,\R ,REVOLUTION 

#ahha 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O 

,TEXT 3 

0,! DESIRE = DE/RUCTION IS A CREATIVE PASSION40 

,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ,DRESD5 9 #a#h#d#a4 

0,TO RISE TO A NEW LIFE1 ONE MU/ EXT+UI% EV]Y LA/ E*O ( ! PA/0 

,C>LO ,PISACANE1 ,SAGGIO /ORICO1 P4 #f4 

,EV]Y AGE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T HAS HAD ITS REVOLUTION>IES 
& ITS REACTION>IES2 ! =M] WORK$ = ! TRIUMPH ( 
! REVOLUTION1 :ILE ! LATT]S MISSION WAS TO HALT ITS C\RSE 
,H[EV]1 !Y W]E NOT ALWAYS ACT+ 9 BAD FAI?4 

,!RE HAVE BE5 SOME :O SIMPLY 9T5D$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( 
! REVOLUTION1 :ILE O!RS HAD NO O!R AIM ?AN TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ITS CONQUE/S1 GIV+ !M AN (FICIAL =M1 ! SANCTION ( 
AU?ORITY -- ! GU>ANTEE ( ! ,/ATE4 

,TO AFFIRM !IR PR9CIPLES1 ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS F\ND$ ! (FICIAL 
,*UR*2 BUT 9 ?IS WAY !Y HALT$ ! REVOLUTION & PREP>$ 
! GR\ND = ! PRIE/1 :O W\LD EXPLOIT ! ,*RI/IAN 
PR9CIPLE4 

,! PRIE/1 SURE ( HAV+ KILL$ & BURI$ ! REVOLUTION = EV]1 WROTE A SORT ( EPITAPH ON ITS TOMB3 SUBMISSION ( ! ,*RI/IAN TO ! POPE1 ! VIC> ( ,GOD ON E>?2 SUBMISSION ( ! PEOPLE TO ! K+1 9VE/$ ON ! AU?ORITY ( ! POPE2 SUBMISSION ( ! S]F TO HIS LEGITIMATE LORD4 

,BUT IF HUMANITY IS NOT DEAD1 NEI!R IS ! REVOLUTION2 IT RISES UP PR\D] ?AN BE=E & FROM ! SAME ROCK ( ITS SUPPOS$ TOMB1 IT EXTRACTS ITS PROGRAM = RECON/RUCTION2 NO MORE POPES OR K+S3 0) ! B[ELS ( ! LA/ PRIE/1 ,LET US /RANGLE ! LA/ K+40.<#a.> 

0,W> ON ! CA/LES  
,& PEACE ON ! %ACKS 0 

#cf 

,! REVOLUTION TOOK UP ITS C\RSE ONCE MORE2 IT IS HELP$ BY ! PEOPLE :O )/OOD C5TURIES-LONG TYRANNY2 IT WILL C>RY \T ITS 
PROGRAM = TODAY1 = TOMORR[ & EV]Y TIME IT CAN DEVELOP 
ITSELF FREELY AMONG M54 

,NO1 IT WILL NOT C>RY \T ITS PROGRAM -- CRIES ! B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ EXCIT$LY2 NO1 NEI!R ITS PROGRAM = TOMORR[1 NOR = 
TODAY4 ,! REVOLUTION HAS ALREADY BE5 MADE2 & N[ WE NE$ 
ONLY ORD] & WORK 7FROM ! PROLET>IANS1 NATURALLY7 9 ORD] 
TO GU>ANTEE ITS CONQUE/S2 ORD]1 RELIGION1 ! FAMILY1 PROP]TY6 

,?IS IS ! REACTION>Y CRY FROM ! TRIUMPHANT B\RGEOISIE1 ?IS 
IS ITS 5TIRE PROGRAM = ITS 5TIRE LIFE1 :I* IT WRITES ON ! 
TOMB ( :]E IT IMAG9ES IT HAS BURI$ ! REVOLUTION = EV]4 

,BUT IT IS FROM ?AT TOMB ?AT WE1 ! REVOLUTION>IES ( TODAY1 ! 
SONS ( EV]Y PA/ REVOLUTION1 MU/ TAKE \R 9SPIRATION 9 ORD] 
TO =MULATE \R DEM&S1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( TODAY1 
! IDEAL = HUMAN PROGRESS 9 ! FUTURE4 

,ORD] IS \R IRREFUTABLE SUBMISSION TO !IR FRE$OM ( OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION4 

,RELIGION IS A MORAL BOND TO A FAI? ( LIES & DECEPTION1 :I* 
SEEKS TO FACILITATE \R SUBMISSION4 

,! FAMILY IS ! PRIME EXPRESSION ( A :OLE S]IES ( CON/ITUT$ 
AU?ORITIES ?AT 5D 9 ! ,/ATE1 ! SUPREME GU>ANTOR ( HUMAN 
OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION4 

,PROP]TY IS ! AMASS+ ( ! MAT]IALS & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 ?AT IS TO SAY ( ! S\RCES ( LIFE1 BY A FEW PRIVILEG$ GLUTTONS1 :O ?US MANAGE TO DOM9ATE ! LABOR =CE1 ALL[+ 9EQUALITY TO TRIUMPH1 />V+ & TORTUR+ ! PEOPLE1 TRANS=M+ !M 9TO AN >MY ( S]FS1 ! HUMBLE/ VALETS ( 
,HIS ,EXCELL5CY1 ,CAPITAL6 

,SO !N1 NO ORD]6 ,D[N ) AU?ORITY1 BO? ! AU?ORITY ( ,GOD & ?AT ( EV]Y S+LE GU>D6 ,D[N ) ! AU?ORITY ( ! FAMILY6 ,D[N ) ! ,/ATE6 ,D[N ) PROPRIETORS6 

,) ! IRON ( !IR *A9S1 GLADIATORS 9 REVOLT FA%ION$ !IR SWORDS ( FRE$OM3 FROM ! C5TURIES-OLD BONDS ( \R S]VITUDE1 WE WILL =GE ! >MS ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 

,LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE1 LIB]ATION ( ITS 9/9CTS1 LIB]ATION ( 
ITS PASSIONS3 LIB]ATION ( ?AT P[]FUL GOD :O DOES & UNDOES ALL ?+S1 BECAUSE HE CAN DO & UNDO ALL ?+S1 BECAUSE HE HAS MADE ALL ?+S6 

,LET ! TORR5T ( ! PEOPLE OV]FL[ ITS BANKS ONCE MORE6 ,LET IT OV]FL[1 T]RIBLE & DE/RUCTIVE1 MAJE/IC & JU/6 ,& LET NO SACRILEGI\S H& RISE UP TO ATTACK ! REVOLUTION6 

,O1 REVOLUTION6 ,SUBLIME LAW ( NATURE1 LAW ( LIFE & PROGRESS1 LAW 
( JU/ICE & LOVE1 LAW ( LIB]TY & EQUALITY6 ,SA9T$ REVOLUTION1 COME BACK TO US6 ,RESUME Y\R C\RSE AMONG ! PEOPLE1 & AMONG ! PEOPLE E/ABLI% Y\R REIGN ONCE & = ALL6 ,LET ?Y WILL BE DONE = EV]6 

,! REVOLUTION WILL COME3 IT IS NE>1 IT IS AT H&4 ,BUT IT WILL NO 
LONG] BE ! OIL REVOLUTION1 ! REVOLUTION ?AT IS EXPLOIT$ ONLY 
= ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T1 ?AT IS NE$$ TO REA* AN EXTRANE\S 
5D & IS ?US CONTR>Y TO ITS V]Y NATURE2 IT WILL NO LONG] S]VE 
! TRANSITORY NE$S ( A CLASS :OSE EMANCIPATION MEANS ONLY 
! OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION ( ANO!R CLASS4 

,\R ,REVOLUTION HAS NO 5D O!R ?AN ITSELF4 ,IT SEEKS TO 5SURE 
! COMPLETE1 DEF9ITIVE TRIUMPH ( ! ,REVOLUTION AMONG M53 
SO ?AT1 />T+ FROM ?AT MOM5T1 IT CAN FOLL[ ITS PA? )\T 
MEET+ ANY OB/ACLE & ?US ALONE BR+ TO COMPLETION1 ?R\< 
ITS SUCCESSIVE TRANS=MATIONS1 ITS ET]NAL MISSION ( PROGRESS 
)\T ANY MORE NE$ = VIOL5CE3 TO WORK = ! WELL-BE+ 
& HAPP9ESS ( M5 )\T EV] 9T]RUPT+ ! PEACE ?AT 
EXI/S AMONG !M4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( /RUGGLE & ! PR9CIPLE ( SOCIABILITY WILL 
UND]GO FUR!R EXT5SION1 ! LA/ ?AT WILL REQUIRE ! USE ( 
VIOL5CE3 ?IS WILL BE ! LA/ BIR?+ BY ,REVOLUTION ?AT REQUIRES 
9T]V5TION BY ! SURGEON4 

,HUMANITY IS SO RIGOR\SLY DIVID$ 9TO TWO CLASSES1 MADE UP ( HOMOG5E\S1 COMPACT ELEM5TS1 ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE ABLE TO SIMPLIFY ANY FUR!R1 S9CE BY APPLY+ ! PR9CIPLE ( /RUGGLE AMONG M51 IT WILL ABSORB ! TWO CLASSES 9TO ONE4 ,NO MORE CAPITALI/S & PROLET>IANS3 EV]Y MAN FREE & EQUAL4 ,IT IS ! SIMPLE/ EXPRESSION ( \R REVOLUTION>Y IDEAL4 

,?IS SIMPLIFICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( /RUGGLE IS MAT*$ BY AN 
EXPANSION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( SOCIABILITY4 

,BUT ! =CE ( EXPANSION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( /RUGGLE )9 HUMANITY HAS BE5 EXHAU/$4 ,FROM ! TIMES :5 MAN 
/RUGGL$1 
AS WE HAVE SE51 ALONE AGA9/ ALL & ALL AGA9/ ONE1 UNTIL TODAY 
:5 HUMANITY IS DIVID$ BY ! /RUGGLE 9TO TWO GREAT CLASSES1 
EA* POSSIBLE DEGREE ( EXPANSION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( /RUGGLE & 
! PR9CIPLE ( SOCIABILITY BETWE5 M5 HAS LO/ ITS VITALITY4 ,! 
CONF9ES ( HUMANITY HAVE BE5 REA*$2 & ! WORK+S ( ! 
PR9CIPLE ( /RUGGLE1 ?AT NATURAL LAW ?AT CANNOT BE IMP$$ OR 
SUSP5D$1 WILL BE =C$ TO REMA9 )9 ! TRULY VA/ FIELD ( 
NATURE4 ,NO MORE /RUGGLE BETWE5 M51 REUNIT$ 9 ORD] TO CONQU] & TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! GREATE/ NATURAL =CES4 

,NO LONG] ONE AGA9/ ALL & ALL AGA9/ ONE1 BUT ONE = ALL & 
ALL = ONE4 

,& ! PR9CIPLE ( SOCIABILITY1 HAV+ ONLY ONE CLASS TO ABSORB1 
WILL NECESS>ILY HAVE TO EXT5D ITSELF TO ALL ( HUMANITY4 
,! HUMAN SOCIABILITY1 ! AGE ( HUMANITY4 ,?IS WILL BE ! 9EXORABLE 
CONSEQU5CE ( ! PR]EQUISITES2 ?IS ! RESULT1 SOON TO COME1 
( ! NATURAL LAW ( ,REVOLUTION1 DE/9$ 9 \R AGE TO PREP>E 
= EGOISM1 ! NOBLE/ ( SATISFACTIONS1 ) ! CONCILIATION ( ITS 
TWO SONS1 ! PR9CIPLE ( /RUGGLE & ! PR9CIPLE ( SOCIABILITY4 

,C]TA9LY1 EGOISM WILL /ILL BE ! 9SPIRATION = HUMAN ACTION1 
BUT ! DESIRE ( \R BE+1 ! DEM& ( ! SELF WILL BE SOME?+ NOBLE1 HUMAN3 IT WILL BE ! SE>* = ONE'S BETT]M5T1 IT 
WILL BE ! SE>* = ONE'S [N GOOD & ONE'S [N HAPP9ESS 
9 ! GOOD & HAPP9ESS ( ALL M54 ,NOR WILL ?IS BE A MATT] 
( PHILAN?ROPY -- IT WILL BE ! 9EXORABLE LAW ( ! NEW AGE 9 
HI/ORY1 :I* WILL MAKE ! GOOD ( EA* A NECESS>Y P>T ( ! 
GOOD ( ALL1 & ! GOOD ( ALL ! ESS5CE ( ! GOOD ( EA*4 

,TO SUM UP1 !N1 WE %ALL SAY3 

,! /RUGGLE ( CANNIBALISM & SOCIABILITY ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,! /RUGGLE ( SLAV]Y & SOCIABILITY ( ANTIQUITY4 

,! /RUGGLE ( S]VITUDE & SOCIABILITY ( ! FEUDAL AGE4 

,! /RUGGLE ( WAG$ LABOR & SOCIABILITY ( CAPITALISM4 

,! /RUGGLE ( NATURE & SOCIABILITY ( HUMANITY4 

,?IS IS ! G5EALOGICAL TREE ( HUMANITY & ,REVOLUTION AT ! 
SAME TIME4 

.<,?IS PO9T M>KS ! 5D ( ! P>T ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* TRANSLATION 9 0,LA ,REVOLUTION SOCIALE40 ,!RE FOLL[S ! P>T PUBLI%$ 9 #aigb 9 ,DOSSI] ,CAFI]O4.> 

,\R REVOLUTION>Y IDEAL IS ! AGE-OLD IDEAL ( ALL ?OSE :O REFUSE TO RESIGN !MSELVES TO OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION2 = US1 AS = \R PR$ECESSORS1 IT IS SUMM$ UP 9 TWO NO LESS ANCI5T T]MS3 ,FRE$OM & ,EQUALITY4 

,AS ANCI5T AS HUMAN S]VITUDE1 ?AT IS TO SAY AS HUMANITY1 ?IS IDEAL HAS ALWAYS HAD A LIMIT$1 P>TIAL APPLICATION ?ANKS TO ! EF=TS ( REACTION>IES1 :O 9 EV]Y AGE HAVE H9D]$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE ALL ! PA/ & PRES5T REACTIONS1 IT .<\R IDEAL.> HAS CONT9U$ TO SPREAD & IS AB\T TO REALIZE ITS MO/ COMPLETE APPLICATION 9 \R REVOLUTION4 

,HAV+ LE>N$ FROM PA/ HI/ORY1 :I* %[S US ! 5DLESS DECEPTIONS PRACTIC$ BY ! REACTION>IES ( EV]Y SORT & EV]Y AGE 9 ORD] TO DIM9I%1 CORRUPT & MISREPRES5T ! TRUE VALUE ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 ?AT IS TO SAY ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 WE HAVE BE5 =EW>N$ & N[ PLACE ALONGSIDE ! FACE VALUE ( !SE TWO (T-C\NT]FEIT$ CO9S ! EXACT VALUE ?AT !Y TRULY HAVE1 9 ORD] ?AT WE MAY ACCEPT !M AS G5U9E4 

,!SE TWO PRECI\S CO9S MU/ PAY = ! ET]NAL R$EMPTION ( HUMANITY & ! TRANSACTION WILL NEV] TAKE PLACE UNTIL SU* TIMES AS ! TRUE VALUE EXACTLY MAT*ES !IR FACE VALUE4 

,N[1 WE EXPRESS ! TRUE VALUE ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY ) ! TWO T]MS1 ,AN>*Y & ,COMMUNISM4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 WE WILL NOT ACCEPT AS TRUE ANY FRE$OM ?AT DOES NOT CORRESPOND EXACTLY1 ?AT IS NOT P]FECTLY ID5TICAL & P]FECTLY EQUAL TO AN>*Y -- ANY?+ ELSE WILL BE FALSE & M5DACI\S = US2 NOR WILL WE ACCEPT AS TRUE EQUALITY ANY?+ ?AT DOES NOT CORRESPOND EXACTLY1 ?AT IS NOT P]FECTLY ID5TICAL & P]FECTLY EQUAL 
TO COMMUNISM -- ANY O!R PURPORT$ EQUALITY WILL BE FALSE & 
M5DACI\S = US4 

,SO IF FRE$OM = US IS AN>*Y & EQUALITY IS COMMUNISM1 !N 
\R REVOLUTION>Y =MULA WILL BE3 

7,REVOLUTION7 "7 7,FRE$OM & ,EQUALITY7 "7 7,AN>*Y & ,COMMUNISM74 

,AN>*Y & COMMUNISM1 LIKE =CE & MATT]1 >E TWO T]MS 
:I* %\LD =M A S+LE T]M1 S9CE !Y JO9TLY EXPRESS A 
S+LE CONCEPT4 

,! SUBMISSION ( ! PROLET>IANS1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( HUMANITY1 
TO ! ACCUMULATORS ( ! MAT]IALS & MEANS ( LABOR1 A SMALL 
M9ORITY1 IS ! PRIME CAUSE ( ALL OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION1 
( ALL 9EQUALITY1 DESPOTISM & HUMAN BRUTALITY4 ,! HUMAN 
COMMUNITY LAY+ CLAIM TO ! MAT]IALS & MEANS ( LABOR 
IS A CLAIM = ! FRE$OM & EQUALITY ( ALL M54 ,BUT GU>D+ 
! TREASURE ?AT HAS BE5 /OL5 FROM US LIES ! ,/ATE ) ALL 
ITS CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITIES & ITS >M$ MI<T1 OB/ACLES ?AT WE 
MU/ ?R[ D[N IF WE >E TO HAVE \R GOODS RETURN$ TO US4 ,& 
CONSEQU5TLY1 :ILE ! TWO T]MS ( \R REVOLUTION >E TW9S1 
AN>*Y IS DE/9$ TO EM]GE FROM ! WOMB FIR/1 TO PAVE ! 
WAY = COMMUNISM4 

,AN>*Y MEANS ! ABS5CE ( DOM9ANCE1 ! ABS5CE ( AU?ORITY1 ! ABS5CE ( HI]>*Y1 ! ABS5CE ( PRE-E/ABLI%$ 
ORD] -- ORD]1 ?AT IS1 E/ABLI%$ BY ! FEW OR BY ! FIR/1 :I* 
BECOMES LAW = ! MANY OR = ! SECOND4 

,CAN ONE EV] BE FREE IF ONE IS SUBJECT$ TO ANY =M ( DOM9ANCE 
OR AU?ORITY8 ,CAN ! MAN :O IS COMM&$ BY ANO!R MAN 
EV] BE CONSID]$ FREE8 ,:]E IS \R FRE$OM1 :5 WE >E CON/RA9$ BY LAW TO CON=M TO A PRE-E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 :I* WE 
ALREADY F9D UNBE>ABLE SIMPLY BECAUSE IT IS IMPOS$ ON US8 ,! 
TRUE FRI5D ( FRE$OM MU/ BE ! TRUE 5EMY ( ALL DOM9ATION1 
ALL AU?ORITY1 ALL COMM&1 ALL ELEVATION ( ONE MAN OV] O!RS2 
HE MU/ BE ! 5EMY ( ALL LAW1 ALL PRE-E/ABLI%$ ORD]2 HE MU/ 
BE1 9 A WORD1 AN AN>*I/4 

,TRUE FRE$OM WILL NOT BE OBTA9$ EXCEPT ?R\< AN>*Y1 :I* 
IS ?US ! PRIME T]M REQUIR$ = ! REVOLUTION4 ,TODAY1 AN>*Y 
DEM&S ?AT WE ATTACK1 COMBAT & DE/ROY ! ,/ATE1 :I* IS 
! ORGANISM ( ALL ! CON/ITUT$ P[]S -- ! GREAT POLITICAL 
MA*9E ?AT OPPRESSES MAN & 5SURES HIS EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT ONCE 
! :OLE EXI/+ ORD] HAS BE5 SWEPT CLEAN1 AN>*Y DEM&S 
?AT WE PREV5T ANY NEW E/ABLI%M5T ( AU?ORITY1 ANY NEW 
SUPREMACY1 ANY NEW DESPOTISM1 ANY E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW ,/ATE4 

,AN>*Y TODAY IS ( AN AGGRESSIVE1 DE/RUCTIVE NATURE3 TOMORR[ IT 
WILL HAVE A PRES]VATIVE1 PROTECTIVE NATURE4 ,TODAY IT IS DIRECT REVOLUTION3 TOMORR[ 9DIRECT REVOLUTION1 ! PREV5TION ( REACTION4 

,AN>*Y TODAY IS 9DIGNATION1 DEADLY HATR$ & ET]NAL W> 
AGA9/ EV]Y OPPRESSOR & EXPLOIT] ON ! FACE ( ! E>?2 IT 
IS ! 9DEFEASIBLE DEM& ( ! OPPRESS$2 IT IS !IR PACT ( ALLIANCE1 !IR W> CRY - ! BLOODIE/ W> AS LONG AS ONE BOSS1 ONE 
EXPLOIT] REMA9S 9 ! WORLD4 ,AN>*Y IS 9CESSANT1 P]MAN5T 
REVOLT AGA9/ ALL CON/ITUT$ ORD]1 W> ON ! ,/ATE & ALL ITS 
AU?ORITIES1 WAG$ 9 EV]Y WAY & UND] EV]Y POSSIBLE =M3 
) ! WORD & ) EV]Y O!R \TW>D SIGN1 ) ACTS ( 
DEFIANCE & HO/ILITY1 & ABOVE ALL ) >MS4 ,BUT TOMORR[1 
ONCE ! OB/ACLES HAVE BE5 OV]COME1 AN>*Y WILL BE SOLID>ITY 
& LOVE -- COMPLETE FRE$OM = ALL4 ,IT WILL CREATE ! 5VIRONM5T 
?AT IS NECESS>Y = ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS1 = ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( TRUE FRE$OM & TRUE EQUALITY1 SO ?AT ! REVOLUTION CAN COME & E/ABLI% ITSELF DEF9ITIVELY AMONG ALL M54 
,AN>*Y TOMORR[ WILL BE ! FREE & COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( 
! 9DIVIDUAL1 :O DRIV5 ONLY BY HIS DESIRES1 BY HIS T5D5CIES 
& LIK+S1 WILL ASSOCIATE ) O!RS 9 ! GR\P1 CORPORATION1 
ASSOCIATION OR :ATEV] ONE *OOSES TO CALL IT1 :I* 9 TURN WILL 
F$]ATE FREELY 9 ! COMMUNE1 ! COMMUNES 9 ! REGION1 ! 
REGIONS 9 ! NATION & ! NATIONS 9 HUMANITY4 

,! NE$S ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ \R COMMON OPPRESSORS AT FIR/ 
& !REAFT] ! NE$S ( LIFE -- ! NE$S ( PRODUCTION & 
CONSUMPTION -- WILL !MSELVES BR+ M5 TO UNITE 9 ! GREAT 
F$]ATION ( HUMAN SOCIABILITY4 

0,JU/ AS A HI]>*Y ( 9DIVIDUALS IS AN ABSURDITY1 SO IS A HI]>*Y 
BETWE5 ,COMMUNES4 ,EV]Y ,COMMUNE CAN ONLY BE A FREE ASSOCIATION 
( 9DIVIDUALS & ! ,NATION A FREE ASSOCIATION ( ,COMMUNES40.<#b.> 

,AN>*Y IS ! F$]ATION ( UNION1 ! ORGANIZATION ( FRE$OM4 
,IT FI<TS AGA9/ ! POPUL> ,/ATE OR ! COMMUNI/ ,/ATE1 :I* 
W\LD BE ! C5TRALIZATION ( UNITY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( COMMON 
OPPRESSION 

,!RE >E SOCIALI/S :O DECL>E ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO CREATE A 
NEW ,/ATE 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,AS ! 5EMIES ( A!ISM WI% TO PRES]VE ,GOD & BELIEF 9 HIM 
= ! 0GOOD ( ! PEOPLE10 SO ! SOCIALI/ 5EMIES ( AN>*Y -- A!ISM ( ! E>? LIKE ?AT ( ! HEAV5S -- WI% TO PRES]VE 
! 9/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE1 9 ORD] TO DO ! 0GOOD ( ! PEOPLE10 
?AT IS TO SAY 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE TO GUIDE IT4 

,!IR PRET5SIONS >E ! LA/ ATTEMPT ON ! P>T ( ! PR9CIPLE 
( AU?ORITY TO KEEP ITSELF ALIVE AMONG M51 & S9CE LA/ ATTEMPTS 
>E ! MO/ DESP]ATE & D>+1 WE MU/ >M \RSELVES FROM 
HEAD TO TOE 9 ORD] TO FI<T !M ) ALL \R P[]4 

,WE CANNOT NOR DO WE WANT TO PLACE !IR GOOD FAI? 9 ! SLI<TE/ 
D\BT2 EV5 IF SOME ( !M W]E 9 BAD FAI?1 WE MU/ ABSOLUTELY 
EXCLUDE IT H]E2 WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT !Y ACT ) ! MO/ PROP] 
S5TIM5T1 ) ! SOLE AIM ( A*IEV+ ! EMANCIPATION ( 
! PROLET>IAT 9 ! EMANCIPATION ( HUMANITY2 & ?AT IF !Y 
WI% TO GIVE ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] AN (FICIAL =M1 IF !Y WI% TO 
BUILD A NEW ,/ATE1 IT IS SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE ?AT !Y CAN 
?US ASSURE ?OSE CONQUE/S ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT >E ! GOAL ( 
\R COMMON ASPIRATIONS4 

,BUT DID NOT1 P]HAPS1 ! E>LY ,*UR* FA!RS HAVE ! SAME AIM 9 
M9D 9 GIV+ AN (FICIAL =M TO ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,*RI/IAN 
IDEAL8 ,& ! GREAT FIGURES ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION :I*1 
?\< GREAT1 IS NO?+ :5 COMP>$ TO ! EV5-GREAT] 
ONE BE+ PREP>$ TODAY BY ! PROLET>IAT1 :ATEV] W]E !Y 
PROPOS+ BY LEGISLAT+1 CODIFY+ & CON/ITUT+ AN EV5 MORE 
P[]FUL ,/ATE ?AN ! FEUDAL MON>*Y !Y HAD OV]?R[N8 
,:AT W]E ?OSE M51 9 GOOD FAI? AS !Y W]E1 PROPOS+ IF NOT 
! CONSOLIDATION ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S8 

,WE (T5 5C\NT] SOCIALI/S :O LAU< AT ! 0GLORI\S CONQUE/S0 ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION3 !Y HAVE EV]Y REASON TO DO IF !Y >E AN>*I/S1 BUT IF !Y >E AU?ORIT>IANS OR SUPPORT]S ( ! PEOPLE'S ,/ATE1 !Y >E QUITE WRONG TO D]IDE PEOPLE :O DID YE/]DAY :AT !Y !MSELVES PROPOSE TO DO TOMORR[4 ,9 ALL !IR GOOD FAI?1 IF !Y SUCCE$ 9 CON/ITUT+ !IR POPUL> ,/ATE1 !Y WILL HAVE /RANGL$ ! REVOLUTION AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y WILL HAVE >RE/$ ITS DEVELOPM5T2 & B5EFICIAL REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES WILL BECOME DETRIM5TAL1 BECAUSE !Y 9 TURN WILL HAVE F\ND !IR EXPLOIT]S & !IR 0GLORI\S CONQUE/S0 ( ! F\R? E/ATE WILL BE RIDICUL$ BY SOME FUTURE FIF? E/ATE4 ,) ALL !IR GOOD FAI?1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S WILL BE NO LESS REACTION>Y ?AN ! PRIE/ WAS = ! ,*RI/IAN REVOLUTION & ! CAPITALI/ = ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,H[ ON E>? CAN ! ,/ATE -- AN ESS5TIALLY NOXI\S 9/ITUTION -- ACQUIRE ! VIRTUE ( DO+ GOOD8 ,CAN GOOD EV] BE ! ATTRIBUTE ( AN OPPRESSOR OR TYRANT1 A K+ OR A GOD8 

,IF ,GOD EXI/$1 EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y W\LD C]TA9LY CONSPIRE AGA9/ HIM1 AS AGA9/ K+S1 & UNITE ) ,SATAN -- ?AT SPL5DID FIGURE ( REVOLT -- TO C>RY \T AUDACI\S ATTACKS AGA9/ ! CRUELE/ & MO/ VILLA9\S 7BE+ ! MO/ ABSOLUTE & P[]FUL7 
( TYRANTS4 

,!Y CONSPIRE AGA9/ K+S & ! P[]FUL ( ! E>?3 !Y ATTACK & SEEK TO OV]?R[ ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE444 BUT 9 ORD] TO PUT A NEW ,/ATE 9 ITS PLACE1 ONE :I* WILL HAVE ! F9E DIFF]5CE ( CALL+ ITSELF444 ! PEOPLES ,/ATE6 

,AU?ORITY1 9 :ATEV] =M IT PRES5TS ITSELF1 WILL ALWAYS BE A PE/ TO HUMANK9D4 ,ITS WILL CAN ONLY EXPRESS ITSELF ?R\< ! LAW & ! LAW CANNOT BE APPLI$ )\T GU>DS4 ,IF ! AU?ORITY CALLS ITSELF POPUL>1 IF ! LAW CALLS ITSELF POPUL>1 IF ! GU>DS CALL !MSELVES CU/ODIANS1 GU>DIANS ( ! PEACE OR GU>DIANS ( FRE$OM1 IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE :ATSOEV]4 

,WE DO NOT WANT AU?ORITY1 LAW OR GU>DS ANY MORE4 ,WE NO LONG] WI% TO ACCEPT ANY YOKE1 BE IT PA9T$ R$1 :ITE OR TRICOLOR4 

0,! CLASS SY/EM & AU?ORITY1 BE+ CLE> VIOLATIONS ( ! ,LAWS ( 
,NATURE1 >E TO BE ABOLI%$4 ,! PYRAMID ( ,GOD1 ,K+1 UPP] CLASSES 
& PLEBS WILL ALL BE MADE EQUAL40.<#c.> 

,TO SUBMIT TO AU?ORITY ONE MU/ HAVE A RELIGI\S FAI?4 ,ON ! 
/R5G? ( :AT PR9CIPLE WILL Y\ SUBMIT ! MASSES TO Y\R 
AU?ORITY8 ,= AS LONG AS ! /AFF ( (FICE WAS ! ROD ( ,MOSES 
OR ,*>LEMAGNE'S SCEPT]1 IT WAS WOR%IP$2 BUT :5 IT BECOMES 
! >M ( M]*ANTS1 ! PEOPLE WILL SNAP IT & ?R[ IT 9TO 
! FLAMES4 

,! SO-CALL$ PEOPLE'S ,/ATE W\LD BE AN 9F9ITELY GREAT] OPPRESSOR ?AN ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE BECAUSE ITS DESPOTISM W\LD BE EQUAL 
TO ! POLITICAL DESPOTISM ( ! EXI/+ ,/ATE PLUS ! SUM ( ! 
ECONOMIC DESPOTISM ( EV]Y CAPITALI/1 :OSE CAPITAL W\LD PASS 
9TO ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE'S ,/ATE2 & ALL ?IS W\LD BE MULTIPLI$ BY ! 9CREASE 9 C5TRALIZATION :I* W\LD NECESS>ILY 
BE REQUIR$ BY ! NEW ,/ATE -- POLITICAL & ECONOMIC AT ONE & 
! SAME TIME4 

7,DESPOTISM ( ! POPUL> ,/ATE7 "7 7,EXI/+ POLITICAL DESPOTISM7 

"4 7,ECONOMIC DESPOTISM ( ALL CAPITALI/S7 8 7,X DEGREES ( C5TRALIZATION74 

,& 9 ORD] TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ?IS NEW1 T]RIFY+ MON/]1 
CAN Y\ IMAG9E :AT MANN] ( NEW1 MON/R\S BUREAUCRATIC 
ME*ANISMS W\LD NE$ TO BE CREAT$8 ,:AT >MY ( CL]KS 9ITIAT$ 9TO ! COMPLICAT$ MY/]IES ( GOV]NM5T8 ,A CLASS ?AT IS 
DI/9CT & SUP]IOR TO ! PEOPLE & ?US TYRANNICAL & HATEFUL2 
!SE P>V5US ( ! F\R? E/ATE W\LD BE ! NEW & EV5 
MORE LOA?SOME POLITICAL OPPRESSORS & ECONOMIC EXPLOIT]S2 AS 
) ?OSE :O H&LE HONEY1 ! HOLD]S ( P[] & CAPITAL 
W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO KEEP !IR H&S CLEAN4 

,F>EWELL HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 F>EWELL LIB]TY6 ,9/EAD ( ! 
?IRD E/ATE WE W\LD HAVE ! DOM9ATION ( ! F\R?1 :I* 
W\LD OPPRESS & EXPLOIT A FIF?4 ,& !SE WORK+M5 COME 
TO P[] W\LD BE EV5 MORE PR(LIGATE & DETE/ABLE ?AN ! 
B\RGEOISIE1 EV5 MORE ?AN ! B\RGEOISIE WAS ) RESPECT TO 
! M$IEVAL NOBILITY4 ,ONCE AGA9 ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION W\LD BE HALT$ &1 :E!R IT BE 9 GOOD FAI? 9 ORD] TO ASSURE 
ITS CONQUE/S OR :E!R IT BE 9 BAD FAI? 9 ORD] TO EXPLOIT IT 
IT W\LD ONCE AGA9 BE BURI$ ) A F9E PROGRAM ( REACTION 
C>V$ ON ITS TOMB/ONE BY WAY ( EPITAPH4 

,ONE MU/ NOT PLACE ANY FAI? 9 ?OSE :O SAY ?AT !Y WI% TO TAKE OV] ! ,/ATE 9 ORD] TO DE/ROY IT ONCE ! /RUGGLE IS OV]3 :O 0WI% TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ! =TRESS 9 ORD] TO DISMANTLE IT40 ,NO1 NO6 ,!Y >E EI!R SEEK+ TO MISLEAD US OR >E DECEIV+ 
!MSELVES4 

,ALL GOV]NM5TS1 CALL+ !MSELVES LIB]ATORS1 HAVE PROMIS$ TO DISMANTLE ! =TRESSES ]ECT$ BY TYRANNY TO HOLD ! PEOPLE 9 SUBJUGATION2 BUT F> FROM DISMANTL+ !M1 ONCE 9/ALL$ !Y HAVE ONLY GONE ON TO =TIFY !M FUR!R1 TO CONT9UE TO USE !M AGA9/ ! PEOPLE4 ,BA/ILLES >E DE/ROY$ BY ! PEOPLE3 GOV]NM5TS BUILD !M & MA9TA9 !M4 ,SUICIDE IS NOT ! NATURAL ORD] ( ?+S4 ,NO P[]1 NO AU?ORITY 9 ! WORLD HAS EV] DE/ROY$ ITSELF4 ,NO TYRANT HAS EV] DISMANTL$ A =TRESS ONCE HE HAS 5T]$ IT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 EV]Y AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANISM1 EV]Y TYRANNY T5DS ALWAYS TO SPREAD1 TO E/ABLI% ITSELF EV5 MORE1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE4 ,P[] 9EBRIATES & EV5 ! BE/ CAN BECOME ! WOR/ ONCE !Y >E VE/$ ) AU?ORITY4 0,! GREATE/ LOV] ( FRE$OM1 AS SOON AS HE ASSUMES P[]1 UNLESS HE IS ( LITTLE WOR?1 WANTS EV]YONE TO B[ TO HIS WI%ES40.<#d.> 

,P[] MAKES ONE GIDDY & BR+S MADNESS4 ,MAD1 LIKE ,MASANIELLO.<#e.> :5 HE DONN$ ! K+'S CLO!S2 MAD1 LIKE ,MI*ELE DI ,L&O.<#f.> :O1 :5 HE HAD BECOME A N1 TOOK UP HIS SWORD AGA9/ 
HIS =M] COMRADES 9 S$ITION2 YET BO?1 :5 B>EFOOT1 HAD BE5 ! BRAVE/ *AMPIONS ( POPUL> REVOLT4 ,!Y ELEVAT$ !MSELVES ABOVE ! O!RS1 !Y TOOK P[] & ?AT WAS 5\< TO TRANS=M !M FROM REBELS 9TO DA/>DLY TYRANTS4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLE MU/ REMA9 )9 ! PEOPLE IF IT 
IS TO BE F]TILE4 ,ONCE IT PASSES 9TO GOV]NM5T & RECEIVES AN 
(FICIAL =M1 IT IS SOON DIV]T$1 P]V]T$ & EXPLOIT$1 FROM 
REVOLUTION IT BECOMES REACTION3 FROM LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 IT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION4 

,NO1 NO6 ,WE MU/ ALL ATTACK ! =TRESS TOGE!R1 DISMANTLE IT & RAZE IT TO ! GR\ND SO ?AT NO-ONE CAN TAKE POSSESSION ( IT2 ,WE 
WANT TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE FROM TOP TO TOE1 SO ?AT NO-ONE CAN SET !MSELVES UP AS A NEW MA/] OR NEW OPPRESSOR4 

,AS JEAL\S ADVOCATES ( FRE$OM1 WE %ALL NOT LAY D[N \R >MS 
UNTIL AN>*Y IS AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT >\ND ! WORLD2 BECAUSE 
CONTR>Y TO :AT C]TA9 SUPPORT]S ( ! PEOPLES ,/ATE W\LD 
HAVE PEOPLE BELIEVE ( US1 WE HAVE AMPLE REASON TO FE> = FRE$OM1 EV5 :]E EQUALITY DOES EXI/4 

,= GOODNESS SAKE6 ,>E !RE NOT1 P]HAPS1 ANY NUMB] ( RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES 9 :I* ! MO/ P]FECT EQUALITY REIGNS1 BUT 9 :I* !RE IS NOT EV5 A H9T ( FRE$OM8 ,& IT IS P]FECT EQUALITY2 S9CE ! LEAD] IS SUBJECT$ TO ! COMMON RULE & EATS1 DRESSES & LIVES 9 ABSOLUTELY ! SAME MANN] AS ALL ! O!R MONKS1 FROM :OM HE IS DI/+UI%$ BY ! SUPREMACY ( HIS COMM&4 ,& ?OSE SAME SUPPORT]S ( ! PEOPLE'S ,/ATE1 )\T \R OPPOSITION W\LD 5D UP E/ABLI%+ A /ATE ( P]FECT EQUALITY1 C]TA9LY1 BUT ) NO LESS P]FECT OPPRESSION ( ALL4 ,AT S*OOL1 9 ! REGIM5TS1 9 PRISON TOO !RE IS P]FECT EQUALITY3 
AN EQUALITY ( OPPRESSION & DESPOTISM1 NOT GREATLY DIFF]5T TO ?AT :I* ! PEOPLES ,/ATE W\LD BR+ US4 

,9 HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 MAN MU/ R$ISCOV] ! CAPACITY TO BE ABLE TO SATISFY FULLY ALL HIS NE$S1 BO? PHYSICAL & M5TAL2 ! NE$S ( ! BELLY & ?OSE ( ! SPIRIT1 :I* >E -- & WILL BE EV5 MORE SO 9 ! NEW CIVILIZATION -- AS IMPELL+ AS ! =M]4 ,! QUE/ION ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 !N1 CANNOT BE R$UC$ 
TO A QUE/ION 
( ! BELLY1 AS SOME AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE1 ONLY !N TO CONCLUDE ?AT ) ECONOMIC EQUALITY ALL \R ILLS W\LD BE CUR$4 ,! BELLY C]TA9LY HAS A GOOD P>T TO PLAY1  ! PR9CIPAL P>T1 BUT IT IS NOT EV]Y?+4 ,A WELL-FILL$ ?R\< CAN KEEP A PIG HAPPY1 BUT NOT A MAN2 MAN NE$S ?AT & MU* MORE2 NOT ONLY EMANCIPATION ( ! BODY1 BUT ALSO ( ! SPIRIT3 NOT ONLY EQUALITY1 BUT ALSO FRE$OM4 

0,FRE$OM ALONE CAN RESOLVE ! COMPLICAT$ PROBLEM BY REPEAL+ 
LAW DECL>+ EV]Y T[N%IP1 EV]Y CITIZ5 FREE & 9DEP5D5T DOME/IC FETT]S & DIFF]5CES >E %AK5 (F2 ! B\ND>IES ( ! V>I\S /ATES DISAPPE> & UNITY EFFECTIVELY >ISES FROM EQUALITY1 & ?IS WILL NOT BE ! EFFECT ( A NEW1 IMPOS$1 PACT BUT ! NATURAL 
CONSEQU5CE ( ! ABOLITION ( ALL PACTS40.<#g.> 

,SOME SELF-DESCRIB$ REVOLUTION>IES BELIEVE !Y HAVE FULLY JU/IFI$ !IR APPELLATION BY DECL>+ !MSELVES TO BE ! *AMPIONS ( =CE OR VIOL5T MEANS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?\< WE >E >D5T SUPPORT]S ( VIOL5CE GIV5 ?AT WE BELIEVE 9 ITS UNAVOIDABLE NECESSITY1 BECAUSE S9CE *ILDHOOD WE HAVE BE5 TAU<T ?AT )\T ! %$D+ ( BLOOD !RE IS NO R$EMPTION1 WE BELIEVE ?AT ?\< REVOLUTION HAS ?US F> BE5 & WILL = SOME TIME CONT9UE TO BE VIOL5CE1 VIOL5CE HAS NOT BE5 NOR WILL EV] BE REVOLUTION4 ,! VIOL5CE ( ! 9SURG5T MASSES IS REVOLUTION1 BUT VIOL5CE AT ! H&S ( AU?ORITY OR CON/ITUT$ P[] IS C\NT]REVOLUTION1 REACTION4 ,! =M] UNLEA%ES & DE/ROYS1 ! LATT] OB/RUCTS & RECON/ITUTES2 ! =M]1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 CAN PRODUCE ONLY GOOD1 ! LATT] HAS ONLY ! P[] ( EVIL4 

,REGULAT+1 PRESCRIB+1 LEGISLAT+ & GOV]N+ >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO REVOLUTION2 ! IDEA ( A REVOLUTION ?AT IS REGULAT$ OR GOV]N$ IS AS CONTRADICTORY AS ! IDEA ?AT GOOD CAN BE G5]AT$ BY AU?ORITY4 

,9 A REVOLUTION ONE MU/ CONC]N ONESELF ABOVE ALL ) DEMOLI%+1 ) DE/ROY+ & CONT9U+ TO DE/ROY UNTIL SU* TIMES AS ! REVOLUTION HAS BE5 COMPLETELY & DEF9ITIVELY E/ABLI%$ & ! REVOLUTION1 NO LONG] FAC+ ANY OB/ACLE1 CONT9UES BY 
ITSELF ALONE ) ! TASK ( UNCEAS+ TRANS=MATION4 

,TOGE!R ) ,BAKUN91 WE SAY3 

0,9 REVOLUTION WE >E ! 5EMIES 
( EV]Y?+ ?AT CL+S CLOSELY OR REMOTELY TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN 
SY/EM1 ( EV]Y PRET5SION AT ! (FICIAL DIRECTION ( ! PEOPLE1 
& CONSEQU5TLY ( ALL ?AT IS KN[N AS REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP OR PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T2 WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT 
GOV]N+ 
P[] ( ANY SORT1 NO MATT] H[ REVOLUTION>Y OR TRANSITORY IT 
CALLS ITSELF1 CAN HAVE NO O!R GOAL ?AN ?AT ( P]PETUAT+ ITSELF4 
,REVOLUTIONS >E MADE BY ! PEOPLE1 !Y CAN COME 
ONLY FROM 
)9 ! PEOPLE1 & ANY P[] ?AT SETS ITSELF UP ABOVE ! PEOPLE IS 9V>IABLY CONTR>Y TO ! PEOPLE4 ,AS \R FULLE/ CONFID5CE 
IS 9 ! 9/9CTS ( ! POPUL> MASSES1 \R MEANS ( REVOLUTION 
IS 9 ! ORGANIZ$ \TBUR/ ( :AT >E CALL$ EVIL PASSIONS & 9 
! DE/RUCTION ( ?AT :I*1 9 ! SAME B\RGEOIS LANGUAGE1 IS 
CALL$ PUBLIC ORD]4 ,WE 9VOKE AN>*Y1 ?AT MANIFE/ATION ( ! 
LIFE & ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLE FROM :I* MU/ EM]GE1 ) 
& BY MEANS ( LIB]TY1 ! TRUE EQUALITY ( ALL1 ! NEW ORD] 
F\ND$ ON ! FULL DEVELOPM5T & FREELY-ORGANIZ$ LABOR ( 
ALL1 & ! =CE ( REVOLUTION ITSELF40.<#h.> 

,SOME ( \R ADV]S>IES (T5 ACCUSE US ( NOT HAV+ A PROGRAM4 ,IF BY PROGRAM !Y MEAN A NEW =M ELABORAT$ 
EV]Y SLI<TE/ DETAIL1 9TO :I* HUMANITY IS TO BE PUT BY HOOK 
OR BY CROOK1 !N SAY+ WE DO NOT HAVE A PROGRAM DOES US 
! GREATE/ JU/ICE & QUALIFIES US AS TRUE FRI5DS ( ! REVOLUTION1 AS ! AN>*I/S.<#i.> WE PR\DLY CALL \RSELVES4.<#a.> ,BUT IF BY 
PROGRAM !Y MEAN A GOAL ) A PA? TO >RIVE !RE1 AN AIM 
) ! MEANS DESIGNAT$ TO REA* IT1 A FLAG ( /RUGGLE = LIFE 
& = DEA?1 AN IDEAL = \R EXI/5CE1 !N WE REPLY ?AT ! 
ACCUSATION IS ABSOLUTELY GRATUIT\S1 S9CE WE DO HAVE A PROGRAM1 
& A CLE>1 LUCID & PRECISE ONE AT ?AT4 

,! FIR/ WORD ( \R PROGRAM IS AN>*Y1 :I* CONTA9S1 SO TO 
SPEAK1 ITS QU9TESS5CE & SYN!SIZES IT COMPLETELY4 ,AS WE HAVE 
ALREADY SAID1 :ILE ECONOMIC EQUALITY IS ANY?+ BUT IMPOSSIBLE 
)\T LIB]TY1 AN>*Y ON ! O!R H& REQUIRES ! FULLE/ 
EQUALITY BETWE5 M54 

,NOT ONLY ! IDEAL BUT \R PRACTICE & \R REVOLUTION>Y MORALS TOO >E CONTA9$ 9 AN>*Y2 AN>*Y ?US =MS \R 5TIRE 
REVOLUTION>Y BE+4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT WE 9VOKE IT AS ! 
COMPLETE1 DEF9ITIVE RESULT ( ! REVOLUTION3 REVOLUTION = ! 
REVOLUTION4 

,TO US1 ! SUPPORT]S ( AN>*Y1 IS 5TRU/$ SOLELY ! MISSION 
( DE/RUCTION4 ,WE WILL P]HAPS P]I% 9 A SKIRMI% OR DUR+ ! 
FIR/ %OTS ( ! GREAT DAY2 SOME P]HAPS WILL BE =TUNATE 5\< 
TO SEE ! FIR/ DAWN+ ( HUMANITY'S GREAT EV5T4 ,9 ALL CASES1 WE 
%ALL FALL SATISFI$4 ,SATISFI$ ) HAV+ CONTRIBUT$ TO ! C]TA9 
RU9 ( ?IS UNJU/1 CRUEL & ROTT5 WORLD1 :OSE COLLAPSE WILL BURY 
US 9 ! MO/ GLORI\S TOMB EV] MADE = A FI<T]4 

,O!R M5 WILL BE BORN FROM ! V]Y 5TRAILS ( ! F]TILE REVOLUTION & TAKE ON ! TASK ( C>RY+ \T ! POSITIVE1 ORGANIC 
P>T ( AN>*Y4 

,= US -- HATR$1 W> & DE/RUCTION2 = !M -- LOVE1 PEACE & 
HAPP9ESS4 

,COMMUNISM IS ! COMMUNION ( GOODS3 ! APPROPRIATION 9 
COMMON ( ALL ! EXI/+ WEAL?1 :I* IS US$ 9 COMMON BO? 
9 PRODUCTION & 9 CONSUMPTION4 

,COMMUNISM TODAY1 BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 IS ! ATTACK ON PROP]TY2 TOMORR[1 9 ! REVOLUTION1 IT WILL MEAN ! PEOPLE APPROPRIAT+ :ATEV] WEAL? EXI/S 9 ! WORLD 9 ! NAME ( ALL 
HUMANITY2 ! DAY AFT] TOMORR[1 ONCE ! MOVEM5T HAS 5D$1 
COMMUNISM WILL BE ! COMMON 5JOYM5T ( ALL EXI/+ WEAL? 
BY ALL M51 ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE3 ,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS 
ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S2 ?AT IS TO SAY3 ,FROM EA* 
& TO EA* AT WILL4 

,LET US BEG9 FIR/LY BY OBS]V+ ?AT TAK+ POSSESSION ( & 
5JOY+ ALL EXI/+ WEAL? MU/ 9 \R OP9ION1 BE DONE BY 
! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,BUT S9CE ! PEOPLE1 HUMANITY1 IS NOT AN 
9DIVIDUAL :O CAN TAKE & HOLD ALL ! EXI/+ WEAL? 9 HIS 
TWO H&S1 ! ,/ATE COMMUNI/S HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT IT MU/ 
BE DELEGAT$ TO REPRES5TATIVES1 TO DEPOSIT>IES ( ! COMMON 
WEAL? 9 O!R WORDS TO CREATE AN 5TIRE CLASS ( DIRECTORS ( ! 
COMMON ECONOMY4 ,WE DO NOT %>E ?IS OP9ION4 ,WE DO NOT WANT 
ANY 9T]M$I>IES2 WE DO NOT WANT REPRES5TATIVES1 :O ALWAYS 
5D UP REPRES5T+ !MSELVES ALONE2 WE DO NOT WANT MOD]ATORS ( EQUALITY OR MOD]ATORS ( FRE$OM2 WE DO NOT WANT A NEW 
GOV]NM5T2 WE DO NOT WANT A NEW ,/ATE1 NO MATT] H[ POPUL> 
OR DEMOCRATIC1 REVOLUTION>Y OR PROVISIONAL IT CALLS ITSELF4 

,BE+ SPREAD ALL OV] ! WORLD1 ! COMMON WEAL? -- ?\< BELONG+ TO HUMANITY 9 ITS 5TIRETY -- WILL BE UTILIZ$ 9 COMMON BY ?OSE :O F9D !MSELVES )9 ITS REA* & :O >E 9 A POSITION TO UTILIZE IT4 ,IT IS ! NATURAL DELEGATION ?AT HUMANITY 9 ITS 5TIRETY GIVES TO A P>T ( ITSELF1 TO EX]CISE A P>T ( ITS :OLE RI<T OV] ! EXI/+ WEAL?4 ,! PEOPLES ( ?IS C\NTRY WILL USE ! L&1 ! MA*9ES1 ! FACTORIES1 ! H\SES1 & ALL ! O!R GOODS ( ?IS C\NTRY & ALL WILL MAKE USE ( !M 9 COMMON4 ,A P>T ( HUMANITY WILL EX]CISE ITS RI<T H]E1 EFFECTIVELY & DIRECTLY1 OV] A P>T ( HUMANITY'S WEAL?4 ,BUT IF AN 9HABITANT ( ,PEK+ COMES TO ?IS C\NTRY1 HE W\LD F9D ?AT HIS RI<TS >E ?OSE ( ! O!RS3 HE W\LD 5JOY ! WEAL? ( ! C\NTRY 9 COMMON ) ! O!RS1 JU/ AS HE W\LD DO 9 ,PEK+4 

,! AGGLOM]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS ) ! SAME TRADE1 NATURALLY REQUIR$ BY ! ONE GREAT F>M OR ! ONE GREAT FACTORY1 WILL =M ! SO-CALL$ TRADE CORPORATION1 SOCIETY OR BRAN*1 :I* WILL PROBABLY BE ! =M ) :I* WORK 9 ! COMMUNE IS ORGANIZ$4 ,BUT :ILE ?IS TRADE CORPORATION OR BRAN* WILL HOLD & USE ! P>T ( CAPITAL ?AT CONC]NS IT1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT WILL [N IT4 ,! RI<T ( PROP]TY REMA9S1 UNDIVID$ & 9DIVISIBLE1 9 ALL HUMANITY & WE WILL NEV] BE P>TISANS ( PROPRIETOR CORPORATIONS NOR ( PROPRIETOR ,/ATES4 ,A F9E EX*ANGE ?AT W\LD BE1 IF WE W]E TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE ONLY TO SUB/ITUTE IT ) A MULTITUDE 
( LITTLE ,/ATES6 ,TO KILL ! ONE-HEAD$ MON/] 9 EX*ANGE = A 
?\S&-HEAD$ ONE6 ,NO2 WE HAVE ALREADY SAID IT & WILL 
NEV] 
TIRE ( REPEAT+ IT3 WE DO NOT WANT 9T]M$I>IES1 WE DO NOT WANT 
AG5TS1 BROK]S OR OBLIG+ S]VANTS :O ALWAYS 5D UP BECOM+ ! REAL MA/]S3 WE WANT ALL ! EXI/+ WEAL? TO BE TAK5 
DIRECTLY BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 KEPT 9 ! PEOPLE'S P[]FUL 
H&S1 & ! PEOPLE !MSELVES TO DECIDE ! BE/ WAY TO USE IT1 
AS F> AS BO? PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION >E CONC]N$4 

,BUT1 SOME MAY ASK1 WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO IMPLEM5T COMMUNISM8 
,WILL WE HAVE 5\< PRODUCTS TO ALL[ EA* ! RI<T TO TAKE AS 
MU* AS !Y WANT1 )\T REQUIR+ MORE WORK FROM 9DIVIDUALS ?AN !Y !MSELVES >E PREP>$ TO GIVE8 

,YES1 WE REPLY4 ,IT WILL C]TA9LY BE POSSIBLE TO APPLY ! PR9CIPLE3 ,FROM EA* & TO EA* AT WILL2 BECAUSE 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 PRODUCTION WILL BE SO ABUNDANT ?AT !RE WILL NOT BE ! SLI<TE/ NE$ TO LIMIT CONSUMPTION NOR TO REQUIRE MORE WORK FROM M5 ?AN !Y CAN OR WI% TO GIVE4 

,?IS IMM5SE 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION1 :I* WE CANNOT EV5 IMAG9E TODAY1 CAN BE GUESS$ IF ONE EXAM9ES ! CAUSES ?AT WILL PRODUCE IT1 :I* CAN BE R$UC$ TO ?REE PR9CIPAL CAUSES3 

,H>MONY ( COOP]ATION 9 ! V>I\S SECTORS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 9 PLACE ( ! /RUGGLE ( TODAY'S SY/EM ( COMPETITION4 

,! WIDESPREAD 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9ES ( ALL SORTS4 

,! CONSID]ABLE SAV+S 9 LABOR1 WORK MAT]IALS & 9/RUM5TS ?AT WILL BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! SUPPRESSION ( H>MFUL & USELESS PRODUCTS4 

,9 ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION TODAY1 EV]Y?+ IS COMPETITION1 /RUGGLE3 REL5TLESS /RUGGLE BETWE5 ONE CAPITALI/ & ANO!R1 BETWE5 ONE WORK] & ANO!R1 BETWE5 ! WORK] & ! CAPITALI/3 /RUGGLE BETWE5 ONE 9DIVIDUAL & ANO!R1 ONE REGION & ANO!R1 ONE NATION & ANO!R4 ,IT IS A BLOODY W> 9 :I* ! DEA? ( ONE MEANS LIFE = ANO!R4 ,ONE WORK] F9DS WORK :]E ANO!R LOSES IT2 ! CAPITALI/ GETS RI* ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9ES1 ?\S&S ( WORK]S >E LEFT ON !IR UPP]S2 ONE FACTORY OR SEV]AL FACTORIES PROSP] :ILE O!RS 
FALT]2 ONE CAPITALI/ GETS RI* 9 9V]SE PROPORTION TO ANO!R 
BE+ BANKRUPT$4 

,BUT 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID3 ,NO MORE /RUGGLE 
BETWE5 ONE MAN & ANO!R1 BUT COMMON /RUGGLE ( ALL M5 
TOGE!R = ! GREATE/ CONQUE/ & ! GREATE/ UTILIZATION ( 
NATURAL =CES4 ,NO LONG] EA* ONE = HIMSELF AGA9/ ALL1 & ALL 
AGA9/ EA* ONE2 BUT ONE = ALL & ALL = ONE4 ,EV]YONE CAN 
IMAG9E :AT IMM5SE *ANGE WILL BE A*IEV$ ) REG>D TO 
PRODUCTION4 ,?9K H[ MU* PRODUCTION WILL 9CREASE :5 EV]Y MAN1 F> FROM /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! O!RS1 WILL BE HELP$ BY 
!M1 NO LONG] HIS 5EMIES BUT HIS COOP]ATORS8 ,IF ! SIMPLY 
COOP]ATIVE WORK ( #a M5 CAN A*IEVE RESULTS ?AT >E ABSOLUTELY 
IMPOSSIBLE = ONE MAN ALONE1 H[ GREAT WILL BE ! RESULTS ?AT 
CAN BE A*IEV$ FROM ! :OLESALE COOP]ATION ( ALL M51 :O 
TODAY WORK 9 A /ATE ( CONT9UAL1 RECIPROCAL HO/ILITY8 ,& :AT 
AB\T MA*9ES8 ,H[EV] GREAT ! APPE>ANCE ( !SE P[]FUL 
9/RUM5TS ( LABOR MAY SEEM TO US TODAY1 IT IS ONLY ! T9IE/ 
FRACTION ( :AT WILL BE 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 

,! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9ES IS (T5 IMP$$ TODAY BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/1 TO :OM 0! LIMIT TO HIS US+ A MA*9E 
IS FIX$ BY ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! VALUE ( ! MA*9E & 
! VALUE ( ! LABOR-P[] REPLAC$ BY IT40.<#a#a.> 

,MA*9ES TODAY >E NOT 9T5D$ TO LI<T5 ! WORK]S' LOAD 9 
! SLI<TE/1 BUT ONLY TO CREATE GREAT] QUANTITIES ( SURPLUS VALUE 
TO 5RI* ! CAPITALI/ EV] FUR!R4.<#a#b.> ,?US IT IS B5EFIT1 AN X.0 ( 
PR(IT1 :I* IS ! ONLY REASON = MAK+ !M ACCEPTABLE TODAY4 
,H[ MANY MA*9ES REMA9 )\T ! M9IMUM APPLICATION 
BECAUSE !IR USE W\LD CO/ ! CAPITALI/ MORE ?AN :AT IT 
CO/S HIM TO EMPLOY ! LABOR-P[] ?AT !Y >E SUPPOS$ 
TO SUB/ITUTE6 ,! BASE/ & MO/ MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS ( ! 
WORK]S :O DO ! MO/ EXCRUCIAT+ SORT ( WORK -- ?AT IS ! 
REASON ?AT PREV5TS ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9ES 9 ?OSE TYPES 
( JOBS4 ,! CAPITALI/ ?US BUYS HIS WORK=CE AT SU* A L[ PRICE 
?AT HE CANNOT F9D ! SLI<TE/ REASON TO HAVE ?AT WORK C>RI$ 
\T BY MA*9ES4 0,H5CE NO:]E DO WE F9D A MORE %AMEFUL SQU&]+ ( HUMAN LABOR-P[] = ! MO/ DESPICABLE PURPOSES ?AN 9 ,5GL&1 ! L& ( MA*9]Y40.<#a#c.> 

,FROM ?IS ONE CAN SEE ALL ! /UPIDITY ( ?OSE :O COME \T & OBJECT ) ! AIR ( A WIT3 ,:O WILL SWEEP ! /REETS8 ,:O WILL EMPTY ! PRIVIES81 ETC4 ,ALL ?IS WILL BE DONE BY MA*9ES1 :I* WILL NO LONG] BE 9V5T$ & US$ 9 SPITE ( BUT 9 PLACE ( ! PHYSICAL & M5TAL EF=T ( A GIV5 SORT ( WORK4 

,TODAY ! WORK] HIMSELF IS ! 5EMY ( MA*9ES & RI<TLY SO1 S9CE = HIM !Y >E MON/]S :O WILL />VE HIM1 :OSE >RIVAL DEGRADES HIM1 :O TORTURE HIM & CRU% HIM4 ,BUT ?9K H[ GREAT AN 9T]E/ HE WILL HAVE 9 9CREAS+ !IR NUMB]1 :5 HE WORKS = HIMSELF & IS NO LONG] ! S]VANT ( ! MA*9ES1 
BUT HAS ! MA*9ES AT HIS S]VICE6 

,LA/LY1 ONE MU/ CALCULATE ! IMM5SE SAV+S ?AT WILL BE A*IEV$ ON ! ?REE ELEM5TS ( LABOR3 LABOR-P[]1 MAT]IALS & 9/RUM5TS1 TODAY HORRIBLY WA/$ ON PRODUCTION ?AT IS 5TIRELY USELESS1 IF NOT D[NRI<T H>MFUL TO HUMANITY4 ,! LI/ W\LD BE LONG1 BUT IT WILL SUFFICE US TO M5TION ! >MIES ON L& & SEA & !IR REPRESSIVE >MAM5TS2 ! CON/RUCTION & MA9T5ANCE ( =TS1 B>RACKS1 W>%IPS1 >S5ALS1 CANNONS & EV]Y?+ ELSE ?AT IS REQUIR$ = W>2 ! PRISONS & EV]Y?+ CONC]N+ ! POLICE & JU/ICE SY/EMS2 ! *UR*ES & EV]Y?+ CONC]N+ RELIGION4 ,& )\T GO+ ANY FUR!R1 IS IT NOT CLE> TO EV]YONE H[ MU* LABOR-P[]1 H[ MU* BY WAY ( MAT]IALS & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR IS OCCUPI$ BY ALL !SE ?+S :I* >E SO H>MFUL TO HUMANITY8 ,& H[ GREAT WILL ! PRODUCTION ( ?+S :I* >E USEFUL TO ALL BE1 :5 TO ?IS ALONE HUMANITY D$ICATES ALL ITS LABOR-P[]1 ALL ! MAT]IALS & ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION8 

,?IS SAV+ ON LABOR-P[]1 MAT]IALS & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR WILL BE A*IEV$ IMM$IATELY1 AS SOON AS ! REVOLUTION HAS BEGUN2 & = ?IS FACT ALONE !RE NE$ BE NO FE> ?AT AT ! V]Y BEG9N+1 BE=E ! NUMB] ( MA*9ES HAS 9CREAS$1 PRODUCTION MI<T BE 9 %ORT SUPPLY4 ,IF PRO( BE NE$$1 JU/ GLANCE AT ! 
CONSUMPTION /ATI/ICS ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS4 

,AN ILLU/RI\S GEOGRAPH] HAS SAID3 

0,! E>? IS VA/ 5\< TO GA!R US ALL 9TO H] BOSOM1 RI* 5\< = ALL TO LIVE 9 COM=T ,%E CAN PROVIDE 5\< FIBR\S PLANTS SO ?AT WE CAN ALL CLO? \RSELVES1 %E HAS 5\< ROCK & CLAY TO H\SE US ALL4 ,!RE IS 
ROOM = EV]Y BRO!R AT ! TABLE ( LIFE4 ,?IS IS ! ECONOMIC 
FACT 9 ALL ITS SIMPLICITY40.<#a#d.> 

,YES1 COMMUNISM CAN BE A*IEV$4 ,IT WILL BE P]FECTLY POSSIBLE TO ALL[ EV]YONE TO TAKE :AT !Y NE$ AT WILL1 BECAUSE !RE WILL BE 5\< = ALL2 !RE WILL BE NO NE$ TO ASK = MORE WORK ?AN EA* IS WILL+ TO GIVE1 BECAUSE !RE WILL ALWAYS BE 5\< 
PRODUCTS = ! MORR[4 

,TRANSF]R+ ! NE$ = WORK+ 9 ORD] TO LIVE FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! HUMAN COMMUNITY1 WILL FREE 9DIVIDUAL LABOR ( ITS BURD5SOME1 S]VILE NATURE1 LEAV+ IT ONLY ) ! APPEAL ( A PHYSICAL & M5TAL NE$1 ABSOLUTELY EQUAL TO ALL O!R NE$S = FULL HUMAN DEVELOPM5T3 TO /UDY1 TO LIVE ) NATURE1 TO ADMIRE :AT IS BEAUTIFUL 9 WORKS ( >T1 TO LOVE1 & SO ON4 

,BUT IT IS NOT 5\< = US TO %[ ?AT COMMUNISM IS POSSIBLE2 IT IS \R TASK TO PROVE ?AT IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y4 ,NOT ONLY CAN ONE 
BE COMMUNI/ -- ONE MU/ BE1 IF ! AIM ( ! REVOLUTION IS TO BE REA*$4 

,9DE$1 IF 9DIVIDUAL APPROPRIATION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR IS MA9TA9$ ONCE ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR HAVE BE5 COMMUNIZ$1 !N IT WILL ALSO BE NECESS>Y TO KEEP MONEY1 OR ITS EQUIVAL5T1 9 O!R WORDS TO P]MIT AN ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? ?AT WILL BE GREAT] OR LESS] ACCORD+ TO ! GREAT] OR LESS] M]IT1 OR RA!R ! ABILITY1 ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?OSE :O MANAGE TO POSSESS MORE WEAL? WILL RAISE !MSELVES ABOVE ! LEVEL ( ! O!RS & EQUALITY WILL DISAPPE>4 ,IT WILL ONLY !N REMA9 = ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES TO MAKE ONE /EP 9 ORD] TO REE/ABLI% H]$IT>Y RI<TS & !RE WILL BE NO %ORTAGE ( PROPOSALS = ?AT4 

,HUMAN LABOR IS EI!R REALIZ$ OR POT5TIAL3 IT IS EI!R ! 
PRODUCT OR ! =CE ( LABOR4 ,9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 IT (F]S SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S2 9 ! SECOND1 IT REQUIRES SATISFACTION 
( ! WORK]'S NE$S3 IT REQUIRES ! ?+S ?AT >E NECESS>Y = 
! PRES]VATION ( LABOR-=CE4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE1 LABOR F9DS 
ITSELF ON A FIELD ( P]FECT EQUALITY1 BECAUSE ALL HUMAN USEFULNESS1 
NO MATT] H[ V>I$1 IS ALWAYS EQUALLY WOR?Y & RESPECTABLE1 
BECAUSE ALL SATISFACTION ( \R NE$S1 NO MATT] H[ V>I$1 IS 
EQUALLY NECESS>Y & JU/4 ,BUT 9 ! SECOND CASE1 :5 WORK 
IS POT5TIAL OR LABOR-=CE1 9 O!R WORDS :5 IT REQUIRES ! 
SATISFACTION ( ! WORK]'S NE$S1 IT IS AS UNEQUAL AS ! CONDITIONS 
( ! POSSESSORS ( LABOR-P[] !MSELVES4 ,IT IS ! 9EQUALITY 
( WORK]S ?AT REFLECTS ON WORK & M>KS IT ) ITS SEAL4 ,IF DISSECT+ PUTRID CORPSES IS A NOBL] JOB ?AN DISSECT+ CATTLE & 
%EEP1 IT IS BECAUSE ! ANATOMI/ IS 9 A MU* SUP]IOR MAT]IAL 
& M5TAL CONDITION ?AN ! POOR BUT*]4 ,! SAME OP]ATION1 SU* AS H&L+ MANURE1 = EXAMPLE1 IS NOBLE OR IGNOBLE 
ACCORD+ TO :E!R IT IS C>RI$ \T BY A POOR DAY-LABOR] OR 
A PR(ESSOR ( AGRONOMY4 

,ONE ( ! F9E/ RESULTS ( COMMUNISM WILL BE TO R5D] P]FECTLY 
EQUAL ALL ! V>I\S TYPES ( WORK1 BY R5D]+ EQUAL ! V]Y 
CONDITION ( ! WORK]1 GIV+ HIM ALL ?AT IS REQUIR$ TO RE/ORE 
HIS /R5G?1 ALL ?AT HIS NE$S DEM&4 ,OPPOS$ TO ?IS IS ! 
9DIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR :I* W\LD 
ONLY REE/ABLI% 9EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 ?ANKS TO ! 9EQUALITY 
BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T SORTS ( WORK4 ,ONE W\LD IMM$IATELY SEE 
! RE-APPE>ANCE ( 0CLEAN0 WORK & 0DIRTY0 WORK1 0NOBLE0 WORK 
& 0IGNOBLE0 WORK1 0LI<T0 WORK & 0HEAVY0 WORK3 ! =M] 
W\LD BE ! C>E ( ! RI*E/1 :ILE ! LATT] W\LD P]TA9 TO 
! POORE/4 ,SO !N1 IT W\LD NO LONG] BE VOCATION & P]SONAL 
TA/E ?AT DET]M9ES :I* MAN D$ICATES HIMSELF TO A C]TA9 SORT 
( ACTIVITY RA!R ?AN ANO!R3 IT W\LD BE 9T]E/S1 ! HOPE ( 
E>N+ MORE 9 ONE PR(ESSION ?AN 9 ANO!R4 ,!RE W\LD BE 
A RE-BIR? ( SLO?FULNESS & DILIG5CE1 M]IT & DEM]IT1 GOOD 
& BAD1 VICE & VIRTUE1 & CONSEQU5TLY REW>D & PUNI%M5T1 ! LAW & ! JUDGE1 GU>DS & JAILS4 

,F9ALLY1 LET US SAY ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE AN AN>*I/ )\T 
BE+ A COMMUNI/4 ,! M]E IDEA ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS ACCORD+ TO M]IT ALREADY CONTA9S )9 ITSELF ! SE$ ( 
AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,IT CANNOT MANIFE/ ITSELF )\T IMM$IATELY 
G5]AT+ LAWS1 JUDGES & G5D>MES4 

,9 O!R TIMES1 WE AN>*I/S ALL CALL$ \RSELVES COLLECTIVI/S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% \RSELVES FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN 
COMMUNI/S2 BUT UND]NEA? IT ALL WE W]E NO MORE NOR LESS ?AN 
ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S CALL+ \RSELVES COLLECTIVI/S2 WE 
DECL>$ ?AT EV]Y?+ MU/ BE PLAC$ & HELD 9 COMMON1 
)\T DISCRIM9AT+ BETWE5 ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR & 
! PRODUCTS ( LABOR4 

,!N ONE F9E DAY WE WITNESS$ ! EM]G5CE 9 ! SOCIALI/ 
CAMP ( A NEW S*OOL ( ?\<T :I*1 9 RESUSCITAT+ OLD ]RORS1 
BEGAN TO PHILOSOPHIZE1 TO DISCRIM9ATE1 & EV5TUALLY BECOME 
EXPON5TS ( A =M ( COLLECTIVISM ?AT WAS NEI!R AU?ORIT>IAN 
COMMUNISM NOR AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,! PROMOT]S HAD P]HAPS ! PRAISEWOR?Y IDEA ( A*IEV+ A SYN!SIS1 BUT 9 ACTUAL 
FACT !Y ONLY SUCCE$$ 9 CREAT+ A C5TRI/ P>TY1 AN UPRI<T1 
MOD]ATE MEANS1 AN 5]VAT+ ECLECTICISM4 

,!Y REASON$ AS FOLL[S3 !RE EXI/ USE GOODS & PRODUCTION 
GOODS4 ,USE GOODS >E ?OSE ?AT WE EMPLOY TO SATISFY \R P]SONAL 
NE$S3 ! H\SE WE LIVE 9 ! FOOD WE CONSUME1 CLO!S1 BOOKS1 
ETC41 :]EAS PRODUCTION GOODS >E ?OSE ?AT WE MAKE USE ( 9 
ORD] TO PRODUCE3 ! WORK%OP1 B>NS1 W>EH\SES1 MA*9ES & 
V>I\S SORTS ( TOOLS1 ! SOIL1 ETC4 -- 9 A WORD1 ALL ! 9/RUM5TS 
( LABOR PLUS ! MAT]IALS ( LABOR4 ,! FIR/ SORT ( GOODS1 ?OSE 
?AT S]VE TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 MU/ BE ATTRIBUT$ 
9DIVIDUALLY1 :ILE ! SECOND1 :I* >E REQUIR$ BY ALL 9 ORD] 
TO PRODUCE1 MU/ BE COLLECTIVELY ATTRIBUT$4 

,9 TRU?1 ?IS REASON+ SEEMS A LITTLE WORN TO US2 & WE ASK \R 
ADV]S>IES3 Y\ :O ACCORD ! TITLE ( PRODUCTION GOODS TO ! 
COAL :I* IS NE$$ TO FE$ ! MA*9E1 TO ! OIL :I* IS NE$$ 
TO GREASE IT1 TO ! LAMP :I* LI<TS ! WORK%OP1 :Y DO Y\ NOT 
WANT TO GRANT IT ALSO TO ! BREAD & MEAT ?AT FE$ ME1 TO ! OIL ?AT ,I USE TO DRESS MY SALAD1 TO ! LAMP ?AT LI<TS MY *AMB] 9 
O!R WORDS1 TO EV]Y?+ ?AT IS NE$$ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MO/ P]FECT ( ALL MA*9ES1 ! FA!R ( ALL MA*9ES -- MAN8 ,H[ CAN Y\ E/ABLI% A DIFF]5CE1 ONE ?AT EV5 TODAY IS DIFFICULT BUT :I* WILL BECOME ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE :5 ! PRODUC] 
& ! CONSUM] >E ONE & ! SAME P]SON8 

,?IS IS C]TA9LY NOT A !ORY ?AT C\LD S]VE TO SUPPORT ! ADVOCATES ( 9DIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR4 ,! ONLY RESULT IT HAD WAS TO SPREAD AL>M AMONG AN>*I/S :O1 FE>+ ?AT IT WAS 9T5D$ TO LESS5 ! EXT5T ( REVOLUTION>Y DEM&S1 SAW ! URG5T NE$ TO DECL>E !MSELVES FRANKLY & 
UNEQUIVOCALLY TO BE COMMUNI/S4 

,HAV+ UNSADDL$ ?IS NOT V]Y SCI5TIFIC SCI5CE1 WE >E !N ASSAIL$ FROM ! O!R SIDE 9 ! NAME ( JU/ICE4 

0,IT IS NOT RI<T10 !Y TELL US1 0?AT HE :O WORKS MORE %\LD RECEIVE AS MU* AS ANO!R :O WORKS LESS & :O1 IF NE$S BE RECEIVES EV5 MORE ?AN HIM1 AS ! CASE MAY HAVE IT2 ! ATTRIBUTION ( PRODUCTS MU/ NOT BE MADE ACCORD+ TO NE$S OR ! WI%ES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT ACCORD+ TO M]IT40 

0,BUT H[10 WE REPLY1 0WILL Y\ DI/+UI% ! P>T ?AT ONE PRODUCES FROM ! P>T ?AT ! O!R PRODUCES1 GIV5 ! COLLECTIVE LABOR ( L>GE 9DU/RY & ! 9CREAS+ T5D5CY TO MAKE USE ( PA/ WORK80 

0,WE WILL TAKE AN H\R ( WORK AS ! BASIS = ! ATTRIBUTION ( PRODUCTS4 ,WE WILL CALCULATE H[ MU* IS PRODUC$ 9 AN H\R ( AV]AGE WORK OR SOCIAL WORK & ?AT MU* WILL BE DI/RIBUT$ TO EV]YONE = EV]Y H\R ( WORK !Y DO_/0 

0,WELL1 DON'T COME TALK+ TO US ANY MORE 9 ! NAME ( JU/ICE6 ,H[ CAN Y\ IGNORE ! FACT ?AT AV]AGE WORK OR SOCIAL WORK CAN ONLY BE C>RI$ \T ?R\< COOP]ATION1 = ! CAPITALI/ :O EXPLOITS A GREAT MANY WORK]S SIMULTANE\SLY.<#a#e.> 9 TODAY'S SOCIETY & = ! COMMUNITY 9 ! SOCIETY TO COME2 H[ CAN Y\ IGNORE ! FACT ?AT 'EA* 9DIVIDUAL LABOR]1 BE HE ,PET] OR 
,PAUL1 DIFF]S FROM ! AV]AGE LABOR]'8.<#a#f.> ,SO :AT IS ?IS JU/ICE 
( Y\RS R$UC$ TO8 ,ABUSE & 9JU/ICE -- NO MORE1 NO LESS40 

,A F9AL1 DESP]ATE ASSAULT IS !N LAUN*$ BY \R ADV]S>IES1 ?IS 
TIME 9 ! NAME ( EXP$I5CY4 

0,) Y\R COMMUNISM10 !Y SAY1 !RE WILL BE NO /IMULUS TO WORK1 :I* WE W\LD PRES]VE ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTION ( PRODUCE4 ,ANYONE :O CAN SATISFY ALL HIS NE$S )\T WORK+ WILL C]TA9LY NOT WORK BECAUSE WORK IS BURD5SOME40 

,! SUPPORT]S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS SPEAK NO DIFF]5TLY4 ,BUT ! FIR/ RESULT ( \R REVOLUTION WILL BE PRECISELY TO DEPRIVE WORK ( ALL ITS BURD5SOME NATURE4 ,IRRESPECTIVE ( ! MULTIPLE CAUSES ?AT MAKE WORK BURD5SOME 9 TODAY'S SOCIETY1 ( ! CONDITIONS ( MIS]Y & HUMILIATION 9 :I* ! WORK] F9DS HIMSELF1 ( ! NE$ TO DO A JOB :I* GOES AGA9/ ONES 9CL9ATIONS OR IS TOO GREAT = ONE'S =CES1 ETC41 IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT ! PR9CIPLE CAUSE -- CO]CION -- WILL NECESS>ILY DISAPPE> ALONG ) ! O!RS4 ,! OBLIGATION TO WORK ?AT IS TODAY IMPOS$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL IF HE IS NOT TO />VE1 WILL BE TRANSF]R$ ONTO HUMANITY 9 ITS 5TIRETY 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY 9DICAT$1 WORK WILL CEASE TO BE AN EXTR9SIC NE$ & WILL BECOME AN 9TR9SIC NE$ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL3 9 O!R WORDS1 IT WILL CEASE TO BE AN >TICLE ( ! HUMAN LAW ( HUNG] & REMA9 SOLELY AS A NATURAL COMM&M5T ( HEAL?4 

,HE :O DOES NOT WORK1 DOES NOT EAT1 SAYS ! LAW ( ! COLLECTIVI/S1 A LAW :I* !N NE$S GU>DS IF IT IS TO BE 5=C$3 HE :O DOES NOT WORK LIVES BADLY & WI!RS1 SAYS ! PRECEPT ( HYGI5ICS ( ?AT NATURAL LAW ?AT WE WI% TO SEE AS REGULATOR4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BREAK A LAW ( NATURE & AVOID PAY+ ! CORRESPOND+ P5ALTY LAID D[N BY IT4 0,GYMNA/ICS IS USELESS EX]CISE ?AT IS MADE 9 PLACE ( ! USEFUL EX]CISE ?AT HAS NOT BE5 DONE40.<#a#g.> ,EV5 TODAY1 NO-ONE IS 5TIRELY 9ACTIVE1 BE IT BY *OICE OR BY =CE4 ,BON VIVANTS DO USELESS EX]CISE OR EX]CISE :I* S]VES TO OPPRESS & EXPLOIT O!RS :O SUFF]1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT IT IS EX]CISE NONE!LESS4 ,N[1 ! PR9CIPAL 5D ( \R REVOLUTION MU/ BE TO D5Y MAN EV]Y 
MEANS ( DO+ EX]CISE ?AT IS USELESS OR H>MFUL TO HUMANITY4 
,) EV]Y O!R ROAD TO PHYSICAL1 M5TAL & 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY 
B>R$1 LEAV+ ONLY ACTIVITY USEFUL TO HUMANITY FREE1 NATURAL LAW 
CAN BE FULLY APPLI$3 TO MAKE ONESELF USEFUL TO ONE'S NEI<BOR 
OR WI!R FROM 9ACTION4 ,& ! ONLY MEANS TO CLOSE (F ALL ! 
PA?S ( 9ACTION OR ?OSE ?AT >E H>MFUL TO HUMANITY IS COMMUNISM ( ! 9/RUM5TS & MAT]IALS ( LABOR & NOT ONLY 
?AT BUT ALSO ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR3 COMPLETE COMMUNISM1 
COMMUNISM 9 ITS PROP] S5SE4 

,EA* SOCIAL AGE HAS ITS [N P>TICUL> /IMULI = HUMAN ACTIVITY1 
:I* P]TA9 TO !IR TIME2 ?US1 WANT+ TO ADAPT ?OSE ( ONE 
AGE TO ?OSE ( ANO!R IS ! GREATE/ ABSURDITY4 ,! /IMULI = 
! W>RIOR VIRTUES ( ANTIQUITY WILL NOT BE ! /IMULI = ! W>R+ VIRTUES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 JU/ AS ! LATT] CANNOT 9 TURN 
/IMULATE ! CAPITALI/ VIRTUES ( ! PRES5T AGE2 CONSEQU5TLY 
IT IS FOOLI%NESS TO WANT TO ADAPT 0! ?IR/ = 9T]E/S0 AS ! 
/IMULUS = ACTIVITY 9 ! COM+ HUMAN AGE4 

,\R REVOLUTION WILL REPLACE 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S ) COMMON 9T]E/S OR HUMAN 9T]E/S & ACCORD+LY ?IS WILL BE ! /IMULUS 
= ACTIVITY ?AT IS USEFUL TO ALL1 ACTIVITY ?AT IS EM95TLY HUMAN4 
,?IS UNB\ND$ ACTION WILL BE ! SOLE GYMNASIUM 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S WILL WRE/LE BLOODLESSLY & NOBLY = ! GOOD1 ! 
BEAUTIFUL & ! GREAT4 

,BY 5GAG+ 9 BO? PHYSICAL & 9TELLECTUAL WORK1 (T5 DIV]SE 
& MANIFOLD1 MAN WILL GA9 9 PHYSICAL & M5TAL GOODNESS3 A 
ROBU/1 WELL-=M$ BODY & A NOBLE1 HUMAN M9D4 ,HE WILL RUN 
DAUNTLESSLY TO DI/ANT UNEXPLOR$ REGIONS1 AMONG SAVAGE PEOPLES1 
TO SLAKE HIS ?IR/ = GREATNESS1 TO GA!R TROPHIES1 NO LONG] ( 
EXT]M9ATION BUT ( TRUE HUMAN GLORY4 ,& IF LOVE1 SU* AN IMPORTANT P>T ( LIFE1 WAS SU* A P[]FUL /IMULUS = ACTIVITY 9 
PA/ CIVILIZATIONS1 ?9K H[ MU* IT WILL BE 9 ! FUTURE1 :OSE 
CONQUE/S WILL BE 9 ! FIELD ( WORK ALONE6 

,EX]T+ ONESELF PHYSICALLY1 9TELLECTUALLY & MORALLY = ! 
GOOD ( HUMANITY WILL BE ! ONLY WORK POSSIBLE 9 ! HUMAN 
AGE1 :I* ?R\< NATURAL LAW1 )\T JUDGM5TS & )\T 
GU>DS1 WILL SAY TO M53 

,Y\ WANT TO LIVE & BE HEAL?Y1 /RONG & FAIR8 ,!N WORK Y\ WANT TO BE /RONG & GOOD 9 SPIRIT8 ,!N WORK4 ,Y\ WANT TO SLAKE Y\R ?IR/ = ! BEAUTIFUL & ! GREAT8 ,!N WORK4 ,Y\ WANT TO CONQU] ! AFFECTIONS ( ! WOMAN Y\ LOVE8 ,!N WORK4 

,Y\ WILL NOT WORK8 ,!N ,I WILL CONDEMN Y\ 9EXORABLY TO VEGETATE LIKE BRUTES1 %UNN+ ! SOCIETY ( M51 !IR WORKS1 :I* Y\ WILL NOT COMPREH5D1 !IR AFFECTIONS1 :I* Y\ WILL NOT FEEL1 
!IR G5]OSITY1 :I* WILL HUMILIATE Y\1 !IR GREATNESS1 :I* 
WILL CRU% Y\6 

,?IS IS ! /IMULUS ?AT WILL BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! REVOLUTION = HUMAN ACTIVITY 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY BY MEANS ( COMMUNISM4 

,& ! 5EMY WILL C$E AT LA/4 ,\R ADV]S>IES CONC$E ?AT 9 
! 5D IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO MOVE TO COMMUNISM2 BUT LITTLE BY LITTLE 7IT IS A DISEASE ) !M74 ,& :Y8 ,!Y !MSELVES WILL 
TELL Y\3 

0,FIR/ & =EMO/1 BECAUSE WE >E NOT CONV9C$ ?AT1 9ITIALLY AT LEA/1 !RE WILL NOT BE A SC>CITY ( PRODUCTS2 SECONDLY1 BECAUSE ) Y\R LI<TN+-LIKE COMMUNISM Y\ WILL GIVE EV]YONE ! RI<T TO TAKE AT WILL1 :5 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S HAVE NOT YET DISAPPE>$1 :5 EV]YONE IS NOT YET $UCAT$ = WORK1 A DEFECT ?AT CANNOT BE RI<T$ )\T CONT9U+ TO KEEP ! GREAT] OR LESS] E>N+S ?AT CAN BE HAD FROM WORK AS ITS /IMULUS40 

,BEG9N+ ) ! SECOND OBJECTION1 WE W\LD REPLY ?AT IT IS 
NOT A NEW TYPE ( $UCATION ?AT WILL G5]ATE ! NEW 9T]E/S1 
BUT ! NEW 9T]E/S ?AT WILL G5]ATE A NEW TYPE ( $UCATION4 
,!RE WAS NO NE$ = ANY?+ MORAL OR $UCATIONAL 9 ORD] = 
MAN TO MOVE FROM CANNIBALISM TO SLAV]Y1 NO MORAL DEVELOPM5T 
OR $UCATION = HIM TO PASS FROM SLAV]Y TO S]VITUDE OR LIKEWISE FROM S]VITUDE TO WAG$ LABOR4 

,REVOLUTION HAS TRANS=M$ 9T]E/S & UPON RECOGNIZ+ ?AT IT WAS MORE USEFUL TO PRES]VE ! MAN ?AN EAT HIM1 SLAV]Y WAS BORN1 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT UPON RECOGNIZ+ ?AT SLAVE LABOR WAS LESS PR(ITABLE ?AN ?AT ( A BOND$ COLONUS1 S]VITUDE WAS BORN & LAT] /ILL WAG$ LABOR1 = ! SAME REASON4 

,?US1 IT IS NOT AN $UCATIONAL PROCESS ?AT IS NE$$1 BUT REVOLUTION1 
:I* ALONE CAN TRANS=M TODAY'S 9T]E/ 9 /RUGGLE BETWE5 ONE 
MAN & ANO!R1 9TO 9T]E/ 9 ! COMMON /RUGGLE ( ALL M5 
= GREAT] CONQUE/S & GREAT] UTILIZATION ( NATURAL =CES TO 
! B5EFIT ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY1 :I* ALONE CAN TRANS=M 
TODAY'S B\RGEOIS AGE 9TO ! HUMAN AGE4 ,BY TRANS=M+ PRIVATE 
9T]E/S 9TO PUBLIC 9T]E/S & VICE V]SA1 COMMUNISM WILL BE 
! ONLY POSSIBLE1 REAL & EFFECTIVE $UCATOR ( ! PEOPLE4 

,F> FROM />T+ US T[>DS COMMUNISM1 ! H]MAPHRODITIC 
9DIVIDUALISM PROPOS$ BY ! COLLECTIVI/S1 W\LD REALLY BE ! 
/>T+ PO9T = ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 A RETURN TO \TRI<T 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,IT IS MADNESS TO BELIEVE ?AT 9 A SY/EM ( 9DIVIDUAL 
ATTRIBUTION ( PRODUCTS1 ONCE AN EXUB]ANCE ( PRODUCTION EM]GES 
EV]YONE WILL SPONTANE\SLY R5\NCE ?AT P>T ( !IR %>E ?AT 
EXCE$S !IR NE$S1 TO ! B5EFIT ( ! COMMUNITY & ?AT ?IS 
ACCUMULATION ( PRODUCTION CAN LEAD TO COMMUNISM4 ,NO1 NO-ONE 
WILL R5\NCE EV5 ! SLI<TE/ P>T ( :AT IS ATTRIBUT$ TO !M1 
NO MATT] H[ L>GE IT MAY BE1 AS LONG AS ONE CAN BE RI*] OR 
POOR]4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 ! RI*] WILL BE IRRESI/IBLY DRIV5 TO 
SEEK GREAT] +5I\SNESS OR ABILITY1 :I* WILL NATURALLY DEVELOP 
9 !M ! PR9CIPLE ( /RUGGLE BETWE5 ONE MAN & ANO!R1 
BUT ALSO & ABOVE ALL !Y WILL A*IEVE IT ?R\< DECEPTION1 FRAUD 
& ALL ! O!R D>K >TS ?AT MAN CAN USE :5 HE IS 9EXORABLY 
DRIV5 BY REACTION>Y CIRCUM/ANCES TO C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,& 
HUMANITY WILL ONCE AGA9 SEE M5 :O1 ) ! LAUDABLE NOTION 
( 5SUR+ ! CONQUE/S ( ! REVOLUTION1 COMMIT ! ]ROR ( 
HALT+ ITS PROGRESS & 5D UP !MSELVES BETRAY+ ! REVOLUTION ?AT !Y SET \T TO S]VE4 

,LA/LY IF1 AFT] ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID ON ! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION 
9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 !RE IS /ILL SOMEONE :O D\BTS IT1 AT LEA/ 9 
! E>LY /AGES1 WE SAY ?AT EV5 IF WE W]E OBLIGAT$ TO 9TRODUCE 
RATION+1 IT W\LD /ILL NE$ TO BE DONE ACCORD+ TO NE$S & 
NEV] ACCORD+ TO M]IT4 ,PUBLIC CALAMITY MU/ NOT BE ! PRETEXT 
= 9JU/ICE2 ! BURD5 MU/ BE SUPPORT$ BY ALL DIRECTLY & 
NEV]1 EV]1 CONTR>Y TO ! =CES ( EA*2 :AT G5]ALLY HAPP5S 
9 A WORK+MAN'S FAMILY1 NO MORE NOR LESS4 

,! FA!R BR+S HOME FIVE LIRE A DAY1 ! ELDE/ SON TWO OR ?REE 
& ! BOY ONLY ONE LIRA4 ,! MO!R KEEPS ! HOME & 
PREP>ES ! REPA/4 ,AT ! D9N] TABLE EV]YONE HELPS HIMSELF AT 
WILL2 & ?OSE :O EAT MO/ >E ! V]Y ONES :O BR+ HOME 
LEA/4 ,BUT !RE COMES ! DAY :5 WORK IS SC>CE & ! REPA/ 
CONSEQU5TLY BECOMES RA!R MEAG]4 ,! APPETITES & TA/ES ( 
EA* CAN NO LONG] BE MAT*$ & IT COMES D[N TO RATION+4 
,BUT Y\ SEE1 ?IS DIVISION IS NOT C>RI$ \T ACCORD+ TO M]IT3 ! 
BOY1 :O BR+S HOME LEA/ ( ALL1 TAKES ! L>GE/ %>E & ! 
OLD LADY1 :O BR+S HOME NO?+1 GETS ! BE/ %>E4 ,?US1 9 
! FAMILY ! MIS=TUNE ( ALL IS )/OOD BY EA* ACCORD+ TO 
HIS =CES & IT IS NOT MADE TO WEI< ON ! V]Y ONES :O HAVE 
! RI<T TO FEEL ITS EFFECTS ! LEA/ GIV5 ?AT !Y >E ! WEAKE/4 
,N[1 CAN IT BE ANY DIFF]5T 9 ! GREAT HUMAN FAMILY ( ! FUTURE8 

,9 CONCLUSION1 WE CAN & WE MU/ BE COMMUNI/S1 BECAUSE PRODUCTS WILL NOT BE LACK+1 BECAUSE ?R\< COMMUNISM WE %ALL 
A*IEVE TRUE EQUALITY1 BECAUSE ! PEOPLE -- :O DO NOT UND]/& 
! COLLECTIVI/S' SOPHI/RY -- UND]/& COMMUNISM P]FECTLY1 
& LA/LY BECAUSE WE >E AN>*I/S1 & AN>*Y & COMMUNISM 
>E ! TWO ESS5TIAL T]MS ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,WE %ALL LEAVE ,C>LO ,PISACANE TO PROVIDE A WOR?Y SUMM>Y ( 
\R REVOLUTION>Y IDEAL3 

0,:AT W\LD BE ! IDEAL TYPE = A P]FECT SOCIETY8 ,ONE 9 :I* 
EV]YONE W\LD F9D FULL 5JOYM5T ( !IR RI<TS1 :]E !Y C\LD 
REA* ! FULLE/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT !IR PHYSICAL & M5TAL FACULTIES >E CAPABLE ( & B5EFIT FROM !M )\T ! NE$ EI!R TO 
HUMILIATE !MSELVES 9 FRONT ( !IR EQUALS OR TO DOM9ATE !M2 9 
O!R WORDS1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* LIB]TY DOES NOT 9T]F]E ) EQUALITY2 ONE 9 :I* S5TIM5T GOES TOGE!R ) REASON 9 EV]Y MAN 
& 9 :I* NO-ONE IS =C$ TO OP]ATE AGA9/ ! DICTATES ( ONE 
OR /IFLE ! IMPULSES ( ANO!R4 ,9 SU* A CASE1 ! LIFE ( MAN W\LD 
MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 ALL ITS FULLNESS & C\LD ?US BE SAID TO BE P]FECT40.<#a#h.> 

0,HUMAN HAPP9ESS MU/ H+E ON LIB]TY & EQUALITY40.<#a#i.> 

.<#a.> ,$ITOR'S NOTE3 ,D5IS ,DID]OT1 ,DI?YRAMBE SUR LAFITE DES ,ROIS4 

.<#b.> ,C4 ,PISACANE1 ,SAGGI /ORICI-POLITICI-MILIT>I SULL',ITALIA1 ,VOL4 ,I,I,I1 ,T]ZO SAGGIO1 ,LA 
,RIVOLUZIONE CIT41 P4 #i#d4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION 9 ,R4 ,M4 ,ROB]TS1 OP4 CIT41 P4 CVII4 

.<#c.> ,C4 ,PISACANE1 OP4CIT41 P4 #i#c4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION 9 ,R4 ,M4 ,ROB]TS1 OP4CIT41 
,P4 CVII4 

.<#d.> ,C4 ,PISACANE1 OP4CIT41 P4 #a#c#g4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION 9 ,R4 ,M4 ,ROB]TS1 OP4CIT4Y P4 #a#d#a4 

.<#e.> ,$ITORS NOTE3 ,TOMMASO ,ANIELLO WAS A FI%]MAN FROM ,NAPLES :O L$ A REVOLT AGA9/ ,HABSBURG RULE 9 ! ,K+DOM ( ,NAPLES 9 #a#f#d#g1 LEAD+ TO ! %ORT-LIV$ ,NEAPOLITAN ,REPUBLIC4 ,MASANIELLO WAS CORRUPT$ BY ! VIC]OY & TOOK OV] ! CITY ) ! TITLE ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL4 ,HE BEGAN TO BEHAVE LIKE A TYRANT & WAS KILL$ BY A 
MOB ONLY A FEW DAYS LAT]4 

.<#f.> ,$ITORS NOTE3 ,MI*ELE DI ,L&O WAS A WOOL C>D] FROM ,FLOR5CE :O L$ ! ,REVOLT 
( ! ,CIOMPI 7OR WOOL C>D]S7 9 ! CITY 9 #a#c#g#h4 ,! ,CIOMPI =CIBLY TOOK OV] ! 
CITY'S GOV]NM5T 7DI ,L&O BECAME ,GONFALONI]E ( ,JU/ICE71 BUT EV5TUALLY FAIL$ TO 
IMPLEM5T ! DEM&S ( ! L[] CLASSES4 

.<#g.> ,C4 ,PISACANE1 OP4CIT41 P4 #f#f4 

.<#h.> ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 -- ,PROGRAM ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ ,BRO!RHOOD4 ,FROM ! ORIG9AL TEXT WRITT5 5TIRELY 9 ,BAKUN9'S H& 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g#b4 

.<#i.> ,$ITOR'S NOTE3 ,9T]E/+LY1 ,CAFI]O USES ! T]M AN>*I/A ?R\<\T1 AS MANY ( 
HIS CONTEMPOR>IES DID1 UNLIKE ! MORE PREVAL5T & LAT] ,ITALIAN USAGE ( AN>*ICO1 :OSE D]IVATION IS MORE CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! 0*AOTIC0 S5SE ( AN>*Y4 

.<#a.> ,DUR+ ! PRES5TATION ( HIS M&ATE1 AN AN>*I/ REPRES5TATIVE AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,LE ,HAVRE DECL>$ ?AT ! ONLY /ATUTE ( HIS ASSOCIATION WAS ?AT IT HAD NO /ATUTE4 

.<#a#a.> ,K4 ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 ,VOL4 ,I1 *4#a#e1 SEC4#b4 

.<#a#b.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#c.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#d.> ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,CONF]5CE GIV5 9 ,G5EVA ON #e? ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,RIVI/A 9T]NAZIONALE DEL ,SOCIALISMO1 ,NO4 #a1 VOL4 ,I,I4 

.<#a#e.> ,K4 ,M>X1 OP4 CIT41 ,VOL4 ,I1 *4#a#c4 

.<#a#f.> ,IBIDEM4 

.<#a#g.> ,ADOLF ,VOGT1 ,PR(ESSOR ( ,HYGI5E AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,B]N4 

.<#a#h.> ,C4 ,PISACANE1 OP4CIT41 P4 #f4 

.<#a#i.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#d#e4 

7,S\RCE3 ,TEXT FROM ,*APT] ,I,I FROM3 ,CAFI]O1 ,C>LO1 & ,NE/OR ,MC,NAB 7,$4 @& TRANS474 #b#a#b4 ,REVOLUTION4 #a/ ,5GLI% $4 ,$MONTON3 ,BLACK ,CAT ,PRESS4  ,FIR/ P>T ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* TRANSLATION 9 0,LA ,REVOLUTION SOCIALE10 ,P>IS ON #b1 #bg ,FEBRU>Y2 #f1 #a#c1 #bg ,M>*2 #c1 #a1 #a#g1 #bd ,APRIL2 #a1 #h1 #bi ,MAY2 #f1 #a#b1 #ai ,JUNE2 #ca ,JULY #a#h#h#a4 ,TRANSLAT$ TO ,5GLI% BY ,NE/OR ,MC,NAB 7#b#a#a7 FROM ! ,ITALIAN TEXT CONTA9$ 9 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1 ,RIVOLUZIONE P] LA RIVOLUZIONE3 RACCOLTA DI SCRITTI A CURA E CON 9TRODUZIONE DI ,G4 ,BOSIO1 ,ROME #a#i#g4 ,SECOND P>T TRANSLAT$ TO ,5GLI% BY ,NE/OR ,MC,NAB 7#b#a#a7 FROM ! ,ITALIAN ORIG9AL CONTA9$ 9 ,GIAN ,C>LO ,MAFFEI 7$471 ,DOSSI] ,CAFI]O1 ,B]GAMO #a#i#g#b47 

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