LITTLE PO9T 9 LAUN*+ A NUCLE> FIR/ /RIKE UNLESS Y\ 9T5D$ TO DE/ROY ! WORLD4 

,CONTEMPOR>Y CRUISE MISSILES >E ACCURATE BY COMP>ISON4 ,/ILL1 PRECISION WEAPONS NEV] DO SEEM CAPABLE ( ASSASS9AT+ SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUALS 7,SADDAM1 ,OSAMA1 ,QADDAFI71 EV5 :5 HUNDR$S >E DROPP$4 ,& RAY GUNS HAVE NOT MAT]IALIZ$--SURELY NOT = LACK ( TRY+4 ,WE CAN ASSUME ! ,P5TAGON HAS SP5T BILLIONS ON DEA? RAY RESE>*1 BUT ! CLOSE/ !Y'VE COME SO F> >E LAS]S ?AT MI<T1 IF AIM$ CORRECTLY1 BL9D AN 5EMY GUNN] LOOK+ DIRECTLY AT ! BEAM4 ,ASIDE FROM BE+ UNSPORT+1 ?IS IS PA!TIC3 LAS]S >E A FIFTIES TE*NOLOGY4 ,PHAS]S ?AT CAN BE SET TO /UN DO NOT APPE> TO BE ON ! DRAW+ BO>DS2 & :5 IT COMES TO 9FANTRY COMBAT1 ! PREF]R$ WEAPON ALMO/ EV]Y:]E REMA9S ! ,A,K-#d#g1 A ,SOVIET DESIGN NAM$ = ! YE> IT WAS 9TRODUC$3 #a#i#d#g4 

,! ,9T]NET IS A REM>KABLE 9NOVATION1 BUT ALL WE >E TALK+ AB\T IS A SUP]-FA/ & GLOBALLY ACCESSIBLE COMB9ATION ( LIBR>Y1 PO/ (FICE1 & MAIL-ORD] CATALOG4 ,HAD ! ,9T]NET BE5 DESCRIB$ TO A SCI5CE FICTION AFICIONADO 9 ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES & T\T$ AS ! MO/ DRAMATIC TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5T S9CE HIS TIME1 HIS REACTION W\LD HAVE BE5 DISAPPO9TM5T4 ,FIFTY YE>S & ?IS IS ! BE/ \R SCI5TI/S MANAG$ TO COME UP )8 ,WE EXPECT$ COMPUT]S ?AT W\LD ?9K6 

,OV]ALL1 LEVELS ( RESE>* FUND+ HAVE 9CREAS$ DRAMATICALLY S9CE ! SEV5TIES4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ! PROPORTION ( ?AT FUND+ ?AT COMES FROM ! CORPORATE SECTOR HAS 9CREAS$ MO/ DRAMATICALLY1 TO ! PO9T ?AT PRIVATE 5T]PRISE IS N[ FUND+ TWICE AS MU* RESE>* AS ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT ! 9CREASE IS SO L>GE ?AT ! TOTAL AM\NT ( GOV]NM5T RESE>* FUND+1 9 REAL-DOLL> T]MS1 IS MU* HI<] ?AN IT WAS 9 ! SIXTIES4 0,BASIC10 0CURIOSITY-DRIV510 OR 0BLUE SKIES0 RESE>*--! K9D ?AT IS NOT DRIV5 BY ! PROSPECT ( ANY IMM$IATE PRACTICAL APPLICATION1 & ?AT IS MO/ LIKELY TO LEAD TO UNEXPECT$ BREAK?R\<S--OCCUPIES AN EV] SMALL] PROPORTION ( ! TOTAL1 ?\< SO MU* MONEY IS BE+ ?R[N >\ND N[ADAYS ?AT OV]ALL LEVELS ( BASIC RESE>* FUND+ HAVE 9CREAS$4 

,YET MO/ OBS]V]S AGREE ?AT ! RESULTS HAVE BE5 PALTRY4 ,C]TA9LY WE NO LONG] SEE ANY?+ LIKE ! CONT9UAL /REAM ( CONCEPTUAL REVOLUTIONS--G5ETIC 9H]ITANCE1 RELATIVITY1 PSY*OANALYSIS1 QUANTUM ME*ANICS--?AT PEOPLE HAD GR[N US$ TO1 & EV5 EXPECT$1 A HUNDR$ YE>S BE=E4 ,:Y8 

,P>T ( ! ANSW] HAS TO DO ) ! CONC5TRATION ( RES\RCES ON A H&FUL ( GIGANTIC PROJECTS3 0BIG SCI5CE10 AS IT HAS COME TO BE CALL$4 ,! ,HUMAN ,G5OME ,PROJECT IS (T5 HELD \T AS AN EXAMPLE4 ,AFT] SP5D+ ALMO/ ?REE BILLION DOLL>S & EMPLOY+ ?\S&S ( SCI5TI/S & /AFF 9 FIVE DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 IT HAS MA9LY S]V$ TO E/ABLI% ?AT !RE ISN'T V]Y MU* TO BE LE>N$ FROM SEQU5C+ G5ES ?AT'S ( MU* USE TO ANYONE ELSE4 ,EV5 MORE1 ! HYPE & POLITICAL 9VE/M5T SURR\ND+ SU* PROJECTS DEMON/RATE ! DEGREE TO :I* EV5 BASIC RESE>* N[ SEEMS TO BE DRIV5 BY POLITICAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 & M>KET+ IMP]ATIVES ?AT MAKE IT UNLIKELY ANY?+ REVOLUTION>Y WILL HAPP54 

,H]E1 \R FASC9ATION ) ! MY?IC ORIG9S ( ,SILICON ,VALLEY & ! ,9T]NET HAS BL9D$ US TO :AT'S REALLY GO+ ON4 ,IT HAS ALL[$ US TO IMAG9E ?AT RESE>* & DEVELOPM5T IS N[ DRIV51 PRIM>ILY1 BY SMALL TEAMS ( PLUCKY 5TREPR5EURS1 OR ! SORT ( DEC5TRALIZ$ COOP]ATION ?AT CREATES OP5-S\RCE S(TW>E4 ,?IS IS NOT SO1 EV5 ?\< SU* RESE>* TEAMS >E MO/ LIKELY TO PRODUCE RESULTS4 ,RESE>* & DEVELOPM5T IS /ILL DRIV5 BY GIANT BUREAUCRATIC PROJECTS4 

,:AT HAS *ANG$ IS ! BUREAUCRATIC CULTURE4 ,! 9CREAS+ 9T]P5ETRATION ( GOV]NM5T1 UNIV]SITY1 & PRIVATE FIRMS HAS L$ EV]YONE TO ADOPT ! LANGUAGE1 S5SIBILITIES1 & ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT ORIG9AT$ 9 ! CORPORATE WORLD4 ,AL?\< ?IS MI<T HAVE HELP$ 9 CREAT+ M>KETABLE PRODUCTS1 S9CE ?AT IS :AT CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES >E DESIGN$ TO DO1 9 T]MS ( FO/]+ ORIG9AL RESE>*1 ! RESULTS HAVE BE5 CATA/ROPHIC4 

,MY [N KN[L$GE COMES FROM UNIV]SITIES1 BO? 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,BRITA94 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES1 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S HAVE SE5 A V]ITABLE EXPLOSION ( ! PROPORTION ( WORK+ H\RS SP5T ON ADM9I/RATIVE TASKS AT ! EXP5SE ( PRETTY MU* EV]Y?+ ELSE4 ,9 MY [N UNIV]SITY1 = 9/ANCE1 WE HAVE MORE ADM9I/RATORS ?AN FACULTY MEMB]S1 & ! FACULTY MEMB]S1 TOO1 >E EXPECT$ TO SP5D AT LEA/ AS MU* TIME ON ADM9I/RATION AS ON TEA*+ & RESE>* COMB9$4 ,! SAME IS TRUE1 MORE OR LESS1 AT UNIV]SITIES WORLDWIDE4 

,! GR[? ( ADM9I/RATIVE WORK HAS DIRECTLY RESULT$ FROM 9TRODUC+ CORPORATE MANAGEM5T TE*NIQUES4 ,9V>IABLY1 !SE >E JU/IFI$ AS WAYS ( 9CREAS+ EFFICI5CY & 9TRODUC+ COMPETITION AT EV]Y LEVEL4 ,:AT !Y 5D UP MEAN+ 9 PRACTICE IS ?AT EV]YONE W9DS UP SP5D+ MO/ ( !IR TIME TRY+ TO SELL ?+S3 GRANT PROPOSALS2 BOOK PROPOSALS2 ASSESSM5TS ( /UD5TS' JOBS & GRANT APPLICATIONS2 ASSESSM5TS ( \R COLLEAGUES2 PROSPECTUSES = NEW 9T]DISCIPL9>Y MAJORS2 9/ITUTES2 CONF]5CE WORK%OPS2 UNIV]SITIES !MSELVES 7:I* HAVE N[ BECOME BR&S TO BE M>KET$ TO PROSPECTIVE /UD5TS OR CONTRIBUTORS72 & SO ON4 

,AS M>KET+ OV]:ELMS UNIV]SITY LIFE1 IT G5]ATES DOCUM5TS AB\T FO/]+ IMAG9ATION & CREATIVITY ?AT MI<T JU/ AS WELL HAVE BE5 DESIGN$ TO /RANGLE IMAG9ATION & CREATIVITY 9 ! CRADLE4 ,NO MAJOR NEW WORKS ( SOCIAL !ORY HAVE EM]G$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,WE HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO ! EQUIVAL5T ( M$IEVAL S*OLA/ICS1 WRIT+ 5DLESS ANNOTATIONS ( ,FR5* !ORY FROM ! SEV5TIES1 DESPITE ! GUILTY AW>5ESS ?AT IF NEW 9C>NATIONS ( ,GILLES ,DELEUZE1 ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT1 OR ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU W]E TO APPE> 9 ! ACADEMY TODAY1 WE W\LD D5Y !M T5URE4 

,!RE WAS A TIME :5 ACADEMIA WAS SOCIETY'S REFUGE = ! ECC5TRIC1 BRILLIANT1 & IMPRACTICAL4 ,NO LONG]4 ,IT IS N[ ! DOMA9 ( PR(ESSIONAL SELF-M>KET]S4 ,AS A RESULT1 9 ONE ( ! MO/ BIZ>RE FITS ( SOCIAL SELF-DE/RUCTIV5ESS 9 HI/ORY1 WE SEEM TO HAVE DECID$ WE HAVE NO PLACE = \R ECC5TRIC1 BRILLIANT1 & IMPRACTICAL CITIZ5S4 ,MO/ LANGUI% 9 !IR MO!RS' BASEM5TS1 AT BE/ MAK+ ! OCCASIONAL1 ACUTE 9T]V5TION ON ! ,9T]NET4 

,IF ALL ?IS IS TRUE 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES1 :]E RESE>* IS /ILL C>RI$ \T ) M9IMAL OV]HEAD L>GELY BY 9DIVIDUALS1 ONE CAN IMAG9E H[ MU* WORSE IT IS = A/ROPHYSICI/S4 ,&1 9DE$1 ONE A/ROPHYSICI/1 ,JONA?AN ,KATZ1 HAS REC5TLY W>N$ /UD5TS POND]+ A C>E] 9 ! SCI5CES4 ,EV5 IF Y\ DO EM]GE FROM ! USUAL DECADE-LONG P]IOD LANGUI%+ AS SOMEONE ELSE'S FLUNKY1 HE SAYS1 Y\ CAN EXPECT Y\R BE/ IDEAS TO BE /YMI$ AT EV]Y PO9T3 

,Y\ WILL SP5D Y\R TIME WRIT+ PROPOSALS RA!R ?AN DO+ RESE>*4 ,WORSE1 BECAUSE Y\R PROPOSALS >E JUDG$ BY Y\R COMPETITORS1 Y\ CANNOT FOLL[ Y\R CURIOSITY1 BUT MU/ SP5D Y\R EF=T & TAL5TS ON ANTICIPAT+ & DEFLECT+ CRITICISM RA!R ?AN ON SOLV+ ! IMPORTANT SCI5TIFIC PROBLEMS4 4 4 4 ,IT IS PROV]BIAL ?AT ORIG9AL IDEAS >E ! KISS ( DEA? = A PROPOSAL1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE NOT YET BE5 PROV$ TO WORK4 

,?AT PRETTY MU* ANSW]S ! QUE/ION ( :Y WE DON'T HAVE TELEPORTATION DEVICES OR ANTIGRAVITY %OES4 ,COMMON S5SE SUGGE/S ?AT IF Y\ WANT TO MAXIMIZE SCI5TIFIC CREATIVITY1 Y\ F9D SOME BRI<T PEOPLE1 GIVE !M ! RES\RCES !Y NE$ TO PURSUE :ATEV] IDEA COMES 9TO !IR HEADS1 & !N LEAVE !M ALONE4 ,MO/ WILL TURN UP NO?+1 BUT ONE OR TWO MAY WELL DISCOV] SOME?+4 ,BUT IF Y\ WANT TO M9IMIZE ! POSSIBILITY ( UNEXPECT$ BREAK?R\<S1 TELL ?OSE SAME PEOPLE !Y WILL RECEIVE NO RES\RCES AT ALL UNLESS !Y SP5D ! BULK ( !IR TIME COMPET+ AGA9/ EA* O!R TO CONV9CE Y\ !Y KN[ 9 ADVANCE :AT !Y >E GO+ TO DISCOV]4 

,9 ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 TO ! TYRANNY ( MANAG]IALISM WE CAN ADD ! PRIVATIZATION ( RESE>* RESULTS4 ,AS ! ,BRITI% ECONOMI/ ,DAVID ,H>VIE HAS REM9D$ US1 0OP5 S\RCE0 RESE>* IS NOT NEW4 ,S*OL>LY RESE>* HAS ALWAYS BE5 OP5 S\RCE1 9 ! S5SE ?AT S*OL>S %>E MAT]IALS & RESULTS4 ,!RE IS COMPETITION1 C]TA9LY1 BUT IT IS 0CONVIVIAL40 ,?IS IS NO LONG] TRUE ( SCI5TI/S WORK+ 9 ! CORPORATE SECTOR1 :]E F9D+S >E JEAL\SLY GU>D$1 BUT ! SPREAD ( ! CORPORATE E?OS )9 ! ACADEMY & RESE>* 9/ITUTES !MSELVES HAS CAUS$ EV5 PUBLICLY FUND$ S*OL>S TO TREAT !IR F9D+S AS P]SONAL PROP]TY4 ,ACADEMIC PUBLI%]S 5SURE ?AT F9D+S ?AT >E PUBLI%$ >E 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO ACCESS1 FUR!R 5CLOS+ ! 9TELLECTUAL COMMONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 CONVIVIAL1 OP5-S\RCE COMPETITION TURNS 9TO SOME?+ MU* MORE LIKE CLASSIC M>KET COMPETITION4 

,!RE >E MANY =MS ( PRIVATIZATION1 UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! SIMPLE BUY+ UP & SUPPRESSION ( 9CONV5I5T DISCOV]IES BY L>GE CORPORATIONS FE>FUL ( !IR ECONOMIC EFFECTS4 7,WE CANNOT KN[ H[ MANY SYN!TIC FUEL =MULAS HAVE BE5 B\<T UP & PLAC$ 9 ! VAULTS ( OIL COMPANIES1 BUT IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E NO?+ LIKE ?IS HAPP5S47 ,MORE SUBTLE IS ! WAY ! MANAG]IAL E?OS DISC\RAGES EV]Y?+ ADV5TUR\S OR QUIRKY1 ESPECIALLY IF !RE IS NO PROSPECT ( IMM$IATE RESULTS4 ,ODDLY1 ! ,9T]NET CAN BE P>T ( ! PROBLEM H]E4 ,AS ,NEAL ,/EPH5SON PUT IT3 

,MO/ PEOPLE :O WORK 9 CORPORATIONS OR ACADEMIA HAVE WITNESS$ SOME?+ LIKE ! FOLL[+3 ,A NUMB] ( 5G9E]S >E SITT+ TOGE!R 9 A ROOM1 B\NC+ IDEAS (F EA* O!R4 ,\T ( ! DISCUSSION EM]GES A NEW CONCEPT ?AT SEEMS PROMIS+4 ,!N SOME LAPTOP-WIELD+ P]SON 9 ! CORN]1 HAV+ P]=M$ A QUICK ,GOOGLE SE>*1 ANN\NCES ?AT ?IS 0NEW0 IDEA IS1 9 FACT1 AN OLD ONE2 IT--OR AT LEA/ SOME?+ VAGUELY SIMIL>--HAS ALREADY BE5 TRI$4 ,EI!R IT FAIL$1 OR IT SUCCE$$4 ,IF IT FAIL$1 !N NO MANAG] :O WANTS TO KEEP HIS OR H] JOB WILL APPROVE SP5D+ MONEY TRY+ TO REVIVE IT4 ,IF IT SUCCE$$1 !N IT'S PAT5T$ & 5TRY TO ! M>KET IS PRESUM$ TO BE UNATTA9ABLE1 S9CE ! FIR/ PEOPLE :O ?\<T ( IT WILL HAVE 0FIR/-MOV] ADVANTAGE0 & WILL HAVE CREAT$ 0B>RI]S TO 5TRY40 ,! NUMB] ( SEEM+LY PROMIS+ IDEAS ?AT HAVE BE5 CRU%$ 9 ?IS WAY MU/ NUMB] 9 ! MILLIONS4 

,& SO A TIMID1 BUREAUCRATIC SPIRIT SUFFUSES EV]Y ASPECT ( CULTURAL LIFE4 ,IT COMES FE/OON$ 9 A LANGUAGE ( CREATIVITY1 9ITIATIVE1 & 5TREPR5EURIALISM4 ,BUT ! LANGUAGE IS MEAN+LESS4 ,?OSE ?9K]S MO/ LIKELY TO MAKE A CONCEPTUAL BREAK?R\< >E ! LEA/ LIKELY TO RECEIVE FUND+1 &1 IF BREAK?R\<S OCCUR1 !Y >E NOT LIKELY TO F9D ANYONE WILL+ TO FOLL[ UP ON !IR MO/ D>+ IMPLICATIONS4 

,GIOVANNI ,>RI<I HAS NOT$ ?AT AFT] ! ,S\? ,SEA ,BUBBLE1 ,BRITI% CAPITALISM L>GELY AB&ON$ ! CORPORATE =M4 ,BY ! TIME ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,BRITA9 HAD 9/EAD COME TO RELY ON A COMB9ATION ( HI< F9ANCE & SMALL FAMILY FIRMS--A PATT]N ?AT HELD ?R\<\T ! NEXT C5TURY1 ! P]IOD ( MAXIMUM SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 7,BRITA9 AT ?AT TIME WAS ALSO NOTORI\S = BE+ JU/ AS G5]\S TO ITS ODDBALLS & ECC5TRICS AS CONTEMPOR>Y ,AM]ICA IS 9TOL]ANT4 ,A COMMON EXP$I5T WAS TO ALL[ !M TO BECOME RURAL VIC>S1 :O1 PR$ICTABLY1 BECAME ONE ( ! MA9 S\RCES = AMATEUR SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES47 

,CONTEMPOR>Y1 BUREAUCRATIC CORPORATE CAPITALISM WAS A CREATION NOT ( ,BRITA91 BUT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,G]MANY1 ! TWO RIVAL P[]S ?AT SP5T ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY FI<T+ TWO BLOODY W>S OV] :O W\LD REPLACE ,BRITA9 AS A DOM9ANT WORLD P[]--W>S ?AT CULM9AT$1 APPROPRIATELY 5\<1 9 GOV]NM5T-SPONSOR$ SCI5TIFIC PROGRAMS TO SEE :O W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO DISCOV] ! ATOM BOMB4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT1 !N1 ?AT \R CURR5T TE*NOLOGICAL /AGNATION SEEMS TO HAVE BEGUN AFT] #a#i#d#e1 :5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REPLAC$ ,BRITA9 AS ORGANIZ] ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 

,AM]ICANS DO NOT LIKE TO ?9K ( !MSELVES AS A NATION ( BUREAUCRATS--QUITE ! OPPOSITE--BUT ! MOM5T WE /OP IMAG9+ BUREAUCRACY AS A PH5OM5ON LIMIT$ TO GOV]NM5T (FICES1 IT BECOMES OBVI\S ?AT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT WE HAVE BECOME4 ,! F9AL VICTORY OV] ! ,SOVIET ,UNION DID NOT LEAD TO ! DOM9ATION ( ! M>KET1 BUT1 9 FACT1 CEM5T$ ! DOM9ANCE ( CONS]VATIVE MANAG]IAL ELITES1 CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS :O USE ! PRETEXT ( %ORT-T]M1 COMPETITIVE1 BOTTOM-L9E ?9K+ TO SQUEL* ANY?+ LIKELY TO HAVE REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( ANY K9D4 

,IF WE DO NOT NOTICE ?AT WE LIVE 9 A BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY1 ?AT IS BECAUSE BUREAUCRATIC NORMS & PRACTICES HAVE BECOME SO ALL-P]VASIVE ?AT WE CANNOT SEE !M1 OR1 WORSE1 CANNOT IMAG9E DO+ ?+S ANY O!R WAY4 

,COMPUT]S HAVE PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ?IS N>R[+ ( \R SOCIAL IMAG9ATIONS4 ,JU/ AS ! 9V5TION ( NEW =MS ( 9DU/RIAL AUTOMATION 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES HAD ! P>ADOXICAL EFFECT ( TURN+ MORE & MORE ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION 9TO FULL-TIME 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 SO HAS ALL ! S(TW>E DESIGN$ TO SAVE US FROM ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES TURN$ US 9TO P>T- OR FULL-TIME ADM9I/RATORS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS SEEM TO FEEL IT IS 9EVITABLE !Y WILL SP5D MORE ( !IR TIME MANAG+ GRANTS1 SO AFFLU5T H\SEWIVES SIMPLY ACCEPT ?AT !Y WILL SP5D WEEKS EV]Y YE> FILL+ \T =TY-PAGE ONL9E =MS TO GET !IR *ILDR5 9TO GRADE S*OOLS4 ,WE ALL SP5D 9CREAS+ AM\NTS ( TIME PUN*+ PASSWORDS 9TO \R PHONES TO MANAGE BANK & CR$IT ACC\NTS & LE>N+ H[ TO P]=M JOBS ONCE P]=M$ BY TRAVEL AG5TS1 BROK]S1 & ACC\NTANTS4 

,SOMEONE ONCE FIGUR$ \T ?AT ! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN WILL SP5D A CUMULATIVE SIX MON?S ( LIFE WAIT+ = TRAFFIC LI<TS TO *ANGE4 ,I DON'T KN[ IF SIMIL> FIGURES >E AVAILABLE = H[ LONG IT TAKES TO FILL \T =MS1 BUT IT MU/ BE AT LEA/ AS LONG4 ,NO POPULATION 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD HAS SP5T NE>LY SO MU* TIME 5GAG$ 9 PAP]WORK4 

,9 ?IS F9AL1 /ULTIFY+ /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 WE >E MOV+ FROM POETIC TE*NOLOGIES TO BUREAUCRATIC TE*NOLOGIES4 ,BY POETIC TE*NOLOGIES ,I REF] TO ! USE ( RATIONAL & TE*NICAL MEANS TO BR+ WILD FANTASIES TO REALITY4 ,POETIC TE*NOLOGIES1 SO UND]/OOD1 >E AS OLD AS CIVILIZATION4 ,LEWIS ,MUM=D NOT$ ?AT ! FIR/ COMPLEX MA*9ES W]E MADE ( PEOPLE4 ,EGYPTIAN PH>AOHS W]E ABLE TO BUILD ! PYRAMIDS ONLY BECAUSE ( !IR MA/]Y ( ADM9I/RATIVE PROC$URES1 :I* ALL[$ !M TO DEVELOP PRODUCTION-L9E TE*NIQUES1 DIVID+ UP COMPLEX TASKS 9TO DOZ5S ( SIMPLE OP]ATIONS & ASSIGN+ EA* TO ONE TEAM ( WORKM5--EV5 ?\< !Y LACK$ ME*ANICAL TE*NOLOGY MORE COMPLEX ?AN ! 9CL9$ PLANE & LEV]4 ,ADM9I/RATIVE OV]SI<T TURN$ >MIES ( PEASANT F>M]S 9TO ! COGS ( A VA/ MA*9E4 ,MU* LAT]1 AFT] COGS HAD BE5 9V5T$1 ! DESIGN ( COMPLEX MA*9]Y ELABORAT$ PR9CIPLES ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$ TO ORGANIZE PEOPLE4 

,YET WE HAVE SE5 ?OSE MA*9ES--:E!R !IR MOV+ P>TS >E >MS & TORSOS OR PI/ONS1 :EELS1 & SPR+S--BE+ PUT TO WORK TO REALIZE IMPOSSIBLE FANTASIES3 CA!DRALS1 MOON %OTS1 TRANSCONT95TAL RAILWAYS4 ,C]TA9LY1 POETIC TE*NOLOGIES HAD SOME?+ T]RIBLE AB\T !M2 ! POETRY IS LIKELY TO BE AS MU* ( D>K SATANIC MILLS AS ( GRACE OR LIB]ATION4 ,BUT ! RATIONAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUES W]E ALWAYS 9 S]VICE TO SOME FANTA/IC 5D4 

,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ALL ?OSE MAD ,SOVIET PLANS--EV5 IF NEV] REALIZ$--M>K$ ! CLIMAX ( POETIC TE*NOLOGIES4 ,:AT WE HAVE N[ IS ! REV]SE4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT VISION1 CREATIVITY1 & MAD FANTASIES >E NO LONG] 5C\RAG$1 BUT ?AT MO/ REMA9 FREE-FLOAT+2 !RE'S NO LONG] EV5 ! PRET5SE ?AT !Y C\LD EV] TAKE =M OR FLE%4 ,! GREATE/ & MO/ P[]FUL NATION ?AT HAS EV] EXI/$ HAS SP5T ! LA/ DECADES TELL+ ITS CITIZ5S !Y CAN NO LONG] CONTEMPLATE FANTA/IC COLLECTIVE 5T]PRISES1 EV5 IF--AS ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS DEM&S-- ! FATE ( ! E>? DEP5DS ON IT4 

,:AT >E ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ALL ?IS8 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 WE NE$ TO RE?9K SOME ( \R MO/ BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,ONE IS ?AT CAPITALISM IS ID5TICAL ) ! M>KET1 & ?AT BO? !RE=E >E 9IMICAL TO BUREAUCRACY1 :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO BE A CREATURE ( ! /ATE4 

,! SECOND ASSUMPTION IS ?AT CAPITALISM IS 9 ITS NATURE TE*NOLOGICALLY PROGRESSIVE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS1 9 !IR GIDDY 5?USIASM = ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTIONS ( !IR DAY1 W]E WRONG AB\T ?IS4 ,OR1 TO BE MORE PRECISE3 !Y W]E RI<T TO 9SI/ ?AT ! ME*ANIZATION ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION W\LD DE/ROY CAPITALISM2 !Y W]E WRONG TO PR$ICT ?AT M>KET COMPETITION W\LD COMPEL FACTORY [N]S TO ME*ANIZE ANYWAY4 ,IF IT DIDN'T HAPP51 ?AT IS BECAUSE M>KET COMPETITION IS NOT1 9 FACT1 AS ESS5TIAL TO ! NATURE ( CAPITALISM AS !Y HAD ASSUM$4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ! CURR5T =M ( CAPITALISM1 :]E MU* ( ! COMPETITION SEEMS TO TAKE ! =M ( 9T]NAL M>KET+ )9 ! BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES ( L>GE SEMI-MONOPOLI/IC 5T]PRISES1 W\LD COME AS A COMPLETE SURPRISE TO !M4 

,DEF5D]S ( CAPITALISM MAKE ?REE BROAD HI/ORICAL CLAIMS3 FIR/1 ?AT IT HAS FO/]$ RAPID SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL GR[?2 SECOND1 ?AT H[EV] MU* IT MAY ?R[ 5ORM\S WEAL? TO A SMALL M9ORITY1 IT DOES SO 9 SU* A WAY AS TO 9CREASE OV]ALL PROSP]ITY2 ?IRD1 ?AT 9 DO+ SO1 IT CREATES A MORE SECURE & DEMOCRATIC WORLD = EV]YONE4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT CAPITALISM IS NOT DO+ ANY ( !SE ?+S ANY LONG]4 ,9 FACT1 MANY ( ITS DEF5D]S >E RETREAT+ FROM CLAIM+ ?AT IT IS A GOOD SY/EM & 9/EAD FALL+ BACK ON ! CLAIM ?AT IT IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE SY/EM--OR1 AT LEA/1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE SY/EM = A COMPLEX1 TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ SOCIETY SU* AS \R [N4 

,BUT H[ C\LD ANYONE >GUE ?AT CURR5T ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS >E ALSO ! ONLY ONES ?AT WILL EV] BE VIABLE UND] ANY POSSIBLE FUTURE TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY8 ,! >GUM5T IS ABSURD4 ,H[ C\LD ANYONE KN[8 

,GRANT$1 !RE >E PEOPLE :O TAKE ?AT POSITION--ON BO? 5DS ( ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM4 ,AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ & AN>*I/1 ,I 5C\NT] ANTICIVILIZATIONAL TYPES :O 9SI/ NOT ONLY ?AT CURR5T 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY LEADS ONLY TO CAPITALI/-/YLE OPPRESSION1 BUT ?AT ?IS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE TRUE ( ANY FUTURE TE*NOLOGY AS WELL1 & !RE=E ?AT HUMAN LIB]ATION CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY RETURN+ TO ! ,/ONE ,AGE4 ,MO/ ( US >E NOT TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9I/S4 

,BUT CLAIMS = ! 9EVITABILITY ( CAPITALISM HAVE TO BE BAS$ ON A K9D ( TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM4 ,& = ?AT V]Y REASON1 IF ! AIM ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM IS TO CREATE A WORLD 9 :I* NO ONE BELIEVES ANY O!R ECONOMIC SY/EM C\LD WORK1 !N IT NE$S TO SUPPRESS NOT JU/ ANY IDEA ( AN 9EVITABLE R$EMPTIVE FUTURE1 BUT ANY RADICALLY DIFF]5T TE*NOLOGICAL FUTURE4 ,YET !RE'S A CONTRADICTION4 ,DEF5D]S ( CAPITALISM CANNOT MEAN TO CONV9CE US ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE HAS 5D$--S9CE ?AT W\LD MEAN CAPITALISM IS NOT PROGRESSIVE4 ,NO1 !Y MEAN TO CONV9CE US ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS IS 9DE$ CONT9U+1 ?AT WE DO LIVE 9 A WORLD ( WOND]S1 BUT ?AT ?OSE WOND]S TAKE ! =M ( MODE/ IMPROVEM5TS 7! LATE/ I,PHONE671 RUMORS ( 9V5TIONS AB\T TO HAPP5 70,I HE> !Y >E GO+ TO HAVE FLY+ C>S PRETTY SOON071 COMPLEX WAYS ( JUGGL+ 9=MATION & IMAG]Y1 & /ILL MORE COMPLEX PLAT=MS = FILL+ \T ( =MS4 

,I DO NOT MEAN TO SUGGE/ ?AT NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM--OR ANY O!R SY/EM--CAN BE SUCCESSFUL 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,FIR/1 !RE'S ! PROBLEM ( TRY+ TO CONV9CE ! WORLD Y\ >E LEAD+ ! WAY 9 TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS :5 Y\ >E HOLD+ IT BACK4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ) ITS DECAY+ 9FRA/RUCTURE1 P>ALYZES 9 ! FACE ( GLOBAL W>M+1 & SYMBOLICALLY DEVA/AT+ AB&ONM5T ( ITS MANN$ SPACE PROGRAM JU/ AS ,*9A ACCEL]ATES ITS [N1 IS DO+ A P>TICUL>LY BAD PUBLIC RELATIONS JOB4 ,SECOND1 ! PACE ( *ANGE CAN'T BE HELD BACK =EV]4 ,BREAK?R\<S WILL HAPP52 9CONV5I5T DISCOV]IES CANNOT BE P]MAN5TLY SUPPRESS$4 ,O!R1 LESS BUREAUCRATIZ$ P>TS ( ! WORLD--OR AT LEA/1 P>TS ( ! WORLD ) BUREAUCRACIES ?AT >E NOT SO HO/ILE TO CREATIVE ?9K+--WILL SL[LY BUT 9EVITABLY ATTA9 ! RES\RCES REQUIR$ TO PICK UP :]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ITS ALLIES HAVE LEFT (F4 ,! ,9T]NET DOES PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES = COLLABORATION & DISSEM9ATION ?AT MAY HELP BREAK US ?R\< ! WALL AS WELL4 ,:]E WILL ! BREAK?R\< COME8 ,WE CAN'T KN[4 ,MAYBE #c,D PR9T+ WILL DO :AT ! ROBOT FACTORIES W]E SUPPOS$ TO4 ,OR MAYBE IT WILL BE SOME?+ ELSE4 ,BUT IT WILL HAPP54 

,AB\T ONE CONCLUSION WE CAN FEEL ESPECIALLY CONFID5T3 IT WILL NOT HAPP5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CONTEMPOR>Y CORPORATE CAPITALISM--OR ANY =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,TO BEG9 SETT+ UP DOMES ON ,M>S1 LET ALONE TO DEVELOP ! MEANS TO FIGURE \T IF !RE >E ALI5 CIVILIZATIONS TO CONTACT1 WE'RE GO+ TO HAVE TO FIGURE \T A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,MU/ ! NEW SY/EM TAKE ! =M ( SOME MASSIVE NEW BUREAUCRACY8 ,:Y DO WE ASSUME IT MU/8 ,ONLY BY BREAK+ UP EXI/+ BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES CAN WE BEG94 ,& IF WE'RE GO+ TO 9V5T ROBOTS ?AT WILL DO \R LAUNDRY & TIDY UP ! KIT*51 !N WE'RE GO+ TO HAVE TO MAKE SURE ?AT :ATEV] REPLACES CAPITALISM IS BAS$ ON A F> MORE EGALIT>IAN DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? & P[]--ONE ?AT NO LONG] CONTA9S EI!R ! SUP]-RI* OR ! DESP]ATELY POOR WILL+ TO DO !IR H\SEWORK4 ,ONLY !N WILL TE*NOLOGY BEG9 TO BE M>%AL$ T[>D HUMAN NE$S4 ,& ?IS IS ! BE/ REASON TO BREAK FREE ( ! DEAD H& ( ! H$GE FUND MANAG]S & ! ,C,E,OS--TO FREE \R FANTASIES FROM ! SCRE5S 9 :I* SU* M5 HAVE IMPRISON$ !M1 TO LET \R IMAG9ATIONS ONCE AGA9 BECOME A MAT]IAL =CE 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 

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