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,! ,PROBLEM ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*,A,P,T,] ,F,\,R3,! ,PROBLEM ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD 

  
,! ,CONSUM] & ,COMM]CIAL ,FOODS 

,) ! RISE ( AN URBANIZ$ SOCIETY1 ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD BECOMES A COMPLEX 9DU/RIAL OP]ATION4 ,9 CONTRA/ ) E>LI] TIMES1 :5 V]Y FEW *ANGES W]E MADE 9 ! APPE>ANCE OR ! CON/ITU5TS ( FOOD1 MU* ( ! FOOD CONSUM$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS HI<LY PROCESS$4 ,ALL5 ,B4 ,PAUL1 ( ! ,BROOK+S ,9/ITUTION1 & ,LOR5ZO ,B4 ,MANN1 ( ! ,F>M] ,COOP]ATIVE ,S]VICE1 HAVE SUMM$ UP ! *ANGE AS FOLL[S3 0,\R GR&P>5TS US$ = BAK+ AB\T F\R-FIF?S ( ! FL\R MILL$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,!Y *URN$ ALMO/ ALL ! BUTT] ,AM]ICANS ATE4 ,!Y KILL$ & PREP>$ MU* ( ! MEAT EAT54 ,!Y MADE !IR [N S\PS1 SAUSAGE1 SALAD DRESS+1 CLO?+ & C\NTLESS O!R ITEMS4 ,SU* TASKS1 :I* A G5]ATION AGO W]E P>T ( F>M & HOME LIFE1 HAVE BE5 TAK5 OV] BY COMM]CIAL FACTORIES1 #h#e1 ( !M40 ,( ! #h#e1 FACTORIES CIT$ BY ,PAUL & ,MANN1 NE>LY HALF W]E FOOD-PROCESS+ PLANTS4 

,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ! FACT ?AT ADVANCES 9 FOOD TE*NOLOGY & ME?ODS ( TRANSPORTATION HAVE GIV5 US MANY ADVANTAGES4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( SEASONAL FRUITS & VEGETABLES >E N[ AVAILABLE ?R\<\T ! YE> 9 CANN$ & FROZ5 =M4 ,FOODS >E G5]ALLY CLEAN] ?AN !Y W]E A HALF C5TURY AGO4 ,PROCESS$ FOODS HAVE 5ORM\SLY R$UC$ ! HOMEMAK]'S BURD54 ,MANY VEGETABLES1 FRUITS1 & MEATS >E %R$D$1 EVISC]AT$1 MIX$1 CREAM$1 COOK$1 BAK$1 OR FRI$ BE=E !Y REA* ! KIT*54 ,! HOMEMAK] (T5 NE$S LITTLE MORE ?AN A CAN OP5]1 A FEW UT5SILS1 & A /OVE TO S]VE MEALS ?AT REQUIR$ ELABORATE PREP>ATION & H\RS ( WORK A G5]ATION OR TWO AGO4 

,BUT ! %IFT FROM HOME-PREP>$ TO PROCESS$ FOODS HAS NOT BE5 AN ABSOLUTE GA94 ,AL?\< V]Y LITTLE WAS KN[N AB\T HUMAN NUTRITION A FEW G5]ATIONS AGO1 \R =EBE>S C\LD MAKE USE ( :AT KN[L$GE !Y HAD 9 GR[+ & PREP>+ !IR [N FOODS4 ,TODAY ! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T4 ,A GREAT DEAL HAS BE5 LE>N$ AB\T ! NUTRI5TS REQUIR$ = HUMAN HEAL?1 BUT ! CULTIVATION1 /ORAGE1 REF9+1 &1 9 L>GE P>T1 ! PREP>ATION ( FOOD IS NO LONG] CONTROLL$ BY ! CONSUM]4 ,!SE TASKS HAVE BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ! FOOD 9DU/RY4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( A NATION-WIDE FOOD-GRAD+ PROGRAM ?AT W\LD COMPEL PROCESSORS TO DISCLOSE ! NUTRITIVE VALUES ( FOOD ITEMS1 ! H\SEWIFE'S ATTEMPT TO PLAN A HEAL?FUL DIET DEP5DS TO A GREAT EXT5T UPON *ANCE4 ,! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( A GIV5 FOOD MAY V>Y 5ORM\SLY4 ,! V>IATION MAY BE DUE TO ! TYPE ( SE$ ?AT ! F>M] PLANTS1 ! ME?ODS EMPLOY$ 9 FOOD CULTIVATION & FOOD PROCESS+1 OR ! L5G? ( TIME ! FOOD IS /OR$4 

,= EXAMPLE3 ,NUTRITIONI/S1 9 ANALYZ+ ?IRTY-ONE /RA9S ( CABBAGE1 F\ND ?AT ! ASCORBIC-ACID1 OR VITAM9-,C1 CONT5T V>I$ AS MU* AS #ce P]C5T1 :ILE ! AM\NT ( C>OT5E 9 DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( SWEET POTATOES HAS BE5 F\ND TO RANGE FROM Z]O TO #g4#b MILLIGRAMS P]C5T4 ,A ?REEFOLD DIFF]5CE WAS DISCOV]$ 9 ! NIAC9 CONT5T ( =TY-SIX /RA9S ( SWEET CORN4 ,L>GE V>IATIONS 9 NUTRITIVE VALUE HAVE BE5 F\ND AMONG DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( APPLES1 PEAS1 :EAT1 ONIONS1 & MANY O!R CROPS4 ,! FACT ?AT A GIV5 V>IETY ATTA9S GREAT SIZE DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ?AT IT IS NUTRITI\S4 ,! V]Y OPPOSITE MAY BE TRUE4 ,SMALL CABBAGES1 TOMATOES1 & ONIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 CONTA9 MORE VITAM9 ,C ?AN ?OSE ( GREAT] SIZE4 ,SIZE1 APPE>ANCE1 COLOR1 & TEXTURE >E (T5 V]Y POOR CRIT]IA = JUDG+ ! NUTRITIVE CONT5T ( A FOOD4 ,G5]ALLY1 PLANT BRE$]S >E 9T]E/$ 9 DEVELOP+ V>IETIES ( VEGETABLES & FRUITS ?AT HAVE AN ATTRACTIVE APPE>ANCE1 YIELD MORE BU%ELS TO ! ACRE1 >E MORE RESI/ANT TO DISEASE1 & )/& /ORAGE & %IPM5T4 0,IT IS N[ REALIZ$ ?AT 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE COMM]CIALLY IMPROV$ V>IETIES BY G5ETIC SELECTION ! NUTRI5T CONT5T IS (T5 DECREAS$10 NOTES ,ROB]T ,S4 ,H>RIS1 ( ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY4 0,IF ! PLANT BRE$] W]E TO COLLABORATE ) A FOOD ANALYSIS LABORATORY1 HE C\LD DEVELOP COMM]CIALLY IMPROV$ V>IETIES :I* >E ALSO SUP]IOR 9 NUTRI5T CONT5T40 7,IT IS QUITE D\BTFUL1 H[EV]1 :E!R IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( VEGETABLES & FRUITS DEP5D EXCLUSIVELY ON G5ETIC SELECTION 7AS ,H>RIS SEEMS TO BELIEVE74 ,! PLANT 5VIRONM5T1 NOTABLY ! CONDITION & F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 IS A FACTOR ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE47 

,FOODS MAY LOSE MU* ( !IR NUTRITIVE VALUE :5 !Y >E HEAT$ 7BLAN*$7 PRIOR TO CANN+ OR FREEZ+4 ,IF ! PROCESSOR FOLL[S A GOOD BLAN*+ PROC$URE1 VEGETABLES WILL RETA9 MO/ ( !IR ASCORBIC ACID & VITAM9 ,B4 ,BUT IF ! PROC$URE IS POOR1 ! LOSSES MAY BE 5ORM\S4 ,LOSSES MAY RUN AS HI< AS #c P]C5T ( ! RIB(LAV9 9 GRE5 BEANS1 #cg P]C5T ( ! NIAC9 9 SP9A*1 #d P]C5T ( ! ASCORBIC ACID 9 PEAS1 & #fd P]C5T ( ! ?IAM9E 9 LIMA BEANS4 0,BLAN*+ PROC$URES >E NOT /&>DIZ$10 ,MILDR$ ,M4 ,BOGGS & ,CLYDE ,L4 ,RASMUSS5 OBS]VE4 0,SOME PROCESSORS HAVE A LEA*+ LOSS ( #e TO #a P]C5T ( EA* WAT]-SOLUBLE VITAM9 OR O!R CON/ITU5TS4 ,O!RS HAVE LOSSES ( #d TO #e P]C5T - OR EV5 HI<] ) ! SAME FOOD40 

,A SUB/ANTIAL LOSS ( NUTRI5TS TAKES PLACE :5 :EAT IS REF9$ 9TO FL\R = :ITE BREAD4 0,EV5 ) #d P]C5T MILK SOLIDS 9 ! :ITE 5RI*$ BREAD10 ,BOG]T NOTES1 0IT IS /ILL NOT QUITE UP TO ! CONT5T ( :OLE :EAT BREAD 9 PROTE91 CALCIUM1 IRON1 ?IAM9E & NIAC91 :ILE ! :OLE GRA9 BREADS CONTA9 O!R ,B COMPLEX VITAM9S NOT ADD$ 9 ! 5RI*M5T ( :ITE FL\R40 ,IF A PRODUCT IS /OR$ TOO LONG1 IT MAY LOSE A SUB/ANTIAL AM\NT ( ?IAM9E4 0,PORK LUN*EON10 = EXAMPLE1 MAY LOSE #b P]C5T ( ITS ?IAM9E 9 ! CAN :ILE /&+ ON ! RETAIL]'S %ELF = ?REE MON?S4 ,AFT] SIX MON?S ! LOSS MAY BE AS HI< AS #c P]C5T4 

,MANY ( !SE PROBLEMS C\LD BE SOLV$ BY E/ABLI%+ A COMPULSORY SY/EM ( GRADE LABEL+ = PROCESS$ FOODS BAS$ ON !IR NUTRITIVE CON/ITU5TS4 ,! GRADE M>K+S ?AT CURR5TLY APPE> ON LABELS >E (T5 MEAN+LESS FROM A NUTRITIONAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 !Y 9DICATE ! FOOD'S SIZE1 APPE>ANCE1 & TA/E1 NOT ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE4 ,BUT ! FOOD 9DU/RY HAS BE5 ADAMANTLY OPPOS$ TO ANY K9D ( COMPULSORY GRADE LABEL+4 ,JESSE ,V4 ,COLES1 PR(ESSOR ( HOME ECONOMICS AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA1 OBS]VES ?AT 0PRACTICALLY ALL1 IF NOT ALL1 MANUFACTUR]S1 PROCESSORS1 & DI/RIBUTORS >E OPPOS$ TO COMPULSORY GRADE LABEL+40 ,9 ! ?IRTIES ! FOOD 9DU/RY DEFEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE = GRADE LABEL+ 9 ! ,N4,R4,A4 FAIR COMPETITION CODES2 IT WAS BITT]LY OPPOS$ TO ! 9CLUSION ( /&>DS ( FOOD QUALITY 9 ! FOOD & DRUG LEGISLATION 5ACT$ BY ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#c#h2 & IT SUCCESSFULLY BLOCK$ EF=TS TO L9K PRICE REGULATIONS ) FOOD QUALITY 9 W>TIME ANTI-9FLATION>Y LAWS4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( A MEAN+FUL SY/EM ( GRADE LABEL+1 ! HOMEMAK] IS SURR\ND$ BY NUTRITIONAL AN>*Y4 ,H] *OICE ( A PRODUCT IS (T5 GOV]N$ BY ITS APPE>ANCE2 IF IT IS PACKAG$1 %E IS LIKELY TO *OOSE A WELL-ADV]TIS$ BR& OR ONE ?AT IS ATTRACTIVELY WRAPP$4 ,H] DIFFICULTIES >E COMPLICAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT MANY PROCESSORS COLOR ! FOOD %E SEES & USE *EMICALS TO S(T5 ! REF9$ PRODUCTS %E T\*ES4 ,PRES]VATIVES >E (T5 ADD$ TO FOODS TO P]MIT LONG] /ORAGE1 & SYN!TIC FLAVOR+ MATT] IS PUT 9TO MANY PROCESS$ FOODS TO 5HANCE !IR TA/E4 ,& EV5 9 ?OSE CASES 9 :I* APPE>ANCE1 TA/E1 & S(TNESS >E TRUE 9DICATIONS ( SUP]IOR NUTRITIONAL QUALITY1 ! PROCESSOR FREQU5TLY USES A L>GE V>IETY ( *EMICALS TO MAKE AN 9F]IOR1 /ALE1 OR OV]LY REF9$ PRODUCT SEEM HI< 9 QUALITY4 

,ASIDE FROM ! DECEPTION !Y PRACTICE ON ! CONSUM]1 MANY ( ! *EMICALS ADD$ TO FOODS >E KN[N TO BE ACTIVE TOXICANTS4 ,PRESUMABLY !Y >E 0SAFE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( !IR 9T5D$ USE10 TO BORR[ A PHRASE =MULAT$ BY ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION1 BUT ! WORD 0SAFE0 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! *EMICALS DO NO DAMAGE4 ,9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT !Y >E H>MFUL EV5 9 RELATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT TOXICANTS 9 FOODS 9FLICT A C]TA9 AM\NT ( DAMAGE ON NE>LY ALL ANIMAL ORGANISMS1 9CLUD+ MAN4 ,ANO!R GR\P ( FOOD ADDITIVES IS 5VELOP$ 9 AN AIR ( BIO*EMICAL MY/]Y2 V]Y LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T H[ !Y REACT DUR+ ANIMAL METABOLISM4 ,MANY ADDITIVES >E *EMICALLY UNIQUE OR 0EXOTIC40 ,UNTIL !Y W]E DEVELOP$ BY *EMI/S1 ! COMP\NDS NEV] APPE>$ 9 FOODS1 & !IR LONG-RANGE EFFECTS ON ! HUMAN BODY HAVE YET TO BE DET]M9$4 

,! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES D]IVE !IR N\RI%M5T FROM COMM]CIAL FOODS4 ,IF A H>MFUL *EMICAL F9DS ITS WAY 9TO A POPUL> FOOD1 MANY 9DIVIDUALS >E LIKELY TO BE AFFECT$4 ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS DIFF] 9 AGE1 /ATE ( HEAL?1 G5ETIC 5D[M5T1 5VIRONM5TAL BACKGR\ND1 & SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ! TOXICITY ( ! *EMICAL4 ,SOME 9DIVIDUALS MAY BE MORE VULN]ABLE TO ! TOXICANT ?AN O!RS1 AL?\< !Y MAY NEV] %[ ANY SYMPTOMS ( ACUTE ILLNESS4 7,!RE HAVE BE5 CASES1 H[EV]1 9 :I* HUNDR$S & EV5 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE SUFF]$ ACUTE DISORD]S CAUS$ BY *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 COMM]CIAL FOODS4 ,ACCORD+ TO NEWSPAP] ACC\NTS1 AS REC5TLY AS #aif NE>LY #a1 PEOPLE 9 ! ,NE!RL&S W]E POISON$ BY A *EMICAL EMULSIFI] ?AT HAD BE5 ADD$ TO A POPUL> M>G>9E4 ,! M>G>9E WAS MANUFACTUR$ BY ONE ( ! MO/ REPUTABLE FOOD PROCESSORS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! EMULSIFI] PRODUC$ AN ECZEMA-LIKE RA% ON MANY P>TS ( ! BODY & TEMP]ATURES AS HI< AS #af DEGREES4 ,AT LEA/ TWO DEA?S W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO ! EMULSIFI]4 ,AB\T #e MILLION PACKAGES ( M>G>9E HAD BE5 DI/RIBUT$ TO RETAIL]S BE=E ! EFFECTS ( ! ADDITIVE W]E DISCOV]$47 ,! RESE>* DEVOT$ TO *EMICALS 9 FOODS SELDOM GOES BEYOND ! EFFECTS !Y PRODUCE 9 LABORATORY ANIMALS4 ,A *EMICAL ADDITIVE IS TE/$ ON RATS & DOGS = AB\T TWO YE>S4 ,IF ! *EMICAL CAUSES NO APP>5T DAMAGE TO TISSUES & ORGANS1 IT MAY BE US$ 9 FOOD4 ,IF IT IS OBVI\SLY TOXIC 0UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ITS 9T5D$ USE10 IT WILL BE REJECT$4 ,BUT LABORATORY ANIMALS >E NOT M54 ,!IR PHYSIOLOGY IS DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( HUMAN BE+S & !Y >E UNABLE TO COMMUNICATE IMPORTANT REACTIONS ?AT MAY WELL ESCAPE ! NOTICE ( ! RESE>*]4 ,AL?\< EXP]IM5TS ON RATS1 DOGS1 & EV5 MONKEYS >E USEFUL 9 =EW>N+ MAN AGA9/ H>MFUL SUB/ANCES1 !Y DO NOT SUPPLY CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ?AT *EMICALS :I* CAUSE NO APP>5T DAMAGE TO ANIMALS >E H>MLESS TO MAN4 

,EVID5CE ?AT A *EMICAL IS H>MFUL MAY WELL APPE> YE>S AFT] IT HAS BE5 P]MITT$ 9 FOODS4 ,! USE ( ADDITIVES REG>D$ AS SAFE ONLY A DECADE OR TWO AGO HAS BE5 =BIDD5 BECAUSE LAT]1 MORE EXACT+ /UDIES %[$ ?AT !SE *EMICALS HAVE TOXIC PROP]TIES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,CONSUM] ,REPORTS1 COAL-T> DYES W]E C]TIFI$ BY ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION = USE AS FOOD COLORS 0ON ! BASIS ( HA/Y1 OLD-FA%ION$1 & O!RWISE 9ADEQUATE TE/+1 & REC5T ADVANCES 9 RESE>* ME?ODOLOGY HAVE L$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! SAFETY ( MO/ ( !M IS UNKN[N4 ,S9CE #a#i#d#e1 :5 ! ,F,D,A BEGAN TO APPLY MOD]N ME?ODS ( /UDY & RESE>* TO C]TIFIABLE DYES1 #ae FOOD DYES HAVE BE5 REEXAM9$ = TOXIC1 C>C9OG5IC OR ALL]G5IC PROP]TIES4 ,ONLY ONE ( !SE1 ,YELL[ ,NO4 #e 7US$ TO COLOR C&IES1 IC+S1 & PIE-FILL+S1 = EXAMPLE7 HAS BE5 CONCLUSIVELY %[N TO BE H>MLESS4 ,LA/ YE> .<#a#i#e#e.>1 ,ORANGE ,NO4 #a1 ,ORANGE ,NO4 #b1 & ,R$ ,NO4 #cb W]E DEC]TIFI$ AS TOO TOXIC = USE 9 FOODS4 ,! ,F,D,A ANN\NCEM5T SAID ?AT ':ILE MANUFACTUR]S WILL NO LONG] LABEL & SELL !SE ?REE COLORS = USE1 !Y MAY LABEL & SELL !M = EXT]NAL DRUG & COSMETIC USE4' ,ORANGE ,NO4 #a HAD BE5 WIDELY US$ 9 C&Y1 CAKES1 COOKIES1 C>BONAT$ BEV]AGES1 DESS]TS1 & SU* MEAT PRODUCTS AS FRANKFURT]S4 ,ORANGE ,NO4 #b & ,R$ ,NO4 #cb W]E US$ TO COLOR ! \T] SK9 ( ORANGES1 & DUR+ ! ,*RI/MAS SEASON LA/ YE>1 SOME #ae *ILDR5 W]E MADE ILL 9 ,CALI=NIA AS A RESULT ( EAT+ POPCORN COLOR$ ) ,R$ ,NO4 #c#b40 

,:E!R A FOOD ADDITIVE IS CLASSIFI$ AS H>MFUL OR NOT DEP5DS NOT ONLY UPON LABORATORY TE*NIQUES BUT ON ! /&>DS ( ! RESE>*]4 ,EV]Y 9VE/IGATOR IS CONFRONT$ ) ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS3 ,H[ ?OR\<LY %\LD ! *EMICAL BE /UDI$8 ,ON H[ MANY SPECIES8 ,:AT CON/ITUTES REASONABLE EVID5CE ?AT A *EMICAL ADDITIVE IS H>MLESS TO MAN8 ,9 HE>+S BE=E ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE MORE ?AN A DECADE AGO1 MANY CONFLICT+ ANSW]S W]E GIV5 TO !SE QUE/IONS4 ,SOME EM95T RESE>*]S ADVANC$ ! VIEW ?AT TE/S %\LD BE CONDUCT$ ?R\< ! :OLE LIFE SPAN ( MANY ANIMAL SPECIES1 :ILE O!RS SEEM$ TO BE SATISFI$ ) LIMIT$ EXP]IM5TS ON RATS4 ,! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ CRIT]IA = EVALUAT+ ! TOXICITY ( FOOD ADDITIVES REPRES5T AN UN/ABLE COMPROMISE BETWE5 WIDELY DIV]G5T SCI5TIFIC VIEWS & >E SUBJECT TO S]I\S *ALL5GE4 

,:ILE DISPUTES OV] ! ADEQUACY ( CURR5T TE/+ /&>DS CONT9UE1 ! PROBLEM ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOOD BECOMES GREAT] ) EV]Y PASS+ YE>4 ,*EMICALS >E US$ 9 NE>LY EV]Y PHASE ( ! PRODUCTION1 /ORAGE1 & M]*&IZ+ ( FOOD4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO F9D A S+LE COMM]CIAL FOOD ?AT HAS NOT BE5 EXPOS$ TO A *EMICAL COMP\ND AT SOME /AGE ( CULTIVATION OR PROCESS+4 ,MANY FOODS ACCUMULATE A L>GE NUMB] ( RESIDUES & ADDITIVES AS !Y TRAVEL FROM ! F>M ?R\< ! PROCESS+ PLANT TO ! RETAIL \TLET4 ,GRA91 = EXAMPLE1 IS DU/$ REPEAT$LY ) 9SECTICIDES & FUNGICIDES & !N TREAT$ ) FUMIGANTS DUR+ /ORAGE4 ,AT ! PROCESS+ /AGE1 *EMICALS >E ADD$ TO FACILITATE H&L+ & TO IMPROVE ! CONSI/5CY ( ! FL\R4 ,! FL\R IS BLEA*$ & TREAT$ ) PRES]VATIVES4 ,! F9AL PRODUCT MAY BE COLOR$ & WRAPP$ 9 *EMICALLY TREAT$ PAP] ?AT SOMETIMES TRANSF]S UNDESIRABLE SUB/ANCES TO ! FOOD4 ,>E ALL ( !SE *EMICALS 9DISP5SABLE TO AN AMPLE SUPPLY ( FOOD8 ,DO ANY ( !M CON/ITUTE HAZ>DS TO PUBLIC HEAL?8 ,AT A TIME :5 ! NUMB] ( *EMICALS 9 \R FOOD IS REA*+ /AGG]+ PROPORTIONS1 !SE QUE/IONS REQUIRE CONSID]$ REPLIES4 

,*EMICALS 9 ,AGRICULTURE 

,! CLAIM IS (T5 ?AT )\T *EMICALS TO PROTECT \R OR*>DS & FIELDS FROM PE/S1 WE C\LD NOT POSSIBLY HAVE A MOD]N1 PRODUCTIVE SY/EM ( AGRICULTURE4 0,!RE IS ABUNDANT EVID5CE ?AT \R FRUIT1 VEGETABLES & MANY O!R /APLE CROPS CANNOT BE PRODUC$ ECONOMICALLY1 EFFICI5TLY1 & 9 AN ADEQUATE VOLUME )\T *EMICAL PROTECTION FROM 9SECTS1 PLANT DISEASES1 WE$S1 & O!R PE/S10 OBS]VES ,GEORGE ,C4 ,DECK]1 A NOT$ ,AM]ICAN 5TOMOLOGI/4 '^*,TO D5Y AGRICULTURE ! USE ( !SE *EMICAL TOOLS W\LD BE TO JEOP>DIZE \R AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY & AN ADEQUATE1 WELL-BALANC$ FOOD SUPPLY = ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC4 ,UN9HIBIT$ 9SECTS & PLANT DISEASES W\LD L>GELY ELIM9ATE ! COMM]CIAL PRODUCTION ( SU* CROPS AS APPLES1 PEA*ES1 CITRUS FRUITS1 TOMATOES1 & POTATOES1 TO M5TION ONLY A FEW1 & W\LD DRA/ICALLY CURTAIL ! PRODUCTION ( MANY O!R MAJOR CROPS40 

,AL?\< NO ONE W\LD WANT TO JEOP>DIZE \R AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY1 /ILL LESS D5Y ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE A WELL-BALANC$ DIET1 A GREAT DEAL ( PUBLIC & PR(ESSIONAL CONC]N HAS BE5 >\S$ BY ! PRES5CE ( PE/ICIDAL RESIDUES 9 FOOD4 ,AN 9SECTICIDE %\LD BE 0US$ AS A /ILETTO RA!R ?AN A SCY!10 ,A4 ,W4 ,A4 ,BR[N WRITES4 0,IDEALLY IT %\LD BE EMPLOY$ TO PUN* A P>TICUL> HOLE 9 ! FOOD *A91 :I*1 IF IT CANNOT BE FILL$ 9 BY .<O!R SPECIES 9 !.> NEI<BOR+ ELEM5TS ( ! BIOTA1 AT LEA/ %\LD BE DONE AT SU* A TIME ( SEASON ?AT IT DOES NOT S]I\SLY DI/URB ! BIOTA40 ,9 PRACTICE1 ! TR5D HAS GONE 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,9SECTICIDES >E NOT ONLY BECOM+ MORE LE?AL2 !Y >E BE+ US$ ) LESS & LESS DISCRIM9ATION4 ,ASIDE FROM ! ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS TR5D1 ! GR[+ TOXICITY & V>IETY ( 9SECTICIDAL RESIDUES 9 FOOD HAVE BECOME ONE ( ! MAJOR HEAL? PROBLEMS ( \R TIME4 

,! L>GE-SCALE APPLICATION ( 9SECTICIDES TO FIELD CROPS DID NOT GET UND] WAY UNTIL ! #a#h#fS1 :5 A L>GE NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN F>M]S BEGAN TO USE P>TS GRE5 7COPP] ACETO>S5ITE7 AGA9/ ! ,COLORADO POTATO BEETLE4 ,! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ?IS 9SECTICIDE 5C\RAG$ *EMI/S TO DEVELOP A V>IETY ( O!R =MULAS4 ,MO/ ( ! NEW 9SECTICIDES W]E 9ORGANIC COMP\NDS - PREP>ATIONS ( >S5IC1 M]CURY1 & SULFUR - :I* NORMALLY REMA9$ ON ! CROP AFT] H>VE/+4 ,! RESIDUES RANG$ 9 AM\NT FROM M]E TRACES TO QUANTITIES L>GE 5\< TO BE HAZ>D\S TO ! CONSUM]4 ,AS E>LY AS #aiai ! ,BO/ON ,BO>D ( ,HEAL? CONDEMN$ %IPM5TS ( WE/]N PE>S BECAUSE ( EXCESSIVE >S5IC RESIDUE1 & SIX YE>S LAT] ,BRITI% HEAL? AU?ORITIES RAIS$ /RONG OBJECTIONS TO ! AM\NT ( >S5IC F\ND ON IMPORT$ ,AM]ICAN APPLES4 ,F9ALLY1 F$]AL (FICIALS PLAC$ LIMITS ON ! AM\NT ( >S5IC ?AT C\LD BE ALL[$ TO REMA9 ON COMM]CIAL APPLES & PE>S4 ,IRONICALLY1 = A BRIEF P]IOD ! ORIG9AL LIMITS1 OR TOL]ANCES1 = FOOD SOLD TO DOME/IC CONSUM]S W]E TWO & A HALF TIMES HI<] ?AN ?OSE E/ABLI%$ = APPLES EXPORT$ TO ,EUROPE4 

,AL?\< ! PREW> ]A ( 9ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS PRI/9E 9 COMP>ISON ) ! PRES5T ]A ( ORGANIC PREP>ATIONS1 ! SITUATION WAS F> FROM IDEAL4 ,9 ! #a#i#cS ONE ( ! MO/ WIDELY US$ 9ORGANIC COMP\NDS1 LEAD >S5ATE1 COMB9$ A SUSPECT$ C>C9OG5 7>S5IC7 ) A CUMULATIVE POISON 7LEAD74 ,CALCIUM >S5ATE S]I\SLY DAMAG$ ! SOIL1 ESPECIALLY SOILS L[ 9 HUMMUS4 ,MANY >EAS ( ,WA%+TON & ,S\? ,C>OL9A W]E R5D]$ UNPRODUCTIVE AS A RESULT ( BE+ DU/$ ) L>GE AM\NTS ( >S5ICALS4 ,H>MFUL AS !Y >E1 H[EV]1 PRIOR TO #aide 9ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES W]E EMPLOY$ 9 RELATIVELY MODE/ QUANTITIES & 9 A LIMIT$ V>IETY4 ,! MO/ LE?AL PREP>ATIONS W]E US$ PRIM>ILY = AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES1 & ! GREAT] P>T ( ! RESIDUE C\LD BE REMOV$ FROM ! SURFACE ( ! CROPS BY C>EFUL WA%+4 

,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! 9SECTICIDE PROBLEM ACQUIR$ 5TIRELY NEW DIM5SIONS4 ,! TOTAL QUANTITY ( 9SECTICIDES US$ PRIOR TO ! W> WAS BUT A FRACTION ( ! AM\NT EMPLOY$ 9 ! MID-#a#i#eS4 ,ANNUAL DOME/IC SALES ( PE/ICIDES 7PRIM>ILY 9SECTICIDES7 9CREAS$ MORE ?AN SEV5FOLD BETWE5 #aid & #a#i#e#f4 ,9ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES1 ?\< /ILL 9 USE1 DECL9$ M>K$LY 9 IMPORTANCE2 !Y W]E SUPPLANT$ = ! MO/ P>T BY A :OLE NEW GR\P ( ORGANIC PREP>ATIONS4 ,( !SE ! BE/ KN[N IS ,D,D,T1 A *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BON2 IT WAS SYN!SIZ$ AS E>LY AS #a#h#g#d1 BUT IT REMA9$ A LITTLE-KN[N *EMICAL COMP\ND UNTIL ! LATE #a#i#cS1 :5 ! ,SWISS *EMI/ ,PAUL ,MULL] DISCOV]$ ITS 9SECTICIDAL PROP]TIES4 ,! ,AM]ICAN >M$ =CES BEGAN US+ IT 9 #a#i#d#c1 A YE> AFT] ! FIR/ SMALL QUANTITIES HAD BE5 %IPP$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = EXP]IM5TAL PURPOSES4 ,:ILE ! W> WAS /ILL 9 PROGRESS1 ,A4 ,P4 ,DUPIRE 9 ,FRANCE & ,F4 ,J4 ,?OMAS 9 ,5GL& BEGAN TO WORK ) B5Z5E HEXA*LORIDE 7,B,H,C71 ANO!R *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BON ?AT HAD BE5 SYN!SIZ$ 9 ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,! RESE>* ( ,?OMAS & HIS COLLEAGUES L$ TO ! DISCOV]Y ( ! 9SECTICIDAL PROP]TIES ( L9DANE1 A =M ( ,B,H,C4 ,SIGNIFICANT WORK WAS ALSO BE+ DONE 9 ,G]MANY DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,%ORTLY BE=E ! W>1 ,G]H>D ,S*RAD]1 :ILE 5GAG$ 9 RESE>* ON POISON GASES1 DISCOV]$ A S]IES ( EXTREMELY LE?AL ORGANIC PHOSPHATES1 FROM :I* P>A?ION1 MALA?ION1 & O!R N[ FAMILI> PREP>ATIONS W]E DEVELOP$4 ,! LI/ CONT9U$ TO GR[ UNTIL AN IMPRESSIVE NUMB] ( *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS & ORGANIC PHOSPHATES W]E AVAILABLE = USE ON F>MS & 9 G>D5S1 W>EH\SES1 /ORES1 & HOMES4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 ! C>ELESSNESS ) :I* SOME ( !SE 9SECTICIDES W]E DELIV]$ TO ! PUBLIC IS 9CR$IBLE4 ,! *EMICAL BEHAVIOR ( ! *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS 9SIDE ! HUMAN BODY IS /ILL UNKN[N1 AL?\< IT HAS BE5 DET]M9$ ?AT BO? ! *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS & ! ORGANIC PHOSPHATES >E P[]FUL N]VE TOXICANTS4 ,! ORGANIC PHOSPHATES >E KN[N TO 9ACTIVATE ! 5ZYME *OL9E/]ASE1 :I* P>TICIPATES 9 ! *EMICAL CONTROL ( N]VE IMPULSES4 7,UNTIL REC5TLY1 VIRTUALLY NO?+ WAS KN[N AB\T ! EFFECTS ( EXT5D$ EXPOSURE TO L[ DOSES ( ORGANIC PHOSPHATES1 & IT WAS G5]ALLY ASSUM$ ?AT !RE W]E NO LONG-T]M EFFECTS AT ALL4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#f#a1 H[EV]1 ,S4 ,G]%ON & ,F4 ,H4 ,%AW1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MELB\RNE1 REPORT$ ?AT S*IZOPHR5IC & DEPRESSIVE REACTIONS1 ) SEV]E IMPAIRM5T ( MEMORY & DIFFICULTY 9 CONC5TRAT+1 W]E F\ND 9 SIXTE5 9DIVIDUALS :O HAD BE5 EXPOS$ TO ORGANIC PHOSPHATES = ONE & A HALF TO T5 YE>S47 ,SOLUTIONS ( ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES >E ABSORB$ ?R\< ! SK9 AS WELL AS ! LUNGS & DIGE/IVE TRACT4 ,! SK9 DOES NOT (F] AN EFFECTIVE B>RI] TO ! 5TRY ( !SE TOXICANTS :5 !Y >E US$ 9 LIQUID =M4 ,! Y\NG] AN ORGANISM1 ! MORE EASILY IT IS POISON$4 ,BO? GR\PS ( 9SECTICIDES PRODUCE EFFECTS 9 W>MBLOOD$ ANIMALS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?OSE !Y PRODUCE 9 9SECTS4 ,F>M ANIMALS POISON$ BY ,D,D,T & O!R *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS FIR/ BECOME RE/LESS & EXCITABLE2 ! NEXT /AGE IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY TWIT*+1 SPASMS1 &1 F9ALLY1 CONVULSIONS4 ,ANIMALS POISON$ BY ! ORGANIC PHOSPHATES USUALLY DIE ( RESPIRATORY FAILURE1 BUT 9 !SE CASES1 TOO1 CONVULSIONS HAVE BE5 KN[N TO OCCUR4 

,=TUNATELY1 ,D,D,T1 ! FIR/ ( ! NEW ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES TO BE WIDELY US$1 IS ONE ( ! MILD] *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS4 ,! COMP\ND BEGAN TO REA* ,AM]ICAN F>MS 9 #a#i#d#e4 ,AS TE/ SAMPLES ( ,D,D,T HAD >RIV$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ONLY ?REE YE>S E>LI]1 ,AM]ICAN RESE>* ON ! COMP\ND UP TO ?AT TIME HAD BE5 NECESS>ILY LIMIT$4 ,SOME ( ITS MORE DISQUIET+ FEATURES W]E /ILL UND] /UDY :5 MANY ,AM]ICANS BEGAN US+ IT ) RECKLESS AB&ON AS A 0MAGIC BULLET0 AGA9/ 9SECT PE/S4 ,AT ?IS /AGE1 V]Y LITTLE WAS KN[N AB\T ! WAY ! HUMAN BODY REACTS TO ,D,D,T1 ! POSSIBILITY ( *RONIC TOXICITY1 ! EXI/5CE ( ! 9DIRECT R\TES BY :I* ,D,D,T 5T]S ! HUMAN BODY1 & ,D,D,T'S /ABILITY UND] V>Y+ AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS4 ,BY #a#i#e1 :5 A NUMB] ( !SE QUE/IONS HAD BE5 ANSW]$1 IT HAD BECOME EVID5T ?AT AL?\< ! 9SECTICIDE IS C]TA9LY A 0MAGIC BULLET10 ! T>GET T[>D :I* IT IS TRAVEL+ IS V]Y MU* 9 D\BT4 

,IT WAS F\ND ?AT ,D,D,T T5DS TO CONC5TRATE HEAVILY 9 FAT4 ,A RELATIVELY L[ DIET>Y 9TAKE ( ! 9SECTICIDE IS MAGNIFI$ FROM SIX TO TW5TY-EI<T TIMES 9 ! FAT DEPOSITS ( ! BODY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,A4 ,J4 ,LEHMAN1 ( ! ,F4,D4,A41 ! CONT9UAL +E/ION ( AS LITTLE AS #e P>TS P] MILLION 7PPM7 ( ,D,D,T 9 ! DIET PRODUCES 0DEF9ITE ?\< M9IMAL LIV] DAMAGE0 9 RATS4 ,SU* AN 9TAKE IS NOT LIKELY TO BE UNCOMMON 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! ,F4,D4,A4 HAS PLAC$ A RESIDUE TOL]ANCE ( #g P>TS P] MILLION ( ,D,D,T ON NE>LY EV]Y FRUIT1 VEGETABLE1 & PORTION ( ANIMAL FAT ?AT REA*ES ! ,AM]ICAN D9N] TABLE4 ,BUT ! AG5CY DOES NOT KN[ H[ MANY F>M]S >E HONOR+ !SE TOL]ANCES4 ,AS REC5TLY AS ,DECEMB] #a#i#e#i1 ,F4,D4,A4 ,COMMISSION] ,GEORGE ,P4 ,L>RICK CONFESS$ ?AT ECONOMIC 9C5TIVES TO USE *EMICALS 9 AGRICULTURE >E SO COMPELL+ ?AT HIS ORGANIZATION 0CAN H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO CONTROL ! PROBLEM ADEQUATELY40 

,! REPUTATION ( ,D,D,T SUFF]$ ITS FIR/ BL[ ONLY TWO YE>S AFT] ! 5D ( ! W>1 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#d#g1 ,ITALIAN 5TOMOLOGI/S NOT$ ?AT ,D,D,T-RESI/ANT FLIES W]E APPE>+ 9 MANY P>TS ( ,ITALY4 ,SIMIL> REPORTS BEGAN TO COME FROM ,CALI=NIA & O!R >EAS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BY #a#i#e1 ,AM]ICAN SURVEYS HAD %[N ?AT PREVI\SLY SUSCEPTIBLE /RA9S ( FLIES 0W]E BECOM+ RESI/ANT TO ,D,D,T OV] A P]IOD ( #b OR #c YE>S40 ,5TOMOLOGI/S & PUBLIC HEAL? WORK]S W]E /ILL HOPEFUL ?AT ! MAL>IA-C>RY+ MOSQUITO W\LD CONT9UE TO SUCCUMB TO ,D,D,T1 BUT ?IS 9SECT ALSO DEVELOP$ ,D,D,T-RESI/ANT /RA9S4 ,AS ! NUMB] ( RESI/ANT 9SECTS BEGAN TO MULTIPLY1 ATT5TION %IFT$ TO MORE LE?AL PREP>ATIONS1 SU* AS *LORDANE1 DIELDR91 & ! ORGANIC PHOSPHATES4 

,*LORDANE & ! DIELDR9-ALDR9 GR\P ( PREP>ATIONS >E HI<LY TOXIC *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS4 ,A PORTION ( ! TE/IMONY & DATA ?AT ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE RECEIV$ ON *LORDANE IS SUMM>IZ$ 9 ITS REPORT AS FOLL[S3 0,! ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,DIVISION ( ,PH>MACOLOGY ( ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION .<,A4 ,J4 ,LEHMAN.> TE/IFI$ ?AT FROM A *RONIC VIEWPO9T *LORDANE IS F\R TO FIVE TIMES MORE TOXIC ?AN ,D,D,T1 & ?AT HE W\LD HESITATE TO EAT FOOD ?AT HAD ANY .<*LORDANE.> RESIDUE ON IT :ATEV]4 ,HE /AT$ ?AT *LORDANE HAS NO PLACE 9 ! FOOD 9DU/RY :]E EV5 ! REMOTE/ OPPORTUNITY = CONTAM9ATION EXI/S1 & ?AT IT %\LD NOT BE US$ EV5 AS A H\SEHOLD SPRAY OR 9 FLOOR WAXES40 ,LAT] EXP]IM5TAL WORK %[$ ?AT *LORDANE1 :5 F$ TO RATS1 HAS AB\T TWICE ! *RONIC TOXICITY ( ,D,D,T2 ! 9SECTICIDE PRODUCES DETECTABLE LIV] DAMAGE :5 +E/$ 9 AM\NTS AS L[ AS #b #a_/#b P>TS P] MILLION4 

,DIELDR9 & ALDR91 ACCORD+ TO ,LEHMAN1 CREATE A DANG] ( *RONIC TOXICITY ?AT 0MAY BE SIMIL>0 TO ?AT POS$ BY *LORDANE4 ,!SE 9SECTICIDES HAVE ! 0RA!R R>E PROP]TY ( BE+ MORE TOXIC BY SK9 ABSORPTION ?AN BY ORAL +E/ION1 ! RATIO BE+ AB\T #a3#a4 ,TO /ATE ?IS ANO!R WAY1 DIELDR9 & ALDR9 >E APPROXIMATELY #a TIMES MORE POISON\S :5 APPLI$ TO ! SK9 ?AN :5 SWALL[$444 ,NEI!R ( !SE COMP\NDS IS IRRITAT+ TO ! SK9 9 L[ CONC5TRATIONS SO ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS NO W>N+ ( SK9 CONTACT40 

,! ,F4,D4,A4 P]MITS RESIDUES ( *LORDANE1 DIELDR91 & ALDR9 ON NE>LY ALL ! VEGETABLES & FRUITS SOLD TO ,AM]ICAN CONSUM]S4 ,9 VIEW ( CURR5T SPRAY+ PRACTICES1 IT IS NOT UNUSUAL = FOODS TO ACCUMULATE RESIDUES ( SEV]AL *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS4 ,! FACT ?AT ! V>I\S 9SECTICIDES HAVE DIFF]5T *EMICAL PROP]TIES IS SMALL REASON = COM=T4 0,/UDIES 9 \R LABORATORIES HAVE %[N ?AT :5 L[ CONC5TRATIONS ( SEV]AL 9SECTICIDES >E F$ TO RATS ! EFFECT IS ADDITIVE10 ,LEHMAN WRITES4 0,= EXAMPLE1 :5 #b PPM EA* ( ,D,D,T1 *LORDANE1 L9DANE1 TOXAPH5E1 & ME?OXY*LOR1 MAK+ A TOTAL ( #a PPM ( *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS1 >E ADD$ TO ! DIET ( RATS1 LIV] DAMAGE RESULTS4 ,) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( *LORDANE1 NONE ( ! 9SECTICIDES LI/$1 :5 F$ 9DIVIDUALLY AT #b PPM1 W\LD 9JURE ! LIV]1 BUT 9 !IR COMB9ATION !IR EFFECT IS ADDITIVE40 

,:]E DO WE /& TODAY 9 \R *EMICAL W> AGA9/ ! 9SECT WORLD8 ,AL?\< P>TIAL CONTROL HAS BE5 A*IEV$ OV] SOME C>RI]S ( DISEASE1 & O!R PE/S >E NO LONG] ! NUISANCE !Y ONCE W]E1 ! BASIC PROBLEMS ( 9SECT 9FE/ATION REMA9 UNSOLV$4 ,H]B]T ,F4 ,S*O( OBS]VES ?AT 0MAN'S 9SECT 5EMIES >E ADAPT+ TO SUCCESSFUL COEXI/5CE ) PE/ICIDES ALMO/ AS RAPIDLY AS NEW TE*NICS & TOXICANTS >E PRODUC$40 ,WE >E PAY+ A HEAVY PRICE = \R QUE/IONABLE GA9S AGA9/ AGRICULTURAL PE/S4 ,A L>G] QUANTITY ( 9SECTICIDES IS REQUIR$ ALMO/ EV]Y YE>4 ,! PRODUCTION ( ,D,D,T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES NE>LY D\BL$ BETWE5 #a#i#e1 :5 ! COMP\ND WAS NO LONG] A NOVELTY1 & #a#i#e#h4 ,NE>LY #a MILLION P\NDS ( ALDR91 *LORDANE1 DIELDR91 5DR91 HEPTA*LOR1 & TOXAPH5E-*EMICALS VIRTUALLY UNKN[N TO F>M]S 9 ! #a#i#dS - W]E PRODUC$ 9 #a#i#e#h4 ,APPROXIMATELY #c BILLION P\NDS ( PE/ICIDES1 9CLUD+ H]BICIDES1 FUNGICIDES1 & FUMIGANTS1 >E PRODUC$ ANNUALLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 0,! PE/ICIDE 9DU/RY IS GR[+ BY LEAPS & B\NDS & 5TOMOLOGI/S PR$ICT1 & *EMICAL MANUFACTUR]S HOPE =1 A F\RFOLD EXPANSION 9 USE ( PE/ICIDES DUR+ ! NEXT T5 TO FIFTE5 YE>S10 OBS]VES ,CL>5CE ,COTTAM1 ( ! ,WELD] ,WILDLIFE ,F\NDATION4 0,TODAY1 WELL OV] #a#b1#e BR&NAME =MULATIONS & MORE ?AN #b BASIC CONTROL COMP\NDS >E ON ! M>KET4 ,MO/ ( ! CURR5TLY US$ PE/ICIDES W]E UNKN[N EV5 T5 YE>S AGO4 ,FUR!RMORE1 & CONTR>Y TO ! PUBLIC 9T]E/1 MO/ NEW PE/ICIDES >E DECID$LY MORE TOXIC1 G5]ALLY MORE /ABLE1 & LESS SPECIFIC 9 EFFECT ?AN ?OSE ( BUT A FEW YE>S BACK40 

,! PO/W> ]A ALSO WITNESS$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( HI<LY POT5T *EMICAL AG5TS = 9CREAS+ ! WEI<T ( LIVE/OCK4 ,9 #aidg ! ,F4,D4,A4 APPROV$ ! USE ( /ILBE/ROL PELLETS = 0T5D]IZ+0 ! MEAT ( P\LTRY4 ,/ILBE/ROL1 A SYN!TICALLY PREP>$ DRUG1 CAUSES BODILY *ANGES ?AT >E ID5TICAL ) ?OSE PRODUC$ BY C]TA9 FEMALE SEX HORMONES 7E/ROG5S74 ,! DRUG WAS APPROV$ = USE ) ! UND]/&+ ?AT P\LTRYM5 W\LD IMPLANT A S+LE PELLET 9 ! UPP] REGION ( ! *ICK5'S NECK AB\T A MON? OR TWO BE=E M>KET+4 ,PRESUMABLY ?IS P]IOD WAS SUFFICI5T = ! COMPLETE ABSORPTION ( ! *EMICAL1 SO ?AT NO RESIDUES W\LD BE LEFT 9 ! FLE% ( ! BIRD4 ,MALE BIRDS TREAT$ ) /ILBE/ROL UND]GO RADICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL *ANGES2 !IR REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS1 COMBS1 & WATTLES %RIVEL1 & !Y LOSE ALL 9CL9ATION TO CR[ OR FI<T4 ,! DRUG T5DS TO CAUSE SUB/ANTIAL 9CREASES 9 WEI<T 9 BO? SEXES1 PRODUC+ PLUMP BIRDS ) SK9 ?AT IS NOTICEABLY SMOO? 9 TEXTURE4 

,C>EFUL 9VE/IGATION HAS %[N ?AT /ILBE/ROL 9CREASES ! OV]-ALL FAT CONT5T ( *ICK5S BY #d P]C5T4 ,9 ! HE>+S BE=E ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE1 ,ROB]T ,K4 ,5D]S1 PR(ESSOR ( ZOOLOGY AT ,SW>?MORE ,COLLEGE1 EXPRESS$ HIS AGREEM5T 0) ?OSE 5DOCR9OLOGI/S :O SAY ?AT ! USE ( ! DRUG TO FATT5 P\LTRY IS AN ECONOMIC FRAUD4 ,*ICK5 FE$ IS NOT SAV$2 IT IS M]ELY TURN$ 9TO FAT 9/EAD ( PROTE94 ,FAT IS ABUNDANT 9 ! ,AM]ICAN DIET SO MORE IS UNDESIRABLE4 ,PROTE9 IS :AT ONE WANTS FROM P\LTRY4 ,BY !IR [N ADMISSION IT IS ! IMPROVEM5T 9 APPE>ANCE & 9CREASE 9 FAT ?AT MAKES IT MORE PR(ITABLE TO ! P\LTRYMAN TO USE ! DRUG4 ,?IS FAT IS ( V]Y D\BTFUL VALUE & IS 9 NO WAY ! DIET>Y EQUAL ( ! PROTE9 ?AT ! CONSUM] ?9KS HE IS PAY+ =40 

,BY ! LATE #a#i#eS APPROXIMATELY #a MILLION HORMONE-TREAT$ F[L W]E BE+ M>KET$ ANNUALLY TO ,AM]ICAN CONSUM]S4 ,9 A NUMB] ( LIMIT$ SURVEYS1 ! ,F4,D4,A4 F\ND ?AT /ILBE/ROL PELLETS (T5 REMA9$ 9 ! NECKS ( P\LTRY UNTIL AFT] ! BIRDS HAD REA*$ :OLESALE \TLETS2 ! PELLETS W]E NOT COMPLETELY ABSORB$1 /ILBE/ROL WAS DETECT$ 9 ! $IBLE TISSUES ( HORMONE-TREAT$ F[L EV5 AFT] ! HEADS & NECKS HAD BE5 REMOV$4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#e#i1 ! ,F4,D4,A4 ANN\NC$ ?AT1 ON ITS RECOMM5DATION1 ! P\LTRY 9DU/RY HAD AGRE$ TO DISCONT9UE ! USE ( ! SYN!TIC E/ROG54 ,IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R EI!R ! ,F4,D4,A4 OR ! P\LTRY 9DU/RY HAD V]Y MU* *OICE4 ,/ILBE/ROL IS SUSPECT$ ( BE+ A CANC]-PROMOT+ DRUG1 & REC5T F$]AL LEGISLATION SPECIFICALLY PROHIBITS ! PRES5CE ( C>C9OG5IC ADDITIVES 9 FOOD4 ,PELLETS ( /ILBE/ROL >E /ILL IMPLANT$ 9 ! E>S ( CATTLE1 H[EV]1 & ! DRUG IS WIDELY US$ AS A SUPPLEM5T TO ! FE$ ( /E]S & %EEP4 ,! (FICIAL OP9ION TODAY IS ?AT NO RESIDUES ( ! DRUG WILL REMA9 9 L>GE ANIMALS IF BRE$]S OBEY ,F4,D4,A4 REGULATIONS1 BUT ! EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ?IS OP9ION IS OP5 TO QUE/ION 7SEE PAGES #a#d-#a74 

,! USE ( SYN!TIC E/ROG5S 9 LIVE/OCK MANAGEM5T WAS SOON FOLL[$ BY ! ADDITION ( ANTIBIOTICS TO FE$1 A TE*NIQUE ?AT DRAMATICALLY ACCEL]ATES ! GR[? ( DOME/IC ANIMALS4 ,AL?\< !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT ANTIBIOTICS AFFECT ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( MEAT1 RESE>* CONDUCT$ BY ! ,F4,D4,A4 %[$ ?AT *LORTETRACYCL9E & P5ICILL9 C\LD BE DETECT$ 9 ! BLOOD1 TISSUES1 & EGGS ( *ICK5S GIV5 FE$ CONTA9+ AS LITTLE AS #e P>TS P] MILLION ( ! DRUGS4 ,?IS QUANTITY DOES NOT EXCE$ ! LIMITS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,F4,D4,A4 = ANTIBIOTICS 9 FE$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,WILLIAM ,A4 ,R&ALL1 ( ! ,F4,D4,A4'S ,DIVISION ( ,ANTIBIOTICS1 ! 0SMALL AM\NTS F\ND 9 *ICK5 TISSUE W]E DE/ROY$ FOLL[+ FRY+4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :5 ! ANTIBIOTIC-CONTA9+ FE$ WAS )DRAWN & NORMAL FE$+ BEGUN ! ANTIBIOTIC DISAPPE>$ FROM ! TISSUE OR EGGS )9 A FEW DAYS4 ,AFT] H>D-BOIL+ EGGS CONTA9+ ANTIBIOTICS1 NO ACTIVITY C\LD BE DETECT$ 9 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ?OSE TE/$40 

,BUT WE %\LD PLACE ! EMPHASIS :]E IT PROP]LY BELONGS4 ,ANTIBIOTICS C\LD BE DETECT$ EV5 9 EGGS ?AT W]E H>D-BOIL$1 & RESIDUES W]E F\ND 9 ! TISSUES & EGGS ( *ICK5S AFT] NORMAL FE$+ WAS RE/OR$4 ,ACCORD+LY1 CURR5T ,F4,D4,A4 REGULATIONS PROHIBIT ! USE ( ANTIBIOTICS 9 ! FE$ ( EGG-LAY+ H5S & REQUIRE ?AT1 9 ! CASE ( P\LTRY DE/9$ = HUMAN CONSUMPTION1 NORMAL FE$+ BE RE/OR$ F\R DAYS PRIOR TO SLAU<T]+4 0,IT MAY WELL BE 9 ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ TO RES]VE ?IS VALUABLE CLASS ( DRUGS = ! PURPOSE = :I* !Y W]E ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$10 ,R&ALL CONCLUDES1 0?AT IS1 ! PREV5TION & TREATM5T ( DISEASE40 

,?IS CONCLUSION IS NOT )\T M]IT4 ,MANY F>M]S PAY V]Y LITTLE ATT5TION TO ! ,F4,D4,A4'S REGULATIONS1 & NE>LY ALL F>M]S IGNORE !M AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R4 ,! SITUATION IS SIMIL> TO ?AT FAC$ BY ! POLICE 9 TRY+ TO KEEP MOTORI/S FROM SPE$+2 ALMO/ EV]YONE OCCASIONALLY EXCE$S ! SPE$ LIMIT4 ,BUT 9 ! CASE ( ! ,F4,D4,A4 REGULATIONS1 ! VIOLATOR'S *ANCES ( BE+ CAU<T >E 9F9ITESIMAL 9 COMP>ISON ) ?OSE ( ! SPE$]4 ,AL?\< ITS 9SPECTION PROGRAM IS TOTALLY 9ADEQUATE TO COPE ) ! PROBLEM ( *EMICALS 9 FOOD1 ! ,F4,D4,A4 HAS ALREADY DISCOV]$ VIOLATIONS ( ITS REGULATIONS ON FE$ SUPPLEM5T$ ) >S5IC COMP\NDS1 ANO!R WIDELY US$ PROMOT] ( GR[?4 0,A V]Y PRELIM9>Y SURVEY MADE SOME TIME AGO BY ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION 9DICAT$ ?AT SOME P\LTRY RAIS]S >E NOT )HOLD+ >S5IC-CONTA9+ FE$S FROM !IR FLOCKS #e DAYS BE=E SLAU<T]10 COMPLA9$ ,>?UR ,S4 ,FLEMM+1 =M] ,SECRET>Y ( ,HEAL?1 ,$UCATION1 & ,WELF>E1 0& WE HAVE 9=MATION ?AT 9 SOME P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 HOG RAIS]S MA9TA9 !IR ANIMALS ON >S5IC-CONTA9+ FE$ )9 ! #e-DAY P]IOD ?AT ! >S5IC IS SUPPOS$ TO BE )HELD4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT SU* DISREG>D = SAFE USE C\LD LEAD TO ADD$ >S5IC RESIDUES 9 P\LTRY & PORK ON ! RETAIL M>KET & ?US C\LD FRU/RATE ! PUBLIC HEAL? SAFEGU>DS UPON :I* ! ORIG9AL APPROVALS W]E GRANT$40 

,ANTIBIOTICS >E DANG]\S FOOD ADDITIVES4 ,! S5SITIVITY ( MANY P]SONS TO P5ICILL9 HAS REA*$ A PO9T :]E A !RAPEUTIC DOSE ( ! DRUG CAN BE EXPECT$ TO CLAIM !IR LIVES4 ,SU* 9DIVIDUALS >E 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB] ) EV]Y PASS+ YE>4 ,CASES HAVE ALREADY BE5 REPORT$ 9 :I* P5ICILL9 US$ TO TREAT 9FECTIONS 9 DAIRY CATTLE 5T]$ ! MILK SUPPLY 9 SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES TO CAUSE SEV]E REACTIONS 9 HUMAN CONSUM]S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MURRAY ,C4 ,ZIMM]MAN1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,S\!RN ,CALI=NIA1 DATA ON MILK CONTAM9ATION SUGGE/ ?AT A P]SON :O DR9KS TWO QU>TS ( MILK EV]Y DAY 0C\LD +E/ OV] #a1 UNITS ( P5ICILL9 DAILY4 ,! FACT ?AT P5ICILL9 'NATURALLY' PRES5T 9 MILK HAS NOT PREVI\SLY BE5 PROV$ TO CAUSE ALL]GIC REACTIONS IS \TWEI<$ BY ! FACT ?AT ?IS IS ALMO/ A BILLION TIMES MORE P5ICILL9 ?AN HAS PREVI\SLY BE5 %[N NECESS>Y TO PROVOKE REACTIONS4 ,COLEMAN & ,SIEGEL REPORT$ A PATI5T ) A REACTION ON PASSIVE TRANSF] TO 4#a UNITS ( P5ICILL94 ,BI]LE9'S PATI5T W5T 9TO %OCK :5 SK9-TE/$ ) 4#c UNITS ( P5ICILL940 ,ZIMM]MAN !N PROCE$S TO DISCUSS DETAIL$ CASE HI/ORIES ( F\R PATI5TS :OSE REACTION TO P5ICILL9 C\LD BE TRAC$ ) REASONABLE C]TA9TY TO ! CONSUMPTION ( DAIRY PRODUCTS4 

,IT IS QUITE CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! EXT5SIVE USE ( ANTIBIOTICS 9 AGRICULTURE WILL SL[LY TURN \R DOME/IC ANIMALS 9TO A MAJOR RES]VOIR ( ANTIBIOTIC-RESI/ANT BACT]IA4 ,?IS REPRES5TS A PROBLEM FRAU<T ) 9CALCULABLE DANG]S TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,FE$ SUPPLEM5T$ ) TETRACYCL9E1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS ALREADY PRODUC$ RESI/ANT /RA9S ( ,BACT]IUM COLD & ,CLO/RIDIUM P]FIG5S4 ,BO? BACT]IA TYPICALLY 9HABIT MAN'S ALIM5T>Y TRACT1 BUT UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES !Y BEHAVE AS DISEASE-CAUS+ ORGANISMS4 0,EXAM9ATION ( PIGS & P\LTRY KEPT ON MANY DIFF]5T F>MS %[$ ?AT ! ,B4 COLD 9 ! FECES ( TETRACYCL9E-F$ ANIMALS W]E PR$OM9ANTLY TETRACYCL9E-RESI/ANT10 OBS]VES ,H4 ,WILLIAM ,SMI?1 ( ! ,ANIMAL ,HEAL? ,TRU/ 9 ,SUSSEX1 ,5GL&1 0:ILE ?OSE 9 ! FECES ( ANIMALS ON F>MS :]E TETRACYCL9E FE$+ WAS NOT PRACTIC$ W]E PR$OM9ANTLY TETRACYCL9E-S5SITIVE4 ,9 SOME H]DS 9 :I* TETRACYCL9E FE$+ WAS JU/ BE+ 9TRODUC$ IT WAS POSSIBLE TO TRACE ! *ANGES ( ! ,B4 COLD FECAL FLORA FROM TETRACYCL9E-S5SITIVE TO TETRACYCL9E-RESI/ANT40 ,SMI? NOTES ?AT SIMIL> *ANGES C\LD BE TRAC$ 9 ! CASE ( ,CLO/RIDIUM P]FIG5S4 

,! USE ( %OTGUN ME?ODS TO TREAT OR =E/ALL UDD] 9FECTIONS 9 CATTLE ) P5ICILL9 HAS ALMO/ C]TA9LY 9CREAS$ ! PROPAGATION ( RESI/ANT /RA9S ( ,/APHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS1 ! PR9CIPAL CULPRIT 9 ! COMMON 0/APH 9FECTION0 & ! DIRECT CAUSE ( GRAVE1 (T5 FATAL CASES ( PNEUMONIA4 ,SMI? NOTES ?AT ! PROPORTION ( P5ICILL9-RESI/ANT ,/APHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS CULTURES ISOLAT$ FROM H]D SAMPLES ( MILK 9 ,BRITA9 0HAD 9CREAS$ FROM #aa .0 9 #ai$ TO #dg .0 9 #a#i#e#f40 ,TWO BACT]IOLOGI/S ( ! ,CANADIAN ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,DIRECTORATE1 ,F4 ,S4 ,?AT*] & ,W4 ,SIMON1 9 ANALYZ+ *EESE ?AT HAD BE5 PUR*AS$ 9 RETAIL \TLETS1 F\ND SUB/ANTIALLY MORE P5ICILL9-RESI/ANT /APHYLOCOCCI 0?AN W\LD BE EXPECT$ 9 A NORMAL POPULATION NOT EXPOS$ TO ANTIBIOTIC !RAPY444 ,) REG>D TO ! /REPTOCOCCI RECOV]$ FROM *EESE \R RESULTS %[ A CLOSE APPROXIMATION TO ! DEGREE ( RESI/ANCE TO P5ICILL9 F\ND AMONG COMP>ABLE SPECIES ISOLAT$ FROM HOSPITAL PATI5TS40 

,?AT*] & ,SIMON CONCLUDE !IR REPORT ) ! W>N+ ?AT 0:]E P5ICILL9 OR O!R ANTIBIOTICS >E US$ ) DAIRY CATTLE1 ! SURVIVAL ( RESI/ANT ORGANISMS MAY LEAD TO WIDESPREAD DI/RIBUTION ( RESI/ANT /RA9S 9TO ! HOMES ( ! G5]AL POPULACE1 S9CE /APHYLOCOCCI & /REPTOCOCCI1 (T5 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 >E ( COMMON OCCURR5CE 9 *EESE4 ,FOODS SO CONTAM9AT$ MAY WELL CONTRIBUTE TO ! SEV]ITY ( ! PROBLEM >IS+ FROM 9FECTIONS 9 MAN ) RESI/ANT /RA9S )\T ! PATI5TS HAV+ RECEIV$ PRIOR ANTIBIOTIC !RAPY OR )\T HAV+ BE5 EXPOS$ TO 5DEMIC 9FECTIONS )9 HOSPITALS40 

,BUT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?IS IS NO LONG] M]ELY A POT5TIAL HAZ>D4 ,ALREADY !RE HAVE BE5 TWO LOCALIZ$ EPIDEMICS ( 0/APH 9FECTIONS0 ?AT HAVE BE5 ATTRIBUT$ TO CONTACT ) CATTLE4 ,DUR+ #aief & #aieg AB\T #cf P]C5T ( ! S5IOR /UD5TS & #bf P]C5T ( ! FACULTY AT ! ,VET]9>Y ,S*OOL ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P5NSYLVANIA CONTRACT$ 0/APH 9FECTIONS40 ,9 #aieh ANO!R EPIDEMIC ( ! 9FECTIONS OCCURR$ AMONG #dd P]C5T ( ! S5IOR /UD5TS AT ! ,COLORADO ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,COLLEGE ( ,VET]9>Y ,M$IC9E4 ,!RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT1 9 BO? CASES1 ANIMALS H&L$ BY ! /UD5TS HAD BECOME A RES]VOIR ( ANTIBIOTIC-RESI/ANT /APHYLOCOCCI4 

,! CURR5T TR5DS 9 AGRICULTURE REFLECT A %OCK+ 9DIFF]5CE TO ! LONG-T]M HEAL? ( \R POPULATION4 ,BY RECKLESSLY OV]COMMITT+ \RSELVES TO ! USE ( *EMICALS 9 ! GR[+ ( \R FOOD1 WE HAVE TURN$ HI<LY POT5T TOXICANTS & DRUGS1 :I* WE W\LD BE JU/IFI$ 9 US+ ONLY ON A LIMIT$ SCALE OR 9 EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 9TO ! F\NDATIONS ( \R AGRICULTURE4 ,!SE F\NDATIONS >E EXTREMELY UN/ABLE & ! $IFICE WE >E TRY+ TO CON/RUCT MAY PROVE TO BE A TRAP RA!R ?AN A HABITABLE DWELL+4 ,9SECTICIDES COMMONLY AGGRAVATE ! V]Y PROBLEMS !Y >E MEANT TO SOLVE4 ,! ECOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES !Y CREATE LEAD TO ! USE ( 9CREAS+LY TOXIC PREP>ATIONS1 UNTIL A PO9T IS REA*$ :]E ! 9SECTICIDES ?REAT5 TO BECOME MORE DANG]\S 9 ! LONG RUN TO ! HUMAN SPECIES ?AN TO ! 9SECTS = :I* !Y >E 9T5D$4 ,! NE$ TO RESCUE A CROP FROM AGRICULTURAL MISMANAGEM5T GA9S PRIORITY OV] ! HEAL? & WELLBE+ ( ! CONSUM]4 ,! USE ( DRUGS TO FATT5 & ACCEL]ATE ! GR[? ( DOME/IC ANIMALS IS PLAY+ HAVOC ) ! PHYSIOLOGY ( \R LIVE/OCK4 ,! DAMAGE !SE DRUGS 9FLICT ON P\LTRY & CATTLE NECESSITATES ! USE ( ADDITIONAL DRUGS1 :I*1 9 TURN1 CONTAM9ATE MAN'S FOOD & R$UCE ! VALUE ( !SE AG5TS 9 COMBAT+ DISEASE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM TO BE A =M ( ECOLOGICAL RETRIBUTION ?AT ! V]Y =CES MAN HAS SUMMON$ AGA9/ ! LIV+ WORLD >\ND HIM >E BE+ R$IRECT$ BY A REMORSELESS LOGIC AGA9/ ! HUMAN ORGANISM ITSELF4 

,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD ,PROCESS+ 

,! SAME OV]COMMITM5T TO POT5TIALLY RISKY ME?ODS IS F\ND 9 O!R PHASES ( FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,COMPLEX PROBLEMS ( /ORAGE1 CLEANS+1 H&L+1 REF9+1 COOK+1 MIX+1 HEAT+1 & PACKAG+ >E (T5 SOLV$ BY ! USE ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES4 ,A HALF C5TURY AGO ! YELL[I% T9T 9 FRE%LY MILL$ FL\R WAS REMOV$ SL[LY BY AG+2 TODAY IT IS REMOV$ RAPIDLY BY OXIDIZ+ AG5TS4 ,! MILL] NO LONG] HAS TO /ORE FL\R & WAIT = IT TO MATURE4 ,EMULSIFI]S >E EMPLOY$1 P>TLY TO 0IMPROVE0 ! TEXTURE ( A PRODUCT1 P>TLY TO SPE$ UP PROCESS+4 ,!IR 0FUNCTIONAL ADVANTAGES0 9 ICE CREAM1 = EXAMPLE1 >E ?AT ! 0MIX CAN BE :IPP$ FA/]1 ! PRODUCT FROM ! FREEZ] IS DRY]1 & ! MIX HAS LESS T5D5CY TO '*URN' 9 ! FREEZ]40 ,*EMICAL ANTIOXIDANTS >E US$ TO HELP PREV5T OILS & FATS FROM BECOM+ RANCID1 A PROBLEM ?AT BECOMES ESPECIALLY PRON\NC$ :5 NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS >E REMOV$ DUR+ L>GE-SCALE PROCESS+4 ,*EMICAL PRES]VATIVES >E ADD$ TO FOOD TO P]MIT LONG] /ORAGE 9 :OLESALE DEPOTS & TO EXT5D ! 0%ELF LIFE0 ( A PRODUCT 9 RETAIL \TLETS4 ,9 TIME *EMICALS >E TURN$ FROM M]E ADJUNCTS ( FOOD PRODUCTION 9TO 0TE*NOLOGICAL NECESSITIES40 ,!IR USE MAY RESULT 9 NEW MA*9ES & FACILITIES1 ! AB&ONM5T ( OLD PROCESS+ ME?ODS1 & A BROAD REORI5TATION ( TE*NOLOGY TO MEET ! NEW *EMICAL REQUIREM5TS4 

,! FACT ?AT A *EMICAL IS TE*NOLOGICALLY USEFUL DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT IS BIOLOGICALLY DESIRABLE4 ,! TWO PHRASES >E OCCASIONALLY US$ 9T]*ANGEABLY1 AS ?\< !Y W]E SYNONYM\S4 ,SOME ( ! *EMICALS MO/ WIDELY US$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD HAVE BE5 F\ND TO BE H>MFUL TO ANIMALS 9 LABORATORY TE/S4 ,NITROG5 TRI*LORIDE1 OR AG5E1 WAS EMPLOY$ = DECADES AS A BLEA*+ & MATUR+ AG5T 9 FL\R BE=E IT WAS DISCOV]$1 9 #a#i#d#f1 ?AT ! COMP\ND PRODUCES 0RUNN+ FITS10 OR HY/]IA1 9 DOGS4 ,! USE ( AG5E 9 ! BREAD 9DU/RY HAS S9CE BE5 DISCONT9U$4 ,AL?\< !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT AG5IZ$ FL\R CAUSES N]VE DISORD]S 9 MAN1 NO ONE CAN SAY ) C]TA9TY ?AT C]EAL PRODUCTS TREAT$ ) AG5E >E COMPLETELY H>MLESS TO CONSUM]S1 ESPECIALLY IF EAT5 DAY AFT] DAY = TW5TY YE>S OR MORE4 ,! TOXICANT 9 AG5IZ$ FL\R 0PRODUCES N]V\S DI/URBANCES 9 MONKEYS1 BUT NOT EPILEPSY 9 MAN10 OBS]V$ ! LATE ,ANTON ,C>LSON1 ONE ( ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ PHYSIOLOGI/S ( HIS DAY4 0,?AT IS NOT SUFFICI5T = ME1 BECAUSE !RE >E MANY O!R TYPES ( N]V\S DI/URBANCES444 ?AT MAY BE AGGRAVAT$ OR 9TRODUC$ BY ?IS *EMICAL40 

,ANO!R GR\P ( *EMICALS1 NOTABLY C]TA9 TYPES ( POLYOXYE?YL5E D]IVATIVES1 W]E WIDELY US$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS EMULSIFI]S BE=E !Y W]E BANN$ AS POT5TIAL HAZ>DS TO CONSUM]S4 ,=M] ,F4,D4,A4 ,COMMISSION] ,*>LES ,W4 ,CRAW=D IS REPORT$ TO HAVE DESCRIB$ ! AG5TS AS 0GOOD PA9T REMOV]S40 ,ACCORD+ TO DATA FURNI%$ TO ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE1 RATS ?AT HAD BE5 F$ TWO COMM]CIAL PREP>ATIONS ( POLYOXYE?YL5$]IV$ EMULSIFI]S %[$ BLOOD 9 !IR FECES & DEVELOP$ A V>IETY ( KIDNEY1 ABDOM9AL1 C>DIAC1 & LIV] ABNORMALITIES4 ,!SE PREP>ATIONS W]E US$ PRIM>ILY AS BREAD S(T5]S BUT ALSO F\ND !IR WAY 9TO O!R FOODS4 ,! POLYOXYE?YL5E D]IVATIVES CON/ITUTE A HI<LY SUSPECT FAMILY ( EMULSIFY+ AG5TS1 YET SOME ( !M >E /ILL ADD$ TO CAKE MIXES1 CAKE IC+1 FROZ5 DESS]TS1 ICE CREAM1 C&IES1 DILL PICKLES1 FRUIT & VEGETABLE COAT+S1 VITAM9 PREP>ATIONS1 & MANY FOOD-PACKAG+ MAT]IALS4 7,SEV]AL EXP]IM5TS 9DICATE ?AT AN 9TAKE ( L>GE AM\NTS ( POLYOXYE?YL5E 7#h7 /E>ATE PRODUCES GALL /ONES & BLADD] TUMORS 9 RATS4 ,AT LEA/ TWO COMM]CIAL PREP>ATIONS ( POLYOXYE?YL5E D]IVATIVES >E REPORT$ TO BE CO-C>C9OG5S2 !Y PROMOTE ! DEVELOPM5T ( SK9 CANC] 9 MICE :5 US$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) C]TA9 C>C9OG5IC AG5TS4 ,= A NUMB] ( YE>S ALL ?REE ( !SE POLYOXYE?YL5E COMP\NDS W]E US$ AS FOOD ADDITIVES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#eS1 POLYOXYE?YL5E D]IVATIVES HAD ALSO MIGRAT$ TO ,5GL&1 :]E !Y W]E US$ ON A LIMIT$ SCALE AS BREAD S(T5]S47 

,SIMIL> EXAMPLES CAN BE CULL$ FROM O!R GR\PS ( *EMICAL AIDS4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! TOXIC EFFECTS ( MANY COMMONLY US$ COMP\NDS >E DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E1 BUT 9DIVIDUALLY & 9 GR\PS !Y HAVE >\S$ SUSPICION & CONC]N4 0,! =TIFICATION ( OILS & FATS AGA9/ OXIDATION & RANCIDITY IS ANO!R FIELD 9 :I* !RE >E S]I\S QUE/IONS ( POSSIBLE TOXICITY10 W>NS ,F4 ,J4 ,S*L9K1 TE*NICAL DIRECTOR ( ,CONSUM]S' ,RESE>* & $ITOR ( ,CONSUM] ,BULLET94 0,! NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS :I* DELAY RANCIDITY >E LO/ DUR+ ! FACTORY PROCESS+ ( REF9$ OILS & FATS2 !N ! ATTEMPT IS MADE TO RE/ORE ! ANTIOXIDATION QUALITIES BY ADDITION ( FAT-/ABILIZ+ SUB/ANCES4 ,MO/ ( ! MAT]IALS ?AT HAVE ANTIOXIDATION PROP]TIES >E KN[N TO BE TOXIC TO SOME DEGREE40 

,! T]M 0TE*NOLOGICAL AID0 HAS BE5 US$ LOOSELY TO 9CLUDE FOOD ADDITIVES ?AT C\LD BE DISP5S$ ) 5TIRELY IF A MANUFACTUR] IMPROV$ HIS PROCESS+ ME?ODS & ! QUALITY ( HIS PRODUCT4 ,! QUE/ION ( :E!R A *EMICAL1 9/EAD ( BE+ LEGITIMATELY EMPLOY$ TO FURNI% DI/ANT CONSUM]S ) A P]I%ABLE PRODUCT1 WAS BE+ US$ RA!R AS A DEVICE = MASK+ 9F]IOR +R$I5TS & UNSANIT>Y ME?ODS >OSE 9 %>P =M E>LY 9 ! C5TURY1 :5 SODIUM B5ZOATE WAS EMPLOY$ EXT5SIVELY AS A PRES]VATIVE 9 KET*UP4 ,H>VEY ,WILEY1 ! FIR/ ADM9I/RATOR ( ! F$]AL FOOD & DRUG LAW1 REG>D$ SODIUM B5ZOATE AS A HAZ>D TO CONSUM]S ,SUPPORT$ BY DATA FROM FE$+ EXP]IM5TS P]=M$ ) HUMAN BE+S1 ,WILEY CLAIM$ ?AT ! PRES]VATIVE CAUSES 9JURY TO ! DIGE/IVE SY/EM4 ,HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT KET*UP NE$ NOT DET]IORATE READILY IF CLEAN FACILITIES & PROP] +R$I5TS >E US$ 9 PREP>+ IT4 ,*ALL5G$ ON ?IS PO9T BY ,*>LES ,F4 ,L\DON1 A CANN] 9 ,T]RE ,HAUTE1 ,9DIANA1 ,WILEY APPO9T$ A BACT]IOLOGI/1 ,>VILL ,W4 ,BITT+1 TO WORK AT ! ,L\DON FACTORY & PREP>E A =MULA = A /ABLE KET*UP PREP>ATION )\T >TIFICIAL PRES]VATIVES4 ,BITT+ WAS SUCCESSFUL4 ,MOREOV]1 AFT] 9SPECT+ NUM]\S CANN+ FACTORIES & EXAM9+ MANY BR&S ( KET*UP1 ,BITT+ CONCLUD$ ?AT MANUFACTUR]S :O NE$$ SODIUM B5ZOATE (T5 US$ 9F]IOR PRODUCTS & W]E C>ELESS AB\T SANITATION4 

0,! :OLE SPIRIT & TRADITION ( ! PURE-FOOD LAW IS AGA9/ ! USE ( PRES]VATIVES & SUB/ITUTES10 DECL>$ ,MRS4 ,H>VEY ,WILEY MORE ?AN =TY YE>S AFT] ! ,L\DON EPISODE4 0,! 9T5T ( ! LAW IS TO 5C\RAGE ! MANUFACTURE ( HI<-GRADE +R$I5TS1 NOT TO TRY TO HIDE 9F]IORITY & *EAPNESS BY ! USE ( *EMICALS & PRES]VATIVES40 ,IF ?IS IS SO1 ! SPIRIT ( ! LAW HAS BE5 IGNOR$ = DECADES4 ,! MO/ UP-TO-DATE SURVEYS ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOODS %[ ?AT PRES]VATIVES >E ADD$ TO *EESE1 M>G>9E1 C]EAL PRODUCTS1 JAMS1 JELLY1 & MANY O!R PROCESS$ FOODS4 ,UNCOOK$ P\LTRY IS DIPP$ 9 SOLUTIONS ( ANTIBIOTICS4 7,NOTABLY ! TETRACYCL9ES4 ,DESPITE /RONG PRESSURE FROM ! FOOD 9DU/RY1 ! ,BRITI% ,FOOD ,/&>DS ,COMMITTEE HAS REFUS$ TO RECOMM5D ! USE ( TETRACYCL9ES AS PRES]VATIVES = P\LTRY & FI%47 ,ASIDE FROM ! DAMAGE TO PUBLIC HEAL? ?AT MAY >ISE FROM ! USE ( QUE/IONABLE *EMICALS AS PRES]VATIVES1 ! LONG] 0%ELF LIFE0 ACQUIR$ BY SOME ( !SE FOODS MAY CAUSE A LOSS ( VALUABLE NUTRI5TS4 

,MANY *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOODS P]=M NO TE*NOLOGICAL OR NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION :ATEV]4 ,!Y CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS MAT]IALLY USEFUL BY ANY /RET* ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,!SE *EMICALS 5HANCE ! COLOR ( A FOOD OR MAKE C]TA9 PRODUCTS FEEL S(T & NEWLY PREP>$2 9 SOME 9/ANCES !Y HAVE BE5 US$ TO REPLACE CO/LY BUT VALUABLE NUTRI5TS ) 9F]IOR ONES4 ,9 ! LEA/ OBJECTIONABLE CASES1 AN ADDITIVE WILL DECEIVE ! CONSUM] )\T IMPAIR+ HIS HEAL?4 ,! APPLICATION ( AN 9NOCU\S VEGETABLE DYE TO SOME FOODS (T5 LEADS ! CONSUM] TO BELIEVE ?AT HE IS ACQUIR+ A BETT]1 MORE :OLESOME1 OR TA/I] PRODUCT ?AN IS ACTUALLY ! CASE4 ,9 ! MO/ OBJECTIONABLE CASES1 A *EMICAL IS TOXIC TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE4 ,?IS TYPE ( ADDITIVE NOT ONLY S]VES TO *ANGE ! APPE>ANCE OR CONCEAL ! NUTRITIVE DEFICI5CY ( A FOOD2 IT EXPOSES ! CONSUM] TO A C]TA9 AM\NT ( DAMAGE4 

,NITRATES & NITRITES1 = EXAMPLE1 >E US$ TO IMP>T A P9K COLOR TO C]TA9 BR&S ( PROCESS$ MEAT4 ,O/5SIBLY1 ?IS IS !IR SOLE FUNCTION4 ,! ADDITION ( !SE *EMICALS TO MEAT1 ESPECIALLY FRANKFURT]S & HAMBURG] MEAT1 W\LD BE OBJECTIONABLE IF ONLY BECAUSE ( ! DECEPTION :I* MAKES IT DIFFICULT = ! H\SEWIFE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 HI<-QUALITY & L[-QUALITY PRODUCTS4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! ONLY DECEPTION P]PETRAT$ ON ! CONSUM]4 ,US$ TOGE!R ) SALT1 NITRITE COMP\NDS DEF9ITELY EXT5D ! 0%ELF LIFE0 ( PROCESS$ MEAT PRODUCTS4 

,:5 NITRITES >E +E/$1 !Y REACT ) HEMOGLOB9 9 ! BLOOD TO =M ME_/HEMOGLOB91 &1 LIKE C>BON MONOXIDE1 R$UCE ! HEMOGLOB9'S CAPACITY TO C>RY OXYG54 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL :O CONSUMES ?REE TO F\R \NCES ( PROCESS$ MEAT CONTA9+ #b P>TS P] MILLION ( SODIUM NITRITE 7A P]MISSIBLE RESIDUE7 +E/S 5\< ( ! COMP\ND TO CONV]T FROM #a4#d TO #e4#g P]C5T ( HIS HEMOGLOB9 TO ME_/HEMOGLOB94 ,ORD9>ILY1 ?IS P]C5TAGE IS 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,BUT IF ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL IS A HEAVY SMOK] & LIVES 9 AN AIR-POLLUT$ COMMUNITY1 ! CUMULATIVE LOSS 9 OXYG5-C>RY+ CAPACITY PRODUC$ BY ! NITRITES 9 ! FOOD & BY ! C>BON MONOXIDE 9 TOBACCO SMOKE & MOTORC> EXHAU/ CAN NO LONG] BE DISMISS$ AS TRIVIAL4 ,SODIUM NITRITE IS HI<LY TOXIC 9 RELATIVELY SMALL AM\NTS4 ,AB\T F\R GRAMS ( ! COMP\ND CON/ITUTES A LE?AL DOSE = ADULTS4 ,AL?\< ,LEHMAN REG>DS #b P>TS P] MILLION ( SODIUM NITRITE AS A SAFE RESIDUE1 HE NOTES ?AT 0ONLY A SMALL M>G9 ( SAFETY EXI/S BETWE5 ! AM\NT ( NITRITE ?AT IS SAFE & ?AT :I* MAY BE DANG]\S4 ,! M>G9 ( SAFETY IS EV5 MORE R$UC$ :5 ! SMALL] BLOOD VOLUME & ! CORRESPOND+ SMALL] QUANTITY ( HEMOGLOB9 9 *ILDR5 IS TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,?IS HAS BE5 EMPHASIZ$ 9 ! REC5T CASES ( NITRITE POISON+ 9 *ILDR5 :O CONSUM$ WE9]S & BOLOGNA CONTA9+ NITRITE GREATLY 9 EXCESS ( ! #b PPM P]MITT$ BY ,F$]AL REGULATIONS4 ,! APPLICATION ( NITRITE TO O!R FOODS IS NOT TO BE 5C\RAG$40 

,EMULSIFI]S HAVE BE5 US$ 9 BREAD NOT ONLY AS S(T5+ AG5TS1 :I* CAN GIVE /ALE BREAD ! TEXTURE ( NEWLY BAK$ BREAD1 BUT AS SUB/ITUTES = N\RI%+ +R$I5TS4 0,! RECORD ( ! BREAD-/&>DS HE>+S CONTA9 EVID5CE ( DI/RIBUTION AMONG BAK]S ( ADV]TIS+ MAT]IAL ADVOCAT+ ! REPLACEM5T ( FATS1 OILS1 EGGS1 & MILK BY EMULSIFI]S10 ,GEORGE ,L4 ,PRI*>D1 ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE1 TOLD ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE4 0,! USE ( SU* PRODUCTS AS COMPON5TS ( FOOD MAY WORK TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( \R F>M ECONOMY BY DISPLAC+ F>M PRODUCTS NORMALLY US$4 ,! RECORD 9DICATES ?AT NATURAL FOOD CON/ITU5TS1 SU* AS FATS & OILS1 PROBABLY WILL BE R$UC$ 9 MANY COMM]CIAL BAK]Y PRODUCTS IF BAK]S >E ALL[$ TO EMPLOY !SE EMULSIFI]S40 

,?IS SUB/ITUTION AFFECTS MORE ?AN ! F>M ECONOMY1 H[EV]2 IT ALSO WORKS TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! CONSUM]4 ,TO ILLU/RATE ?IS1 ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE REPORT COMP>$ ! +R$I5TS 9 TWO CAKE BATT]S PREP>$ BY ! SAME COMPANY ELEV5 YE>S AP>T2 DUR+ ! 9T]VAL EMULSIFI]S W]E ADD$ TO ! PRODUCT4 ,! FIR/ BATT]1 MADE 9 #a#i#c#i1 DID NOT CONTA9 SYN!TIC EMULSIFI]S2 ! SECOND1 PREP>$ 9 #a#i#d#i1 DID4 0,ON A P]C5TAGE BASIS1 ! CAKE BATT] 9 #aici CONTA9$ #ac P]C5T EGGS1 & #h4#f P]C5T %ORT5+4 ,9 #a#i#d#i1 ! CAKE BATT] CONTA9$ #f4#c P]C5T EGGS1 & #d4#h P]C5T %ORT5+1 ) SOME:AT LESS ?AN 4#c P]C5T ( SYN!TIC EMULSIFI]40 ,! REPORT NOT$ ?AT A 0SYN!TIC YELL[ DYE C\LD BE ADD$ TO PROVIDE ! COLOR =M]LY OBTA9ABLE ?R\< ! USE ( EGGS4 ,! UTILIZATION ( SYN!TIC YELL[ DYE 9 COMM]CIAL CAKE WAS PRACTIC$ BE=E ! W>4 ,!RE >E 9DICATIONS ?AT ! USE ( >TIFICIAL COLOR+ MATT] IS 9CREAS$ :5 QUANTITIES ( :OLE EGGS OR EGG YOLKS >E R$UC$ 9 COMM]CIAL CAKE =MULAS40 

,TO HEI<T5 ! 9SULT1 AMONG ! MO/ COMMONLY US$ EMULSIFI]S 9 #aidi W]E ! POLYOXYE?YL5E MONO/E>ATES4 ,! YELL[ DYE REF]R$ TO 9 ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE REPORT WAS PROBABLY ,F,D,C ,YELL[ ,NO4 #c 7,YELL[ ,A,B71 :I*1 UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY1 WAS ADD$ TO MANY YELL[ CAKE MIXES4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]1 ! DYE (T5 CONTA9$ IMPURITIES ( A POT5T C>C9OG5 & ITS USE 9 FOODS WAS =BIDD5 9 #a#i#e#i4 ,= A NUMB] ( YE>S1 H[EV]1 BO? ! EMULSIFI] & ! DYE UND\BT$LY APPE>$ 9 MANY BR&S ( CAKE & REA*$ L>GE NUMB]S ( UNSUSPECT+ CONSUM]S4 

,PROBLEMS ( ?IS K9D >E NOT LIKELY TO DISAPPE> UNLESS !RE IS A BASIC *ANGE 9 ! VIEWPO9T ( ! ,F4,D4,A 0,9H]IT$ FROM ! ,WILEY ]A IS A TOO COMMON MISCONCEPTION ?AT ALL '*EMICALS' >E H>MFUL1 & ! RELAT$ IDEA ?AT ANY AM\NT ( A 'POISON' IS H>MFUL10 ! ,F4,D4,A4 OBS]VES 9 A BRO*URE ON FOOD ADDITIVES4 0,! FACT IS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT *EMICAL ADDITIVES1 OR FOOD ADDITIVES AS !Y >E N[ BE+ CALL$1 HAVE BR\<T AB\T GREAT IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN FOOD SUPPLY4 ,ADDITIVES LIKE POTASSIUM IODIDE 9 SALT & VITAM9S 9 5RI*$ FOOD PRODUCTS >E MAK+ AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO ! HEAL? ( \R PEOPLE1 & YET IT IS A FACT ?AT BO? IOD9E & SOME ( ! VITAM9S W\LD BE H>MFUL IF CONSUM$ 9 EXCESSIVE AM\NTS4 ,MANY SIMIL> EXAMPLES C\LD BE GIV5 TO REFUTE !SE COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS40 

,?IS >GUM5T IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+4 ,IOD9E & VITAM9S >E 9DISP5SABLE TO HUMAN LIFE1 BUT COAL-T> DYES & B5ZOIC ACID1 = EXAMPLE1 >E NOT4 ,IF WE ADH]$ TO A WELL-BALANC$ DIET ( PROP]LY PREP>$ NATURAL FOODS1 IOD9E & VITAM9S W\LD NEV] 5T] ! BODY 9 TOXIC AM\NTS4 ,COAL-T> DYES1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E SUSPECT$ ( BE+ H>MFUL TO MAN 9 NE>LY ANY AM\NT IF CONSUM$ REPEAT$LY1 & ! K9DE/ /ATEM5T ?AT CAN BE MADE = ! PRES5CE ( B5ZOIC ACID 9 FOOD IS ?AT ! COMP\ND IS 0SAFE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ITS 9T5D$ USE40 

,! =MULA 0SAFE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ITS 9T5D$ USE0 EXPOSES ! CONSUM] TO S]I\S RISKS :5 IT OP5S ! DOOR TO ! USE ( FOOD ADDITIVES :OSE BIO*EMICAL ACTIVITY IS NOT UND]/OOD4 ,MANY UNEXPECT$ PROBLEMS MAY >ISE :5 SU* ADDITIVES APPE> 9 FOOD4 ,A P>TICUL> ADDITIVE MAY SEEM TO BE RELATIVELY H>MLESS TO ! ORGANS ( ! BODY1 BUT IT MAY BE C>C9OG5IC ON ! CELLUL> LEVEL ( LIFE4 ,ANO!R ADDITIVE MAY PRODUCE 9SIGNIFICANT OR CONTROLLABLE EFFECTS :5 /UDI$ 9 ISOLATION2 BR\<T 9TO COMB9ATION ) V>I\S *EMICALS 9 FOOD1 H[EV]1 IT MAY GIVE RISE TO TOXIC COMP\NDS4 ,! BODY1 9 TURN1 MAY MAKE A TOXIC ADDITIVE MORE POISON\S 9 ! C\RSE ( *ANG+ IT DUR+ METABOLISM4 ,AT ONE TIME IT WAS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT :5EV] A TOXIC SUB/ANCE WAS ABSORB$ ! BODY WAS CAPABLE ( CALL+ UPON SPECIAL ME*ANISMS = DETOXIFY+ ! TOXICANT10 ,LEHMAN OBS]VES4 0,IT WAS BELIEV$ ALSO ?AT ! METABOLIC PA?WAY ?AT ! TOXICANT FOLL[$ ALWAYS PROCE$$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! =MATION ( A LESS TOXIC COMP\ND4 ,LAT] WORK ON ! METABOLISM ( DRUGS & TOXIC SUB/ANCES %[$ ?AT SPECIAL ME*ANISMS DID NOT EXI/1 BUT ?AT ! TOXICANT WAS SUBJECT TO ! SAME METABOLIC 9FLU5CES AS ?OSE :I* NORMALLY OP]ATE 9 ! BODY4 ,! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! METABOLIC PRODUCT WAS LESS POISON\S ?AN ! P>5T SUB/ANCE FROM :I* IT WAS D]IV$ IS ALSO UNW>RANT$ SIMPLY BECAUSE 9 MANY 9/ANCES ! TOXICITY ( EI!R ! ORIG9AL SUB/ANCE & ITS CONV]SION PRODUCT IS UNKN[N4 ,9 O!R 9/ANCES ! METABOLIC PRODUCT IS EV5 MORE POISON\S ?AN ITS P>5T4 ,! CONV]SION PRODUCT1 HEPTA*LOREPOXIDE1 :I* IS TWO OR ?REE TIMES MORE POISON\S ?AN ! P>5T SUB/ANCE1 HEPTA*LOR .<A WIDELY US$ 9SECTICIDE.>1 MAY BE CIT$ AS AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS40 

,F9ALLY1 FOOD ADDITIVES MAY CAUSE ALL]GIC REACTIONS ?AT >E LIKELY TO GO UNNOTIC$ = MANY YE>S4 ,! REACTIONS NE$ NOT BE SEV]E TO BE H>MFUL4 ,OTTO ,SAPHIR & HIS COLLEAGUES AT ! ,MI*AEL ,REESE ,HOSPITAL 9 ,*ICAGO HAVE REC5TLY SUGGE/$ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( >T]IOSCL]OSIS MAY BE PROMOT$ BY ! S5SITIVITY ( ! BODY TO ALL]G5IC COMP\NDS1 NOTABLY C]TA9 ANTIBIOTICS4 ,BY US+ SULFA DRUGS TO PRODUCE ALL]GIES 9 =TY-TWO RABBITS1 ! RESE>*]S W]E ABLE 9 EI<T MON?S TO CAUSE DEG5]ATIVE *ANGES 9 ! >T]IES ( ?IRTY-ONE ( ! ANIMALS4 ,!SE *ANGES CLOSELY RESEMBL$ >T]IOSCL]OSIS 9 MAN4 ,ACCORD+ TO A PRESS ACC\NT ( ,SAPHIR'S REPORT1 ! RABBITS' REACTIONS 0W]E NOT APP>5T ON ! SURFACE40 ,IT W\LD BE V]Y IMPRUD5T TO ASSUME ?AT SU* EFFECTS >E PRODUC$ ONLY BY *EMICALS ?AT CAUSE SEV]E OR NOTICEABLE ALL]GIES4 ,IF ! DATA ( ,SAPHIR & HIS COLLEAGUES >E APPLICABLE TO MAN1 ADDITIVES ) EV5 M9OR ALL]G5IC PROP]TIES CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS H>MLESS4 

,TODAY MORE ?AN #c1 *EMICALS >E US$ 9 ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( COMM]CIALLY PREP>$ FOOD4 ,AT LEA/ #abhh >E PURPOSELY ADD$ AS PRES]VATIVES1 BUFF]S1 EMULSIFI]S1 NEUTRALIZ+ AG5TS1 SEQUE/RANTS1 /ABILIZ]S1 ANTICAK+ AG5TS1 FLAVOR+ AG5TS1 & COLOR+ AG5TS1 :ILE FROM #be TO #c CONSI/ ( NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEM5TS1 SU* AS POTASSIUM IODIDE & VITAM9S4 ,! REMA9+ *EMICALS >E 09DIRECT ADDITIVES0 - SUB/ANCES1 SU* AS DET]G5TS & G]MICIDES1 ?AT GET 9TO FOOD BY WAY ( PACKAG+ MAT]IALS & PROCESS+ EQUIPM5T4 ,MANY *EMICAL ADDITIVES >E NATURAL +R$I5TS1 BUT A L>GE NUMB] >E NOT4 ,! >TIFICIAL SUB/ANCES ?AT APPE> 9 FOOD RANGE FROM SIMPLE 9ORGANIC *EMICALS TO EXOTIC COMP\NDS :OSE BIO*EMICAL ACTIVITY IS /ILL L>GELY UNKN[N4 

,AT A TIME :5 ALMO/ EV]Y PROCESS$ FOOD CONTA9S *EMICAL ADDITIVES OR RESIDUES1 ! 0MISCONCEPTIONS0 ( ! 0,WILEY ]A0 MU/ SEEM LIKE BOLD ANTICIPATIONS4 ,SIXTY YE>S AGO ! NUMB] ( *EMICALS ADD$ TO FOOD WAS SMALL4 ,PUBLIC CONC]N WAS >\S$ PRIM>ILY BY ! GROSS ADULT]ATION ( FOOD & BY ! UNSANIT>Y PRACTICES FOLL[$ 9 MILLS & SLAU<T]H\SES4 ,!SE PROBLEMS >E /ILL ) US2 AS REC5TLY AS #aieh OV] #e1 TONS ( FOOD WAS SEIZ$ BY ! ,F4,D4,A4 BECAUSE ( FIL? & DECOMPOSITION4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM ( *EMICALS 9 FOOD HAS REA*$ PROPORTIONS ?AT W\LD HAVE APPALL$ ,WILEY1 & ! 9CID5CE ( DISEASES1 SU* AS CANC]1 ?AT CAN BE PRODUC$ BY *EMICALS 9 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T HAS 9CREAS$ TO AN AL>M+ EXT5T4 ,WE S5SE ?AT \R FOOD TE*NOLOGY HAS TAK5 A WRONG TURN4 ,HAV+ A*IEV$ ! ABUNDANCE ( NUTRIM5T IT ONCE PROMIS$1 IT ?REAT5S TO BECOME ANO!R FACTOR IMP]IL+ MAN'S HEAL? & WELL-BE+4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifa 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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