,*APT] #b 
,AGRICULTURE & ,HEAL? 

#aifbaifb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*APT] #b - ,AGRICULTURE & ,HEAL? 

,SOIL & ,AGRICULTURE 

,PROBLEMS ( SOIL & AGRICULTURE SELDOM >\SE ! 9T]E/ ( URBAN DWELL]S4 ,T[N & C\NTRY HAVE BECOME SO %>PLY POL>IZ$ ?AT ! CITY MAN & ! F>M] LIVE 9 WIDELY SEP>AT$1 CONTRA/+1 & (T5 SOCIALLY ANTAGONI/IC WORLDS4 ,! AV]AGE RESID5T ( AN ,AM]ICAN METROPOLIS KN[S AS LITTLE AB\T ! PROBLEMS ( GR[+ FOOD AS ! AV]AGE F>M] KN[S AB\T ! PROBLEMS ( MASS TRANSPORTATION4 ,! CITY MAN1 TO BE SURE1 DOES NOT NE$ TO BE REM9D$ ?AT GOOD SOIL IS IMPORTANT = SUCCESSFUL F>M+4 ,HE RECOGNIZES ! NECESSITY = CONS]VATION & C>EFUL MANAGEM5T ( ! L&4 ,BUT HIS KN[L$GE ( FOOD CULTIVATION - ITS TE*NIQUES1 PROBLEMS1 & PROSPECTS - IS LIMIT$4 ,HE LEAVES ! L& 9 TRU/ TO ! F>M] 9 ! BELIEF ?AT MOD]N AGRICULTURAL ME?ODS CANNOT FAIL TO PRODUCE ATTRACTIVE & N\RI%+ FOOD4 

,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 MOD]N AGRONOMY IS BESET ) HI<LY CONTROV]SIAL PROBLEMS1 MANY ( :I* DEEPLY CONC]N ! WELF>E ( URBAN MAN4 ,IT HAS BE5 VEHEM5TLY >GU$ & AS VIGOR\SLY D5I$ ?AT SOIL F]TILITY HAS A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON ! QUALITY ( FOOD4 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME AGRONOMI/S1 DET]IORATION 9 ! F]TILITY & /RUCTURE ( ! SOIL RESULTS 9 NUTRITIONALLY 9F]IOR CROPS4 ,SU* CROPS MAY SATISFY ! DEM&S ( HUNG] BUT NOT NECESS>ILY ! REQUIREM5TS ( HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY4 ,IF A %IFT FROM HI<- TO L[ QUALITY CROPS OCCURS ON A L>GE 5\< SCALE1 MAN'S HEAL? WILL BE ADV]SELY AFFECT$4 

,OPPON5TS ( ?IS VIEWPO9T CONT5D ?AT SOIL F]TILITY 9FLU5CES ONLY ! SIZE ( ! CROP & ?AT ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( A PLANT IS DET]M9$ PRIM>ILY BY G5ETIC FACTORS1 NOTABLY ! V>IETY ( SE$ ?AT ! F>M] SELECTS = HIS CROP4 ,IF URBAN MAN IS TO EX]CISE ANY CONTROL OV] ! FACTORS ?AT 9FLU5CE HIS HEAL?1 IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT HE GA9 SOME DEGREE ( FAMILI>ITY ) !SE PROBLEMS4 ,HE NE$ NOT GET 9VOLV$ 9 TE*NICALITIES1 BUT HE MU/ ACQUIRE A G5]AL KN[L$GE ( SOIL NE$S & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOIL F]TILITY & ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( CROPS4 

,DESPITE ! S5TIM5T & F]VOR ORD9>ILY EVOK$ BY ! WORDS 0L&0 & 0SOIL10 MANY PEOPLE ?9K ( SOIL EI!R AS 0DIRT10 A T]M ?AT IS (T5 US$ SYNONYM\SLY ) 0FIL?10 OR AS AN 9ORGANIC RES\RCE1 SU* AS COPP] & IRON4 ,!SE MISCONCEPTIONS HAVE NOT BE5 COMPLETELY ELIM9AT$ BY SCI5CE4 ,! RUDIM5TS ( A SCI5CE ( SOIL W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#h#d1 :5 ,JU/US VON ,LIEBIG PUBLI%$ HIS MONUM5TAL /UDIES ( SOIL & PLANT *EMI/RY4 ,LIEBIG HAD A PR(\ND GRASP ( HIS SUBJECT4 ,HE SWEPT AWAY MANY AL*EMI/IC NOTIONS AB\T PLANT GR[? & REPLAC$ ! MORE D\BTFUL AGRICULTURAL PRECEPTS ( HIS DAY ) NEW ONES BAS$ ON C>EFUL REASON+ & SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,BUT ,LIEBIG ALSO GAVE SUPPORT TO A MISCONCEPTION AB\T SOIL ?AT HAS YET TO BE COMPLETELY REMOV$ FROM ! PUBLIC M9D4 ,HE FO/]$ ! BELIEF ?AT SOILS >E 0LIFELESS /ORAGE B9S FILL$ ) PULV]IZ$ ROCKS1 :I* HELD WAT] & NUTRI5TS & :I* F>M]S /IRR$ 9 TILLAGE40 

,AGRONOMI/S G5]ALLY AGREE ?AT ,LIEBIG'S CONCEPTION ( SOIL IS 9CORRECT4 ,AL?\< SOME SOIL SCI5TI/S /ILL HOPE TO MANIPULATE ! SOIL AS ?\< IT W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN A RES]VOIR ( 9ORGANIC NUTRI5TS1 FEW1 IF ANY1 ACCEPT ,LIEBIG'S APPROA*4 ,! SOIL IS A PALPITAT+ %EET ( LIFE1 V>Y+ 9 COMPOSITION NOT ONLY FROM ONE P>T ( A C\NTRY TO ANO!R BUT FROM ACRE TO ACRE4 ,MAN CAN ANALYZE ! SOIL BUT HE CANNOT MANUFACTURE IT4 ,! FIR/ DIFFICULTY HE 5C\NT]S IS ITS HI<LY DYNAMIC *>ACT] & ITS REM>KABLE COMPLEXITY4 ,! SOIL IS A HI<LY DIFF]5TIAT$ WORLD ( LIV+ & 9ANIMATE ?+S1 ( VEGETABLE & ANIMAL MATT] 9 V>I\S /AGES ( DECOMPOSITION1 & ( ROCK P>TICLES1 M9]ALS1 WAT]1 & AIR4 ,SOIL IS ALWAYS 94 ! PROCESS ( =MATION4 ,IT GIVES UP ITS NUTRI5TS TO ! W9D1 RA91 & PLANTS1 & IS REPL5I%$ BY ! BREAKD[N ( ROCKS1 ! PUTREFACTION ( DEAD ANIMALS & PLANTS1 & ! NEV]-5D+ ACTIVITIES ( MICROSCOPIC LIFE4 ,! SOIL IS ! DRAMATIC >5A :]E LIFE & DEA? COMPLEM5T EA* O!R1 :]E DECAY N\RI%ES REG5]ATION4 

,! SURFACE SOIL1 :]E MO/ ( ! DEAD MATT] 9 SOIL IS CONC5TRAT$1 IS NOT ! 5D PRODUCT ( DECAY2 IT IS AN ACTIVE /AGE 9 ! DECOMPOSITION ( ORGANIC MATT]4 ,! DECAY+ PROCESS1 CONT9UALLY R5EW$ BY ! ADDITION ( DEAD ORGANISMS1 IS AS NECESS>Y = ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! SOIL AS IT IS = ! =MATION ( SOIL4 ,HUMMUS1 ! BLACK OR BR[N ORGANIC PORTION ( ! SOIL1 IS A PROTOPLASMIC1 JELLYLIKE SUB/ANCE MADE UP ( CELLS1 LEAVES1 & TISSUES ?AT HAVE LO/ !IR ORIG9AL /RUCTURE4 ,IF HUMMUS W]E NOT R5EW$ BY ! REMA9S ( DEAD ORGANISMS1 ! SOIL AS WE KN[ IT W\LD DISAPPE>4 ,! L& SURFACE ( ! E>? W\LD EV5TUALLY BE OCCUPI$ BY M9]AL P>TICLES & ROCKS1 & ! L& W\LD BE 9HOSPITABLE TO ADVANC$ =MS ( PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE4 

,SOIL IS MADE UP ( NOT ONLY DEAD MATT] BUT LIV+ ORGANISMS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE ORGANISMS >E EI!R 9VISIBLE OR B>ELY VISIBLE TO ! NAK$ EYE4 ,FUNGI1 :I* 9ITIATE DECOMPOSITION1 & BACT]IA1 :I* SUPPLY PLANTS ) USABLE NITROG51 >E AS MU* A P>T ( ! SOIL AS HUMMUS & ROCK P>TICLES4 ,!SE SOIL MICROBES SUPPLY MO/ ( ! NITROG5 REQUIR$ = PLANT GR[?4 ,!IR WORK IS SUPPLEM5T$ BY ! ACTIVITIES ( C\NTLESS 9SECTS & E>?WORMS1 :I* BURR[ ELABORATE GALL]IES ?R\< ! TOPSOIL4 ,)\T ! AIR ?AT !SE GALL]IES PROVIDE1 PLANT NUTRITION W\LD BE 9HIBIT$ & BACT]IA W\LD BE CONF9$ TO ! TOP FEW 9*ES ( ! SOIL4 ,E>?WORMS CONT9UALLY CIRCULATE SOIL NUTRI5TS4 ,DUR+ A S+LE YE> !Y MAY TURN UP AS MU* AS TW5TY TONS ( SOIL TO ! ACRE1 BURR[+ TO A DEP? ( AS MU* AS SIX FEET BEL[ ! SURFACE4 ,AS ORGANIC NUTRI5TS PASS ?R\< !IR BODIES1 !Y LEAVE BEH9D CA/S ?AT GIVE ! SOIL 9CREAS$ GRANUL>ITY & IMPROVE ITS ABILITY TO SUPPORT PLANT LIFE4 

,SOIL W\LD BE WA%$ OR BL[N AWAY IF IT W]E NOT HELD TOGE!R 9T]NALLY4 ,ITS CONNECTIVE TISSUE1 9DE$ ITS SKELETON1 IS MADE UP ( ! ROOT SY/EMS ( ! PLANT LIFE IT SUPPORTS4 ,ROOTS REA* \T 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 9T]TW9+ ) ONE ANO!R TO =M A LIV+ GRILLAGE B5EA? ! SURFACE ( ! L&4 ,BY 9T]LOCK+ & B9D+ SOIL GRANULES 9 A NETWORK ( ROOT BRAN*ES1 !Y 9CREASE ! SOIL'S ABILITY TO )/& ! IMPACT ( RA9 & W9D4 ,ABOVE ! SURFACE1 ! =E/'S CANOPY ( BRAN*ES & LEAVES BREAKS RA9FALL 9TO A F9E SPRAY4 ,! ]OSIVE RUN(F SO (T5 5C\NT]$ 9 OP51 SLOP+ L& IS *ANG$ 9TO A G5TLE FL[ ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE = MU* ( ! WAT] TO BE ABSORB$ BY ! SUBSOIL4 ,! SOIL IS SP>$ & ! WAT] TABLE IS KEPT HI<4 ,F9ALLY1 :5 PLANTS DIE1 !IR REMA9S NOT ONLY 9CREASE ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL BUT ALSO IMPROVE ITS /RUCTURE4 ,LIGN9 9 ROOTS1 /ALKS1 & TRUNKS KEEPS ! SOIL POR\S & FRIABLE - /RUCTURAL *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT FAVOR ! P5ETRATION ( WAT] & AIR4 

,9 ADDITION TO MICROORGANISMS1 SOIL FAUNA1 & PLANTS1 ! F\R? MAJOR FACTOR 9 ! MA9T5ANCE & =MATION ( SOILS IS ! ACTIVITY ( L>GE T]RE/RIAL ANIMALS ON ! SURFACE4 ,UND] NATURAL CONDITIONS1 ! L& TEEMS ) WILDLIFE1 :I* LEAVES BEH9D ORGANIC WA/ES RI* 9 PLANT NUTRI5TS4 ,NATURE1 AS ,SIR ,ALB]T ,H[>D HAS EMPHASIZ$1 IS A MIX$ F>M]3 0,PLANTS >E ALWAYS F\ND ) ANIMALS2 MANY SPECIES ( PLANTS & ANIMALS LIVE TOGE!R40 ,NATURE SELDOM CULTIVATES A S+LE CROP TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!RS4 ,V>IETY & COMB9ATION1 ( BO? PLANTS & ANIMALS1 CON/ITUTE ! BASIS = NATURAL EQUILIBRIUM4 ,H]BIVOR\S ANIMALS SUPPLY ! TOPSOIL ) FECAL MATT]1 C>NIVORES1 9 TURN1 REGULATE ! NUMB] ( PLANT EAT]S & !REBY PREV5T EXCESSIVE GRAZ+4 ,NORMALLY1 PR$ATORS & !IR PREY LIVE 9 EQUILIBRIUM4 ,R>ELY DOES IT HAPP5 9 ! NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS ?AT EI!R GR\P ATTA9S SU* NUMB]S AS TO BECOME PE/S & 9JURE ! SOIL4 

,EV]Y PLOT ( L& %\LD BE VIEW$ AS A SMALL1 HI<LY 9DIVIDUAT$ COSMOS4 ,M]ELY ID5TIFY+ ! ORGANISMS ?AT PROMOTE ! WELF>E ( ! SOIL DOES NOT ADEQUATELY DESCRIBE ! DEP5D5CE ( EA* GR\P ON ALL ! O!RS4 ,! P]=MANCE ( BACT]IA1 IT HAS BE5 NOT$1 DEP5DS 9 P>T ON ! CAPILL>Y-LIKE *ANNELS OP5$ UP BY ! PASSAGE ( 9SECTS & E>?WORMS ?R\< ! SOIL ,9SECTS & E>?WORMS1 9 TURN1 DEP5D = NUTRI5TS ON ! ORGANIC WA/ES ( PLANTS & ANIMALS4 ,IF ! SOIL IS /RUCTURALLY & NUTRITIONALLY CONDUCIVE TO A BALANC$1 ?RIV+ SOIL FAUNA1 BACT]IA T5D TO P5ETRATE FUR!R2 TOP SOIL BECOMES DEEP] & RI*]2 PLANT GR[? BECOMES HEAL?I] & MORE LUXURIANT4 ,:5 PLANTS >E ABUNDANT1 WILDLIFE IS BETT] N\RI%$ & MORE PL5TIFUL4 ,IF ANY EXT]NAL ELEM5T DISRUPTS ?IS COSMOS1 ! SOIL DET]IORATES & ! LIV+ ?+S ?AT OCCUPY ! SURFACE >E ADV]SELY AFFECT$4 

,AS LONG AS MAN IS A FOOD GA!R] OR A HUNT]1 HE EX]CISES A M9OR 9FLU5CE ON ! SOIL4 ,HE ACQUIRES :AT HE NE$S :]E HE F9DS IT1 & G5]ALLY HE HAS LITTLE EFFECT UPON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,:5 HE BEG9S TO CULTIVATE ! L&1 H[EV]1 HE IMPOSES A NEW & (T5 L>GELY SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T ON HIS NATURAL ONE4 ,! SOIL COSMOS IS ALT]$ DRA/ICALLY4 ,ON =E/ L&S1 A L>GE P>T ( ! 9DIG5\S TREE COV] IS REMOV$ & ! SOIL IS EXPOS$ TO ! DIRECT ASSAULTS ( RA9 & W9D4 ,) ! RE/RICTION ( ANIMAL LIFE1 ! RETURN ( MANURE TO ! L& BECOMES =TUIT\S4 ,:E!R ! SOIL IS PROP]LY F]TILIZ$ OR NOT DEP5DS UPON MAN'S =ESI<T1 :I* IS USUALLY LIMIT$ TO S]V+ HIS %ORT-T]M ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,LA/LY1 ! CULTIVATION ( A S+LE PLANT SPECIES ON A GIV5 TRACT ( L& T5DS TO BECOME ! PREVAL5T PRACTICE1 & ! *ECKS & BALANCES AF=D$ BY A DIV]SITY ( VEGETATION >E REMOV$4 ,! SUCCESS ( AGRICULTURE DEP5DS UPON ! EXT5T TO :I* MAN PRES]VES ! SOIL COSMOS HE 9H]ITS FROM NATURE4 ,IF ! ELEM5TS >E M]ELY RE>RANG$ & ADEQUATE COMP5SATION IS MADE = NECESS>Y *ANGES1 ! CULTIVATION ( FOOD CAN CONT9UE 9DEF9ITELY )\T H>M TO ! SOIL2 9 FACT1 VIRG9 SOIL CAN BE IMPROV$ IMMEASURABLY4 ,BUT IF ! SOIL COSMOS IS UND]M9$1 SOIL WILL BEG9 TO DISAPPE> & ! L& WILL BE =C$ TO FUNCTION )1 AS IT W]E1 ITS VITAL ORGANS EXPOS$ & HALF ITS VISC]A REMOV$4 

,! RESULTS CAN BE DISA/R\S4 ,HI/ORY SUPPLIES US ) NUM]\S ACC\NTS ( CIVILIZATIONS ?AT DISAPPE>$ SOLELY BECAUSE ( POOR AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES4 ,?R\<\T ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD1 VA/ MAN-MADE DES]TS HAVE SUPPLANT$ RI*1 F]TILE L&S ?AT ONCE N\RI%$ LUXURIANT CROPS & SUPPORT$ L>GE POPULATIONS4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 = EXAMPLE1 A T]RIBLE PRICE HAS BE5 PAID = ! ANCI5T PLANTATION ECONOMY1 9 :I* L& WAS CULTIVAT$ = A FEW CA% CROPS4 ,! ,PHO5ICIAN M]*ANTS :O E/ABLI%$ ,C>?AGE F\ND A SEMI->ID BUT HI<LY F]TILE SOIL ON ! S\!RN %ORES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN ,SEA4 ,ALMO/ AT ! \TSET1 F>M+ ASSUM$ A HI<LY COMM]CIALIZ$ =M4 ,A L>GE ACREAGE WAS IRRIGAT$ & CULTIVAT$ BY SLAVES1 & CROPS W]E PLANT$ & H>VE/$ PRIM>ILY = ! MONEY !Y W\LD BR+ 94 0,! 9T5SIVE PLANTATION CULTIVATION :I* ! ,C>?AG9IAN PLANTATION-[N] UND]TOOK1 & :I* WAS SUBSEQU5TLY IMITAT$ BY ! ,ROMAN CONQU]ORS ( ! L&1 HAD ! LONG-T]M EFFECT ( LETT+ 9 ! DES]T10 ,$W>D ,HYAMS WRITES4 0,CONCEIVABLY1 ! ORIG9AL =E/ - & GRASS - SOIL COMMUNITIES MI<T HAVE ACT$ AS A B>RI] TO ! ADVANC+ S&1 MI<T HAVE EV5 PU%$ SL[LY S\?W>D1 C>RY+ A MORE HUMID CLIMATE ) !M AS TREES 9VAD$ ! GRASS1 & COLONIZ$ ! ,SAH>A4 ,BUT CULTIVATION :I* TOOK NO ACC\NT ( SOIL AS SU*1 & WAS CONC]N$ ) GETT+ ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE CROPS \T ( ! SOIL1 HAD ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 ,! ,SAH>A BEGAN ITS NOR?W>D M>*2 IT HAS BE5 ON ! MOVE EV] S9CE2 IT HAS ALREADY 9VAD$ ,EUROPE1 BY WAY ( ,SPA91 AN OLD ,AFRICAN TRICK40 

,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO SEE ?AT ! AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ?AT R$UC$ F]TILE >EAS ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD TO A DES]T >E BE+ REPEAT$ TODAY1 ESPECIALLY 9 MANY >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BO? ! =MS & ! EFFECTS >E (T5 ! SAME4 ,MOD]N AGRICULTURE T5DS TO MODEL ITSELF ON 9DU/RY4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( ACRES >E PLANT$ & H>VE/$ ON A FACTORY S*$ULE1 9 SOME CASES TO MEET ! DAILY PRODUCTION REQUIREM5TS ( A NE>BY FOOD PROCESS+ PLANT4 ,EV]Y ME?OD ?AT WILL 0HURRY ALONG'0 CULTIVATION & R$UCE ITS CO/ IS EAG]LY SEIZ$ UPON4 ,FOOD CULTIVATION IS RIGOR\SLY /&>DIZ$1 EV5 0TIME /UDI$40 ,! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 AGRICULTURE IS DEVELOP$ TO A PO9T :]E ! T]M 0F>M]0 BECOMES A MO/ G5]AL EXPRESSION1 APPLICABLE TO PILOTS :O SPRAY 9SECTICIDES FROM ! AIR1 TRUCK & TRACTOR DRIV]S :O M]ELY OP]ATE VEHICLES1 ME*ANICS :O REPAIR F>M IMPLEM5TS1 =EM5 :O MANAGE WORK]S1 & UND]PRIVILEG$ MIGRATORY LABOR]S1 WORK+ AT PIECE RATES1 :O VIEW ! NE$S ( ! L& ) COMPLETE 9DIFF]5CE4 ,HUSB&RY IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY SUBORD9AT$ TO MASS PRODUCTION4 ,! MOD]N L& FACTORY1 LIKE ! METROPOLIS ?AT IT FE$S1 TRIES TO BASE ! MANAGEM5T ( LIV+ ?+S ON A P]NICI\S AV]AGE4 ,IT EMPLOYS PRIM>ILY ?OSE ME?ODS ?AT PROMOTE MASS MANIPULATION AT ! L[E/ CO/4 

,PRACTICES ( ?IS SORT >E AS H>MFUL TO SOIL AS !Y >E TO M54 ,MOD]N AGRICULTURE (T5 DEM&S ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE F>M MA*9]Y TO H&LE ITS HUGE CROPS2 HEAVY TRACTORS MOVE OV] ! SAME >EA ( L& REPEAT$LY - PLANT+1 SPREAD+ F]TILIZ]1 & H>VE/+ CROPS4 ,AL?\< ! USE ( MA*9ES 9 ! P]=MANCE ( >DU\S TASKS IS C]TA9LY DESIRABLE FROM A HUMAN PO9T ( VIEW1 EV]Y ME*ANICAL ADVANCE %\LD BE PROP]LY SCAL$1 BO? 9 SIZE & =M1 TO ! SITUATION AT H&4 ,! L& IS NOT ! CONCRETE FLOOR ( A FACTORY2 IT IS A LIV+ ?+1 & IT CAN BE MAUL$ & BRUIS$4 ,9JURY TO ! SOIL1 (T5 ( A S]I\S NATURE1 9EVITABLY FOLL[S ! EXPOSURE ( FIELDS TO ! WEI<T ( EXTRAORD9>ILY HEAVY MA*9ES4 ,! SOIL BECOMES COMPACT$1 & AS A RESULT1 PROP] DRA9AGE & ! GR[? ( ROOTS >E 9HIBIT$4 ,DATA FROM ,TEXAS 9DICATE ?AT CROP YIELDS ( COMPACT$ SOILS !RE HAVE FALL5 (F FROM #d TO SO P]C5T1 & COMM]CIAL F]TILIZ]S HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO 9CREASE ! YIELDS TO ANY GREAT EXT5T4 0,AFT] #a YE>S ( F>M-IMPLEM5T DEVELOPM5T10 OBS]VES ,H[>D ,W4 ,LULL1 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,=E/RY ,S]VICE1 0MORE ?AN HALF ( ,G]MANY'S CULTIVAT$ SOILS >E 9 POOR CONDITION - DUE L>GELY TO COMPACTION BY TRACTORS4 ,9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ! RAPID 9CREASE 9 ! WEI<T ( TRACTORS 9 REC5T YE>S HAS L$ TO PR$ICTIONS ( S]I\S EFFECTS ON ! SOIL40 

,! DET]IORATION ( SOIL IS C>RI$ FUR!R :5 L>GE >EAS ( L& >E US$ TO CULTIVATE A S+LE CROP4 ,! L& FACTORY SEP>ATES NOT ONLY ANIMAL FROM PLANT1 BUT PLANT FROM PLANT4 ,PRECISELY :]E PLANT & ANIMAL WA/ES >E MO/ NE$$ TO HELP ! SOIL )/& ! WEI<T ( HEAVY MA*9]Y1 A /RONG EMPHASIS IS PLAC$ ON ONE-CROP AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RIAL ME?ODS4 ,! /RUCTURE ( ! SOIL BREAKS D[N & ! LAY] ( HUMMUS BEG9S TO DISAPPE>4 ,9 MANY >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! L& HAS BE5 TURN$ 9TO A NE>LY LIFELESS1 9ORGANIC M$IUM ?AT MU/ BE NURS$ ALONG LIKE AN 9VALID AT ! ?RE%OLD ( DEA?4 

,! T]M 09ORGANIC M$IUM0 CAN BE TAK5 LIT]ALLY4 ,MOD]N AGRICULTURE MAY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM E>LI] =MS ( CULTIVATION BY ITS RELIANCE ON *EMI/RY = SOIL NUTRI5TS & ! CONTROL ( 9SECT 9FE/ATIONS4 ,) ! REMOVAL ( MANY NATURAL *ECKS & BALANCES1 WE >E COMPELL$ TO USE MANY SYN!TIC MAT]IALS TO GR[ & PROTECT \R FOODS4 ,!SE *EMICAL AG5TS 5ABLE US TO PRODUCE L>GE CROPS ON 9DIFF]5T & EV5 POOR SOILS4 ,! ULTIMATE IS REA*$ ) HYDROPONICS1 :I* USES NO SOIL AT ALL4 ,AN OP5 BOX IS FILL$ ) PEBBLES & A SOLUTION ( 9ORGANIC NUTRI5TS4 ,!N SE$S OR ROOTS >E PLAC$ DIRECTLY 9 ! M$IUM1 OR SOMETIMES SE$S >E SUPPORT$ 9 ! SOLUTION BY A WIRE SCRE5 UNTIL !Y G]M9ATE & S9K !IR ROOTS 9TO ! PEBBLES4 ,) ADEQUATE LI<T1 PROP] TEMP]ATURE1 & ! APPROPRIATE R5EWAL ( 9ORGANIC NUTRI5TS1 ! PLANTS MATURE RAPIDLY & BECOME AN $IBLE CROP4 

,9 AN AGE ( DEMON/RABLE SCI5TIFIC A*IEVEM5T1 IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ! AGRICULTURAL IMPORTANCE ( *EMI/RY4 ,*EMICAL ANALYSIS HAS ADVANC$ \R KN[L$GE ( ! SOIL COSMOS & PLANT NUTRITION 5ORM\SLY1 & !RE IS NO A PRIORI REASON :Y MANMADE *EMICAL AG5TS CANNOT BE US$ TO CONSID]ABLE ADVANTAGE 9 9CREAS+ ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL4 ,SOIL IS F]TILIZ$ TO 9CREASE ! QUANTITY & QUALITY ( FOOD CROPS4 ,:]EV] MAN ACQUIRES ! KN[L$GE & ! *EMICAL AG5TS TO A*IEVE !SE 5DS1 HE 5JOYS A DECISIVE ADVANTAGE OV] LESS-DEVELOP$ AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,NATURAL PROCESSES CAN BE R5D]$ MORE EFFICI5T & SOME ( ! LIFE L9ES ?AT DET]M9E ! ABUNDANCE & QUALITY ( PLANTS CAN BE %ORT5$1 BO? TO ! ADVANTAGE ( MAN & ! ORGANISMS ON :OSE WELL-BE+ HE DEP5DS4 ,IF RATIONAL /&>DS W]E APPLI$ TO AGRICULTURE1 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE = F>M]S TO SY/EMATICALLY MEET V>I\S NE$S ( ! L& ?AT W\LD PROBABLY HAVE REMA9$ UNSATISFI$ IF ! SOLUTION ( SOIL PROBLEMS HAD BE5 LEFT TO NATURAL PROCESSES ALONE4 

,BUT !RE IS A DANG] ?AT ! TE*NIQUES ( MOD]N *EMI/RY WILL BE ABUS$4 ,?IS DANG] IS ESPECIALLY PRON\NC$ 9 AN AGE ( SCI5TIFIC A*IEVEM5T1 9 :I* A LIMIT$ AM\NT ( KN[L$GE T5DS TO CREATE ! ILLUSION ?AT \R COMM& ( ! AGRICULTURAL SITUATION IS COMPLETE & \R /&>DS ( AGRICULTURAL SUCCESS >E RATIONAL4 ,MOD]N SOCIETY PLACES A /RONG EMPHASIS ON ! M]ITS ( MASS PRODUCTION4 ,WE T5D TO CONFUSE QUANTITY ) QUALITY4 ,! ?\<TLESS USE ( *EMICAL AG5TS 9 ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD MAY WELL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO GR[ CROPS ( GREAT ABUNDANCE BUT ( L[ QUALITY ON SOIL ?AT IS BASICALLY 9 POOR CONDITION4 0,HI< YIELDS >E NOT444 SYNONYM\S ) A HI< CONT5T ( NUTRI5T ELEM5TS10 OBS]VES ,A4 ,G4 ,NORMAN1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN 0,CROPS FROM WELL F]TILIZ$ PLOTS MAY HAVE A L[] CONT5T ( SOME ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS ?AN ?OSE FROM POORLY YIELD+ PLOTS1 ! ADDITION ( A F]TILIZ] MAY CAUSE A R$UCTION 9 CONT5T ( SOME ( ! O!R NUTRI5T ELEM5TS1 OR1 IF ! SUPPLY ( ! MAJOR ELEM5TS IS SU* ?AT ! CONT5T ( EA* 9 ! PLANT FALLS 9 ! POV]TY ADJU/M5T ZONE .<:]E A P>TIAL DEFICI5CY ( NUTRI5TS EXI/S.>1 MOD]ATE ADDITION ( ONE ( !M MAY HAVE RA!R LITTLE EFFECT ON CONT5T40 

,)\T MAK+ A FETI% ( NATURE1 A NUMB] ( RESPONSIBLE AGRONOMI/S & CONS]VATIONI/S D\BT /RONGLY :E!R A BASICALLY POOR SOIL IS CAPABLE ( MEET+ ALL ! NUTRITIONAL REQUIREM5TS ( PLANTS1 ANIMALS1 & MAN ) ! SUPPORT ( A FEW *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S4 0,9 ! LONG RUN LIFE CANNOT BE SUPPORT$1 SO F> AS \R PRES5T KN[L$GE GOES1 BY >TIFICIAL PROCESSES10 OBS]VES ,FAIRFIELD ,OSBORN1 A NOT$ ,AM]ICAN CONS]VATIONI/4 0,! DET]IORATION ( ! LIFE-GIV+ ELEM5TS ( ! E>?1 ?AT IS PROCE$+ AT A CON/ANTLY ACCEL]AT+ VELOCITY1 MAY BE *ECK$ BUT CANNOT BE CUR$ BY MAN-APPLI$ *EMI/RY40 ,OSBORN SEES TWO BASIC REASONS :Y 0>TIFICIAL PROCESSES1 UNLESS !Y >E RECOGNIZ$ AS COMPLEM5TS TO NATURAL PROCESSES1 WILL FAIL TO PROVIDE ! SOLUTION0 TO CURR5T SOIL & HEAL? PROBLEMS4 0,! FIR/ IS CONC]N$ ) ! ACTUAL NATURE ( PRODUCTIVE SOILS10 BY :I* IS MEANT ! COMPLEXITY ( ! SOIL COSMOS4 0,! SECOND REASON IS A PRACTICAL ONE & H+ES UPON ! DIFFICULTY1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBILITY1 ( 9/RUCT+ GREAT NUMB]S ( PEOPLE :O WORK ON ! L& REG>D+ ! EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$ TE*NIQUES ?AT NE$ TO BE APPLI$ TO PRODUCE EV5 A REASONABLE DEGREE ( F]TILITY BY >TIFICIAL ME?ODS40 

,:ATEV] ONE MAY ?9K ( ,OSBORN'S CONCLUSIONS1 ! ISSUE IS OBVI\SLY ( GREAT IMPORTANCE 9 ANY DISCUSSION ( 5VIRONM5TAL HEAL?1 & IT RAISES ! ADDITIONAL QUE/ION ( ONE'S APPROA* TO \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,KN[L$GE IS NEV] ABSOLUTE4 ,:AT WE 0KN[0 AB\T ANY?+1 BE IT SOIL OR NUTRITION1 G5]ALLY CONSI/S ( ! FACTS ?AT >E SELECT$ = \R PURPOSE4 ,IF \R OBJECTIVES >E COMPREH5SIVE1 SO TOO WILL BE ! DATA !Y COMM&4 ,IF !Y >E LIMIT$1 ! DATA ADDUC$ 9 !IR SUPPORT MAY 5TAIL A SUPPRESSION1 CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S1 ( FACTS ?AT SUPPORT BROAD] OBJECTIVES4 ,! PHYSICIAN :O IS BURD5$ ) A S*EMATIC CONCEPTION ( DISEASE IS 9CL9$ TO IGNORE SUBTLE FUNCTIONS ( ! BODY :OSE IMPAIRM5T CONTRIBUTES TO ! 9CID5CE ( *RONIC & DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESSES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! AGRICULTURI/ :O IS GUID$ PRIM>ILY BY SU* QUANTITATIVE CRIT]IA AS ! SIZE ( ! CROPS IS 9CL9$ TO IGNORE ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES :OSE IMPAIRM5T MAY L[] ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( FOOD4 ,! EVID5CE ?AT BO? ADDUCE 9 SUPPORT ( !IR VIEWS1 SU* AS MAN'S GREAT] LONGEVITY & L>G] CROPS1 DOES NOT PROVE ?AT MAN'S LONG] LIFE SPAN IS ! RESULT ( BETT] HEAL? OR ?AT ! ABUNDANT CROP IS GREAT] 9 FOOD VALUE4 

,! T5D5CY TO PLACE ! SOIL ON A LIMIT$ RATION ( *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S BECOMES /RONG] ) EA* PASS+ YE>4 ,NE>LY A DECADE AGO1 ,GEORGE ,L4 ,MC,NEW1 ( ! ,BOYCE ,?OMPSON ,9/ITUTE = ,PLANT ,RESE>*1 OBS]V$ ?AT ! QUANTITY ( 9ORGANIC F]TILIZ]S US$ 9 AGRICULTURE HAD 9CREAS$ OV] #b P]C5T BETWE5 ! PREW> YE>S & #a#i#d#h4 0,LESS B>NY>D MANURE IS BE+ ADD$ TO ! SOIL EA* YE>4 ,NOT 5\< GRE5 MANURE FROM COV] CROPS IS BE+ PL[$ UND] TO MA9TA9 ! ORGANIC MATT] CONT5T 9 SOILS ON MO/ ( \R F>MS40 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS *ANGE 9 AGRICULTURAL ME?ODS CALL = SOB] CONSID]ATION4 ,WE MU/ CLOSELY EXAM9E ! WAY 9 :I* CURR5T F]TILIZATION PRACTICES >E LIKELY TO AFFECT ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( FOOD1 ESPECIALLY 9 CIRCUM/ANCES :]E ECONOMIC 9C5TIVES >E LIKELY TO MAKE MISUSES ( *EMICALS ! RULE RA!R ?AN ! EXCEPTION4 

,SOIL ,F]TILITY & ,NUTRITION 

,BE=E WE CAN UND]/& ! ROLE ?AT SOIL F]TILITY PLAYS 9 5VIRONM5TAL HEAL?1 AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION MU/ BE ANSW]$4 ,DO WE HAVE A COMPLETE KN[L$GE ( ! NUTRITIVE CON/ITU5TS ( COMMON FOODS & DO WE FULLY UND]/& ! FUNCTION ?AT ALL ! KN[N NUTRI5TS HAVE 9 ! HUMAN BODY8 ,MANY RESE>*]S 9 ! FIELD ( NUTRITION & 9 RELAT$ SCI5CES AGREE ?AT ! ANSW] IS NO4 0,!RE IS NO KN[N LABORATORY ME?OD OR GR\P ( ME?ODS BY :I* ALL ! NUTRITIVE CON/ITU5TS 9 A FOOD CAN BE MEASUR$ & EVALUAT$ 9 T]MS ( ! NUTRITION ( MAN OR ANIMALS10 OBS]VES ,K5NE? ,C4 ,BEESON1 =M]LY DIRECTOR ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE'S ,PLANT1 ,SOIL1 & ,NUTRITION ,LABORATORY4 0444 ,ALL ( ! CON/ITU5TS CONTRIBUT+ TO NUTRITIVE QUALITY HAVE PROBABLY NOT BE5 RECOGNIZ$ & !RE >E NO ADEQUATE ME?ODS = QUANTITATIVE MEASURE 9 MANY CON/ITU5TS ?AT WE DO RECOGNIZE40 

,! SAME PROBLEM IS /AT$ V]Y CLE>LY BY ,BRUCE ,BLIV5 9 A POPUL> DISCUSSION ( HYDROPONICS4 0,WE DO NOT KN[ :E!R WE HAVE YET 5UM]AT$ ! 5TIRE LI/ ( *EMICALS & O!R SUB/ANCES NECESS>Y = ! MA9T5ANCE ( HEAL? & VIGOR4 ,! 'TRACE M9]ALS' ?AT OCCUR 9 M9UTE QUANTITIES 9 \R FOOD1 9CLUD+ COBALT1 COPP]1 PHOSPHORUS1 MANGANESE1 IOD9E1 & O!RS1 >E KN[N TO BE ( 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE TO HEAL?1 ?\< WE >E NOT YET SURE JU/ H[ MANY ( !M >E REQUIR$1 OR 9 :AT QUANTITIES4 ,WE DO NOT EV5 KN[ H[ MANY VITAM9S !RE >E1 OR :I* >E ESS5TIAL4 ,!ORETICALLY1 IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE FRUITS & VEGETABLES FROM SOIL ?AT IS LACK+ 9 SOME ( ! SUB/ANCES NECESS>Y = ! HEAL? ( ANIMALS & MAN2 !SE FRUITS & VEGETABLES W\LD LOOK ALL RI<T1 & YET PROVE TO BE H>MFUL IF !Y W]E A PR9CIPAL P>T ( ! DIET40 

,! POSSIBILITY ( PRODUC+ PLANTS ?AT 'LOOK ALL RI<T0 BUT V>Y WIDELY 9 NUTRITIONAL VALUES IS MORE ?AN !ORETICAL2 SU* CULTIVATION IS EM95TLY PRACTICAL & V]Y COMMON4 ,ID5TICAL V>IETIES ( VEGETABLES1 FRUIT1 & GRA9 MAY DIFF] APPRECIABLY 9 M9]AL1 PROTE91 & VITAM9 CONT5T4 ,!SE V>IATIONS >E CAUS$ BY MANY FACTORS1 A NUMB] ( :I* >E NOT )9 MAN'S CONTROL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! VITAM9-,C CONT5T ( FRUIT & LEAFY VEGETABLES SEEMS TO DEP5D PRIM>ILY UPON ! AM\NT ( SUN%9E TO :I* ! PLANTS >E EXPOS$4 ,V>IATIONS 9 TEMP]ATURE 9FLU5CE ! PRODUCTION ( ?IAM9E & C>OT5E 9 DIFF]5T PLANT SPECIES4 ,! LONG] ! GR[+ SEASON1 ! GREAT] WILL BE ! AM\NT ( VITAM9 ,C 9 BEANS1 SP9A*1 & LETTUCE4 ,ASIDE FROM !SE CLIMATIC & SEASONAL FACTORS1 H[EV]1 A DECISIVE ROLE 9 PLANT NUTRITION IS PLAY$ BY SOIL F]TILITY4 ,DESPITE %>P DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION ?AT HAVE DEVELOP$ >\ND ! ISSUE ( SOIL & NUTRITION1 A L>GE AM\NT ( EVID5CE SUPPORTS ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( PLANTS IS 9FLU5C$ PR(\NDLY BY ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL4 

,?IS 9FLU5CE MAY BE B5EFICIAL OR UNDESIRABLE1 DEP5D+ UPON ! TYPE & QUANTITY ( F]TILIZ] US$ 9 ANY GIV5 AGRICULTURAL SITUATION4 ,9 G5]AL1 NITROG5 F]TILIZ] T5DS TO 9CREASE ! PROPORTION ( CRUDE PROTE9 9 GRA94 ,?IS RELATION%IP HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 SEV]AL EXP]IM5TS4 ,DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#dS1 RESE>* BY ,R4 ,L4 ,LOV]N & ,M4 ,F4 ,MILL] AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MISS\RI %[$ ?AT ! P]C5TAGE ( CRUDE PROTE9 9 ONE V>IETY ( :EAT C\LD BE RAIS$ FROM A M9IMUM ( #h4#i TO A MAXIMUM ( #ag BY SUCCESSIVE APPLICATIONS ( SOLUBLE NITROG5 TO ! SOIL4 ,?REE YE>S ( EXP]IM5TAL WORK BY ,A4 ,S4 ,HUNT] & HIS CO-WORK]S ON #acc F>MS 9 ! ,COLUMBIA ,BAS9 C\NTIES ( ,OREGON 9DICAT$ ?AT APPLICATIONS ( NITROG5 F]TILIZ] USUALLY 9CREASE ! AM\NT ( PROTE9 9 PA/RY-TYPE :EATS4 ,RESULTS ( A SIMIL> NATURE HAVE ALSO BE5 A*IEV$ ) CORN4 ,H4 ,E4 ,SAUB]LI* & HIS COLLEAGUES AT ! ,ALABAMA ,AGRICULTURAL ,EXP]IM5T ,/ATION CULTIVAT$ TWO GRADES ( CORN - A 'L[ PROTE90 GRA9 7#f4#h TO #i4#a P]C5T7 & A 0HI< PROTE90 GRA9 7#i4#e TO #a#c4#f P]C5T74 ,! 0HI< PROTE90 CORN WAS PRODUC$ BY 9CREAS+ ! APPLICATION ( NITROG5 F]TILIZ] TO ! SOIL4 

,:5 AGRONOMI/S TURN !IR ATT5TION FROM ! PROTE9 TO ! M9]AL CON/ITU5TS ( PLANTS1 !Y F9D ?AT SOIL F]TILITY EX]CISES A MORE SUBTLE 9FLU5CE ON NUTRITIVE QUALITY4 ,! ADDITION ( CALCIUM1 PHOSPHORUS1 POTASSIUM1 & O!R NUTRI5TS TO DEPLET$ SOILS (T5 9CREASES ! M9]AL CONT5T ( PLANTS2 BUT ! EXP]IM5TS DO NOT YIELD CONSI/5T RESULTS4 ,9 MANY CASES AN 9CREASE DOES NOT TAKE PLACE4 ,9 FACT1 IF ! SOIL IS NOT DEFICI5T 9 COMMON M9]ALS1 ATTEMPTS TO 9CREASE YIELDS BY ADD+ HI< CONC5TRATIONS ( COMM]CIAL F]TILIZ]S TO ! SOIL MAY ACTUALLY R$UCE ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( PLANTS4 ,! SOIL MAY BECOME 0OV]-F]TILIZ$10 & ! QUANTITY ( IMPORTANT NUTRI5TS 9 ! CROP WILL DIM9I%4 

,H[ >E !SE CONTRADICTORY RESULTS TO BE EXPLA9$8 ,A P>TIAL ANSW] IS PROVID$ BY ! F9D+S ( SOIL *EMI/RY & PLANT PHYSIOLOGY4 ,MANY FACTORS MAY 9HIBIT A PLANT'S UPTAKE & UTILIZATION ( A NUTRI5T4 ,RESE>* WORK]S HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT AN EXCESSIVE QUANTITY ( ONE NUTRI5T 9 ! SOIL MAY PREV5T ! ABSORPTION & UTILIZATION ( ANO!R4 0,TOO MU* NITROG51 = EXAMPLE1 9 PROPORTION TO ! PHOSPHORUS AVAILABLE TO PLANTS1 MAY 5C\RAGE UNDESIRABLE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS4 ,ALSO TOO MU* CALCIUM MAY 9T]F]E ) PHOSPHORUS & BORON NUTRITION OR MAY 5C\RAGE *LOROSIS .<LACK ( *LOROPHYLL.> DUE TO A R$UCTION 9 ! AVAILABILITY ( ! SOIL IRON1 Z9C1 OR MANGANESE40 ,SEV]AL KEY NUTRI5TS HAVE BE5 PAIR$ TOGE!R ON ! BASIS ( SU* 9T]ACTIONS1 NOTABLY CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM1 IRON & MANGANESE1 & COBALT & MANGANESE4 ,MOREOV]1 IT W\LD BE 9CORRECT TO ASSUME ?AT A SIMPLE ONE-TO-ONE RELATION%IP EXI/S BETWE5 AVAILABLE SOIL NITROG5 & ! PROTE9 CONT5T ( PLANTS4 ,PROTE9S DIFF] M>K$LY 9 NUTRITIONAL VALUE4 ,BY APPLY+ EXCESSIVE QUANTITIES ( COMM]CIAL NITROG5 F]TILIZ] TO ! SOIL1 A F>M] MAY WELL PRODUCE A LU% CROP ?AT CONTA9S LESS HI<-QUALITY & MORE L[-QUALITY PROTE9S ?AN CROPS CULTIVAT$ ON PROP]LY F]TILIZ$ SOILS4 ,AN OBJECTIVE REVIEW ( ! EVID5CE AT H& NOT ONLY JU/IFIES ! CONCLUSION ?AT SOIL F]TILITY 9FLU5CES ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( FOOD2 IT ALSO LEADS US TO BELIEVE ?AT ?IS 9FLU5CE IS MORE COMPLEX & MORE SUBTLE ?AN WAS =M]LY SUSPECT$4 ,A BALANC$ >RAY ( NUTRI5TS1 MODIFI$ :]E NECESS>Y TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( A SPECIFIC SOIL1 IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! CULTIVATION ( HI<LY NUTRITI\S CROPS4 

,AT A TIME :5 MANY F>M]S >E TRY+ TO CULTIVATE L>GE CROPS BY SUPPLY+ ! SOIL ) A FEW HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ 9ORGANIC F]TILIZ]S1 IT W\LD BE APPROPRIATE TO EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANT ROLE ?AT ORGANIC MATT] PLAYS 9 PLANT NUTRITION AS WELL AS 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOIL4 ,ORGANIC MATT] IS EXTREMELY COMPLEX & HI<LY V>I$ 9 NUTRITIONAL CONT5T4 ,MANURE1 = EXAMPLE1 WILL NOT ONLY SUPPLY SOIL ) ADEQUATE QUANTITIES ( NITROG5 RELEAS$ BY MICROBES 9 CLOSE ACCORD ) ! PLANT'S NE$S2 IT WILL ALSO ADD MO/ ( ! NUTRI5TS ?AT PLANTS REQUIRE = GR[? & WELL-BE+4 ,NO ONE S]I\SLY CLAIMS ?AT MANURE ALONE MEETS ALL ! NE$S ( A CROP1 BUT ITS >RAY ( NUTRI5TS IS PROBABLY UNEQUAL$ BY ! COMM]CIAL F]TILIZ] PREP>ATIONS ?AT >E NORMALLY US$ TODAY4 

,! USE ( ORGANIC F]TILIZ]S HAS (T5 MADE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SUCCESSFUL FOOD CULTIVATION & \TRI<T CROP FAILURES4 ,UNTIL WELL 9TO ! #a#i#bS1 MANY ,AM]ICAN AGRONOMI/S W]E CONV9C$ ?AT SOIL M]ELY REQUIR$ HEAVY DOSAGES ( NITROG51 PHOSPHORUS1 & POTASSIUM - ! WELL-KN[N ,N,P,K =MULA - TO PRODUCE FL\RI%+ CROPS4 ,!SE ELEM5TS1 IT WAS SUPPOS$1 W]E ALL ?AT ORGANIC F]TILIZ]S CONTRIBUT$ TO PLANT NUTRITION4 ,:5 9EXP5SIVE COMM]CIALLY PREP>$ F]TILIZ]S BECAME AVAILABLE1 NITROG51 PHOSPHORUS1 & POTASSIUM COMP\NDS REPLAC$ MANURES1 BONE MEAL1 & PLANT RESIDUES4 ,S]I\S CROP FAILURES (T5 FOLL[$ ! *ANGEOV]4 ,9 ,FLORIDA1 = EXAMPLE1 NUTRITIONAL DEFICI5CIES APPE>$ 9 CITRUS & TUNA TREES2 !Y W]E CORRECT$ BY A RETURN TO ! USE ( ORGANIC MATT]4 ,9T5SIVE RESE>* DISCLOS$ ?AT BONE MEAL SUPPLI$ CITRUS TREES ) SORELY NE$$ MAGNESIUM 9 QUANTITIES ?AT W]E NOT PROVID$ BY ! 9ORGANIC COMP\NDS 9 USE AT ! TIME4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! DEFICI5CY APPE>$ 9 AN ACUTE =M2 IT WAS EASILY DISCOV]$ & LAT] CORRECT$ BY NEW *EMICAL AG5TS4 ,BUT SUCCESS 9 CORRECT+ ACUTE NUTRITIONAL DEFICI5CIES IS LIKELY TO L[] \R GU>D AGA9/ 9SIDI\S DEFICI5CIES ?AT MAY NOT MANIFE/ !MSELVES AS CLE>-CUT PLANT DISORD]S4 ,MANY PLANTS MAY REQUIRE NUTRI5TS 9 AM\NTS ?AT >E NOT SUPPLI$ BY COMMONLY US$ 9ORGANIC PREP>ATIONS4 

,! MAJORITY ( COMM]CIAL F]TILIZ]S 9 USE TODAY >E RELATIVELY SIMPLE *EMICAL PREP>ATIONS4 ,! F>M] DELIB]ATELY REPLACES COMPLEX1 BULKY4 SL[-ACT+ ORGANIC MAT]IALS ) A FEW SOLUBLE1 PURIFI$1 9EXP5SIVE1 & EASILY H&L$ SALTS4 ,! REGULATION ( SOIL F]TILITY N[ FALLS = ! MO/ P>T TO MAN4 0,! AGRONOMI/ & ! F>M] >E ORD9>ILY PREOCCUPI$ ) YIELD10 ,NORMAN WRITES4 0,!Y >E R>ELY CONC]N$ ) M9]AL COMPOSITION4 ,! V>IETIES SELECT$1 ! CULTURAL PRACTICES FOLL[$1 ! F]TILIZ]S APPLI$1 ALL >E DECID$ ON ! BASIS ( YIELD EXPECTATION40 ,! MANIPULATION ( SOIL F]TILITY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS CRIT]ION MAY PRODUCE V]Y CURI\S RESULTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 /UDIES CONDUCT$ AT ! ,MISS\RI ,AGRICULTURAL ,EXP]IM5T ,/ATION1 IT WAS F\ND ?AT BY *ANG+ ! RATIO ( CALCIUM TO POTASSIUM1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO 9CREASE ! VEGETATIVE BULK ( SOYBEANS BY ONE F\R?4 0,SU* 9CREAS$ TONNAGE W\LD W>RANT AGRONOMIC APPLAUSE10 OBS]VES ,WILLIAM ,A4 ,ALBRE*T1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MISS\RI4 0,BUT ?IS 9CREASE 9 VEGETATIVE MASS REPRES5T$ A R$UCTION 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( PROTE9 BY ONE F\R?1 A R$UCTION 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( PHOSPHORUS BY ONE HALF & A R$UCTION 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( CALCIUM BY TWO ?IRDS OV] ?AT 9 ! SMALL] TONNAGE YIELD0 PRODUC$ BY A DIFF]5T RATIO ( CALCIUM TO POTASSIUM4 

,AL?\< HEAVY APPLICATIONS ( ,N,P,K F]TILIZ] TO ! SOIL (T5 PRODUCE LU%1 ABUNDANT =AGE1 ! CROP MAY BE V]Y DEFICI5T 9 KEY NUTRI5TS4 ,BEESON PRES5TS A SUMM>Y ( AN 9T]E/+ EXP]IM5T BY ,H4 ,A4 ,KE5] & ,E4 ,J4 ,?ACK] AT ! ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE ,AGRICULTURAL ,EXP]IM5T ,/ATION ?AT CLE>LY ILLU/RATES ?IS PO9T4 0,EXCELL5T YIELDS ( BROME-LAD9O OR TIMO?Y HAY PRODUC$ 9 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE ) HI< LEVEL APPLICATIONS ( F]TILIZ] HAVE FAIL$ TO PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE =AGE = CALVES4 ,DEFICI5CY SYMPTOMS OBS]V$ 9 CALVES >E POOR GR[?1 R\< COATS1 ANEMIA1 SAGG+ ( ! SP9AL COLUMN BEH9D ! %\LD]S1 AN ATAXIA .<LACK ( CO-ORD9ATION.> ( ! H9D LEGS 7TIMO?Y-F$ CALVES ONLY71 LOSS ( TIPS ( E>S1 & BROK5 BONES40 ,SUPPLEM5TS ( COPP] & IRON DID NOT REMOVE ANY ( !SE SYMPTOMS4 ,:5 SIMIL> HAY WAS F$ TO RABBITS1 ! SAME DEFICI5CY SYMPTOMS APPE>$4 

,A *EMICAL ANALYSIS ( SAMPLES FROM ! CROP W\LD NOT HAVE DISCLOS$ ! COMPLETE EXT5T ( ! DEFICI5CY4 ,AT FIR/ ,KE5] & ,?ACK] SUSPECT$ ?AT ! 0TIMO?Y HAY WAS DEFICI5T 9 IOD9E & ONE OR MORE ORGANIC FACTORS10 BUT LAT] /UDIES BY ,?ACK] %[$ ?AT ! 0DEFICI5CY 9 ! HAY WAS RELAT$ TO ITS M9]AL COMPOSITION40 ,SIMIL> EXP]IM5TS HAVE L$ MANY AGRONOMI/S TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! NUTRITIONAL VALUE ( A CROP MU/ BE JUDG$ PRIM>ILY BY ! RESPONSE ( ! ORGANISM ?AT CONSUMES IT1 NOT M]ELY BY *EMICAL ANALYZES ( ! SOIL & ! PLANT4 

,IF ! ADEQUACY ( \R AGRICULTURAL ME?ODS IS JUDG$ BY ! HEAL? ( \R LIVE/OCK1 !N ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURE MU/ BE REG>D$ AS A FAILURE4 ,! HEAL? ( \R DOME/IC ANIMALS HAS BE5 DET]IORAT+ NOTICEABLY = YE>S4 ,VET]9>Y M$IC9E HAS BE5 ABLE TO R$UCE ! 9CID5CE ( 9FECTI\S DISEASES 9 LIVE/OCK & P\LTRY PRIM>ILY BECAUSE ( NEW ANTIBIOTIC PREP>ATIONS1 BUT ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ANIMALS IS V]Y L[4 ,! NUMB] ( CATTLE ) CANC]S ( ! LYMPH & BLOOD-=M+ ORGANS ?AT >E BE+ CONDEMN$ AT F$]ALLY 9SPECT$ PACK+ PLANTS HAS 9CREAS$ FROM #i4#b P] #a1 9 #aie TO #a#h4#b 9 #a#i#e#i1 NE>LY #a P]C5T 9 N9E YE>S2 DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD ! NUMB] ( SW9E CONDEMN$ = SIMIL> CANC]S ROSE #ig P]C5T4 ,/]ILITY 9 ANIMALS IS >\S+ DEEP CONC]N4 0,! MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEM 9 ! BEEF 9DU/RY IS POOR REPRODUCTIVE P]=MANCE1 AS EVID5C$ BY L[ P]C5TAGE CALF CROPS10 NOTE A GR\P ( 9VE/IGATORS AT ! ,BELTSVILLE ,EXP]IM5T ,/ATION 9 ,M>YL&4 7,! EXP]IM5TAL WORK REPORT$ BY !SE 9VE/IGATORS %[S ?AT DIET IS A PRIME FACTOR 9 ! REPRODUCTIVE P]=MANCE ( ANIMALS4 ,BY 9CREAS+1 DECREAS+1 OR *ANG+ ! COMPOSITION ( ! RATION1 ! ,BELTSVILLE RESE>*]S F\ND ?AT BEEF C[S RESPOND ) REM>KABLE V>IATIONS 9 F]TILITY1 SEXUAL ACTIVITY1 & ! ABILITY TO DELIV] (FSPR+4 ,A MOD]ATE BUT BALANC$ RATION ( C>BOHYDRATES & PROTE9S YIELD$ ! HI<E/ REPRODUCTIVE RATES47 ,! UBIQUIT\S 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ( \R TIME SEEM TO HAVE AFFECT$ ANIMAL LIFE AS PR(\NDLY AS !Y HAVE AFFECT$ MAN4 

,EV]Y PROBLEM1 TO BE SURE1 %\LD BE PLAC$ 9 ITS PROP] SETT+4 ,! USE ( HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S & MASS-PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES 9CREASES AGRICULTURAL \TPUT AT RELATIVELY SMALL CO/ & ) LITTLE EF=T4 ,IF ! PURPOSE ( GR[+ FOOD IS TO PREV5T FAM9E & ACUTE NUTRITIONAL DISORD]S1 !SE ME?ODS PRODUCE IMM$IATE RESULTS4 ,!Y SATISFY ! DIRE NE$ = FOOD1 & !Y REMOVE ! MORE OBVI\S DISEASES PRODUC$ BY AN 9ADEQUATE DIET4 ,BUT IF WE 5L>GE \R VIEW ( MOD]N AGRICULTURE TO 9CLUDE SU* PROBLEMS AS ! QUALITY ( FOOD & ! HEAL? ( PLANTS1 LIVE/OCK1 & HUMAN BE+S1 ! SUCCESS ?AT IS ORD9>ILY CLAIM$ = CURR5T AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES REQUIRES QUALIFICATION4 ,MAN DOES NOT PRACTICE AGRICULTURE 9 A VACUUM4 ,HIS ACTIVITIES AS A CULTIVATOR ( FOOD >E 9FLU5C$ MORE BY HIS =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AN BY HIS SOLICITUDE = ! NE$S ( ! SOIL4 ,! MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICAN F>M]S1 L>GE & SMALL1 CULTIVATE FOOD AS A BUS9ESS 5T]PRISE4 ,!Y TRY TO PRODUCE L>GE CROPS AT A M9IMUM CO/4 ,AS IT MAY WELL BE DIFFICULT TO 9CREASE ! \TPUT ( ! SOIL )\T L[]+ ! QUALITY ( CROPS1 ! F>M] :O PLACES QUALITY ABOVE QUANTITY CAN SC>CELY HOPE TO SURVIVE ! COMPETITIVE DEM&S ( ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 WE CAN EXPECT ANY TE*NIQUE ?AT PROMOTES L>GE CROPS TO BE C>RI$ TO ! PO9T ( ABUSE4 ,ECONOMIC COMPETITION LEAVES ! F>M] LITTLE *OICE BUT TO REPLACE L[ /&>DS ( FOOD CULTIVATION ) EV5 L[] ONES4 

,IT IS HI<LY PROBABLE ?AT EXPLOITATION ( ! SOIL HAS ALREADY PRODUC$ A DET]IORATION 9 ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( CROPS 9 MANY P>TS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,WILLIAM ,A4 ,ALBRE*T1 ONE ( ,AM]ICA'S MO/ P]CEPTIVE & CREATIVE AGRONOMI/S1 SUGGE/S ?AT MORE C>BOHYDRATES & FEW] HI<-QUALITY PROTE9S T5D TO APPE> 9 \R FOOD /APLES ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 ,! EXT5T ( ?IS %IFT 9 NUTRITIVE QUALITY IS DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E4 ,COMM]CIAL FOODS >E G5]ALLY GRAD$ ACCORD+ TO APPE>ANCE1 & V]Y LITTLE ATT5TION IS GIV5 TO NUTRITIVE QUALITY4 ,! 9=MATION ?AT IS AVAILABLE1 H[EV]1 IS NOT 5C\RAG+4 ,ALBRE*T HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT BETWE5 #aid & #aidi ! CONC5TRATION ( PROTE9 9 ,KANSAS-GR[N CORN DECL9$ FROM #i4#e TO #h4#e P]C5T1 AL?\< ! DECADE WAS M>K$ BY SUB/ANTIAL 9CREASES 9 CORN YIELDS4 0,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ! R$UCTION 9 ! PROTE9 CONT5T ( CORN AS REPORT$ 9 SUCCESSIVE $ITIONS ( A /&>D H&BOOK ( FE$S & FE$+4 ,9 ! ,ELEV5? ,$ITION1 PUBLI%$ #d YE>S AGO1 ! ONLY FIGURE QUOT$ = CRUDE PROTE9 ( D5T CORN WAS #a4#c P]C5T4 ,9 ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ $ITION1 #a#i#e1 FIVE GRADES ( CORN W]E CIT$1 = :I* ! PROTE9 FIGURES RANG$ FROM #h4#h TO #g4#i1 ) A MEAN ( NE>LY #h4#d P]C5T4 ,DUR+ ! 9T]VAL ( #d YE>S BETWE5 ! TWO $ITIONS1 CRUDE PROTE9 9 CORN DROPP$ FROM #a4#c TO #h4#d1 A R$UCTION ( #bb P]C5T40 

,!RE ALSO SEEMS TO BE EVID5CE ( AN OV]-ALL DECL9E 9 ! PROTE9 CONT5T ( ,KANSAS-GR[N :EAT4 0,A SURVEY ( ! P]C5TAGE PROTE9 ( ,KANSAS :EAT GRA9 MADE 9 #aid %[$ A RANGE ( #a TO ALMO/ #ai P]C5T10 ,ALBRE*T NOTES4 0,9 A SIMIL> SURVEY T5 YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#i#d#i1 PROTE9 CONC5TRATION WAS F\ND TO RANGE FROM #i TO LESS ?AN #ae P]C5T40 

,WE CAN ILL AF=D SU* LOSSES4 ,AT A TIME :5 MANY 9DIVIDUALS >E CONSUM+ SUB/ANTIALLY MORE FOOD ?AN !Y REQUIRE = ! WORK !Y DO1 AN 9CREASE 9 C>BOHYDRATES AT ! EXP5SE ( PROTE9S IS OBVI\SLY UNDESIRABLE1 P>TICUL>LY = MIDDLE-AG$ PEOPLE4 ,GREAT IMPORTANCE %\LD BE ATTA*$ TO ! QUALITY ( ! FOOD WE CONSUME4 ,WE >E CONT9UALLY BE+ REM9D$ ?AT !RE IS A CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 OBESITY & *RONIC DISEASES4 ,AN OV]WEI<T 9DIVIDUAL HAS A GREAT] *ANCE ( ACQUIR+ CANC]1 DIABETES1 & C>DIOVASCUL> DISORD]S ?AN ONE :O MA9TA9S HIS PROP] WEI<T4 ,ANY %IFT 9 ! QUALITY ( FOODS ?AT RESULTS 9 AN 9CREASE ( C>BOHYDRATES CAN BE EXPECT$ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! ]OSION ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 

,VIEW+ NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS 9 A BROAD] P]SPECTIVE1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT HUMAN FITNESS CAN BE MA9TA9$ :ILE ! SOIL IS GRADUALLY DET]IORAT+4 ,ALBRE*T OBS]VES3 0,MAN HAS BECOME AW>E ( 9CREAS$ NE$S = HEAL? PRES]VATION1 9T]PRET$ AS A TE*NICAL NE$ = MORE HOSPITALS1 DRUGS1 & DOCTORS1 :5 IT MAY SIMPLY BE A MATT] ( FAIL+ TO RECOGNIZE ! BASIC TRU? 9 ! OLD ADAGE :I* REM9D$ US ?AT 'TO BE WELL F$ IS TO BE HEAL?Y4' ,UN=TUNATELY1 WE HAVE NOT SE5 ! *ANGES MAN HAS WR\<T 9 HIS SOIL COMMUNITY 9 T]MS ( FOOD QUALITY = HEAL?1 AS ECONOMICS & TE*NOLOGIES HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ITS QUANTITY4 ,MAN IS EXPLOIT+ ! E>? ?AT FE$S HIM MU* AS A P>ASITE MULTIPLIES UNTIL IT KILLS ITS HO/4 ,SL[LY ! RES]VES 9 ! SOIL = ! SUPPORT ( MAN'S NUTRITION >E BE+ EXHAU/$4 ,ALL TOO FEW ( US HAVE YET SE5 ! SOIL COMMUNITY AS ! F\NDATION 9 T]MS ( NUTRITION ( ! 5TIRE BIOTIC PYRAMID ( :I*1 MAN1 AT ! TOP1 OCCUPIES ! MO/ HAZ>D\S PLACE40 

,5VIRONM5T & ,ECOLOGICAL ,PATT]NS 

,!RE IS A CLOSE RELATION%IP BETWE5 MOD]N CONCEPTS ( PROGRESS & MAN'S ATTEMPT TO CONTROL ! =CES ( NATURE4 ,FROM ! TIME ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 MAN HAS T5D$ TO EVALUATE NE>LY ALL ! ADVANCES ( SOCIETY & SCI5CE 9 T]MS ( ! AM\NT ( P[] OV] ! NATURAL WORLD :I* !Y GAVE HIM4 ,! WORD 0P[]10 H[EV]1 HAS MANY %ADES ( MEAN+4 ,TO ! M5 ( ! ,R5AISSANCE & ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 IT W\LD HAVE SEEM$ PREPO/]\S ?AT P[] OV] NATURE MEANT MORE ?AN LIV+ 9 H>MONY ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,LIKE ! ANIMALS >\ND HIM1 MAN WAS A PRODUCT ( NATURAL =CES & DEP5D$ UPON NATURE = HIS SURVIVAL & WELL-BE+4 ,:AT MADE HIM UNIQUE 9 ! ANIMAL K+DOM WAS HIS ABILITY TO REASON4 ,?IS FACULTY GAVE HIM ! P[] TO REMOVE =TUITY FROM HIS RELATION%IP TO NATURE1 TO BR+ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( GUIDANCE TO NATURAL PROCESSES4 ,HE C\LD TRY TO MITIGATE ! H>%NESS ( ! NATURAL WORLD & MAKE ! 9T]PLAY ( NATURAL =CES RELATIVELY B5IGN4 ,P[] OV] NATURE WAS REG>D$ AS ! ABILITY ( MAN TO 5T] 9TO CONSCI\S SYMBIOSIS ) ! BIOTIC WORLD4 

,) ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ! CONCEPT ( P[] OV] NATURE UND]W5T A RADICAL *ANGE4 ,! WORD 0NATURE0 WAS REPLAC$ BY ! PHRASE 0NATURAL RES\RCES40 ,! NEW CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY REG>D$ L&1 =E/S1 & WILDLIFE AS MAT]IALS = WANTON EXPLOITATION4 ,! PROGRESS ( MAN WAS ID5TIFI$ ) ! PILLAGE ( NATURE4 ,! NE$S ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY PRODUC$ A NEW IDEOLOGY3 ,!RE >E NO DICTATES ( NATURE ?AT >E BEYOND HUMAN TRANSGRESSION4 ,TE*NOLOGY1 IT WAS CLAIM$1 IS CAPABLE ( GIV+ MAN COMPLETE MA/]Y OV] ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IF !SE NOTIONS SEEM NAIVE TODAY1 IT IS BECAUSE ! NE$LESS1 (T5 S5SELESS1 CONFLICT BETWE5 MAN & NATURE IS YIELD+ UNEXPECT$ CONSEQU5CES4 ,WE >E N[ LE>N+ ?AT ! MORE MAN WORKS AGA9/ NATURE1 ! MORE DEEPLY 5TANGL$ HE BECOMES 9 ! V]Y =CES HE SEEKS TO MA/]4 

,! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY \R CONFLICT ) NATURE >E DRAMATICALLY EXEMPLIFI$ BY \R *EMICAL W> AGA9/ ! 9SECT WORLD4 ,DUR+ ! PA/ TWO DECADES1 A L>GE NUMB] ( 9SECTICIDES HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ = G5]AL USE ON F>MS & 9 ! HOME4 ,! BE/-KN[N & MO/ WIDELY US$ PREP>ATIONS >E ! *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS1 SU* AS ,D,D,T ME?OXY*LOR1 DIELDR91 & *LORDANE4 ,! *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS >E SPRAY$ OV] VA/ ACRES ( =E/ L&1 RANGE L&1 CROP L&1 & EV5 SEMI-URBAN L& ON :I* !RE >E HEAVY 9FE/ATIONS ( 9SECTS4 ,IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R ANY P>T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ) SOME K9D ( VEGETATION USEFUL TO MAN HAS NOT BE5 TREAT$ AT LEA/ ONCE 9 ! PA/ T5 YE>S4 ,MO/ ( \R FIELDS & OR*>DS >E SPRAY$ RECURR5TLY DUR+ ! GR[+ SEASON4 ,ASIDE FROM ! HAZ>DS ?AT 9SECTICIDES CREATE = PUBLIC HEAL?1 MANY CONS]VATIONI/S CLAIM ?AT EXT5SIVE USE ( ! NEW 9SECTICIDES IS IMPAIR+ ! ABILITY ( WILDLIFE & B5EFICIAL 9SECTS TO EX]CISE CONTROL OV] PE/S4 ,!Y PO9T \T ?AT ! 9SECTICIDES >E TAK+ A HEAVY TOLL ( LIFE AMONG FI%1 BIRDS1 SMALL MAMMALS1 & USEFUL 9SECTS4 ,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( EVID5CE ?AT ! NEW *EMICALS >E SELF-DEFEAT+4 ,NOT ONLY HAVE !Y FAIL$ TO ]ADICATE MO/ ( ! PE/S AGA9/ :I* !Y >E EMPLOY$2 9 SOME CASES1 NEW PE/S & GREAT] 9FE/ATIONS HAVE BE5 CREAT$ AS A RESULT ( ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON PR$ATORS ( SPECIES =M]LY UND] CONTROL4 

,TO UND]/& ?IS PROBLEM CLE>LY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E ! CONDITIONS ?AT PROMOTE 9FE/ATIONS ( PE/S4 ,A SPECIES BECOMES A PE/ :5 IT 9VADES A NEW >EA ?AT IS NOT 9HABIT$ BY ITS NATURAL 5EMIES OR :5 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES OCCUR ?AT PROVIDE MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS = ITS GR[?4 ,UND] NATURAL CONDITIONS1 9FE/ATIONS >E EPISODIC & R>E4 ,AN 9CREASE 9 ! PE/ SPECIES CREATES PROPITI\S CONDITIONS = ?OSE PR$ATORS ?AT LIVE ON ! PE/4 ,! PROLIF]ATION ( ! PE/ 5C\RAGES ! PROLIF]ATION ( ITS PR$ATORS & ATTRACTS ADDITIONAL 5EMIES FROM NE>BY REGIONS4 ,:I*EV] WAY ! PROBLEM IS SOLV$1 ! REM>KABLE DIV]SITY & ADAPTABILITY ( LIFE UND] NATURAL CONDITIONS SELDOM P]MIT ! PE/ TO GET COMPLETELY \T ( H&4 

,9SECT 9FE/ATIONS BECOME P]SI/5T & S]I\S1 H[EV]1 :5 NATURAL V>IETY IS DIM9I%$ BY MAN4 ,AGRICULTURE1 ESPECIALLY :5 LIMIT$ TO ONE CROP1 T5DS TO SIMPLIFY A NATURAL REGION4 0,! FIR/ P]SON TO H>VE/ & /ORE NATURAL C]EAL GRA9 = LAT] S[+ />T$ ! SIMPLIFICATION ( AGRICULTURE10 OBS]VES ,ROB]T ,L4 ,RUDD1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA4 0,UNTIL ! ME*ANIZATION & LAT] *EMICALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE1 !RE WAS LITTLE SUB/ANTIAL DEP>TURE FROM ! ME?ODS ( ! FIR/ AGRICULTURI/S4 ,ACREAGES W]E SMALL1 L&SCAPES DIV]SE40 ,! SIMPLIFICATION ( ECOLOGICAL SY/EMS 0WAS RELATIVELY SLI<T & WAS 9 ANY EV5T LOCAL4 ,H$G][S1 TREES1 WE$ PAT*ES1 SEASONAL CROPP+ & MULTIPURPOSE F>M+ COMB9$ TO =M A DIV]SIFI$ BASE = A DIV]SIFI$ FAUNA4 ,ME*ANIZ$ & *EMICALIZ$ CROP PRODUCTION HAS RESULT$ 9 L>GE EXPANSES ( S+LE CROP SPECIES - ! DE/RUCTION ( DIV]SITY 9 ! L&SCAPE40 

,SIMPLIFICATION ( ! L&SCAPE1 FOLL[$ BY A DIM9UTION 9 ! V>IETY ( FAUNA1 CREATES HI<LY FAVORABLE CONDITIONS = AN 9FE/ATION4 ,A POT5TIAL PE/ IS LEFT ) A L>GE FOOD SUPPLY & A SMALL NUMB] ( PR$ATORS4 ,! JOB ( ]ADICAT+ ! PE/1 LIKE ?AT ( F]TILIZ+ ! SOIL1 FALLS PRIM>ILY TO MAN1 & ?US F> ! ME?ODS EMPLOY$ & ! RESULTS A*IEV$ HAVE BE5 V]Y UNSATISFACTORY4 ,MAN CAN USUALLY ]ADICATE A PE/ - BUT ONLY = A :ILE4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 HE (T5 ]ADICATES NE>LY EV]Y O!R =M ( LIFE 9 ! >EA ASIDE FROM ! CROP4 ,:5 ! PE/ RETURNS1 AS IT (T5 DOES1 ! ECOLOGICAL SY/EM MAY HAVE BE5 SO SIMPLIFI$ BY ! PE/ICIDAL TREATM5T ?AT ! NEW CONDITIONS >E MORE FAVORABLE = 9FE/ATION ?AN ! OLD4 0,9ITIAL *EMICAL CONTROL1 !RE=E1 CREATES ! LAT] NE$ = MORE *EMICALS10 ,RUDD ADDS4 0,ONCE BEGUN1 !RE IS NO /OPP+ IF ! CROP IS NOT TO BE LO/40 

,MANY RESPONSIBLE CONS]VATIONI/S REG>D ! NONSELECTIVE SPRAY+ ( OP5 L& & =E/S AS AN ECOLOGICAL 0BOOM]ANG40 ,9 A NUMB] ( CASES1 ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON B5EFICIAL 9SECTS \TWEI<S ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON ! PE/4 ,PE/ICIDAL TREATM5TS HAVE />T$ 9FE/ATIONS ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y MILD1 IF NOT AV]T$ 5TIRELY1 HAD ! TREATM5T NOT BE5 US$4 ,9 ONE REGION1 = EXAMPLE1 ! TREATM5T ( A /& ( TIMB] ) A FIVE-P\ND-P]-ACRE DOSAGE ( ,D,D,T 9 E>LY SUMM] RESULT$ 9 A G5]AL 9FE/ATION ( AT LEA/ F\RTE5 SPECIES ( APHIDS4 ,! APHIDS1 CL++ TO ! UND]SURFACE ( ! LEAVES1 SURVIV$ ! SPRAY1 BUT !IR PR$ATORS W]E DECIMAT$ & FAIL$ TO RE-E/ABLI% !MSELVES RAPIDLY 5\< TO *ECK ! 9FE/ATION4 ,9 /ILL O!R CASES1 CONTROLL$ 9SECTS HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO S]I\S PE/S BY ! DE/RUCTION ( !IR PR$ATORS ?R\< SPRAY+ PROGRAMS AIM$ AT AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SPECIES ( PE/4 ,= EXAMPLE1 UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY ! R$-B&$ LEAF ROLL] CAUS$ V]Y LITTLE DAMAGE 9 APPLE OR*>DS1 AL?\< WIDELY DI/RIBUT$1 ! 9SECT WAS /RICTLY CONTROLL$ BY P>ASITES & PR$ATORS4 0,R>E 9DE$ WAS ! OR*>DI/ :O KN[+LY HAD TO CONT5D ) IT10 WRITES ,H[>D ,BAK]1 ( ! ,BUREAU ( ,5TOMOLOGY4 0,N[ IT IS A PROBLEM PE/ ?R\<\T ! ,MIDWE/ & ,EA/1 :]E 9 #aidg & #aidh P>TICUL>LY IT CAUS$ SEV]E DAMAGE 9 MANY OR*>DS40 ,! 9SECT BECAME A PE/ AFT] ITS P>ASITES HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ,D,D,T4 ,TO CONTROL ! LEAF ROLL]1 OR*>DI/S >E N[ COMPELL$ TO SUPPLEM5T ,D,D,T TREATM5TS ) ,T,D,E & P>A?ION4 0,NEV] BE=E444 HAVE SO MANY PE/S ) SU* A WIDE RANGE ( HABITS & *>ACT]I/ICS 9CREAS$ TO 9JURI\S LEVELS FOLL[+ APPLICATION ( ANY ONE MAT]IAL AS HAS OCCURR$ FOLL[+ ! USE ( ,D,D,T 9 APPLE SPRAY PROGRAMS40 

,NON-SELECTIVE SPRAY+ PROGRAMS >E TAK+ A HEAVY TOLL ( LIFE AMONG BIRDS & ROD5TS - ANIMALS ?AT PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 LIMIT+ 9FE/ATIONS ( H>MFUL 9SECTS4 ,AL?\< ROD5TS >E G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS LITTLE MORE ?AN PE/S !MSELVES1 =E/ ROD5TS >E VORACI\S CONSUM]S ( 9SECTS4 ,ON AN AV]AGE1 9SECTS CON/ITUTE #b P]C5T ( ! DIET ( =E/ MICE1 *IPMUNKS1 & FLY+ SQUIRRELS4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( BIRDS 9 9SECT CONTROL SC>CELY REQUIRES EMPHASIS4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT NATURALI/S :O HAVE MADE C>EFUL C\NTS ( 9SECTS 9 ! /OMA*S ( BIRDS HAVE F\ND1 = EXAMPLE1 #e1 ANTS 9 A FLICK]1 #e MOSQUITOES 9 A NI<T HAWK1 & #be T5T CAT]PILL>S 9 A YELL[-BILL$ CUCKOO4 ,A BR[N ?RA%] WILL EAT MORE ?AN #f1 9SECTS 9 A S+LE DAY2 A SWALL[1 AB\T #a1 LEAF HOPP]S4 ,SPRAY+ COMMONLY DE/ROYS AN APPRECIABLE NUMB] ( !SE CREATURES1 EV5 :5 ! PROGRAM IS FAIRLY LIMIT$ 9 SCOPE4 ,TO CITE A CASE 9 PO9T3 ,9 #aief ! ,CRANBROOK ,9/ITUTE ( ,SCI5CE1 9 ,MI*IGAN1 UND]TOOK A LIMIT$ SURVEY ( ! DECL9E 9 BIRD LIFE PRODUC$ BY ,D,D,T SPRAY+ PROGRAMS TO CONTROL ! ,DUT* ELM DISEASE4 ,RESID5TS ( ! IMM$IATE >EA W]E ASK$ TO TURN 9 OR REPORT TO ! ,9/ITUTE ANY BIRDS SUSPECT$ ( HAV+ BE5 POISON$ BY ,D,D,T4 0,DUR+ ,APRIL1 ,MAY & ,JUNE ( ?AT YE>1 BUT MO/LY 9 ,MAY1 MORE ?AN #b DEAD & DY+ BIRDS W]E TURN$ 9 TO ! ,9/ITUTE444 ,BY #aiei ! NUMB] ( SPECIM5S RECEIV$ HAD M\NT$ TO AB\T #d1 ) AN E/IMAT$ #f CALLS OR REPORTS REG>D+ BIRDS NOT TURN$ 940 ,A SURVEY ( ! BIRD LIFE ON ! ,CRANBROOK CAMPUS %[$ ?AT ! BRE$+ POPULATION DECL9$ FROM #be PAIRS TO #be OR LESS4 ,MO/ ( ! DEAD & DY+ BIRDS W]E ROB9S ?AT W]E PROBABLY POISON$ BY EAT+ WORMS IMPREGNAT$ ) ,D,D,T4 

,A MORE EXT5SIVE SURVEY WAS MADE DUR+ ! WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ FIRE-ANT CAMPAIGN ?AT ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE 9ITIAT$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#e#g4 ,! DATA1 COMPIL$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,AUDUBON ,SOCIETY1 DEAL ) MANY ANIMALS1 9CLUD+ MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ HEAD ( CATTLE KILL$ 9 AN >EA NE> ,CLIMAX1 ,GEORGIA4 ,WE %ALL CONF9E \RSELVES1 H[EV]1 TO LOSSES AMONG BIRDS4 0,! DRA/IC EFFECT ( APPLY+ 9SECTICIDE DUR+ ! BIRD-NE/+ SEASON WAS DRAMATICALLY %[N 9 ,TEXAS4 ,9 A #f-ACRE CLOV] FIELD BIRD NUMB]S DECL9$ AL>M+LY3 #* ( #da NE/S ) EGGS W]E AB&ON$ OR DE/ROY$4 ,LAY'S ,TEXAS REPORT SUMM>IZES ! DEVA/AT+ RESULTS T]SELY AS FOLL[S3 ',BIRD POPULATIONS ALONG RAN* ROADS 9 ! TREAT$ >EAS W]E R$UC$ #i#b-#i#g P]C5T 9 TWO WEEKS4 ,BIRD POPULATIONS )9 ACRE PLOTS /UDI$ W]E R$UC$ #he P]C5T 9 TWO WEEKS4 ,NE/+ SUCCESS ( BIRDS 9 ! >EA WAS R$UC$ #hi P]C5T 7COMP>$ ) A NON-TREAT$ >EA74' ,LAY ADDS1 ',L>GE SCALE AB&ONM5T ( NE/S ) EGGS C\LD BE EXPLA9$ ONLY BY ! MORTALITY ( ! ADULTS4 ,! MISS+ BIRDS DID NOT APPE> 9 ADJAC5T >EAS4' 0 

,TO AGGRAVATE ! DAMAGE1 9SECTICIDES >E C>RI$ BY SURFACE & GR\ND WAT] 9TO /REAMS & LAKES1 :]E !Y KILL L>GE NUMB]S ( AQUATIC ANIMALS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONE P\ND ( DIELDR9 P] ACRE1 APPLI$ TO A L>GE TRACT ( L& 9 ,/4 ,LUCIE ,C\NTY1 ,FLORIDA1 DE/ROY$ TW5TY TO ?IRTY TONS ( FI%4 ,DUR+ #a#i#e#h1 A ,D,D,T CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! SPRUCE BUDWORM 9 NOR!RN ,MA9E KILL$ ?\S&S ( TR\T & O!R GAME FI%2 AS LONG AS ?REE MON?S AFT] SPRAY+1 TR\T W]E F\ND :OSE BODIES CONTA9$ ,D,D,T CONC5TRATIONS ( FROM #b4#i TO #aih P>TS P] MILLION4 ,! SPRAY]S W]E NOT 5TIRELY UNAW>E ( :AT ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! PROGRAM W\LD BE4 ,TWO YE>S E>LI] A CAMPAIGN ( MU* ! SAME K9D PRODUC$ HEAVY LOSSES ( Y\NG SALMON 9 ! NE>BY ,MIRAMI*I ,RIV] SY/EM ( ,NEW ,BRUNSWICK1 ,CANADA4 0,AS EXPECT$1 AN AL>M+LY R$UC$ ADULT ,ATLANTIC SALMON RUN WAS NOT$ 9 #aif :5 ! #aief HAT* RETURN$ TO SPAWN 9 ! ,MIRAMI*I ,RIV] SY/EM40 

,! DISCOV]Y ( ,D,D,T L$ TO A WIDESPREAD BELIEF ?AT 9SECT PE/S C\LD BE ]ADICAT$ BY RELY+ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! USE ( *EMICAL AG5TS4 ,?IS BELIEF WAS SEV]ELY %AK5 :5 IT WAS F\ND ?AT A NUMB] ( H>MFUL SPECIES W]E PRODUC+ /RA9S ?AT W]E RESI/ANT TO EXI/+ 9SECTICIDES1 & N[ MANY 5TOMOLOGI/S SUSPECT ?AT ! APPE>ANCE ( SU* /RA9S 9 NE>LY ALL MAJOR SPECIES ( PE/S IS M]ELY A MATT] ( TIME4 ,AS LONG AS PRES5T ME?ODS ( CONTROL >E EMPLOY$1 NEW 9SECTICIDES WILL BE REQUIR$ EV]Y FEW YE>S JU/ TO HOLD ! L9E 9 MAN'S *EMICAL W> AGA9/ ! 9SECT WORLD4 ,! APPE>ANCE ( RESI/ANT /RA9S AMONG MAN'S MO/ =MIDABLE 9SECT 5EMIES HAS PR(\ND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,9 ADDITION TO ALL ! H>M MAN HAS 9FLICT$ ON ! L& & ! BIOSPH]E1 HE IS N[ BECOM+ A SELF-DAMAG+ SELECTIVE =CE 9 ! 9SECT WORLD4 ,9SECTICIDES DO NOT MAKE 0! SUSCEPTIBLE MORE RESI/ANT10 ,A4 ,W4 ,A4 ,BR[N OBS]VES1 0= !Y >E DEAD4 ,RA!R1 ! *EMICAL HAD DISCOV]$ ! FAVOR$ FEW ?AT HAD A C]TA9 M>G9 ( RESI/ANCE & SELECT$ !M TO SURVIVE & BRE$4 ,NORMALLY !Y W\LD BE ELIM9AT$ BY P>ASITES & PR$ATORS1 TO :OM ?IS K9D ( RESI/ANCE MEANS NO?+4 ,BUT IF ! *EMICAL TREATM5T HAS REMOV$ ! BIOLOGICAL CONTROL SPECIES1 ! MORE RESI/ANT 9DIVIDUALS ( ! PE/ SPECIES CAN SURVIVE TO BRE$444 ,IT IS IRONIC ?AT ! ECONOMIC 5TOMOLOGI/ HAS ?US BE5 ABLE TO SPE$ UP EVOLUTION TO MAN'S [N DISADVANTAGE40 

,BR[N'S CONCLUSION IS AN 9DICTM5T ( \R ME?ODS ( DEAL+ ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION HAS BE5 GOV]N$ NOT ONLY BY ! SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/ BUT ALSO BY ! ABILITY ( LIV+ ?+S TO ASSUME AN 9EXHAU/IBLE V>IETY ( =MS4 ,! WORLD ( LIFE HAS MET EV]Y *ANGE 9 CLIMATE & L&SCAPE ) A MORE DIV]SIFI$ & 9T]DEP5D5T BIOSPH]E4 ,EA* /AGE ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION HAS BE5 M>K$ BY A GREAT] DEGREE ( SPECIALIZATION1 COMPLEXITY1 & 9T]RELAT$NESS ?AN ! PREC$+ ONE4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y SPECIES ?AT HAS BE5 0SELECT$0 = SURVIVAL EXHIBITS A HI<] ORD] ( SPECIALIZATION & DEP5DS = ITS CONT9U$ EXI/5CE UPON A MORE COMPLEX 5VIRONM5T ?AN ITS PR$ECESSORS4 

,MOD]N MAN IS UNDO+ ! WORK ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION1 REPLAC+ A COMPLEX 5VIRONM5T ) A SIMPL] ONE4 ,HE IS DISASSEMBL+ ! BIOTIC PYRAMID ?AT HAS SUPPORT$ HUMAN LIFE = C\NTLESS MILL5NIA4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! MANIFOLD RELATION%IPS ON :I* MAN'S FOOD PLANTS & DOME/IC ANIMALS DEP5D = HEAL? >E BE+ REPLAC$ BY MORE ELEM5T>Y RELATION%IPS1 & ! BIOSPH]E IS SL[LY BE+ RE/OR$ TO A /AGE 9 :I* IT WILL BE ABLE TO SUPPORT ONLY A SIMPL] =M ( LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT )9 ! REALM ( FANTASY TO SUGGE/ ?AT IF ! BREAKD[N ( ! SOIL COSMOS CONT9UES UNABAT$1 IF PLANT & ANIMAL HEAL? CONT9UE TO DET]IORATE1 IF 9SECT 9FE/ATIONS MULTIPLY1 & IF *EMICAL CONTROLS BECOME 9CREAS+LY LE?AL1 MANY ( ! PRECONDITIONS = ADVANC$ LIFE WILL BE IRREP>ABLY DAMAG$ & ! E>? WILL PROVE TO BE 9CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ A VIABLE1 HEAL?Y HUMAN SPECIES4 

,! SIMPLIFICATION ( MAN'S 5VIRONM5T HAS EVOK$ DEEP CONC]N AMONG ECOLOGI/S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 CONNECTION ) ! 9SECT PROBLEM4 ,ONLY 9 ! 0CONSCI\S PITT+ ( ONE LIV+ ?+ AGA9/ ANO!R - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - CAN WE DIRECTLY CONTROL PE/S )\T ! HAZ>DS ACCOMPANY+ REPETITIVE *EMICAL APPLICATIONS10 ,RUDD WRITES4 0444 ,EUROPEAN 5TOMOLOGI/S N[ SPEAK ( MANAG+ ! 5TIRE PLANT-9SECT COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS CALL$ MANIPULATION ( ! BIOC5OSE4 ,! BIOC5ETIC 5VIRONM5T IS V>I$1 COMPLEX & DYNAMIC4 ,AL?\< NUMB]S ( 9DIVIDUALS WILL CON/ANTLY *ANGE1 NO ONE SPECIES WILL NORMALLY REA* PE/ PROPORTIONS4 ,! SPECIAL CONDITIONS :I* ALL[ HI< POPULATIONS ( A S+LE SPECIES 9 A COMPLEX ECOSY/EM .<A PATT]N ( LIFE.> >E R>E EV5TS4 ,MANAGEM5T ( ! BIOC5OSE OR ECOSY/EM %\LD BECOME \R GOAL1 *ALL5G+ AS IT IS40 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! SOIL IS NO LESS AN ECOSY/EM ?AN ! COMPLEXES E/ABLI%$ BY PLANTS1 9SECTS1 & ANIMALS4 ,:5 AN AGRONOMI/ EMPHASIZES ?AT ORGANIC MATT] IS VITAL TO ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 HIS EMPHASIS D]IVES FROM AN APPRECIATION ( ! MANIFOLD REQUIREM5TS ( ! SOIL COSMOS & PLANT NUTRITION4 ,AL?\< ORGANIC MATT] IS NOT A PANACEA = ! ILLS ( AGRICULTURE & HUMAN HEAL?1 IT PROVIDES GOOD CROPS & IT SUPPLIES PLANTS ) NUTRI5TS 9 A MANN] ?AT HAS MET ! REQUIREM5TS ( PLANT LIFE OV] LONG AGES ( BOTANICAL EVOLUTION4 ,! ROLE PLAY$ BY *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S 9 AGRICULTURE MAY BE V]Y IMPORTANT1 ESPECIALLY 9 CIRCUM/ANCES :]E ANIMAL & PLANT WA/ES >E 9 %ORT SUPPLY OR :]E MAN'S NE$ = FOOD IS PRESS+4 ,BUT ! VALUE ( *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S LIES 9 !IR ABILITY TO COMPLEM5T ! NUTRITIONAL DIV]SITY ( ORGANIC MATT]1 NOT TO SUPPLANT ANIMAL & PLANT WA/ES 5TIRELY4 

,AN ECOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW ?AT EMPHASIZES ! USE ( ORGANIC MAT]IALS & ! PRACTICE ( BIOC5ETIC CONTROL ADMITT$LY RE/RICTS MAN4 ,IT REQUIRES HIM TO RECON/RUCT ! AGRICULTURAL SITUATION ALONG MORE NATURAL L9ES1 TO DEF] TO ! DICTATES ( ECOLOGY RA!R ?AN ?OSE ( ECONOMICS4 ,TO BORR[ ! WORDS ( ,*>LES ,ELTON1 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW IS NOT 9T5D$ 0TO PROMOTE ANY IDEA ( COMPLETE LAISSEZ FAIRE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECOSY/EMS ( ! WORLD444 ,! WORLD'S FUTURE HAS TO BE MANAG$1 BUT ?IS MANAGEM5T W\LD NOT BE JU/ LIKE A GAME ( *ESS - MORE LIKE /E]+ A BOAT4 ,WE NE$ TO LE>N H[ TO MANIPULATE MORE WISELY ! TREM5D\S POT5TIAL =CES ( POPULATION GR[? 9 PLANTS & ANIMALS1 H[ TO ALL[ SUFFICI5T FRE$OM = SOME ( !SE =CES TO WORK AMONG !MSELVES1 & H[ TO GR[ 5VIRONM5TS444 ?AT WILL MA9TA9 A P]MAN5T BALANCE 9 EA* COMMUNITY40 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifa 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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