,OTTO ,RUHLE & ! ,G]MAN ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,KURASJE ,>*IVE2 
,WRITT53 BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK PUBLI%$ 9 ,ANTI-,BOL%EVIK ,COMMUNISM 9 #ai< BY ,M]L9 ,PRESS1 ,LONDON2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c2  
,PRO($3 & CORRECT$ BY ,GE(F ,TRAU<1 ,AUGU/ #b#e4 

,I 

,OTTO ,RUHLE'S ACTIVITY 9 ! ,G]MAN ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 
WAS RELAT$ TO ! WORK ( SMALL & RE/RICT$ M9ORITIES )9 & \TSIDE 
( ! (FICIAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! GR\PS :I* HE DIRECTLY ADH]$ TO 
W]E AT NO TIME ( REAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,& EV5 )9 !SE GR\PS HE HELD A 
PECULI> POSITION2 HE C\LD NEV] COMPLETELY ID5TIFY HIMSELF ) ANY 
ORGANIZATION4 ,HE NEV] LO/ SI<T ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS1 NO MATT] :AT SPECIFIC POLITICAL /RATEGY HE WAS ADVOCAT+ AT ANY 
P>TICUL> TIME4 ,HE C\LD NOT REG>D ORGANIZATIONS AS AN 5D 9 !MSELVES1 BUT 
M]ELY AS M$IUMS = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS & = ! 
FULL] DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS BROAD VIEW ( LIFE HE WAS 
AT TIMES SUSPECT$ ( APO/ASY1 YET HE DI$ AS HE LIV$ - A ,SOCIALI/ 9 
! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD4 

,TODAY EV]Y PROGRAM & DESIGNATION HAS LO/ ITS MEAN+2 SOCIALI/S SPEAK 
9 CAPITALI/IC T]MS1 CAPITALI/S 9 SOCIALI/IC T]MS & EV]YBODY BELIEVES 
ANY?+ & NO?+4 ,?IS SITUATION IS M]ELY ! CLIMAX ( A LONG DEVELOPM5T 
:I* HAS BE5 9ITIAT$ BY ! LABOR MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,IT IS N[ QUITE CLE> 
?AT ONLY ?OSE 9 ! TRADITIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T :O OPPOS$ ITS UNDEMOCRATIC 
ORGANIZATIONS & !IR TACTICS CAN PROP]LY BE CALL$ SOCIALI/S4 ,! LABOR 
LEAD]S ( YE/]DAY & TODAY DID NOT & DO NOT REPRES5T A WORK]S' 
MOVEM5T BUT ONLY A CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T ( WORK]S4 ,ONLY BY /&+ \TSIDE 
! LABOR MOVEM5T HAS IT BE5 POSSIBLE TO WORK T[>DS DECISIVE SOCIAL 
*ANGES4 ,! FACT ?AT EV5 )9 ! DOM9ANT LABOR ORGANIZATIONS ,RUHLE 
REMA9$ AN \TSID] ATTE/S TO HIS S9C]ITY & 9TEGRITY4 ,HIS :OLE ?9K+ 
WAS1 H[EV]1 DET]M9$ BY ! MOVEM5T :I* HE OPPOS$ & IT IS NECESS>Y 
TO ANALYZE ITS *>ACT]I/ICS 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! MAN HIMSELF4 

,! (FICIAL LABOR MOVEM5T FUNCTION$ NEI!R 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS 
ORIG9AL IDEOLOGY NOR ) ITS REAL IMM$IATE 9T]E/S4 ,= A TIME IT S]V$ 
AS A CONTROL 9/RUM5T ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,FIR/ LOS+ ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 
IT WAS SOON TO LOSE ITS V]Y EXI/5CE4 ,VE/$ 9T]E/S UND] CAPITALISM CAN 
BE MA9TA9$ ONLY BY ! ACCUMULATION ( P[]4 ,! PROCESS ( ! 
CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & POLITICAL P[] =CES ANY SOCIALLY IMPORTANT 
MOVEM5T TO ATTEMPT EI!R TO DE/ROY CAPITALISM OR TO S]VE IT CONSI/5TLY4 
,! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T C\LD NOT DO ! LATT] & WAS NEI!R WILL+ NOR 
ABLE TO DO ! =M]4 ,CONT5T TO BE ONE MONOPOLY AMONG O!RS IT WAS SWEPT 
ASIDE BY ! CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T T[>D ! MONOPOLI/IC CONTROL ( 
MONOPOLIES4 

,ESS5TIALLY ! HI/ORY ( ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T IS ! HI/ORY ( ! 
CAPITALI/ M>KET APPROA*$ FROM A 'PROLET>IAN' PO9T ( VIEW4 
,! SO-CALL$ M>KET LAWS W]E TO BE UTILIZ$ 9 FAVOR ( ! COMMODITY1 
LABOR P[]4 ,COLLECTIVE ACTIONS %\LD LEAD TO ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE WAGES4 
',ECONOMIC P[]' GA9$ 9 ?IS MANN] WAS TO BE SECUR$ BY WAY ( 
SOCIAL RE=M4 ,TO GET ! HI<E/ PR(ITS POSSIBLE1 ! CAPITALI/S 9CREAS$ 
! ORGANIZ$ CONTROL OV] ! M>KET4 ,BUT ?IS OPPOSITION BETWE5 CAPITAL & 
LABOR ALSO EXPRESS$ AN ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,BO? SIDES FO/]$ ! 
MONOPOLI/IC RE-ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ?\<1 TO BE SURE1 BEH9D 
!IR CONSCI\SLY-DIRECT$ ACTIVITIES !RE WAS F9ALLY NO?+ BUT ! 
EXPANSIVE NE$ ( CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,!IR POLICIES & ASPIRATIONS1 H[EV] MU* 
BAS$ ON REAL CONSID]ATIONS ( FACTS & SPECIAL NE$S1 W]E /ILL DET]M9$ 
BY ! FETI%I/IC *>ACT] ( !IR SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 

,ASIDE FROM COMMODITY-FETI%ISM1 :ATEV] MEAN+ ! M>KET LAWS MAY HAVE 
) REG>D TO SPECIAL =TUNES & LOSSES1 & H[EV] !Y MAY BE MANIPULAT$ 
BY ONE OR ANO!R 9T]E/ GR\P1 UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES CAN !Y BE US$ 9 
FAVOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,IT IS NOT ! M>KET :I* CONTROLS ! 
PEOPLE & DET]M9ES ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL RELATIONS BUT RA!R ! FACT ?AT 
A SEP>ATE GR\P 9 SOCIETY EI!R [NS OR CONTROLS BO? ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION & ! 9/RUM5TS ( SUPPRESSION4 ,M>KET SITUATIONS1 :ATEV] !Y 
MAY BE1 ALWAYS FAVOR CAPITAL4 ,& IF !Y DO NOT DO SO !Y WILL BE ALT]$1 
SET ASIDE OR SUPPLEM5T$ ) MORE DIRECT1 MORE =CEFUL & MORE BASIC P[]S 
9H]5T 9 ! [N]%IP OR CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,TO OV]COME CAPITALISM1 ACTIONS \TSIDE ! LABOR-CAPITAL-M>KET RELATIONS 
>E NECESS>Y1 ACTIONS ?AT DO AWAY ) BO? ! M>KET & ) CLASS 
RELATIONS4 ,RE/RICT$ TO ACTIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALISM1 ! OLD 
LABOR MOVEM5T F\<T FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ON UNEQUAL T]MS4 ,IT WAS B\ND 
TO DE/ROY ITSELF OR TO BE DE/ROY$ FROM )\T4 ,IT WAS DE/9$ EI!R TO BE 
BROK5 UP 9T]NALLY BY ITS [N REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION1 :I* W\LD GIVE RISE 
TO NEW ORGANIZATIONS1 OR DOOM$ TO BE DE/ROY$ BY ! CAPITALI/IC *ANGE FROM 
A M>KET TO A CONTROLL$-M>KET ECONOMY & ! ACCOMPANY+ POLITICAL 
ALT]ATIONS4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! LATT] HAPP5$1 = ! REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION 
)9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T FAIL$ TO GR[4 ,IT HAD A VOICE BUT NO P[] & NO 
IMM$IATE FUTURE1 AS ! WORK+ CLASS HAD JU/ SP5T HALF A C5TURY 
5TR5*+ ITS CAPITALI/IC 5EMY & BUILD+ A HUGE PRISON = ITSELF 9 ! 
=M ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 /ILL NECESS>Y TO S+LE \T 
M5 LIKE ,OTTO ,RUHLE 9 ORD] TO DESCRIBE ! MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y 
OPPOSITION1 AL?\< SU* S+L+ \T IS QUITE CONTR>Y TO HIS [N PO9T ( 
VIEW & TO ! NE$S ( ! WORK]S :O MU/ LE>N TO ?9K 9 T]MS ( 
CLASSES RA!R ?AN 9 T]MS ( REVOLUTION>Y P]SONALITIES4 

,I,I 

,! FIR/ WORLD W> & ! POSITIVE REACTION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T TO ! 
SLAU<T] SURPRIS$ ONLY ?OSE :O DID NOT UND]/& CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & 
! SUCCESSFUL LABOR MOVEM5T )9 ITS CONF9ES4 ,BUT ONLY A FEW ACTUALLY 
UND]/OOD4 ,JU/ AS ! PRE-W> OPPOSITION )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T CAN BE 
BR\<T 9TO FOCUS BY M5TION+ ! LIT]>Y & SCI5TIFIC PRODUCTS ( A FEW 
9DIVIDUALS AMONG :OM ,RUHLE MU/ BE C\NT$1 SO ! 'WORK]S' 
OPPOSITION' TO ! W> MAY ALSO BE EXPRESS$ 9 NAMES LIKE ,LIEBKNE*T1 
,LUXEMBURG1 ,MEHR+1 ,RUHLE & O!RS4 ,IT IS QUITE REVEAL+ ?AT ! 
ANTI-W> ATTITUDE1 9 ORD] TO BE EFFECTIVE AT ALL1 HAD FIR/ TO F9D 
P>LIAM5T>Y P]MISSION4 ,IT HAD TO BE DRAMATIZ$ ON ! /AGE ( A B\RGEOIS 
9/ITUTION1 ?US 9DICAT+ ITS LIMITATIONS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,9 FACT1 
IT S]V$ ONLY AS A =]UNN] ( ! B\RGEOIS-LIB]AL PEACE MOVEM5T ?AT 
F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 5D+ ! W> )\T DI/URB+ ! CAPITALI/IC /ATUS 
QUO4 ,IF1 9 ! BEG9N+1 MO/ ( ! WORK]S W]E BEH9D ! W>-MAJORITY1 
!Y W]E NO LESS BEH9D ! ANTI-W> ACTIVITY ( !IR B\RGEOISIE :I* 5D$ 
9 ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ANTI-W> SLOGANS1 AL?\< RAIS$ BY 
REVOLUTIONI/S1 M]ELY S]V$ A P>TICUL> BR& ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS & 
5D$ UP :]E !Y />T$ - 9 ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T4 

,! REAL OPPOSITION TO W> & IMP]IALISM CAME TO ! =E 9 DES]TIONS 
FROM >MY & FACTORY & 9 ! SL[LY GR[+ RECOGNITION ON ! P>T ( MANY 
WORK]S ?AT !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ W> & EXPLOITATION MU/ 9CLUDE ! FI<T 
AGA9/ ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T & ALL ITS CONCEPTS - IT SPEAKS 9 
,RUHLE'S FAVOR ?AT HIS [N NAME DISAPPE>$ QUICKLY FROM ! HONOR 
ROLL ( ! W> OPPOSITION4 ,IT IS CLE>1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ,LIEBKNE*T & 
,LUXEMBURG W]E CELEBRAT$ UP TO ! BEG9N+ ( ! SECOND WORLD W> ONLY 
BECAUSE !Y DI$ LONG BE=E ! W>R+ WORLD HAD BE5 RE/OR$ TO 
'NORMALCY' & WAS AGA9 9 NE$ ( DEAD LABOR H]OES TO SUPPORT 
! LIV+ LABOR LEAD]S :O C>RI$ \T A 'REALI/IC' POLICY ( 
RE=MS OR S]V$ ! =EIGN POLICY ( ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA4 

,! FIR/ WORLD W> REVEAL$ MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE ?AT ! LABOR 
MOVEM5T WAS P>T & P>CEL ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS 9 
EV]Y NATION PROV$ ?AT !Y HAD NEI!R - ! 9T5TION NOR ! MEANS 
TO FI<T CAPITALISM1 ?AT !Y W]E 9T]E/$ ONLY 9 SECUR+ !IR [N 
EXI/5CE )9 ! CAPITALI/IC /RUCTURE4 ,9 ,G]MANY ?IS WAS ESPECIALLY 
OBVI\S BECAUSE )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T ! ,G]MAN ORGANIZATIONS W]E 
! L>GE/ & MO/ UNIFI$4 ,TO HOLD ON TO :AT HAD BE5 BUILT UP S9CE 
,BISM>CK'S ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS1 ! M9ORITY OPPOSITION )9 ! 
SOCIALI/ P>TY DISPLAY$ A SELF RE/RA9T TO AN EXT5T UNKN[N 9 O!R 
C\NTRIES4 ,BUT1 !N1 ! EXIL$ ,RUSSIAN OPPOSITION HAD LESS TO LOSE2 IT HAD1 
FUR!RMORE1 SPLIT AWAY FROM ! RE=MI/S & CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/S A 
DECADE BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! W>4 ,& IT IS QUITE DIFFICULT TO SEE 9 ! 
MEEK PACIFI/ >GUM5TS ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY ANY REAL OPPOSITION TO 
! SOCIAL PATRIOTISM ?AT HAD SATURAT$ ! ,BRITI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,BUT MORE 
HAD BE5 EXPECT$ ( ! ,G]MAN LEFT-W+ ?AN ( ANY O!R GR\P )9 ! 
,9T]NATIONAL1 & ITS BEHAVIOR AT ! \TBREAK ( ! W> WAS !RE=E 
P>TICUL>LY DISAPPO9T+4 ,AP>T FROM ! PSY*OLOGICAL CONDITIONS ( 
9DIVIDUALS1 ?IS BEHAVIOR WAS ! PRODUCT ( ! ORGANIZATION-FETI%ISM 
PREVAIL+ 9 ! MOVEM5T4 

,?IS FETI%ISM DEM&$ DISCIPL9E & /RICT ADH]5CE TO DEMOCRATIC 
=MULAS - ! M9ORITY MU/ SUBMIT TO ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY4 ,& 
AL?\< IT IS CLE> ?AT UND] CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS !SE DEMOCRATIC 
=MULAS M]ELY HIDE FACTS TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! OPPOSITION FAIL$ TO P]CEIVE 
?AT DEMOCRACY )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T DID NOT DIFF] FROM B\RGEOIS 
DEMOCRACY 9 G5]AL4 ,A M9ORITY [N$ & CONTROLL$ ! ORGANIZATIONS JU/ AS 
! CAPITALI/ M9ORITY [NS & CONTROLS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! /ATE 
APP>ATUS4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! M9ORITIES BY VIRTUE ( ?IS CONTROL DET]M9E 
! BEHAVIOR ( ! MAJORITIES4 ,BUT BY =CE ( TRADITIONAL PROC$URES1 9 ! 
NAME ( DISCIPL9E & UNITY1 UNEASY & AGA9/ ITS BETT] KN[L$GE1 ! 
ANTI-W> M9ORITY SUPPORT$ SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC *AUV9ISM4 ,!RE WAS JU/ ONE 
MAN 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REI*/AG ( ,AUGU/ #aiad - ,FRITZ ,KUN]T - :O WAS 
NOT ABLE TO VOTE = W> CR$ITS BUT :O WAS ALSO NOT ABLE TO VOTE AGA9/ !M 
& ?US1 TO SATISFY HIS CONSCI5CE1 AB/A9$ FROM VOT+ ALTOGE!R4 

,9 ! SPR+ ( #aiae ,LIEBKNE*T & ,RUHLE W]E ! FIR/ TO VOTE 
AGA9/ ! GRANT+ ( W> CR$ITS TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y REMA9$ ALONE = 
QUITE SOME TIME & F\ND NEW COMPANIONS ONLY TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! *ANCES ( 
A VICTORI\S PEACE DISAPPE>$ 9 ! MILIT>Y /ALEMATE4 ,AFT] #aiaf ! 
RADICAL ANTI-W> ATTITUDE WAS SUPPORT$ & SOON SWALL[$ UP BY A B\RGEOIS 
MOVEM5T 9 SE>* ( A NEGOTIAT$ PEACE1 A MOVEM5T :I*1 F9ALLY1 WAS TO 
9H]IT ! BANKRUPT /OCK ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM4 

,AS VIOLATORS ( DISCIPL9E ,LIEBKNE*T & ,RUHLE W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ,REI*/AG FACTION4 ,TOGE!R ) ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,FRANZ 
,MEHR+ & O!RS1 MORE OR LESS =GOTT5 BY N[1 !Y ORGANIZ$ ! GR\P1 
,9T]NATIONALE1 PUBLI%+ A MAGAZ9E ( ! SAME TITLE 9 ORD] TO UPHOLD ! 
IDEA ( 9T]NATIONALISM 9 ! W>R+ WORLD4 ,9 #aiaf !Y ORGANIZ$ ! 
,SP>TAKUSBUND :I* COOP]AT$ ) O!R LEFT-W+ =MATIONS SU* AS ! 
,9T]NATIONALE ,SOZIALI/ ) ,JULIAN ,BOR*>DT AS !IR SPOKESMAN1 & ! 
GR\P >\ND ,JOHANN ,KNIEF & ! RADICAL ,BREM5 PAP]1 ,>BEIT]POLITIK4 ,9 
RETROSPECT IT SEEMS ?AT ! LA/-NAM$ GR\P WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$1 ?AT IS1 
ADVANC$ AWAY FROM SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS & T[>D A NEW APPROA* TO 
! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,H[ MU* ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND /ILL ADH]$ TO ! 
ORGANIZATION & UNITY FETI% ?AT RUL$ ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T CAME TO 
LI<T 9 !IR VACILLAT+ ATTITUDE T[>D ! FIR/ ATTEMPTS AT RE-ORI5T+ 
! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,ZIMM]WALD & ,KI5?AL4 ,! 
,SP>TACI/S W]E NOT 9 FAVOR ( A CLEAN BREAK ) ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T 9 
! DIRECTION ( ! E>LI] ,BOL%EVIK EXAMPLE4 ,!Y /ILL HOP$ TO W9 ! 
P>TY OV] TO !IR [N POSITION & C>EFULLY AVOID$ IRRECONCILABLE POLICIES4 
,9 ,APRIL #aiag ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND M]G$ ) ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S 
.<,UNABHANGIGE ,SOZIALDEMOKRATIS*E ,P>TEI ,DEUTS*L&S.> :I* =M$ ! 
C5T] 9 ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T BUT WAS NO LONG] WILL+ TO COV] UP ! 
*AUV9ISM ( ! CONS]VATIVE MAJORITY-W+ ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TY4 
,RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T1 YET /ILL )9 ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ! 
,SP>TAKUSBUND LEFT ?IS ORGANIZATION ONLY AT ! 5D ( ! YE> #a#i#a#h4 

,I,I,I 

,)9 ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND ,OTTO ,RUHLE %>$ ,LIEBKNE*T'S & ,ROSA 
,LUXEMBURG'S POSITION :I* HAD BE5 ATTACK$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS 
9CONSI/5T4 ,& 9CONSI/5T IT WAS BUT = P]T95T REASONS4 ,AT FIR/ 
GLANCE1 ! MA9 REASON SEEM$ TO BE BAS$ ON ! ILLUSION ?AT ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY C\LD BE RE=M$4 ,) *ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT WAS HOP$1 
! MASSES W\LD CEASE TO FOLL[ !IR CONS]VATIVE LEAD]S & SUPPORT ! 
LEFT-W+ ( ! P>TY4 ,& AL?\< SU* ILLUSIONS DID EXI/1 FIR/ ) 
REG>D TO ! OLD P>TY & LAT] ) REG>D TO ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S1 
!Y DO NOT ALTOGE!R EXPLA9 ! HESITANCY ON ! P>T ( ! ,SP>TACI/ 
LEAD]S TO ADOPT ! WAYS ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! ,SP>TACI/S FAC$ A 
DILEMMA NO MATT] 9 :AT DIRECTION !Y LOOK$4 ,BY NOT TRY+ - AT ! 
RI<T TIME - TO BREAK RESOLUTELY ) SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 !Y =FEIT$ 
!IR *ANCE TO =M A /RONG ORGANIZATION CAPABLE ( PLAY+ A DECISIVE ROLE 
9 ! EXPECT$ SOCIAL UPHEAVALS4 ,YET1 9 VIEW ( ! REAL SITUATION 9 
,G]MANY1 9 VIEW ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 IT WAS QUITE 
DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( QUICKLY =M+ A C\NT]-P>TY TO 
! DOM9ANT LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,( C\RSE1 IT MI<T HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO 
=M A P>TY 9 ! ,L59I/ MANN]1 A P>TY ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTIONI/S1 
WILL+ TO USURP P[]1 IF NECESS>Y1 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT ! PEOPLE >\ND ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG DID 
NOT ASPIRE TO4 ,?R\<\T ! YE>S ( !IR OPPOSITION TO RE=MISM & 
REVISIONISM1 !Y HAD NEV] N>R[$ !IR DI/ANCE FROM ! ,RUSSIAN 
'LEFT'1 FROM ,L59'S CONCEPT ( ORGANIZATION & REVOLUTION4 
,9 %>P CONTROV]SIES1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG HAD PO9T$ \T ?AT ,L59'S 
CONCEPTS W]E ( A ,JACOB9 NATURE & 9APPLICABLE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE :]E NOT 
A B\RGEOIS BUT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION WAS ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 ,AL?\< 
%E1 TOO1 SPOKE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 IT MEANT = H]1 9 
DI/9CTION TO ,L591 0! MANN] 9 :I* DEMOCRACY IS EMPLOY$1 NOT 9 
ITS ABOLITION - IT WAS TO BE ! WORK ( ! CLASS1 & NOT ( A SMALL 
M9ORITY 9 ! NAME ( ! CLASS04 

,5?USIA/ICALLY AS ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,LUXEMBURG & ,RUHLE GREET$ ! 
OV]?R[ ( ,CZ>ISM1 !Y DID NOT LOSE !IR CRITICAL CAPACITIES1 NOR DID !Y 
=GET ! *>ACT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 NOR ! HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS ( 
! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT REG>DLESS ( ! IMM$IATE REALITIES & ! F9AL 
\TCOME ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 IT HAD TO BE SUPPORT$ AS A FIR/ BREAK 9 ! 
IMP]IALI/IC PHALANX & AS ! =]UNN] ( ! EXPECT$ ,G]MAN REVOLUTION4 
,( ! LATT] MANY SIGNS HAD APPE>$ 9 /RIKES1 HUNG] RIOTS1 MUT9IES & 
ALL K9DS ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCES4 ,BUT ! GR[+ OPPOSITION TO ! W> & TO 
,LUD5DORFF'S DICTATOR%IP DID NOT F9D ORGANIZATIONAL EXPRESSION TO ANY 
SIGNIFICANT EXT5T4 ,9/EAD ( GO+ TO ! LEFT1 ! MASSES FOLL[$ !IR OLD 
ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* L9$ UP ) ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! UPHEAVALS 9 
! ,G]MAN ,NAVY & F9ALLY ! ,NOVEMB] REBELLION W]E C>RI$ ON 9 ! 
SPIRIT ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 ?AT IS1 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! DEFEAT$ ,G]MAN 
B\RGEOISIE4 

,! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION APPE>$ TO BE MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN IT REALLY WAS4 
,! SPONTANE\S 5?USIASM ( ! WORK]S WAS MORE = 5D+ ! W> ?AN = 
*ANG+ EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,!IR DEM&S1 EXPRESS$ ?R\< 
WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 DID NOT TRANSC5D ! 
POSSIBILITIES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,EV5 ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY1 & H]E 
P>TICUL>LY ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND1 FAIL$ TO DEVELOP A CONSI/5T REVOLUTION>Y 
PROGRAM4 ,ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEM&S W]E ( A TW(OLD NATURE2 !Y 
W]E CON/RUCT$ TO S]VE AS DEM&S TO BE AGRE$ UPON BY ! B\RGEOISIE & 
ITS SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ALLIES1 & AS SLOGANS ( A REVOLUTION :I* WAS TO DO 
AWAY ) B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ITS SUPPORT]S4 

,( C\RSE1 )9 ! OCEAN ( M$IOCRITY ?AT WAS ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION 
!RE W]E REVOLUTION>Y /REAMS :I* W>M$ ! HE>TS ( ! RADICALS & 
9DUC$ !M TO UND]TAKE ACTIONS HI/ORICALLY QUITE \T ( PLACE4 ,P>TIAL 
SUCCESSES1 DUE TO ! TEMPOR>Y /UNN+ ( ! RUL+ CLASSES & ! G5]AL 
PASSIVITY ( ! BROAD MASSES - EXHAU/$ AS !Y W]E BY F\R YE>S ( 
HUNG] & W> - N\RI%$ ! HOPE ?AT ! REVOLUTION MI<T 5D 9 A 
SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ONLY NO ONE REALLY KNEW :AT ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD BE 
LIKE1 :AT /EPS \<T TO BE TAK5 TO U%] IT 9TO EXI/5CE4 0,ALL 
P[] TO ! WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS01 H[EV] 
ATTRACTIVE AS A SLOGAN1 /ILL LEFT ALL ESS5TIAL QUE/IONS OP54 ,! 
REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES ?AT FOLL[$ ,NOVEMB] #aiah W]E ?US NOT DET]M9$ BY 
! CONSCI\SLY CONCOCT$ PLANS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY BUT W]E ?RU/ 
UPON IT BY ! SL[LY DEVELOP+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION :I* WAS BACK$ BY ! 
MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! FACT WAS ?AT ! BROAD ,G]MAN MASSES 9SIDE & 
\TSIDE ! LABOR MOVEM5T DID NOT LOOK =W>D TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW 
SOCIETY1 BUT BACKW>DS TO ! RE/ORATION ( LIB]AL CAPITALISM )\T ITS BAD 
ASPECTS1 ITS POLITICAL 9EQUALITIES1 ITS MILIT>ISM & IMP]IALISM4 ,!Y 
M]ELY DESIR$ ! COMPLETION ( ! RE=MS />T$ BE=E ! W> :I* W]E 
DESIGN$ TO LEAD 9TO A B5EVOL5T CAPITALI/IC SY/EM4 

,! AMBIGUITY :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! POLICY ( ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND WAS 
L>GELY ! RESULT ( ! CONS]VATISM ( ! MASSES4 ,! ,SP>TACI/ LEAD]S 
W]E READY1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO FOLL[ ! CLE> REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE DESIR$ 
BY ! SO-CALL$ 'ULTRA-LEFT' & ON ! O!R H& !Y FELT SURE 
?AT SU* A POLICY C\LD NOT BE SUCCESSFUL 9 VIEW ( ! PREVAIL+ MASS 
ATTITUDE & ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION4 

,! EFFECT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION UPON ,G]MANY HAD H>DLY BE5 
NOTICEABLE4 ,NOR WAS !RE ANY REASON TO EXPECT ?AT A RADICAL TURN 9 ,G]MANY 
W\LD HAVE ANY REP]CUSSIONS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA4 ,IF IT HAD BE5 
DIFFICULT = ! ,ALLIES TO 9T]F]E DECISIVELY 9 ,RUSSIA1 !Y W\LD FACE 
LESS] DIFFICULTIES 9 CRU%+ A ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ UPRIS+4 ,EM]G+ FROM ! 
W> VICTORI\S1 ! CAPITALISM ( !SE NATIONS HAD BE5 5ORM\SLY 
/R5G!N$2 !RE WAS NO REAL 9DICATION ?AT !IR PATRIOTIC MASSES W\LD 
REFUSE TO FI<T AGA9/ A WEAK] REVOLUTION>Y ,G]MANY4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ASIDE FROM 
SU* CONSID]ATIONS1 !RE WAS LITTLE REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,G]MAN MASSES1 
5GAG$ 9 GETT+ RID ( !IR >MS1 W\LD RESUME ! W> AGA9/ =EIGN 
CAPITALISM 9 ORD] TO GET RID ( !IR [N4 ,! POLICY :I* WAS APP>5TLY 
! MO/ 'REALI/IC' = DEAL+ ) ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION 
& :I* WAS SOON TO BE PROPOS$ BY ,WOLFFHEIM & ,LAUF5B]G UND] ! NAME ( 
,NATIONAL-,BOL%EVISM WAS /ILL UNREALI/IC 9 VIEW ( ! REAL P[] RELATIONS 
AFT] ! W>4 ,! PLAN TO RESUME ! W> ) ,RUSSIA'S HELP AGA9/ 
,ALLI$ CAPITALISM FAIL$ TO CONSID] ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E NEI!R READY NOR 
ABLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 SU* A V5TURE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E NOT 
AV]SE TO ,G]MANY OR ANY O!R NATION MAK+ DIFFICULTIES = ! VICTORI\S 
IMP]IALI/S1 YET !Y DID NOT 5C\RAGE ! IDEA ( A NEW L>GE-SCALE W> TO 
C>RY ON ! 'WORLD-REVOLUTION'4 ,!Y DESIR$ SUPPORT = !IR 
[N REGIME1 :OSE P]MAN5CY WAS /ILL QUE/ION$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES1 
BUT !Y W]E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 SUPPORT+ REVOLUTIONS 9 O!R C\NTRIES BY 
MILIT>Y MEANS4 ,BO? TO FOLL[ A NATIONALI/IC C\RSE1 9DEP5D5T ( ! 
QUE/ION ( ALLIANCES1 & TO UNITE ,G]MANY ONCE MORE = A W> ( 
'LIB]ATION' FROM =EIGN OPPRESSION WAS \T ( ! QUE/ION = 
! REASON ?AT !SE SOCIAL LAY]S :I* ! 'NATIONAL 
REVOLUTIONI/S' W\LD HAVE TO W9 OV] TO !IR CAUSE W]E PRECISELY ! 
PEOPLE :O 5D$ ! W> BE=E ! COMPLETE DEFEAT ( ! ,G]MAN >MIES 9 
ORD] TO PREV5T A FUR!R SPREAD+ ( ',BOL%EVISM'4 ,UNABLE TO 
BECOME ! MA/]S ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM1 !Y HAD PREF]R$ TO MA9TA9 
!MSELVES AS ITS BE/ S]VANTS4 ,YET1 !RE WAS NO WAY ( DEAL+ ) 9T]NAL 
,G]MAN QUE/IONS :I* DID NOT 9VOLVE A DEF9ITE =EIGN POLICY4 ,! RADICAL 
,G]MAN REVOLUTION WAS ?US DEFEAT$ EV5 BE=E IT C\LD >ISE BO? BY ITS [N 
& BY WORLD CAPITALISM4 

,! NE$ TO CONSID] S]I\SLY 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS NEV] >OSE1 H[EV]1 
= ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 ,P]HAPS ?IS WAS ! CLE>E/ 9DICATION ( ITS 
9SIGNIFICANCE4 ,NEI!R WAS ! QUE/ION AS TO :AT TO DO ) POLITICAL P[]1 
ONCE IT WAS CAPTUR$1 RAIS$ CONCRETELY4 ,NO ONE SEEM$ TO BELIEVE ?AT !SE 
QUE/IONS W\LD HAVE TO BE ANSW]$4 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,LUXEMBURG FELT SURE ?AT A 
LONG P]IOD ( CLASS /RUGGLES WAS FAC+ ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT ) NO SIGN 
( AN E>LY VICTORY4 ,!Y WANT$ TO MAKE ! BE/ ( IT1 SUGGE/+ A RETURN TO 
P>LIAM5T & TO TRADE UNION WORK4 ,H[EV]1 9 !IR PREVI\S ACTIVITIES !Y 
HAD ALREADY OV]/EPP$ ! B\ND>IES ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS2 !Y C\LD NO 
LONG] RETURN TO ! PRISONS ( TRADITION4 ,!Y HAD RALLI$ >\ND !MSELVES 
! MO/ RADICAL ELEM5T ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT :I* WAS DET]M9$ TO 
CONSID] ANY FI<T ! F9AL /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,!SE WORK]S 
9T]PRET$ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 9 ACCORDANCE !IR [N NE$S & !IR [N 
M5TALITY2 !Y C>$ LESS = ! DIFFICULTIES LURK+ 9 ! FUTURE ?AN 
AB\T DE/ROY+ AS SOON POSSIBLE ( ! =CES ( ! PA/4 ,!RE W]E ONLY 
TWO WAYS OP5 TO ! REVOLUTIONI/S3 EI!R TO GO D[N ) ! =CES :OSE 
CAUSE IS LO/ 9 ADVANCE1 OR TO RETURN TO ! FOLD ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & 
P]=M SOCIAL WORK = ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,= ! REAL REVOLUTIONI/ !RE 
WAS1 ( C\RSE1 ONLY ONE WAY3 TO GO D[N ) ! FI<T+ WORK]S4 ,?IS IS :Y 
,EUG5 ,LEV9E SPOKE ( ! REVOLUTIONI/ AS 'A DEAD P]SON ON 
FURL\<'1 & :Y ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,LIEBKNE*T W5T TO !IR DEA? 
ALMO/ SOMNAMBULI/ICALLY4 ,IT IS A M]E ACCID5T ?AT ,OTTO ,RUHLE & MANY 
O!RS ( ! DET]M9$ ,LEFT REMA9$ ALIVE4 

,I,V 

,! FACT ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE C\LD CONCLUDE ITS W> ) NO 
MORE ?AN ! TEMPOR>Y LOSS ( ,RUSSIAN BUS9ESS DET]M9$ :OLE PO/W> 
HI/ORY D[N TO ! SECOND WORLD W>4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 ! /RUGGLES ( ! 
,G]MAN PROLET>IAT FROM #aiai TO #aibc APPE> M9OR FRICTIONS ?AT ACCOMPANI$ 
! CAPITALI/IC RE-ORGANIZATION PROCESS :I* FOLL[$ ! W> CRISIS4 ,BUT 
!RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 A T5D5CY CONSID] ! BYPRODUCTS ( VIOL5T *ANGES 9 
! CAPITALI/ /RUCTURE AS EXPRESSIONS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WILL ( ! 
PROLET>IAT4 ,! RADICAL OPTIMI/S1 H[EV]1 W]E M]ELY :I/L+ 9 ! D>K4 
,! D>KNESS IS REAL1 TO BE SURE1 & ! NOISE IS 5C\RAG+1 YET AT ?IS 
LATE H\R !RE IS NO NE$ TO TAKE IT TOO S]I\SLY4 ,AS IMPRESSIVE AS ,OTTO 
,RUHLE'S RECORD AS A PRACTICAL REVOLUTIONI/ MAY BE1 AS EXCIT+ AS 
IT IS TO RECALL ! PROLET>IAN ACTIONS 9 ,DRESD51 9 ,SAXONIA1 9 ,G]MANY 
- ! MEET+S1 DEMON/RATIONS1 /RIKES1 /REET-FI<TS1 ! HEAT$ 
DISCUSSIONS3 ! HOPES1 FE>S & DISAPPO9TM5TS1 ! BITT]NESS ( DEFEAT & 
! PA9 ( PRISON & DEA? - YET NO LESSONS BUT NEGATIVE ONES CAN BE 
DRAWN FROM ALL !SE UND]TAK+S4 ,ALL ! 5]GY & ALL ! 5?USIASM W]E 
NOT 5\< TO BR+ AB\T A SOCIAL *ANGE NOR TO ALT] ! CONTEMPOR>Y M9D4 
,! LESSON LE>N$ WAS H[ NOT TO PROCE$4 ,H[ TO REALIZE ! REVOLUTION>Y 
NE$S ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS NOT DISCOV]$4 

,! EMOTIONAL UPHEAVALS PROVID$ A NEV] 5D+ 9C5TIVE = RESE>*4 
,REVOLUTION1 :I* = SO LONG HAD BE5 M]E !ORY & A VAGUE HOPE1 HAD 
APPE>$ = A MOM5T AS A PRACTICAL POSSIBILITY4 ,! *ANCE HAD BE5 MISS$1 
NO D\BT1 BUT IT W\LD RETURN TO BE BETT] UTILIZ$ NEXT TIME4 ,IF NOT ! 
PEOPLE1 AT LEA/ ! 'TIMES' W]E REVOLUTION>Y & ! PREVAIL+ 
CRISIS CONDITIONS W\LD SOON] OR LAT] REVOLUTIONIZE ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S4 
,IF ACTIONS HAD BE5 BR\<T TO AN 5D BY ! FIR+-SQUADS ( ! 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC POLICE1 IF ! WORK]S' 9ITIATIVE WAS ONCE MORE 
DE/ROY$ ?R\< ! EMASCULATION ( !IR C\NCILS BY WAY ( LEGALIZATION1 IF 
!IR LEAD]S W]E AGA9 ACT+ NOT ) ! CLASS BUT 'ON BEHALF ( ! 
CLASS' 9 ! V>I\S CAPITALI/IC 9/ITUTIONS - NEV]!LESS ! 
W> HAD REVEAL$ ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL CAPITALI/IC CONTRADICTIONS C\LD NOT BE 
SOLV$ & ?AT CRISIS CONDITIONS W]E N[ ! NORMAL CONDITIONS ( CAPITALISM4 
,NEW REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS W]E PROBABLE & W\LD F9D ! REVOLUTIONI/S 
BETT] PREP>$4 

,AL?\< ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA & ,HUNG>Y HAD FAIL$1 !RE 
WAS /ILL ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TO REM9D ! WORLD ( ! REALITY ( ! 
PROLET>IAN CLAIMS4 ,ALL DISCUSSIONS CIRCL$ >\ND ?IS REVOLUTION1 & RI<TLY 
SO1 = ?IS REVOLUTION WAS TO DET]M9E ! FUTURE C\RSE ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 
,9 ,DECEMB] #aiah ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY WAS =M$4 ,AFT] ! MURD] ( 
,LIEBKNE*T & ,LUXEMBURG IT WAS L$ BY ,PAUL ,LEVI & ,K>L ,RADEK4 ,?IS NEW 
LEAD]%IP WAS AT ONCE ATTACK$ BY A LEFT OPPOSITION )9 ! P>TY TO :I* 
,RUHLE BELONG$1 BECAUSE ( ITS T5D5CY TO ADVOCATE A RETURN TO 
P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITIES4 ,AT ! F\NDATION ( ! P>TY ITS RADICAL ELEM5TS 
HAD SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ IT AN ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IAN *>ACT] & A WIDE 
DEMOCRATIC CONTROL 9 DI/9CTION TO ! ,L59I/ TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,AN 
ANTI-TRADE UNION POLICY HAD ALSO BE5 ADOPT$4 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,LUXEMBURG 
SUBORD9AT$ !IR [N DIV]G5T VIEWS TO ?OSE ( ! RADICAL MAJORITY4 ,NOT SO 
,LEVI & ,RADEK4 ,ALREADY 9 ! SUMM] ( #aiai !Y MADE IT CLE> ?AT !Y 
W\LD SPLIT ! P>TY 9 ORD] TO P>TICIPATE 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 
,SIMULTANE\SLY !Y BEGAN TO PROPAG&IZE = A RETURN TO TRADE-UNION WORK 
DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! P>TY WAS ALREADY 5GAG$ 9 ! =MATION ( NEW 
ORGANIZATIONS NO LONG] BAS$ ON TRADES OR EV5 9DU/RIES1 BUT ON FACTORIES4 
,!SE FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS W]E COMB9$ 9TO ONE CLASS ORGANIZATION1 ! 
,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION 7,ALLGEME9E ,>BEIT] ,UNION ,DEUTS*L&S74 ,AT ! 
,HEIDELB]G CONV5TION 9 ,OCTOB] #aiai ALL ! DELEGATES :O DISAGRE$ ) ! 
NEW C5TRAL COMMITTEE & MA9TA9$ ! POSITION TAK5 AT ! F\ND+ ( ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W]E EXPELL$4 ,! FOLL[+ ,FEBRU>Y ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE 
DECID$ TO GET RID ( ALL DI/RICTS CONTROLL$ BY ! LEFT OPPOSITION4 ,! 
'OPPOSITION' HAD ! ,AM/]DAM BUREAU ( ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,9T]NATIONAL ON ITS SIDE :I* L$ TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ?AT BUREAU BY ! 
,9T]NATIONAL 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT ! ,LEVI-,RADEK COMB9ATION ,& F9ALLY 9 
,APRIL #aib ! LEFT W+ F\ND$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 
7,KOMMUNI/IS*E ,>BEIT] ,P>TEI ,DEUTS*L&S74 ,?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD ,OTTO 
,RUHLE WAS ON ! SIDE ( ! LEFT OPPOSITION4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY DID NOT AS YET REALIZE ?AT ITS /RUGGLE 
AGA9/ ! GR\PS >\ND ,LEVI & ,RADEK WAS ! RESUMPTION ( ! OLD FI<T ( 
! ,G]MAN ,LEFT AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM1 & 9 A L>G] S5SE AGA9/ ! NEW 
/RUCTURE ( WORLD CAPITALISM :I* WAS SL[LY TAK+ %APE4 ,IT WAS DECID$ TO 
5T] ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT SEEM$ TO BE MORE ,BOL%EVIK ?AN ! 
,BOL%EVIKS4 ,( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS1 = EXAMPLE1 IT WAS ! MO/ 
9SI/5T UPON DIRECT HELP = ! ,BOL%EVIKS DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN-,POLI% W>4 
,BUT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT NE$ TO DECIDE ANEW AGA9/ ! 
'ULTRA-LEFT'2 ITS LEAD]S HAD MADE !IR DECISION TW5TY YE>S 
BE=E4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 
/ILL TRI$ TO KEEP 9 CONTACT ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY NOT ONLY 
BECAUSE IT /ILL CONTA9$ ! MAJORITY ( ! OLD ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 BUT ALSO 
BECAUSE BO? ,LEVI & ,RADEK1 AL?\< DO+ ! WORK ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 
,G]MANY1 HAD BE5 ! CLOSE/ DISCIPLES NOT ( ,L59 BUT ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,AT 
! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,CONGRESS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #aib ! ,RUSSIAN 
,BOL%EVIKS W]E ALREADY 9 A POSITION TO DICTATE ! POLICY ( ! 
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,OTTO ,RUHLE1 ATT5D+ ! ,CONGRESS1 RECOGNIZ$ ! 
IMPOSSIBILITY ( ALT]+ ?IS SITUATION & ! IMM$IATE NE$ ( FI<T+ ! 
,BOL%EVIK ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY S5T A NEW DELEGATION TO ,MOSC[ ONLY TO 
RETURN ) ! SAME RESULTS4 ,!SE W]E SUMM$ UP 9 ,H]MAN ,GORT]'S 
,OP5 ,LETT] TO ,L591 :I* ANSW]$ ,L59'S ,LEFT ,W+ 
,COMMUNISM - ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]4 ,! ACTIONS ( ! 
,9T]NATIONAL AGA9/ ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' W]E ! FIR/ OP5 ATTEMPTS 
TO 9T]F]E ) & CONTROL ALL ! V>I\S NATIONAL SECTIONS4 ,! PRESSURE 
UPON ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY TO RETURN TO P>LIAM5T>IANISM & 
TRADE UNIONISM WAS CON/ANTLY 9CREAS$1 BUT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 
)DREW FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL AFT] ITS ,?IRD ,CONGRESS4 

,V 

,AT ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,CONGRESS ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S1 9 ORD] TO SECURE 
CONTROL OV] ! ,9T]NATIONAL PROPOS$ TW5TY-ONE CONDITIONS ( ADMISSION TO 
! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,S9CE !Y CONTROLL$ ! ,CONGRESS !Y HAD NO 
DIFFICULTY 9 GETT+ !SE CONDITIONS ADOPT$4 ,!REUPON ! /RUGGLE ON 
QUE/IONS ( ORGANIZATION :I*1 TW5TY YE>S PREVI\SLY1 HAD CAUS$ 
CONTROV]SIES BETWE5 ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 W]E OP5LY RESUM$4 ,BEH9D ! 
DEBAT$ ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/IONS W]E1 ( C\RSE1 ! FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CES 
BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION & ! NE$S ( ! ,WE/]N PROLET>IAT4 

,= ,OTTO ,RUHLE !SE TW5TY-ONE CONDITIONS W]E 5\< TO DE/ROY HIS 
LA/ ILLUSIONS AB\T ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 ,!SE CONDITIONS 5D[$ ! 
EXECUTIVE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?AT IS1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY1 ) 
COMPLETE CONTROL & AU?ORITY OV] ALL NATIONAL SECTIONS4 ,9 ,L59'S 
OP9ION1 IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO REALIZE DICTATOR%IP ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE 
0)\T A /RICTLY C5TRALIZ$1 DISCIPL9$ P>TY1 CAPABLE ( LEAD+ 
& MANAG+ EV]Y BRAN*1 EV]Y SPH]E1 EV]Y V>IETY ( POLITICAL & 
CULTURAL WORK40 ,TO ,RUHLE IT SEEM$ AT FIR/ ?AT BEH9D 
,L59'S AUTOCRATIC ATTITUDE !RE WAS M]ELY ! >ROGANCE ( ! VICTOR 
TRY+ TO ?RU/ UPON ! WORLD ! ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE & ! TYPE ( 
ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD BR\<T P[] TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?IS ATTITUDE - 
:I* 9SI/$ ON APPLY+ ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE :]E 
5TIRELY DIFF]5T CONDITIONS PREVAIL$ APPE>$ AS AN ]ROR1 A POLITICAL 
MI/AKE1 A LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! PECULI>ITIES ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM & 
! RESULT ( ,L59'S FANATICAL PRE-OCCUPATION ) ,RUSSIAN PROBLEMS4 
,L59'S POLICY SEEM$ TO BE DET]M9$ BY ! BACKW>DNESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN 
CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 & ?\< IT HAD TO BE F\<T 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 
S9CE IT T5D$ TO SUPPORT ! CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION1 IT C\LD NOT BE CALL$ 
AN \T-RI<T C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,?IS B5EVOL5T VIEW T[>DS ! 
,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION WAS SOON TO BE DE/ROY$ BY ! FUR!R ACTIVITIES ( ! 
,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS W5T FROM SMALL 'MI/AKES' TO ALWAYS GREAT] 
'MI/AKES'4 ,AL?\< ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :I* WAS 
AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL GREW /EADILY1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ITS 
UNIFICATION ) ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S1 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 ALREADY ON 
! DEF5SIVE1 LO/ ONE POSITION AFT] ANO!R TO ! =CES ( CAPITALI/ 
REACTION4 ,COMPET+ ) ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 :I* REPRES5T$ P>TS 
( ! MIDDLE-CLASS & ! SO-CALL$ TRADE-UNIONI/ LABOR >I/OCRACY1 ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY C\LD NOT HELP GR[+ AS !SE SOCIAL LAY]S BECAME PAUP]IZ$ 
9 ! P]MAN5T DEPRESSION 9 :I* ,G]MAN CAPITALISM F\ND ITSELF4 ,) ! 
/EADY GR[? ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 DISSATISFACTION ) ! /ATUS QUO & ITS 
/AUN*E/ SUPPORT]S1 ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS1 ALSO 9CREAS$4 

,ONLY ! H]OIC SIDE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS POPUL>IZ$1 ! REAL 
EV]Y DAY *>ACT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS HIDD5 BY BO? ITS FRI5DS & 
FOES4 ,=1 AT ?IS TIME1 ! /ATE CAPITALISM ?AT WAS UNFOLD+ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS 
/ILL AS =EIGN TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 9DOCTR9AT$ ) LAISSEZ-FAIRE IDEOLOGY1 
AS WAS SOCIALISM PROP]4 ,& SOCIALISM WAS CONCEIV$ BY MO/ SOCIALI/S AS A 
K9D ( /ATE CONTROL ( 9DU/RY & NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 
BECAME A P[]FUL & SKILLFULLY FO/]$ MY?1 ACCEPT$ BY ! IMPOV]I%$ 
SECTIONS ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT TO COMP5SATE = !IR 9CREAS+ MIS]Y4 
,! MY? WAS BOL/]$ BY ! REACTION>IES TO 9CREASE !IR FOLL[]S' 
HATR$ = ! ,G]MAN WORK]S & = ALL REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES 
G5]ALLY4 

,AGA9/ ! MY?1 AGA9/ ! P[]FUL PROPAG&A APP>ATUS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,9T]NATIONAL ?AT BUILT UP ! MY?1 :I* WAS ACCOMPANI$ & SUPPORT$ BY A 
G5]AL ONSLAU<T ( CAPITAL AGA9/ LABOR ALL OV] ! WORLD - AGA9/ 
ALL ?IS1 REASON C\LD NOT PREVAIL4 ,ALL RADICAL GR\PS TO ! LEFT ( ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W5T FROM /AGNATION TO DIS9TEGRATION4 ,IT DID NOT HELP ?AT 
!SE GR\PS HAD ! RI<T POLICY & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ! 
'WRONG' POLICY1 = NO QUE/IONS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY W]E 
H]E 9VOLV$4 ,:AT WAS TAK+ PLACE WAS ?AT WORLD CAPITALISM WAS GO+ 
?R\< A /ABILIZATION PROCESS & RIDD+ ITSELF ( ! DI/URB+ 
PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS :I* UND] ! CRISIS CONDITIONS ( W> & MILIT>Y 
COLLAPSE HAD TRI$ TO ASS]T !MSELVES POLITICALLY4 

,RUSSIA1 :I* ( ALL NATIONS WAS MO/ 9 NE$ ( /ABILIZATION1 WAS ! 
FIR/ C\NTRY TO DE/ROY ITS LABOR MOVEM5T BY WAY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY 
DICTATOR%IP4 ,UND] CONDITIONS ( IMP]IALISM1 H[EV]1 9T]NAL /ABILIZATION 
IS POSSIBLE ONLY BY EXT]NAL P[] POLITICS4 ,! *>ACT] ( ,RUSSIA'S 
=EIGN POLICY UND] ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS DET]M9$ BY ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! 
,EUROPEAN PO/W> SITUATION4 ,MOD]N IMP]IALISM IS NO LONG] CONT5T ) 
M]ELY ASS]T+ ITSELF BY MEANS ( MILIT>Y PRESSURE & ACTUAL W>F>E ,! 
'FIF? COLUMN' IS ! RECOGNIZ$ WEAPON ( ALL NATIONS4 ,YET ! 
IMP]IALI/ VIRTUE ( TODAY WAS /ILL A %E] NECESSITY = ! ,BOL%EVIKS :O 
W]E TRY+ TO HOLD !IR [N 9 A WORLD ( IMP]IALI/ COMPETITION4 ,!RE WAS 
NO?+ CONTRADICTORY 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK POLICY ( TAK+ ALL P[] FROM ! 
,RUSSIAN WORK]S &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ATTEMPT+ TO BUILD UP /RONG LABOR 
ORGANIZATIONS 9 O!R NATIONS4 ,JU/ AS !SE ORGANIZATIONS HAD TO BE FLEXIBLE 
9 ORD] TO MOVE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,RUSSIA'S *ANG+ POLITICAL NE$S1 SO 
!IR CONTROL FROM ABOVE HAD TO BE RIGID4 

,( C\RSE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT REG>D ! V>I\S SECTIONS ( !IR 
,9T]NATIONAL AS M]E =EIGN LEGIONS 9 ! S]VICE ( ! 
'WORK]S' FA!RL&'4 ,!Y BELIEV$1 ?AT :AT HELP$ ,RUSSIA 
WAS ALSO S]V+ PROGRESS ELSE:]E4 ,!Y BELIEV$1 & RI<TLY SO1 ?AT ! 
,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD 9ITIAT$ A G5]AL & WORLD-WIDE MOVEM5T FROM 
MONOPOLY CAPITALISM TO /ATE CAPITALISM1 & !Y HELD ?AT ?IS NEW /ATE ( 
AFFAIRS WAS A /EP 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IF NOT 9 
!IR TACTICS1 !N 9 !IR !ORY !Y W]E /ILL SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & FROM 
!IR PO9T ( VIEW ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S W]E REALLY TRAITORS TO !IR 
[N CAUSE :5 !Y HELP$ PRES]VE ! LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM ( 
YE/]DAY4 ,AGA9/ SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY !Y FELT !MSELVES TO BE TRUE 
REVOLUTIONI/S2 AGA9/ ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' !Y FELT !Y W]E 
REALI/S1 ! TRUE REPRES5TATIVES ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 

,BUT :AT !Y ?\<T ( !MSELVES & :AT !Y REALLY W]E >E DIFF]5T 
?+S4 ,9 SO F> AS !Y CONT9U$ TO MISUND]/& !IR HI/ORICAL MISSION1 
!Y W]E CONT9U\SLY DEFEAT+ !IR [N CAUSE2 9 SO F> AS !Y W]E =C$ 
TO LIVE UP TO ! OBJECTIVE NE$S ( !IR REVOLUTION1 !Y BECAME ! GREATE/ 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CE ( MOD]N CAPITALISM ,BY FI<T+ AS TRUE 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS = PR$OM9ANCE 9 ! SOCIALI/ WORLD MOVEM5T1 BY 
ID5TIFY+ ! N>R[ NATIONALI/IC 9T]E/S ( /ATE-CAPITALI/IC ,RUSSIA 
) ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT1 & BY ATTEMPT+ TO MA9TA9 AT 
ALL CO/ ! P[] POSITION !Y HAD WON 9 #a#i#a#g1 !Y W]E M]ELY PREP>+ 
!IR [N D[NFALL1 :I* WAS DRAMATIZ$ 9 NUM]\S FACTIONAL /RUGGLES1 
REA*$ ITS CLIMAX 9 ! ,MOSC[ TRIALS1 & 5D$ 9 ! ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA ( 
TODAY - ONE IMP]IALI/ NATION AMONG O!RS4 

,9 VIEW ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 :AT WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ,OTTO 
,RUHLE'S REL5TLESS CRITICISM ( ! ACTUAL POLICIES ( ! 
,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,G]MANY & ! WORLD AT L>GE WAS HIS E>LY RECOGNITION ( ! 
REAL HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK MOVEM5T1 ?AT IS1 ( MILITANT 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY4 ,:AT A CONS]VATIVE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T WAS CAPABLE ( 
DO+ & NOR DO+1 ! P>TIES 9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE & ,5GL& HAD REVEAL$ 
ONLY TOO CLE>LY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS %[$ :AT !Y W\LD HAVE DONE HAD !Y 
/ILL BE5 A SUBV]SIVE MOVEM5T4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO ORGANIZE 
UNORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM & TO REPLACE 9DIVIDUAL 5TREPR5EURS BY BUREAUCRATS4 
- !Y HAD NO O!R PLANS & EV5 !SE W]E ONLY EXT5SIONS ( ! 
PROCESS ( C>TELLISATION1 TRU/IFICATION & C5TRALIZATION :I* WAS GO+ ON 
ALL OV] ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 H[EV]1 ! SOCIALI/ 
P>TIES C\LD NO LONG] ACT BOL%EVI/ICALLY1 = !IR B\RGEOISIE WAS ALREADY 
9/ITUT+ ?IS K9D ( 'SOCIALIZATION' ( !IR [N ACCORD4 ,ALL 
?AT ! SOCIALI/S C\LD DO WAS TO L5D !M A H&1 ?AT IS1 TO GR[ SL[LY 
9TO ! EM]G+ 'SOCIALI/ SOCIETY'4 

,! MEAN+ ( ,BOL%EVISM WAS COMPLETELY REVEAL$ ONLY ) ! EM]G5CE ( 
FASCISM4 ,TO FI<T ! LATT]1 IT WAS NECESS>Y1 9 ,OTTO ,RUHLE'S 
WORDS1 TO RECOGNIZE ?AT 0! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM BEG9S ) ! 
/RUGGLE AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM04 ,9 ! LI<T ( ! PRES5T1 ! 
'ULTRA-LEFT' GR\PS 9 ,G]MANY & ,HOLL& MU/ BE CONSID]$ ! 
FIR/ ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ANTICIPAT+ 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 
COMMUNI/ P>TIES ! FUTURE NE$ ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO FI<T ! FASCI/ 
=M ( CAPITALISM4 ,! FIR/ !ORI/S ( ANTI-FASCISM >E TO BE F\ND AMONG 
! SPOKESM5 ( ! RADICAL SECTS3 ,GORT] & ,PANNEKOEK 9 ,HOLL&2 
,RUHLE1 ,PFEMF]T1 ,BROH & ,FRA5KEL 9 ,G]MANY2 & !Y CAN BE CONSID]$ 
AS SU* BY REASON ( !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CONCEPT ( P>TY-RULE & 
/ATE-CONTROL1 BY !IR ATTEMPTS TO ACTUALIZE ! CONCEPTS ( ! C\NCIL 
MOVEM5T T[>DS ! DIRECT DET]M9ATION ( ITS DE/9Y1 & BY !IR 
UPHOLD+ ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT AGA9/ BO? SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY & ITS 
,L59I/IC BRAN*4 

,NOT LONG BE=E HIS DEA?1 ,RUHLE1 9 SUMM+ UP HIS F9D+S ) 
REG>D TO ,BOL%EVISM1 DID NOT HESITATE TO PLACE ,RUSSIA FIR/ AMONG ! 
TOTALIT>IAN />ES4 0,IT HAS S]V$ AS ! MODEL = O!R CAPITALI/IC 
DICTATOR%IPS4 ,IDEOLOGICAL DIV]G5CES DO NOT REALLY DIFF]5TIATE 
SOCIOECONOMIC SY/EMS4 ,! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION 7COMB9$ )7 ! CONTROL ( WORK]S OV] ! PRODUCTS ( !IR 
LABOR & ! 5D ( ! WAGES SY/EM40 ,BO? !SE CONDITIONS1 H[EV]1 
>E UNFULFILL$ 9 ,RUSSIA AS WELL AS 9 ! FASCI/ /ATES4 

,TO MAKE CLE> ! FASCI/ *>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN SY/EM1 ,RUHLE TURN$ 
ONCE MORE TO ,L59'S ,LEFT ,W+ ,COMMUNISM - ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]1 
= 0( ALL PROGRAMMATIC DECL>ATIONS ( ,BOL%EVISM IT WAS ! MO/ 
REVEAL+ ( ITS REAL *>ACT]04 ,:5 9 #aicc ,HITL] SUPPRESS$ ALL 
SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE 9 ,G]MANY1 ,RUHLE RELAT$1 ,L59'S PAMPHLET WAS 
ALL[$ PUBLICATION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,9 ?IS WORK ,L59 9SI/S ?AT ! P>TY 
MU/ BE A SORT ( W> ACADEMY ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,ITS *IEF 
REQUIREM5TS W]E UNCONDITIONAL LEAD] AU?ORITY1 RIGID C5TRALISM1 IRON 
DISCIPL9E1 CON=MITY1 MILITANCY1 & ! SACRIFICE ( P]SONALITY = P>TY 
9T]E/S - ,& ,L59 ACTUALLY DEVELOP$ AN ELITE ( 9TELLECTUALS1 A C5T] 
:I*1 :5 ?R[N 9TO ! REVOLUTION1 WAS TO CAPTURE LEAD]%IP & ASSUME 
P[]4 0,!RE IS NO USE TRY+10 ,RUHLE SAID1 0TO 
DET]M9E LOGICALLY & AB/RACTLY IF ?IS K9D ( PREP>ATION = REVOLUTION 
IS WRONG OR RI<T 444 ,O!R QUE/IONS MU/ BE RAIS$ FIR/2 :AT K9D ( 
REVOLUTION WAS 9 PREP>ATION8 ,& :AT WAS ! GOAL ( ! REVOLUTION80 
,HE ANSW]$ BY %[+ ?AT ,L59'S P>TY WORK$ )9 ! BELAT$ 
B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA TO OV]?R[ ! FEUDAL REGIME ( ,CZ>ISM4 ,:AT 
MAY BE REG>D$ AS A SOLUTION = REVOLUTION>Y PROBLEMS 9 A B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTION CANNOT1 H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME BE REG>D$ AS A SOLUTION = ! 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! DECISIVE /RUCTURAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 CAPITALI/ 
& SOCIALI/ SOCIETY EXCLUDE SU* AN ATTITUDE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L59'S 
REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD1 ! LEAD]S APPE> AS ! HEAD ( ! MASSES4 0,?IS 
DI/9CTION BETWE5 HEAD & BODY10 ,RUHLE PO9T$ \T1 
0BETWE5 9TELLECTUALS & WORK]S1 (FIC]S & PRIVATES1 CORRESPONDS TO 
! DUALITY ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,ONE CLASS IS $UCAT$ TO RULE2 ! O!R TO BE 
RUL$4 ,L59'S ORGANIZATION IS ONLY A REPLICA ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,HIS 
REVOLUTION IS OBJECTIVELY DET]M9$ BY ! =CES ?AT CREATE A SOCIAL ORD] 
9CORPORAT+ !SE CLASS RELATIONS1 REG>DLESS ( ! SUBJECTIVE GOALS 
ACCOMPANY+ ?IS PROCESS40 

,TO BE SURE1 :OEV] WANTS TO HAVE A B\RGEOIS ORD] WILL F9D 9 ! DIVORCE 
( LEAD] & MASSES1 ! ADVANCE GU>D & ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! RI<T 
/RATEGICAL PREP>ATION = REVOLUTION4 ,9 ASPIR+ TO LEAD ! B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,L59'S P>TY WAS HI<LY APPROPRIATE4 ,:51 
H[EV]1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %[$ ITS PROLET>IAN FEATURES1 ,L59'S 
TACTICAL & /RATEGICAL ME?ODS CEAS$ TO BE ( VALUE4 ,HIS SUCCESS WAS DUE 
NOT TO HIS ADVANCE GU>D1 BUT TO ! SOVIET MOVEM5T :I* HAD NOT AT ALL BE5 
9CORPORAT$ 9 HIS REVOLUTION>Y PLANS4 ,& :5 ,L591 AFT] ! SUCCESSFUL 
REVOLUTION HAD BE5 MADE BY ! SOVIETS1 DISP5S$ ) ?IS MOVEM5T1 ALL ?AT 
HAD BE5 PROLET>IAN 9 ! REVOLUTION WAS ALSO DISP5S$ )4 ,! B\RGEOIS 
*>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION CAME TO ! =E AGA9 & EV5TUALLY F\ND ITS 
'NATURAL' COMPLETION 9 ,/AL9ISM4 

,L591 ,RUHLE HAS SAID1 ?\<T 9 RIGID1 ME*ANICAL RULES1 DESPITE ALL 
HIS PRE-OCCUPATION ) ,M>XIAN DIALECTICS4 ,!RE WAS ONLY ONE P>TY = HIM 
- HIS [N2 ONLY ONE REVOLUTION - ! ,RUSSIAN2 ONLY ONE ME?OD 
- ! ,BOL%EVIK4 0,! MONOTON\S APPLICATION ( A ONCE DISCOV]$ 
=MULA MOV$ 9 AN EGOC5TRIC CIRCLE UNDI/URB$ BY TIME & CIRCUM/ANCES1 
DEVELOPM5TAL DEGREES1 CULTURAL /&>DS1 IDEAS & M54 ,9 ,L59 !RE CAME 
TO LI<T ) GREAT CL>ITY ! RULE ( ! MA*9E AGE 9 POLITICS2 HE WAS ! 
'TE*NICIAN'1 ! '9V5TOR' ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,ALL ! 
FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( FASCISM W]E 9 HIS DOCTR9E1 HIS /RATEGY1 HIS 
'SOCIAL PLANN+' & HIS >T ( DEAL+ ) M5 444 ,HE NEV] 
LE>N$ TO KN[ ! PR]EQUISITES = ! FREE+ ( ! WORK]S2 HE WAS NOT 
BO!R$ BY ! FALSE CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES & !IR HUMAN 
SELF-ALI5ATION4 ,! :OLE PROBLEM TO HIM WAS NO?+ MORE OR LESS ?AN A 
PROBLEM ( P[]4 ,BOL%EVISM AS REPRES5T+ A MILITANT P[] POLICY1 DOES NOT 
DIFF] FROM TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS =MS ( RULE4 ,! RULE S]VES AS ! GREAT 
EXAMPLE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,BOL%EVISM IS A DICTATOR%IP1 A NATIONALI/IC 
DOCTR9E1 AN AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM ) A CAPITALI/IC SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,ITS 
'PLANN+' CONC]NS TE*NICAL-ORGANIZATIONAL NOT SOCIO-ECONOMIC 
QUE/IONS4 ,IT IS REVOLUTION>Y ONLY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALI/IC 
DEVELOPM5T1 E/ABLI%+ NOT SOCIALISM BUT /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,IT REPRES5TS ! 
PRES5T /AGE ( CAPITALISM & NOT A FIR/ /EP T[>DS A NEW 
SOCIETY40 

,V,I 

,! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS & ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' 
C\NCILS REPRES5T$ ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5T 9 BO? ! ,RUSSIAN & ! ,G]MAN 
REVOLUTION4 ,9 BO? NATIONS !SE MOVEM5TS W]E SOON SUPPRESS$ BY MILIT>Y 
& JUDICIAL MEANS4 ,:AT REMA9$ ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS AFT] ! FIRM 
5TR5*M5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY DICTATOR%IP WAS M]ELY ! ,RUSSIAN V]SION 
( ! LAT] ,NAZI LABOR FRONT4 ,! LEGALIZ$ ,G]MAN C\NCIL MOVEM5T TURN$ 
9TO AN APP5DAGE ( TRADE-UNIONISM & SOON 9TO A CAPITALI/IC 9/RUM5T ( 
CONTROL4 ,EV5 ! SPONTANE\SLY =M$ C\NCILS ( #aiah W]E - ! MAJORITY ( 
!M - F> FROM BE+ REVOLUTION>Y4 ,!IR =M ( ORGANIZATION1 BAS$ ON 
CLASS NE$S & NOT ON ! V>I\S SPECIAL 9T]E/S RESULT+ FROM ! 
CAPITALI/IC DIVISION ( LABOR WAS ALL ?AT WAS RADICAL AB\T !M4 ,BUT 
:ATEV] !IR %ORTCOM+S1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ ELSE ON 
:I* TO BASE REVOLUTION>Y HOPES4 ,AL?\< !Y FREQU5TLY TURN$ AGA9/ ! 
,LEFT1 /ILL IT WAS EXPECT$ ?AT ! OBJECTIVE NE$S ( ?IS MOVEM5T W\LD 
BR+ IT 9EVITABLY 9TO CONFLICT ) ! TRADITIONAL P[]S4 ,?IS =M ( 
ORGANIZATION WAS TO BE PRES]V$ 9 ITS ORIG9AL *>ACT] & BUILT UP 9 
PREP>ATION = COM+ /RUGGLES4 

,?9K+ 9 T]MS ( A CONT9U$ ,G]MAN REVOLUTION1 ! 
'ULTRA-LEFT' WAS COMMITT$ TO A FI<T TO ! F9I% AGA9/ 
TRADE-UNIONS & AGA9/ ! EXI/+ P>LIAM5T>Y P>TIES2 9 BRIEF1 AGA9/ 
ALL =MS ( OPPORTUNISM & COMPROMISE4 ,?9K+ 9 T]MS ( ! PROBABILITY 
( A SIDE-BY-SIDE EXI/5CE ) ! OLD CAPITALI/ P[]S1 ! ,RUSSIAN 
,BOL%EVIKS C\LD NOT CONCEIVE A POLICY )\T COMPROMISES4 ,L59'S 
>GUM5TS 9 DEF5SE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK POSITION 9 RELATION TO TRADE UNIONS1 
P>LIAM5T>IANISM & OPPORTUNISM 9 G5]AL ELEVAT$ ! P>TICUL> NE$S ( 
,BOL%EVISM 9TO FALSE REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES4 ,YET IT W\LD NOT DO TO %[ ! 
ILLOGICAL *>ACT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK >GUM5TS1 = AS ILLOGICAL AS ! 
>GUM5TS W]E FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW1 !Y EMANAT$ LOGICALLY FROM 
! PECULI> ROLE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS )9 ! ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/IC 
EMANCIPATION & FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK 9T]NATIONAL POLICY :I* SUPPORT$ 
,RUSSIA'S NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 

,?AT ,L59'S PR9CIPLES W]E FALSE FROM A PROLET>IAN PO9T ( VIEW 9 
BO? ,RUSSIA & 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,OTTO ,RUHLE DEMON/RAT$ 9 V>I\S 
PAMPHLETS & 9 NUM]\S >TICLES 9 ! PRESS ( ! ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION & 
9 ,FRANZ ,PFEMF]T'S LEFT-W+ MAGAZ9E1 ,DIE ,AKTION4 ,HE 
EXPOS$ ! EXP$I5T TRICK]Y 9VOLV$ 9 GIV+ !SE PR9CIPLES A LOGICAL 
APPE>ANCE1 TRICK]Y :I* CONSI/$ 9 CIT+ A SPECIFIC EXP]I5CE AT A GIV5 
P]IOD UND] P>TICUL> CIRCUM/ANCES 9 ORD] TO DRAW FROM IT CONCLUSIONS ( 
IMM$IATE & G5]AL APPLICATION4 ,BECAUSE TRADE UNIONS HAD ONCE BE5 ( SOME 
VALUE1 BECAUSE P>LIAM5T HAD ONCE S]V$ REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A NE$S1 
BECAUSE OCCASIONALLY OPPORTUNISM HAD RESULT$ 9 C]TA9 GA9S = WORK]S1 
!Y REMA9$ = ,L59 ! MO/ IMPORTANT M$IUMS ( PROLET>IAN POLICY = 
ALL TIMES & UND] ALL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,& AS IF ALL ?IS W\LD NOT CONV9CE 
! ADV]S>Y1 ,L59 WAS FOND ( PO9T+ \T ?AT :E!R OR NOT !SE 
POLICIES & ORGANIZATIONS W]E ! RI<T ONES1 IT WAS /ILL A FACT ?AT ! 
WORK]S ADH]$ TO !M & ?AT ! REVOLUTIONI/ MU/ ALWAYS BE :]E ! 
MASSES >E4 

,?IS /RATEGY FL[$ FROM ,L59'S CAPITALI/IC APPROA* TO POLITICS4 
,IT NEV] SEEM$ TO 5T] HIS M9D ?AT ! MASSES W]E ALSO 9 FACTORIES & 
?AT REVOLUTION>Y FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS C\LD NOT LOSE CONTACT ) ! MASSES 
EV5 IF !Y TRI$4 ,IT NEV] SEEM$ TO OCCUR TO HIM ?AT ) ! SAME LOGIC 
?AT WAS TO HOLD ! REVOLUTIONI/S 9 ! REACTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 HE C\LD 
DEM& !IR PRES5CE 9 ! *UR*1 9 FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 OR :]EV] 
MASSES C\LD BE F\ND4 ,! LATT]1 TO BE SURE1 W\LD HAVE OCCURR$ TO HIM HAD 
! NE$ >IS5 TO UNITE OP5LY ) ! =CES ( REACTION AS HAPP5$ AT A 
LAT] DAY UND] ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME4 

,IT WAS CLE> TO ,L59 ?AT = ! PURPOSES ( ,BOL%EVISM1 C\NCIL 
ORGANIZATIONS W]E ! LEA/ SUITABLE4 ,NOT ONLY IS !RE SMALL ROOM 9 FACTORY 
ORGANIZATIONS = PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTIONI/S1 BUT ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE HAD 
%[N H[ DIFFICULT IT WAS TO 'MANAGE' A SOVIET MOVEM5T4 ,AT ANY 
RATE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT 9T5D TO WAIT = *ANCES ( REVOLUTION>Y 
9T]F]5CE 9 POLITICAL PROCESSES2 !Y W]E ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 EV]YDAY 
POLITICS & CONC]N$ ) IMM$IATE RESULTS 9 !IR FAVOR4 ,9 ORD] TO 
9FLU5CE ! ,WE/]N LABOR MOVEM5T ) A VIEW TO EV5TUALLY CONTROLL+ IT1 
IT WAS F> EASI] = !M TO 5T] 9TO1 & TO DEAL )1 EXI/+ 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLES WAG$ BETWE5 & )9 !SE 
ORGANIZATIONS1 !Y SAW A *ANCE TO GA9 A FOO?OLD QUICKLY4 ,TO BUILD UP 
5TIRELY NEW ORGANIZATIONS OPPOS$ TO ALL ! EXI/+ ONES W\LD BE TO ATTEMPT 
:AT C\LD HAVE ONLY BELAT$ RESULTS - IF ANY AT ALL4 ,BE+ 9 P[] 9 ,RUSSIA1 
! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD NO LONG] 9DULGE 9 LONG-VIEW POLITICS2 9 ORD] TO 
MA9TA9 !IR P[] !Y HAD TO M>* UP ALL ! AV5UES ( POLITICS1 NOT ONLY 
! REVOLUTION>Y ONES4 ,IT MU/ BE SAID1 H[EV]1 ?AT ASIDE FROM !IR BE+ 
=C$ TO DO SO1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E MORE ?AN WILL+ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! 
MANY POLITICAL GAMES ?AT ACCOMPANY ! CAPITALI/IC EXPLOITATION PROCESS4 ,TO 
BE ABLE TO P>TICIPATE !Y NE$$ TRADE UNIONS & P>LIAM5TS & P>TIES & 
ALSO CAPITALI/IC SUPPORT]S1 :I* MADE OPPORTUNISM BO? A NECESSITY & A 
PLEASURE4 

,!RE IS NO LONG] ANY NE$ TO PO9T TO ! MANY 'MISDE$S' ( 
,BOL%EVISM 9 ,G]MANY & 9 ! WORLD AT L>GE4 ,9 !ORY & 9 PRACTICE ! 
,/AL9I/ REGIME DECL>ES ITSELF A CAPITALI/IC1 IMP]IALI/IC P[]1 OPPOS+ 
NOT ONLY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 BUT EV5 ! FASCI/ RE=MS ( 
CAPITALISM4 ,& IT ACTUALLY DOES FAVOR ! MA9T5ANCE ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY 
9 ORD] TO UTILIZE MORE FULLY ITS [N FASCI/IC /RUCTURE4 ,JU/ AS ,G]MANY WAS 
V]Y LITTLE 9T]E/$ 9 SPREAD+ FASCISM OV] H] BORD]S & ! BORD]S ( 
H] ALLIES S9CE %E HAD NO 9T5TION ( /R5G!N+ H] IMP]IALI/IC 
COMPETITORS1 SO ,RUSSIA CONC]NS H]SELF ) SAFEGU>D+ DEMOCRACY EV]Y:]E 
SAVE )9 H] [N T]RITORY4 ,H] FRI5D%IP ) B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRACY IS A 
TRUE FRI5D%IP2 FASCISM IS NO >TICLE = EXPORT1 = IT CEASES TO BE AN 
ADVANTAGE AS SOON AS IT IS G5]ALIZ$4 ,DESPITE ! ,/AL9-,HITL] PACT1 !RE 
>E NO GREAT] 'ANTI-FASCI/S' ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS ON BEHALF ( 
!IR [N NATIVE FASCISM4 ,ONLY SO F> AS !IR IMP]IALI/IC EXPANSION1 IF ANY1 
WILL REA*1 WILL !Y BE GUILTY ( CONSCI\SLY SUPPORT+ ! G5]AL FASCI/IC 
TR5D4 

,?IS G5]AL FASCI/IC TR5D DOES NOT /EM FROM ,BOL%EVISM BUT 9CORPORATES 
IT4 ,IT /EMS FROM ! PECULI> DEVELOPM5TAL LAWS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IF 
,RUSSIA F9ALLY BECOMES A 'DEC5T' MEMB] ( ! CAPITALI/ FAMILY 
( NATIONS1 ! '9DEC5CIES' ( H] FASCI/IC Y\? WILL 9 SOME 
QU>T]S /ILL BE MI/AK5 = A REVOLUTION>Y PA/4 ,! OPPOSITION TO 
,/AL9ISM1 H[EV]1 UNLESS IT 9CLUDES OPPOSITION TO ,L59ISM & TO ! 
,BOL%EVISM ( #a#i#a#g1 IS NO OPPOSITION BUT JU/ A QU>REL AMONG POLITICAL 
COMPETITORS4 ,9 SO F> AS ! MY? ( ,BOL%EVISM IS /ILL DEF5D$ AGA9/ ! 
,/AL9I/ REALITY1 ,OTTO ,RUHLE'S WORK 9 %[+ ?AT ! ,/AL9ISM 
( TODAY IS M]ELY ! ,L59ISM ( YE/]DAY1 IS /ILL ( CONTEMPOR>Y 
IMPORTANCE1 ! MORE SO AS ATTEMPTS MI<T BE MADE TO RECAPTURE ! ,BOL%EVIK 
PA/ 9 ! SOCIAL UPHEAVALS ( ! FUTURE4 

,! :OLE HI/ORY ( ,BOL%EVISM C\LD BE ANTICIPAT$ BY ,RUHLE & ! 
'ULTRA-LEFT' MOVEM5T BECAUSE ( !IR E>LY RECOGNITION ( ! 
REAL CONT5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION & ! REAL *>ACT] ( ! OLD 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T4 ,AFT] #aib ALL ACTIVITIES ( ,BOL%EVISM C\LD BE 
ONLY H>MFUL TO ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD4 ,NO COMMON ACTIONS ) ITS V>I\S 
ORGANIZATIONS W]E ANY LONG] POSSIBLE & NONE W]E ATTEMPT$4 

,V,I,I 

,TOGE!R ) 'ULTRA-LEFT' GR\PS 9 ,DRESD51 ,FRANKFURT AM ,MA9 
& O!R PLACES1 ,OTTO ,RUHLE W5T ONE /EP BEYOND ! ANTI-,BOL%EVISM ( 
! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY & ITS ADH]5TS 9 ! ,G5]AL ,LABOR 
,UNION4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TIES & ! 
PRACTICES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TIES PROV$ SUFFICI5TLY ?AT IT WAS FUTILE TO 
ATTEMPT TO REPLACE REACTION>Y P>RIES ) REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES = ! 
REASON ?AT ! P>TY-=M ( ORGANIZATION ITSELF HAD BECOME USELESS & EV5 
DANG]\S4 ,AS E>LY AS #aib HE PROCLAIM$ ?AT '! REVOLUTION IS NOT A 
P>TY AFFAIR' BUT DEM&S ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL P>TIES 9 FAVOR ( ! 
C\NCIL MOVEM5T4 ,WORK+ *IEFLY )9 ! ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION1 HE AGITAT$ 
AGA9/ ! NE$ ( A SPECIAL POLITICAL P>TY UNTIL ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS SPLIT 
9 TWO4 ,ONE SECTION 7,ALLGEME9E ,>BEIT] ,UNION - ,E9HEITSORGANISATION7 
%>$ ,RUHLE'S VIEWS1 ! O!R REMA9$ AS ! 'ECONOMIC 
ORGANIZATION' ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! ORGANIZATION REPRES5T$ BY 
,RUHLE LEAN$ T[>D ! SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS )\T1 
H[EV]1 GIV+ UP ITS ,M>XIAN ,WELTANS*AUUNG4 ,! O!R CONSID]$ ITSELF ! 
HEIR TO ALL ?AT HAD BE5 REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! ,M>XIAN MOVEM5T ( ! PA/4 ,IT 
ATTEMPT$ TO BR+ AB\T A ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL BUT SUCCE$$ ONLY 9 EFFECT+ 
A CLOS] COOP]ATION ) SIMIL> GR\PS 9 A FEW ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 

,9 ,RUHLE'S OP9ION A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION WAS POSSIBLE ONLY 
) ! CONSCI\S & ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ! BROAD PROLET>IAN MASSES4 
,?IS AGA9 PRESUPPOS$ A =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT C\LD NOT BE CONTROLL$ FROM 
ABOVE1 BUT WAS DET]M9$ BY ! WILL ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,! FACTORY ORGANIZATION 
& ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION W\LD1 HE ?\<T1 PREV5T A 
DIVORCE BETWE5 ORGANIZATIONAL & CLASS 9T]E/S2 IT W\LD PREV5T ! 
EM]G5CE ( A P[]FUL BUREAUCRACY S]V$ BY ! ORGANIZATION 9/EAD ( 
S]V+ IT4 ,IT W\LD1 F9ALLY1 PREP>E ! WORK]S TO TAKE OV] ! 9DU/RIES 
& MANAGE !M ACCORD+ TO !IR [N NE$S & ?US PREV5T ! >IS+ ( 
NEW /ATES ( EXPLOITATION4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY %>$ !SE G5]AL IDEAS & ITS [N 
FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS W]E H>DLY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?OSE ?AT AGRE$ ) 
,RUHLE4 ,BUT ! P>TY MA9TA9$ ?AT AT ?IS /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T FACTORY 
ORGANIZATION ALONE C\LD NOT GU>ANTEE A CLE>-CUT REVOLUTION>Y POLICY4 ,ALL 
K9DS ( PEOPLE W\LD 5T] !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 !RE W\LD BE NO ME?OD ( 
PROP] SELECTION1 & POLITICALLY UNDEVELOP$ WORK]S MI<T DET]M9E ! 
*>ACT] ( ! ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* ?US MI<T NOT BE ABLE TO LIVE UP TO 
REVOLUTION>Y REQUIREM5TS ( ! DAY4 ,?IS PO9T WAS WELL DEMON/RAT$ BY ! 
RELATIVELY BACKW>D *>ACT] ( ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T ( #a#i#a#h4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ 
,WORK]S ,P>TY HELD ?AT CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS1 ,M>XIAN TRA9$ REVOLUTIONI/S1 
AL?\< BELONG+ TO FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS %\LD1 AT ! SAME TIME1 BE 
COMB9$ 9 A SEP>ATE P>TY 9 ORD] TO SAFEGU>D & DEVELOP REVOLUTION>Y 
!ORY &1 SO TO SPEAK1 WAT* OV] ! FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS TO PREV5T !M 
FROM GO+ A/RAY4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY SAW 9 ,RUHLE'S POSITION A K9D 
( DISAPPO9TM5T SEEK+ REFUGE 9 A NEW =M ( UTOPIANISM4 ,IT MA9TA9$ 
?AT ,RUHLE M]ELY G5]ALIZ$ ! EXP]I5CES ( ! OLD P>TIES & IT 
9SI/$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ITS ORGANIZATION WAS ! RESULT ( 
ITS [N P>TY =M4 ,IT REJECT$ ! C5TRALI/IC PR9CIPLES ( ,L59ISM BUT 
9SI/$ UPON KEEP+ ! P>TY SMALL SO ?AT IT %\LD BE FREE ( ALL 
OPPORTUNISM4 ,!RE W]E O!R >GUM5TS SUPPORT+ ! P>TY IDEA4 ,SOME 
REF]R$ TO 9T]NATIONAL PROBLEMS1 SOME W]E CONC]N$ ) ! QUE/IONS ( 
ILLEGALITY1 BUT ALL >GUM5TS FAIL$ TO CONV9CE ,RUHLE & HIS FOLL[]S4 
,!Y SAW 9 ! P>TY ! P]PETUATION ( ! LEAD]-MASS PR9CIPLE1 ! 
CONTRADICTION BETWE5 P>TY & CLASS1 & FE>$ A REPETITION ( ,BOL%EVISM 9 
! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 

,NEI!R ( ! TWO GR\PS C\LD PROVE ITS !ORY4 ,HI/ORY BY-PASS$ !M 
BO?2 !Y W]E >GU+ 9 A VACUUM4 ,NEI!R ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 
NOR ! TWO ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNIONS OV]CAME !IR /ATUS ( BE+ 
'ULTRA-LEFT' SECTS4 ,!IR 9T]NAL PROBLEMS BECAME QUITE 
>TIFICIAL1 = !RE WAS ACTUALLY NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,WORK]S' ,P>TY & ! ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION4 ,DESPITE !IR !ORIES1 
,RUHLE'S FOLL[]S DID NOT FUNCTION 9 ! FACTORIES EI!R4 ,BO? 
UNIONS 9DULG$ 9 ! SAME ACTIVITIES4 ,H5CE ALL !ORETICAL DIV]G5CIES HAD 
NO PRACTICAL MEAN+4 

,!SE ORGANIZATIONS - REMNANTS ( ! PROLET>IAN ATTEMPT TO PLAY A 
ROLE 9 ! UPHEAVALS ( #aiah - ATTEMPT$ TO APPLY !IR EXP]I5CES 
)9 A DEVELOPM5T :I* WAS CONSI/5TLY MOV+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION 
FROM ?AT 9 :I* !SE EXP]I5CES ORIG9AT$4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ALONE1 BY 
VIRTUE ( ,RUSSIAN CONTROL1 C\LD REALLY GR[ )9 ?IS TR5D T[>DS FASCISM4 
,BUT BY REPRES5T+ ,RUSSIAN1 NOT ,G]MAN FASCISM1 IT TOO1 HAD TO SUCCUMB TO ! 
EM]G+ ,NAZI MOVEM5T :I*1 RECOGNIZ+ & ACCEPT+ PREVAIL+ CAPITALI/ 
T5D5CIES1 F9ALLY 9H]IT$ ! OLD ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T IT ITS 
5TIRETY4 

,AFT] #aibc ! ,G]MAN 'ULTRA-LEFT' MOVEM5T CEAS$ TO BE A 
S]I\S POLITICAL FACTOR 9 ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,ITS LA/ ATTEMPT TO 
=CE ! TR5D ( DEVELOPM5T 9 ITS DIRECTION WAS DISSIPAT$ 9 ! 
%ORT-LIV$ ACTIVITY 9 ,M>* #aiba UND] ! POPUL> LEAD]%IP ( ,MAX ,HOELZ4 
,ITS MO/ MILITANT MEMB]S1 BE+ =C$ 9TO ILLEGALITY1 9TRODUC$ ME?ODS ( 
CONSPIRACY & EXPROPRIATION 9TO ! MOVEM5T1 !REBY HA/5+ ITS 
DIS9TEGRATION4 ,AL?\< ORGANIZATIONALLY ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' GR\PS 
CONT9U$ TO EXI/ UP TO ! BEG9N+ ( ,HITL]'S DICTATOR%IP1 !IR 
FUNCTIONS W]E RE/RICT$ TO ?AT ( DISCUSSION CLUBS TRY+ TO UND]/& 
!IR [N FAILURES & ?AT ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION4 

,V,I,I,I 

,! DECL9E ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' MOVEM5T1 ! *ANGES 9 ,RUSSIA 
& 9 ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TIES1 ! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY 
& ,G]MANY RE/OR$ ! OLD RELATION%IP BETWE5 ECONOMICS & POLITICS ?AT 
HAD BE5 DI/URB$ DUR+ & %ORTLY AFT] ! FIR/ WORLD W>4 ,ALL OV] ! 
WORLD CAPITALISM WAS N[ SUFFICI5TLY /ABILIZ$ TO DET]M9E ! MA9 
POLITICAL TR5D4 ,FASCISM & ,BOL%EVISM1 PRODUCTS ( CRISIS CONDITIONS W]E 
- LIKE ! CRISIS ITSELF - ALSO M$IUMS = A NEW PROSP]ITY1 A NEW 
EXPANSION ( CAPITAL & ! RESUMPTION ( ! IMP]IALI/IC COMPETITIVE 
/RUGGLES4 ,BUT JU/ AS ANY MAJOR CRISIS APPE>S AS ! F9AL CRISIS TO ?OSE 
:O SUFF] MO/1 SO ! ACCOMPANY+ POLITICAL *ANGES APPE>$ AS EXPRESSIONS 
( ! BREAKD[N ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ! WIDE GAP BETWE5 APPE>ANCE & REALITY 
SOON] OR LAT] *ANGES AN EXAGG]AT$ OPTIMISM 9TO AN EXAGG]AT$ PESSIMISM 
) REG>D TO REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES4 ,TWO WAYS1 !N1 REMA9 OP5 = ! 
REVOLUTIONI/3 HE CAN CAPITULATE TO ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL PROCESSES1 OR HE CAN 
RETIRE 9TO A LIFE ( CONTEMPLATION & WAIT = ! TURN ( EV5TS4 

,UNTIL ! F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! RETREAT ( ! 
'ULTRA-LEFT' APPE>$ TO BE A RETURN TO !ORETICAL WORK4 ,! 
ORGANIZATIONS EXI/$ 9 ! =M ( WEEKLY & MON?LY PUBLICATIONS1 PAMPHLETS 
& BOOKS4 ,! PUBLICATIONS SECUR$ ! ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ORGANIZATIONS ! 
PUBLICATIONS4 ,:ILE MASS-ORGANIZATIONS S]V$ SMALL CAPITALI/IC M9ORITIES1 
! MASS ( ! WORK]S W]E REPRES5T$ BY 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! CONTRADICTION 
BETWE5 ! !ORIES ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' & ! PREVAIL+ 
CONDITIONS BECAME UNBE>ABLE4 ,! MORE ONE ?\<T 9 COLLECTIVE T]MS ! MORE 
ISOLAT$ ONE BECAME4 ,CAPITALISM1 9 ITS FASCI/IC =M1 APPE>$ AS ! ONLY 
REAL COLLECTIVISM1 ANTI-FASCISM AS A RETURN TO AN E>LY B\RGEOIS 
9DIVIDUALISM4 ,! M$IOCRITY ( CAPITALI/ MAN1 & !RE=E ! 
REVOLUTIONI/ UND] CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS1 BECAME PA9FULLY OBVI\S )9 ! 
SMALL /AGNAT+ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,MORE & MORE PEOPLE1 />T+ FROM ! PREMISE 
?AT ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS' W]E RIPE = REVOLUTION1 EXPLA9$ ITS 
ABS5CE ) SU* 'SUBJECTIVE FACTORS' AS LACK ( CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS & LACK ( UND]/&+ & *>ACT] ON ! P>T ( ! 
WORK]S4 ,!SE LACKS !MSELVES1 H[EV]1 HAD AGA9 TO BE EXPLA9$ BY 
'OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS'1 = ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! PROLET>IAT 
UND\BT$LY RESULT$ FROM !IR SPECIAL POSITION )9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( 
CAPITALISM4 ,! NECESSITY ( RE/RICT+ ACTIVITY TO $UCATIONAL WORK BECAME A 
VIRTUE3 DEVELOP+ ! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S WAS REG>D$ AS ! 
MO/ ESS5TIAL ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y TASKS4 ,BUT ! OLD SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC BELIEF 
?AT 'KN[L$GE IS P[]' WAS NO LONG] CONV9C+ = !RE IS NO 
DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 KN[L$GE & ITS APPLICATION4 

,! BREAKD[N ( LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM & ! 9CREAS+ 
C5TRALI/ CONTROL OV] ALWAYS GREAT] MASSES ?R\< CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION 
& W> 9CREAS$ 9TELLECTUAL 9T]E/ 9 ! PREVI\SLY NEGLECT$ FIELDS ( 
PSY*OLOGY & SOCIOLOGY4 ,!SE BRAN*ES ( B\RGEOIS 'SCI5CE' 
S]V$ TO EXPLA9 ! BEWILD]M5T ( ?AT P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE :I* HAD 
BE5 DISPLAC$ BY MORE P[]FUL COMPETITORS & ( ?AT P>T ( ! 
PETTY-B\RGEOISIE R$UC$ TO PROLET>IAN LEVELS ( EXI/5CE DUR+ ! 
DEPRESSION4 ,9 ITS E>LY /AGES ! CAPITALI/IC CONC5TRATION PROCESS ( 
WEAL? & P[] HAD BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY ! ABSOLUTE GR[? ( ! B\RGEOIS 
LAY]S ( SOCIETY4 ,AFT] ! W> ! SITUATION *ANG$2 ! ,EUROPEAN DEPRESSION 
HIT BO? B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT & G5]ALLY DE/ROY$ CONFID5CE 9 ! 
SY/EM & 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS !MSELVES4 ,PSY*OLOGY & SOCIOLOGY1 H[EV]1 
W]E NOT ONLY EXPRESSIONS ( B\RGEOIS BEWILD]M5T & 9SECURITY BUT1 
SIMULTANE\SLY1 S]V$ ! NE$ = A MORE DIRECT DET]M9ATION ( MASS 
BEHAVIOR & IDEOLOGICAL CONTROL ?AN HAS BE5 NECESS>Y UND] LESS 
C5TRALI/IC CONDITIONS4 ,?OSE :O LO/ P[] 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES :I* 
ACCOMPANI$ ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL AS WELL AS ?OSE :O GA9$ P[] 
(F]$ PSY*OLOGICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS = !IR FULL FAILURES OR 
SUCCESSES4 ,:AT TO ONE WAS ! 'RAPE ( ! MASSES' TO ! O!R 
WAS A NEWLY-WON 9SI<T - TO BE SY/EMIZ$ & 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! 
SCI5CE ( EXPLOITATION & CONTROL - 9TO ! SOCIAL PROCESSES4 

,UND] ! CAPITALI/IC DIVISION ( LABOR ! MA9T5ANCE & EXT5SION ( 
PREVAIL+ IDEOLOGIES IS ! JOB ( ! 9TELLECTUAL LAY]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE 
& PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS DIVISION ( LABOR IS ( C\RSE1 DET]M9$ MORE BY 
EXI/+ CLASS CONDITIONS ?AN BY ! PRODUCTIVE NE$S ( ! COMPLEX SOCIETY4 
,:AT WE KN[ WE KN[ BY WAY ( A CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ( KN[L$GE4 ,BUT AS 
!RE IS NO O!R1 ! PROLET>IAN APPROA* TO ALL ?AT IS BR\<T =? BY 
B\RGEOIS SCI5CE & PSEUDO-SCI5CE MU/ ALWAYS BE A CRITICAL ONE4 ,TO MAKE 
?IS KN[L$GE S]VE O!R ?AN CAPITALI/IC PURPOSES MEANS TO CLEANSE IT ( 
ALL ! ELEM5TS 5T]+ IT :I* >E RELAT$ TO ! CAPITALI/IC CLASS 
/RUCTURE4 ,IT W\LD BE AS FALSE AS IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO REJECT :OLESALE 
ALL ?AT IS PRODUC$ BY B\RGEOIS SCI5CE4 ,YET IT CAN ONLY BE APPROA*$ 
SKEPTICALLY4 ,! PROLET>IAN CRITIQUE - AGA9 ON ACC\NT ( ! 
CAPITALI/IC DIVISION ( LABOR - IS QUITE LIMIT$4 ,IT IS ( REAL 
IMPORTANCE ONLY :]E B\RGEOIS KN[L$GE DEALS ) SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,H]E 
ITS !ORIES CAN BE TE/$ AS TO !IR VALIDITY & !IR MEAN+ = ! 
V>I\S CLASSES & = SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,!RE >OSE1 !N1 ) ! VOGUE 
( PSY*OLOGY & SOCIOLOGY1 ! NE$ TO EXAM9E ! NEW F9D+S 9 !SE 
FIELDS FROM ! CRITICAL PO9T ( VIEW ( ! SUPPRESS$ CLASSES4 

,IT WAS UNAVOIDABLE ?AT ! VOGUE = PSY*OLOGY %\LD P5ETRATE ! LABOR 
MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ! :OLE DECAY ( ?IS MOVEM5T WAS ONCE MORE REVEAL$ BY ITS 
ATTEMPT TO USE ! NEW !ORIES ( B\RGEOIS PSY*OLOGY & SOCIOLOGY = A 
CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION ( ITS [N !ORIES 9/EAD ( US+ ! ,M>XIAN !ORY 
TO CRITICIZE ! NEW B\RGEOIS PSEUDO-SCI5CE4 ,BEH9D ?IS ATTITUDE WAS ! 
GR[+ DI/RU/ ( ,M>XISM DUE TO ! FAILURES ( ! ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN 
REVOLUTIONS4 ,BEH9D IT ALSO WAS ! 9ABILITY TO GO BEYOND ,M>X 9 A ,M>XIAN 
S5SE1 AN 9ABILITY CLE>LY BR\<T TO LI<T BY ! FACT ?AT ALL ?AT APPE>$ 
NEW 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGY HAD BE5 TAK5 FROM ,M>X 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 
,UN=TUNATELY1 FROM \R PO9T ( VIEW1 ,OTTO ,RUHLE WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO 
CLO! ! MORE POPUL> IDEAS ( ,M>X 9 ! NEW LANGUAGE ( B\RGEOIS 
SOCIOLOGY & PSY*OLOGY4 ,9 HIS H&S ! MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY 
N[ BECAME 'SOCIOLOGY' 9 SO F> AS IT DEALT ) SOCIETY2 9 SO 
F> AS IT DEALT ) ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IT WAS N[ 'PSY*OLOGY'4 ,! 
PR9CIPLES ( ?IS !ORY W]E TO S]VE BO? ! ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY & ! 
ANALYSIS ( ! PSY*OLOGICAL COMPLEXITIES ( ITS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,9 HIS BIOGRAPHY 
( ,M>X1 ,RUHLE APPLI$ HIS NEW PSY*O-SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( ,M>XISM 
:I* C\LD ONLY HELP TO SUPPORT ! T5D5CY T[>D 9CORPORAT+ AN 
EMASCULAT$ ,M>XISM 9TO CAPITALI/IC IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS K9D ( 'HI/ORICAL 
MAT]IALISM'1 :I* SE>*$ = REASONS ( '9F]IORITY & 
SUP]IORITY COMPLEXES' 9 ! 5DLESS DOMA9S ( BIOLOGY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 
SOCIOLOGY1 ECONOMICS & SO =? 9 ORD] TO DISCOV] A K9D ( 
'BALANCE-(-P[] ( COMPLEXES BY WAY ( COMP5SATIONS' :I* C\LD 
BE CONSID]$ ! PROP] ADJU/M5T BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 ?IS K9D 
( ,M>XISM WAS NOT ABLE TO S]VE ANY ( ! PRACTICAL NE$S ( ! WORK]S1 NOR 
C\LD IT HELP 9 !IR $UCATION4 ,?IS P>T ( ,RUHLE'S ACTIVITY1 
:E!R ONE EVALUATES IT POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY1 HAS LITTLE IF ANY?+1 TO 
DO ) ! PROBLEMS ?AT BESET ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 
UNNECESS>Y TO DEAL H]E ) ,RUHLE'S PSY*OLOGICAL WORK4 ,WE M5TION 
IT NEV]!LESS1 = ! D\BLE REASON ?AT IT MAY S]VE AS AN ADDITIONAL 
ILLU/RATION ( ! G5]AL DESPAIR ( ! REVOLUTIONI/ 9 ! P]IOD ( 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION & AS A FUR!R MANIFE/ATION ( ! S9C]ITY ( ! 
REVOLUTIONI/1 ,RUHLE1 )9 ! CONDITIONS ( DESPAIR4 ,= 9 ?IS PHASE 
( HIS LIT]>Y ACTIVITY1 AS 9 EV]Y O!R ?AT DEALT ) 
P$AGOGICAL-PSY*OLOGICAL1 HI/ORICAL-CULTURAL1 OR ECONOMIC-POLITICAL 
QUE/IONS1 HE ALSO SPEAKS \T AGA9/ ! 9HUMAN CONDITIONS ( CAPITALISM1 
AGA9/ POSSIBLE NEW =MS ( PHYSICAL & M5TAL SLAV]Y1 & = A SOCIETY 
BEFITT+ A FREE HUMANITY4 

,I,X 

,! TRIUMPH ( ,G]MAN FASCISM 5D$ ! LONG P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y 
DISC\RAGEM5T1 DISILLUSIONM5T & DESPAIR4 ,EV]Y?+ BECAME AT ONCE MORE 
EXTREMELY CLE>2 ! IMM$IATE FUTURE WAS \TL9$ 9 ALL ITS BRUTALITY4 ,! 
LABOR MOVEM5T PROV$ = ! LA/ TIME ?AT ! CRITICISM DIRECT$ AGA9/ IT 
BY ! REVOLUTIONI/ WAS MORE ?AN JU/IFI$4 ,! FI<T ( ! 
'ULTRA-LEFT' AGA9/ ! (FICIAL LABOR MOVEM5T PROV$ TO HAVE 
BE5 ! ONLY CONSI/5T /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM ?AT HAD ?IS F> BE5 
WAG$4 

,! TRIUMPH ( ,G]MAN FASCISM1 :I* WAS NOT AN ISOLAT$ PH5OM5ON BUT WAS 
CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! PREVI\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! :OLE CAPITALI/ WORLD1 
DID NOT CAUSE BUT M]ELY HELP$ TO 9ITIATE ! NEW WORLD CONFLICT ( ! 
IMP]IALI/IC P[]S4 ,! DAYS ( #aiad HAD RETURN$4 ,BUT NOT = ,G]MANY4 ,! 
,G]MAN LABOR LEAD]S W]E DEPRIV$ ( ! 'MOV+ EXP]I5CE' ( 
DECL>+ !MSELVES ONCE MORE ! TRUE/ SONS ( ! FA!RL&4 ,TO ORGANIZE 
= W> MEANT TO 9/ITUTE TOTALIT>IANISM1 & ?AT MEANT ?AT MANY SPECIAL 
9T]E/S HAD TO BE ELIM9AT$4 ,UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC & 
)9 ! FRAMEWORK ( WORLD IMP]IALISM1 ?IS WAS POSSIBLE ONLY BY WAY ( 
9T]NAL /RUGGLES4 ,! 'RESI/ANCE' ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T 
TO FASCISM1 HALF HE>T$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 MU/ NOT1 H[EV]1 BE MI/AK5 = 
A RESI/ANCE TO W>4 ,9 ! CASE ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY & ! TRADE UNIONS IT 
WAS NOT A RESI/ANCE BUT M]ELY AN ABDICATION ACCOMPANI$ BY V]BAL PROTE/S TO 
SAVE FACE4 ,& EV5 ?IS CAME ONLY 9 ! WAKE ( ,HITL]'S REFUSAL TO 
9CORPORATE !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 9 !IR TRADITIONAL =M & ) !IR 
'EXP]I5C$' LEAD]S1 9TO ! FASCI/ S*EME ( ?+S4 ,NEI!R 
WAS ! 'RESI/ANCE' ON ! P>T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY A 
RESI/ANCE TO W> & FASCISM AS SU* BUT ONLY 9 SO F> AS !Y W]E DIRECT$ 
AGA9/ ,RUSSIA4 ,IF ! (FICIAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,G]MANY W]E PREV5T$ 
FROM SID+ ) !IR B\RGEOISIE1 9 ALL O!R NATIONS !Y DID SO )\T 
DELIB]ATION & )\T /RUGGLE4 

,A SECOND TIME 9 HIS LIFE1 ! EXIL$ ,OTTO ,RUHLE HAD TO DECIDE :I* 
SIDE TO TAKE 9 ! NEW WORLD-WIDE /RUGGLE4 ,?IS TIME IT SEEM$ SOME:AT MORE 
DIFFICULT BECAUSE ,HITL]'S CONSI/5T TOTALIT>IANISM WAS DESIGN$ TO 
PREV5T A REPETITION ( ! VACILLAT+ DAYS ( LIB]ALISM DUR+ ! LA/ 
WORLD W>4 ,?IS SITUATION ALL[$ ! SECOND WORLD W> TO MASQU]ADE AS A 
/RUGGLE BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & FASCISM & PROVID$ ! SOCIAL *AUV9I/S ) 
BETT] EXCUSES4 ,! EXIL$ LABOR LEAD]S1 9 /EP ) ! LABOR 
ORGANIZATIONS 9 !IR ADOPT$ C\NTRIES1 C\LD /ILL PO9T TO ! POLITICAL 
DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO =MS ( ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM AL?\< !Y W]E 
UNABLE TO D5Y ! CAPITALI/IC NATURE ( !IR NEW FA!RL&S4 ,! !ORY ( 
! LESS] EVIL S]V$ TO MAKE PLAUSIBLE ! REASON :Y ! DEMOCRACIES %\LD 
BE DEF5D$ AGA9/ ! FUR!R SPREAD+ ( FASCISM4 ,RUHLE1 H[EV]1 
MA9TA9$ HIS OLD POSITION ( #a#i#a#d4 ,= HIM ! '5EMY WAS /ILL AT 
HOME'1 9 ! DEMOCRACIES AS WELL AS 9 ! FASCI/ /ATES4 ,! 
PROLET>IAT C\LD NOT1 OR RA!R %\LD NOT1 SIDE ) ANY ( !M BUT OPPOSE 
BO? ) EQUAL VEHEM5CE4 ,RUHLE PO9T$ \T ?AT ALL ! POLITICAL1 
IDEOLOGICAL1 RACIAL & PSY*OLOGICAL >GUM5TS (F]$ 9 DEF5SE ( A PRO-W> 
POSITION C\LD NOT REALLY COV] UP ! CAPITALI/IC REASON = W>3 ! 
/RUGGLE = PR(ITS AMONG ! IMP]IALI/ COMPETITORS4 ,9 LETT]S & >TICLES 
HE REIT]AT$ ALL ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! LAWS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T AS 
E/ABLI%$ BY ,M>X 9 ORD] TO COMBAT ! NONS5SE ( POPUL> 
'ANTI-FASCISM' :I* C\LD ONLY HA/5 ! FASCISATION PROCESS ( 
WORLD CAPITALISM4 

,= ,RUHLE FASCISM & /ATE-CAPITALISM W]E NOT ! 9V5TIONS ( 
VICI\S POLITICIANS BUT ! \TCOME ( ! CAPITALI/ PROCESS ( CONC5TRATION 
& C5TRALIZATION 9 :I* ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL MANIFE/S ITSELF4 ,! 
CLASS RELATION%IP 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS BESET BY MANY 9SOLUBLE 
CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! MA9 CONTRADICTION1 ,RUHLE SAW1 LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT 
CAPITAL ACCUMULATION MEANS ALSO A T5D5CY T[>D A FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT ,?IS 
T5D5CY CAN BE COMBAT$ ONLY BY A MORE RAPID CAPITAL ACCUMULATION - 
:I* IMPLIES AN 9CREASE ( EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT 
EXPLOITATION IS 9CREAS$ 9 RELATION TO ! RATE ( ACCUMULATION NECESS>Y TO 
AVOID CRISES & DEPRESSIONS1 PR(ITS CONT9UE TO %[ A T5D5CY TO FALL4 
,DUR+ DEPRESSIONS CAPITAL IS RE-ORGANIZ$ TO ALL[ = A NEW P]IOD ( CAPITAL 
EXPANSION4 ,IF NATIONALLY A CRISIS IMPLIES ! DE/RUCTION ( WEAK] CAPITAL & 
CAPITAL CONC5TRATION BY ORD9>Y BUS9ESS MEANS1 9T]NATIONALLY 
RE-ORGANIZATION F9ALLY DEM&S W>4 ,?IS MEANS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! WEAK] 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS 9 FAVOR ( ! VICTORI\S IMP]IALISMS 9 ORD] TO BR+ 
AB\T A NEW CAPITAL EXPANSION & ITS FUR!R CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION4 
,EV]Y CAPITALI/ CRISIS - AT ?IS /AGE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION - 
9VOLVES ! WORLD2 LIKEWISE EV]Y W> IS AT ONCE A WORLD-WIDE W>4 ,NOT 
P>TICUL> NATIONS BUT ! :OLE ( ! WORLD CAPITALISM IS RESPONSIBLE = W> 
& CRISIS4 ,?IS1 ,RUHLE SAW1 IS ! 5EMY & HE IS EV]Y:]E4 

,TO BE SURE ,RUHLE HAD NO D\BT ?AT TOTALIT>IANISM WAS WORSE = ! 
WORK]S ?AN B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,HE HAD F\<T AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN TOTALIT>IANISM 
S9CE ITS 9CEPTION4 ,HE WAS FI<T+ ,G]MAN FASCISM1 BUT HE C\LD NOT FI<T 9 
! NAME ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY BECAUSE HE KNEW ?AT ! PECULI> DEVELOPM5TAL 
LAWS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION W\LD *ANGE B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY SOON] OR LAT] 
9TO FASCISM & /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,TO FI<T TOTALIT>IANISM MEANT TO OPPOSE 
CAPITALISM 9 ALL ITS =MS4 0,PRIVATE ,CAPITALISM10 HE WROTE1 
0& ) IT DEMOCRACY1 :I* IS TRY+ TO SAVE IT1 >E OBSOLETE & 
GO+ ! WAY ( ALL MORTAL ?+S4 ,/ATE-,CAPITALISM - & ) IT 
FASCISM1 :I* PAVES ! WAY = IT >E GR[+ & SEIZ+ P[]4 ,! OLD IS 
GONE =EV] & NO EXORCISM WORKS AGA9/ ! NEW4 ,NO MATT] H[ H>D WE MAY 
TRY TO REVIVE DEMOCRACY1 ALL EF=TS WILL BE FUTILE4 ,ALL HOPES = A VICTORY ( 
DEMOCRACY OV] FASCISM >E ! CRASSE/ ILLUSIONS1 ALL BELIEF 9 ! RETURN ( 
DEMOCRACY AS A =M ( CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T HAS ONLY ! VALUE ( CUNN+ 
BETRAYAL & C[>DLY SELF-DELUSION 444 ,IT IS ! MIS=TUNE ( ! PROLET>IAT 
?AT ITS OBSOLETE ORGANIZATIONS BAS$ UPON AN OPPORTUNI/IC TACTIC MAKE IT 
DEF5SELESS AGA9/ ! ONSLAU<T ( FASCISM4 ,IT HAS ?US LO/ ITS [N 
POLITICAL POSITION 9 ! BODY POLITIC AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,IT HAS CEAS$ TO BE 
A HI/ORY-MAK+ FACTOR AT ! PRES5T EPO*4 ,IT HAS BE5 SWEPT UPON ! 
DUN<EAP ( HI/ORY & WILL ROT ON ! SIDE ( DEMOCRACY AS WELL AS ON ! 
SIDE ( FASCISM1 = ! DEMOCRACY ( TODAY WILL BE ! FASCISM ( 
TOMORR[40 

,X 

,AL?\< ,OTTO ,RUHLE FAC$ ! SECOND WORLD W> AS UNCOMPROMIS+LY AS 
HE HAD FAC$ ! FIR/1 HIS ATTITUDE ) REG>D TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T WAS 
DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( #a#i#a#d4 ,?IS TIME HE C\LD NOT HELP BE+ C]TA9 ?AT 
0NO HOPE C\LD SPR+ FROM ! MIS]ABLE REMNANTS ( ! OLD MOVEM5T 9 
! /ILL-DEMOCRATIC NATIONS = ! F9AL UPRIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT & ITS 
HI/ORICAL DELIV]ANCE4 ,/ILL LESS C\LD HOPE SPR+ FROM ! %ABBY FRAGM5TS 
( ?OSE P>TY TRADITIONS ?AT W]E SCATT]$ & SPILL$ 9 ! EMIGRATION ( 
! WORLD1 NOR FROM ! /]EOTYP$ NOTIONS ( PA/ REVOLUTIONS1 REG>DLESS ( 
:E!R ONE BELIEVES 9 ! BLESS+S ( VIOL5CE OR 9 PEACEFUL 
TRANSITION40 ,YET HE DID NOT LOOK HOPELESSLY 9TO ! FUTURE4 ,HE FELT SURE 
?AT NEW URGES & NEW IMPULSES WILL ANIMATE ! MASSES & =CE !M TO MAKE 
!IR [N HI/ORY4 

,! REASONS = ?IS CONFID5CE W]E ! SAME AS ?OSE ?AT CONV9C$ 
,RUHLE ( ! 9EVITABILITY ( ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T T[>D FASCISM 
& /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,!Y W]E BAS$ ON ! 9SOLUBLE CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 
9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,JU/ AS ! RE-ORGANIZATION ( CAPITAL 
DUR+ ! CRISIS IS SIMULTANE\SLY A PREP>ATION = GREAT] CRISES1 SO W> 
CAN BRE$ ONLY BIGG] & MORE DEVA/AT+ W>S4 ,CAPITALI/IC AN>*Y CAN 
BECOME ONLY MORE *AOTIC1 NO MATT] H[ MU* ITS SUPPORT]S MAY TRY TO BR+ 
ORD] 9TO IT4 ,ALWAYS GREAT] P>TS ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD WILL BE DE/ROY$ 
SO ?AT ! /RONG] CAPITALI/IC GR\PS CAN KEEP ON ACCUMULAT+4 ,! 
MIS]IES ( ! MASSES ( ! WORLD WILL M\NT UNTIL A BREAK+ PO9T IS 
REA*$ & NEW SOCIAL UPSURGES WILL DE/ROY ! MURD]\S SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION4 

,RUHLE WAS AS LITTLE ABLE AS ANYBODY ELSE AT ?IS TIME TO /ATE BY :AT 
SPECIFIC MEANS FASCISM W\LD BE OV]COME4 ,BUT HE FELT C]TA9 ?AT ! 
ME*ANICS & DYNAMICS ( REVOLUTION WILL UND]GO FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES4 ,9 ! 
SELF-EXPROPRIATION & PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE BY ! SECOND 
WORLD W>1 9 ! SURM\NT+ ( NATIONALISM BY ! ABOLITION ( SMALL /ATES1 
9 ! /ATE-CAPITALI/IC WORLD POLITIC BAS$ ON /ATE F$]ATIONS HE SAW NOT 
ONLY ! IMM$IATELY NEGATIVE SIDE BUT ALSO ! POSITIVE ASPECTS ( PROVID+ 
NEW />T+-PO9TS = ANTI-CAPITALI/ ACTIONS4 ,TO ! DAY ( HIS DEA? HE WAS 
C]TA9 ?AT ! CLASS CONCEPT WAS B\ND TO SPREAD UNTIL IT W\LD FO/] A 
MAJORITY 9T]E/ 9 SOCIALISM4 ,HE LOOK$ = ! CLASS /RUGGLE TO BE 
TRANS=M$ FROM AN AB/RACT-IDEOLOGICAL CATEGORY 9TO A 
PRACTICAL-POSITIVE-ECONOMIC CATEGORY4 ,& HE 5VISION$ ! RISE ( FACTORY 
C\NCILS )9 ! UNFOLD+ ( LABOR DEMOCRACY AS A REACTION TO BUREAUCRATIC 
T]ROR4 ,= HIM ! LABOR MOVEM5T WAS NOT DEAD BUT WAS /ILL TO BE BORN 9 
! SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( ! FUTURE4 

,IF ,RUHLE1 F9ALLY1 HAD NO?+ MORE TO (F] ?AN ! 
'HOPE' ?AT ! FUTURE WILL SOLVE ! PROBLEMS :I* ! OLD LABOR 
MOVEM5T FAIL$ TO SOLVE1 ?IS HOPE DID NOT SPR+ FROM FAI? BUT FROM 
KN[L$GE1 KN[L$GE :I* CONSI/$ 9 RECOGNIZ+ ACTUAL SOCIAL TR5DS4 ,IT 
DID NOT CONTA9 A CLUE AS TO H[ TO A*IEVE ! NECESS>Y SOCIAL 
TRANS=MATION4 ,IT DEM&$1 H[EV]1 DISSOCIATION FROM FUTILE ACTIVITIES & 
HOPELESS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT DEM&$ RECOGNITION ( ! REASONS ?AT L$ TO ! 
DIS9TEGRATION ( ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T & A SE>* = ! ELEM5TS ?AT 
PO9T TO ! LIMITATIONS ( ! PREVAIL+ TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS4 ,IT DEM&$ A 
%>P] DI/9CTION BETWE5 IDEOLOGY & REALITY 9 ORD] TO DISCOV] 9 ! 
LATT] ! FACTORS ?AT ESCAPE ! CONTROL ( ! TOTALIT>IAN ORGANIZ]S4 ,H[ 
LITTLE OR H[ MU* IS NE$$ TO TRANS=M SOCIETY IS ALWAYS DISCOV]$ ONLY 
AFT] ?AT FACT4 ,BUT ! BALANCE-SCALE ( SOCIETY IS DELICATE1 & IS 
P>TICUL>LY S5SITIVE AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,! MO/ P[]FUL CONTROLS OV] M5 
>E REALLY WEAK :5 COMP>$ ) ! TREM5D\S CONTRADICTIONS ?AT R5D ! 
WORLD TODAY4 ,OTTO ,RUHLE WAS RI<T 9 PO9T+ \T ?AT ! ACTIVITIES 
:I* WILL F9ALLY TIP ! SCALE ( SOCIETY 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALISM WILL NOT BE 
DISCOV]$ BY MEANS & ME?ODS RELAT$ TO PREVI\S ACTIVITIES & TRADITIONAL 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!Y MU/ BE DISCOV]$ )9 ! *ANG+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS 
:I* >E /ILL DET]M9$ BY ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & ! DIRECTION 9 :I* ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( 
SOCIETY >E MOV+4 ,TO DISCOV] ?OSE RELATION%IPS1 ?AT IS1 TO RECOGNIZE ! 
COM+ REVOLUTION 9 ! REALITIES ( TODAY1 WILL BE ! JOB ( ?OSE :O C>RY 
ON 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,OTTO ,RUHLE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,OTTO ,RUHLE & ! ,G]MAN ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,OTTO ,RUHLE & ! ,G]MAN ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/