,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #a 
,PRO(S & ,AU?ORITIES = ! ,DOCTR9E ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION 

#ahbahb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,GODW91 ,WILLIAM4 ,( ,POPULATION4 ,LONDON3 ,LONGMAN1 ,HUR/1 ,REES1 ,ORME & ,BR[N1 ,PAT]NO/] ,R[1 #a#h#b4 

  

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,! OBJECT ,I PROPOS$ TO MYSELF 9 ! PREC$+ ,BOOK WAS TO BR+ TOGE!R SU* VIEWS ON ! SUBJECT ( POPULATION1 AS MI<T BE 9F]R$ FROM ! ACTUAL NUMB]S ( MANK9D 9 ,EUROPE1 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA1 & ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 EI!R 9 ANCI5T OR MOD]N TIMES1 AS F> AS ANY CLE> NOTIONS MI<T BE OBTA9$ ON ?AT SUBJECT2 & H5CE TO CONCLUDE :AT WAS ! AM\NT ( PROBABILITY1 

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AS >IS+ FROM ?OSE FACTS1 = OR AGA9/ ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S !ORY4 ,& ,I AM WILL+ TO BELIEVE1 ?AT EV]Y READ] :O HAS ?US F> GONE1 ALONG ) ME1 IS SATISFI$1 ?AT1 AS F> AS PROBABILITY GOES1 NO?+ CAN BE MORE IMPROBABLE1 OR DO GREAT] VIOL5CE TO ALL ! FACTS H&$ D[N TO US 9 HI/ORY1 ?AN ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION4 

,I %ALL N[ ATTEMPT TO GO MORE DEEPLY & SCI5TIFICALLY 9TO ! QUE/ION1 & 5DEAVOR TO ASC]TA9 :AT IS ! LAW ( \R NATURE RESPECT+ ! 9CREASE ( \R SPECIES OR O!RWISE1 SO F>-AS ?AT LAW CAN BE 9F]R$ FROM ! DIFF]5T DOCUM5TS & /ATI/ICAL TABLES1 :I* ! CURIOSITY ( GOV]NM5TS1 OR ! 9DU/RY ( M5 WRIT+ ON ! SUBJECTS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 HAVE ACCUMULAT$ & GIV5 TO ! WORLD4 

,! :OLE SY/EM & DOCTR9E ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S ,ESSAY PROCE$S UPON A V]Y SIMPLE POSITION2 ! T5D5CY ( HUMAN BE+S TO MULTIPLY BEYOND ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE3 & HE PLA9LY ?9KS ?AT HE GRANTS TO HIS OPPOS]S MORE ?AN 9 >GUM5T !Y >E 5TITL$ TO CLAIM1 :5 HE ,/ATES ?AT 0POPULATION1 :]E IT IS UN*ECK$1 GOES ON D\BL+ ITSELF EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 OR 9CREASES 9 A GEOMETRICAL RATIO20A :ILE 0! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 UND] CIRCUM/ANCES ! MO/ FAVORABLE TO HUMAN 9DU/RY1 C\LD NOT POSSIBLY BE MADE TO 9CREASE FA/] ?AN 9 AN 

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>I?METICAL RATIO10B ?AT IS1 TO 0BE 9CREAS$ EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S BY A QUANTITY EQUAL TO :AT IT AT PRES5T PRODUCES40C 

,TO MAKE ?IS IDEA MORE 9TELLIGIBLE TO EV]Y READ]1 ,MR4 ,MAL?US PROCE$S TO /ATE ! EFFECT ( HIS TWO RATIOS 9 FIGURES1 & OBS]VES1 0,IF WE TAKE ! :OLE E>? AS ! SUBJECT ( \R CALCULATION1 EMIGRATION WILL ( C\RSE BE EXCLUD$4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ! PRES5T POPULATION ( ! E>? EQUAL TO A ?\S& MILLIONS2 ! HUMAN SPECIES1 IF ! PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION REMA9$ UN*ECK$1 W\LD 9CREASE EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 AS ! NUMB]S #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #a#f1 #c#b1 #f#d1 #a#b#h1 #b#e#f1 & ! SUBSI/5CE AS #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,9 TWO C5TURIES ! POPULATION W\LD BE TO ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE AS TO #bef TO #i2 9 ?REE C5TURIES AS #dif TO #a#c2 & 9 TWO ?\S& YE>S ! DIFF]5CE W\LD BE ALMO/ 9CALCULABLE40D 

,AS ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S POSITION IS SIMPLE1 HIS PRO( IS NOT LESS DI/+UI%$ = BREVITY4E ,IT IS1 ,I ?9K1 ALL SUMM$ UP 9 ! FOLL[+ S5T5CE3 0,9 ! ,NOR!RN ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA .<MEAN+ ,I BELIEVE1 ! NOR!RN P>TS ( ! REPUBLIC1 KN[N UND] ! NAME ( ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA.>1 ! POPULATION HAS BE5 F\ND TO D\BLE ITSELF1 = ABOVE A C5TURY & A 

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HALF SUCCESSIVELY1 9 LESS ?AN TW5TY-FIVE YE>S40F ,TO :I* HE ADDS PRES5TLY AFT]3 0,?IS IS A RATE ( 9CREASE 9 :I* ALL CONCURR+ TE/IMONIES AGREE1 & HAS REPEAT$LY BE5 ASC]TA9$ TO BE FROM PROCREATION ONLY40G 

,?IS1 & ?IS ONLY1 IS ! 5TIRE BASIS UPON :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S DOCTR9E RELIES = ITS /ABILITY4 ,HE HAS ADD$ H[EV] C]TA9 AU?ORITIES1 UPON :I* HE F\NDS HIS EXPECTATION ( 9DUC+ ! PUBLIC TO ACQUIESCE 9 HIS /ATEM5T4 ,!Y >E !SE3 

#a4 ,DR4 ,FRANKL94 ,! /ATEM5T ( ?IS AU?OR AS QUOT$ BY ,MR4 ,MAL?US1H IS1 0,!RE IS NO B\ND TO ! PROLIFIC NATURE ( PLANTS OR ANIMALS1 BUT :AT IS MADE BY !IR CR[D+ & 9T]F]+ ) EA* O!R'S MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,W]E ! FACE ( ! E>? VACANT ( O!R PLANTS1 IT MI<T BE GRADUALLY S[$ & OV]SPREAD ) ONE K9D ONLY1 AS = 9/ANCE ) F5NEL3 & W]E IT EMPTY ( O!R 9HABITANTS1 IT MI<T 9 A FEW AGES BE REPL5I%$ FROM ONE NATION ONLY1 AS = 9/ANCE ) ,5GLI%M540 

,! ,ESSAY FROM :I* ?IS EXTRACT IS TAK51 IS 5TITL$1 0,OBS]VATIONS CONC]N+ ! ,9CREASE ( ,MANK9D1 ,PEOPL+ ( ,C\NTRIES1 @&C40 ,IT OCCUPIES N9E PAGES 9 ! LATE $ITION ( ,FRANKL9'S ,WORKS1 #a#h#f1I & WAS WRITT5 9 #a#g#c#a1 :5 ! AU?OR WAS TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( AGE4 

#b4 ,DR4 ,EZRA ,/YLES4 ,?IS G5TLEMAN PUBLI%$ 

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9 ,BO/ON1 ,NEW ,5GL&1 9 #a#g#f#a1 A ,S]MON ON ,*RI/IAN ,UNION1 0SOME EXTRACTS FROM :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO SEEK40 ,DR4 ,/YLES1 IT SEEMS1 0SPEAK+ ( ,RHODE ,ISL&1 SAYS1 ?AT ?\< ! P]IOD ( D\BL+ = ! :OLE COLONY IS TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 YET ?AT IT IS DIFF]5T 9 DIFF]5T P>TS1 & )9 L& IS TW5TY & FIFTE5 YE>S40 K 

#c4 ,DR4 ,PRICE4L ,?IS H[EV] SEEMS NOT TO BE AN AU?ORITY DI/9CT FROM ! PREC$+4 ,DR4 ,PRICE1 9 A LETT] TO ,DR4 ,FRANKL91 :I* WAS READ TO ! ,ROYAL ,SOCIETY1 ,APRIL #b#g1 #a#g#f#i1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,TRANSACTIONS1 ,VOL4 ,L,I,X1 & AGA9 REPUBLI%$ BY ! AU?OR 9 HIS ,OBS]VATIONS ON ,REV]SION>Y ,PAYM5TS1M SAYS TO HIS CORRESPOND5T1 0,A D\BL+ ( POPULATION 9 EI<TY-F\R YE>S IS1 AS Y\1 SIR1 WELL KN[ .<PROBABLY REF]R+ TO ,DR4 ,FRANKL9'S ,OBS]VATIONS CONC]N+ ! ,9CREASE ( ,MANK9D ABOVE-QUOT$.>1 A V]Y SL[ 9CREASE1 COMP>$ ) ?AT :I* TAKES PLACE AMONG \R COLONIES 9 ,AM]ICA40N ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ! PAGE ,DR4 ,PRICE REF]S US = FUR!R 9=MATION TO ,DR4 ,/YLES'S ,S]MON4 

#d4 ,EUL]4 ,:O1 9 A ,TABLE 9S]T$ 9 ,SUSSMIL*'S ,GROTTLI*E ,ORDNUNG1 0CALCULATES1 ON A MORTALITY ( ONE 9 ?IRTY-SIX1 ?AT IF ! BIR?S 

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BE TO ! DEA?S 9 ! PROPORTION ( ?REE TO ONE1 ! P]IOD ( D\BL+ WILL BE ONLY TWELVE YE>S & F\R-FIF?S40O 

#e4 ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,PETTY4 ,:O 0SUPPOSES A D\BL+ POSSIBLE 9 SO %ORT A TIME AS T5 YE>S40P 

,BE+ DISSATISFI$ ) ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S AU?ORITIES1 & F9D+ SOME ( HIS REF]5CES 9ACCURATE1 ,I ADDRESS$ ?AT G5TLEMAN 9 ! FOLL[+ LETT]3 

,SIR1 

,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#h#a#h4 

,I AM AT ?IS MOM5T 5GAG$ 9 A C>EFUL EXAM9ATION ( Y\R ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 & MAY PROBABLY COMMIT SOME?+ TO ! PRESS ON ! SUBJECT4 ,I !RE=E TAKE ! LIB]TY TO REQUE/ Y\R ANSW] TO ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION4 

,9 PAGE #g ( ! FIF? $ITION4 ,VOL4 ,I1 Y\ SAY1 0,9 ! NOR!RN /ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 -- ! POPULATION HAS BE5 F\ND TO D\BLE ITSELF1 = ABOVE A C5TURY & A HALF SUCCESSIVELY1 9 LESS ?AN TW5TY-FIVE YE>S40 ,WILL Y\ HAVE ! GOODNESS TO /ATE TO ME BY LETT] Y\R AU?ORITY = ?IS ASS]TION8 

,I AM1 ,SIR1 V]Y RESPECTFULLY1 

   Y\R MO/ OB$I5T S]VANT4 

,TO ?IS LETT] ,MR ,MAL?US RETURN$ ME AN IMM$IATE ANSW]4 

,EA/ ,9DIA ,COLLEGE1 ,H]T=D1  

,OCT4 #b#e1 #a#h#a#h4 

,DE> ,SIR1 

,UPON REF]R+ TO ! PASSAGE Y\ M5TION 9 Y\R LETT]1 ,I F9D ?AT ! AU?ORITIES ON :I* ,I PR9CIPALLY RE/1 >E ! DETAILS M5TION$ BY ,DR4 ,PRICE 9 HIS ,OBS]VATIONS ON ,REV]SION>Y ,PAYM5TS1 PP4 #b#h#b1 @&MP2C41Q & ! PAMPHLET ( ,DR4 ,/YLES TO :I* HE P>TICUL>LY REF]S ,I AFT]W>DS SAW SOME /ATEM5TS & CALCULATIONS1 :I* MAKE ! P]IOD ( D\BL+ ONLY TW5TY YE>S FROM ! FIR/ SETTLEM5T ( ,AM]ICA TO ! YE> #a#h4 ,BUT 9 ! FIF? $ITION1 ,I F9D ?AT ! REF]5CE IS MADE WRONG1 & ?AT IT %\LD HAVE BE51 ,BOOK II4 ,*4 #a#c1 9/EAD ( #a#a4 

,TO ?IS NOTE1 :I* OCCURS ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #a#i#d1 ( ! FIF? $ITION1 ,I W\LD REF] Y\ = MY PR9CIPAL AU?ORITIES AT ! TIME ,I PUBLI%$ ! QU>TO $ITION2 BUT S9CE ?AT1 ! LATE ,/ATI/ICAL ,VIEW ( ,AM]ICA1 BY ,T4 ,PITK91 9 :I* >E CONTA9$ ! ?REE REGUL> ,C5SUS'S ( #a#g#i1 #a#h1 & #a#h#a1 TOGE!R ) AN E/IMATION 9 #a#g#d#i1 MORE ?AN CONFIRMS :AT WAS !RE /AT$4 ,COMP>+ ! TWO ,C5SUS'S ( #agi & #aha TOGE!R1 IT APPE>S ?AT ! POPULATION DUR+ 

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?AT P]IOD D\BL$ ITSELF 9 AB\T TW5TY-?REE YE>S2 & FROM ! E/IMATE 9 #a#g#d#i1 9 AB\T ! SAME TIME OR LESS4 ,?IS W\LD ADMIT AMPLE ALL[ANCE = =EIGN IMMIGRATION4 

,TRULY Y\RS4 

A ,VOL4 ,I1 P4#i4 

B ,P4 #a4 

C ,P4 #a#c4 

D ,P4 #a#e4 

E ,9 ! ,9TRODUCTION TO ,BOOK ,I1 ,I HAVE SAID1 0,HE NEI!R PROVES1 NOR ATTEMPTS TO PROVE :AT HE ASS]TS40 ,& ?IS IS ! ACCURAL LATE CF ! CASE4 

F ,P4 #g4 

G ,P4 #i4 

H ,P4 #c4 

I ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4#c#h#c4 

K ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4#a#i#d4 

L ,VOL4 ,I1 P4 #g2 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #a#i#d4 

M ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #c4 SEV5? $ITION4 

N ,PRICE'S ,OBS]VATIONS1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4#d#i4 

O ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 ,VOL4 ,I1 P4 #h4 

P ,IBID4 ,MR4 ,MAL?US REF]S US = ?IS /ATEM5T TO ,SIR ,W4 ,PETTY'S ,POLITICAL ,>I?METIC1 :]E IT IS NOT TO BE F\ND4 ,IT OCCURS 9 HIS ,ESSAY CONC]N+ ! ,GR[? ( ! ,CITY ( ,LONDON4 

Q ,I BELIEVE1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4#c1 @&MP2C4 ( ! ,SEV5? ,$ITION4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahai 3 ,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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