,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

#aifb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TAGS 3 UNIT$ /ATES1 AIR POLLUTION1 PUBLIC HEAL?1 LUNG CANC]1 SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T1 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T1 URBAN LIFE1 HE>T DISEASE1 HUMAN BODY1 NATURAL WORLD4 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,PROBLEM 

      #h1#d#g ,WORDS2 #e#a1#d#b#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,AGRICULTURE & ,HEAL? 

      #i1#b#h#f ,WORDS2 #e#h1#e#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,URBAN ,LIFE & ,HEAL? 

      #a#e1#a#f#f ,WORDS2 #i#f1#c#c#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD 

      #i1#c#a#d ,WORDS2 #e#i1#f#c#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,5VIRONM5T & ,CANC] 

      #i1#b#c#b ,WORDS2 #e#h1#h#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,RADIATION & ,HUMAN ,HEAL? 

      #a#a1#g#h#f ,WORDS2 #g#e1#c#d#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,HUMAN ,ECOLOGY 

      #f1#f#f#i ,WORDS2 #d#b1#f#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,HEAL? & ,SOCIETY 

      #h1#d#h ,WORDS2 #e#b1#h#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,APP5DIXES 

      #a1#g#i#i ,WORDS2 #a#a1#b#c ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,PROBLEM 
,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,*,A,P,T,] ,O,N,E3 ,! ,P,R,O,B,L,E,M 

  
,\R ,*ANG$ ,5VIRONM5T 

,LIFE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS *ANG$ SO RADICALLY OV] ! PA/ ONE HUNDR$ YE>S ?AT ! MO/ WE>ISOME HI/ORIANS T5D TO BECOME RHAPSODIC :5 !Y DESCRIBE ! NEW ADVANCES ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE 9 TE*NOLOGY1 SCI5CE1 & M$IC9E4 ,WE >E USUALLY TOLD ?AT E>LY 9 ! LA/ C5TURY MO/ ,AM]ICANS LIV$ H]OIC BUT N>R[ LIVES1 EK+ \T A MAT]IAL EXI/5CE ?AT WAS 9SECURE & CONTROLL$ BY SEASONAL *ANGES1 DR\<T1 & ! NATURAL F]TILITY ( ! SOIL4 ,DAILY WORK *ORES W]E EXTREMELY >DU\S2 KN[L$GE1 BELEAGU]$ BY SUP]/ITION1 WAS RELATIVELY CRUDE4 ,HI/ORIANS ) AN 9T]E/ 9 SCI5CE (T5 PO9T \T ?AT M$ICAL REM$IES W]E PRIMITIVE1 IF NOT USELESS2 !Y MAY HAVE SUFFIC$ TO RELIEVE ! SYMPTOMS ( COMMON DISEASES1 BUT !Y SELDOM EFFECT$ A CURE4 ,LIFE WAS H>D & PREC>I\S1 AFFLICT$ BY MANY TRAG$IES ?AT CAN EASILY BE AVOID$ TODAY4 

,9 CONTRA/ ) ! M5 ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 M5 TODAY1 WE >E TOLD1 HAVE DEVELOP$ NE>LY COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ! NATURAL =CES ?AT ONCE W]E ! MA/]S ( !IR ANCE/ORS4 ,ADVANCES 9 COMMUNICATION HAVE BR\<T KN[L$GE & SAFETY TO ! MO/ ISOLAT$ COMMUNITIES4 ,! MO/ >DU\S WORK HAS N[ BE5 TAK5 OV] BY MA*9ES1 & MAT]IAL EXI/5CE HAS BECOME SECURE1 EV5 AFFLU5T4 ,COMMON ILLNESSES ?AT ONCE CLAIM$ ! LIVES ( MILLIONS >E N[ EASILY CONTROLL$ BY A SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ( DISEASE1 EFFECTIVE DRUGS1 NEW DIAGNO/IC DEVICES1 & HI<LY DEVELOP$ SURGICAL TE*NIQUES4 ,! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 IT IS CLAIM$1 5JOY MORE LEISURE1 BETT] HEAL?1 GREAT] LONGEVITY1 & MORE V>I$ & ABUNDANT DIETS ?AN DID !IR =EBE>S A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 

,ON ! FACE ( IT1 !SE /ATEM5TS >E TRUE1 BUT BY NO MEANS >E ALL ! ADVANCES AS B5EFICIAL AS ! HI/ORIANS W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,REC5T *ANGES 9 \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T HAVE CREAT$ NEW PROBLEMS ?AT >E AS NUM]\S AS ?OSE :I* BURD5$ ! M5 ( ! PA/4 ,= EXAMPLE1 SOON NE>LY #g P]C5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION WILL BE LIV+ 9 L>GE METROPOLITAN C5T]S1 SU* AS ,NEW ,YORK1 ,*ICAGO1 & ,LOS ,ANGELES4 ,!Y WILL BE EXPOS$ 9 EV]-GREAT] NUMB]S TO AUTOMOBILE EXHAU/S & URBAN AIR POLLUTANTS4 ,P]HAPS AN EV5 L>G] P]C5TAGE ( ! EMPLOY$ POPULATION WILL BE WORK+ 9 FACTORIES & (FICES4 ,!SE PEOPLE WILL BE DEPRIV$ ( SUNLI<T & FRE% AIR DUR+ ! BE/ H\RS ( ! DAY4 ,FACTORY & (FICE WORK1 :ILE LESS >DU\S ?AN 9 ! PA/1 IS BECOM+ MORE 9T5SIVE4 ,AL?\< ! WORK+ DAY E>LY 9 ! LA/ C5TURY WAS V]Y LONG1 0! WORK] WORK$ COMP>ATIVELY SL[LY1 & BO? ! EMPLOY] & EMPLOYEE GAVE RELATIVELY LITTLE ?\<T TO PRODUCTIVITY40 ,TODAY1 EMPLOY]S REQUIRE A GREAT] \TPUT P] H\R FROM EA* WORK]4 ,! USE ( MA*9ES T5DS TO MAKE WORK MONOTON\S & S$5T>Y1 (T5 EXHAU/+ HUMAN N]VES AS COMPLETELY AS MANUAL WORK EXHAU/$ HUMAN MUSCLES4 ,MOD]N MAN IS F> LESS PHYSICALLY ACTIVE ?AN HIS =EBE>S W]E4 ,HE OBS]VES RA!R ?AN P]=MS1 & USES LESS & LESS ( HIS BODY AT WORK & PLAY4 ,HIS DIET1 AL?\< MORE ABUNDANT1 CONSI/S ( HI<LY PROCESS$ FOODS4 ,!SE FOODS CONTA9 A DISCONC]T+LY L>GE AM\NT ( PE/ICIDE RESIDUES1 COLOR+ & FLAVOR+ MATT]1 PRES]VATIVES1 & *EMICAL 0TE*NOLOGICAL AIDS10 MANY ( :I* MAY IMPAIR HIS HEAL?4 ,HIS WAT]WAYS & ! AIR HE BREA!S CONTA9 NOT ONLY ! TOXIC WA/ES ( ! MORE FAMILI> 9DU/RIES BUT RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS1 ! BYPRODUCTS ( PEACETIME USES ( NUCLE> 5]GY & NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S4 

,) ! RISE ( !SE PROBLEMS1 DRAMATIC *ANGES HAVE OCCURR$ 9 ! 9CID5CE ( DISEASE4 ,9 #a#i1 9FECTI\S DISEASES1 SU* AS PNEUMONIA1 9FLU5ZA1 & TUB]CULOSIS1 W]E ! PR9CIPAL CAUSES ( DEA?4 ,DEA? FROM HE>T DISEASE & CANC] OCCUPI$ A SECOND>Y PLACE 9 ,AM]ICAN VITAL /ATI/ICS4 ,FIFTY YE>S LAT]1 MORTALITY RATES FROM 9FECTI\S DISEASES HAD DECL9$ TO A FRACTION ( :AT !Y HAD BE51 BUT ! P]C5TAGE ( DEA?S FROM HE>T DISEASE & MALIGNANT TUMORS HAD MORE ?AN D\BL$4 ,IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO OBTA9 RELIABLE COMP>ATIVE /ATI/ICS ON ! 9CID5CE ( *RONIC1 OR P]SI/5T1 DISEASES1 BUT WE CAN REG>D IT AS ALMO/ C]TA9 ?AT ! PROPORTION ( *RONICALLY ILL 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION HAS 9CREAS$4 ,9 ANY CASE1 MILLIONS ( ,AM]ICANS TODAY SUFF] FROM MAJOR *RONIC DISORD]S4 ,NE>LY #e MILLION PEOPLE >E AFFLICT$ ) HE>T DISEASE2 ANO!R #e MILLION HAVE HI< BLOOD PRESSURE4 ,MORE ?AN #ab MILLION SUFF] FROM >?RITIS1 #d MILLION FROM A/HMA1 & AT LEA/ #g1 FROM CANC]4 ,ADDITIONAL MILLIONS SUFF] FROM DIABETES1 KIDNEY DISEASE1 & DISORD]S ( ! N]V\S SY/EM4 

,BECAUSE MANY ( !SE ILLNESSES CLAIM ! LIVES ( ELD]LY PEOPLE1 WE T5D TO ASSOCIATE *RONIC DISEASES ) ! AG+ PROCESS1 & WE USUALLY EXPLA9 !IR WIDESPREAD OCCURR5CE BY ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE >E LIV+ LONG]4 ,M5 MU/ DIE ( SOME?+4 ,) A R$UCTION 9 ! NUMB] ( DEA?S FROM TUB]CULOSIS1 9FLU5ZA1 & *ILDHOOD 9FECTIONS1 ! DISEASES ( AG+ PEOPLE1 IT IS CLAIM$1 %\LD BE EXPECT$ TO DOM9ATE \R VITAL /ATI/ICS4 ,BUT >E !SE DISEASES /RICTLY PRODUCTS ( ! AG+ PROCESS8 ,DO WE HAVE ANY EVID5CE ?AT !Y >ISE FROM BASIC PHYSICAL DI/URBANCES PECULI> TO S5ESC5CE8 ,! ANSW] IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY NO4 ,MANY DISORD]S :I* AFFLICT Y\NG PEOPLE >E PRECISELY ?OSE SO-CALL$ 0DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES0 ?AT PHYSICIANS & LAYM5 ASSOCIATE ) ! RETROGRESSIVE PHYSICAL *ANGES ( OLD AGE4 

,CONSID] ! AGE DI/RIBUTION 9 ! 9CID5CE ( CANC]4 ,AL?\< MANY TYPES ( CANC] >E F\ND MO/LY AFT] ! F\R? OR FIF? DECADE ( LIFE1 A SURPRIS+LY L>GE NUMB] ( V>IETIES OCCUR MO/ FREQU5TLY 9 *ILDHOOD1 Y\?1 & E>LY MATURITY4 ,CANC]S ( ! KIDNEY & ! ADR5AL GL&S USUALLY APPE> BE=E ! AGE ( F\R4 ,BONE CANC]S REA* !IR HI<E/ 9CID5CE 9 ! T5-TO-TW5TY-F\R AGE GR\P4 ,MALIGNANT TUMORS ( ! TE/ES USUALLY OCCUR 9 9FANCY & AT MATURITY4 ,SO DEEPLY 5TR5*$ WAS ! NOTION ?AT MALIGNANT TUMORS >E DISEASES ( ELD]LY PEOPLE ?AT = MANY YE>S PHYSICIANS (T5 DISC\NT$ E>LY SYMPTOMS ( C]TA9 CANC]S 9 *ILDR54 ,WE N[ KN[ ?AT CANC] 9 *ILDR5 OCCURS 9 NE>LY ALL ! MAJOR PHYSICAL ORGANS ( ! BODY4 

,TODAY1 CANC] IS SECOND ONLY TO ACCID5TS AS A LEAD+ CAUSE ( DEA? 9 ,AM]ICAN *ILDR5 OV] ONE YE> ( AGE4 ,AL?\< MORTALITY RATES = *ILDHOOD CANC]S FLUCTUATE FROM YE> TO YE>1 !Y HAVE MOV$ 9 A DECID$LY UPW>D DIRECTION OV] ! PA/ TWO DECADES2 = ,AM]ICAN *ILDR5 UND] FIFTE5 YE>S ( AGE1 !Y ROSE #bh P]C5T BETWE5 #aid & #a#i#e#e4 ,9 #a#i#e#i1 CANC] CLAIM$ #d1#a LIVES & ACC\NT$ = #ab P]C5T ( ALL DEA?S 9 *ILDR5 BETWE5 ! AGES ( ONE & F\RTE54 ,!SE /ATI/ICS MAKE IT HAZ>D\S TO SAY ?AT ! ILLNESS IS ESS5TIALLY P>T ( ! AG+ PROCESS4 ,/RONG REASONS EXI/ = SUSPECT+ ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO 9CREASES 9 DEA? FROM CANC] AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE4 

,! SAME SUSPICIONS CAN BE EXT5D$ TO HE>T & VASCUL> DISORD]S4 ,UNTIL REC5TLY1 HE>T DISEASE 9 Y\NG PEOPLE WAS CAUS$ PRIM>ILY BY 9FECTI\S ILLNESSES4 ,RHEUMATIC HE>T DISEASE1 FOLL[+ /REPTOCOCCAL 9FECTIONS1 CLAIM$ ! LIVES ( MANY *ILDR5 BETWE5 ! AGES ( T5 & F\RTE54 ,=TUNATELY1 ! 9CID5CE ( RHEUMATIC FEV] HAS BE5 R$UC$ DRAMATICALLY BY ! USE ( ANTIBIOTICS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 CORON>Y HE>T DISEASE WAS G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS A TYPICAL DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESS ( OLD] PEOPLE1 ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! ONSET ( VASCUL> DISORD]S WELL BEYOND ! PEAK ( LIFE4 ,! DISEASE SEEM$ TO BE A CULM9ATION ( ! AG+ PROCESS4 ,?IS VIEW1 TOO1 IS NO LONG] A DEEPLY 5TR5*$ M$ICAL OP9ION4 ,A!ROSCL]OSIS1 ! PRECURSOR ( CORON>Y HE>T ATTACKS1 IS NOT A UNIV]SAL FEATURE ( OLD AGE4 ,ON AUTOPSY1 MANY AN OCTOG5>IAN HAS BE5 F\ND TO HAVE CORON>Y >T]IES ?AT A MAN 9 HIS =TIES W\LD BE =TUNATE TO POSSESS4 

,EV5 MORE DISCONC]T+ IS ! UNEXPECT$LY HI< 9CID5CE ( CORON>Y ILLNESS N[ KN[N TO EXI/ AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,DUR+ ! ,KOREAN ,W>1 ! ,U4 ,S4 ,>M$ ,=CES ,9/ITUTE ( ,PA?OLOGY P]=M$ A S]IES ( AUTOPSIES ON ! BODIES ( #c ,AM]ICAN SOLDI]S1 MO/ ( :OM HAD BE5 KILL$ 9 FRONT-L9E >EAS4 ,C>EFUL ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO EXCLUDE CASES 9 :I* !RE HAD BE5 CL9ICAL EVID5CE ( CORON>Y DISEASE4 ,! 9VE/IGATORS1 ,5OS1 ,HOLMES1 & ,BEY]1 OBS]V$ ?AT ! AV]AGE AGE 9 0#b CASES WAS #b#b4#a YE>S4 ,! AGES 9 ! FIR/ #ih CASES W]E NOT RECORD$ EXCEPT ?AT ! OLDE/ PATI5T WAS #c#c444 ,9 #g#g4#c.0 ( ! HE>TS1 SOME GROSS EVID5CE ( CORON>Y A!ROSCL]OSIS WAS F\ND40 

,9 AT LEA/ #ab P]C5T ( ! HE>TS1 ! OB/RUCTION ( ONE OR MORE MAJOR CORON>Y >T]IES EXCE$$ #e P]C5T ( ! >T]IAL PASSAGEWAY4 ,!SE >E EXTREMELY HI< FIGURES = Y\NG M5 :O PRESUMABLY W]E QUALIFI$ = MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,A COMP>ATIVE /UDY P]=M$ ON ! BODIES ( #ce ,AM]ICANS 9 ,BO/ON & #ceb ,JAPANESE 9 ,FUKUOKA 0DISCLOS$ A CONSID]ABLE DIFF]5CE 9 ! SEV]ITY ( CORON>Y A!ROSCL]OSIS0 BETWE5 ! TWO NATIONAL GR\PS4 ,9 ! ,AM]ICAN GR\P EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL HAD SOME DEGREE ( A!ROSCL]OSIS BY ! SECOND DECADE ( LIFE1 :]EAS ,JAPANESE C\LD BE F\ND )\T ! DISEASE 9 ! FIF? & SIX? DECADES4 ,COMP>+ ! EXT5T ( ! >T]IAL SURFACE 9VOLV$ & ! SEV]ITY ( ! LESIONS F\ND 9 ! TWO GR\PS1 ! 9VE/IGATORS EMPHASIZE ?AT 0!RE WAS AT LEA/ A TWO DECADE DIFF]5CE 9 ! PROGRESSION ( A!ROSCL]OSIS4 ,! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN ( AGE #d & ! AV]AGE ,JAPANESE ( AGE #f PRES5T$ COMP>ABLE >T]IAL DISEASE40 

,9 ALL PROBABILITY1 DATA ( ?IS SORT M]ELY SUPPLY US ) FRAGM5T>Y EVID5CE ( ! EXT5T TO :I* *RONIC & DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESSES >E 9VAD+ ! Y\NG] AGE GR\PS ( \R POPULATION4 ,MANY 9DIVIDUALS SEEM TO BE SUCCUMB+ TO DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES LONG BE=E !Y REA* ! PRIME ( LIFE4 ,NOT ONLY IS CANC] A LEAD+ CAUSE ( DEA? 9 *ILDHOOD & Y\?1 BUT ! RESULTS OBTA9$ BY ,5OS & HIS C[ORK]S SUGGE/ ?AT MANY ,AM]ICAN MALES BETWE5 TW5TY & ?IRTY YE>S ( AGE >E ON ! BR9K ( MAJOR C>DIAC DISEASE4 ,AL?\< MO/ ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E LIKELY TO EXHIBIT NO CL9ICAL SYMPTOMS ( VASCUL> DISORD]S-9DE$1 !Y W\LD PROBABLY BE REG>D$ AS HEAL?Y 9 R\T9E M$ICAL EXAM9ATIONS - IT IS REASONABLE TO SAY ?AT !Y >E ILL4 ,IF DISEASES ( ?IS K9D REPRES5T ! NORMAL DET]IORATION ( ! BODY1 !N HUMAN BIOLOGY IS TAK+ A PAT5TLY ABNORMAL TURN4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE >E BREAK+ D[N PREMATURELY4 

,H]$ITY1 ( C\RSE1 MAY 0PLAY A ROLE0 - TO USE A WELL-WORN QUALIFICATION4 ,BUT M$ICAL HI/ORY W>NS US ?AT G5ETIC EXPLANATIONS ( DISEASE1 P>TICUL>LY COMMON DISEASES ?AT AFFLICT L>GE SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION1 >E (T5 A REFUGE = 9COMPLETE KN[L$GE4 ,MANY SU* EXPLANATIONS >E BE+ CONTRADICT$ BY RESE>*4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT IS V]Y D\BTFUL :E!R ! 09H]5TLY' WEAK & SICK1 :O PRESUMABLY W]E RESCU$ BY MOD]N M$IC9E FROM ! FATAL 9FECTIONS ( ! PA/1 >E DE/9$ TO BE VICTIMS ( CANC]4 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! BODY'S ME*ANISMS = RESI/ANCE TO CANC]S >E 5TIRELY DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ?AT COMBAT 9FECTIONS4 70,! OLD IDEA ?AT *RONIC DISEASES >E 'DEG5]ATIVE1' OR 9EVITABLE CONCOMITANTS ( AG+10 OBS]VES ,LE/] ,BRESL[1 ( ! ,CALI=NIA ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T ( ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?1 0IS GIV+ WAY TO ! MOD]N IDEA ?AT ! ORIG9S ( *RONIC DISEASE LIE 9 SPECIFIC EXT]NAL CAUSES :I* CAN BE DISCOV]$ & ?US CONTROLL$407 ,) ALL DUE RESPECT TO G5ETICS & TO !ORIES ?AT ATTRIBUTE *RONIC DISEASE TO S5ESC5CE1 IT W\LD BE MORE REW>D+ TO EXAM9E ! *ANGES ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ OV] ! PA/ HALF C5TURY 9 MAN'S DIET1 HABITS1 =MS ( WORK1 & PHYSICAL SURR\ND+S4 

,T]M9AL CANC] PATI5TS1 :OSE 9ITIAL RESI/ANCE TO EXP]IM5TAL 9OCULATIONS ( CANC] CELLS IS VIRTUALLY NIL1 MAY NEV]!LESS (F] M>K$ RESI/ANCE TO H>MFUL BACT]IA & VIRUSES4 ,A TEAM ( ,SLOAN-,KETT]+ RESE>*]S 9OCULAT$ FIFTE5 T]M9AL CANC] PATI5TS ) LIVE CANC] CELLS & G]MS4 ,?IRTE5 PATI5TS %[$ NO RESI/ANCE TO ! CELLS1 :I* TOOK ROOT & =M$ VIGOR\S CANC]S4 ,?IS WILL NOT ORD9>ILY OCCUR 9 9DIVIDUALS :O DO NOT HAVE CANC]4 ,BUT ! SAME CANC] PATI5TS PRODUC$ EFFECTIVE ANTIBODIES AGA9/ 9OCULATIONS ( DISEASE-CAUS+ BACT]IA & VIRUSES4 

 ,5,V,I,R,O,N,M,5,T ,& ,I,L,L,N,E,S,S 

,A BALANC$ ATTITUDE T[>D 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ ILLNESS HAS G5]ALLY BE5 ! EXCEPTION RA!R ?AN ! RULE4 ,9 ! PA/1 AS M$ICAL FA%IONS *ANG$1 OP9ION W\LD T5D TO SW+ FROM ONE OV]SIMPLIFICATION TO ANO!R4 ,= A LONG TIME1 ! G]M !ORY ( DISEASE DISC\RAG$ GIV+ S]I\S ATT5TION TO ! 5VIRONM5T AS A MAJOR FACTOR 9 ILLNESS4 ,ATTEMPTS TO 9VE/IGATE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE & DISEASE W]E VIEW$ AS A REGRESSION TO ! PRE-,PA/EUR DAYS ( M$IC9E4 ,! GOALS ( RESE>*1 IT WAS DECL>$1 >E TO DISCOV] & DE/ROY ! MICROORGANISMS ?AT CAUSE ILLNESS4 ,! PHYSICIAN WAS CONCEIV$ TO BE LOCK$ 9 A /RUGGLE ) MICROBES1 & ! HUMAN ORGANISM WAS REG>D$ AS VIRTUALLY ! ONLY LEGITIMATE >5A = WAG+ ?IS CONFLICT4 ,! SYN!TIC & SOCIAL 5VIRONM5TS \TSIDE MAN'S BODY SEEM$ IRRELEVANT TO ! BASIC PROBLEMS ( DIAGNOSIS & !RAPY1 EXCEPT :]E SANITATION & ! ISOLATION ( 9DIVIDUALS ) COMMUNICABLE DISEASES W]E 9VOLV$4 7,9 A BRILLIANT SURVEY ( ?IS P]IOD1 ,IAGO ,GALD/ON OBS]VES ?AT AS LATE AS ! #a#i#bS 0FEW AMONG ! M$ICAL LEAD]S GAVE MU* CONSID]ATION 7O!R ?AN ISOLATION1 /]ILIZATION7 TO ! 'CONDITIONS ( P]SON & 5VIRONM5T' ?AT FAVOR$ ! AG5TS ( 9FECTION4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ! M$ICAL PR(ESSION & ( ! PUBLIC HEAL? WORK]S WAS WELL REFLECT$ 9 ! CAMPAIGN SLOGANS =ECA/+ ! /AMP+ \T ( ?IS OR ?AT 9FECTI\S DISEASE BY ! 5D ( SOME T51 FIFTE51 OR TW5TY YE>S4 ,! TALK WAS ( W>1 & ! 5EMY WAS ! TUB]CLE BACILLUS1 ! GONOCOCCUS1 ! SPIRO*ETE607 

,?IS VIEW HAS NEV] FULLY EXPLA9$ SOCIETY'S EXP]I5CE ) TUB]CULOSIS4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 TUB]CULOSIS HAD ALWAYS FL\RI%$ AMONG ! URBAN POOR1 BUT EXCEPT = OCCASIONAL FL>E-UPS H]E & !RE1 ! DISEASE HAD NEV] ASSUM$ ! EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS ( *OL]A & TYPHUS4 ,) ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 TUB]CULOSIS BECAME ESPECIALLY WIDESPREAD & VIRUL5T4 ,! CR[D+ ( UPROOT$ RURAL FOLK 9TO CITIES1 ! IMPOV]I%M5T & OV]CR[D+ ( ! NEW 9DU/RIAL LABOR+ CLASSES1 & ! DECL9E 9 NE>LY ALL /&>DS ( NUTRITION1 HEAL?1 & SANITATION RAIS$ TUB]CULOSIS FROM A T5ACI\S BUT CONTROLL$ URBAN DISEASE TO AN ILLNESS P&EMIC ?R\<\T ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,! DISEASE DID NOT BEG9 TO REC$E UNTIL SWEEP+ RE=MS W]E MADE 9 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,IT WAS BR\<T UND] CONTROL ONLY AFT] ! WORK+ CLASSES HAD A*IEV$ %ORT] WORK+ H\RS1 HI<] 9COME1 BETT] H\S+1 & IMPROV$ SANITATION - 9 %ORT1 AFT] ! /&>D ( LIV+ HAD BE5 RAIS$4 ,IT IS NO OV]/ATEM5T TO DECL>E ?AT ! SOCIAL RE=M]S :O W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 GETT+ *ILDR5 REMOV$ FROM ! FACTORIES & HELP$ BR+ AB\T HI<] WAGES & ! EI<T-H\R WORK+ DAY DID MORE TO CONTROL TUB]CULOSIS ?AN DID ,KO*1 :O DISCOV]$ ! TUB]CLE BACILLUS4 

,:5 IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT ! 9CID5CE ( TUB]CULOSIS C\LD BE ATTRIBUT$ TO SOCIAL FACTORS AS WELL AS TO ! PRES5CE ( A G]M1 ANO!R OV]SIMPLIFICATION TOOK HOLD 9 M$ICAL CIRCLES4 ,! DISEASE WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A MODEL ( 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ ILLNESS4 ,9 RESPIRATORY TUB]CULOSIS1 A SIMPLE1 DRAMATIC 9T]ACTION SEEMS TO EXI/ BETWE5 AN 9FECTI\S AG5T & 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 )\T ! TUB]CLE BACILLUS !RE CAN BE NO TUB]CULOSIS2 ! G]M IS A DISEASE-CAUS+1 OR PA?OG5IC1 AG5T4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 MANY HEAL?Y PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE HAD >RE/$ CASES ( TUB]CULOSIS )\T EV] KN[+ IT4 ,! BACILLUS MAY CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9 AN 9DIVIDUAL'S BODY ) NO NOTICEABLE IMPAIRM5T ( ! LUNGS OR OCCURR5CE ( ! ILLNESS4 ,9 MO/ CASES1 ! G]M BECOMES H>MFUL ONLY :5 PHYSICAL RESI/ANCE IS L[]$4 ,ALL ! ELEM5TS 9 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ILLNESS & ! 5VIRONM5T SEEM TO BE EASILY DET]M9$4 ,A KN[N & OBS]VABLE MICROORGANISM CAN BE ISOLAT$ FROM ! SPUTUM ( ALL TUB]CUL> PATI5TS4 ,! 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ?AT FO/] TUB]CULOSIS1 SU* AS A DET]IORATION 9 DIET & WORK+ CONDITIONS1 CAN BE 9T]PRET$ 9 T]MS ( CALORIES1 M9]ALS1 VITAM9S1 & EV5 WORK+ H\RS4 ,NORMALLY ! DISEASE CAN BE >RE/$ BY SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES ( N\RI%+ FOODS1 BY RE/1 & BY ! ADM9I/RATION ( DRUGS4 

,9 CONTRA/ ) TUB]CULOSIS1 H[EV]1 ! SPECIFIC CAUSES ( MANY *RONIC & DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES >E V]Y OBSCURE4 ,ILLNESS MAY OCCUR UND] 0FAVORABLE0 AS WELL AS 0UNFAVORABLE0 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS4 ,HE>T DISEASE1 CANC]1 >?RITIS1 & DIABETES - ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES ( \R TIME - CLAIM !IR VICTIMS FROM ! WELL-TO-DO & POOR ALIKE4 ,! 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS ?AT 5C\RAGE 9FECTI\S DISORD]S1 SU* AS POV]TY & >DU\S WORK1 >E (T5 ABS5T FROM ! LIVES ( P]SONS AFFLICT$ ) A DEG5]ATIVE DISEASE4 ,! C\RSE TAK5 BY A DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESS IS HI<LY COMPLEX1 V>Y+ M>K$LY FROM 9DIVIDUAL TO 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE & DEG5]ATIVE DISORD]S LACKS ! SIMPLICITY & DRAMA 5C\NT]$ 9 CASES ( TUB]CULOSIS4 ,H5CE1 ANY EMPHASIS ON 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE 9 ! /UDY ( HE>T DISEASE1 CANC]1 & SIMIL> ILLNESSES /ILL MEETS ) A C]TA9 AM\NT ( RES]VE & DI/RU/4 ,EV]Y?+ SEEMS TO BE AMBIGU\S - ! 5VIRONM5T1 ITS RELATION%IP TO ! DISEASE1 &1 AT TIMES1 EV5 ! DISEASE ITSELF4 

,BUT ! PICTURE IS NOT SO BLEAK AS IT SEEMS4 ,AN ILLNESS IS OBVI\SLY 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ :5 IT BECOMES WIDESPREAD FOLL[+ A MAJOR 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE4 ,%>P DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION >E LIKELY TO >ISE :5 ! *ANGE CONFLICTS ) AN 5TR5*$ PO9T ( VIEW 9 A P>TICUL> M$ICAL SPECIALTY4 ,A SPECIALI/ 9 TUB]CULOSIS1 = EXAMPLE1 WILL REG>D AN 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE AS H>MFUL :5 IT RESULTS 9 A R$UC$ CONSUMPTION ( FOOD & 9 9CREAS$ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY4 ,MANY SPECIALI/S 9 HE>T DISORD]S1 H[EV]1 WILL REG>D ! SAME *ANGE AS B5EFICIAL4 ,! TRADITIONAL IMAGE ( A HEAL?Y MAN - A PLUMP & RELATIVELY 9ACTIVE 9DIVIDUAL ) A HE>TY APPETITE - WAS CREAT$ 9 ! LA/ C5TURY1 :5 TUB]CULOSIS WAS BY F> ! MAJOR DISEASE4 ,! NEW1 EM]G+ IMAGE ( A HEAL?Y 9DIVIDUAL IS REPRES5T$ BY A LEAN MAN :O EATS SP>+LY & :O 5GAGES 9 A GREAT DEAL ( PHYSICAL ACTIVITY4 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 WE SEEM TO 5C\NT] A %>P CONFLICT ( VIEWS OV] ! FACTORS ?AT PROMOTE OR 9HIBIT 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ ILLNESSES4 ,BUT ON CLOS] 9SPECTION IT BECOMES EVID5T ?AT BO? VIEWS HAVE A COMMON PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 NAMELY1 9 IMMOD]ATE PRESCRIPTIONS = DIET1 WORK1 & PLAY4 ,FROM ! EXTREMES ( MALNUTRITION & >DU\S LABOR1 ! 5VIRONM5TAL P5DULUM 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD HAS BEGUN TO SW+ TO ! EXTREMES ( OV] N\RI%M5T & PHYSICAL 9ACTIVITY4 

,LET US EXAM9E SOME ( ! DIET>Y EXTREMES4 ,AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 MANY ,AM]ICANS ATE TOO LITTLE TO MEET !IR PHYSICAL NE$S4 ,TODAY1 !Y EAT TOO MU*4 ,AL?\< ! AV]AGE CALORIC 9TAKE MAY BE FALL+1 ! DECL9E 9 ! NE$ = FOOD IS MOV+ AT A FA/] RATE ?AN ! DECL9E 9 ! 9TAKE ( FOOD4 ,A F>M LABOR] REQUIRES AB\T F\R ?\S& CALORIES A DAY TO MA9TA9 GOOD HEAL?4 ,5GAG$ 9 LI<T (FICE WORK1 ! SAME MAN W\LD SELDOM REQUIRE MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& CALORIES DAILY4 ,YET IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R MO/ ,AM]ICANS 5GAG$ 9 S$5T>Y WORK LIMIT !MSELVES TO SO MODE/ AN 9TAKE ( FOOD4 ,!Y T5D TO OV]EAT 9 RELATION TO ! WORK !Y DO4 ,9 FACT1 ! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN MALE OV] ?IRTY YE>S ( AGE WEI<S AB\T T5 TO FIFTE5 P\NDS MORE ?AN HE %\LD4 

,NOT ONLY DOES HE OV]EAT1 BUT HE EATS TOO MU* ( ! WRONG FOODS4 ,! ANNUAL P] CAPITA CONSUMPTION ( SUG>1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS 9CREAS$ 5ORM\SLY 9 ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S4 0,9CLUD+ SUG> CONSUM$ 9 C&IES1 SYRUPS JAMS1 & JELLIES1 AS WELL AS = TABLE USE & 9 COOK+10 OBS]VES ,L4 ,JEAN ,BOG]T1 0SUG> CONSUMPTION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AM\NTS TO OV] #a P\NDS P] P]SON YE>LY1 OR AB\T A HALF P\ND EA* DAY = EV]Y P]SON 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,\R ANNUAL C&Y BILL IS OV] A BILLION DOLL>S & HAS 9CREAS$ OV] #a1 P]C5T 9 ! LA/ #f YE>S40 ,!RE HAS BE5 NO NOTEWOR?Y DECL9E 9 ! OV]ALL 9TAKE ( FATS4 ,AL?\< ! CONSUMPTION ( BUTT] HAS FALL5 (F1 ! P] CAPITA 9TAKE ( M>G>9E & HYDROG5AT$ OILS HAS 9CREAS$4 

,HAS ?IS NEW =M ( AN OLD 5VIRONM5TAL EXCESS PLAY$ ANY ROLE 9 CREAT+ ! MOD]N DISEASE L&SCAPE8 ,! ANSW] IS ALMO/ ASSUR$LY YES4 ,OBESITY IS CLOSELY L9K$ ) DIABETES4 ,AL?\< A PR$ISPOSITION TO DIABETES IS H]$IT>Y1 ! DISEASE OCCURS PRIM>ILY 9 OV]WEI<T 9DIVIDUALS4 ,PROP] MANAGEM5T ( ! DISORD] 9VOLVES WEI<T REGULATION AS WELL AS DIET>Y CONTROL & ! USE ( 9SUL94 ,SURPRIS+LY1 !RE ALSO SEEMS TO BE /RONG /ATI/ICAL EVID5CE ?AT OBESE 9DIVIDUALS >E MORE DISPOS$ TO CANC] ?AN ?OSE :O MA9TA9 !IR PROP] WEI<T4 ,! EVID5CE HAS BE5 SUMM>IZ$ 9 A POPUL> WORK ON NUTRITION BY ,NORMAN ,JOLLIFFE1 ( ! ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ,DEP>TM5T ( ,HEAL?4 0,LIFE 9SURANCE FIGURES %[ ,I ?AT ( ALL M5 :O B\<T !IR POLICIES AT AGE #de OR OV]1 A #be P]C5T HI<] DEA? RATE FROM CANC] IS NOT$ 9 ?AT PORTION ( ! GR\P :I* IS #ae P]C5T OR MORE OV]WEI<T4 ,OV]WEI<T WOM5 HAVE A #c TO #de P]C5T GREAT] *ANCE ( DEVELOP+ A CANC] ( ! UT]US ?AN ?OSE :O >E NOT FAT4 ,!RE IS ALSO EVID5CE FROM ! EXP]IM5TAL LABORATORY ?AT NORMAL WEI<T MICE >E LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO BO? SPONTANE\S & 9DUC$ TUMOR =MATIONS ?AN FAT ONES40 

,A /RONG SUSPICION EXI/S ?AT DIETS HI< 9 DAIRY FATS1 ANIMAL FATS1 & HYDROG5AT$ OILS >E IMPLICAT$ 9 ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( CORON>Y HE>T DISEASE4 ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! R$UCTION 9 ! AM\NT ( FATTY GOODS 9 ! DIETS ( ! PEOPLE 9 ,G]MAN-OCCUPI$ C\NTRIES WAS FOLL[$ BY A %>P DECL9E 9 ! NUMB] ( DEA?S FROM CORON>Y HE>T ILLNESS4 ,:5 ! OCCUPATION CAME TO AN 5D & ANIMAL FATS RETURN$ TO ! DIET1 ! CORON>Y DEA? RATE ROSE DRAMATICALLY4 ,! DATA COLLECT$ FROM OCCUPI$ ,EUROPE L$ TO /UDIES ( ! EAT+ HABITS ( ,BANTU & :ITES 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 NATIVE & ,HAWAIIAN ,JAPANESE1 ,TRAPPI/ & ,B5$ICT9E MONKS1 & MANY O!R RELAT$ COMMUNITIES :]E ! EFFECTS ( L[- & HI< FAT DIETS C\LD BE COMP>$ 9 A MEAN+FUL WAY4 ,! ,BANTU1 ! NATIVE ,JAPANESE1 & ! ,TRAPPI/S1 :O CONSUME V]Y SMALL QUANTITIES ( MEAT & DAIRY FOODS1 >E NOT S]I\SLY BURD5$ BY CORON>Y HE>T ILLNESS4 ,!IR C\NT]P>TS1 :OSE DIETS >E RI* 9 FATTY FOODS1 HAVE A HI< 9CID5CE ( ! DISEASE4 ,IT HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY MANY RESE>*]S ?AT ! CONSUMPTION ( ANIMAL FATS RAISES ! LEVEL ( *OLE/]OL 9 ! BLOOD4 ,! GREAT] ! AM\NT ( *OLE/]OL DEPOSIT$ 9 ! CORON>Y >T]IES1 ! GREAT] ! *ANCES ( A CORON>Y HE>T ATTACK4 ,IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! LEVEL ( *OLE/]OL 9 ! BLOOD CAN BE RAIS$ BY NON-DIET>Y AS WELL AS DIET>Y FACTORS & ?AT HI< *OLE/]OL LEVELS DO NOT NECESS>ILY RESULT 9 VASCUL> DISORD]S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS /RONG /ATI/ICAL SUPPORT = ! BELIEF ?AT ! HI< LEVELS ( *OLE/]OL 9 ! BLOOD PRODUC$ BY A NORMALLY FATTY DIET CONTRIBUTE TO ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( CORON>Y HE>T ILLNESS4 

,!SE ILLU/RATIONS1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 DO NOT >GUE = ! ,G]MAN OCCUPATION ( ,EUROPE1 ! ,BANTU DIET1 OR ! VIRTUES ( MONA/IC LIFE AMONG ! ,TRAPPI/S4 ,! ,BANTU DIET IS S]I\SLY DEFICI5T 9 NUTRI5TS VITAL TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( GOOD HEAL?1 & ,TRAPPI/ MONKS 9 CONTRA/ ) ! ,B5$ICT9ES1 5GAGE 9 A GREAT DEAL ( PHYSICAL WORK4 ,MANY QUE/IONS C\LD BE RAIS$ AB\T NON-DIET>Y FACTORS ?AT MAY TIP ! SCALES = OR AGA9/ A HI< 9CID5CE ( CORON>Y HE>T ILLNESS4 ,:AT ROLE DO C]TA9 UNDESIRABLE HABITS1 SU* AS CIG>ETTE SMOK+1 PLAY 9 ! OCCURR5CE ( ! DISEASE8 ,IS CORON>Y HE>T ILLNESS PROMOT$ BY PHYSICAL 9ACTIVITY & OBESITY1 AS SOME AU?ORITIES HAVE SUGGE/$8 ,9DE$1 DOES ANY S+LE 5VIRONM5TAL FACTOR DET]M9E ! 9CID5CE ( VASCUL> & HE>T DISORD]S 9 A GIV5 COMMUNITY8 ,:ATEV] MAY PROVE TO BE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 !SE DISEASES & DIET1 O!R FACTORS >E SUSPECT$ ( CONTRIBUT+ TO !IR OCCURR5CE1 NOTABLY /RESS1 S$5T>Y =MS ( WORK1 SMOK+1 & A POOR G5ETIC 5D[M5T4 

,! PROBLEMS ( RESE>* W\LD BE SIMPLIFI$ IMMEASURABLY IF EV]Y 5VIRONM5TAL FACTOR ?AT PLAYS A ROLE 9 DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESSES C\LD BE ISOLAT$ & ITS EFFECTS SUBJECT$ TO PRECISE ANALYSIS4 ,SU* CLE>-CUT RESULTS >E LIKELY TO BE ! EXCEPTION RA!R ?AN ! RULE4 ,MORE ?AN MAY BE SUGGE/$ BY COMP>ATIVE /UDIES ( DIET1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ANY FACTOR 9 *RONIC & DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES V>IES FROM 9DIVIDUAL TO 9DIVIDUAL1 FROM REGION TO REGION1 & FROM ILLNESS TO ILLNESS4 ,9 ! CASE ( CIG>ETTE SMOK+1 = EXAMPLE1 ! AM\NT ( NICOT9E1 T>S1 & O!R H>MFUL SUB/ANCES TAK5 9 V>IES ) ! BR& ( CIG>ETTE1 ! QUANTITY ( CIG>ETTES CONSUM$1 & ! AM\NT ( EA* CIG>ETTE ?AT IS SMOK$4 ,SOME 9DIVIDUALS MAY HAVE A /RONG] REACTION TO A GIV5 9TAKE ( NICOT9E ?AN O!RS4 ,?OSE :O EXHIBIT NO APP>5T ILL EFFECTS FROM ! LONG-T]M 9TAKE ( NICOT9E MAY RESPOND V]Y GRAVELY TO TOBACCO T>S4 ,F9ALLY1 9 MANY 9DIVIDUALS SMOK+ MAY TIP ! SCALES 9 FAVOR ( DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES ?AT >E BASICALLY CAUS$ BY A H>MFUL DIET1 AIR POLLUTION1 & /RESS4 ,! ANALY/ IS CONFRONT$ ) A CON/ELLATION ( FACTORS 9 :I* EA* FACTOR IS MEAN+FUL ONLY 9 RELATION TO ALL ! O!RS4 

,& H]E A TYPICAL DISAGREEM5T >ISES4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ?AT A S+LE FACTOR CONTRIBUTES TO ALL CASES ( AN ILLNESS1 MANY RESE>*]S >E 9CL9$ TO DI/RU/ ! CON/ELLATION AS A :OLE4 ,COMPLEXITY IS REG>D$ AS 0AMBIGUITY10 & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 5VIRONM5T & DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESSES IS DISMISS$ AS 0VAGUE40 ,?IS K9D ( ?9K+ IS *>ACT]I/IC ( \R MOD]N ,WELTGEI/4 0,WE PREF] TO /UDY SY/EMS ?AT CAN EASILY BE ISOLAT$ & APPROA*$ BY SIMPLE ME?ODS10 OBS]V$ ,ALEXIS ,C>REL MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S AGO4 0,WE G5]ALLY NEGLECT ! MORE COMPLEX4 ,\R M9D HAS A P>TIALITY = PRECISE & DEF9ITIVE SOLUTIONS & = ! RESULT+ 9TELLECTUAL SECURITY4 ,WE HAVE AN ALMO/ IRRESI/IBLE T5D5CY TO SELECT ! SUBJECTS ( \R 9VE/IGATIONS = !IR TE*NICAL FACILITY & CLE>NESS RA!R ?AN = !IR IMPORTANCE4 ,?US1 MOD]N PHYSIOLOGI/S PR9CIPALLY CONC]N !MSELVES ) PHYSICO-*EMICAL PH5OM5A TAK+ PLACE 9 LIV+ ANIMALS1 & PAY LESS ATT5TION TO PHYSIOLOGICAL & FUNCTIONAL PROCESSES4 ,! SAME ?+ HAPP5S ) PHYSICIANS :5 !Y SPECIALIZE 9 SUBJECTS :OSE TE*NIQUES >E EASY & ALREADY KN[N RA!R ?AN 9 DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES1 NEUROSES1 & PSY*OSES1 :OSE /UDY W\LD REQUIRE ! USE ( IMAG9ATION & ! CREATION ( NEW ME?ODS40 

,?IS COMM5T IS /ILL VALID TODAY1 ESPECIALLY AS IT APPLIES TO ATTITUDES T[>D COMPLEX1 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ ILLNESSES4 ,! /UDY ( *RONIC & DEG5]ATIVE DISORD]S /ILL CALLS = IMAG9ATIVE DEP>TURES FROM CONV5TIONAL APPROA*ES TO DISEASE4 ,TUB]CULOSIS CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY A G]M & A NUMB] ( CLE>-CUT 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS4 ,NO SU* EXPLANATION CAN BE F\ND = MANY *RONIC & DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESSES4 ,:]E A CONTRIBUTORY FACTOR1 SU* AS TOBACCO T>S OR A HI< 9TAKE ( FATTY FOODS1 IS EVID5T 9 ! OCCURR5CE ( A DISEASE1 IT MAY PROVE TO BE JU/ ONE ( MANY CAUSES4 ,MOREOV]1 :]EAS A G]M HAS ITS [N FIX$ NATURAL HI/ORY1 ! FACTORS ?AT PROMOTE DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESSES (T5 ORIG9ATE 9 MAN'S RAPIDLY *ANG+ SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS1 9 TURN1 CAN BE SE5 ONLY ?R\< ! HUMAN ORGANISM1 :OSE 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CES (T5 MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE CLE>-CUT ANALYZES4 

,BUT AS RESE>* PROGRESSES1 ! ROLE ( 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE 9 =M+ ! MOD]N DISEASE L&SCAPE EM]GES MORE CLE>LY4 ,MANY PHYSICIANS >E N[ CONV9C$ ?AT CIG>ETTE SMOK+1 OBESITY1 /RESS1 & A FATTY DIET HAVE CONTRIBUT$ SIGNIFICANTLY TO ! HI< 9CID5CE ( A!ROSCL]OSIS & CANC]4 ,! L9K BETWE5 5VIRONM5T & ILLNESS IS BECOM+ DIFFICULT TO IGNORE4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT EV]Y DEG5]ATIVE DISEASE IS 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$4 ,BUT IT IS BECOM+ EVID5T ?AT ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T1 FROM ! RISE ( AN URBAN SOCIETY TO ! USE ( NUCLE> 5]GY1 HAVE PR(\ND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS1 & ?AT !SE *ANGES HAVE ADD$ AN 5VIRONM5TAL DIM5SION TO NE>LY EV]Y >EA ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 

,! ,H,U,M,A,N ,B,O,D,Y ,& ,I,L,L,N,E,S,S 

,! EFFECT ( \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T ON HEAL? IS DIFFICULT TO GAUGE = /ILL ANO!R REASON2 NAMELY1 ! RIGID1 RA!R S*EMATIC APPROA* TO ILLNESS ?AT G5]ALLY PREVAILS TODAY4 ,:AT1 IT MAY BE ASK$1 IS DISEASE8 ,OR TO PUT ! QUE/ION ANO!R WAY3 ,AT :AT PO9T DOES A HEAL?Y 9DIVIDUAL BECOME ILL8 ,!SE QUE/IONS >E NOT EASY TO ANSW]4 ,BUT ! DIFFICULTIES 9VOLV$ DES]VE C>EFUL EXAM9ATION1 = !Y >E CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ DISEASE4 

,MANY PHYSICIANS T5D TO APPROA* ! HUMAN ORGANISM ) A FIX$ ?RE%OLD ( ILLNESS 9 M9D4 ,ON ONE SIDE ( ! ?RE%OLD1 ! BODY IS CONCEIV$ AS BE+ 9 GOOD HEAL?2 ON ! O!R SIDE1 IT IS DISEAS$ & REQUIRES TREATM5T4 ,! L9E BETWE5 HEAL? & DISEASE IS G5]ALLY DRAWN AS %>PLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,! BODY ORD9>ILY MU/ REA* A C]TA9 DEGREE ( DISEQUILIBRIUM & DAMAGE BE=E IT IS REG>D$ AS ILL4 ,?IS APPROA* W\LD BE EXCUSABLE IF IT C\LD BE ATTRIBUT$ M]ELY TO A FRAGM5T>Y KN[L$GE ( ! COMPLEX PROCESSES ?AT TAKE PLACE 9 ! HUMAN BODY4 ,BUT ! APPROA* IS DUE1 9 NO SMALL MEASURE1 TO A LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 ! 0HEAL?Y0 SIDE ( ! ?RE%OLD1 :]E ! CONDITIONS = ILLNESS >E SL[LY CREAT$ BY 9SIDI\S *ANGES 9 ! ORGANISM4 ,IGNORANCE IS P]PETUAT$ BY A COMPLAC5T 9DIFF]5CE TO MANY ( ! BASIC PROBLEMS 9VOLV$ 9 ! TRANSITION FROM HEAL? TO DISEASE4 

,! VALIDITY ( ?IS S*EMATIC APPROA* HAS BE5 *ALL5G$ REPEAT$LY BY ! F9D+S ( MOD]N RESE>* 9 BIO*EMI/RY1 P>TICUL>LY BY ! RESULTS OBTA9$ FROM /UDIES ( HUMAN CELLS4 ,IT %\LD BE A TRUISM ?AT ! MAJORITY ( HUMAN ILLNESSES >E F\<T \T ON ! CELLUL>1 EV5 ! MOLECUL>1 LEVEL ( LIFE4 ,:E!R WE SURVIVE AN ILLNESS OR NOT DEP5DS ON ! NUMB] & TYPES ( CELLS ?AT >E DAMAG$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! DISEASE4 ,ORD9>ILY1 H[EV]1 WE T5D TO REG>D ! DAMAG$ TISSUES ( ! BODY AS ! PASSIVE VICTIMS ( PHYSICAL DISORD]S4 ,:5 9FECTIONS OCCUR1 WE ?9K ( :ITE BLOOD CELLS RU%+ TO DEV\R BACT]IA & ( ANTIBODIES 9HIBIT+ ! EFFECTS ( TOX9S4 ,WE SEEM TO BELIEVE ?AT RESI/ANCE TO DISEASE IS EXCLUSIVELY ! FUNCTION ( C]TA9 SPECIALIZ$ ORGANS & SY/EMS )9 ! BODY4 ,! HEAL? & RESI/ANCE ( CELLS ?AT >E 9VOLV$ 9 ! MORE R\T9E FUNCTIONS ( AN ORGANISM >E SELDOM REG>D$ AS IMPORTANT 9 ! PREV5TION OR \TCOME ( AN ILLNESS4 

,YET MANY HUMAN DISORD]S W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 )\T ACKN[L$G+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( G5]AL CELLUL> WELL-BE+4 ,AN EXAMPLE IS SUPPLI$ BY PELLAGRA4 ,PELLAGRA IS CAUS$ BY A DEFICI5CY ( NIAC91 A MEMB] ( ! VITAM9-,B COMPLEX4 ,A LACK ( NIAC9 OR ( ! AM9O ACID TRYPTOPHAN 7A *EMICAL PRECURSOR ( NIAC97 PRODUCES A BROAD SPECTRUM ( DISORD]S1 RANG+ FROM SK9 ]UPTIONS TO M5TAL AB]RATIONS4 ,AS ! DISEASE PROGRESSES1 *ANGES OCCUR 9 ! TISSUES ( ! M\? FOLL[$ BY ULC]ATIONS1 A SL\< ( DEAD CELLS1 & ! PROLIF]ATION ( DISEASE-CAUS+ G]MS4 ,AT ?IS /AGE1 SECOND>Y 9FECTIONS1 SU* AS TR5* M\?1 (T5 SET 94 ,! 9FECTIONS >E CAUS$ PRIM>ILY1 NOT BY ! G]MS1 MANY ( :I* >E PRES5T 9 HEAL?Y 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT RA!R BY MOLECUL> *ANGES )9 ! CELLS :I* SL[LY L[] ! DEF5SES ( TISSUES 9 ! M\?4 ,! CELLS ?AT L9E ! M\? & TONGUE >E 9 ILL HEAL?4 ,TO BORR[ ! WORDS ( A GREAT ,AM]ICAN NUTRITIONI/1 !Y HAVE SUFF]$ A LOSS ( 0TISSUE 9TEGRITY40 ,! DECL9E 9 CELLUL> HEAL?1 (T5 V]Y PROTRACT$ & 9SIDI\S1 MAY NOT BE CL9ICALLY P]CEPTIBLE = A LONG TIME4 

,! CONCEPT ?AT CELLS CAN BE 9 ILL HEAL? LONG BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( SYMPTOMS 9 ! =M ( A CONV5TIONAL DISEASE1 RECEIVES /RONG SUPPORT FROM CANC]4 7,CANC] CELLS CAN BE REG>D$ AS ILL NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y >E ABNORMAL & PRODUCE DISORD]S 9 ! ORGANISM AS A :OLE1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE !IR BIO*EMICAL PROCESSES SEEM TO BE IMPAIR$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,OTTO ,W>BURG1 ( ! ,MAX ,PLANCK ,9/ITUTE = ,CELL ,PHYSIOLOGY 9 ,B]L91 HAS ADVANC$ ! !ORY ?AT CANC] IS DUE TO *ANGES 9 ! MANN] 9 :I* CELLS OBTA9 5]GY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,W>BURG1 CANC]-CAUS+ SUB/ANCES DAMAGE ! CELL'S RESPIRATORY ME*ANISMS1 CAUS+ IT TO OBTA9 5]GY BY F]M5TATION4 ,9 CASES 9 :I* CANC] IS CAUS$ BY VIRUSES1 ! CELLS CAN BE REG>D$ AS 9FECT$2 !IR REPRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS IS CONTROLL$ OR D]ANG$ BY ! PRES5CE ( AN ALI5 AG5T47 ,MANY FUNCTIONAL DIFF]5CES DI/+UI% CANC]\S FROM NON-CANC]\S CELLS4 ,CANC] CELLS NOT ONLY MULTIPLY UNCONTROLLABLY AT A GIV5 SITE2 9 MANY CASES !Y ALSO SPREAD1 OR META/ASIZE1 TO VITAL ORGANS ELSE:]E 9 ! BODY4 ,META/ASIS ACC\NTS = MO/ ( ! LIVES CLAIM$ BY ! DISEASE4 ,NORMAL CELLS MULTIPLY 9 A REGULAT$ MANN] &1 EXCEPT = C]TA9 HI<LY SPECIALIZ$ CELLS1 NEV] MIGRATE FROM ! TISSUES 9 :I* !Y ORIG9ATE4 ,C>EFUL /UDIES ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CANC] 9 EXP]IM5TAL ANIMALS SUGGE/ ?AT CELLS SELDOM BECOME MALIGNANT UNTIL !Y HAVE PASS$ ?R\< MANY GRADATIONS ( ILL HEAL?4 ,ANY MEAN+FUL DISCUSSION ( ! DISEASE MU/ TAKE ACC\NT ( HEAL?Y CELLS1 CELLS 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ( ILL HEAL?1 PRECANC]\S CELLS1 :I* IMP>T ABNORMAL *>ACT]I/ICS TO TISSUES1 & F9ALLY TRUE CANC] CELLS1 :I* REPRODUCE UNCONTROLLABLY4 ,FEW IF ANY ( !SE GRADATIONS >E LIKELY TO MANIFE/ !MSELVES 9 NOTICEABLE SYMPTOMS ( DISEASE4 ,AL?\< ! TRANSITION FROM NORMAL TO PRECANC]\S & CANC]\S CELLS MAY OCCUR V]Y RAPIDLY1 IT IS HI<LY PROBABLE ?AT ! MAJORITY ( MALIGNANT TUMORS >ISE ONLY AFT] A CELL & ITS DESC5DANTS HAVE SIL5TLY TRAVEL$ A LONG ROAD FROM HEAL? TO A PRECANC]\S & !N A CANC]\S /ATE4 

,?AT ?IS K9D ( DET]IORATION CAN OCCUR %\LD NOT SURPRISE US4 ,CELLUL> METABOLISM IS SO COMPLEX ?AT MANY ?+S CAN GO WRONG 9 A CELL )\T PRODUC+ MAJOR SYMPTOMS ( DISEASE 9 ! ORGANISM AS A :OLE4 ,A LIV+ CELL 5GAGES 9 AN 5ORM\S V>IETY ( *EMICAL OP]ATIONS 9 :I* EXTREMELY COMPLEX MOLECULES >E BUILT UP & BROK5 D[N AT A RAPID PACE4 ,A DELICATE BALANCE EXI/S BETWE5 ! ABSORPTION ( NUTRI5TS & ! EXCRETION ( WA/E PRODUCTS4 ,IF ?IS BALANCE IS ALT]$ A TRIFLE = ANY L5G? ( TIME1 DYSFUNCTIONS WILL OCCUR 9 ! CELL4 ,IF IT IS ALT]$ A BIT MORE1 VAGUE SYMPTOMS ( ILLNESS MAY APPE>4 ,IF BLOOD OR OXYG5 IS D5I$ TO C]TA9 ORGANS ( ! BODY = A V]Y %ORT P]IOD ( TIME1 IRREP>ABLE1 EV5 FATAL1 DAMAGE WILL OCCUR4 

,BUT MANY DISORD]S MAY P]SI/ )\T EV] ASSUM+ AN OV]T =M4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( CELLS1 TISSUES1 & ORGANS MAY BE RET>D$2 ADV]SE *ANGES MAY OCCUR 9 ! BODY'S COMPLEX METABOLIC FUNCTIONS2 9 TIME1 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MAY BE IMPAIR$ & LONGEVITY R$UC$4 ,IF *ANGES ( ?IS NATURE OCCUR 9 A L>GE NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS1 \R /&>DS ( PUBLIC HEAL? MAY BE L[]$ IMP]CEPTIBLY4 ,SU* 9DIVIDUALS WILL NOT BE REG>D$ AS ILL 9 ! CONV5TIONAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,9 FACT1 UNTIL !Y >E AFFLICT$ ) CANC] OR HE>T ATTACKS1 !Y WILL SATISFY ALL ! S*EMATIC CRIT]IA = GL[+ HEAL?4 

,=TUNATELY1 ! NE$ TO GIVE GREAT] ATT5TION TO COV]T1 OR SUBCL9ICAL1 DI/URBANCES 9 ! HUMAN BODY IS GA9+ 9CREAS+ RECOGNITION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT IS WOR? NOT+ ! WAY 9 :I* =M] ,U4 ,S4 ,SURGEON ,G5]AL ,L]OY ,E4 ,BURNEY DISCUSSES ! HAZ>DS ?AT >E CREAT$ BY L[-LEVEL CONC5TRATIONS ( *EMICAL TOXICANTS 9 WAT]4 0,!Y >E NOT KILL+ US OR MAK+ US CL9ICALLY ILL4 ,BUT H[ DOES ! HUMAN BODY REACT TO /EADY DOSES ( DILUT$ *EMICALS8 ,:AT HAPP5S IF ! CONC5TRATION 9CREASES1 EI!R SUDD5LY OR GRADUALLY8 ,WE CANNOT SAY ?AT WE KN[ ! ANSW]S40 ,! SAME PROBLEM IS RAIS$ BY ,ROB]T ,A4 ,KEHOE1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,C9C9NATI4 ,AFT] A REVIEW ( ! TOXICANTS1 PHYSICAL HAZ>DS1 RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS1 & 0WELT] ( ACTIVITIES0 CREAT$ BY \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T1 ,KEHOE ASKS3 0,BUT :AT >E ! CONSEQU5CES1 ?R\< ! WORK+ LIFE TIME1 ( ! FREQU5T1 ALMO/ DAILY1 IMPACTS ( 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE 9SULTS ( M9OR OR SUB-CL9ICAL SEV]ITY80 ,ATT5TION %\LD BE FOCUS$ ON ,BURNEY & ,KEHOE'S CONC]N = SUB CL9ICAL DAMAGE1 A CONCEPT ?AT IS NOT P>TICUL>LY CONG5IAL TO ! \TLOOK ( ! ,AM]ICAN M$ICAL COMMUNITY4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ! PROBLEM ( SUB CL9ICAL DAMAGE CAN BE IGNOR$ 9 9VE/IGATIONS ( CANC] & NUTRITIONAL DISORD]S4 ,RESE>*]S >E CON/ANTLY SEEK+ BETT] ME?ODS = ! E>LY DIAGNOSIS ( MALIGNANT & PRE-MALIGNANT TUMORS4 ,BUT DIAGNO/IC TE*NIQUES1 H[EV] DESIRABLE1 >E NOT AT ISSUE H]E4 ,IF IT CAN BE 9F]R$ FROM ! COMPLEXITY ( MAN'S METABOLISM ?AT ILL HEAL? CAN EXI/ LONG BE=E IT BECOMES M$ICALLY EVID5T1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! GREATE/ C>E %\LD BE EX]CIS$ 9 *ANG+ MAN'S 5VIRONM5T4 ,:]E *ANGES >E DESIRABLE1 !Y %\LD BE PREC$$ BY METICUL\S & IMAG9ATIVE /UDIES4 ,& :]E *ANGES >E NECESS>Y1 EV]Y PRECAUTION %\LD BE TAK5 TO M9IMIZE ANY ILL EFFECTS !Y MAY HAVE ON ! HUMAN BODY4 ,IT W\LD BE UTT] FOLLY TO 9TRODUCE NE$LESS *ANGES 9 MAN'S DIET1 =MS ( WORK1 HABITS1 & PHYSICAL SURR\ND+S )\T 9VE/IGAT+ !IR EFFECTS FROM ! BROADE/ P]SPECTIVE ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 

,5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES %\LD BE /UDI$ NOT ONLY 9 RELATION TO ! MORE DRAMATIC EFFECTS !Y HAVE ON MAN2 /UDY %\LD ALSO BE FOCUS$ ON ! SUBTLE *ANGES PRODUC$ 9 TISSUES & BODILY FUNCTIONS4 ,9 ADDITION RESE>* %\LD BE DIRECT$ T[>D DISORD]S ?AT MAY >ISE YE>S AFT] A NEW PRODUCT IS (F]$ = PUBLIC CONSUMPTION4 ,:5EV] AN 9ESS5TIAL PRODUCT IS SUSPECT$ ( BE+ H>MFUL TO MAN1 ITS SALE OR DI/RIBUTION %\LD BE PROHIBIT$4 ,! CONCEPT ( 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ ILLNESS %\LD 9CLUDE ALL /RUCTURAL LEVELS ( ! HUMAN ORGANISM & 5COMPASS NOT ONLY PRES5T BUT ALSO FUTURE G5]ATIONS4 

,M,A,N ,& ,! ,N,A,T,U,R,A,L ,W,O,R,L,D 

  

,UN=TUNATELY1 ! AM\NT ( RESE>* DEVOT$ TO 5VIRONM5TAL HEAL? FALLS F> %ORT ( CURR5T NE$S4 ,MANY IMPORTANT PROBLEMS >E BE+ NEGLECT$ = WANT ( FUNDS & TRA9$ P]SONNEL4 ,:]E RESE>* IS 9T5SIVE1 IT IS (T5 FRAGM5T>Y & UNCOORD9AT$4 0,SEP>ATE APPROA*ES TO SPECIFIC PROBLEMS HAVE HAD GREAT PRACTICAL VALUE10 NOTES A REC5T REPORT BY ! ,SURGEON ,G5]AL TO ! ,H\SE ,APPROPRIATIONS ,COMMITTEE4 0,!Y HAVE PROVID$ EFFECTIVE ME*ANISMS = GETT+ AT CRITICAL PHASES ( IMPORTANT PROBLEMS444 ,BUT ! MANY & COMPLEX 9T]RELATION%IPS AMONG ?OSE PROBLEMS HAVE BECOME 9CREAS+LY APP>5T1 & IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !Y MU/ BE CONSID]$ AS P>TS ( A :OLE444 ,TO A*IEVE A 'TOTAL VIEW1' !RE MU/ BE AN 9TEGRATION ( RESE>* & CONTROL ME?ODS4 ,! KN[L$GE & SKILLS ( MANY PR(ESSIONAL SPECIALTIES - PHYSICIANS1 5G9E]S1 PHYSICI/S1 *EMI/S1 $UCATORS1 /ATI/ICIANS AMONG !M - MU/ BE FUR!R COORD9AT$ 9 SEEK+ SCI5TIFICALLY S\ND ANSW]S TO ! MANY *ALL5G+ QUE/IONS 9 ! FIELD ( 5VIRONM5TAL HEAL?40 

,!SE WORDS >E MORE A COMPLA9T AGA9/ ! ABS5CE ( A 0TOTAL VIEW0 ?AN A TRIBUTE TO 0SEP>ATE APPROA*ES TO SPECIFIC PROBLEMS40 ,TIME IS RUNN+ \T4 ,MANY PASSAGES 9 ! ,SURGEON ,G5]AL'S REPORT W\LD BE DISMISS$ AS DOLEFUL EXAGG]ATIONS IF WE W]E NOT AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT !Y COME FROM AN (FICIAL & HI<LY RESPONSIBLE S\RCE4 0,NEW *EMICALS1 MANY ( !M ) TOXIC PROP]TIES OR CAPABILITIES1 >E BE+ PRODUC$ & M>KET$1 & PUT 9TO USE AT A RAPID RATE10 ! REPORT OBS]VES4 0,!SE 9CLUDE PLA/ICS1 PLA/ICIZ]S1 ADDITIVES TO FUELS & FOODS1 PE/ICIDES1 DET]G5TS1 ABRASIVES40 ,AN E/IMAT$ 0#d-#e TOTALLY NEW *EMICALS >E PUT 9TO USE EA* YE>444 ,AL?\< MANY COMMONLY US$ *EMICALS >E *ECK$ = TOXICITY1 MU* IS /ILL UNKN[N AB\T !IR LONG-T]M POT5TIAL HAZ>DS40 ,! REPORT W>NS ?AT :ILE 0! MOD]N SUP]M>KET & FROZ5 FOOD LOCK] P]MIT ! USE ( A WIDE V>IETY ( FOODS1 ) RESULT+ NUTRITIONAL B5EFITS1444 MOD]N ME?ODS ( GR[+ & PROCESS+ FOODS 9TRODUCE NEW HAZ>DS ( PE/ICIDE SPRAY RESIDUES1 PRES]VATIVES & O!R FOOD ADDITIVES1 & EV5 CONTAM9ANTS RELAT$ TO PACKAG+1 :I* REQUIRE ATT5TION = CONTROL40 ,AN OM9\S G5]ALIZATION AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! REPORT C\LD WELL S]VE = ITS CONCLUSION3 0,IT IS NOT BE+ OV] DRAMATIC TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?REATS FROM \R 5VIRONM5T1 ACTUAL & POT5TIAL1 CAN NOT ONLY G5]ATE :OLLY UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS ON ! HEAL? & WELL-BE+ ( ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES C\LD AFFECT L>GE SEGM5TS ( \R POPULATION & CONCEIVABLY ?REAT5 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( \R ,NATION40 

,DESPITE ! FRANKNESS ( ! ,SURGEON ,G5]AL'S REPORT1 ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T NOT ONLY HAS FAIL$ TO MEET !SE PROBLEMS RESOLUTELY BUT HAS DIRECTLY & 9DIRECTLY CONTRIBUT$ TO !M4 ,! 9DIRECT CONTRIBUTION WAS MADE ?R\< 9ACTION4 ,IT TOOK NE>LY A HALF C5TURY ( DEBATE1 BO? 9 & \T ( ,CONGRESS1 TO OBTA9 NATIONAL LEGISLATION :I* MADE MANUFACTUR]S LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE = PRE-TE/+ FOOD ADDITIVES4 ,UNTIL #aiei ! JOB ( E/ABLI%+ :E!R A FOOD ADDITIVE WAS H>MFUL WAS P]=M$ BY ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION1 & ATTEMPTS TO PROHIBIT ! USE ( SU* ADDITIVES (T5 9VOLV$ LONG & CO/LY JUDICIAL PROCE$+S4 ,! SAME LEGISLATIVE PROCRA/9ATION IS N[ BE+ 5C\NT]$ 9 CONNECTION ) NEW 5VIRONM5TAL HEAL? PROBLEMS4 ,AL?\< AIR & WAT] POLLUTION HAS REA*$ /AGG]+ PROPORTIONS1 NATIONAL LEGISLATION TO COMBAT IT IS CREEP+ =W>D AT A SNAIL'S PACE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 GOV]NM5T-SUBSIDIZ$ NUCLE> 5]GY PROGRAMS >E CREAT+ ONE ( ! MO/ HAZ>D\S S\RCES ( AIR & WAT] POLLUTION 9 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T4 ,! H>MFUL CONSEQU5CES ( !SE PROGRAMS \TWEI< ANY IMPROVEM5TS ?AT MAY HAVE RESULT$ FROM REC5T LAWS TO CONTROL FOOD ADDITIVES4 ,ON BALANCE1 ! OV]-ALL SITUATION IS DET]IORAT+ ) EV]Y PASS+ YE>4 

,! PROBLEMS ( \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T CAN BE SUMM$ UP BY SAY+ ?AT NONHUMAN 9T]E/S >E SUP]S$+ MANY ( \R RESPONSIBILITIES TO HUMAN BIOLOGICAL WELF>E4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 MAN IS NO LONG] WORK+ = HIMSELF4 ,MANY FIELDS ( KN[L$GE & MANY PRACTICAL 5DEAVORS ?AT W]E ONCE ORI5T$ T[>D ! SATISFACTION ( BASIC HUMAN WANTS HAVE BECOME 5DS 9 !MSELVES1 & TO AN EV]-GREAT] DEGREE !SE NEW 5DS >E CONFLICT+ ) ! REQUIREM5TS = HUMAN HEAL?4 ,! NE$S ( 9DU/RIAL PLANTS >E BE+ PLAC$ BE=E MAN'S NE$ = CLEAN AIR2 ! DISPOSAL ( 9DU/RIAL WA/ES HAS GA9$ PRIORITY OV] ! COMMUNITY'S NE$ = CLEAN WAT]4 ,! MO/ P]NICI\S LAWS ( ! M>KET PLACE >E GIV5 PREC$5CE OV] ! MO/ COMPELL+ LAWS ( BIOLOGY4 

,UND]/&ABLY1 A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE HAVE REACT$ TO ! NONHUMAN *>ACT] ( \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T BY V5]AT+ NATURE AS ! ONLY S\RCE ( HEAL? & WELL-BE+4 ,! NATURAL /ATE1 ALMO/ )\T RES]VATION1 IS REG>D$ AS PREF]ABLE TO ! WORKS ( MOD]N MAN & ! 5VIRONM5T HE HAS CREAT$ = HIMSELF4 ,! T]M 0NATURAL0 T5DS TO BECOME SYNONYM\S ) 0PRIMITIVE40 ,! MORE MAN'S SITUATION APPROXIMATES ?AT ( HIS PRIMITIVE =EBE>S1 IT IS ?\<T1 ! MORE HE WILL BE N\RI%$ BY C]TA9 QUASI-MY/ICAL WELLSPR+S ( HEAL? & VIRTUE4 ,9 VIEW ( ! M\NT+ PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T1 ?IS R5UNCIATION ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY - 9DE$1 ( CIVILIZATION - W\LD BE ALMO/ TEMPT+ IF IT W]E NOT MANIFE/LY IMPRACTICAL4 ,AN UNQUALIFI$ IDEALIZATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD 9VOLVES AN ACCEPTANCE ( MANY 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS ?AT >E DI/9CTLY UNFAVORABLE TO HUMAN LIFE4 ,UNTIL ! ADV5T ( CIVILIZATION1 NATURE %AP$ ! C\RSE ( HUMAN EVOLUTION ) SEV]ITY1 VISIT+ DEA? ON ALL 9DIVIDUALS :O C\LD NOT SATISFY H] RIGOR\S REQUIREM5TS = SURVIVAL4 ,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE >E LIV+ TODAY :O C\LD NOT HAVE MET ! DEM&S ( A MORE PRIMITIVE WAY ( LIFE4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE P]I%$ ON ! BATTLEGR\NDS ( NATURAL SELECTION AS SURELY AS ! Y\NG & FIT >E N[ DE/ROY$ ON ! BATTLEGR\NDS ( MOD]N W>4 

,A MU* GREAT] IMP$IM5T TO A RATIONAL \TLOOK1 H[EV]1 SPR+S FROM A T5D5CY TO IGNORE MAN'S DEP5D5CE ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! EXT5T ( ?IS DEP5D5CE CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY4 ,! GREAT DIV]SITY ( RACIAL TYPES REM9DS US ?AT HUMAN COMMUNITIES HAVE FOLL[$ !IR [N DI/9CTIVE L9ES ( EVOLUTION4 ,EA* HAS ADAPT$ ITSELF OV] MANY MILL5NIA TO DIFF]5T CLIMATIC & PHYSICAL CONDITIONS4 ,MANY SUBTLE DIFF]5CES 9 NE$S EXI/ AMONG HUMAN GR\PS1 9DE$ AMONG 9DIVIDUAL TYPES4 0,*ANG+ CONDITIONS ( LIFE AFFECT 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS10 OBS]V$ ,WADE ,H4 ,BR[N1 ( ! ,ROCKEFELL] ,9/ITUTE1 A G5]ATION AGO1 0BUT AS 9DIVIDUALS DIFF] 9 RESPECT ( !IR 9H]5T CON/ITUTIONAL EQUIPM5T1 !Y DIFF] ALSO 9 !IR REACTIONS TO 9FLU5CES ( ALL K9DS4 ,SOME >E CAPABLE ( IMM$IATE & COMPLETE ADJU/M5T1 O!RS >E SL[ TO RESPOND OR >E 9CAPABLE ( ADJU/M5T1 SO ?AT :5 MEMB]S ( A GR\P >E SUBJECT$ TO A *ANGE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE OR >E EXPOS$ TO 9FECTION UND] FAVORABLE OR UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 ! RESPONSE OBTA9$ V>IES ACCORD+ TO ! CAPACITIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL40 ,M$IC9E & TE*NOLOGY >E PROVID+ ONLY P>TIAL COMP5SATION = ! H>MFUL EFFECTS ( NEW DIETS1 *ANG$ MODES ( WORK1 & UNFAMILI> CLIMATES4 ,TE*NICIANS CAN SUPPLY A FAIR-SK9N$ MAN ) AIR CONDITION+ 9 HOT TROPICAL REGIONS4 ,!Y CAN CLO! A ,NEGRO 9 EFFECTIVE HEAT-RETA9+ G>M5TS 9 ! COLD NOR?L&S4 ,BUT !SE MEASURES >E ONLY AD HOC SOLUTIONS TO ! ?REAT ( EXT9CTION4 ,9 !IR NEW 5VIRONM5T1 BO? M5 MU/ FUNCTION AS LIMIT$ 9DIVIDUALS1 RE/RICT+ !IR ACTIVITIES & NORMAL MODE ( LIFE4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE %\LD NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! NE$S ALL M5 HAVE 9 COMMON4 ,EV]Y HUMAN BE+ HAS M9IMUM REQUIREM5TS = C]TA9 NUTRI5TS4 ,AL?\< HUMAN DIETS MAY BE MODIFI$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 CLIMATE WORK1 & AVAILABLE FOODS1 !SE MODIFICATIONS USUALLY REPRES5T DIFF]5CES 9 NUTRITIONAL EMPHASIS1 :E!R ON PROTE9S1 C>BOHYDRATES1 OR FATS4 ,! HUMAN BODY MU/ BE EMPLOY$ 9 A V>IETY ( PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES1 OR IT WILL WEAK5 & HEAL? & POSSIBLY LONGEVITY WILL BE ADV]SELY AFFECT$4 ,NEW TOXICANTS DANG]\S TO M5 ( ONE RACE >E EQUALLY HAZ>D\S TO M5 ( O!R RACES4 ,! APPE>ANCE ( !SE TOXIC AG5TS 9 ! ATMOSPH]E1 WAT]1 & FOODS ?REAT5S ! HEAL? ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE LAT]1 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y ?REAT5 MAN MAY DIFF] APPRECIABLY FROM ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y ?REAT5 O!R SPECIES1 SO ?AT EXP]IM5TAL WORK ) ANIMALS DOES NOT ALWAYS DISCLOSE ! DAMAGE ! NEW TOXICANTS PRODUCE 9 HUMAN BE+S4 ,= ! PRES5T1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! LIMITS ( 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE W]E /AK$ \T BY =CES WELL BEYOND HUMAN CONTROL4 ,AFT] EONS ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION1 MAN IS SUBJECT TO UNREL5T+ ANATOMICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL DEM&S4 ,IF !SE DEM&S >E IGNOR$1 HE FACES ! REV5GE ( HIS [N BODY 9 ! =M ( E>LY DEBILITATION & A %ORT5$ LIFE SPAN4 ,HIS BASIC NE$S = OPTIMAL HEAL? HAVE L>GELY BE5 DECID$ = HIM BY HIS LONG DEVELOPM5T AS A UNIQUE ANIMAL ORGANISM4 ,LA/LY1 MAN MU/ LIVE 9 H>MONY ) MYRIAD =MS ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 MANY ( :I* >E 9DISP5SABLE TO HIS SURVIVAL4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 A F]TILE SOIL IS JU/ AS IMPORTANT = HUMAN HEAL? AS CLEAN AIR & WAT]4 ,ADEQUATELY N\RI%$ ANIMALS >E AS NECESS>Y = MAN'S WELL-BE+ AS ADEQUATELY N\RI%$ HUMAN TISSUES4 ,ANY S]I\S DISORD]S 9 ! L& OR 9 PLANTS & ANIMALS EV5TUALLY PRODUCE DISORD]S 9 ! HUMAN BODY4 ,MAN T5DS TO WEAK5 & GIVE WAY TO ILLNESS AS ! NATURAL PRECONDITIONS = HIS HEAL? >E UND]M9$ BY ]OSION1 DISEASE1 OR POLLUTION4 ,NE>LY ALL ! ABUSES HE 9FLICTS ON SOIL1 PLANTS1 & ANIMALS >E RETURN$ TO HIM 9 K9D1 P]HAPS 9DIRECTLY1 BUT ALL ! MORE MALIGNANTLY BECAUSE ! DAMAGE IS (T5 F> ADVANC$ BE=E IT CAN BE SE5 & CORRECT$4 

,WE T5D TO VIEW PROBLEMS 9 ! WORLD ( LIV+ ?+S - ! BIOSPH]E - ) ! SAME S*EMATIC APPROA* ?AT WE BR+ TO 5VIRONM5TAL HEAL? PROBLEMS4 ,WE DEM& EVID5CE ( A M>K$ 9JURY TO MAN'S NATURAL SURR\ND+S BE=E WE >E READY TO AGREE ?AT !RE EXI/ PROBLEMS ?AT REQUIRE SOLUTIONS4 ,WE MAKE %>P DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ORD] & DISORD] 9 NATURE1 JU/ AS WE DRAW A %>P L9E BETWE5 HEAL? & DISEASE 9 MAN4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! SAME K9DS ( QUALITATIVE PROBLEMS WE 5C\NT] 9 ! PHYSIOLOGY ( HUMAN BE+S REAPPE> 9 ECOLOGY2 ?AT IS1 9 ! /UDY ( H[ LIV+ ?+S 9T]ACT ) ONE ANO!R & ) !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,EV]Y ORGANISM HAS ITS [N 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ ILLNESSES4 ,! 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ DISEASES ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 LIKE ! *RONIC & DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES ( MAN1 >E DUE TO A MULTIPLICITY ( FACTORS4 ,& JU/ AS MANY DISORD]S MAY P]SI/ 9 MAN )\T EV] ASSUM+ AN OV]T =M1 COV]T ILLNESS MAY P]SI/ 9 PLANTS & ANIMALS )\T EV] PRODUC+ CLE>-CUT SYMPTOMS ( DISEASE4 

,! CAUTION ?AT %\LD BE EX]CIS$ 9 *ANG+ \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T %\LD ALSO BE EX]CIS$ 9 *ANG+ ! BIOSPH]E4 ,NEV] BE=E 9 MAN'S HI/ORY HAS !RE BE5 A GREAT] NE$ = :AT ,RALPH & ,MILDR$ ,BU*SBAUM CALL ! 0ECOLOGICAL VIEWPO9T0 T[>D MAN'S 9FLU5CE ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?IS VIEWPO9T IS 0! CONS]VATIVE VIEW ( MAN'S RELATION TO HIS TOTAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT HOLDS ?AT AN 5VIRONM5TAL SETT+ DEVELOP$ BY NATURAL SELECTION OV] MANY MILLIONS ( YE>S MU/ BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE SOME M]IT4 ,ANY?+ SO COMPLICAT$ AS A PLANET 9HABIT$ BY MORE ?AN A MILLION & A HALF SPECIES ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 ALL ( !M LIV+ TOGE!R 9 A MORE OR LESS BALANC$ EQUILIBRIUM 9 :I* !Y CONT9UALLY USE & REUSE ! SAME MOLECULES ( ! SOIL & AIR1 CANNOT BE IMPROV$ BY AIMLESS & UN9=M$ T9K]+4 ,ALL *ANGES 9 A COMPLEX ME*ANISM 9VOLVE SOME RISK & %\LD BE UND]TAK5 ONLY AFT] C>EFUL /UDY ( ALL ! FACTS AVAILABLE4 ,*ANGES %\LD BE MADE ON A SMALL SCALE FIR/ SO AS TO PROVIDE A TE/ BE=E !Y >E WIDELY APPLI$4 ,:5 9=MATION IS 9COMPLETE1 *ANGES %\LD /AY CLOSE TO ! NATURAL PROCESSES :I* HAVE 9 !IR FAVOR ! 9DISPUTABLE EVID5CE ( HAV+ SUPPORT$ LIFE = A V]Y LONG TIME40 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,AGRICULTURE & ,HEAL? 
,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*APT] #b - ,AGRICULTURE & ,HEAL? 

,SOIL & ,AGRICULTURE 

,PROBLEMS ( SOIL & AGRICULTURE SELDOM >\SE ! 9T]E/ ( URBAN DWELL]S4 ,T[N & C\NTRY HAVE BECOME SO %>PLY POL>IZ$ ?AT ! CITY MAN & ! F>M] LIVE 9 WIDELY SEP>AT$1 CONTRA/+1 & (T5 SOCIALLY ANTAGONI/IC WORLDS4 ,! AV]AGE RESID5T ( AN ,AM]ICAN METROPOLIS KN[S AS LITTLE AB\T ! PROBLEMS ( GR[+ FOOD AS ! AV]AGE F>M] KN[S AB\T ! PROBLEMS ( MASS TRANSPORTATION4 ,! CITY MAN1 TO BE SURE1 DOES NOT NE$ TO BE REM9D$ ?AT GOOD SOIL IS IMPORTANT = SUCCESSFUL F>M+4 ,HE RECOGNIZES ! NECESSITY = CONS]VATION & C>EFUL MANAGEM5T ( ! L&4 ,BUT HIS KN[L$GE ( FOOD CULTIVATION - ITS TE*NIQUES1 PROBLEMS1 & PROSPECTS - IS LIMIT$4 ,HE LEAVES ! L& 9 TRU/ TO ! F>M] 9 ! BELIEF ?AT MOD]N AGRICULTURAL ME?ODS CANNOT FAIL TO PRODUCE ATTRACTIVE & N\RI%+ FOOD4 

,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 MOD]N AGRONOMY IS BESET ) HI<LY CONTROV]SIAL PROBLEMS1 MANY ( :I* DEEPLY CONC]N ! WELF>E ( URBAN MAN4 ,IT HAS BE5 VEHEM5TLY >GU$ & AS VIGOR\SLY D5I$ ?AT SOIL F]TILITY HAS A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON ! QUALITY ( FOOD4 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME AGRONOMI/S1 DET]IORATION 9 ! F]TILITY & /RUCTURE ( ! SOIL RESULTS 9 NUTRITIONALLY 9F]IOR CROPS4 ,SU* CROPS MAY SATISFY ! DEM&S ( HUNG] BUT NOT NECESS>ILY ! REQUIREM5TS ( HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY4 ,IF A %IFT FROM HI<- TO L[ QUALITY CROPS OCCURS ON A L>GE 5\< SCALE1 MAN'S HEAL? WILL BE ADV]SELY AFFECT$4 

,OPPON5TS ( ?IS VIEWPO9T CONT5D ?AT SOIL F]TILITY 9FLU5CES ONLY ! SIZE ( ! CROP & ?AT ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( A PLANT IS DET]M9$ PRIM>ILY BY G5ETIC FACTORS1 NOTABLY ! V>IETY ( SE$ ?AT ! F>M] SELECTS = HIS CROP4 ,IF URBAN MAN IS TO EX]CISE ANY CONTROL OV] ! FACTORS ?AT 9FLU5CE HIS HEAL?1 IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT HE GA9 SOME DEGREE ( FAMILI>ITY ) !SE PROBLEMS4 ,HE NE$ NOT GET 9VOLV$ 9 TE*NICALITIES1 BUT HE MU/ ACQUIRE A G5]AL KN[L$GE ( SOIL NE$S & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOIL F]TILITY & ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( CROPS4 

,DESPITE ! S5TIM5T & F]VOR ORD9>ILY EVOK$ BY ! WORDS 0L&0 & 0SOIL10 MANY PEOPLE ?9K ( SOIL EI!R AS 0DIRT10 A T]M ?AT IS (T5 US$ SYNONYM\SLY ) 0FIL?10 OR AS AN 9ORGANIC RES\RCE1 SU* AS COPP] & IRON4 ,!SE MISCONCEPTIONS HAVE NOT BE5 COMPLETELY ELIM9AT$ BY SCI5CE4 ,! RUDIM5TS ( A SCI5CE ( SOIL W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#h#d1 :5 ,JU/US VON ,LIEBIG PUBLI%$ HIS MONUM5TAL /UDIES ( SOIL & PLANT *EMI/RY4 ,LIEBIG HAD A PR(\ND GRASP ( HIS SUBJECT4 ,HE SWEPT AWAY MANY AL*EMI/IC NOTIONS AB\T PLANT GR[? & REPLAC$ ! MORE D\BTFUL AGRICULTURAL PRECEPTS ( HIS DAY ) NEW ONES BAS$ ON C>EFUL REASON+ & SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,BUT ,LIEBIG ALSO GAVE SUPPORT TO A MISCONCEPTION AB\T SOIL ?AT HAS YET TO BE COMPLETELY REMOV$ FROM ! PUBLIC M9D4 ,HE FO/]$ ! BELIEF ?AT SOILS >E 0LIFELESS /ORAGE B9S FILL$ ) PULV]IZ$ ROCKS1 :I* HELD WAT] & NUTRI5TS & :I* F>M]S /IRR$ 9 TILLAGE40 

,AGRONOMI/S G5]ALLY AGREE ?AT ,LIEBIG'S CONCEPTION ( SOIL IS 9CORRECT4 ,AL?\< SOME SOIL SCI5TI/S /ILL HOPE TO MANIPULATE ! SOIL AS ?\< IT W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN A RES]VOIR ( 9ORGANIC NUTRI5TS1 FEW1 IF ANY1 ACCEPT ,LIEBIG'S APPROA*4 ,! SOIL IS A PALPITAT+ %EET ( LIFE1 V>Y+ 9 COMPOSITION NOT ONLY FROM ONE P>T ( A C\NTRY TO ANO!R BUT FROM ACRE TO ACRE4 ,MAN CAN ANALYZE ! SOIL BUT HE CANNOT MANUFACTURE IT4 ,! FIR/ DIFFICULTY HE 5C\NT]S IS ITS HI<LY DYNAMIC *>ACT] & ITS REM>KABLE COMPLEXITY4 ,! SOIL IS A HI<LY DIFF]5TIAT$ WORLD ( LIV+ & 9ANIMATE ?+S1 ( VEGETABLE & ANIMAL MATT] 9 V>I\S /AGES ( DECOMPOSITION1 & ( ROCK P>TICLES1 M9]ALS1 WAT]1 & AIR4 ,SOIL IS ALWAYS 94 ! PROCESS ( =MATION4 ,IT GIVES UP ITS NUTRI5TS TO ! W9D1 RA91 & PLANTS1 & IS REPL5I%$ BY ! BREAKD[N ( ROCKS1 ! PUTREFACTION ( DEAD ANIMALS & PLANTS1 & ! NEV]-5D+ ACTIVITIES ( MICROSCOPIC LIFE4 ,! SOIL IS ! DRAMATIC >5A :]E LIFE & DEA? COMPLEM5T EA* O!R1 :]E DECAY N\RI%ES REG5]ATION4 

,! SURFACE SOIL1 :]E MO/ ( ! DEAD MATT] 9 SOIL IS CONC5TRAT$1 IS NOT ! 5D PRODUCT ( DECAY2 IT IS AN ACTIVE /AGE 9 ! DECOMPOSITION ( ORGANIC MATT]4 ,! DECAY+ PROCESS1 CONT9UALLY R5EW$ BY ! ADDITION ( DEAD ORGANISMS1 IS AS NECESS>Y = ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! SOIL AS IT IS = ! =MATION ( SOIL4 ,HUMMUS1 ! BLACK OR BR[N ORGANIC PORTION ( ! SOIL1 IS A PROTOPLASMIC1 JELLYLIKE SUB/ANCE MADE UP ( CELLS1 LEAVES1 & TISSUES ?AT HAVE LO/ !IR ORIG9AL /RUCTURE4 ,IF HUMMUS W]E NOT R5EW$ BY ! REMA9S ( DEAD ORGANISMS1 ! SOIL AS WE KN[ IT W\LD DISAPPE>4 ,! L& SURFACE ( ! E>? W\LD EV5TUALLY BE OCCUPI$ BY M9]AL P>TICLES & ROCKS1 & ! L& W\LD BE 9HOSPITABLE TO ADVANC$ =MS ( PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE4 

,SOIL IS MADE UP ( NOT ONLY DEAD MATT] BUT LIV+ ORGANISMS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE ORGANISMS >E EI!R 9VISIBLE OR B>ELY VISIBLE TO ! NAK$ EYE4 ,FUNGI1 :I* 9ITIATE DECOMPOSITION1 & BACT]IA1 :I* SUPPLY PLANTS ) USABLE NITROG51 >E AS MU* A P>T ( ! SOIL AS HUMMUS & ROCK P>TICLES4 ,!SE SOIL MICROBES SUPPLY MO/ ( ! NITROG5 REQUIR$ = PLANT GR[?4 ,!IR WORK IS SUPPLEM5T$ BY ! ACTIVITIES ( C\NTLESS 9SECTS & E>?WORMS1 :I* BURR[ ELABORATE GALL]IES ?R\< ! TOPSOIL4 ,)\T ! AIR ?AT !SE GALL]IES PROVIDE1 PLANT NUTRITION W\LD BE 9HIBIT$ & BACT]IA W\LD BE CONF9$ TO ! TOP FEW 9*ES ( ! SOIL4 ,E>?WORMS CONT9UALLY CIRCULATE SOIL NUTRI5TS4 ,DUR+ A S+LE YE> !Y MAY TURN UP AS MU* AS TW5TY TONS ( SOIL TO ! ACRE1 BURR[+ TO A DEP? ( AS MU* AS SIX FEET BEL[ ! SURFACE4 ,AS ORGANIC NUTRI5TS PASS ?R\< !IR BODIES1 !Y LEAVE BEH9D CA/S ?AT GIVE ! SOIL 9CREAS$ GRANUL>ITY & IMPROVE ITS ABILITY TO SUPPORT PLANT LIFE4 

,SOIL W\LD BE WA%$ OR BL[N AWAY IF IT W]E NOT HELD TOGE!R 9T]NALLY4 ,ITS CONNECTIVE TISSUE1 9DE$ ITS SKELETON1 IS MADE UP ( ! ROOT SY/EMS ( ! PLANT LIFE IT SUPPORTS4 ,ROOTS REA* \T 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 9T]TW9+ ) ONE ANO!R TO =M A LIV+ GRILLAGE B5EA? ! SURFACE ( ! L&4 ,BY 9T]LOCK+ & B9D+ SOIL GRANULES 9 A NETWORK ( ROOT BRAN*ES1 !Y 9CREASE ! SOIL'S ABILITY TO )/& ! IMPACT ( RA9 & W9D4 ,ABOVE ! SURFACE1 ! =E/'S CANOPY ( BRAN*ES & LEAVES BREAKS RA9FALL 9TO A F9E SPRAY4 ,! ]OSIVE RUN(F SO (T5 5C\NT]$ 9 OP51 SLOP+ L& IS *ANG$ 9TO A G5TLE FL[ ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE = MU* ( ! WAT] TO BE ABSORB$ BY ! SUBSOIL4 ,! SOIL IS SP>$ & ! WAT] TABLE IS KEPT HI<4 ,F9ALLY1 :5 PLANTS DIE1 !IR REMA9S NOT ONLY 9CREASE ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL BUT ALSO IMPROVE ITS /RUCTURE4 ,LIGN9 9 ROOTS1 /ALKS1 & TRUNKS KEEPS ! SOIL POR\S & FRIABLE - /RUCTURAL *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT FAVOR ! P5ETRATION ( WAT] & AIR4 

,9 ADDITION TO MICROORGANISMS1 SOIL FAUNA1 & PLANTS1 ! F\R? MAJOR FACTOR 9 ! MA9T5ANCE & =MATION ( SOILS IS ! ACTIVITY ( L>GE T]RE/RIAL ANIMALS ON ! SURFACE4 ,UND] NATURAL CONDITIONS1 ! L& TEEMS ) WILDLIFE1 :I* LEAVES BEH9D ORGANIC WA/ES RI* 9 PLANT NUTRI5TS4 ,NATURE1 AS ,SIR ,ALB]T ,H[>D HAS EMPHASIZ$1 IS A MIX$ F>M]3 0,PLANTS >E ALWAYS F\ND ) ANIMALS2 MANY SPECIES ( PLANTS & ANIMALS LIVE TOGE!R40 ,NATURE SELDOM CULTIVATES A S+LE CROP TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!RS4 ,V>IETY & COMB9ATION1 ( BO? PLANTS & ANIMALS1 CON/ITUTE ! BASIS = NATURAL EQUILIBRIUM4 ,H]BIVOR\S ANIMALS SUPPLY ! TOPSOIL ) FECAL MATT]1 C>NIVORES1 9 TURN1 REGULATE ! NUMB] ( PLANT EAT]S & !REBY PREV5T EXCESSIVE GRAZ+4 ,NORMALLY1 PR$ATORS & !IR PREY LIVE 9 EQUILIBRIUM4 ,R>ELY DOES IT HAPP5 9 ! NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS ?AT EI!R GR\P ATTA9S SU* NUMB]S AS TO BECOME PE/S & 9JURE ! SOIL4 

,EV]Y PLOT ( L& %\LD BE VIEW$ AS A SMALL1 HI<LY 9DIVIDUAT$ COSMOS4 ,M]ELY ID5TIFY+ ! ORGANISMS ?AT PROMOTE ! WELF>E ( ! SOIL DOES NOT ADEQUATELY DESCRIBE ! DEP5D5CE ( EA* GR\P ON ALL ! O!RS4 ,! P]=MANCE ( BACT]IA1 IT HAS BE5 NOT$1 DEP5DS 9 P>T ON ! CAPILL>Y-LIKE *ANNELS OP5$ UP BY ! PASSAGE ( 9SECTS & E>?WORMS ?R\< ! SOIL ,9SECTS & E>?WORMS1 9 TURN1 DEP5D = NUTRI5TS ON ! ORGANIC WA/ES ( PLANTS & ANIMALS4 ,IF ! SOIL IS /RUCTURALLY & NUTRITIONALLY CONDUCIVE TO A BALANC$1 ?RIV+ SOIL FAUNA1 BACT]IA T5D TO P5ETRATE FUR!R2 TOP SOIL BECOMES DEEP] & RI*]2 PLANT GR[? BECOMES HEAL?I] & MORE LUXURIANT4 ,:5 PLANTS >E ABUNDANT1 WILDLIFE IS BETT] N\RI%$ & MORE PL5TIFUL4 ,IF ANY EXT]NAL ELEM5T DISRUPTS ?IS COSMOS1 ! SOIL DET]IORATES & ! LIV+ ?+S ?AT OCCUPY ! SURFACE >E ADV]SELY AFFECT$4 

,AS LONG AS MAN IS A FOOD GA!R] OR A HUNT]1 HE EX]CISES A M9OR 9FLU5CE ON ! SOIL4 ,HE ACQUIRES :AT HE NE$S :]E HE F9DS IT1 & G5]ALLY HE HAS LITTLE EFFECT UPON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,:5 HE BEG9S TO CULTIVATE ! L&1 H[EV]1 HE IMPOSES A NEW & (T5 L>GELY SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T ON HIS NATURAL ONE4 ,! SOIL COSMOS IS ALT]$ DRA/ICALLY4 ,ON =E/ L&S1 A L>GE P>T ( ! 9DIG5\S TREE COV] IS REMOV$ & ! SOIL IS EXPOS$ TO ! DIRECT ASSAULTS ( RA9 & W9D4 ,) ! RE/RICTION ( ANIMAL LIFE1 ! RETURN ( MANURE TO ! L& BECOMES =TUIT\S4 ,:E!R ! SOIL IS PROP]LY F]TILIZ$ OR NOT DEP5DS UPON MAN'S =ESI<T1 :I* IS USUALLY LIMIT$ TO S]V+ HIS %ORT-T]M ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,LA/LY1 ! CULTIVATION ( A S+LE PLANT SPECIES ON A GIV5 TRACT ( L& T5DS TO BECOME ! PREVAL5T PRACTICE1 & ! *ECKS & BALANCES AF=D$ BY A DIV]SITY ( VEGETATION >E REMOV$4 ,! SUCCESS ( AGRICULTURE DEP5DS UPON ! EXT5T TO :I* MAN PRES]VES ! SOIL COSMOS HE 9H]ITS FROM NATURE4 ,IF ! ELEM5TS >E M]ELY RE>RANG$ & ADEQUATE COMP5SATION IS MADE = NECESS>Y *ANGES1 ! CULTIVATION ( FOOD CAN CONT9UE 9DEF9ITELY )\T H>M TO ! SOIL2 9 FACT1 VIRG9 SOIL CAN BE IMPROV$ IMMEASURABLY4 ,BUT IF ! SOIL COSMOS IS UND]M9$1 SOIL WILL BEG9 TO DISAPPE> & ! L& WILL BE =C$ TO FUNCTION )1 AS IT W]E1 ITS VITAL ORGANS EXPOS$ & HALF ITS VISC]A REMOV$4 

,! RESULTS CAN BE DISA/R\S4 ,HI/ORY SUPPLIES US ) NUM]\S ACC\NTS ( CIVILIZATIONS ?AT DISAPPE>$ SOLELY BECAUSE ( POOR AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES4 ,?R\<\T ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD1 VA/ MAN-MADE DES]TS HAVE SUPPLANT$ RI*1 F]TILE L&S ?AT ONCE N\RI%$ LUXURIANT CROPS & SUPPORT$ L>GE POPULATIONS4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 = EXAMPLE1 A T]RIBLE PRICE HAS BE5 PAID = ! ANCI5T PLANTATION ECONOMY1 9 :I* L& WAS CULTIVAT$ = A FEW CA% CROPS4 ,! ,PHO5ICIAN M]*ANTS :O E/ABLI%$ ,C>?AGE F\ND A SEMI->ID BUT HI<LY F]TILE SOIL ON ! S\!RN %ORES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN ,SEA4 ,ALMO/ AT ! \TSET1 F>M+ ASSUM$ A HI<LY COMM]CIALIZ$ =M4 ,A L>GE ACREAGE WAS IRRIGAT$ & CULTIVAT$ BY SLAVES1 & CROPS W]E PLANT$ & H>VE/$ PRIM>ILY = ! MONEY !Y W\LD BR+ 94 0,! 9T5SIVE PLANTATION CULTIVATION :I* ! ,C>?AG9IAN PLANTATION-[N] UND]TOOK1 & :I* WAS SUBSEQU5TLY IMITAT$ BY ! ,ROMAN CONQU]ORS ( ! L&1 HAD ! LONG-T]M EFFECT ( LETT+ 9 ! DES]T10 ,$W>D ,HYAMS WRITES4 0,CONCEIVABLY1 ! ORIG9AL =E/ - & GRASS - SOIL COMMUNITIES MI<T HAVE ACT$ AS A B>RI] TO ! ADVANC+ S&1 MI<T HAVE EV5 PU%$ SL[LY S\?W>D1 C>RY+ A MORE HUMID CLIMATE ) !M AS TREES 9VAD$ ! GRASS1 & COLONIZ$ ! ,SAH>A4 ,BUT CULTIVATION :I* TOOK NO ACC\NT ( SOIL AS SU*1 & WAS CONC]N$ ) GETT+ ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE CROPS \T ( ! SOIL1 HAD ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 ,! ,SAH>A BEGAN ITS NOR?W>D M>*2 IT HAS BE5 ON ! MOVE EV] S9CE2 IT HAS ALREADY 9VAD$ ,EUROPE1 BY WAY ( ,SPA91 AN OLD ,AFRICAN TRICK40 

,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO SEE ?AT ! AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ?AT R$UC$ F]TILE >EAS ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD TO A DES]T >E BE+ REPEAT$ TODAY1 ESPECIALLY 9 MANY >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BO? ! =MS & ! EFFECTS >E (T5 ! SAME4 ,MOD]N AGRICULTURE T5DS TO MODEL ITSELF ON 9DU/RY4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( ACRES >E PLANT$ & H>VE/$ ON A FACTORY S*$ULE1 9 SOME CASES TO MEET ! DAILY PRODUCTION REQUIREM5TS ( A NE>BY FOOD PROCESS+ PLANT4 ,EV]Y ME?OD ?AT WILL 0HURRY ALONG'0 CULTIVATION & R$UCE ITS CO/ IS EAG]LY SEIZ$ UPON4 ,FOOD CULTIVATION IS RIGOR\SLY /&>DIZ$1 EV5 0TIME /UDI$40 ,! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 AGRICULTURE IS DEVELOP$ TO A PO9T :]E ! T]M 0F>M]0 BECOMES A MO/ G5]AL EXPRESSION1 APPLICABLE TO PILOTS :O SPRAY 9SECTICIDES FROM ! AIR1 TRUCK & TRACTOR DRIV]S :O M]ELY OP]ATE VEHICLES1 ME*ANICS :O REPAIR F>M IMPLEM5TS1 =EM5 :O MANAGE WORK]S1 & UND]PRIVILEG$ MIGRATORY LABOR]S1 WORK+ AT PIECE RATES1 :O VIEW ! NE$S ( ! L& ) COMPLETE 9DIFF]5CE4 ,HUSB&RY IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY SUBORD9AT$ TO MASS PRODUCTION4 ,! MOD]N L& FACTORY1 LIKE ! METROPOLIS ?AT IT FE$S1 TRIES TO BASE ! MANAGEM5T ( LIV+ ?+S ON A P]NICI\S AV]AGE4 ,IT EMPLOYS PRIM>ILY ?OSE ME?ODS ?AT PROMOTE MASS MANIPULATION AT ! L[E/ CO/4 

,PRACTICES ( ?IS SORT >E AS H>MFUL TO SOIL AS !Y >E TO M54 ,MOD]N AGRICULTURE (T5 DEM&S ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE F>M MA*9]Y TO H&LE ITS HUGE CROPS2 HEAVY TRACTORS MOVE OV] ! SAME >EA ( L& REPEAT$LY - PLANT+1 SPREAD+ F]TILIZ]1 & H>VE/+ CROPS4 ,AL?\< ! USE ( MA*9ES 9 ! P]=MANCE ( >DU\S TASKS IS C]TA9LY DESIRABLE FROM A HUMAN PO9T ( VIEW1 EV]Y ME*ANICAL ADVANCE %\LD BE PROP]LY SCAL$1 BO? 9 SIZE & =M1 TO ! SITUATION AT H&4 ,! L& IS NOT ! CONCRETE FLOOR ( A FACTORY2 IT IS A LIV+ ?+1 & IT CAN BE MAUL$ & BRUIS$4 ,9JURY TO ! SOIL1 (T5 ( A S]I\S NATURE1 9EVITABLY FOLL[S ! EXPOSURE ( FIELDS TO ! WEI<T ( EXTRAORD9>ILY HEAVY MA*9ES4 ,! SOIL BECOMES COMPACT$1 & AS A RESULT1 PROP] DRA9AGE & ! GR[? ( ROOTS >E 9HIBIT$4 ,DATA FROM ,TEXAS 9DICATE ?AT CROP YIELDS ( COMPACT$ SOILS !RE HAVE FALL5 (F FROM #d TO SO P]C5T1 & COMM]CIAL F]TILIZ]S HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO 9CREASE ! YIELDS TO ANY GREAT EXT5T4 0,AFT] #a YE>S ( F>M-IMPLEM5T DEVELOPM5T10 OBS]VES ,H[>D ,W4 ,LULL1 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,=E/RY ,S]VICE1 0MORE ?AN HALF ( ,G]MANY'S CULTIVAT$ SOILS >E 9 POOR CONDITION - DUE L>GELY TO COMPACTION BY TRACTORS4 ,9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ! RAPID 9CREASE 9 ! WEI<T ( TRACTORS 9 REC5T YE>S HAS L$ TO PR$ICTIONS ( S]I\S EFFECTS ON ! SOIL40 

,! DET]IORATION ( SOIL IS C>RI$ FUR!R :5 L>GE >EAS ( L& >E US$ TO CULTIVATE A S+LE CROP4 ,! L& FACTORY SEP>ATES NOT ONLY ANIMAL FROM PLANT1 BUT PLANT FROM PLANT4 ,PRECISELY :]E PLANT & ANIMAL WA/ES >E MO/ NE$$ TO HELP ! SOIL )/& ! WEI<T ( HEAVY MA*9]Y1 A /RONG EMPHASIS IS PLAC$ ON ONE-CROP AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RIAL ME?ODS4 ,! /RUCTURE ( ! SOIL BREAKS D[N & ! LAY] ( HUMMUS BEG9S TO DISAPPE>4 ,9 MANY >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! L& HAS BE5 TURN$ 9TO A NE>LY LIFELESS1 9ORGANIC M$IUM ?AT MU/ BE NURS$ ALONG LIKE AN 9VALID AT ! ?RE%OLD ( DEA?4 

,! T]M 09ORGANIC M$IUM0 CAN BE TAK5 LIT]ALLY4 ,MOD]N AGRICULTURE MAY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM E>LI] =MS ( CULTIVATION BY ITS RELIANCE ON *EMI/RY = SOIL NUTRI5TS & ! CONTROL ( 9SECT 9FE/ATIONS4 ,) ! REMOVAL ( MANY NATURAL *ECKS & BALANCES1 WE >E COMPELL$ TO USE MANY SYN!TIC MAT]IALS TO GR[ & PROTECT \R FOODS4 ,!SE *EMICAL AG5TS 5ABLE US TO PRODUCE L>GE CROPS ON 9DIFF]5T & EV5 POOR SOILS4 ,! ULTIMATE IS REA*$ ) HYDROPONICS1 :I* USES NO SOIL AT ALL4 ,AN OP5 BOX IS FILL$ ) PEBBLES & A SOLUTION ( 9ORGANIC NUTRI5TS4 ,!N SE$S OR ROOTS >E PLAC$ DIRECTLY 9 ! M$IUM1 OR SOMETIMES SE$S >E SUPPORT$ 9 ! SOLUTION BY A WIRE SCRE5 UNTIL !Y G]M9ATE & S9K !IR ROOTS 9TO ! PEBBLES4 ,) ADEQUATE LI<T1 PROP] TEMP]ATURE1 & ! APPROPRIATE R5EWAL ( 9ORGANIC NUTRI5TS1 ! PLANTS MATURE RAPIDLY & BECOME AN $IBLE CROP4 

,9 AN AGE ( DEMON/RABLE SCI5TIFIC A*IEVEM5T1 IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ! AGRICULTURAL IMPORTANCE ( *EMI/RY4 ,*EMICAL ANALYSIS HAS ADVANC$ \R KN[L$GE ( ! SOIL COSMOS & PLANT NUTRITION 5ORM\SLY1 & !RE IS NO A PRIORI REASON :Y MANMADE *EMICAL AG5TS CANNOT BE US$ TO CONSID]ABLE ADVANTAGE 9 9CREAS+ ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL4 ,SOIL IS F]TILIZ$ TO 9CREASE ! QUANTITY & QUALITY ( FOOD CROPS4 ,:]EV] MAN ACQUIRES ! KN[L$GE & ! *EMICAL AG5TS TO A*IEVE !SE 5DS1 HE 5JOYS A DECISIVE ADVANTAGE OV] LESS-DEVELOP$ AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,NATURAL PROCESSES CAN BE R5D]$ MORE EFFICI5T & SOME ( ! LIFE L9ES ?AT DET]M9E ! ABUNDANCE & QUALITY ( PLANTS CAN BE %ORT5$1 BO? TO ! ADVANTAGE ( MAN & ! ORGANISMS ON :OSE WELL-BE+ HE DEP5DS4 ,IF RATIONAL /&>DS W]E APPLI$ TO AGRICULTURE1 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE = F>M]S TO SY/EMATICALLY MEET V>I\S NE$S ( ! L& ?AT W\LD PROBABLY HAVE REMA9$ UNSATISFI$ IF ! SOLUTION ( SOIL PROBLEMS HAD BE5 LEFT TO NATURAL PROCESSES ALONE4 

,BUT !RE IS A DANG] ?AT ! TE*NIQUES ( MOD]N *EMI/RY WILL BE ABUS$4 ,?IS DANG] IS ESPECIALLY PRON\NC$ 9 AN AGE ( SCI5TIFIC A*IEVEM5T1 9 :I* A LIMIT$ AM\NT ( KN[L$GE T5DS TO CREATE ! ILLUSION ?AT \R COMM& ( ! AGRICULTURAL SITUATION IS COMPLETE & \R /&>DS ( AGRICULTURAL SUCCESS >E RATIONAL4 ,MOD]N SOCIETY PLACES A /RONG EMPHASIS ON ! M]ITS ( MASS PRODUCTION4 ,WE T5D TO CONFUSE QUANTITY ) QUALITY4 ,! ?\<TLESS USE ( *EMICAL AG5TS 9 ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD MAY WELL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO GR[ CROPS ( GREAT ABUNDANCE BUT ( L[ QUALITY ON SOIL ?AT IS BASICALLY 9 POOR CONDITION4 0,HI< YIELDS >E NOT444 SYNONYM\S ) A HI< CONT5T ( NUTRI5T ELEM5TS10 OBS]VES ,A4 ,G4 ,NORMAN1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN 0,CROPS FROM WELL F]TILIZ$ PLOTS MAY HAVE A L[] CONT5T ( SOME ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS ?AN ?OSE FROM POORLY YIELD+ PLOTS1 ! ADDITION ( A F]TILIZ] MAY CAUSE A R$UCTION 9 CONT5T ( SOME ( ! O!R NUTRI5T ELEM5TS1 OR1 IF ! SUPPLY ( ! MAJOR ELEM5TS IS SU* ?AT ! CONT5T ( EA* 9 ! PLANT FALLS 9 ! POV]TY ADJU/M5T ZONE .<:]E A P>TIAL DEFICI5CY ( NUTRI5TS EXI/S.>1 MOD]ATE ADDITION ( ONE ( !M MAY HAVE RA!R LITTLE EFFECT ON CONT5T40 

,)\T MAK+ A FETI% ( NATURE1 A NUMB] ( RESPONSIBLE AGRONOMI/S & CONS]VATIONI/S D\BT /RONGLY :E!R A BASICALLY POOR SOIL IS CAPABLE ( MEET+ ALL ! NUTRITIONAL REQUIREM5TS ( PLANTS1 ANIMALS1 & MAN ) ! SUPPORT ( A FEW *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S4 0,9 ! LONG RUN LIFE CANNOT BE SUPPORT$1 SO F> AS \R PRES5T KN[L$GE GOES1 BY >TIFICIAL PROCESSES10 OBS]VES ,FAIRFIELD ,OSBORN1 A NOT$ ,AM]ICAN CONS]VATIONI/4 0,! DET]IORATION ( ! LIFE-GIV+ ELEM5TS ( ! E>?1 ?AT IS PROCE$+ AT A CON/ANTLY ACCEL]AT+ VELOCITY1 MAY BE *ECK$ BUT CANNOT BE CUR$ BY MAN-APPLI$ *EMI/RY40 ,OSBORN SEES TWO BASIC REASONS :Y 0>TIFICIAL PROCESSES1 UNLESS !Y >E RECOGNIZ$ AS COMPLEM5TS TO NATURAL PROCESSES1 WILL FAIL TO PROVIDE ! SOLUTION0 TO CURR5T SOIL & HEAL? PROBLEMS4 0,! FIR/ IS CONC]N$ ) ! ACTUAL NATURE ( PRODUCTIVE SOILS10 BY :I* IS MEANT ! COMPLEXITY ( ! SOIL COSMOS4 0,! SECOND REASON IS A PRACTICAL ONE & H+ES UPON ! DIFFICULTY1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBILITY1 ( 9/RUCT+ GREAT NUMB]S ( PEOPLE :O WORK ON ! L& REG>D+ ! EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$ TE*NIQUES ?AT NE$ TO BE APPLI$ TO PRODUCE EV5 A REASONABLE DEGREE ( F]TILITY BY >TIFICIAL ME?ODS40 

,:ATEV] ONE MAY ?9K ( ,OSBORN'S CONCLUSIONS1 ! ISSUE IS OBVI\SLY ( GREAT IMPORTANCE 9 ANY DISCUSSION ( 5VIRONM5TAL HEAL?1 & IT RAISES ! ADDITIONAL QUE/ION ( ONE'S APPROA* TO \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,KN[L$GE IS NEV] ABSOLUTE4 ,:AT WE 0KN[0 AB\T ANY?+1 BE IT SOIL OR NUTRITION1 G5]ALLY CONSI/S ( ! FACTS ?AT >E SELECT$ = \R PURPOSE4 ,IF \R OBJECTIVES >E COMPREH5SIVE1 SO TOO WILL BE ! DATA !Y COMM&4 ,IF !Y >E LIMIT$1 ! DATA ADDUC$ 9 !IR SUPPORT MAY 5TAIL A SUPPRESSION1 CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S1 ( FACTS ?AT SUPPORT BROAD] OBJECTIVES4 ,! PHYSICIAN :O IS BURD5$ ) A S*EMATIC CONCEPTION ( DISEASE IS 9CL9$ TO IGNORE SUBTLE FUNCTIONS ( ! BODY :OSE IMPAIRM5T CONTRIBUTES TO ! 9CID5CE ( *RONIC & DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESSES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! AGRICULTURI/ :O IS GUID$ PRIM>ILY BY SU* QUANTITATIVE CRIT]IA AS ! SIZE ( ! CROPS IS 9CL9$ TO IGNORE ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES :OSE IMPAIRM5T MAY L[] ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( FOOD4 ,! EVID5CE ?AT BO? ADDUCE 9 SUPPORT ( !IR VIEWS1 SU* AS MAN'S GREAT] LONGEVITY & L>G] CROPS1 DOES NOT PROVE ?AT MAN'S LONG] LIFE SPAN IS ! RESULT ( BETT] HEAL? OR ?AT ! ABUNDANT CROP IS GREAT] 9 FOOD VALUE4 

,! T5D5CY TO PLACE ! SOIL ON A LIMIT$ RATION ( *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S BECOMES /RONG] ) EA* PASS+ YE>4 ,NE>LY A DECADE AGO1 ,GEORGE ,L4 ,MC,NEW1 ( ! ,BOYCE ,?OMPSON ,9/ITUTE = ,PLANT ,RESE>*1 OBS]V$ ?AT ! QUANTITY ( 9ORGANIC F]TILIZ]S US$ 9 AGRICULTURE HAD 9CREAS$ OV] #b P]C5T BETWE5 ! PREW> YE>S & #a#i#d#h4 0,LESS B>NY>D MANURE IS BE+ ADD$ TO ! SOIL EA* YE>4 ,NOT 5\< GRE5 MANURE FROM COV] CROPS IS BE+ PL[$ UND] TO MA9TA9 ! ORGANIC MATT] CONT5T 9 SOILS ON MO/ ( \R F>MS40 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS *ANGE 9 AGRICULTURAL ME?ODS CALL = SOB] CONSID]ATION4 ,WE MU/ CLOSELY EXAM9E ! WAY 9 :I* CURR5T F]TILIZATION PRACTICES >E LIKELY TO AFFECT ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( FOOD1 ESPECIALLY 9 CIRCUM/ANCES :]E ECONOMIC 9C5TIVES >E LIKELY TO MAKE MISUSES ( *EMICALS ! RULE RA!R ?AN ! EXCEPTION4 

,SOIL ,F]TILITY & ,NUTRITION 

,BE=E WE CAN UND]/& ! ROLE ?AT SOIL F]TILITY PLAYS 9 5VIRONM5TAL HEAL?1 AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION MU/ BE ANSW]$4 ,DO WE HAVE A COMPLETE KN[L$GE ( ! NUTRITIVE CON/ITU5TS ( COMMON FOODS & DO WE FULLY UND]/& ! FUNCTION ?AT ALL ! KN[N NUTRI5TS HAVE 9 ! HUMAN BODY8 ,MANY RESE>*]S 9 ! FIELD ( NUTRITION & 9 RELAT$ SCI5CES AGREE ?AT ! ANSW] IS NO4 0,!RE IS NO KN[N LABORATORY ME?OD OR GR\P ( ME?ODS BY :I* ALL ! NUTRITIVE CON/ITU5TS 9 A FOOD CAN BE MEASUR$ & EVALUAT$ 9 T]MS ( ! NUTRITION ( MAN OR ANIMALS10 OBS]VES ,K5NE? ,C4 ,BEESON1 =M]LY DIRECTOR ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE'S ,PLANT1 ,SOIL1 & ,NUTRITION ,LABORATORY4 0444 ,ALL ( ! CON/ITU5TS CONTRIBUT+ TO NUTRITIVE QUALITY HAVE PROBABLY NOT BE5 RECOGNIZ$ & !RE >E NO ADEQUATE ME?ODS = QUANTITATIVE MEASURE 9 MANY CON/ITU5TS ?AT WE DO RECOGNIZE40 

,! SAME PROBLEM IS /AT$ V]Y CLE>LY BY ,BRUCE ,BLIV5 9 A POPUL> DISCUSSION ( HYDROPONICS4 0,WE DO NOT KN[ :E!R WE HAVE YET 5UM]AT$ ! 5TIRE LI/ ( *EMICALS & O!R SUB/ANCES NECESS>Y = ! MA9T5ANCE ( HEAL? & VIGOR4 ,! 'TRACE M9]ALS' ?AT OCCUR 9 M9UTE QUANTITIES 9 \R FOOD1 9CLUD+ COBALT1 COPP]1 PHOSPHORUS1 MANGANESE1 IOD9E1 & O!RS1 >E KN[N TO BE ( 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE TO HEAL?1 ?\< WE >E NOT YET SURE JU/ H[ MANY ( !M >E REQUIR$1 OR 9 :AT QUANTITIES4 ,WE DO NOT EV5 KN[ H[ MANY VITAM9S !RE >E1 OR :I* >E ESS5TIAL4 ,!ORETICALLY1 IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE FRUITS & VEGETABLES FROM SOIL ?AT IS LACK+ 9 SOME ( ! SUB/ANCES NECESS>Y = ! HEAL? ( ANIMALS & MAN2 !SE FRUITS & VEGETABLES W\LD LOOK ALL RI<T1 & YET PROVE TO BE H>MFUL IF !Y W]E A PR9CIPAL P>T ( ! DIET40 

,! POSSIBILITY ( PRODUC+ PLANTS ?AT 'LOOK ALL RI<T0 BUT V>Y WIDELY 9 NUTRITIONAL VALUES IS MORE ?AN !ORETICAL2 SU* CULTIVATION IS EM95TLY PRACTICAL & V]Y COMMON4 ,ID5TICAL V>IETIES ( VEGETABLES1 FRUIT1 & GRA9 MAY DIFF] APPRECIABLY 9 M9]AL1 PROTE91 & VITAM9 CONT5T4 ,!SE V>IATIONS >E CAUS$ BY MANY FACTORS1 A NUMB] ( :I* >E NOT )9 MAN'S CONTROL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! VITAM9-,C CONT5T ( FRUIT & LEAFY VEGETABLES SEEMS TO DEP5D PRIM>ILY UPON ! AM\NT ( SUN%9E TO :I* ! PLANTS >E EXPOS$4 ,V>IATIONS 9 TEMP]ATURE 9FLU5CE ! PRODUCTION ( ?IAM9E & C>OT5E 9 DIFF]5T PLANT SPECIES4 ,! LONG] ! GR[+ SEASON1 ! GREAT] WILL BE ! AM\NT ( VITAM9 ,C 9 BEANS1 SP9A*1 & LETTUCE4 ,ASIDE FROM !SE CLIMATIC & SEASONAL FACTORS1 H[EV]1 A DECISIVE ROLE 9 PLANT NUTRITION IS PLAY$ BY SOIL F]TILITY4 ,DESPITE %>P DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION ?AT HAVE DEVELOP$ >\ND ! ISSUE ( SOIL & NUTRITION1 A L>GE AM\NT ( EVID5CE SUPPORTS ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( PLANTS IS 9FLU5C$ PR(\NDLY BY ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL4 

,?IS 9FLU5CE MAY BE B5EFICIAL OR UNDESIRABLE1 DEP5D+ UPON ! TYPE & QUANTITY ( F]TILIZ] US$ 9 ANY GIV5 AGRICULTURAL SITUATION4 ,9 G5]AL1 NITROG5 F]TILIZ] T5DS TO 9CREASE ! PROPORTION ( CRUDE PROTE9 9 GRA94 ,?IS RELATION%IP HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 SEV]AL EXP]IM5TS4 ,DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#dS1 RESE>* BY ,R4 ,L4 ,LOV]N & ,M4 ,F4 ,MILL] AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MISS\RI %[$ ?AT ! P]C5TAGE ( CRUDE PROTE9 9 ONE V>IETY ( :EAT C\LD BE RAIS$ FROM A M9IMUM ( #h4#i TO A MAXIMUM ( #ag BY SUCCESSIVE APPLICATIONS ( SOLUBLE NITROG5 TO ! SOIL4 ,?REE YE>S ( EXP]IM5TAL WORK BY ,A4 ,S4 ,HUNT] & HIS CO-WORK]S ON #acc F>MS 9 ! ,COLUMBIA ,BAS9 C\NTIES ( ,OREGON 9DICAT$ ?AT APPLICATIONS ( NITROG5 F]TILIZ] USUALLY 9CREASE ! AM\NT ( PROTE9 9 PA/RY-TYPE :EATS4 ,RESULTS ( A SIMIL> NATURE HAVE ALSO BE5 A*IEV$ ) CORN4 ,H4 ,E4 ,SAUB]LI* & HIS COLLEAGUES AT ! ,ALABAMA ,AGRICULTURAL ,EXP]IM5T ,/ATION CULTIVAT$ TWO GRADES ( CORN - A 'L[ PROTE90 GRA9 7#f4#h TO #i4#a P]C5T7 & A 0HI< PROTE90 GRA9 7#i4#e TO #a#c4#f P]C5T74 ,! 0HI< PROTE90 CORN WAS PRODUC$ BY 9CREAS+ ! APPLICATION ( NITROG5 F]TILIZ] TO ! SOIL4 

,:5 AGRONOMI/S TURN !IR ATT5TION FROM ! PROTE9 TO ! M9]AL CON/ITU5TS ( PLANTS1 !Y F9D ?AT SOIL F]TILITY EX]CISES A MORE SUBTLE 9FLU5CE ON NUTRITIVE QUALITY4 ,! ADDITION ( CALCIUM1 PHOSPHORUS1 POTASSIUM1 & O!R NUTRI5TS TO DEPLET$ SOILS (T5 9CREASES ! M9]AL CONT5T ( PLANTS2 BUT ! EXP]IM5TS DO NOT YIELD CONSI/5T RESULTS4 ,9 MANY CASES AN 9CREASE DOES NOT TAKE PLACE4 ,9 FACT1 IF ! SOIL IS NOT DEFICI5T 9 COMMON M9]ALS1 ATTEMPTS TO 9CREASE YIELDS BY ADD+ HI< CONC5TRATIONS ( COMM]CIAL F]TILIZ]S TO ! SOIL MAY ACTUALLY R$UCE ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( PLANTS4 ,! SOIL MAY BECOME 0OV]-F]TILIZ$10 & ! QUANTITY ( IMPORTANT NUTRI5TS 9 ! CROP WILL DIM9I%4 

,H[ >E !SE CONTRADICTORY RESULTS TO BE EXPLA9$8 ,A P>TIAL ANSW] IS PROVID$ BY ! F9D+S ( SOIL *EMI/RY & PLANT PHYSIOLOGY4 ,MANY FACTORS MAY 9HIBIT A PLANT'S UPTAKE & UTILIZATION ( A NUTRI5T4 ,RESE>* WORK]S HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT AN EXCESSIVE QUANTITY ( ONE NUTRI5T 9 ! SOIL MAY PREV5T ! ABSORPTION & UTILIZATION ( ANO!R4 0,TOO MU* NITROG51 = EXAMPLE1 9 PROPORTION TO ! PHOSPHORUS AVAILABLE TO PLANTS1 MAY 5C\RAGE UNDESIRABLE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS4 ,ALSO TOO MU* CALCIUM MAY 9T]F]E ) PHOSPHORUS & BORON NUTRITION OR MAY 5C\RAGE *LOROSIS .<LACK ( *LOROPHYLL.> DUE TO A R$UCTION 9 ! AVAILABILITY ( ! SOIL IRON1 Z9C1 OR MANGANESE40 ,SEV]AL KEY NUTRI5TS HAVE BE5 PAIR$ TOGE!R ON ! BASIS ( SU* 9T]ACTIONS1 NOTABLY CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM1 IRON & MANGANESE1 & COBALT & MANGANESE4 ,MOREOV]1 IT W\LD BE 9CORRECT TO ASSUME ?AT A SIMPLE ONE-TO-ONE RELATION%IP EXI/S BETWE5 AVAILABLE SOIL NITROG5 & ! PROTE9 CONT5T ( PLANTS4 ,PROTE9S DIFF] M>K$LY 9 NUTRITIONAL VALUE4 ,BY APPLY+ EXCESSIVE QUANTITIES ( COMM]CIAL NITROG5 F]TILIZ] TO ! SOIL1 A F>M] MAY WELL PRODUCE A LU% CROP ?AT CONTA9S LESS HI<-QUALITY & MORE L[-QUALITY PROTE9S ?AN CROPS CULTIVAT$ ON PROP]LY F]TILIZ$ SOILS4 ,AN OBJECTIVE REVIEW ( ! EVID5CE AT H& NOT ONLY JU/IFIES ! CONCLUSION ?AT SOIL F]TILITY 9FLU5CES ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( FOOD2 IT ALSO LEADS US TO BELIEVE ?AT ?IS 9FLU5CE IS MORE COMPLEX & MORE SUBTLE ?AN WAS =M]LY SUSPECT$4 ,A BALANC$ >RAY ( NUTRI5TS1 MODIFI$ :]E NECESS>Y TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( A SPECIFIC SOIL1 IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! CULTIVATION ( HI<LY NUTRITI\S CROPS4 

,AT A TIME :5 MANY F>M]S >E TRY+ TO CULTIVATE L>GE CROPS BY SUPPLY+ ! SOIL ) A FEW HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ 9ORGANIC F]TILIZ]S1 IT W\LD BE APPROPRIATE TO EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANT ROLE ?AT ORGANIC MATT] PLAYS 9 PLANT NUTRITION AS WELL AS 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOIL4 ,ORGANIC MATT] IS EXTREMELY COMPLEX & HI<LY V>I$ 9 NUTRITIONAL CONT5T4 ,MANURE1 = EXAMPLE1 WILL NOT ONLY SUPPLY SOIL ) ADEQUATE QUANTITIES ( NITROG5 RELEAS$ BY MICROBES 9 CLOSE ACCORD ) ! PLANT'S NE$S2 IT WILL ALSO ADD MO/ ( ! NUTRI5TS ?AT PLANTS REQUIRE = GR[? & WELL-BE+4 ,NO ONE S]I\SLY CLAIMS ?AT MANURE ALONE MEETS ALL ! NE$S ( A CROP1 BUT ITS >RAY ( NUTRI5TS IS PROBABLY UNEQUAL$ BY ! COMM]CIAL F]TILIZ] PREP>ATIONS ?AT >E NORMALLY US$ TODAY4 

,! USE ( ORGANIC F]TILIZ]S HAS (T5 MADE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SUCCESSFUL FOOD CULTIVATION & \TRI<T CROP FAILURES4 ,UNTIL WELL 9TO ! #a#i#bS1 MANY ,AM]ICAN AGRONOMI/S W]E CONV9C$ ?AT SOIL M]ELY REQUIR$ HEAVY DOSAGES ( NITROG51 PHOSPHORUS1 & POTASSIUM - ! WELL-KN[N ,N,P,K =MULA - TO PRODUCE FL\RI%+ CROPS4 ,!SE ELEM5TS1 IT WAS SUPPOS$1 W]E ALL ?AT ORGANIC F]TILIZ]S CONTRIBUT$ TO PLANT NUTRITION4 ,:5 9EXP5SIVE COMM]CIALLY PREP>$ F]TILIZ]S BECAME AVAILABLE1 NITROG51 PHOSPHORUS1 & POTASSIUM COMP\NDS REPLAC$ MANURES1 BONE MEAL1 & PLANT RESIDUES4 ,S]I\S CROP FAILURES (T5 FOLL[$ ! *ANGEOV]4 ,9 ,FLORIDA1 = EXAMPLE1 NUTRITIONAL DEFICI5CIES APPE>$ 9 CITRUS & TUNA TREES2 !Y W]E CORRECT$ BY A RETURN TO ! USE ( ORGANIC MATT]4 ,9T5SIVE RESE>* DISCLOS$ ?AT BONE MEAL SUPPLI$ CITRUS TREES ) SORELY NE$$ MAGNESIUM 9 QUANTITIES ?AT W]E NOT PROVID$ BY ! 9ORGANIC COMP\NDS 9 USE AT ! TIME4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! DEFICI5CY APPE>$ 9 AN ACUTE =M2 IT WAS EASILY DISCOV]$ & LAT] CORRECT$ BY NEW *EMICAL AG5TS4 ,BUT SUCCESS 9 CORRECT+ ACUTE NUTRITIONAL DEFICI5CIES IS LIKELY TO L[] \R GU>D AGA9/ 9SIDI\S DEFICI5CIES ?AT MAY NOT MANIFE/ !MSELVES AS CLE>-CUT PLANT DISORD]S4 ,MANY PLANTS MAY REQUIRE NUTRI5TS 9 AM\NTS ?AT >E NOT SUPPLI$ BY COMMONLY US$ 9ORGANIC PREP>ATIONS4 

,! MAJORITY ( COMM]CIAL F]TILIZ]S 9 USE TODAY >E RELATIVELY SIMPLE *EMICAL PREP>ATIONS4 ,! F>M] DELIB]ATELY REPLACES COMPLEX1 BULKY4 SL[-ACT+ ORGANIC MAT]IALS ) A FEW SOLUBLE1 PURIFI$1 9EXP5SIVE1 & EASILY H&L$ SALTS4 ,! REGULATION ( SOIL F]TILITY N[ FALLS = ! MO/ P>T TO MAN4 0,! AGRONOMI/ & ! F>M] >E ORD9>ILY PREOCCUPI$ ) YIELD10 ,NORMAN WRITES4 0,!Y >E R>ELY CONC]N$ ) M9]AL COMPOSITION4 ,! V>IETIES SELECT$1 ! CULTURAL PRACTICES FOLL[$1 ! F]TILIZ]S APPLI$1 ALL >E DECID$ ON ! BASIS ( YIELD EXPECTATION40 ,! MANIPULATION ( SOIL F]TILITY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS CRIT]ION MAY PRODUCE V]Y CURI\S RESULTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 /UDIES CONDUCT$ AT ! ,MISS\RI ,AGRICULTURAL ,EXP]IM5T ,/ATION1 IT WAS F\ND ?AT BY *ANG+ ! RATIO ( CALCIUM TO POTASSIUM1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO 9CREASE ! VEGETATIVE BULK ( SOYBEANS BY ONE F\R?4 0,SU* 9CREAS$ TONNAGE W\LD W>RANT AGRONOMIC APPLAUSE10 OBS]VES ,WILLIAM ,A4 ,ALBRE*T1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MISS\RI4 0,BUT ?IS 9CREASE 9 VEGETATIVE MASS REPRES5T$ A R$UCTION 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( PROTE9 BY ONE F\R?1 A R$UCTION 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( PHOSPHORUS BY ONE HALF & A R$UCTION 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( CALCIUM BY TWO ?IRDS OV] ?AT 9 ! SMALL] TONNAGE YIELD0 PRODUC$ BY A DIFF]5T RATIO ( CALCIUM TO POTASSIUM4 

,AL?\< HEAVY APPLICATIONS ( ,N,P,K F]TILIZ] TO ! SOIL (T5 PRODUCE LU%1 ABUNDANT =AGE1 ! CROP MAY BE V]Y DEFICI5T 9 KEY NUTRI5TS4 ,BEESON PRES5TS A SUMM>Y ( AN 9T]E/+ EXP]IM5T BY ,H4 ,A4 ,KE5] & ,E4 ,J4 ,?ACK] AT ! ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE ,AGRICULTURAL ,EXP]IM5T ,/ATION ?AT CLE>LY ILLU/RATES ?IS PO9T4 0,EXCELL5T YIELDS ( BROME-LAD9O OR TIMO?Y HAY PRODUC$ 9 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE ) HI< LEVEL APPLICATIONS ( F]TILIZ] HAVE FAIL$ TO PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE =AGE = CALVES4 ,DEFICI5CY SYMPTOMS OBS]V$ 9 CALVES >E POOR GR[?1 R\< COATS1 ANEMIA1 SAGG+ ( ! SP9AL COLUMN BEH9D ! %\LD]S1 AN ATAXIA .<LACK ( CO-ORD9ATION.> ( ! H9D LEGS 7TIMO?Y-F$ CALVES ONLY71 LOSS ( TIPS ( E>S1 & BROK5 BONES40 ,SUPPLEM5TS ( COPP] & IRON DID NOT REMOVE ANY ( !SE SYMPTOMS4 ,:5 SIMIL> HAY WAS F$ TO RABBITS1 ! SAME DEFICI5CY SYMPTOMS APPE>$4 

,A *EMICAL ANALYSIS ( SAMPLES FROM ! CROP W\LD NOT HAVE DISCLOS$ ! COMPLETE EXT5T ( ! DEFICI5CY4 ,AT FIR/ ,KE5] & ,?ACK] SUSPECT$ ?AT ! 0TIMO?Y HAY WAS DEFICI5T 9 IOD9E & ONE OR MORE ORGANIC FACTORS10 BUT LAT] /UDIES BY ,?ACK] %[$ ?AT ! 0DEFICI5CY 9 ! HAY WAS RELAT$ TO ITS M9]AL COMPOSITION40 ,SIMIL> EXP]IM5TS HAVE L$ MANY AGRONOMI/S TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! NUTRITIONAL VALUE ( A CROP MU/ BE JUDG$ PRIM>ILY BY ! RESPONSE ( ! ORGANISM ?AT CONSUMES IT1 NOT M]ELY BY *EMICAL ANALYZES ( ! SOIL & ! PLANT4 

,IF ! ADEQUACY ( \R AGRICULTURAL ME?ODS IS JUDG$ BY ! HEAL? ( \R LIVE/OCK1 !N ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURE MU/ BE REG>D$ AS A FAILURE4 ,! HEAL? ( \R DOME/IC ANIMALS HAS BE5 DET]IORAT+ NOTICEABLY = YE>S4 ,VET]9>Y M$IC9E HAS BE5 ABLE TO R$UCE ! 9CID5CE ( 9FECTI\S DISEASES 9 LIVE/OCK & P\LTRY PRIM>ILY BECAUSE ( NEW ANTIBIOTIC PREP>ATIONS1 BUT ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ANIMALS IS V]Y L[4 ,! NUMB] ( CATTLE ) CANC]S ( ! LYMPH & BLOOD-=M+ ORGANS ?AT >E BE+ CONDEMN$ AT F$]ALLY 9SPECT$ PACK+ PLANTS HAS 9CREAS$ FROM #i4#b P] #a1 9 #aie TO #a#h4#b 9 #a#i#e#i1 NE>LY #a P]C5T 9 N9E YE>S2 DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD ! NUMB] ( SW9E CONDEMN$ = SIMIL> CANC]S ROSE #ig P]C5T4 ,/]ILITY 9 ANIMALS IS >\S+ DEEP CONC]N4 0,! MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEM 9 ! BEEF 9DU/RY IS POOR REPRODUCTIVE P]=MANCE1 AS EVID5C$ BY L[ P]C5TAGE CALF CROPS10 NOTE A GR\P ( 9VE/IGATORS AT ! ,BELTSVILLE ,EXP]IM5T ,/ATION 9 ,M>YL&4 7,! EXP]IM5TAL WORK REPORT$ BY !SE 9VE/IGATORS %[S ?AT DIET IS A PRIME FACTOR 9 ! REPRODUCTIVE P]=MANCE ( ANIMALS4 ,BY 9CREAS+1 DECREAS+1 OR *ANG+ ! COMPOSITION ( ! RATION1 ! ,BELTSVILLE RESE>*]S F\ND ?AT BEEF C[S RESPOND ) REM>KABLE V>IATIONS 9 F]TILITY1 SEXUAL ACTIVITY1 & ! ABILITY TO DELIV] (FSPR+4 ,A MOD]ATE BUT BALANC$ RATION ( C>BOHYDRATES & PROTE9S YIELD$ ! HI<E/ REPRODUCTIVE RATES47 ,! UBIQUIT\S 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ( \R TIME SEEM TO HAVE AFFECT$ ANIMAL LIFE AS PR(\NDLY AS !Y HAVE AFFECT$ MAN4 

,EV]Y PROBLEM1 TO BE SURE1 %\LD BE PLAC$ 9 ITS PROP] SETT+4 ,! USE ( HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S & MASS-PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES 9CREASES AGRICULTURAL \TPUT AT RELATIVELY SMALL CO/ & ) LITTLE EF=T4 ,IF ! PURPOSE ( GR[+ FOOD IS TO PREV5T FAM9E & ACUTE NUTRITIONAL DISORD]S1 !SE ME?ODS PRODUCE IMM$IATE RESULTS4 ,!Y SATISFY ! DIRE NE$ = FOOD1 & !Y REMOVE ! MORE OBVI\S DISEASES PRODUC$ BY AN 9ADEQUATE DIET4 ,BUT IF WE 5L>GE \R VIEW ( MOD]N AGRICULTURE TO 9CLUDE SU* PROBLEMS AS ! QUALITY ( FOOD & ! HEAL? ( PLANTS1 LIVE/OCK1 & HUMAN BE+S1 ! SUCCESS ?AT IS ORD9>ILY CLAIM$ = CURR5T AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES REQUIRES QUALIFICATION4 ,MAN DOES NOT PRACTICE AGRICULTURE 9 A VACUUM4 ,HIS ACTIVITIES AS A CULTIVATOR ( FOOD >E 9FLU5C$ MORE BY HIS =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AN BY HIS SOLICITUDE = ! NE$S ( ! SOIL4 ,! MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICAN F>M]S1 L>GE & SMALL1 CULTIVATE FOOD AS A BUS9ESS 5T]PRISE4 ,!Y TRY TO PRODUCE L>GE CROPS AT A M9IMUM CO/4 ,AS IT MAY WELL BE DIFFICULT TO 9CREASE ! \TPUT ( ! SOIL )\T L[]+ ! QUALITY ( CROPS1 ! F>M] :O PLACES QUALITY ABOVE QUANTITY CAN SC>CELY HOPE TO SURVIVE ! COMPETITIVE DEM&S ( ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 WE CAN EXPECT ANY TE*NIQUE ?AT PROMOTES L>GE CROPS TO BE C>RI$ TO ! PO9T ( ABUSE4 ,ECONOMIC COMPETITION LEAVES ! F>M] LITTLE *OICE BUT TO REPLACE L[ /&>DS ( FOOD CULTIVATION ) EV5 L[] ONES4 

,IT IS HI<LY PROBABLE ?AT EXPLOITATION ( ! SOIL HAS ALREADY PRODUC$ A DET]IORATION 9 ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( CROPS 9 MANY P>TS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,WILLIAM ,A4 ,ALBRE*T1 ONE ( ,AM]ICA'S MO/ P]CEPTIVE & CREATIVE AGRONOMI/S1 SUGGE/S ?AT MORE C>BOHYDRATES & FEW] HI<-QUALITY PROTE9S T5D TO APPE> 9 \R FOOD /APLES ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 ,! EXT5T ( ?IS %IFT 9 NUTRITIVE QUALITY IS DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E4 ,COMM]CIAL FOODS >E G5]ALLY GRAD$ ACCORD+ TO APPE>ANCE1 & V]Y LITTLE ATT5TION IS GIV5 TO NUTRITIVE QUALITY4 ,! 9=MATION ?AT IS AVAILABLE1 H[EV]1 IS NOT 5C\RAG+4 ,ALBRE*T HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT BETWE5 #aid & #aidi ! CONC5TRATION ( PROTE9 9 ,KANSAS-GR[N CORN DECL9$ FROM #i4#e TO #h4#e P]C5T1 AL?\< ! DECADE WAS M>K$ BY SUB/ANTIAL 9CREASES 9 CORN YIELDS4 0,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ! R$UCTION 9 ! PROTE9 CONT5T ( CORN AS REPORT$ 9 SUCCESSIVE $ITIONS ( A /&>D H&BOOK ( FE$S & FE$+4 ,9 ! ,ELEV5? ,$ITION1 PUBLI%$ #d YE>S AGO1 ! ONLY FIGURE QUOT$ = CRUDE PROTE9 ( D5T CORN WAS #a4#c P]C5T4 ,9 ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ $ITION1 #a#i#e1 FIVE GRADES ( CORN W]E CIT$1 = :I* ! PROTE9 FIGURES RANG$ FROM #h4#h TO #g4#i1 ) A MEAN ( NE>LY #h4#d P]C5T4 ,DUR+ ! 9T]VAL ( #d YE>S BETWE5 ! TWO $ITIONS1 CRUDE PROTE9 9 CORN DROPP$ FROM #a4#c TO #h4#d1 A R$UCTION ( #bb P]C5T40 

,!RE ALSO SEEMS TO BE EVID5CE ( AN OV]-ALL DECL9E 9 ! PROTE9 CONT5T ( ,KANSAS-GR[N :EAT4 0,A SURVEY ( ! P]C5TAGE PROTE9 ( ,KANSAS :EAT GRA9 MADE 9 #aid %[$ A RANGE ( #a TO ALMO/ #ai P]C5T10 ,ALBRE*T NOTES4 0,9 A SIMIL> SURVEY T5 YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#i#d#i1 PROTE9 CONC5TRATION WAS F\ND TO RANGE FROM #i TO LESS ?AN #ae P]C5T40 

,WE CAN ILL AF=D SU* LOSSES4 ,AT A TIME :5 MANY 9DIVIDUALS >E CONSUM+ SUB/ANTIALLY MORE FOOD ?AN !Y REQUIRE = ! WORK !Y DO1 AN 9CREASE 9 C>BOHYDRATES AT ! EXP5SE ( PROTE9S IS OBVI\SLY UNDESIRABLE1 P>TICUL>LY = MIDDLE-AG$ PEOPLE4 ,GREAT IMPORTANCE %\LD BE ATTA*$ TO ! QUALITY ( ! FOOD WE CONSUME4 ,WE >E CONT9UALLY BE+ REM9D$ ?AT !RE IS A CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 OBESITY & *RONIC DISEASES4 ,AN OV]WEI<T 9DIVIDUAL HAS A GREAT] *ANCE ( ACQUIR+ CANC]1 DIABETES1 & C>DIOVASCUL> DISORD]S ?AN ONE :O MA9TA9S HIS PROP] WEI<T4 ,ANY %IFT 9 ! QUALITY ( FOODS ?AT RESULTS 9 AN 9CREASE ( C>BOHYDRATES CAN BE EXPECT$ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! ]OSION ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 

,VIEW+ NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS 9 A BROAD] P]SPECTIVE1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT HUMAN FITNESS CAN BE MA9TA9$ :ILE ! SOIL IS GRADUALLY DET]IORAT+4 ,ALBRE*T OBS]VES3 0,MAN HAS BECOME AW>E ( 9CREAS$ NE$S = HEAL? PRES]VATION1 9T]PRET$ AS A TE*NICAL NE$ = MORE HOSPITALS1 DRUGS1 & DOCTORS1 :5 IT MAY SIMPLY BE A MATT] ( FAIL+ TO RECOGNIZE ! BASIC TRU? 9 ! OLD ADAGE :I* REM9D$ US ?AT 'TO BE WELL F$ IS TO BE HEAL?Y4' ,UN=TUNATELY1 WE HAVE NOT SE5 ! *ANGES MAN HAS WR\<T 9 HIS SOIL COMMUNITY 9 T]MS ( FOOD QUALITY = HEAL?1 AS ECONOMICS & TE*NOLOGIES HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ITS QUANTITY4 ,MAN IS EXPLOIT+ ! E>? ?AT FE$S HIM MU* AS A P>ASITE MULTIPLIES UNTIL IT KILLS ITS HO/4 ,SL[LY ! RES]VES 9 ! SOIL = ! SUPPORT ( MAN'S NUTRITION >E BE+ EXHAU/$4 ,ALL TOO FEW ( US HAVE YET SE5 ! SOIL COMMUNITY AS ! F\NDATION 9 T]MS ( NUTRITION ( ! 5TIRE BIOTIC PYRAMID ( :I*1 MAN1 AT ! TOP1 OCCUPIES ! MO/ HAZ>D\S PLACE40 

,5VIRONM5T & ,ECOLOGICAL ,PATT]NS 

,!RE IS A CLOSE RELATION%IP BETWE5 MOD]N CONCEPTS ( PROGRESS & MAN'S ATTEMPT TO CONTROL ! =CES ( NATURE4 ,FROM ! TIME ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 MAN HAS T5D$ TO EVALUATE NE>LY ALL ! ADVANCES ( SOCIETY & SCI5CE 9 T]MS ( ! AM\NT ( P[] OV] ! NATURAL WORLD :I* !Y GAVE HIM4 ,! WORD 0P[]10 H[EV]1 HAS MANY %ADES ( MEAN+4 ,TO ! M5 ( ! ,R5AISSANCE & ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 IT W\LD HAVE SEEM$ PREPO/]\S ?AT P[] OV] NATURE MEANT MORE ?AN LIV+ 9 H>MONY ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,LIKE ! ANIMALS >\ND HIM1 MAN WAS A PRODUCT ( NATURAL =CES & DEP5D$ UPON NATURE = HIS SURVIVAL & WELL-BE+4 ,:AT MADE HIM UNIQUE 9 ! ANIMAL K+DOM WAS HIS ABILITY TO REASON4 ,?IS FACULTY GAVE HIM ! P[] TO REMOVE =TUITY FROM HIS RELATION%IP TO NATURE1 TO BR+ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( GUIDANCE TO NATURAL PROCESSES4 ,HE C\LD TRY TO MITIGATE ! H>%NESS ( ! NATURAL WORLD & MAKE ! 9T]PLAY ( NATURAL =CES RELATIVELY B5IGN4 ,P[] OV] NATURE WAS REG>D$ AS ! ABILITY ( MAN TO 5T] 9TO CONSCI\S SYMBIOSIS ) ! BIOTIC WORLD4 

,) ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ! CONCEPT ( P[] OV] NATURE UND]W5T A RADICAL *ANGE4 ,! WORD 0NATURE0 WAS REPLAC$ BY ! PHRASE 0NATURAL RES\RCES40 ,! NEW CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY REG>D$ L&1 =E/S1 & WILDLIFE AS MAT]IALS = WANTON EXPLOITATION4 ,! PROGRESS ( MAN WAS ID5TIFI$ ) ! PILLAGE ( NATURE4 ,! NE$S ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY PRODUC$ A NEW IDEOLOGY3 ,!RE >E NO DICTATES ( NATURE ?AT >E BEYOND HUMAN TRANSGRESSION4 ,TE*NOLOGY1 IT WAS CLAIM$1 IS CAPABLE ( GIV+ MAN COMPLETE MA/]Y OV] ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IF !SE NOTIONS SEEM NAIVE TODAY1 IT IS BECAUSE ! NE$LESS1 (T5 S5SELESS1 CONFLICT BETWE5 MAN & NATURE IS YIELD+ UNEXPECT$ CONSEQU5CES4 ,WE >E N[ LE>N+ ?AT ! MORE MAN WORKS AGA9/ NATURE1 ! MORE DEEPLY 5TANGL$ HE BECOMES 9 ! V]Y =CES HE SEEKS TO MA/]4 

,! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY \R CONFLICT ) NATURE >E DRAMATICALLY EXEMPLIFI$ BY \R *EMICAL W> AGA9/ ! 9SECT WORLD4 ,DUR+ ! PA/ TWO DECADES1 A L>GE NUMB] ( 9SECTICIDES HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ = G5]AL USE ON F>MS & 9 ! HOME4 ,! BE/-KN[N & MO/ WIDELY US$ PREP>ATIONS >E ! *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS1 SU* AS ,D,D,T ME?OXY*LOR1 DIELDR91 & *LORDANE4 ,! *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS >E SPRAY$ OV] VA/ ACRES ( =E/ L&1 RANGE L&1 CROP L&1 & EV5 SEMI-URBAN L& ON :I* !RE >E HEAVY 9FE/ATIONS ( 9SECTS4 ,IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R ANY P>T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ) SOME K9D ( VEGETATION USEFUL TO MAN HAS NOT BE5 TREAT$ AT LEA/ ONCE 9 ! PA/ T5 YE>S4 ,MO/ ( \R FIELDS & OR*>DS >E SPRAY$ RECURR5TLY DUR+ ! GR[+ SEASON4 ,ASIDE FROM ! HAZ>DS ?AT 9SECTICIDES CREATE = PUBLIC HEAL?1 MANY CONS]VATIONI/S CLAIM ?AT EXT5SIVE USE ( ! NEW 9SECTICIDES IS IMPAIR+ ! ABILITY ( WILDLIFE & B5EFICIAL 9SECTS TO EX]CISE CONTROL OV] PE/S4 ,!Y PO9T \T ?AT ! 9SECTICIDES >E TAK+ A HEAVY TOLL ( LIFE AMONG FI%1 BIRDS1 SMALL MAMMALS1 & USEFUL 9SECTS4 ,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( EVID5CE ?AT ! NEW *EMICALS >E SELF-DEFEAT+4 ,NOT ONLY HAVE !Y FAIL$ TO ]ADICATE MO/ ( ! PE/S AGA9/ :I* !Y >E EMPLOY$2 9 SOME CASES1 NEW PE/S & GREAT] 9FE/ATIONS HAVE BE5 CREAT$ AS A RESULT ( ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON PR$ATORS ( SPECIES =M]LY UND] CONTROL4 

,TO UND]/& ?IS PROBLEM CLE>LY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E ! CONDITIONS ?AT PROMOTE 9FE/ATIONS ( PE/S4 ,A SPECIES BECOMES A PE/ :5 IT 9VADES A NEW >EA ?AT IS NOT 9HABIT$ BY ITS NATURAL 5EMIES OR :5 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES OCCUR ?AT PROVIDE MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS = ITS GR[?4 ,UND] NATURAL CONDITIONS1 9FE/ATIONS >E EPISODIC & R>E4 ,AN 9CREASE 9 ! PE/ SPECIES CREATES PROPITI\S CONDITIONS = ?OSE PR$ATORS ?AT LIVE ON ! PE/4 ,! PROLIF]ATION ( ! PE/ 5C\RAGES ! PROLIF]ATION ( ITS PR$ATORS & ATTRACTS ADDITIONAL 5EMIES FROM NE>BY REGIONS4 ,:I*EV] WAY ! PROBLEM IS SOLV$1 ! REM>KABLE DIV]SITY & ADAPTABILITY ( LIFE UND] NATURAL CONDITIONS SELDOM P]MIT ! PE/ TO GET COMPLETELY \T ( H&4 

,9SECT 9FE/ATIONS BECOME P]SI/5T & S]I\S1 H[EV]1 :5 NATURAL V>IETY IS DIM9I%$ BY MAN4 ,AGRICULTURE1 ESPECIALLY :5 LIMIT$ TO ONE CROP1 T5DS TO SIMPLIFY A NATURAL REGION4 0,! FIR/ P]SON TO H>VE/ & /ORE NATURAL C]EAL GRA9 = LAT] S[+ />T$ ! SIMPLIFICATION ( AGRICULTURE10 OBS]VES ,ROB]T ,L4 ,RUDD1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA4 0,UNTIL ! ME*ANIZATION & LAT] *EMICALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE1 !RE WAS LITTLE SUB/ANTIAL DEP>TURE FROM ! ME?ODS ( ! FIR/ AGRICULTURI/S4 ,ACREAGES W]E SMALL1 L&SCAPES DIV]SE40 ,! SIMPLIFICATION ( ECOLOGICAL SY/EMS 0WAS RELATIVELY SLI<T & WAS 9 ANY EV5T LOCAL4 ,H$G][S1 TREES1 WE$ PAT*ES1 SEASONAL CROPP+ & MULTIPURPOSE F>M+ COMB9$ TO =M A DIV]SIFI$ BASE = A DIV]SIFI$ FAUNA4 ,ME*ANIZ$ & *EMICALIZ$ CROP PRODUCTION HAS RESULT$ 9 L>GE EXPANSES ( S+LE CROP SPECIES - ! DE/RUCTION ( DIV]SITY 9 ! L&SCAPE40 

,SIMPLIFICATION ( ! L&SCAPE1 FOLL[$ BY A DIM9UTION 9 ! V>IETY ( FAUNA1 CREATES HI<LY FAVORABLE CONDITIONS = AN 9FE/ATION4 ,A POT5TIAL PE/ IS LEFT ) A L>GE FOOD SUPPLY & A SMALL NUMB] ( PR$ATORS4 ,! JOB ( ]ADICAT+ ! PE/1 LIKE ?AT ( F]TILIZ+ ! SOIL1 FALLS PRIM>ILY TO MAN1 & ?US F> ! ME?ODS EMPLOY$ & ! RESULTS A*IEV$ HAVE BE5 V]Y UNSATISFACTORY4 ,MAN CAN USUALLY ]ADICATE A PE/ - BUT ONLY = A :ILE4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 HE (T5 ]ADICATES NE>LY EV]Y O!R =M ( LIFE 9 ! >EA ASIDE FROM ! CROP4 ,:5 ! PE/ RETURNS1 AS IT (T5 DOES1 ! ECOLOGICAL SY/EM MAY HAVE BE5 SO SIMPLIFI$ BY ! PE/ICIDAL TREATM5T ?AT ! NEW CONDITIONS >E MORE FAVORABLE = 9FE/ATION ?AN ! OLD4 0,9ITIAL *EMICAL CONTROL1 !RE=E1 CREATES ! LAT] NE$ = MORE *EMICALS10 ,RUDD ADDS4 0,ONCE BEGUN1 !RE IS NO /OPP+ IF ! CROP IS NOT TO BE LO/40 

,MANY RESPONSIBLE CONS]VATIONI/S REG>D ! NONSELECTIVE SPRAY+ ( OP5 L& & =E/S AS AN ECOLOGICAL 0BOOM]ANG40 ,9 A NUMB] ( CASES1 ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON B5EFICIAL 9SECTS \TWEI<S ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON ! PE/4 ,PE/ICIDAL TREATM5TS HAVE />T$ 9FE/ATIONS ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y MILD1 IF NOT AV]T$ 5TIRELY1 HAD ! TREATM5T NOT BE5 US$4 ,9 ONE REGION1 = EXAMPLE1 ! TREATM5T ( A /& ( TIMB] ) A FIVE-P\ND-P]-ACRE DOSAGE ( ,D,D,T 9 E>LY SUMM] RESULT$ 9 A G5]AL 9FE/ATION ( AT LEA/ F\RTE5 SPECIES ( APHIDS4 ,! APHIDS1 CL++ TO ! UND]SURFACE ( ! LEAVES1 SURVIV$ ! SPRAY1 BUT !IR PR$ATORS W]E DECIMAT$ & FAIL$ TO RE-E/ABLI% !MSELVES RAPIDLY 5\< TO *ECK ! 9FE/ATION4 ,9 /ILL O!R CASES1 CONTROLL$ 9SECTS HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO S]I\S PE/S BY ! DE/RUCTION ( !IR PR$ATORS ?R\< SPRAY+ PROGRAMS AIM$ AT AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SPECIES ( PE/4 ,= EXAMPLE1 UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY ! R$-B&$ LEAF ROLL] CAUS$ V]Y LITTLE DAMAGE 9 APPLE OR*>DS1 AL?\< WIDELY DI/RIBUT$1 ! 9SECT WAS /RICTLY CONTROLL$ BY P>ASITES & PR$ATORS4 0,R>E 9DE$ WAS ! OR*>DI/ :O KN[+LY HAD TO CONT5D ) IT10 WRITES ,H[>D ,BAK]1 ( ! ,BUREAU ( ,5TOMOLOGY4 0,N[ IT IS A PROBLEM PE/ ?R\<\T ! ,MIDWE/ & ,EA/1 :]E 9 #aidg & #aidh P>TICUL>LY IT CAUS$ SEV]E DAMAGE 9 MANY OR*>DS40 ,! 9SECT BECAME A PE/ AFT] ITS P>ASITES HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ,D,D,T4 ,TO CONTROL ! LEAF ROLL]1 OR*>DI/S >E N[ COMPELL$ TO SUPPLEM5T ,D,D,T TREATM5TS ) ,T,D,E & P>A?ION4 0,NEV] BE=E444 HAVE SO MANY PE/S ) SU* A WIDE RANGE ( HABITS & *>ACT]I/ICS 9CREAS$ TO 9JURI\S LEVELS FOLL[+ APPLICATION ( ANY ONE MAT]IAL AS HAS OCCURR$ FOLL[+ ! USE ( ,D,D,T 9 APPLE SPRAY PROGRAMS40 

,NON-SELECTIVE SPRAY+ PROGRAMS >E TAK+ A HEAVY TOLL ( LIFE AMONG BIRDS & ROD5TS - ANIMALS ?AT PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 LIMIT+ 9FE/ATIONS ( H>MFUL 9SECTS4 ,AL?\< ROD5TS >E G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS LITTLE MORE ?AN PE/S !MSELVES1 =E/ ROD5TS >E VORACI\S CONSUM]S ( 9SECTS4 ,ON AN AV]AGE1 9SECTS CON/ITUTE #b P]C5T ( ! DIET ( =E/ MICE1 *IPMUNKS1 & FLY+ SQUIRRELS4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( BIRDS 9 9SECT CONTROL SC>CELY REQUIRES EMPHASIS4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT NATURALI/S :O HAVE MADE C>EFUL C\NTS ( 9SECTS 9 ! /OMA*S ( BIRDS HAVE F\ND1 = EXAMPLE1 #e1 ANTS 9 A FLICK]1 #e MOSQUITOES 9 A NI<T HAWK1 & #be T5T CAT]PILL>S 9 A YELL[-BILL$ CUCKOO4 ,A BR[N ?RA%] WILL EAT MORE ?AN #f1 9SECTS 9 A S+LE DAY2 A SWALL[1 AB\T #a1 LEAF HOPP]S4 ,SPRAY+ COMMONLY DE/ROYS AN APPRECIABLE NUMB] ( !SE CREATURES1 EV5 :5 ! PROGRAM IS FAIRLY LIMIT$ 9 SCOPE4 ,TO CITE A CASE 9 PO9T3 ,9 #aief ! ,CRANBROOK ,9/ITUTE ( ,SCI5CE1 9 ,MI*IGAN1 UND]TOOK A LIMIT$ SURVEY ( ! DECL9E 9 BIRD LIFE PRODUC$ BY ,D,D,T SPRAY+ PROGRAMS TO CONTROL ! ,DUT* ELM DISEASE4 ,RESID5TS ( ! IMM$IATE >EA W]E ASK$ TO TURN 9 OR REPORT TO ! ,9/ITUTE ANY BIRDS SUSPECT$ ( HAV+ BE5 POISON$ BY ,D,D,T4 0,DUR+ ,APRIL1 ,MAY & ,JUNE ( ?AT YE>1 BUT MO/LY 9 ,MAY1 MORE ?AN #b DEAD & DY+ BIRDS W]E TURN$ 9 TO ! ,9/ITUTE444 ,BY #aiei ! NUMB] ( SPECIM5S RECEIV$ HAD M\NT$ TO AB\T #d1 ) AN E/IMAT$ #f CALLS OR REPORTS REG>D+ BIRDS NOT TURN$ 940 ,A SURVEY ( ! BIRD LIFE ON ! ,CRANBROOK CAMPUS %[$ ?AT ! BRE$+ POPULATION DECL9$ FROM #be PAIRS TO #be OR LESS4 ,MO/ ( ! DEAD & DY+ BIRDS W]E ROB9S ?AT W]E PROBABLY POISON$ BY EAT+ WORMS IMPREGNAT$ ) ,D,D,T4 

,A MORE EXT5SIVE SURVEY WAS MADE DUR+ ! WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ FIRE-ANT CAMPAIGN ?AT ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE 9ITIAT$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#e#g4 ,! DATA1 COMPIL$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,AUDUBON ,SOCIETY1 DEAL ) MANY ANIMALS1 9CLUD+ MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ HEAD ( CATTLE KILL$ 9 AN >EA NE> ,CLIMAX1 ,GEORGIA4 ,WE %ALL CONF9E \RSELVES1 H[EV]1 TO LOSSES AMONG BIRDS4 0,! DRA/IC EFFECT ( APPLY+ 9SECTICIDE DUR+ ! BIRD-NE/+ SEASON WAS DRAMATICALLY %[N 9 ,TEXAS4 ,9 A #f-ACRE CLOV] FIELD BIRD NUMB]S DECL9$ AL>M+LY3 #* ( #da NE/S ) EGGS W]E AB&ON$ OR DE/ROY$4 ,LAY'S ,TEXAS REPORT SUMM>IZES ! DEVA/AT+ RESULTS T]SELY AS FOLL[S3 ',BIRD POPULATIONS ALONG RAN* ROADS 9 ! TREAT$ >EAS W]E R$UC$ #i#b-#i#g P]C5T 9 TWO WEEKS4 ,BIRD POPULATIONS )9 ACRE PLOTS /UDI$ W]E R$UC$ #he P]C5T 9 TWO WEEKS4 ,NE/+ SUCCESS ( BIRDS 9 ! >EA WAS R$UC$ #hi P]C5T 7COMP>$ ) A NON-TREAT$ >EA74' ,LAY ADDS1 ',L>GE SCALE AB&ONM5T ( NE/S ) EGGS C\LD BE EXPLA9$ ONLY BY ! MORTALITY ( ! ADULTS4 ,! MISS+ BIRDS DID NOT APPE> 9 ADJAC5T >EAS4' 0 

,TO AGGRAVATE ! DAMAGE1 9SECTICIDES >E C>RI$ BY SURFACE & GR\ND WAT] 9TO /REAMS & LAKES1 :]E !Y KILL L>GE NUMB]S ( AQUATIC ANIMALS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONE P\ND ( DIELDR9 P] ACRE1 APPLI$ TO A L>GE TRACT ( L& 9 ,/4 ,LUCIE ,C\NTY1 ,FLORIDA1 DE/ROY$ TW5TY TO ?IRTY TONS ( FI%4 ,DUR+ #a#i#e#h1 A ,D,D,T CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! SPRUCE BUDWORM 9 NOR!RN ,MA9E KILL$ ?\S&S ( TR\T & O!R GAME FI%2 AS LONG AS ?REE MON?S AFT] SPRAY+1 TR\T W]E F\ND :OSE BODIES CONTA9$ ,D,D,T CONC5TRATIONS ( FROM #b4#i TO #aih P>TS P] MILLION4 ,! SPRAY]S W]E NOT 5TIRELY UNAW>E ( :AT ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! PROGRAM W\LD BE4 ,TWO YE>S E>LI] A CAMPAIGN ( MU* ! SAME K9D PRODUC$ HEAVY LOSSES ( Y\NG SALMON 9 ! NE>BY ,MIRAMI*I ,RIV] SY/EM ( ,NEW ,BRUNSWICK1 ,CANADA4 0,AS EXPECT$1 AN AL>M+LY R$UC$ ADULT ,ATLANTIC SALMON RUN WAS NOT$ 9 #aif :5 ! #aief HAT* RETURN$ TO SPAWN 9 ! ,MIRAMI*I ,RIV] SY/EM40 

,! DISCOV]Y ( ,D,D,T L$ TO A WIDESPREAD BELIEF ?AT 9SECT PE/S C\LD BE ]ADICAT$ BY RELY+ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! USE ( *EMICAL AG5TS4 ,?IS BELIEF WAS SEV]ELY %AK5 :5 IT WAS F\ND ?AT A NUMB] ( H>MFUL SPECIES W]E PRODUC+ /RA9S ?AT W]E RESI/ANT TO EXI/+ 9SECTICIDES1 & N[ MANY 5TOMOLOGI/S SUSPECT ?AT ! APPE>ANCE ( SU* /RA9S 9 NE>LY ALL MAJOR SPECIES ( PE/S IS M]ELY A MATT] ( TIME4 ,AS LONG AS PRES5T ME?ODS ( CONTROL >E EMPLOY$1 NEW 9SECTICIDES WILL BE REQUIR$ EV]Y FEW YE>S JU/ TO HOLD ! L9E 9 MAN'S *EMICAL W> AGA9/ ! 9SECT WORLD4 ,! APPE>ANCE ( RESI/ANT /RA9S AMONG MAN'S MO/ =MIDABLE 9SECT 5EMIES HAS PR(\ND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,9 ADDITION TO ALL ! H>M MAN HAS 9FLICT$ ON ! L& & ! BIOSPH]E1 HE IS N[ BECOM+ A SELF-DAMAG+ SELECTIVE =CE 9 ! 9SECT WORLD4 ,9SECTICIDES DO NOT MAKE 0! SUSCEPTIBLE MORE RESI/ANT10 ,A4 ,W4 ,A4 ,BR[N OBS]VES1 0= !Y >E DEAD4 ,RA!R1 ! *EMICAL HAD DISCOV]$ ! FAVOR$ FEW ?AT HAD A C]TA9 M>G9 ( RESI/ANCE & SELECT$ !M TO SURVIVE & BRE$4 ,NORMALLY !Y W\LD BE ELIM9AT$ BY P>ASITES & PR$ATORS1 TO :OM ?IS K9D ( RESI/ANCE MEANS NO?+4 ,BUT IF ! *EMICAL TREATM5T HAS REMOV$ ! BIOLOGICAL CONTROL SPECIES1 ! MORE RESI/ANT 9DIVIDUALS ( ! PE/ SPECIES CAN SURVIVE TO BRE$444 ,IT IS IRONIC ?AT ! ECONOMIC 5TOMOLOGI/ HAS ?US BE5 ABLE TO SPE$ UP EVOLUTION TO MAN'S [N DISADVANTAGE40 

,BR[N'S CONCLUSION IS AN 9DICTM5T ( \R ME?ODS ( DEAL+ ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION HAS BE5 GOV]N$ NOT ONLY BY ! SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/ BUT ALSO BY ! ABILITY ( LIV+ ?+S TO ASSUME AN 9EXHAU/IBLE V>IETY ( =MS4 ,! WORLD ( LIFE HAS MET EV]Y *ANGE 9 CLIMATE & L&SCAPE ) A MORE DIV]SIFI$ & 9T]DEP5D5T BIOSPH]E4 ,EA* /AGE ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION HAS BE5 M>K$ BY A GREAT] DEGREE ( SPECIALIZATION1 COMPLEXITY1 & 9T]RELAT$NESS ?AN ! PREC$+ ONE4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y SPECIES ?AT HAS BE5 0SELECT$0 = SURVIVAL EXHIBITS A HI<] ORD] ( SPECIALIZATION & DEP5DS = ITS CONT9U$ EXI/5CE UPON A MORE COMPLEX 5VIRONM5T ?AN ITS PR$ECESSORS4 

,MOD]N MAN IS UNDO+ ! WORK ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION1 REPLAC+ A COMPLEX 5VIRONM5T ) A SIMPL] ONE4 ,HE IS DISASSEMBL+ ! BIOTIC PYRAMID ?AT HAS SUPPORT$ HUMAN LIFE = C\NTLESS MILL5NIA4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! MANIFOLD RELATION%IPS ON :I* MAN'S FOOD PLANTS & DOME/IC ANIMALS DEP5D = HEAL? >E BE+ REPLAC$ BY MORE ELEM5T>Y RELATION%IPS1 & ! BIOSPH]E IS SL[LY BE+ RE/OR$ TO A /AGE 9 :I* IT WILL BE ABLE TO SUPPORT ONLY A SIMPL] =M ( LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT )9 ! REALM ( FANTASY TO SUGGE/ ?AT IF ! BREAKD[N ( ! SOIL COSMOS CONT9UES UNABAT$1 IF PLANT & ANIMAL HEAL? CONT9UE TO DET]IORATE1 IF 9SECT 9FE/ATIONS MULTIPLY1 & IF *EMICAL CONTROLS BECOME 9CREAS+LY LE?AL1 MANY ( ! PRECONDITIONS = ADVANC$ LIFE WILL BE IRREP>ABLY DAMAG$ & ! E>? WILL PROVE TO BE 9CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ A VIABLE1 HEAL?Y HUMAN SPECIES4 

,! SIMPLIFICATION ( MAN'S 5VIRONM5T HAS EVOK$ DEEP CONC]N AMONG ECOLOGI/S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 CONNECTION ) ! 9SECT PROBLEM4 ,ONLY 9 ! 0CONSCI\S PITT+ ( ONE LIV+ ?+ AGA9/ ANO!R - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - CAN WE DIRECTLY CONTROL PE/S )\T ! HAZ>DS ACCOMPANY+ REPETITIVE *EMICAL APPLICATIONS10 ,RUDD WRITES4 0444 ,EUROPEAN 5TOMOLOGI/S N[ SPEAK ( MANAG+ ! 5TIRE PLANT-9SECT COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS CALL$ MANIPULATION ( ! BIOC5OSE4 ,! BIOC5ETIC 5VIRONM5T IS V>I$1 COMPLEX & DYNAMIC4 ,AL?\< NUMB]S ( 9DIVIDUALS WILL CON/ANTLY *ANGE1 NO ONE SPECIES WILL NORMALLY REA* PE/ PROPORTIONS4 ,! SPECIAL CONDITIONS :I* ALL[ HI< POPULATIONS ( A S+LE SPECIES 9 A COMPLEX ECOSY/EM .<A PATT]N ( LIFE.> >E R>E EV5TS4 ,MANAGEM5T ( ! BIOC5OSE OR ECOSY/EM %\LD BECOME \R GOAL1 *ALL5G+ AS IT IS40 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! SOIL IS NO LESS AN ECOSY/EM ?AN ! COMPLEXES E/ABLI%$ BY PLANTS1 9SECTS1 & ANIMALS4 ,:5 AN AGRONOMI/ EMPHASIZES ?AT ORGANIC MATT] IS VITAL TO ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 HIS EMPHASIS D]IVES FROM AN APPRECIATION ( ! MANIFOLD REQUIREM5TS ( ! SOIL COSMOS & PLANT NUTRITION4 ,AL?\< ORGANIC MATT] IS NOT A PANACEA = ! ILLS ( AGRICULTURE & HUMAN HEAL?1 IT PROVIDES GOOD CROPS & IT SUPPLIES PLANTS ) NUTRI5TS 9 A MANN] ?AT HAS MET ! REQUIREM5TS ( PLANT LIFE OV] LONG AGES ( BOTANICAL EVOLUTION4 ,! ROLE PLAY$ BY *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S 9 AGRICULTURE MAY BE V]Y IMPORTANT1 ESPECIALLY 9 CIRCUM/ANCES :]E ANIMAL & PLANT WA/ES >E 9 %ORT SUPPLY OR :]E MAN'S NE$ = FOOD IS PRESS+4 ,BUT ! VALUE ( *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S LIES 9 !IR ABILITY TO COMPLEM5T ! NUTRITIONAL DIV]SITY ( ORGANIC MATT]1 NOT TO SUPPLANT ANIMAL & PLANT WA/ES 5TIRELY4 

,AN ECOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW ?AT EMPHASIZES ! USE ( ORGANIC MAT]IALS & ! PRACTICE ( BIOC5ETIC CONTROL ADMITT$LY RE/RICTS MAN4 ,IT REQUIRES HIM TO RECON/RUCT ! AGRICULTURAL SITUATION ALONG MORE NATURAL L9ES1 TO DEF] TO ! DICTATES ( ECOLOGY RA!R ?AN ?OSE ( ECONOMICS4 ,TO BORR[ ! WORDS ( ,*>LES ,ELTON1 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW IS NOT 9T5D$ 0TO PROMOTE ANY IDEA ( COMPLETE LAISSEZ FAIRE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECOSY/EMS ( ! WORLD444 ,! WORLD'S FUTURE HAS TO BE MANAG$1 BUT ?IS MANAGEM5T W\LD NOT BE JU/ LIKE A GAME ( *ESS - MORE LIKE /E]+ A BOAT4 ,WE NE$ TO LE>N H[ TO MANIPULATE MORE WISELY ! TREM5D\S POT5TIAL =CES ( POPULATION GR[? 9 PLANTS & ANIMALS1 H[ TO ALL[ SUFFICI5T FRE$OM = SOME ( !SE =CES TO WORK AMONG !MSELVES1 & H[ TO GR[ 5VIRONM5TS444 ?AT WILL MA9TA9 A P]MAN5T BALANCE 9 EA* COMMUNITY40 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,URBAN ,LIFE & ,HEAL? 
,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*,A,P,T,] ,?,R,E,E3 ,U,R,B,A,N ,L,I,F,E ,& ,H,E,A,L,? 

  
,! ,*ANG+ ,URBAN ,SC5E 

,MAN'S 5VIRONM5T ATTA9S A HI< DEGREE ( SIMPLIFICATION 9 ! MOD]N METROPOLIS4 ,AT FIR/ ?IS MAY SEEM SURPRIS+3 ,WE NORMALLY ASSOCIATE METROPOLITAN LIFE ) A DIV]SITY ( 9DIVIDUAL TYPES & ) V>IETY & SUBTLETY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,BUT DIV]SITY AMONG M5 & COMPLEXITY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS >E SOCIAL & CULTURAL PH5OM5A4 ,FROM A BIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! DRAB1 SEV]E METROPOLITAN WORLD ( MORT>1 /EEL1 & MA*9ES CON/ITUTES A RELATIVELY SIMPLE 5VIRONM5T1 & ! %>P DIVISION ( LABOR DEVELOP$ BY ! MOD]N URBAN ECONOMY IMPOSES EXTREMELY LIMIT$1 MONOTON\S OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES ON MANY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O MAKE !IR LIVELIHOOD 9 A L>GE CITY4 

,!SE HAVE NOT ALWAYS BE5 ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( URBAN LIFE4 ,! METROPOLITAN MILIEU REPRES5TS A %>P DEP>TURE FROM ! =MS & /YLES ( LIFE ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 COMMUNITIES ( ! PRE-9DU/RIAL ]A4 ,E>LY T[NS PRODUC$ HI<LY V>I$ & COLORFUL 5VIRONM5TS4 ,/UD5TS ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE & ! ,R5AISSANCE CITY NEV] FAIL TO S+LE \T ! HUMANIZ+ >TI/IC T\* ?AT ! URBAN DWELL] GAVE TO HIS HOME & TO EV]YDAY >TICLES4 ,CRAFTSM5 SELDOM P]MITT$ ! FUNCTION ( AN OBJECT TO COMPLETELY DOM9ATE ITS =M4 ,DECORATIV5ESS IS TO BE F\ND EV5 9 TOOLS & WEAPONS - OBJECTS :I* 9 \R DAY >E NOTEWOR?Y = !IR PURELY FUNCTIONAL DESIGN4 ,?IS HI< S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL >TI/RY WAS N\RI%$ BY A VOCATIONAL TRADITION ?AT DIRECT$ ! WORKMAN TO NE>LY EV]Y PHASE ( ! MAK+ ( A PRODUCT4 ,! CRAFTSMAN (T5 PREP>$ HIS RAW MAT]IAL ) HIS [N H&S1 SMELT+ HIS METALS OR TANN+ HIS LEA!R4 ,! GREAT >*ITECTS & 5G9E]S ( ! ,R5AISSANCE NOT ONLY DESIGN$ A /RUCTURE BUT ALSO P>TICIPAT$ 9 ITS CON/RUCTION4 ,! R\ND$NESS ( ! ,R5AISSANCE MAN1 :I* WE LOOK UPON ) SO MU* 5VY TODAY1 WAS DUE 9 L>GE P>T TO A UNITY ( M9D & BODY1 TO A COMB9ATION ( ?\<T & PHYSICAL ACTIVITY4 

,E>LY URBAN LIFE WAS LEISURELY & RELAX$4 ,CRAFTSM5 WORK$ MORE OR LESS 9 ACCORDANCE ) A PACE E/ABLI%$ BY PHYSIOLOGICAL CYCLES1 ACCEL]AT+ ! TEMPO ( !IR WORK DUR+ MOM5TS ( 5]GY & SL[+ D[N OR HALT+ 5TIRELY DUR+ P]IODS ( LE?>GY4 ,! RATE ( PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WAS DET]M9$ BY ! BODY'S VITALITY RA!R ?AN BY EXT]NAL AG5CIES1 SU* AS MA*9ES4 ,M5 DID NOT TRY TO 0CONS]VE0 !IR 5]GY & DI/RIBUTE IT UNI=MLY1 AS ?\< IT W]E AN 9ORGANIC RES\RCE2 HUMAN 5]GY IS SELDOM 0CONS]V$10 9 ?IS SIMPLE1 ME*ANICAL S5SE4 ,CRAFTSMAN & >TI/ WORK$ BY 0FITS & />TS10 GIV+ !MSELVES OV] TO A TASK TO ! DEGREE ?AT !IR BODIES W]E AM5ABLE TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & >TI/IC 5DEAVOR4 ,LABOR & >T W]E SELDOM =C$4 ,! TEMPO ( WORK V>I$1 FROM H\R TO H\R & DAY TO DAY1 ) ! *ANG+ VITALITY ( ! BODY4 

,! T[N DEVELOP$ 9 AN AGRICULTURAL MATRIX4 ,F>MS LAY DIRECTLY \TSIDE ! CITY1 NOT 9 A F>-REMOV$ P]IMET] ?AT ! TRAVEL] C\LD REA* ONLY AFT] A LONG J\RNEY ?R\< SUBURBS & 0EXURBS40 ,A %ORT /ROLL C>RI$ ! URBAN DWELL] FROM ! M>KET PLACE1 ON :I* ! PR9CIPAL CULTURAL ACTIVITIES ( ! COMMUNITY W]E C5T]$1 9TO OP5 FIELDS & OR*>DS4 ,F>M] & CITY MAN 9T]M+L$ FREELY4 ,9 MANY CASES1 ! URBAN DWELL] COMB9$ ! WORK ( A CRAFTSMAN ) ?AT ( A FOOD GR[]1 (T5 MA9TA9+ A SMALL G>D5 9SIDE ! CITY WALLS TO SUPPLY SOME ( HIS [N FOOD4 0,ONE MU/ NOT LOOK AT ! N>R[ /REETS BETWE5 ! H\SES )\T REMEMB]+ ! OP5 GRE51 OR ! NEATLY *ECK]$ G>D5S1 ?AT USUALLY /RET*$ BEH9D10 OBS]VES ,LEWIS ,MUM=D4 

,FOOD /APLES W]E GR[N NE>BY1 ON F>MS ?AT PRODUC$ A V>IETY ( CROPS4 ,AS SOON AS A CROP WAS H>VE/$1 IT F\ND ITS WAY QUICKLY TO ! M>KET PLACE & FROM !RE TO ! URBAN CONSUM]4 ,! CITY DWELL] WAS NEV] COMPLETELY URBANIZ$1 9 ! N>R[ S5SE1 AS HE IS TODAY4 ,G>D5+ )9 ! CITY & EASY ACCESS TO ! C\NTRYSIDE HELP$ TO FUZE ALL ASPECTS ( URBAN & C\NTRY LIFE4 

,E>LY CITY LIFE1 TO BE SURE1 WAS BURD5$ ) MANY PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE L>GELY BE5 SOLV$ BY MOD]N SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY4 ,DIET WAS SEV]ELY RE/RICT$1 ESPECIALLY 9 M$IEVAL TIMES1 & FRE% FOODS W]E AVAILABLE ONLY DUR+ ! GR[+ SEASON4 ,SANITATION REMA9$ PRIMITIVE = C5TURIES1 AL?\< ,MUM=D PO9TS \T ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( OP5 SPACES 9 ! M$IEVAL T[N 0%[S ?AT SANIT>Y >RANGEM5TS W]E NOT NECESS>ILY AS (F5SIVE AS !Y HAVE BE5 PICTUR$1 NOR VILE SMELLS AS UNI=MLY UBIQUIT\S40 ,AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES W]E CRUDE & FEW ADVANCES W]E MADE 9 TRANSPORTATION UNTIL RAILROADS CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 BUT ! E>LY T[NS PUT ! TOOLS & ! KN[L$GE AT !IR DISPOSAL TO ! BE/ POSSIBLE USE4 ,LIFE WAS USUALLY S]5E4 0,ONE AWOKE 9 ! M$IEVAL T[N TO ! CR[+ ( ! COCK1 ! *IRP+ ( BIRDS NE/+ UND] ! EAVES1 OR TO ! TOLL+ ( ! H\RS 9 ! MONA/]Y ON ! \TSKIRTS1 P]HAPS TO ! *IME ( BELLS 9 ! NEW BELL T[]4 ,SONG ROSE EASILY ON ! LIPS1 FROM ! PLA9 *ANT ( ! MONKS TO ! REFRA9S ( ! BALLAD S+] 9 ! M>KET PLACE1 OR ?AT ( ! APPR5TICE & ! H\SE-MAID AT WORK4 ,AS LATE AS ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ! ABILITY TO HOLD A P>T 9 A DOME/IC *ORAL SONG WAS RAT$ BY ,PEPYS AS AN 9DISP5SABLE QUALITY 9 A NEW MAID4 ,!RE W]E WORK SONGS1 DI/9CT = EA* CRAFT1 (T5 COMPOS$ TO ! RHY?MIC TAPP+ OR HAMM]+ ( ! CRAFTSMAN HIMSELF4 ,FITZ ,/EPH5S REPORT$ 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY ?AT ! S\ND ( ! WAT] MILL WAS A PLEASANT ONE AMID ! GRE5 FIELDS ( ,LONDON4 ,AT NI<T !RE W\LD BE COMPLETE SIL5CE' BUT = ! /IRR+ ( ANIMALS & ! CALL+ ( ! H\RS BY ! T[N WAT*4 ,DEEP SLEEP WAS POSSIBLE 9 ! M$IEVAL T[NS1 UNTA9T$ BY EI!R HUMAN OR ME*ANICAL NOISES40 

,MOD]N SCI5CE HAS ELIM9AT$ NE>LY ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT E>LI] URBAN COMMUNITIES FAC$4 ,[+ TO ADVANC$ MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 ! CITY DWELL] N[ 5JOYS A HI<LY V>I$ DIET1 & ! METROPOLIS RECEIVES ABUNDANT SUPPLIES ( FOODS ( ALL TYPES ! YE> R\ND4 ,SANITATION HAS REA*$ A HI< TE*NICAL LEVEL2 ! DAILY WA/ES ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE >E REMOV$ )\T HAZ>D TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,& YET = EV]Y DIFFICULTY SCI5CE HAS ELIM9AT$1 ! METROPOLIS HAS CREAT$ A NEW & GREAT] PROBLEM 9 \R MANN] ( URBAN LIFE4 

,! METROPOLIS LACKS NE>LY ALL ! HUMANIZ+ FEATURES ( E>LY URBAN LIFE4 ,9 ! M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE T[NS1 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY & >T W]E COMB9$ ) PHYSICAL LABOR2 9 ! METROPOLIS1 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY1 >T1 & PHYSICAL LABOR >E %>PLY SEP>AT$4 ,! CIVIL 5G9E] :O DESIGNS A /RUCTURE SELDOM P>TICIPATES 9 ITS CON/RUCTION2 HIS C\NT]P>T 9 ! FIELD R>ELY 5GAGES 9 DESIGN4 ,>*ITECTS LIKE ,FRANK ,LLOYD ,WRI<T1 :O CONC]N$ HIMSELF ) NE>LY EV]Y PHASE ( CON/RUCTION1 >E R>ITIES4 ,MO/ JOBS 9 ! METROPOLIS >E S$5T>Y & MONOTON\S4 ,SOME ( ! MORE RAPIDLY GR[+ OCCUPATIONS REQUIRE V]Y LITTLE M5TAL OR PHYSICAL WORK2 !Y >E M9DLESS AS WELL AS S$5T>Y4 ,WORK ( ?IS K9D IS TYPIFI$ BY ! TASKS ( ! BILL+-MA*9E OP]ATOR & ! DICTAPHONE POOL TYPI/1 :OSE PR9CIPAL QUALIFICATION IS ! ABILITY TO 5DURE AN EXCRUCIAT+LY VACU\S R\T9E4 

,! CURR5T OCCUPATIONAL TR5D IS T[>D AN EXTREME SIMPLIFICATION ( ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,WORK IS FRAGM5T$1 LIMIT$1 & OV]SPECIALIZ$4 ,MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS BROK5 D[N MANY HI<LY SKILL$ CRAFTS 9TO REPETITIVE TASKS ?AT ! WORK] CAN P]=M ME*ANICALLY1 BY HABIT1 )\T LOS+ TIME EI!R 9 ?9K+ OR 9 *ANG+ TOOLS4 ,WORK T5DS TO BECOME S$5T>Y1 NOT BECAUSE ! COM=T ( ! WORK] IS KEPT 9 M9D1 BUT BECAUSE ANY UNNECESS>Y MOVEM5T ( ! BODY T5DS TO DIM9I% \TPUT BY 9T]RUPT+ ! SMOO?1 UNI=M FL[ ( LABOR4 ,! SAME TR5D IS EVID5T 9 9TELLECTUAL & >TI/IC WORK1 :]E OV]-SPECIALIZATION T5DS TO REPLACE CREATIVE ACTIVITY ) ME*ANICAL OP]ATIONS4 ,:ILE MANY SU* JOBS ALL[ = CONSID]ABLE 9DIVIDUAL LEEWAY1 PROGRESSIVELY FEW] FACULTIES >E US$ OR DEVELOP$4 ,9 ! WOR/ CASES1 PHYSICAL WORK IS LIMIT$ TO A FEW DEXT]\S OP]ATIONS ( ! F+]S1 M5TAL WORK TO A FEW DEXT]\S OP]ATIONS ( ! M9D4 

,LABOR BECOMES HI<LY 9T5SIVE4 ,! FEW FACULTIES ?AT >E BR\<T 9TO PLAY >E EMPLOY$ AT CONT9UALLY HI<] RATES ( SPE$4 ,WORK IS VIEW$ MORE AS A FUNCTION ( HABIT ?AN AS ! FUNCTION ( 9DIVIDUAL RES\RCES & TAL5TS :OSE USE REQUIRES PATI5CE & TOL]ANCE4 ,?US1 MANY JOBS NOT ONLY T5D TO RE/RICT ! USE ( C]TA9 P>TS ( ! BODY1 BUT EMPLOY O!R P>TS EXCESSIVELY4 ,=MS ( WORK :I* ONCE MOBILIZ$ ! HUMAN ORGANISM AS A :OLE >E SUPPLANT$ BY OCCUPATIONS ?AT TAX ! EYES OR ! N]VES4 ,:ILE ! M9D IS DULL$ & ! HUMAN MUSCULATURE BECOMES FLACCID1 N]VES BECOME OV]LY S5SITIVE & RAW4 ,! ANXIETIES & T5SIONS CREAT$ BY 9T5SIVE1 S$5T>Y WORK >E RE9=C$ BY AN EXAGG]AT$ RESPONSIV5ESS ( ! N]V\S SY/EM AS A :OLE4 

,! METROPOLIS (F]S V]Y LITTLE TO C\NT]ACT ! OV]SIMPLIFICATION ( ! DAILY WORK R\T9E4 ,! URBAN DWELL] 5C\NT]S FEW *ANGES 9 COLOR TO AWAK5 HIS VISUAL S5SES2 HE RECEIVES VIRTUALLY NO RESPITE FROM ! >TIFICIAL WORLD 9 :I* HE IS IMM]S$ DUR+ WORK+ H\RS4 ,>EAS 9 :I* HE CAN WALK FREELY ON SOIL & AMID VEGETATION >E DISAPPE>+2 NEW DWELL+S1 MO/ ( !M NOTEWOR?Y = !IR LACK ( >*ITECTURAL 9SPIRATION1 >E 5CROA*+ ON ! LA/ OP5 SPACES 9 ,AM]ICAN CITIES4 ,PUBLIC P>KS >E LIKELY TO BE CONGE/$ DUR+ ! DAY1 & 9 ! EV5+ !Y (T5 ATTRACT DEL9QU5T ELEM5TS1 :OSE PRES5CE DISC\RAGES ! RESPECTABLE URBAN DWELL] FROM V5TUR+ 9TO !IR PREC9CTS4 ,AM]ICAN URBAN LIFE HAS RETREAT$ 9DOORS4 ,?IS RETREAT IS DUE P>TLY TO ! ]OSION ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY 9 L>GE CITIES1 P>TLY TO ! S$UCTIVE P[]S ( ! MASS M$IA4 ,! AV]AGE URBAN DWELL] IS LIKELY TO PURSUE ! SAME 9S5SATE1 S$5T>Y WAY ( LIFE DUR+ HIS LEISURE TIME ?AT HE FOLL[S DUR+ HIS WORK+ H\RS4 

,MANY ASPECTS ( METROPOLITAN LIFE1 :ILE TRIVIAL 9 !MSELVES1 AGGRAVATE ! EFFECTS ( URBAN MODES ( WORK4 ,! N]V\S /RA9 ?AT ! CITY DWELL] FEELS AT HIS JOB BEG9S TO GA!R )9 HIM EV5 BE=E HE GETS TO WORK4 ,HE 5C\NT]S 9CONV5I5CES1 RUD5ESS1 & CONGE/ION ON PUBLIC CONVEYANCES2 HE IS BELEAGU]$ BY C\NTLESS SMALL ANXIETIES1 MANY ( :I* SELDOM RISE TO ! LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AN ALL-P]VASIVE IRRITATION COLLECTS )9 HIM ON HIS WAY TO WORK1 AT WORK1 BETWE5 WORK+ H\RS1 & ON ! WAY HOME4 ,ME*ANICAL NOISES >E EV]Y:]E4 ,!Y 9VADE EV5 ! H\RS ( SLEEP AS A RESULT ( ! GR[+ WEB ( HI<WAYS ?AT REA*ES 9TO EV]Y P>T ( ! CITY4 ,ADV]TIS+ M$IA ASSAIL ! S5SES ) G>I% IMAGES & S\NDS2 !IR MESSAGE IS CRUDE & ELEM5TAL1 DESIGN$ TO />TLE & P]HAPS TO %OCK ! VIEW] 9TO A RESPONSE4 ,RECREATION SELDOM FURNI%ES ! AV]AGE URBAN DWELL] ) ! EXP]I5CES D5I$ TO HIM 9 ! DAILY BU/LE ( LIFE - MOM5TS ( G5U9E S]5ITY1 SIL5CE1 & G5TLE *ANGES ( SC5E4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 URBAN RECREATION M]ELY REMOVES HIM TEMPOR>ILY FROM ! AFFLICTIONS ( HIS 5VIRONM5T )\T REPL5I%+ HIS RES]VES4 ,IT PROVIDES HIM ) SURCEASE FROM ANXIETY & N]V\S /RA9 RA!R ?AN ) RE/ORATION ( VITALITY4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 !SE PROBLEMS >E NO LONG] CONF9$ TO ! CITY4 ,! METROPOLIS E/ABLI%ES ! SOCIAL /&>DS ( ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,[+ TO ITS COMM&+ ECONOMIC & CULTURAL POSITION1 IT SETS ! PACE ( NATIONAL LIFE & E/ABLI%ES NE>LY ALL ! CRIT]IA ( NATIONAL TA/E4 ,MANY DI/9CTIVELY URBAN =MS ( WORK & PLAY HAVE 9VAD$ ! MO/ REMOTE RURAL >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E !Y G5]ATE ! SAME /RESSES 9 ! VILLAG] & F>M] ?AT !Y DO 9 ! CITY DWELL]4 ,! NATURE ( AGRICULTURAL WORK1 MOREOV]1 IS *ANG+4 ,AS F>M+ BECOMES 9CREAS+LY 9DU/RIALIZ$1 DIV]SIFI$ PHYSICAL WORK IS R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM BY MA*9ES & ONE-CROP AGRICULTURE4 ,AL?\< ! F>M] /ILL PURSUES A LESS HURRI$ WAY ( LIFE ?AN HIS URBAN C\S91 HE IS (T5 BELEAGU]$ BY EV5 GREAT] ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 ,BO? 9 ! CITY & ON ! L&1 A NEW TYPE ( MAN SEEMS TO BE EM]G+4 ,HE IS A N]V\S1 EXCITABLE1 & HI<LY /RA9$ 9DIVIDUAL :O IS BURD5$ BY CONT9UAL P]SONAL ANXIETIES & M\NT+ SOCIAL 9SECURITY4 

,/RESS & ,*RONIC ,ILLNESS 

,:AT >E ! EFFECTS ( P]SI/5T EMOTIONAL /RESS ON HUMAN HEAL?8 

,FIFTY YE>S AGO ?IS QUE/ION W\LD HAVE SEEM$ IRRELEVANT TO ! GOALS ( M$ICAL RESE>*4 ,! PR9CIPAL ILLNESSES ( ! DAY W]E ASCRIB$ TO ! AG+ PROCESS1 TO A V>IETY ( 0ME*ANICAL DEFECTS10 SU* AS BLOCKAGES & RUPTURES1 TO A POOR G5ETIC 5D[M5T1 & TO BACT]IAL 9FECTION4 ,G]MS SATISFI$ ! NE$ = PRECISE EXPLANATIONS ( DISEASE4 ,!Y 5T]$ ! BODY 9 A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( WAYS2 !Y C\LD BE ISOLAT$1 CULTUR$1 & TE/$ ON ANIMALS & HUMAN VOLUNTE]S4 ,) FUR!R KN[L$GE1 IT WAS BELIEV$1 ALL ! EFFECTS PRODUC$ BY H>MFUL BACT]IA W\LD BE UND]/OOD & EV5TUALLY CONTROLL$ BY SOME =M ( !RAPY4 ,EMOTIONAL /RESS1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS VAGUE4 ,IT SEEM$ TO REPRES5T A G5]ALIZ$ RESPONSE ON ! P>T ( ! BODY TO C\NTLESS1 (T5 9TANGIBLE /IMULI4 ,AL?\< M$IC9E WAS NOT UNAW>E ( ! FACT ?AT EMOTIONAL DI/URBANCES 9FLU5C$ ! FUNCTION+ ( ! HE>T & GA/RO9TE/9AL TRACT1 !RE SEEM$ LITTLE REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT /RESS PLAY$ A CAUSAL ROLE 9 ! MAJOR DISEASES ( MAN4 7,TO CITE A FEW EXCEPTIONS3 ,AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#gS ,DR4 ,JACOB ,M5DES ,DA ,CO/A DESCRIB$ A SYNDROME :I* HAS S9CE ACQUIR$ ! NAME ( C>DIAC NEUROSIS4 ,C]TA9 DIGE/IVE DI/URBANCES W]E ALSO RECOGNIZ$ AS BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY ! EMOTIONAL /ATE ( A PATI5T1 BUT !SE W]E (T5 M9OR 9 NATURE47 

,AS *RONIC ILLNESSES BEGAN TO GA9 9 IMPORTANCE1 H[EV]1 IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT ! E>LI] APPROA* WAS 9ADEQUATE4 ,MANY >?RITIC CONDITIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 C\LD NOT BE EXPLA9$ BY 9FECTION4 ,BEG9N+ SL[LY & 9SIDI\SLY1 >?RITIS (T5 PRODUC$ 9 ! 5D A HOPELESSLY CRIPPL$1 B$RIDD5 PATI5T :O FAC$ A LIFETIME ( PA9 & 9ACTIVITY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 SU* WORDS AS 0/RA90 & 0ANXIETY0 BEGAN TO ACQUIRE REAL PHYSIOLOGICAL MEAN+1 D5OT+ CONDITIONS ?AT 9VOLV$ GL&UL> CONDITIONS1 BIO*EMICAL *ANGES 9 TISSUES1 & 9VOLUNT>Y ACTIVITY ( ! N]V\S SY/EM4 ,IT WAS SOON F\ND ?AT !SE PHYSIOLOGICAL *ANGES C\LD PRODUCE OR ALLEVIATE MANY ( ! SYMPTOMS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! COMMON *RONIC DISEASES ( \R TIME4 

,A GR[+ NUMB] ( PHYSICIANS N[ AGREE ?AT EMOTIONAL /RESS IS A V]Y IMPORTANT DISEASE-PROMOT+ FACTOR4 ,IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT SOME DISORD]S1 SU* AS PEPTIC ULC]S1 >ISE PRIM>ILY FROM ANXIETY & T5SION4 ,DUR+ ! LATT] P>T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 PEPTIC ULC]S W]E REG>D$ AS A RELATIVELY UNCOMMON DISORD]1 & !RE >OSE V]Y CONFUS$ EXPLANATIONS ( :AT CAUS$ ! ILLNESS4 ,PHYSICIANS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT IT OCCURR$ MORE FREQU5TLY 9 WOM5 ?AN 9 M51 IT WAS LOOK$ UPON AS A DISORD] PRIM>ILY ( 0*LOROTIC10 OR ANEMIC1 GIRLS4 ,9 ! M$ICAL TEXTBOOKS ( ! DAY1 DISCUSSIONS ( PEPTIC ULC]S W]E CONF9$ TO DESCRIPTIONS ( SYMPTOMS & DIET>Y !RAPY4 ,) ! PASS+ YE>S1 H[EV]1 ! DISEASE BECAME A WIDESPREAD & S]I\S PROBLEM4 ,TODAY1 PEPTIC ULC]S AFFLICT AB\T '#a_/A MILLION ,AM]ICANS2 EA* YE> NE>LY #d1 >E DISABL$ = MORE ?AN A WEEK4 ,AL?\< A CASE ( ULC]S MAY (T5 >\SE A GREAT DEAL ( LEVITY1 ! DISEASE CAN REA* GRAVE PROPORTIONS4 ,AB\T T5 ?\S& ,AM]ICANS DIE ( PEPTIC ULC]S EV]Y YE>4 ,ACCORD+ TO DATA COMPIL$ BY ! ,U4 ,S4 ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,SURVEY ( #a#i#e#g-#i1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ULC] VICTIMS 7#g#c P]C5T7 >E M54 ,MORE CASES APPE> 9 ! ?IRTY-FIVE-TO-=TY-F\R AGE GR\P-! YE>S ( GREATE/ BUS9ESS & VOCATIONAL ACTIVITY - ?AN 9 ANY O!R T5-YE> P]IOD ( LIFE4 

,EMOTIONAL /RESS IS ALSO DEEPLY IMPLICAT$ 9 DISORD]S ( ! BLOOD VESSELS & ! HE>T4 0,PHYSICIANS HAVE LONG FELT ?AT ! RAPID PACE ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION MI<T SOMEH[ BE CONTRIBUT+ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( HE>T DISEASE10 NOTES A REPORT BY ! ,NATIONAL ,HE>T ,9/ITUTE4 0,! MAN :O DEVELOPS CORON>Y >T]Y DISEASE IS V]Y FREQU5TLY A H>D-DRIV+ 9DIVIDUAL LIV+ 9 A /ATE ( MORE OR LESS CON/ANT T5SION4 ,9 REC5T YE>S EVID5CE HAS ACCUMULAT$ ?AT ONE WAY 9 :I* N]V\S T5SION MAY ACCEL]ATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( CORON>Y >T]Y DISEASE IS ?R\< AN ELEVATION ( ! .<BLOOD.> S]UM *OLE/]OL LEVEL40 

,! EVID5CE IS IMPRESSIVE4 ,9 #a#i#e#g1 ,FRI$MAN1 ,ROS5MAN1 & ,C>ROLL1 ( ,M\NT ,ZION ,HOSPITAL 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 BEGAN A /UDY ( ! S]UM *OLE/]OL LEVEL & BLOOD-CLOTT+ TIME 9 =TY MALE ACC\NTANTS DUR+ & AFT] ! TAX SEASON - %>PLY CONTRA/+ P]IODS ( HI< & L[ OCCUPATIONAL /RESS4 ,BLOOD WAS TAK5 FROM ! ACC\NTANTS TWICE WEEKLY FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,JUNE1 & DETAIL$ RECORDS W]E KEPT ( WEI<T1 DIET1 & *ANG+ WORK LOADS4 0,:5 /UDI$ 9DIVIDUALLY10 ! 9VE/IGATORS REPORT1 0EA* SUBJECT'S HI<E/ S]UM *OLE/]OL CONSI/5TLY OCCURR$ DUR+ SEV]E OCCUPATIONAL OR O!R /RESS1 & HIS L[E/ AT TIMES ( M9IMAL /RESS4 ,! RESULTS C\LD NOT BE ASCRIB$ TO ANY *ANGES ( WEI<T1 EX]CISE1 OR DIET4 ,M>K$ ACCEL]ATION ( BLOOD CLOTT+ TIME CONSI/5TLY OCCURR$ AT ! TIME ( MAXIMUM OCCUPATIONAL /RESS1 9 CONTRA/ TO NORMAL BLOOD CLOTT+ DUR+ P]IODS ( RESPITE40 

,/UDIES ( A SIMIL> NATURE HAVE BE5 MADE ( M$ICAL /UD5TS DUR+ EXAM9ATION WEEK4 ,9 #aieh A REPORT ( ,P4 ,T4 ,W]TLAKE AT ! ,COLLEGE ( ,M$ICAL ,EVANGELI/S 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES %[$ ?AT ! AV]AGE S]UM *OLE/]OL LEVEL ( ! /UD5TS ROSE #aa P]C5T DUR+ ! F\R-DAY P]IOD 9 :I* !Y TOOK S*OOL TE/S4 ,! 9VE/IGATORS F\ND ?AT NE>LY HALF ( ! /UD5TS RESPOND$ TO ! /RESS SITUATION ) 9CREASES RANG+ FROM #af TO #acg MILLIGRAM P]C5T OV] A MEAN CONTROL LEVEL ( #b#a#c4 ,! S]UM *OLE/]OL LEVEL ( ONE /UD5T ROSE FROM AN AV]AGE CONTROL LEVEL ( #bei MILLIGRAM P]C5T PRIOR TO ! S*OOL EXAM9ATIONS TO A PEAK ( #ecf DUR+ ONE ( ! EXAM9ATION DAYS - AN 9CREASE ( MORE ?AN #a P]C5T4 ,IT W\LD BE WRONG TO SUPPOSE1 H[EV]1 ?AT \R KN[L$GE ( ! L9K BETWE5 EMOTIONAL /RESS & ILLNESS IS BAS$ 5TIRELY ON /ATI/ICAL F9D+S4 ,DUR+ ! PA/ TWO DECADES1 RESE>*]S HAVE DISCOV]$ A NUMB] ( ! BIO*EMICAL EFFECTS ?AT P]SI/5T ANXIETY PRODUCES 9 ! HUMAN BODY4 ,ATT5TION HAS FOCUS$ PRIM>ILY ON ! ADR5AL GL&S1 :I* CAP ! KIDNEYS4 ,! SURFACE LAY]1 OR CORTEX1 ( !SE GL&S PRODUCES A NUMB] ( HI<LY POT5T REGULATORY *EMICAL SUB/ANCES1 OR HORMONES4 ,! CORTICAL HORMONES1 OR CORTICOIDS1 HELP ! BODY TO W>D (F DISEASE & RESI/ ! EFFECTS ( PHYSICAL DAMAGE4 ,A NUMB] ( ADR5AL CORTICOIDS 7ALDO/]ONE & ,D,O,C1 = EXAMPLE7 PROMOTE 9FLAMMATION - ! HEAT1 SWELL+1 & R$NESS ) :I* TISSUES REACT TO COMMON 9JURIES4 ,AL?\< 9FLAMMATION PROTECTS ! BODY FROM BACT]IAL 9VASION BY 0WALL+ (F0 AN 9JUR$ >EA1 ! 9FLAMMATORY PROCESS W\LD GO TOO F> IF IT W]E NOT = ANTI-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS1 SU* AS CORTISONE1 :I* LIMIT ! PROCESS & PREV5T IT FROM BECOM+ NE$LESSLY WIDESPREAD4 ,! \TPUT ( CORTISONE1 9 TURN1 IS /IMULAT$ BY ,A,C,?1 A HORMONE PRODUC$ BY ! PITUIT>Y GL&1 SITUAT$ AT ! BASE ( ! SKULL4 ,! CONTROL ( ! PRO-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS1 & ( ! ANTI-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS4 ,IF ! BALANCE 9 ! SECRETION ( !SE ?REE TYPES ( HORMONES IS ALT]$1 ! 9FLAMMATORY PROCESS MAY DAMAGE P>TS ( ! BODY4 

,SECRETIONS ( ,A,C,? & ! CORTICOIDS >E 9FLU5C$ BY ! EMOTIONAL /ATE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS BY PHYSICAL 9JURY4 ,?IS DISCOV]Y HAS >\S$ /RONG SUSPICIONS ?AT ! CORTICOIDS &1 BY 9F]5CE1 P]SI/5T N]V\S /RA91 ANXIETY1 & EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES 9 ! OCCURR5CE ( C]TA9 *RONIC DISORD]S4 ,9 A REVIEW ( ! LIT]ATURE ON RHEUMATOID >?RITIS & /RESS1 ,LEON ,HELLMAN HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT 0A MORE SUBTLE =M ( /RESS 9 ! GUISE ( EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS IS IMPLICAT$ 9 *ANGES ( ! PITUIT>Y-ADR5AL SY/EM SO AS TO R5D] IT LESS RESPONSIVE OR TO ALT] ! BALANCE BETWE5 V>I\S ADR5AL HORMONES SECRET$4 ,A PATI5T ) RHEUMATOID >?RITIS W\LD CURE HIMSELF IF HIS HYPO?ALAMUS .<A N]VE C5T] 9 ! =EBRA9.> & PITUIT>Y W\LD 9T]LOCK TO 9CREASE ! SECRETION ( ,A,C,?4440 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HELLMAN1 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( ,A,C,? IS 9HIBIT$ BY A 0NEURAL BLOCK0 >IS+ FROM DEEP-SEAT$ EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS4 ,BO? ,A,C,? & CORTISONE HAVE BE5 US$ ) CONSID]ABLE SUCCESS 9 TREAT+ >?RITIC DISORD]S4 ,! HORMONES ALLEVIATE RHEUMATOID SYMPTOMS SO DRAMATICALLY ?AT HOPELESSLY CRIPPL$1 B$RIDD5 >?RITICS HAVE BE5 RE/OR$ TO ALMO/ COMPLETE USE ( !IR LIMBS4 

,! ADR5AL CORTICOIDS1 H[EV]1 9FLU5CE MORE ?AN ! 9FLAMMATORY PROCESS4 ,!Y EX]CISE EXT5SIVE CONTROL OV] ! LEVEL ( M9]ALS & SUG> 7GLUCOSE7 9 ! BLOOD4 ,AN IMBALANCE 9 CORTICOID SECRETION IS LIKELY TO HAVE F>-REA*+ EFFECTS ON ! BODY'S METABOLISM & ON ORGANS ?AT >E COMMONLY DAMAG$ BY METABOLIC DISORD]S1 NOTABLY ! HE>T & KIDNEYS4 ,BY ADM9I/]+ ! PRO-9FLAMMATORY HORMONE ,D,O,C TO :ITE ,LE<ORN *ICKS1 = EXAMPLE1 ,HANS ,SELYE & HIS C[ORK]S AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MONTREAL W]E ABLE TO PRODUCE DEG5]ATIVE *ANGES 9 ! KIDNEYS1 ) 5SU+ HI< BLOOD PRESSURE1 H>D5+ ( ! BLOOD VESSELS1 & C>DIAC DISEASE4 ,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! EXP]IM5T1 ! ,D,O,C TREAT$ *ICKS 0BEGAN TO DR9K MU* MORE WAT] ?AN ! CONTROLS :I* W]E NOT GIV5 ! HORMONE1 & - GRADUALLY !Y DEVELOP$ A K9D ( DROPSY4 ,!IR BODIES BECAME 5ORM\SLY SWOLL5 ) FLUID ACCUMULATIONS UND] ! SK9 & !Y BEGAN TO BREA! ) DIFFICULTY GASP+ = AIR1 JU/ LIKE C]TA9 C>DIAC PATI5TS40 ,BY DEGREES1 ,SELYE'S RESULTS & ?OSE ( O!R RESE>*]S 9 ! FIELD BEGAN TO 9CLUDE A L>GE NUMB] ( COMMON *RONIC ILLNESSES4 ,PRO- & ANTI-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS1 IT WAS F\ND1 SEEM TO PLAY ROLES ( V>Y+ IMPORTANCE 9 DIABETES1 ?YROID DISORD]S1 PEPTIC ULC]S1 & PSY*IC DI/URBANCES4 ,! ANTI-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS HAVE BE5 V]Y USEFUL 9 COMBAT+ MANY ( !SE ILLNESSES4 ,CORTISONE FREQU5TLY PRODUCES /RIK+ ?\< TEMPOR>Y REMISSIONS 9 CASES ( ACUTE LEUKEMIA1 & ! SURGICAL REMOVAL ( ! ADR5AL GL&S (T5 9HIBITS ! GR[? ( C]TA9 =MS ( CANC]4 

,SELYE HAS DEVELOP$ A G5]AL !ORY ( /RESS FROM ! DATA ON ! 9T]PLAY ( ADR5AL HORMONES4 ,/RESS CONSI/S ( ! PHYSICAL *ANGES )9 AN ORGANISM :I* >E CAUS$ BY ANY 5VIRONM5TAL /IMULUS1 :E!R IT BE HEAT1 COLD1 9FECTION1 OR A *EMICAL IRRITANT1 & BY ! EMOTIONAL DI/URBANCES WE 5C\NT] 9 MAN4 ,ALL LIV+ ?+S HAVE AN ADAPTIVE ME*ANISM ?AT PRODUCES *ANGES 9 ! ORGANISM 9 RESPONSE TO *ANGES 9 ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,! ADR5AL CORTICOIDS 9 MAN & HI<] ANIMALS >E ESS5TIALLY *EMICAL AG5TS ?AT COMPEL A LIV+ ?+ TO RESPOND 9T]NALLY TO EXT]NAL /IMULI4 ,EV]Y /IMULUS1 DESIRABLE OR H>MFUL1 PRODUCES A G5]AL /RESS REACTION4 ,/RESS1 9 EFFECT1 IS AN IMPORTANT P>T ( LIFE4 

,BUT /RESS ALWAYS RESULTS 9 A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 0WE> & TE>0 ON ! ORGANISM4 0,MANY PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT1 AFT] !Y HAVE EXPOS$ !MSELVES TO V]Y /RESSFUL ACTIVITIES1 A RE/ CAN RE/ORE !M TO :]E !Y W]E BE=E10 ,SELYE WRITES4 0,?IS IS FALSE4 ,EXP]IM5TS ON ANIMALS HAVE CLE>LY %[N ?AT EA* EXPOSURE LEAVES AN 9DELIBLE SC>1 9 ?AT IT USES UP RES]VES ( ADAPTABILITY :I* CANNOT BE REPLAC$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT IMM$IATELY AFT] SOME H>ASS+ EXP]I5CE1 RE/ CAN RE/ORE US ALMO/ TO ! ORIG9AL LEVEL ( FITNESS BY ELIM9AT+ ACUTE FATIGUE4 ,BUT ! EMPHASIS IS ON ! WORD ALMO/4 ,S9CE WE CON/ANTLY GO ?R\< P]IODS ( /RESS & RE/ DUR+ LIFE1 JU/ A LITTLE DEFICIT ( ADAPTATION 5]GY EV]Y DAY ADDS UP-IT ADDS UP TO :AT WE CALL AG+40 

,NO ONE1 TO BE SURE1 CAN ELIM9ATE ! 0WE> & TE>0 ( LIFE1 BUT A REASONABLY CLE> DI/9CTION CAN BE MADE BETWE5 ! 0/RESS ( LIFE0 & /RESS ?AT RESULTS 9 ILL HEAL?4 ,/RESS ?AT RESULTS 9 ILL HEAL? IS SEV]E1 P]SI/5T1 & ONE-SID$4 ,SELYE HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT IF /RESS IS TOO SEV]E1 ! RESI/ANCE & LIFE SPAN ( ! ORGANISM >E DRA/ICALLY R$UC$4 ,AN EXP]IM5TAL RAT MAY ADAPT ITSELF = A TIME TO A /RONG IRRITANT1 BUT ! ADAPTATION IS MADE AT A HI< PRICE2 LONGEVITY IS DECREAS$ & G5]AL RESI/ANCE IS S]I\SLY IMPAIR$4 ,IF ! ANIMAL IS EXPOS$ TO EV5 M9OR BUT P]SI/5T /RESS1 COMP>ABLE TO ! 'L[-GRADE0 N]V\S T5SION & ANXIETY USUALLY F\ND 9 MOD]N URBAN MAN1 IT PAYS A SIMIL> PRICE = ADAPTATION4 ,! ANIMAL IS EASILY 9JUR$ BY IRRITANTS ?AT ORD9>ILY DO NOT PRODUCE S]I\S PHYSICAL DAMAGE4 ,! 9T]PLAY ( /RESS RESPONSES IS SO COMPLEX ?AT ! READ] MU/ TURN TO ,SELYE'S [N WORK1 ,! ,/RESS ( ,LIFE1 = A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION4 ,9 NE>LY ALL CASES ( SEV]E OR P]SI/5T /RESS1 ,SELYE HAS F\ND EVID5CE ( ?ICK5$ >T]IES1 HE>T ABNORMALITIES1 KIDNEY DAMAGE1 & 9CREAS$ BLOOD PRESSURE4 

,BUT ,SELYE'S WORK ALSO DEMON/RATES ?AT /RESS NE$ NOT BE H>MFUL1 PROVID$ IT IS BALANC$ & V>I$4 ,A %ELT]$1 S$5T>Y LIFE ?AT LACKS A V>IETY ( /IMULI PRODUCES AN UNDEVELOP$1 (T5 9ADEQUATE /RESS ME*ANISM AS WELL AS AN UNDEVELOP$ P]SONALITY4 ,A %ELT]$ P]SON HAS GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 COP+ ) MANY ( ! /IMULI & IRRITANTS 9EVITABLY 5C\NT]$ 9 ! NORMAL C\RSE ( LIFE4 ,IF !RE IS ANY NOTION ?AT SUMS UP ,SELYE'S 0/RESS ( LIFE0 !ORY1 IT IS ! 0PRE-SCI5TIFIC0 9TUITION ?AT V>IETY & BALANCE - EMOTIONAL1 PHYSICAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL - >E ! BASES NOT ONLY = TRUE 9DIVIDUALITY BUT = LA/+ HEAL?4 

,SELYE'S PLEA = V>IETY 9 LIFE1 H[EV]1 RE/S ON A WELL-?\<T-\T HYPO!SIS4 ,MAN1 AS A COMPLEX1 MULTICELLUL> ANIMAL1 IS COMPOS$ ( MANY ORGANS & SY/EMS1 EA* ( :I* BE>S A DIFF]5T AM\NT ( /RESS4 ,! ORGANS ?AT COMPOSE HIS BODY DO NOT 0WE> \T0 EV5LY4 ,DEA? 9V>IABLY COMES 0BECAUSE ONE VITAL P>T HAS WORN \T TOO E>LY 9 PROPORTION TO ! RE/ ( ! BODY444 ,! LESSON SEEMS TO BE ?AT1 AS F> AS MAN CAN REGULATE HIS LIFE BY VOLUNT>Y ACTIONS1 HE %\LD SEEK TO EQUALIZE /RESS ?R\<\T HIS BE+1 BY :AT WE HAVE CALL$ DEVIATION1 ! FREQU5T %IFT+-OV] ( WORK FROM ONE P>T TO ! O!R4 ,! HUMAN BODY-LIKE ! TIRES ON A C>1 OR ! RUG ON A FLOOR-WE>S LONGE/ :5 IT WE>S EV5LY4 ,WE CAN DO \RSELVES A GREAT DEAL ( GOOD 9 ?IS RESPECT BY JU/ YIELD+ TO \R NATURAL CRAV+S = V>IETY 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ! MORE WE V>Y \R ACTIONS ! LESS ANY ONE P>T SUFF]S FROM ATTRITION40 

,CONCEIVABLY1 AN 9=M$ 9DIVIDUAL CAN TRY TO CULTIVATE A MATURE \TLOOK ?AT WILL L5D DI/ANCE TO ! PETTY IRRITATIONS PRODUC$ BY ! URBAN MILIEU4 ,IF CIRCUM/ANCES P]MIT1 HE CAN E/ABLI% A P]SONAL REGIM5 ( AFT]-WORK EX]CISE & FREQU5T EXCURSIONS TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,BUT ON ! :OLE1 ! METROPOLIS EXPOSES HIM TO LIMIT$1 9T5SE OCCUPATIONAL /IMULI ?AT PRODUCE AN EQUALLY LIMIT$1 9T5SE /RESS RESPONSE4 ,A FEW ORGANS CONT9UE TO BE> NE>LY ! 5TIRE BURD5 ( DAILY LIFE4 ,ORGANS & SY/EMS ?AT >E NOT ACTIVAT$ BY MOD]N =MS ( WORK & PLAY >E LIKELY TO BE %ELT]$ BY ! 0CONV5I5CES0 ?AT ! CITY AF=DS4 0,ONE MI<T QUE/ION :E!R /RESS IS PECULI>LY *>ACT]I/IC ( \R %ELT]$ CIVILIZATION1 ) ALL ITS COM=TS & AM5ITIES10 OBS]VE ,P4 ,C4 ,CON/ANT9IDES & ,NIALL ,C>EY 9 A G5]AL DISCUSSION ( ,SELYE'S WORK4 0,YET !SE V]Y PROTECTIONS - MOD]N LABORSAV+ DEVICES1 CLO?+1 HEAT+ - HAVE R5D]$ US ALL ! MORE VULN]ABLE & S5SITIVE TO ! SLI<TE/ /RESS4 ,:AT WAS A MILD /RESS TO \R =EBE>S N[ FREQU5TLY REPRES5TS A M9OR CRISIS4 ,MOREOV]1 ! FRU/RATIONS & REPRESSIONS >IS+ FROM EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9SECURITY1 ! DRUDG]Y ASSOCIAT$ ) MANY MOD]N OCCUPATIONS - ALL !SE REPRES5T /RESSES AS =MIDABLE AS ! MO/ SEV]E PHYSICAL 9JURIES40 

,! ,PROBLEMS ( ,OV]UBANIZATION 

,A NUMB] ( URBAN PROBLEMS HAVE >IS5 ?AT NO CITY DWELL] CAN HOPE TO SOLVE OR EV5 MELIORATE ON HIS [N2 !Y CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY BY ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,ONE SU* PROBLEM1 URBAN AIR POLLUTION1 HAS BECOME V]Y WIDESPREAD & CON/ITUTES A S]I\S HAZ>D TO HUMAN HEAL?4 0,MILLIONS ( CITIZ5S >E LIV+ 9 AN AIR OCEAN ?AT IS1 ON GOOD EVID5CE1 UNHEAL?Y TO BREA!10 OBS]VES ,H]MAN ,E4 ,HILLEBOE1 ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE ,COMMISSION] ( ,HEAL?4 0,CITIES ) ! HEAVIE/ POLLUTION LOAD T5D TO RANK HI< BO? 9 DEA? & 9CID5CE RATES = A NUMB] ( DISEASES4 ,?IS 9CLUDES HE>T DISEASE & CANC]1 ! RANK+ KILL]S & DISABL]S ( \R TIME40 ,AMONG ! NEW POLLUTANTS ?AT WILL SOON BE ADD$ TO \R 5VIRONM5T1 ,HILLEBOE W>NS1 >E 0BYPRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM & FROM SYN!TIC MAT]IALS SPAWN$ BY \R FA/-GR[+ NUCLE> TE*NOLOGY & FROM HI<-5]GY SOLID & LIQUID FUELS4 ,WE >E CREAT+ A NEW 5VIRONM5T BUT WE HAVE NOT AS YET DONE :AT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE ?IS 5VIRONM5T HEAL?FUL & HABITABLE = ITS PEOPLE4 ,H]E AGA9 IT IS DIFFICULT TO DRAMATIZE ! MATT] ( AIR POLLUTION40 

,! PROBLEM HAS BE5 DRAMATIZ$ BY CASES 9 :I* AIR POLLUTION REA*$ ! PROPORTIONS ( AN EM]G5CY1 COMP>ABLE 9 MANY WAYS TO AN EPIDEMIC4 ,UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY1 S]I\S CASES ( AIR POLLUTION USUALLY OCCURR$ 9 HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ RIV] VALLEYS4 ,TWO SU* CASES - ONE 9 ! ,MEUSE ,VALLEY 9 ,BELGIUM 9 #a#i#c1 :I* CLAIM$ SIXTY LIVES1 & ! O!R 9 ,DONORA1 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 9 #a#i#d#h1 :I* KILL$ TW5TY PEOPLE - W]E DUE PRIM>ILY TO TOXIC FUMES FROM METALLURGICAL PLANTS4 ,TO SOME DEGREE1 BO? C\LD BE REG>D$ AS 9DU/RIAL ACCID5TS1 :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 AV]T$ IF SUITABLE MEASURES HAD BE5 TAK5 TO CONTROL ! EFFLU5TS ( LOCAL MILLS4 ,A MU* GREAT] RESPECT = ! POT5TIALLY DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES ( AIR POLLUTION WAS CREAT$ BY ! SMOG ?AT DESC5D$ UPON ,LONDON1 A PR$OM9ANTLY COMM]CIAL CITY1 DUR+ ,DECEMB] #a#i#e#b4 ,AL?\< ! EPISODE WAS BRIEF1 ! DAILY DEA? RATE REA*$ V]Y HI< LEVELS1 COMP>ABLE TO ?OSE ( ,LONDON'S *OL]A EPIDEMIC 9 #ah$ & ITS 9FLU5ZA EPIDEMIC 9 #a#i#a#h-#a#i4 

,AT DAWN ON ,FRIDAY1 ,DECEMB] #e1 ! AIR 9 ,LONDON BEGAN TO ?ICK5 P]CEPTIBLY4 ,UNUSUAL WEA!R CONDITIONS CAUS$ A HEAVY SMOG ( URBAN POLLUTANTS TO L+] OV] ! CITY = F\R DAYS4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ TW5TY-F\R H\RS ! DEA? RATE D\BL$1 ! TOTAL = ! DAY REA*+ #d ,! NEXT DAY1 ,SATURDAY1 IT ROSE TO #f1 & ON EA* ( ! TWO FOLL[+ DAYS1 ,SUNDAY & ,MONDAY1 IT SO>$ TO #i1 AL?\< BUS9ESS & 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY WAS SUSP5D$ ON ,SUNDAY4 ,ON ,TUESDAY1 :5 ! SMOG HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO LIFT1 ! NUMB] ( DEA?S WAS #h1 & ! DEA? RATE REMA9$ HI< = SEV]AL WEEKS !REAFT]4 

,! ,LONDON SMOG CLAIM$ AT LEA/ #d1 LIVES4 ,! MAJORITY ( DEA?S OCCURR$ AMONG 9FANTS & ELD]LY PEOPLE1 BUT ,WILLIAM ,P4 ,D[IE ,LOGAN1 ,BRITA9'S *IEF M$ICAL /ATI/ICIAN1 EMPHASIZES ?AT 0IT WAS BY NO MEANS CONF9$ TO ! V]Y Y\NG OR ! V]Y OLD40 ,! DEA? RATE 9 ! FIFTE5-TO-=TY-F\R AGE GR\P 9CREAS$ AB\T #e P]C5T4 ,DEA?S FROM CORON>Y HE>T DISEASE ROSE FROM #aah 9 ! SEV5-DAY P]IOD IMM$IATELY PREC$+ ! 9CID5T TO #bha 9 ! WEEK ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 :ILE DEA?S FROM BRON*ITIS SO>$ FROM #gf TO #g#d1 ALMO/ A T5FOLD 9CREASE4 

,! POSSIBILITY ?AT A LE?AL SMOG COMP>ABLE TO ! ONE ?AT DESC5D$ ON ,LONDON1 WILL DEVELOP SOME:]E 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CANNOT BE EXCLUD$4 ,IF ! WORD 0SMOG0 IS DEF9$ AS AIR POLLUTION ?AT PRODUCES HAZ9ESS 9 ! ATMOSPH]E & IRRITATION ( ! EYES1 NOSE1 & ?ROAT1 !N MANY ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITIES EXP]I5CE SMOG4 ,! SITUATION 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES IS NOTORI\SLY BAD2 ! CITY IS AFFLICT$ ) FIFTY TO SEV5TY DAYS ( SMOG EV]Y YE>4 ,SMOG IS F\ND TO A LESS] EXT5T 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,WA%+TON1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,BO/ON1 & O!R COA/AL METROPOLITAN >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SMOG 9 ,5GL& & SMOG 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E DUE PRIM>ILY TO ! DIFF]5CES 9 ! IRRITANTS ?AT P]VADE ! AIR ( ! TWO C\NTRIES4 ,AIR POLLUTION 9 ,LONDON IS CAUS$ MA9LY BY ! COMBU/ION ( COAL :]EAS ! PR9CIPAL IRRITANTS 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES >E PRODUC$ BY ! COMBU/ION ( PETROLEUM PRODUCTS4 ,EXP]TS HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 H[EV]1 ?AT 09 ! ,LONDON EPISODE ! AIR POLLUTANTS1 :5 CONSID]$ 9 T]MS ( !IR HUMAN EFFECTS1 CLOSELY RESEMBL$ ?OSE PRES5T 9 ! AIR ( MANY L>GE URBAN >EAS4 ,!SE POLLUTANTS W]E QUITE SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( MANY O!R URBAN >EAS 9 ?AT !Y >E IRRITAT+ TO ! EXPOS$ LIV+ MEMBRANES 7( ! EYES1 NOSE1 ?ROAT & RESPIRATORY TRACT74 ,= EXAMPLE AL?\< ,LOS ,ANGELES AIR POLLUTION IS *EMICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,LONDON ! TWO RESEMBLE EA* O!R 9 !IR EFFECTS ON MAN S9CE EA* CAUSES IRRITATION ( EXPOS$ LIV+ MEMBRANES40 

,ORD9>ILY1 SMOG IS EPISODIC & LOCALIZ$4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 A MORE S]I\S PROBLEM IS POS$ BY P]SI/5T1 L[-GRADE AIR POLLUTION1 :I* IS (T5 IMP]CEPTIBLE TO ! S5SES & *ANGES RELATIVELY LITTLE FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,?IS =M ( AIR POLLUTION IS V]Y WIDESPREAD 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,NE>LY #a1 COMMUNITIES1 CONTA9+ ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 HAVE P]SI/5T AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS4 ,ACCORD+ TO A REC5T REPORT BY ! ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE ,AIR ,POLLUTION ,CONTROL ,BO>D3 0,( ! /ATE'S #d COMMUNITIES ) POPULATIONS ( MORE ?AN #b#e11 ONLY ONE HAD NEGLIGIBLE AIR POLLUTION4 ,! COMB9$ SURVEY DATA %[ ?AT APPROXIMATELY ?REE-FIF?S ( ! COMMUNITIES ( #e1 TO #b#e1 POPULATION & AB\T ONE ?IRD ( ?OSE ) LESS ?AN #e1 PEOPLE HAD MAJOR OR M9OR AIR POLLUTION40 ,A SURVEY ( ,TEXAS BY ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE %[$ ?AT ?REE QU>T]S ( ! /ATE'S COMMUNITIES ) POPULATIONS ( MORE ?AN#a1 HAD 0OBJECTIONABLE AIR POLLUTION40 

,AL?\< PATT]NS ( AIR POLLUTION V>Y FROM ONE COMMUNITY TO ANO!R1 IT IS G5]ALLY AGRE$ ?AT ! AIR 9 NE>LY ALL ,AM]ICAN CITIES CONTA9S A NUMB] ( HI<LY TOXIC SUB/ANCES1 MO/ ( :I* >E WA/E PRODUCTS ( 9DU/RIAL PLANTS1 MOTOR VEHICLES1 & HEAT+ EQUIPM5T4 ,! SOLID P>TICLES 9 AN URBAN ATMOSPH]E (T5 9CLUDE SU* HI<LY TOXIC SUB/ANCES AS LEAD1 B]YLLIUM1 & >S5IC4 ,COMMON AIR-BORNE GASES & VAPORS 9CLUDE SULFURIC-ACID MI/1 SULFUR DIOXIDE1 C>BON MONOXIDE1 =MALDEHYDE1 OXIDES ( NITROG51 AMMONIA1 & SCORES ( ORGANIC VAPOR CONTAM9ANTS4 ,AT LEA/ A HUNDR$ AIR POLLUTANTS HAVE BE5 ID5TIFI$1 & ! 9T]ACTION ( GASES1 VAPORS1 & SOLID P>TICLES 9 ! ATMOSPH]E PRODUCES MANY O!R COMP\NDS ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 *EMICALLY ANALYZ$4 ,SEV]AL KN[N TOXICANTS ?AT POLLUTE ! AIR >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY SYN]GI/IC ACTIVITY2 !Y >E MORE TOXIC TOGE!R ?AN :5 EA* IS ABSORB$ 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AN EFFECT ?AT IS MORE ?AN ADDITIVE IS PRODUC$ BY ! 9HALATION ( C>BON MONOXIDE TOGE!R ) NITROG5 OXIDE1 TWO ( ! MO/ COMMON POLLUTANTS 9 ! URBAN ATMOSPH]E4 

,! AV]AGE 9DIVIDUAL BREA!S AB\T #a#f1 QU>TS ( AIR DAILY4 ,IF HE LIVES 9 AN URBAN 5VIRONM5T1 HIS LUNGS RECEIVE AB\T F\R TIMES AS MANY AIR CONTAM9ANTS AS ?OSE ( A RURAL DWELL]4 ,JOHN ,H4 ,LUDWIG1 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 SUGGE/S ?AT REPEAT$ EXPOSURE TO 0RELATIVELY L[ LEVELS ( AIR POLLUTION0 MAY BE 9VOLV$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( *RONIC DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES1 9CLUD+ SK9 & LUNG CANC]1 HE>T & VASCUL> DISORD]S1 & *RONIC BRON*ITIS4 ,DUR+ P]IODS :5 URBAN AIR POLLUTION IS AT ITS HEI<T1 ! CONTAM9ANTS MAY WORS5 EXI/+ *RONIC DISEASES1 ESPECIALLY HE>T DISORD]S1 BY 9T]F]+ ) ! PASSAGE ( OXYG5 ?R\< ! MEMBRANES ( ! LUNGS 9TO ! BLOOD /REAM4 ,C]TA9 AIR POLLUTANTS MAY COMB9E ) BODY PROTE9S TO =M ALL]GY-9DUC+1 OR ALL]G5IC1 SUB/ANCES & LEAD TO 9CREAS+ S5SITIZATION & ALL]GIC REACTIONS4 

,IF ! POSSIBLE CONSEQU5CES ( AIR POLLUTION LI/$ BY ,LUDWIG SEEM TO BE F>FET*$1 LET US 5UM]ATE SOME ( ! CONTAM9ANTS PRODUC$ BY ! AUTOMOBILE1 ! PR9CIPAL S\RCE ( AIR-BORNE TOXICANTS 9 L>GE ,AM]ICAN CITIES4 ,NE>LY #h P]C5T ( ! POLLUTANTS ?AT PRODUCE SMOG 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES COME FROM MOTOR VEHICLES4 ,9 BURN+ #a1 GALLONS ( FUEL1 AN AUTOMOBILE DIS*>GES #ag P\NDS ( SULFUR DIOXIDE1 AB\T #ah P\NDS ( ALDEHYDES 7E/IMAT$ AS =MALDEHYDE71 #be TO #ge P\NDS ( OXIDES ( NITROG5 7E/IMAT$ AS NITROG5 DIOXIDE71 #b TO #d P\NDS ( COMPLEX ORGANIC COMP\NDS1 & OV] #c1 P\NDS ( C>BON MONOXIDE4 

,SULFUR DIOXIDE IS BO? AN IRRITANT & A POISON4 ,IT IS PROBABLY A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO ! HI< 9CID5CE ( *RONIC BRON*ITIS 9 ,5GL&4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE TO 9DICATE ?AT A FAIRLY L[ LEVEL ( SULFUR DIOXIDE - 0A LEVEL NOT 9FREQU5TLY F\ND 9 AIR0 - IS SUFFICI5T TO PRODUCE TEMPOR>Y SPASMS ( ! SMOO? MUSCLES 9 ! LUNGS4 ,9 0SOME:AT HI<] CONC5TRATIONS10 ! COMP\ND PRODUCES SEV]E 9FLAMMATION & PEEL+ ( ! RESPIRATORY MEMBRANES4 ,=MALDEHYDE IS A CORROSIVE POISON ?AT NOT ONLY IRRITATES ! RESPIRATORY MEMBRANES BUT ALSO AFFECTS ! C5TRAL N]V\S SY/EM1 & NITROG5 DIOXIDE IS A HI<LY TOXIC GAS ?AT IS EXTREMELY DANG]\S EV5 9 SU* RELATIVELY L[ QUANTITIES AS #a P>TS P] MILLION4 

,SEV]AL ( ! ORGANIC COMP\NDS PRODUC$ BY ! COMBU/ION ( GASOL9E & DIESEL OIL >E C>C9OG5IC4 ,?IS HAS BE5 CLE>LY E/ABLI%$ BY ,PAUL ,KOT91 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,:5 T>RY MAT]IAL FROM ! EXHAU/S ( MOTOR VEHICLES WAS PA9T$ ON LABORATORY MICE1 SK9 TUMORS APPE>$ 9 #e P]C5T ( ! ANIMALS4 ,! L>GE/ AM\NT ( C>C9OG5IC SUB/ANCES1 ACCORD+ TO ,KOT9'S F9D+S1 IS PRODUC$ BY SL[-RUNN+ & IDL+ 5G9ES - ?AT IS1 UND] CONDITIONS PREVAL5T 9 >EAS ) CONGE/$ TRAFFIC 7SEE PAGES #a#d#i-#e74 

,A PROBLEM ?AT HAS BE5 L>GELY IGNOR$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ! DANG] ( *RONIC C>BON MONOXIDE POISON+4 ,UNTIL REC5TLY1 CONV5TIONAL M$ICAL OP9ION HELD ?AT C>BON MONOXIDE 7,C,O7 IS RAPIDLY REMOV$ FROM ! BLOOD /REAM4 ,FEW PHYSICIANS REG>D$ ! 5ORM\S \TPUT ( ! GAS BY MOTOR VEHICLES AS A DANG] TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,ACCORD+ TO REC5T REPORTS1 H[EV]1 C>BON MONOXIDE MAY BE RETA9$ BY ! BODY = RELATIVELY LONG P]IODS ( TIME1 P]HAPS AS MU* AS SEV]AL WEEKS4 ,! PROBLEM HAS >\S$ A GREAT DEAL ( CONC]N 9 ,EUROPE1 :]E ! CONVICTION IS GR[+ ?AT *RONIC C>BON MONOXIDE POISON+ IS A S]I\S HAZ>D ( ! AUTOMOBILE ]A4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,RI*>D ,PR9DLE1 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 EMPHASIZES ?AT 09 A COMMUNITY 9 :I* C>BON MONOXIDE LEVELS EXI/1 #bd H\RS A DAY1 SEV5 DAYS A WEEK1 = ! LIFETIME ( AN 9DIVIDUAL1 *RONIC ,C,O POISON+ IS A DI/9CT POSSIBILITY40 ,WE NE$ ONLY CONSID] ! FACT ?AT SMOK+ PRODUCES A DEF9ITE LEVEL ( C>BON MONOXIDE 9 ! BLOOD 0TO REALIZE ?AT C\PL+ ?IS ) FREQU5T1 AL?\< FLUCTUAT+ EXPOSURES TO ,C,O 9 ! AMBI5T AIR444 MI<T WELL LEAD TO S]I\S CONSEQU5CES 9 A L>GE POPULATION40 

,ANO!R PROBLEM ?AT CANNOT BE SOLV$ )\T ! COOP]ATION ( ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY IS WAT] POLLUTION4 ,WAT] IS A TRADITIONAL M$IUM = ! TRANSMISSION ( G]MS & TOXIC SUB/ANCES4 ,DUR+ ! PA/ ?REE G5]ATIONS VIGOR\S EF=TS ON ! P>T ( M$ICAL & PUBLIC HEAL? (FICIALS HAVE 5ORM\SLY R$UC$ ! HAZ>D CREAT$ BY WAT]-BORNE 9FECTI\S AG5TS1 BUT TODAY OLD PROBLEMS ( POLLUTION >E BEG9N+ TO RECUR & NEW ONES TO APPE>1 ESPECIALLY 9 COMMUNITIES ?AT OBTA9 ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR DR9K+ WAT] FROM RIV]S4 ,AL?\< ,AM]ICANS T5D TO MAKE A FETI% ( CLEANL9ESS1 AN APPALL+ AM\NT ( UNTREAT$ OR 9ADEQUATELY TREAT$ URBAN SEWAGE IS DIS*>G$ 9TO RIV] WAT]-WAT] :I* IS (T5 TAK5 UP AGA9 = PUBLIC CONSUMPTION BY COMMUNITIES D[N/REAM4 ,ADD$ TO URBAN SEWAGE >E WA/ES FROM *EMICAL FACTORIES1 SLAU<T]H\SES1 & METALLURGICAL PLANTS4 ,AL?\< SEWAGE & 9DU/RIAL WA/ES HAVE PRODUC$ LOCAL PUBLIC HEAL? CRISES 9 ! PA/1 ! PO/W> EXPANSION ( CITIES & METROPOLITAN >EAS IS TURN+ WAT] POLLUTION 9TO A GRAVE NATIONAL PROBLEM1 COMP>ABLE 9 MANY RESPECTS TO ?AT CREAT$ BY URBAN AIR POLLUTION4 

,ATTEMPTS BY F$]AL1 /ATE1 & MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES TO CONTROL ! CONTAM9ATION ( \R WAT] >E COMPLICAT$ BY FREQU5T *ANGES 9 ! COMPOSITION ( 9DU/RIAL & URBAN WA/ES4 ,TODAY DR9K+ WAT] MAY CONTA9 A WIDE V>IETY ( NEW BLEA*ES1 DET]G5TS1 PETRO*EMICAL & METALLURGICAL WA/ES1 9SECTICIDES1 DYES1 & RADIOACTIVE COMP\NDS4 ,FEW IF ANY ( !SE CONTAM9ANTS >E REMOV$ BY ORD9>Y ME?ODS ( WAT] PURIFICATION4 ,ROLF ,ELIASS51 ( ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY1 PO9TS \T ?AT ! 0EXOTIC ORGANIC *EMICALS0 DIS*>G$ BY PETRO*EMICAL PLANTS 9TO /REAMS 0>E NOT EV5 DETECT$ BY PRES5T CONV5TIONAL MEANS ( WAT] ANALYSIS40 ,NEI!R 9DU/RY NOR POLLUTION-CONTROL LABORATORIES HAVE BE5 ABLE TO =M A RELIABLE PICTURE ( ! LONG-RANGE EFFECTS ( ! NEW] POLLUTANTS ON PUBLIC HEAL?4 0,LET US ALL BE HONE/ ) \RSELVES10 DECL>ES ,ROB]T ,A4 ,KEHOE4 0,SPECIFICATIONS = HUMAN HEAL? & WELF>E1 9 RELATION TO ! COMMON CONTAM9ANTS ( MANY ( \R S\RCES ( WAT]1 DO NOT EXI/1 & WE %ALL NOT BE ABLE TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY ) ?IS PROBLEM ( PUBLIC HEAL? UNTIL !Y CAN BE =MULAT$ ON S\ND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS40 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! TRADITIONAL PROBLEM ( WAT]BORNE 9FECTIONS IS GA9+ GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE4 ,MANY CASES ( ACUTE ILLNESSESS >E BE+ ATTRIBUT$ TO POLLUT$ DR9K+ WAT]4 ,TO CITE A FEW EXAMPLES3 ,9 #aieg ! NUMB] ( CASES ( 9FECTI\S HEPATITIS BEGAN TO 9CREASE M>K$LY 9 ,NEBRASKA4 ,! DISEASE1 AN ACUTE 9FLAMMATION ( ! LIV]1 WAS F\ND PR$OM9ANTLY 9 ! EA/]N P>T ( ! /ATE4 ,! \TBREAKS OCCURR$ PRIM>ILY 9 URBAN COMMUNITIES ?AT OBTA9 !IR DR9K+ WAT] FROM ! HI<LY POLLUT$ ,MISS\RI ,RIV]4 ,AL?\< MO/ PUBLIC HEAL? (FICIALS T5D TO BE EXTREMELY CAUTI\S 9 !IR COMM5TS1 ,NEBRASKAN AU?ORITIES MADE NO ATTEMPT TO CONCEAL !IR SUSPICION ?AT ! 9CREASE 9 HEPATITIS CASES WAS DUE TO DR9K+ WAT] CONTAM9AT$ BY SEWAGE FROM UP/REAM COMMUNITIES4 ,SIMIL> EXPLANATIONS HAVE BE5 GIV5 = POLIO EPIDEMICS 9 ,SALT ,LAKE ,CITY & 9 ,$MONTON1 CAPITAL ( ! ,CANADIAN PROV9CE ( ,ALB]TA4 7,MU* ( ! EVID5CE PO9T+ TO POLLUT$ WAT] AS ! CAUSE ( !SE \TBREAKS IS CIRCUM/ANTIAL1 BUT !RE IS NO LONG] ANY D\BT ?AT HEPATITIS CAN BE COMMUNICAT$ BY WAT] AS WELL AS BY P]SONAL CONTACT4 ,! ,$MONTON \TBREAK SUGGE/S ?AT POLIOMYELITIS CAN ALSO BE TRANSMITT$ BY WAT]4 ,$MONTON OBTA9S ITS DR9K+ WAT] FROM ! ,SASKAT*EWAN ,RIV] & ! EPIDEMIC C\LD BE RELAT$ TO A FAILURE ( ! SEWAGE SY/EM AT A T[N UP/REAM47 ,BO? DISEASES >E CAUS$ BY VIRUSES ?AT >E F\ND 9 HUMAN FECES & SEWAGE4 

,TRUE1 WAT]-BORNE DISEASES &1 9 SOME COMMUNITIES1 URBAN AIR POLLUTION HAVE BE5 MORE S]I\S 9 ! PA/ ?AN !Y >E TODAY4 ,9 #a#h#c#b1 ,ASIATIC *OL]A SPREAD FROM ,QUEBEC TO ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 :]E IT CLAIM$ ?\S&S ( LIVES4 ,*OL]A P]SI/$ 9 ! CITY = DECADES BE=E IT WAS ]ADICAT$4 ,TYPHOID FEV]1 ANO!R WAT]BORNE DISEASE1 WAS F\ND EV]Y:]E DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,[+ TO IMPROV$ ME?ODS ( PUBLIC SANITATION1 ! 9CID5CE ( ! DISEASE IS N[ NEGLIGIBLE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 MANY ( ! WOR/ POCKETS ( URBAN AIR POLLUTION >E BE+ 0CLE>$ UP10 TO ! EXT5T ( ELIM9AT+ SOME ( ! D5SE SOOT & SMOKE4 ,! CL\D ( 9DU/RIAL SOOT ?AT BEGAN TO DESC5D ON ,PITTSBUR< AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#fS HAS BE5 LIFT$4 ,AL?\< ,PITTSBUR< DOES NOT 5JOY PURE AIR1 A R$UCTION HAS BE5 A*IEV$ 9 ! MORE (F5SIVE POLLUTANTS ?AT ONCE FILL$ ! CITY'S ATMOSPH]E4 ,AIR POLLUTION PROGRAMS HAVE GA9$ GR\ND PRIM>ILY AGA9/ ! SMOKE & GRIME ( ! OLD ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS SOCIAL RE=M HAS SCOR$ ITS GREATE/ TRIUMPHS OV] ILLIT]ACY & *ILD LABOR4 

,S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 H[EV]1 !RE HAS BE5 A NEW 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 & ! PROBLEMS ( URBAN LIFE HAVE ACQUIR$ NEW DIM5SIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! S\RCES ( URBAN POLLUTION HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB] & V>IETY2 MANY POLLUTANTS1 SU* AS ?OSE PRODUC$ BY ! AUTOMOBILE1 >E DIFFICULT TO MANAGE1 EV5 :]E EV]YONE IS WILL+ TO COOP]ATE ON ! PROBLEM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 METROPOLITAN REGIONS >E BE+ BURD5$ BEYOND !IR CAPACITY TO COPE ) AIR POLLUTANTS & TO MEET ! NE$ = CLEAN WAT]4 ,!IR WAT]WAYS & ATMOSPH]E >E EXPECT$ TO ABSORB A /AGG]+ QUANTITY ( WA/E PRODUCTS FROM 9DU/RIAL PLANTS1 HOMES1 & VEHICLES4 ,CURR5TLY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MU/ DISPOSE ( OV] #ah BILLION P\NDS ( SEWAGE SOLIDS EV]Y YE>1 AN 9CREASE ( #g P]C5T 9 ! PA/ TWO DECADES4 ,! WAT] TABLE 9 MANY >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS BE+ L[]$ BY ! VORACI\S DEM&S ( HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ POPULATIONS & EXP&+ 9DU/RIES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! NUMB] ( POLLUTANTS HAS 9CREAS$1 ! ECOLOGICAL PRECONDITIONS = :OLESOME AIR & PL5TIFUL WAT] >E BE+ UND]M9$4 ,A MAJOR DISEQUILIBRIUM IS >IS+ BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 9DU/RY & ! BIOTIC 5VIRONM5T1 & POPULATION & REGIONAL RES\RCES4 

,R5E ,DUBOS1 ( ! ,ROCKEFELL] ,9/ITUTE = ,M$ICAL ,RESE>*1 PLACES SMOG AMONG ! MAJOR 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS ?AT HAVE UNLEA%$ ! 0,APOCALYPTIC HORSEM50 ( MOD]N DISEASE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DUBOS1 ,/4 ,JOHN ! ,DIV9E'S VISION ON ! ISLE ( ,PATMOS IS SYMBOLIC ( PRES5T-DAY URBAN & 9DU/RIAL LIFE4 ,! FIR/ HORSEM5 ( ! ,APOCALYPSE TO BE SE5 BY ! SA9T W]E ,FAM9E & ,PE/IL5CE4 0,!N ANO!R1 EV5 MORE T]RIFY+ VISITATION WAS S5T BY ! ANG]$ ,DEITY10 ,DUBOS RECALLS4 0,AFT] ! FIF? ANGEL HAD S\ND$ HIS TRUMPET HE OP5$ ! BOTTOMLESS PIT & '!RE >OSE A SMOKE \T ( ! PIT1 AS ! SMOKE ( A GREAT FURNACE2 & ! SUN & ! AIR W]E D>K5$ BY REASON ( ! SMOKE ( ! PIT4' ,& \T ( ! BOTTOMLESS PIT CAME ! SCORPIONS ?AT DID NOT KILL M5 BUT TORM5T$ !M = FIVE MON?S BE=E F9AL DE/RUCTION CAME 'BY ! FIRE1 & BY ! SMOKE & BY ! BRIM/ONE4' ,! TIME ( FULFILLM5T ( ! ,APOCALYPSE MAY NOT BE F> (F40 

,DUBOS IS NOT BE+ OV]LY DRAMATIC4 ,WE >E PRODUC+ A NEW SPECTRUM ( 5VIRONM5TAL HAZ>DS :OSE FULL EFFECTS /ILL AWAIT ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 ,! TR5DS >E NOT 5C\RAG+4 0,MANY DISEASES ?AT >E ?\<T TO BE ASSOCIAT$ )1 OR CAUS$ BY1 AIR POLLUTION HAVE BE5 9CREAS+ OV] ! YE>S10 ,PR9DLE WRITES4 0,9CLUD$ AMONG !SE >E ! RESPIRATORY CANC]S1 EMPHYSEMA1 *RONIC BRON*ITIS1 & COR PULMONALE4 7,EMPHYSEMA IS A PULMON>Y DISORD] ?AT (T5 LEADS TO COR PULMONALE1 A COMMON =M ( HE>T DISEASE4 ,EMPHYSEMA HAS BECOME A MAJOR DISEASE 9 ,LONDON1 RANK+ ?IRD 7FOLL[+ HE>T DISEASES & CANC]7 AS A CAUSE ( DEA? AMONG MIDDLE-AG$ MALES4 ,! 9CREASE 9 EMPHYSEMA CASES1 BO? 9 ,LONDON & ,LOS ,ANGELES1 IS ATTRIBUT$ BY MANY M$ICAL AU?ORITIES TO AIR POLLUTION47 ,IF AIR POLLUTION CONT9UES TO 9CREASE1 ONE CAN ONLY CONJECTURE ?AT ?IS RIS+ 9CID5CE ( DISEASE WILL CONT9UE & ?AT ! EFFECT UPON ! HEAL? ( ! NATION - & OV] ! TE*NOLOGICALLY - EXP&+ WORLD - MAY BE SEV]ELY AUGM5T$4 ,! OV]ALL EFFECT ( AIR POLLUTION ON ! ECONOMY1 ! HEAL?1 & ! WELF>E ( ! PEOPLE MAY BECOME A DISA/]40 

,! EFFECTS ( AIR POLLUTION ON PUBLIC HEAL? WILL BE DIFFICULT TO JUDGE = MANY YE>S TO COME4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ADULTS /RADDLE TWO WORLDS4 ,!Y W]E BORN & RAIS$ 9 COMMUNITIES ?AT HAVE ONLY REC5TLY ACQUIR$ ! FEATURES ( METROPOLITAN LIFE4 ,! E>LY YE>S ( !IR LIVES W]E SP5T 9 ! PRE-NUCLE> AGE4 ,BUT IT IS DIFFICULT TO IGNORE ! PORT5TS F\ND 9 ! HI< 9CID5CE ( *RONIC DISEASES 9 ALL AGE GR\PS ( ! POPULATION4 ,)\T A BASIC SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( URBAN LIFE1 ,DUBOS'S APPREH5SION MAY PROVE TO BE AMPLY JU/IFI$4 

,MAN'S 5VIRONM5T ATTA9S A HI< DEGREE ( SIMPLIFICATION 9 ! MOD]N METROPOLIS4 ,AT FIR/ ?IS MAY SEEM SURPRIS+3 ,WE NORMALLY ASSOCIATE METROPOLITAN LIFE ) A DIV]SITY ( 9DIVIDUAL TYPES & ) V>IETY & SUBTLETY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,BUT DIV]SITY AMONG M5 & COMPLEXITY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS >E SOCIAL & CULTURAL PH5OM5A4 ,FROM A BIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! DRAB1 SEV]E METROPOLITAN WORLD ( MORT>1 /EEL1 & MA*9ES CON/ITUTES A RELATIVELY SIMPLE 5VIRONM5T1 & ! %>P DIVISION ( LABOR DEVELOP$ BY ! MOD]N URBAN ECONOMY IMPOSES EXTREMELY LIMIT$1 MONOTON\S OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES ON MANY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O MAKE !IR LIVELIHOOD 9 A L>GE CITY4 

,!SE HAVE NOT ALWAYS BE5 ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( URBAN LIFE4 ,! METROPOLITAN MILIEU REPRES5TS A %>P DEP>TURE FROM ! =MS & /YLES ( LIFE ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 COMMUNITIES ( ! PRE-9DU/RIAL ]A4 ,E>LY T[NS PRODUC$ HI<LY V>I$ & COLORFUL 5VIRONM5TS4 ,/UD5TS ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE & ! ,R5AISSANCE CITY NEV] FAIL TO S+LE \T ! HUMANIZ+ >TI/IC T\* ?AT ! URBAN DWELL] GAVE TO HIS HOME & TO EV]YDAY >TICLES4 ,CRAFTSM5 SELDOM P]MITT$ ! FUNCTION ( AN OBJECT TO COMPLETELY DOM9ATE ITS =M4 ,DECORATIV5ESS IS TO BE F\ND EV5 9 TOOLS & WEAPONS-OBJECTS :I* 9 \R DAY >E NOTEWOR?Y = !IR PURELY FUNCTIONAL DESIGN4 ,?IS HI< S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL >TI/RY WAS N\RI%$ BY A VOCATIONAL TRADITION ?AT DIRECT$ ! WORKMAN TO NE>LY EV]Y PHASE ( ! MAK+ ( A PRODUCT4 ,! CRAFTSMAN (T5 PREP>$ HIS RAW MAT]IAL ) HIS [N H&S1 SMELT+ HIS METALS OR TANN+ HIS LEA!R4 ,! GREAT >*ITECTS & 5G9E]S ( ! ,R5AISSANCE NOT ONLY DESIGN$ A /RUCTURE BUT ALSO P>TICIPAT$ 9 ITS CON/RUCTION4 ,! R\ND$NESS ( ! ,R5AISSANCE MAN1 :I* WE LOOK UPON ) SO MU* 5VY TODAY1 WAS DUE 9 L>GE P>T TO A UNITY ( M9D & BODY1 TO A COMB9ATION ( ?\<T & PHYSICAL ACTIVITY4 

,E>LY URBAN LIFE WAS LEISURELY & RELAX$4 ,CRAFTSM5 WORK$ MORE OR LESS 9 ACCORDANCE ) A PACE E/ABLI%$ BY PHYSIOLOGICAL CYCLES1 ACCEL]AT+ ! TEMPO ( !IR WORK DUR+ MOM5TS ( 5]GY & SL[+ D[N OR HALT+ 5TIRELY DUR+ P]IODS ( LE?>GY4 ,! RATE ( PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WAS DET]M9$ BY ! BODY'S VITALITY RA!R ?AN BY EXT]NAL AG5CIES1 SU* AS MA*9ES4 ,M5 DID NOT TRY TO 0CONS]VE0 !IR 5]GY & DI/RIBUTE IT UNI=MLY1 AS ?\< IT W]E AN 9ORGANIC RES\RCE2 HUMAN 5]GY IS SELDOM 0CONS]V$10 9 ?IS SIMPLE1 ME*ANICAL S5SE4 ,CRAFTSMAN & >TI/ WORK$ BY 0FITS & />TS10 GIV+ !MSELVES OV] TO A TASK TO ! DEGREE ?AT !IR BODIES W]E AM5ABLE TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & >TI/IC 5DEAVOR4 ,LABOR & >T W]E SELDOM =C$4 ,! TEMPO ( WORK V>I$1 FROM H\R TO H\R & DAY TO DAY1) ! *ANG+ VITALITY ( ! BODY4 

,! T[N DEVELOP$ 9 AN AGRICULTURAL MATRIX4 ,F>MS LAY DIRECTLY \TSIDE ! CITY1 NOT 9 A F>-REMOV$ P]IMET] ?AT ! TRAVEL] C\LD REA* ONLY AFT] A LONG J\RNEY ?R\< SUBURBS & 0EXURBS40 ,A %ORT /ROLL C>RI$ ! URBAN DWELL] FROM ! M>KET PLACE1 ON :I* ! PR9CIPAL CULTURAL ACTIVITIES ( ! COMMUNITY W]E C5T]$1 9TO OP5 FIELDS & OR*>DS4 ,F>M] & CITY MAN 9T]M+L$ FREELY4 ,9 MANY CASES1 ! URBAN DWELL] COMB9$ ! WORK ( A CRAFTSMAN ) ?AT ( A FOOD GR[]1 (T5 MA9TA9+ A SMALL G>D5 9SIDE ! CITY WALLS TO SUPPLY SOME ( HIS [N FOOD4 0,ONE MU/ NOT LOOK AT ! N>R[ /REETS BETWE5 ! H\SES )\T REMEMB]+ ! OP5 GRE51 OR ! NEATLY *ECK]$ G>D5S1 ?AT USUALLY /RET*$ BEH9D10 OBS]VES ,LEWIS ,MUM=D4 

,FOOD /APLES W]E GR[N NE>BY1 ON F>MS ?AT PRODUC$ A V>IETY ( CROPS4 ,AS SOON AS A CROP WAS H>VE/$1 IT F\ND ITS WAY QUICKLY TO ! M>KET PLACE & FROM !RE TO ! URBAN CONSUM]4 ,! CITY DWELL] WAS NEV] COMPLETELY URBANIZ$1 9 ! N>R[ S5SE1 AS HE IS TODAY4 ,G>D5+ )9 ! CITY & EASY ACCESS TO ! C\NTRYSIDE HELP$ TO FUZE ALL ASPECTS ( URBAN & C\NTRY LIFE4 

,E>LY CITY LIFE1 TO BE SURE1 WAS BURD5$ ) MANY PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE L>GELY BE5 SOLV$ BY MOD]N SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY4 ,DIET WAS SEV]ELY RE/RICT$1 ESPECIALLY 9 M$IEVAL TIMES1 & FRE% FOODS W]E AVAILABLE ONLY DUR+ ! GR[+ SEASON4 ,SANITATION REMA9$ PRIMITIVE = C5TURIES1 AL?\< ,MUM=D PO9TS \T ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( OP5 SPACES 9 ! M$IEVAL T[N 0%[S ?AT SANIT>Y >RANGEM5TS W]E NOT NECESS>ILY AS (F5SIVE AS !Y HAVE BE5 PICTUR$1 NOR VILE SMELLS AS UNI=MLY UBIQUIT\S40 ,AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES W]E CRUDE & FEW ADVANCES W]E MADE 9 TRANSPORTATION UNTIL RAILROADS CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 BUT ! E>LY T[NS PUT ! TOOLS & ! KN[L$GE AT !IR DISPOSAL TO ! BE/ POSSIBLE USE4 ,LIFE WAS USUALLY S]5E4 0,ONE AWOKE 9 ! M$IEVAL T[N TO ! CR[+ ( ! COCK1 ! *IRP+ ( BIRDS NE/+ UND] ! EAVES1 OR TO ! TOLL+ ( ! H\RS 9 ! MONA/]Y ON ! \TSKIRTS1 P]HAPS TO ! *IME ( BELLS 9 ! NEW BELLT[]4 ,SONG ROSE EASILY ON ! LIPS1 FROM ! PLA9 *ANT ( ! MONKS TO ! REFRA9S ( ! BALLAD S+] 9 ! M>KET PLACE1 OR ?AT ( ! APPR5TICE & ! H\SE-MAID AT WORK4 ,AS LATE AS ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ! ABILITY TO HOLD A P>T 9 A DOME/IC *ORAL SONG WAS RAT$ BY ,PEPYS AS AN 9DISP5SABLE QUALITY 9 A NEW MAID4 ,!RE W]E WORK SONGS1 DI/9CT = EA* CRAFT1 (T5 COMPOS$ TO ! RHY?MIC TAPP+ OR HAMM]+ ( ! CRAFTSMAN HIMSELF4 ,FITZ ,/EPH5S REPORT$ 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY ?AT ! S\ND ( ! WAT] MILL WAS A PLEASANT ONE AMID ! GRE5 FIELDS ( ,LONDON4 ,AT NI<T !RE W\LD BE COMPLETE SIL5CE' BUT = ! /IRR+ ( ANIMALS & ! CALL+ ( ! H\RS BY ! T[N WAT*4 ,DEEP SLEEP WAS POSSIBLE 9 ! M$IEVAL T[NS1 UNTA9T$ BY EI!R HUMAN OR ME*ANICAL NOISES40 

,MOD]N SCI5CE HAS ELIM9AT$ NE>LY ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT E>LI] URBAN COMMUNITIES FAC$4 ,[+ TO ADVANC$ MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 ! CITY DWELL] N[ 5JOYS A HI<LY V>I$ DIET1 & ! METROPOLIS RECEIVES ABUNDANT SUPPLIES ( FOODS ( ALL TYPES ! YE> R\ND4 ,SANITATION HAS REA*$ A HI< TE*NICAL LEVEL2 ! DAILY WA/ES ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE >E REMOV$ )\T HAZ>D TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,& YET = EV]Y DIFFICULTY SCI5CE HAS ELIM9AT$1 ! METROPOLIS HAS CREAT$ A NEW & GREAT] PROBLEM 9 \R MANN] ( URBAN LIFE4 

,! METROPOLIS LACKS NE>LY ALL ! HUMANIZ+ FEATURES ( E>LY URBAN LIFE4 ,9 ! M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE T[NS1 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY & >T W]E COMB9$ ) PHYSICAL LABOR2 9 ! METROPOLIS1 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY1 >T1 & PHYSICAL LABOR >E %>PLY SEP>AT$4 ,! CIVIL 5G9E] :O DESIGNS A /RUCTURE SELDOM P>TICIPATES 9 ITS CON/RUCTION2 HIS C\NT]P>T 9 ! FIELD R>ELY 5GAGES 9 DESIGN4 ,>*ITECTS LIKE ,FRANK ,LLOYD ,WRI<T1 :O CONC]N$ HIMSELF ) NE>LY EV]Y PHASE ( CON/RUCTION1 >E R>ITIES4 ,MO/ JOBS 9 ! METROPOLIS >E S$5T>Y & MONOTON\S4 ,SOME ( ! MORE RAPIDLY GR[+ OCCUPATIONS REQUIRE V]Y LITTLE M5TAL OR PHYSICAL WORK2 !Y >E M9DLESS AS WELL AS S$5T>Y4 ,WORK ( ?IS K9D IS TYPIFI$ BY ! TASKS ( ! BILL+-MA*9E OP]ATOR & ! DICTAPHONE POOL TYPI/1 :OSE PR9CIPAL QUALIFICATION IS ! ABILITY TO 5DURE AN EXCRUCIAT+LY VACU\S R\T9E4 

,! CURR5T OCCUPATIONAL TR5D IS T[>D AN EXTREME SIMPLIFICATION ( ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,WORK IS FRAGM5T$1 LIMIT$1 & OV]SPECIALIZ$4 ,MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS BROK5 D[N MANY HI<LY SKILL$ CRAFTS 9TO REPETITIVE TASKS ?AT ! WORK] CAN P]=M ME*ANICALLY1 BY HABIT1 )\T LOS+ TIME EI!R 9 ?9K+ OR 9 *ANG+ TOOLS4 ,WORK T5DS TO BECOME S$5T>Y1 NOT BECAUSE ! COM=T ( ! WORK] IS KEPT 9 M9D1 BUT BECAUSE ANY UNNECESS>Y MOVEM5T ( ! BODY T5DS TO DIM9I% \TPUT BY 9T]RUPT+ ! SMOO?1 UNI=M FL[ ( LABOR4 ,! SAME TR5D IS EVID5T 9 9TELLECTUAL & >TI/IC WORK1 :]E OV]-SPECIALIZATION T5DS TO REPLACE CREATIVE ACTIVITY ) ME*ANICAL OP]ATIONS4 ,:ILE MANY SU* JOBS ALL[ = CONSID]ABLE 9DIVIDUAL LEEWAY1 PROGRESSIVELY FEW] FACULTIES >E US$ OR DEVELOP$4 ,9 ! WOR/ CASES1 PHYSICAL WORK IS LIMIT$ TO A FEW DEXT]\S OP]ATIONS ( ! F+]S1 M5TAL WORK TO A FEW DEXT]\S OP]ATIONS ( ! M9D4 

,LABOR BECOMES HI<LY 9T5SIVE4 ,! FEW FACULTIES ?AT >E BR\<T 9TO PLAY >E EMPLOY$ AT CONT9UALLY HI<] RATES ( SPE$4 ,WORK IS VIEW$ MORE AS A FUNCTION ( HABIT ?AN AS ! FUNCTION ( 9DIVIDUAL RES\RCES & TAL5TS :OSE USE REQUIRES PATI5CE & TOL]ANCE4 ,?US1 MANY JOBS NOT ONLY T5D TO RE/RICT ! USE ( C]TA9 P>TS ( ! BODY1 BUT EMPLOY O!R P>TS EXCESSIVELY4 ,=MS ( WORK :I* ONCE MOBILIZ$ ! HUMAN ORGANISM AS A :OLE >E SUPPLANT$ BY OCCUPATIONS ?AT TAX ! EYES OR ! N]VES4 ,:ILE ! M9D IS DULL$ & ! HUMAN MUSCULATURE BECOMES FLACCID1 N]VES BECOME OV]LY S5SITIVE & RAW4 ,! ANXIETIES & T5SIONS CREAT$ BY 9T5SIVE1 S$5T>Y WORK >E RE9=C$ BY AN EXAGG]AT$ RESPONSIV5ESS ( ! N]V\S SY/EM AS A :OLE4 

,! METROPOLIS (F]S V]Y LITTLE TO C\NT]ACT ! OV]SIMPLIFICATION ( ! DAILY WORK R\T9E4 ,! URBAN DWELL] 5C\NT]S FEW *ANGES 9 COLOR TO AWAK5 HIS VISUAL S5SES2 HE RECEIVES VIRTUALLY NO RESPITE FROM ! >TIFICIAL WORLD 9 :I* HE IS IMM]S$ DUR+ WORK+ H\RS4 ,>EAS 9 :I* HE CAN WALK FREELY ON SOIL & AMID VEGETATION >E DISAPPE>+2 NEW DWELL+S1 MO/ ( !M NOTEWOR?Y = !IR LACK ( >*ITECTURAL 9SPIRATION1 >E 5CROA*+ ON ! LA/ OP5 SPACES 9 ,AM]ICAN CITIES4 ,PUBLIC P>KS >E LIKELY TO BE CONGE/$ DUR+ ! DAY1 & 9 ! EV5+ !Y (T5 ATTRACT DEL9QU5T ELEM5TS1 :OSE PRES5CE DISC\RAGES ! RESPECTABLE URBAN DWELL] FROM V5TUR+ 9TO !IR PREC9CTS4 ,AM]ICAN URBAN LIFE HAS RETREAT$ 9DOORS4 ,?IS RETREAT IS DUE P>TLY TO ! ]OSION ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY 9 L>GE CITIES1 P>TLY TO ! S$UCTIVE P[]S ( ! MASS M$IA4 ,! AV]AGE URBAN DWELL] IS LIKELY TO PURSUE ! SAME 9S5SATE1 S$5T>Y WAY ( LIFE DUR+ HIS LEISURE TIME ?AT HE FOLL[S DUR+ HIS WORK+ H\RS4 

,MANY ASPECTS ( METROPOLITAN LIFE1 :ILE TRIVIAL 9 !MSELVES1 AGGRAVATE ! EFFECTS ( URBAN MODES ( WORK4 ,! N]V\S /RA9 ?AT ! CITY DWELL] FEELS AT HIS JOB BEG9S TO GA!R )9 HIM EV5 BE=E HE GETS TO WORK4 ,HE 5C\NT]S 9CONV5I5CES1 RUD5ESS1 & CONGE/ION ON PUBLIC CONVEYANCES2 HE IS BELEAGU]$ BY C\NTLESS SMALL ANXIETIES1 MANY ( :I* SELDOM RISE TO ! LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AN ALL-P]VASIVE IRRITATION COLLECTS )9 HIM ON HIS WAY TO WORK1 AT WORK1 BETWE5 WORK+ H\RS1 & ON ! WAY HOME4 ,ME*ANICAL NOISES >E EV]Y:]E4 ,!Y 9VADE EV5 ! H\RS ( SLEEP AS A RESULT ( ! GR[+ WEB ( HI<WAYS ?AT REA*ES 9TO EV]Y P>T ( ! CITY4 ,ADV]TIS+ M$IA ASSAIL ! S5SES ) G>I% IMAGES & S\NDS2 !IR MESSAGE IS CRUDE & ELEM5TAL1 DESIGN$ TO />TLE & P]HAPS TO %OCK ! VIEW] 9TO A RESPONSE4 ,RECREATION SELDOM FURNI%ES ! AV]AGE URBAN DWELL] ) ! EXP]I5CES D5I$ TO HIM 9 ! DAILY BU/LE ( LIFE-MOM5TS ( G5U9E S]5ITY1 SIL5CE1 & G5TLE *ANGES ( SC5E4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 URBAN RECREATION M]ELY REMOVES HIM TEMPOR>ILY FROM ! AFFLICTIONS ( HIS 5VIRONM5T )\T REPL5I%+ HIS RES]VES4 ,IT PROVIDES HIM ) SURCEASE FROM ANXIETY & N]V\S /RA9 RA!R ?AN ) RE/ORATION ( VITALITY4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 !SE PROBLEMS >E NO LONG] CONF9$ TO ! CITY4 ,! METROPOLIS E/ABLI%ES ! SOCIAL /&>DS ( ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,[+ TO ITS COMM&+ ECONOMIC & CULTURAL POSITION1 IT SETS ! PACE ( NATIONAL LIFE & E/ABLI%ES NE>LY ALL ! CRIT]IA ( NATIONAL TA/E4 ,MANY DI/9CTIVELY URBAN =MS ( WORK & PLAY HAVE 9VAD$ ! MO/ REMOTE RURAL >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E !Y G5]ATE ! SAME /RESSES 9 ! VILLAG] & F>M] ?AT !Y DO 9 ! CITY DWELL]4 ,! NATURE ( AGRICULTURAL WORK1 MOREOV]1 IS *ANG+4 ,AS F>M+ BECOMES 9CREAS+LY 9DU/RIALIZ$1 DIV]SIFI$ PHYSICAL WORK IS R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM BY MA*9ES & ONE-CROP AGRICULTURE4 ,AL?\< ! F>M] /ILL PURSUES A LESS HURRI$ WAY ( LIFE ?AN HIS URBAN C\S91 HE IS (T5 BELEAGU]$ BY EV5 GREAT] ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 ,BO? 9 ! CITY & ON ! L&1 A NEW TYPE ( MAN SEEMS TO BE EM]G+4 ,HE IS A N]V\S1 EXCITABLE1 & HI<LY /RA9$ 9DIVIDUAL :O IS BURD5$ BY CONT9UAL P]SONAL ANXIETIES & M\NT+ SOCIAL 9SECURITY4 

,/RESS & ,*RONIC ,ILLNESS 

,:AT >E ! EFFECTS ( P]SI/5T EMOTIONAL /RESS ON HUMAN HEAL?8 

,FIFTY YE>S AGO ?IS QUE/ION W\LD HAVE SEEM$ IRRELEVANT TO ! GOALS ( M$ICAL RESE>*4 ,! PR9CIPAL ILLNESSES ( ! DAY W]E ASCRIB$ TO ! AG+ PROCESS1 TO A V>IETY ( 0ME*ANICAL DEFECTS10 SU* AS BLOCKAGES & RUPTURES1 TO A POOR G5ETIC 5D[M5T1 & TO BACT]IAL 9FECTION4 ,G]MS SATISFI$ ! NE$ = PRECISE EXPLANATIONS ( DISEASE4 ,!Y 5T]$ ! BODY 9 A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( WAYS2 !Y C\LD BE ISOLAT$1 CULTUR$1 & TE/$ ON ANIMALS & HUMAN VOLUNTE]S4 ,) FUR!R KN[L$GE1 IT WAS BELIEV$1 ALL ! EFFECTS PRODUC$ BY H>MFUL BACT]IA W\LD BE UND]/OOD & EV5TUALLY CONTROLL$ BY SOME =M ( !RAPY4 ,EMOTIONAL /RESS1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS VAGUE4 ,IT SEEM$ TO REPRES5T A G5]ALIZ$ RESPONSE ON ! P>T ( ! BODY TO C\NTLESS1 (T5 9TANGIBLE /IMULI4 ,AL?\< M$IC9E WAS NOT UNAW>E ( ! FACT ?AT EMOTIONAL DI/URBANCES 9FLU5C$ ! FUNCTION+ ( ! HE>T & GA/RO9TE/9AL TRACT1 !RE SEEM$ LITTLE REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT /RESS PLAY$ A CAUSAL ROLE 9 ! MAJOR DISEASES ( MAN4 7,TO CITE A FEW EXCEPTIONS3 ,AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#gS1 ,DR4 ,JACOB ,M5DES ,DA ,CO/A DESCRIB$ A SYNDROME :I* HAS S9CE ACQUIR$ ! NAME ( C>DIAC NEUROSIS4 ,C]TA9 DIGE/IVE DI/URBANCES W]E ALSO RECOGNIZ$ AS BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY ! EMOTIONAL /ATE ( A PATI5T1 BUT !SE W]E (T5 M9OR 9 NATURE47 

,AS *RONIC ILLNESSES BEGAN TO GA9 9 IMPORTANCE1 H[EV]1 IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT ! E>LI] APPROA* WAS 9ADEQUATE4 ,MANY >?RITIC CONDITIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 C\LD NOT BE EXPLA9$ BY 9FECTION4 ,BEG9N+ SL[LY & 9SIDI\SLY1 >?RITIS (T5 PRODUC$ 9 ! 5D A HOPELESSLY CRIPPL$1 B$RIDD5 PATI5T :O FAC$ A LIFETIME ( PA9 & 9ACTIVITY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 SU* WORDS AS 0/RA90 & 0ANXIETY0 BEGAN TO ACQUIRE REAL PHYSIOLOGICAL MEAN+1 D5OT+ CONDITIONS ?AT 9VOLV$ GL&UL> CONDITIONS1 BIO*EMICAL *ANGES 9 TISSUES1 & 9VOLUNT>Y ACTIVITY ( ! N]V\S SY/EM4 ,IT WAS SOON F\ND ?AT !SE PHYSIOLOGICAL *ANGES C\LD PRODUCE OR ALLEVIATE MANY ( ! SYMPTOMS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! COMMON *RONIC DISEASES ( \R TIME4 

,A GR[+ NUMB] ( PHYSICIANS N[ AGREE ?AT EMOTIONAL /RESS IS A V]Y IMPORTANT DISEASE-PROMOT+ FACTOR4 ,IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT SOME DISORD]S1 SU* AS PEPTIC ULC]S1 >ISE PRIM>ILY FROM ANXIETY & T5SION4 ,DUR+ ! LATT] P>T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 PEPTIC ULC]S W]E REG>D$ AS A RELATIVELY UNCOMMON DISORD]1 & !RE >OSE V]Y CONFUS$ EXPLANATIONS ( :AT CAUS$ ! ILLNESS4 ,PHYSICIANS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT IT OCCURR$ MORE FREQU5TLY 9 WOM5 ?AN 9 M51 IT WAS LOOK$ UPON AS A DISORD] PRIM>ILY ( 0*LOROTIC10 OR ANEMIC1 GIRLS4 ,9 ! M$ICAL TEXTBOOKS ( ! DAY1 DISCUSSIONS ( PEPTIC ULC]S W]E CONF9$ TO DESCRIPTIONS ( SYMPTOMS & DIET>Y !RAPY4 ,) ! PASS+ YE>S1 H[EV]1 ! DISEASE BECAME A WIDESPREAD & S]I\S PROBLEM4 ,TODAY1 PEPTIC ULC]S AFFLICT AB\T '#a_/A MILLION ,AM]ICANS2 EA* YE> NE>LY #d1 >E DISABL$ = MORE ?AN A WEEK4 ,AL?\< A CASE ( ULC]S MAY (T5 >\SE A GREAT DEAL ( LEVITY1 ! DISEASE CAN REA* GRAVE PROPORTIONS4 ,AB\T T5 ?\S& ,AM]ICANS DIE ( PEPTIC ULC]S EV]Y YE>4 ,ACCORD+ TO DATA COMPIL$ BY ! ,U4 ,S4 ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,SURVEY ( #a#i#e#g-#i1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ULC] VICTIMS 7#g#c P]C5T7 >E M54  ,MORE CASES APPE> 9 ! ?IRTY-FIVE-TO-=TY-F\R AGE GR\P-! YE>S ( GREATE/ BUS9ESS & VOCATIONAL ACTIVITY-?AN 9 ANY O!R T5-YE> P]IOD ( LIFE4 

,EMOTIONAL /RESS IS ALSO DEEPLY IMPLICAT$ 9 DISORD]S ( ! BLOOD VESSELS & ! HE>T4 0,PHYSICIANS HAVE LONG FELT ?AT ! RAPID PACE ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION MI<T SOMEH[ BE CONTRIBUT+ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( HE>T DISEASE10 NOTES A REPORT BY ! ,NATIONAL ,HE>T ,9/ITUTE4 0,! MAN :O DEVELOPS CORON>Y >T]Y DISEASE IS V]Y FREQU5TLY A H>D-DRIV+ 9DIVIDUAL LIV+ 9 A /ATE ( MORE OR LESS CON/ANT T5SION4 ,9 REC5T YE>S EVID5CE HAS ACCUMULAT$ ?AT ONE WAY 9 :I* N]V\S T5SION MAY ACCEL]ATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( CORON>Y >T]Y DISEASE IS ?R\< AN ELEVATION ( ! .<BLOOD.> S]UM *OLE/]OL LEVEL40 

,! EVID5CE IS IMPRESSIVE4 ,9 ,I #i#e#g1 ,FRI$MAN1 ,ROS5MAN1 & ,C>ROLL1 ( ,M\NT ,ZION ,HOSPITAL 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 BEGAN A /UDY ( ! S]UM *OLE/]OL LEVEL & BLOOD-CLOTT+ TIME 9 =TY MALE ACC\NTANTS DUR+ & AFT] ! TAX SEASON-%>PLY CONTRA/+ P]IODS ( HI< & L[ OCCUPATIONAL /RESS4 ,BLOOD WAS TAK5 FROM ! ACC\NTANTS TWICE WEEKLY FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,JUNE1 & DETAIL$ RECORDS W]E KEPT ( WEI<T1 DIET1 & *ANG+ WORK LOADS4 00,:5 /UDI$ 9DIVIDUALLY10 ! 9VE/IGATORS REPORT1 0EA* SUBJECT'S HI<E/ S]UM *OLE/]OL CONSI/5TLY OCCURR$ DUR+ SEV]E OCCUPATIONAL OR O!R /RESS1 & HIS L[E/ AT TIMES ( M9IMAL /RESS4 ,! RESULTS C\LD NOT BE ASCRIB$ TO ANY *ANGES ( WEI<T1 EX]CISE1 OR DIET4 ,M>K$ ACCEL]ATION ( BLOOD CLOTT+ TIME CONSI/5TLY OCCURR$ AT ! TIME ( MAXIMUM OCCUPATIONAL /RESS1 9 CONTRA/ TO NORMAL BLOOD CLOTT+ DUR+ P]IODS ( RESPITE40 

,/UDIES ( A SIMIL> NATURE HAVE BE5 MADE ( M$ICAL /UD5TS DUR+ EXAM9ATION WEEK4 ,9 #aieh A REPORT ( ,P4 ,T4 ,W]TLAKE AT ! ,COLLEGE ( ,M$ICAL ,EVANGELI/S 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES %[$ ?AT ! AV]AGE S]UM *OLE/]OL LEVEL ( ! /UD5TS ROSE #aa P]C5T DUR+ ! F\R-DAY P]IOD 9 :I* !Y TOOK S*OOL TE/S4 ,! 9VE/IGATORS F\ND ?AT NE>LY HALF ( ! /UD5TS RESPOND$ TO ! /RESS SITUATION ) 9CREASES RANG+ FROM #af TO #acg MILLIGRAM P]C5T OV] A MEAN CONTROL LEVEL ( #b#a#c4 ,! S]UM *OLE/]OL LEVEL ( ONE /UD5T ROSE FROM AN AV]AGE CONTROL LEVEL ( #bei MILLIGRAM P]C5T PRIOR TO ! S*OOL EXAM9ATIONS TO A PEAK ( #ecf DUR+ ONE ( ! EXAM9ATION DAYS-AN 9CREASE ( MORE ?AN #a P]C5T4 ,IT W\LD BE WRONG TO SUPPOSE1 H[EV]1 ?AT \R KN[L$GE ( ! L9K BETWE5 EMOTIONAL /RESS & ILLNESS IS BAS$ 5TIRELY ON /ATI/ICAL F9D+S4 ,DUR+ ! PA/ TWO DECADES1 RESE>*]S HAVE DISCOV]$ A NUMB] ( ! BIO*EMICAL EFFECTS ?AT P]SI/5T ANXIETY PRODUCES 9 ! HUMAN BODY4 ,ATT5TION HAS FOCUS$ PRIM>ILY ON ! ADR5AL GL&S1 :I* CAP ! KIDNEYS4 ,! SURFACE LAY]1 OR CORTEX1 ( !SE GL&S PRODUCES A NUMB] ( HI<LY POT5T REGULATORY *EMICAL SUB/ANCES1 OR HORMONES4 ,! CORTICAL HORMONES1 OR CORTICOIDS1 HELP ! BODY TO W>D (F DISEASE & RESI/ ! EFFECTS ( PHYSICAL DAMAGE4 ,A NUMB] ( ADR5AL CORTICOIDS 7ALDO/]ONE & ,D,O,C1 = EXAMPLE 7 PROMOTE 9FLAMMATION-! HEAT1 SWELL+1 & R$NESS ) :I* TISSUES REACT TO COMMON 9JURIES4 ,AL?\< 9FLAMMATION PROTECTS ! BODY FROM BACT]IAL 9VASION BY 0WALL+ (F0 AN 9JUR$ >EA1 ! 9FLAMMATORY PROCESS W\LD GO TOO F> IF IT W]E NOT = ANTI-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS1 SU* AS CORTISONE1 :I* LIMIT ! PROCESS & PREV5T IT FROM BECOM+ NE$LESSLY WIDESPREAD4 ,! \TPUT ( CORTISONE1 9 TURN1 IS /IMULAT$ BY ,A,C,?1 A HORMONE PRODUC$ BY ! PITUIT>Y GL&1 SITUAT$ AT ! BASE ( ! SKULL4 ,! CONTROL ( ! PRO-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS1 & ( ! ANTI-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS4 ,IF ! BALANCE 9 ! SECRETION ( !SE ?REE TYPES ( HORMONES IS ALT]$1 ! 9FLAMMATORY PROCESS MAY DAMAGE P>TS ( ! BODY4 

,SECRETIONS ( ,A,C,? & ! CORTICOIDS >E 9FLU5C$ BY ! EMOTIONAL /ATE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS BY PHYSICAL 9JURY4 ,?IS DISCOV]Y HAS >\S$ /RONG SUSPICIONS ?AT ! CORTICOIDS &1 BY 9F]5CE1 P]SI/5T N]V\S /RA91 ANXIETY1 & EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES 9 ! OCCURR5CE ( C]TA9 *RONIC DISORD]S4 ,9 A REVIEW ( ! LIT]ATURE ON RHEUMATOID >?RITIS & /RESS1 ,LEON ,HELLMAN HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT 0A MORE SUBTLE =M ( /RESS 9 ! GUISE ( EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS IS IMPLICAT$ 9 *ANGES ( ! PITUIT>Y-ADR5AL SY/EM SO AS TO R5D] IT LESS RESPONSIVE OR TO ALT] ! BALANCE BETWE5 V>I\S ADR5AL HORMONES SECRET$4 ,A PATI5T ) RHEUMATOID >?RITIS W\LD CURE HIMSELF IF HIS HYPO?ALAMUS .<A N]VE C5T] 9 ! =EBRA9.> & PITUIT>Y W\LD 9T]LOCK TO 9CREASE ! SECRETION ( ,A,C,? 4 4 40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HELLMAN1 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( ,A,C,? IS 9HIBIT$ BY A 0NEURAL BLOCK0 >IS+ FROM DEEP-SEAT$ EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS4 ,BO? ,A,C,? & CORTISONE HAVE BE5 US$ ) CONSID]ABLE SUCCESS 9 TREAT+ >?RITIC DISORD]S4 ,! HORMONES ALLEVIATE RHEUMATOID SYMPTOMS SO DRAMATICALLY ?AT HOPELESSLY CRIPPL$1 B$RIDD5 >?RITICS HAVE BE5 RE/OR$ TO ALMO/ COMPLETE USE ( !IR LIMBS4 

,! ADR5AL CORTICOIDS1 H[EV]1 9FLU5CE MORE ?AN ! 9FLAMMATORY PROCESS4 ,!Y EX]CISE EXT5SIVE CONTROL OV] ! LEVEL ( M9]ALS & SUG> 7GLUCOSE7 9 ! BLOOD4 ,AN IMBALANCE 9 CORTICOID SECRETION IS LIKELY TO HAVE F>-REA*+ EFFECTS ON ! BODY'S METABOLISM & ON ORGANS ?AT >E COMMONLY DAMAG$ BY METABOLIC DISORD]S1 NOTABLY ! HE>T & KIDNEYS4 ,BY ADM9I/]+ ! PRO-9FLAMMATORY HORMONE ,D,O,C TO :ITE ,LE<ORN *ICKS1 = EXAMPLE1 ,HANS ,SELYE & HIS C[ORK]S AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MONTREAL W]E ABLE TO PRODUCE DEG5]ATIVE *ANGES 9 ! KIDNEYS1 ) 5SU+ HI< BLOOD PRESSURE1 H>D5+ ( ! BLOOD VESSELS1 & C>DIAC DISEASE4 ,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! EXP]IM5T1 ! ,D,O,CTREAT$ *ICKS 0BEGAN TO DR9K MU* MORE WAT] ?AN ! CONTROLS :I* W]E NOT GIV5 ! HORMONE1 & - GRADUALLY !Y DEVELOP$ A K9D ( DROPSY4 ,!IR BODIES BECAME 5ORM\SLY SWOLL5 ) FLUID ACCUMULATIONS UND] ! SK9 & !Y BEGAN TO BREA! ) DIFFICULTY GASP+ = AIR1 JU/ LIKE C]TA9 C>DIAC PATI5TS40 ,BY DEGREES1 ,SELYE'S RESULTS & ?OSE ( O!R RESE>*]S 9 ! FIELD BEGAN TO 9CLUDE A L>GE NUMB] ( COMMON *RONIC ILLNESSES4 ,PRO- & ANTI-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS1 IT WAS F\ND1 SEEM TO PLAY ROLES ( V>Y+ IMPORTANCE 9 DIABETES1 ?YROID DISORD]S1 PEPTIC ULC]S1 & PSY*IC DI/URBANCES4 ,! ANTI-9FLAMMATORY CORTICOIDS HAVE BE5 V]Y USEFUL 9 COMBAT+ MANY ( !SE ILLNESSES4 ,CORTISONE FREQU5TLY PRODUCES /RIK+ ?\< TEMPOR>Y REMISSIONS 9 CASES ( ACUTE LEUKEMIA1 & ! SURGICAL REMOVAL ( ! ADR5AL GL&S (T5 9HIBITS ! GR[? ( C]TA9 =MS ( CANC]4 

,SELYE HAS DEVELOP$ A G5]AL !ORY ( /RESS FROM ! DATA ON ! 9T]PLAY ( ADR5AL HORMONES4 ,/RESS CONSI/S ( ! PHYSICAL *ANGES )9 AN ORGANISM :I* >E CAUS$ BY ANY 5VIRONM5TAL /IMULUS1 :E!R IT BE HEAT1 COLD1 9FECTION1 OR A *EMICAL IRRITANT1 & BY ! EMOTIONAL DI/URBANCES WE 5C\NT] 9 MAN4 ,ALL LIV+ ?+S HAVE AN ADAPTIVE ME*ANISM ?AT PRODUCES *ANGES 9 ! ORGANISM 9 RESPONSE TO *ANGES 9 ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,! ADR5AL CORTICOIDS 9 MAN & HI<] ANIMALS >E ESS5TIALLY *EMICAL AG5TS ?AT COMPEL A LIV+ ?+ TO RESPOND 9T]NALLY TO EXT]NAL /IMULI4 ,EV]Y /IMULUS1 DESIRABLE OR H>MFUL1 PRODUCES A G5]AL /RESS REACTION4 ,/RESS1 9 EFFECT1 IS AN IMPORTANT P>T ( LIFE4 

,BUT /RESS ALWAYS RESULTS 9 A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 0WE> & TE>0 ON ! ORGANISM4 0,MANY PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT1 AFT] !Y HAVE EXPOS$ !MSELVES TO V]Y /RESSFUL ACTIVITIES1 A RE/ CAN RE/ORE !M TO :]E !Y W]E BE=E10 ,SELYE WRITES4 0,?IS IS FALSE4 ,EXP]IM5TS ON ANIMALS HAVE CLE>LY %[N ?AT EA* EXPOSURE LEAVES AN 9DELIBLE SC>1 9 ?AT IT USES UP RES]VES ( ADAPTABILITY :I* CANNOT BE REPLAC$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT IMM$IATELY AFT] SOME H>ASS+ EXP]I5CE1 RE/ CAN RE/ORE US ALMO/ TO ! ORIG9AL LEVEL ( FITNESS BY ELIM9AT+ ACUTE FATIGUE4 ,BUT ! EMPHASIS IS ON ! WORD ALMO/4 ,S9CE WE CON/ANTLY GO ?R\< P]IODS ( /RESS & RE/ DUR+ LIFE1 JU/ A LITTLE DEFICIT ( ADAPTATION 5]GY EV]Y DAY ADDS UP-IT ADDS UP TO :AT WE CALL AG+40 

,NO ONE1 TO BE SURE1 CAN ELIM9ATE ! 0WE> & TE>0 ( LIFE1 BUT A REASONABLY CLE> DI/9CTION CAN BE MADE BETWE5 ! 0/RESS ( LIFE0 & /RESS ?AT RESULTS 9 ILL HEAL?4 ,/RESS ?AT RESULTS 9 ILL HEAL? IS SEV]E1 P]SI/5T1 & ONE-SID$4 ,SELYE HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT IF /RESS IS TOO SEV]E1 ! RESI/ANCE & LIFE SPAN ( ! ORGANISM >E DRA/ICALLY R$UC$4 ,AN EXP]IM5TAL RAT MAY ADAPT ITSELF = A TIME TO A /RONG IRRITANT1 BUT ! ADAPTATION IS MADE AT A HI< PRICE2 LONGEVITY IS DECREAS$ & G5]AL RESI/ANCE IS S]I\SLY IMPAIR$4 ,IF ! ANIMAL IS EXPOS$ TO EV5 M9OR BUT P]SI/5T /RESS1 COMP>ABLE TO ! 'L[-GRADE0 N]V\S T5SION & ANXIETY USUALLY F\ND 9 MOD]N URBAN MAN1 IT PAYS A SIMIL> PRICE = ADAPTATION4 ,! ANIMAL IS EASILY 9JUR$ BY IRRITANTS ?AT ORD9>ILY DO NOT PRODUCE S]I\S PHYSICAL DAMAGE4 ,! 9T]PLAY ( /RESS RESPONSES IS SO COMPLEX ?AT ! READ] MU/ TURN TO ,SELYE'S [N WORK1 ,! ,/RESS ( ,LIFE1 = A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION4 ,9 NE>LY ALL CASES ( SEV]E OR P]SI/5T /RESS1 ,SELYE HAS F\ND EVID5CE ( ?ICK5$ >T]IES1 HE>T ABNORMALITIES1 KIDNEY DAMAGE1 & 9CREAS$ BLOOD PRESSURE4 

,BUT ,SELYE'S WORK ALSO DEMON/RATES ?AT /RESS NE$ NOT BE H>MFUL1 PROVID$ IT IS BALANC$ & V>I$4 ,A %ELT]$1 S$5T>Y LIFE ?AT LACKS A V>IETY ( /IMULI PRODUCES AN UNDEVELOP$1 (T5 9ADEQUATE /RESS ME*ANISM AS WELL AS AN UNDEVELOP$ P]SONALITY4 ,A %ELT]$ P]SON HAS GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 COP+ ) MANY ( ! /IMULI & IRRITANTS 9EVITABLY 5C\NT]$ 9 ! NORMAL C\RSE ( LIFE4 ,IF !RE IS ANY NOTION ?AT SUMS UP ,SELYE'S 0/RESS ( LIFE0 !ORY1 IT IS ! 0PRE-SCI5TIFIC0 9TUITION ?AT V>IETY & BALANCE-EMOTIONAL1 PHYSICAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL->E ! BASES NOT ONLY = TRUE 9DIVIDUALITY BUT = LA/+ HEAL?4 

,SELYE'S PLEA = V>IETY 9 LIFE1 H[EV]1 RE/S ON A WELL-?\<T-\T HYPO!SIS4 ,MAN1 AS A COMPLEX1 MULTICELLUL> ANIMAL1 IS COMPOS$ ( MANY ORGANS & SY/EMS1 EA* ( :I* BE>S A DIFF]5T AM\NT ( /RESS4 ,! ORGANS ?AT COMPOSE HIS BODY DO NOT 0WE> \T0 EV5LY4 ,DEA? 9V>IABLY COMES 0BECAUSE ONE VITAL P>T HAS WORN \T TOO E>LY 9 PROPORTION TO ! RE/ ( ! BODY4444 ,! LESSON SEEMS TO BE ?AT1 AS F> AS MAN CAN REGULATE HIS LIFE BY VOLUNT>Y ACTIONS1 HE %\LD SEEK TO EQUALIZE /RESS ?R\<\T HIS BE+1 BY :AT WE HAVE CALL$ DEVIATION1 ! FREQU5T %IFT+-OV] ( WORK FROM ONE P>T TO ! O!R4 ,! HUMAN BODY-LIKE ! TIRES ON A C>1 OR ! RUG ON A FLOOR-WE>S LONGE/ :5 IT WE>S EV5LY4 ,WE CAN DO \RSELVES A GREAT DEAL ( GOOD 9 ?IS RESPECT BY JU/ YIELD+ TO \R NATURAL CRAV+S = V>IETY 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ! MORE WE V>Y \R ACTIONS ! LESS ANY ONE P>T SUFF]S FROM ATTRITION40 

,CONCEIVABLY1 AN 9=M$ 9DIVIDUAL CAN TRY TO CULTIVATE A MATURE \TLOOK ?AT WILL L5D DI/ANCE TO ! PETTYIRRITATIONS PRODUC$ BY ! URBAN MILIEU4 ,IF CIRCUM/ANCES P]MIT1 HE CAN E/ABLI% A P]SONAL REGIM5 ( AFT]-WORK EX]CISE & FREQU5T EXCURSIONS TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,BUT ON ! :OLE1 ! METROPOLIS EXPOSES HIM TO LIMIT$1 9T5SE OCCUPATIONAL /IMULI ?AT PRODUCE AN EQUALLY LIMIT$1 9T5SE /RESS RESPONSE4 ,A FEW ORGANS CONT9UE TO BE> NE>LY ! 5TIRE BURD5 ( DAILY LIFE4 ,ORGANS & SY/EMS ?AT >E NOT ACTIVAT$ BY MOD]N =MS ( WORK & PLAY >E LIKELY TO BE %ELT]$ BY ! 0CONV5I5CES0 ?AT ! CITY AF=DS4 0,ONE MI<T QUE/ION :E!R /RESS IS PECULI>LY *>ACT]I/IC ( \R %ELT]$ CIVILIZATION1 ) ALL ITS COM=TS & AM5ITIES10 OBS]VE ,P4 ,C4 ,CON/ANT9IDES & ,NIALL ,C>EY 9 A G5]AL DISCUSSION ( ,SELYE'S WORK4 0,YET !SE V]Y PROTECTIONS-MOD]N LABORSAV+ DEVICES1 CLO?+1 HEAT+-HAVE R5D]$ US ALL ! MORE VULN]ABLE & S5SITIVE TO ! SLI<TE/ /RESS4 ,:AT WAS A MILD /RESS TO \R =EBE>S N[ FREQU5TLY REPRES5TS A M9OR CRISIS4 ,MOREOV]1 ! FRU/RATIONS & REPRESSIONS >IS+ FROM EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9SECURITY1 ! DRUDG]Y ASSOCIAT$ ) MANY MOD]N OCCUPATIONS-ALL !SE REPRES5T /RESSES AS =MIDABLE AS ! MO/ SEV]E PHYSICAL 9JURIES40 

,! ,PROBLEMS ( ,OV]UBANIZATION 

,A NUMB] ( URBAN PROBLEMS HAVE >IS5 ?AT NO CITY DWELL] CAN HOPE TO SOLVE OR EV5 MELIORATE ON HIS [N2 !Y CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY BY ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,ONE SU* PROBLEM1 URBAN AIR POLLUTION1 HAS BECOME V]Y WIDESPREAD & CON/ITUTES A S]I\S HAZ>D TO HUMAN HEAL?4 0,MILLIONS ( CITIZ5S >E LIV+ 9 AN AIR OCEAN ?AT IS1 ON GOOD EVID5CE1 UNHEAL?Y TO BREA!10 OBS]VES ,H]MAN ,E4 ,HILLEBOE1 ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE ,COMMISSION] ( ,HEAL?4 0,CITIES ) ! HEAVIE/ POLLUTION LOAD T5D TO RANK HI< BO? 9 DEA? & 9CID5CE RATES = A NUMB] ( DISEASES4 ,?IS 9CLUDES HE>T DISEASE & CANC]1 ! RANK+ KILL]S & DISABL]S ( \R TIME40 ,AMONG ! NEW POLLUTANTS ?AT WILL SOON BE ADD$ TO \R 5VIRONM5T1 ,HILLEBOE W>NS1 >E 0BYPRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM & FROM SYN!TIC MAT]IALS SPAWN$ BY \R FA/-GR[+ NUCLE> TE*NOLOGY & FROM HI<-5]GY SOLID & LIQUID FUELS4 ,WE >E CREAT+ A NEW 5VIRONM5T BUT WE HAVE NOT AS YET DONE :AT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE ?IS 5VIRONM5T HEAL?FUL & HABITABLE = ITS PEOPLE4 ,H]E AGA9 IT IS DIFFICULT TO DRAMATIZE ! MATT] ( AIR POLLUTION40 

,! PROBLEM HAS BE5 DRAMATIZ$ BY CASES 9 :I* AIR POLLUTION REA*$ ! PROPORTIONS ( AN EM]G5CY1 COMP>ABLE 9 MANY WAYS TO AN EPIDEMIC4 ,UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY1 S]I\S CASES ( AIR POLLUTION USUALLY OCCURR$ 9 HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ RIV] VALLEYS4 ,TWO SU* CASES- ONE 9 ! ,MEUSE ,VALLEY 9 ,BELGIUM 9 ,I #i#c1 :I* CLAIM$ SIXTY LIVES1 & ! O!R 9 ,DONORA1 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 9 #a#i#d#h1 :I* KILL$ TW5TY PEOPLE-W]E DUE PRIM>ILY TO TOXIC FUMES FROM METALLURGICAL PLANTS4 ,TO SOME DEGREE1 BO? C\LD BE REG>D$ AS 9DU/RIAL ACCID5TS1 :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 AV]T$ IF SUITABLE MEASURES HAD BE5 TAK5 TO CONTROL ! EFFLU5TS ( LOCAL MILLS4 ,A MU* GREAT] RESPECT = ! POT5TIALLY DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES ( AIR POLLUTION WAS CREAT$ BY ! SMOG ?AT DESC5D$ UPON ,LONDON1 A PR$OM9ANTLY COMM]CIAL CITY1 DUR+ ,DECEMB] #a#i#e#b4 ,AL?\< ! EPISODE WAS BRIEF1 ! DAILY DEA? RATE REA*$ V]Y HI< LEVELS1 COMP>ABLE TO ?OSE ( ,LONDON'S *OL]A EPIDEMIC 9 #ah$ & ITS 9FLU5ZA EPIDEMIC 9 #a#i#a#h-#a#i4 

,AT DAWN ON ,FRIDAY1 ,DECEMB] #e1 ! AIR 9 ,LONDON BEGAN TO ?ICK5 P]CEPTIBLY4 ,UNUSUAL WEA!R CONDITIONS CAUS$ A HEAVY SMOG ( URBAN POLLUTANTS TO L+] OV] ! CITY = F\R DAYS4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ TW5TY-F\R H\RS ! DEA? RATE D\BL$1 ! TOTAL = ! DAY REA*+ #d ,! NEXT DAY1 ,SATURDAY1 IT ROSE TO #f1 & ON EA* ( ! TWO FOLL[+ DAYS1 ,SUNDAY & ,MONDAY1 IT SO>$ TO #i1 AL?\< BUS9ESS & 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY WAS SUSP5D$ ON ,SUNDAY4 ,ON ,TUESDAY1 :5 ! SMOG HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO LIFT1 ! NUMB] ( DEA?S WAS #h1 & ! DEA? RATE REMA9$ HI< = SEV]AL WEEKS !REAFT]4 

,! ,LONDON SMOG CLAIM$ AT LEA/ #d1 LIVES4 ,! MAJORITY ( DEA?S OCCURR$ AMONG 9FANTS & ELD]LY PEOPLE1 BUT ,WILLIAM ,P4 ,D[IE ,LOGAN1 ,BRITA9'S *IEF M$ICAL /ATI/ICIAN1 EMPHASIZES ?AT 0IT WAS BY NO MEANS CONF9$ TO ! V]Y Y\NG OR ! V]Y OLD40 ,! DEA? RATE 9 ! FIFTE5-TO-=TY-F\R AGE GR\P 9CREAS$ AB\T #e P]C5T4 ,DEA?S FROM CORON>Y HE>T DISEASE ROSE FROM #aah 9 ! SEV5-DAY P]IOD IMM$IATELY PREC$+ ! 9CID5T TO #bha 9 ! WEEK ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 :ILE DEA?S FROM BRON*ITIS SO>$ FROM #gf TO #g#d1 ALMO/ A T5FOLD 9CREASE4 

,! POSSIBILITY ?AT A LE?AL SMOG COMP>ABLE TO ! ONE ?AT DESC5D$ ON ,LONDON1 WILL DEVELOP SOME:]E 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CANNOT BE EXCLUD$4 ,IF ! WORD 0SMOG0 IS DEF9$ AS AIR POLLUTION ?AT PRODUCES HAZ9ESS 9 ! ATMOSPH]E & IRRITATION ( ! EYES1 NOSE1 & ?ROAT1 !N MANY ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITIES EXP]I5CE SMOG4 ,! SITUATION 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES IS NOTORI\SLY BAD2 ! CITY IS AFFLICT$ ) FIFTY TO SEV5TY DAYS ( SMOG EV]Y YE>4 ,SMOG IS F\ND TO A LESS] EXT5T 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,WA%+TON1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,BO/ON1 & O!R COA/AL METROPOLITAN >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SMOG 9 ,5GL& & SMOG 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E DUE PRIM>ILY TO ! DIFF]5CES 9 ! IRRITANTS ?AT P]VADE ! AIR ( ! TWO C\NTRIES4 ,AIR POLLUTION 9 ,LONDON IS CAUS$ MA9LY BY ! COMBU/ION ( COAL :]EAS ! PR9CIPAL IRRITANTS 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES >E PRODUC$ BY ! COMBU/ION ( PETROLEUM PRODUCTS4 ,EXP]TS HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 H[EV]1 ?AT 09 ! ,LONDON EPISODE ! AIR POLLUTANTS1 :5 CONSID]$ 9 T]MS ( !IR HUMAN EFFECTS1 CLOSELY RESEMBL$ ?OSE PRES5T 9 ! AIR ( MANY L>GE URBAN >EAS4 ,!SE POLLUTANTS W]E QUITE SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( MANY O!R URBAN >EAS 9 ?AT !Y >E IRRITAT+ TO ! EXPOS$ LIV+ MEMBRANES 7( ! EYES1 NOSE1 ?ROAT & RESPIRATORY TRACT74 ,= EXAMPLE AL?\< ,LOS ,ANGELES AIR POLLUTION IS *EMICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,LONDON ! TWO RESEMBLE EA* O!R 9 !IR EFFECTS ON MAN S9CE EA* CAUSES IRRITATION ( EXPOS$ LIV+ MEMBRANES40 

,ORD9>ILY1 SMOG IS EPISODIC & LOCALIZ$4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 A MORE S]I\S PROBLEM IS POS$ BY P]SI/5T1 L[-GRADE AIR POLLUTION1 :I* IS (T5 IMP]CEPTIBLE TO ! S5SES & *ANGES RELATIVELY LITTLE FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,?IS =M ( AIR POLLUTION IS V]Y WIDESPREAD 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,NE>LY ,I,O1,O,O,O COMMUNITIES1 CONTA9+ ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 HAVE P]SI/5T AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS4 ,ACCORD+ TO A REC5T REPORT BY ! ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE ,AIR ,POLLUTION ,CONTROL ,BO>D3 0,( ! /ATE'S #d COMMUNITIES ) POPULATIONS ( MORE ?AN #b#e11 ONLY ONE HAD NEGLIGIBLE AIR POLLUTION4 ,! COMB9$ SURVEY DATA %[ ?AT APPROXIMATELY ?REE-FIF?S ( ! COMMUNITIES ( #e TO #be POPULATION & AB\T ONE ?IRD ( ?OSE ) LESS ?AN #e PEOPLE HAD MAJOR OR M9OR AIR POLLUTION40 ,A SURVEY ( ,TEXAS BY ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE %[$ ?AT ?REE QU>T]S ( ! /ATE'S COMMUNITIES ) POPULATIONS ( MORE ?AN#a HAD 0OBJECTIONABLE AIR POLLUTION40 

,AL?\< PATT]NS ( AIR POLLUTION V>Y FROM ONE COMMUNITY TO ANO!R1 IT IS G5]ALLY AGRE$ ?AT ! AIR 9 NE>LY ALL ,AM]ICAN CITIES CONTA9S A NUMB] ( HI<LY TOXIC SUB/ANCES1 MO/ ( :I* >E WA/E PRODUCTS ( 9DU/RIAL PLANTS1 MOTOR VEHICLES1 & HEAT+ EQUIPM5T4 ,! SOLID P>TICLES 9 AN URBAN ATMOSPH]E (T5 9CLUDE SU* HI<LY TOXIC SUB/ANCES AS LEAD1 B]YLLIUM1 & >S5IC4 ,COMMON AIR-BORNE GASES & VAPORS 9CLUDE SULFURIC-ACID MI/1 SULFUR DIOXIDE1 C>BON MONOXIDE1 =MALDEHYDE1 OXIDES ( NITROG51 AMMONIA1 & SCORES ( ORGANIC VAPOR CONTAM9ANTS4 ,AT LEA/ A HUNDR$ AIR POLLUTANTS HAVE BE5 ID5TIFI$1 & ! 9T]ACTION ( GASES1 VAPORS1 & SOLID P>TICLES 9 ! ATMOSPH]E PRODUCES MANY O!R COMP\NDS ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 *EMICALLY ANALYZ$4 ,SEV]AL KN[N TOXICANTS ?AT POLLUTE ! AIR >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY SYN]GI/IC ACTIVITY2 !Y >E MORE TOXIC TOGE!R ?AN :5 EA* IS ABSORB$ 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AN EFFECT ?AT IS MORE ?AN ADDITIVE IS PRODUC$ BY ! 9HALATION ( C>BON MONOXIDE TOGE!R ) NITROG5 OXIDE1 TWO ( ! MO/ COMMON POLLUTANTS 9 ! URBAN ATMOSPH]E4 

,! AV]AGE 9DIVIDUAL BREA!S AB\T #a#f1 QU>TS ( AIR DAILY4 ,IF HE LIVES 9 AN URBAN 5VIRONM5T1 HIS LUNGS RECEIVE AB\T F\R TIMES AS MANY AIR CONTAM9ANTS AS ?OSE ( A RURAL DWELL]4 ,JOHN ,H4 ,LUDWIG1 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 SUGGE/S ?AT REPEAT$ EXPOSURE TO 0RELATIVELY L[ LEVELS ( AIR POLLUTION0 MAY BE 9VOLV$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( *RONIC DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES1 9CLUD+ SK9 & LUNG CANC]1 HE>T & VASCUL> DISORD]S1 & *RONIC BRON*ITIS4 ,DUR+ P]IODS :5 URBAN AIR POLLUTION IS AT ITS HEI<T1 ! CONTAM9ANTS MAY WORS5 EXI/+ *RONIC DISEASES1 ESPECIALLY HE>T DISORD]S1 BY 9T]F]+ ) ! PASSAGE ( OXYG5 ?R\< ! MEMBRANES ( ! LUNGS 9TO ! BLOOD /REAM4 ,C]TA9 AIR POLLUTANTS MAY COMB9E ) BODY PROTE9S TO =M ALL]GY-9DUC+1 OR ALL]G5IC1 SUB/ANCES & LEAD TO 9CREAS+ S5SITIZATION & ALL]GIC REACTIONS4 

,IF ! POSSIBLE CONSEQU5CES ( AIR POLLUTION LI/$ BY ,LUDWIG SEEM TO BE F>FET*$1 LET US 5UM]ATE SOME ( ! CONTAM9ANTS PRODUC$ BY ! AUTOMOBILE1 ! PR9CIPAL S\RCE ( AIR-BORNE TOXICANTS 9 L>GE ,AM]ICAN CITIES4 ,NE>LY #h P]C5T ( ! POLLUTANTS ?AT PRODUCE SMOG 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES COME FROM MOTOR VEHICLES4 ,9 BURN+ #a1 GALLONS ( FUEL1 AN AUTOMOBILE DIS*>GES #ag P\NDS ( SULFUR DIOXIDE1 AB\T #ah P\NDS ( ALDEHYDES 7E/IMAT$ AS =MALDEHYDE71 #be TO #ge P\NDS ( OXIDES ( NITROG5 7E/IMAT$ AS NITROG5 DIOXIDE71 #b TO #d P\NDS ( COMPLEX ORGANIC COMP\NDS1 & OV] #c P\NDS ( C>BON MONOXIDE4 

,SULFUR DIOXIDE IS BO? AN IRRITANT & A POISON4 ,IT IS PROBABLY A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO ! HI< 9CID5CE ( *RONIC BRON*ITIS 9 ,5GL&4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE TO 9DICATE ?AT A FAIRLY L[ LEVEL ( SULFUR DIOXIDE-0A LEVEL NOT 9FREQU5TLY F\ND 9 AIR0-IS SUFFICI5T TO PRODUCE TEMPOR>Y SPASMS ( ! SMOO? MUSCLES 9 ! LUNGS4 ,9 0SOME:AT HI<] CONC5TRATIONS10 ! COMP\ND PRODUCES SEV]E 9FLAMMATION & PEEL+ ( ! RESPIRATORY MEMBRANES4 ,=MALDEHYDE IS A CORROSIVE POISON ?AT NOT ONLY IRRITATES ! RESPIRATORY MEMBRANES BUT ALSO AFFECTS ! C5TRAL N]V\S SY/EM1 & NITROG5 DIOXIDE IS A HI<LY TOXIC GAS ?AT IS EXTREMELY DANG]\S EV5 9 SU* RELATIVELY L[ QUANTITIES AS #a P>TS P] MILLION4 

,SEV]AL ( ! ORGANIC COMP\NDS PRODUC$ BY ! COMBU/ION ( GASOL9E & DIESEL OIL >E C>C9OG5IC4 ,?IS HAS BE5 CLE>LY E/ABLI%$ BY ,PAUL ,KOT91 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,:5 T>RY MAT]IAL FROM ! EXHAU/S ( MOTOR VEHICLES WAS PA9T$ ON LABORATORY MICE1 SK9 TUMORS APPE>$ 9 #e P]C5T ( ! ANIMALS4 ,! L>GE/ AM\NT ( C>C9OG5IC SUB/ANCES1 ACCORD+ TO ,KOT9'S F9D+S1 IS PRODUC$ BY SL[-RUNN+ & IDL+ 5G9ES-?AT IS1 UND] CONDITIONS PREVAL5T 9 >EAS ) CONGE/$ TRAFFIC 7SEE PAGES #a#d#i-#e74 

,A PROBLEM ?AT HAS BE5 L>GELY IGNOR$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ! DANG] ( *RONIC C>BON MONOXIDE POISON+4 ,UNTIL REC5TLY1 CONV5TIONAL M$ICAL OP9ION HELD ?AT C>BON MONOXIDE 7,C,O7 IS RAPIDLY REMOV$ FROM ! BLOOD /REAM4 ,FEW PHYSICIANS REG>D$ ! 5ORM\S \TPUT ( ! GAS BY MOTOR VEHICLES AS A DANG] TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,ACCORD+ TO REC5T REPORTS1 H[EV]1 C>BON MONOXIDE MAY BE RETA9$ BY ! BODY = RELATIVELY LONG P]IODS ( TIME1 P]HAPS AS MU* AS SEV]AL WEEKS4 ,! PROBLEM HAS >\S$ A GREAT DEAL ( CONC]N 9 ,EUROPE1 :]E ! CONVICTION IS GR[+ ?AT *RONIC C>BON MONOXIDE POISON+ IS A S]I\S HAZ>D ( ! AUTOMOBILE ]A4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,RI*>D ,PR9DLE1 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 EMPHASIZES ?AT 09 A COMMUNITY 9 :I* C>BON MONOXIDE LEVELS EXI/1 #bd H\RS A DAY1 SEV5 DAYS A WEEK1 = ! LIFETIME ( AN 9DIVIDUAL1 *RONIC ,C,O POISON+ IS A DI/9CT POSSIBILITY40 ,WE NE$ ONLY CONSID] ! FACT ?AT SMOK+ PRODUCES A DEF9ITE LEVEL ( C>BON MONOXIDE 9 ! BLOOD 0TO REALIZE ?AT C\PL+ ?IS ) FREQU5T1 AL?\< FLUCTUAT+ EXPOSURES TO ,C,O 9 ! AMBI5T AIR 4 4 4 MI<T WELL LEAD TO S]I\S CONSEQU5CES 9 A L>GE POPULATION40 

,ANO!R PROBLEM ?AT CANNOT BE SOLV$ )\T ! COOP]ATION ( ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY IS WAT] POLLUTION4 ,WAT] IS A TRADITIONAL M$IUM = ! TRANSMISSION ( G]MS & TOXIC SUB/ANCES4 ,DUR+ ! PA/ ?REE G5]ATIONS VIGOR\S EF=TS ON ! P>T ( M$ICAL & PUBLIC HEAL? (FICIALS HAVE 5ORM\SLY R$UC$ ! HAZ>D CREAT$ BY WAT]-BORNE 9FECTI\S AG5TS1 BUT TODAY OLD PROBLEMS ( POLLUTION >E BEG9N+ TO RECUR & NEW ONES TO APPE>1 ESPECIALLY 9 COMMUNITIES ?AT OBTA9 ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR DR9K+ WAT] FROM RIV]S4 ,AL?\< ,AM]ICANS T5D TO MAKE A FETI% ( CLEANL9ESS1 AN APPALL+ AM\NT ( UNTREAT$ OR 9ADEQUATELY TREAT$ URBAN SEWAGE IS DIS*>G$ 9TO RIV] WAT]-WAT] :I* IS (T5 TAK5 UP AGA9 = PUBLIC CONSUMPTION BY COMMUNITIES D[N/REAM4 ,ADD$ TO URBAN SEWAGE >E WA/ES FROM *EMICAL FACTORIES1 SLAU<T]H\SES1 & METALLURGICAL PLANTS4 ,AL?\< SEWAGE & 9DU/RIAL WA/ES HAVE PRODUC$ LOCAL PUBLIC HEAL? CRISES 9 ! PA/1 ! PO/W> EXPANSION ( CITIES & METROPOLITAN >EAS IS TURN+ WAT] POLLUTION 9TO A GRAVE NATIONAL PROBLEM1 COMP>ABLE 9 MANY RESPECTS TO ?AT CREAT$ BY URBAN AIR POLLUTION4 

,ATTEMPTS BY F$]AL1 /ATE1 & MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES TO CONTROL ! CONTAM9ATION ( \R WAT] >E COMPLICAT$ BY FREQU5T *ANGES 9 ! COMPOSITION ( 9DU/RIAL & URBAN WA/ES4 ,TODAY DR9K+ WAT] MAY CONTA9 A WIDE V>IETY ( NEW BLEA*ES1 DET]G5TS1 PETRO*EMICAL & METALLURGICAL WA/ES1 9SECTICIDES1 DYES1 & RADIOACTIVE COMP\NDS4 ,FEW IF ANY ( !SE CONTAM9ANTS >E REMOV$ BY ORD9>Y ME?ODS ( WAT] PURIFICATION44 ,ROLF ,ELIASS51 ( ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY1 PO9TS \T ?AT ! 0EXOTIC ORGANIC *EMICALS0 DIS*>G$ BY PETRO*EMICAL PLANTS 9TO /REAMS 0>E NOT EV5 DETECT$ BY PRES5T CONV5TIONAL MEANS ( WAT] ANALYSIS40 ,NEI!R 9DU/RY NOR POLLUTION-CONTROL LABORATORIES HAVE BE5 ABLE TO =M A RELIABLE PICTURE ( ! LONG-RANGE EFFECTS ( ! NEW] POLLUTANTS ON PUBLIC HEAL?4 0,LET US ALL BE HONE/ ) \RSELVES10 DECL>ES ,ROB]T ,A4 ,KEHOE4 0,SPECIFICATIONS = HUMAN HEAL? & WELF>E1 9 RELATION TO ! COMMON CONTAM9ANTS ( MANY ( \R S\RCES ( WAT]1 DO NOT EXI/1 & WE %ALL NOT BE ABLE TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY ) ?IS PROBLEM ( PUBLIC HEAL? UNTIL !Y CAN BE =MULAT$ ON S\ND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS40 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! TRADITIONAL PROBLEM ( WAT]BORNE 9FECTIONS IS GA9+ GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE44 ,MANY CASES ( ACUTE ILLNESSESS >E BE+ ATTRIBUT$ TO POLLUT$ DR9K+ WAT]4 ,TO CITE A FEW EXAMPLES3 ,9 #aieg ! NUMB] ( CASES ( 9FECTI\S HEPATITIS BEGAN TO 9CREASE M>K$LY 9 ,NEBRASKA4 ,! DISEASE1 AN ACUTE 9FLAMMATION ( ! LIV]1 WAS F\ND PR$OM9ANTLY 9 ! EA/]N P>T ( ! /ATE4 ,! \TBREAKS OCCURR$ PRIM>ILY 9 URBAN COMMUNITIES ?AT OBTA9 !IR DR9K+ WAT] FROM ! HI<LY POLLUT$ ,MISS\RI ,RIV]4 ,AL?\< MO/ PUBLIC HEAL? (FICIALS T5D TO BE EXTREMELY CAUTI\S 9 !IR COMM5TS1 ,NEBRASKAN AU?ORITIES MADE NO ATTEMPT TO CONCEAL !IR SUSPICION ?AT ! 9CREASE 9 HEPATITIS CASES WAS DUE TO DR9K+ WAT] CONTAM9AT$ BY SEWAGE FROM UP/REAM COMMUNITIES4 ,SIMIL> EXPLANATIONS HAVE BE5 GIV5 = POLIO EPIDEMICS 9 ,SALT ,LAKE ,CITY & 9 ,$MONTON1 CAPITAL ( ! ,CANADIAN PROV9CE ( ,ALB]TA4 7,MU* ( ! EVID5CE PO9T+ TO POLLUT$ WAT] AS ! CAUSE ( !SE \TBREAKS IS CIRCUM/ANTIAL1 BUT !RE IS NO LONG] ANY D\BT ?AT HEPATITIS CAN BE COMMUNICAT$ BY WAT] AS WELL AS BY P]SONAL CONTACT4 ,! ,$MONTON \TBREAK SUGGE/S ?AT POLIOMYELITIS CAN ALSO BE TRANSMITT$ BY WAT]4 ,$MONTON OBTA9S ITS DR9K+ WAT] FROM ! ,SASKAT*EWAN ,RIV] & ! EPIDEMIC C\LD BE RELAT$ TO A FAILURE ( ! SEWAGE SY/EM AT A T[N UP/REAM47 ,BO? DISEASES >E CAUS$ BY VIRUSES ?AT >E F\ND 9 HUMAN FECES & SEWAGE4 

,TRUE1 WAT]-BORNE DISEASES &1 9 SOME COMMUNITIES1 URBAN AIR POLLUTION HAVE BE5 MORE S]I\S 9 ! PA/ ?AN !Y >E TODAY4 ,9 #a#h#c#b1 ,ASIATIC *OL]A SPREAD FROM ,QUEBEC TO ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 :]E IT CLAIM$ ?\S&S ( LIVES4 ,*OL]A P]SI/$ 9 ! CITY = DECADES BE=E IT WAS ]ADICAT$4 ,TYPHOID FEV]1 ANO!R WAT]BORNE DISEASE1 WAS F\ND EV]Y:]E DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,[+ TO IMPROV$ ME?ODS ( PUBLIC SANITATION1 ! 9CID5CE ( ! DISEASE IS N[ NEGLIGIBLE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 MANY ( ! WOR/ POCKETS ( URBAN AIR POLLUTION >E BE+ 0CLE>$ UP10 TO ! EXT5T ( ELIM9AT+ SOME ( ! D5SE SOOT & SMOKE4 ,! CL\D ( 9DU/RIAL SOOT ?AT BEGAN TO DESC5D ON ,PITTSBUR< AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#fS HAS BE5 LIFT$4 ,AL?\< ,PITTSBUR< DOES NOT 5JOY PURE AIR1 A R$UCTION HAS BE5 A*IEV$ 9 ! MORE (F5SIVE POLLUTANTS ?AT ONCE FILL$ ! CITY'S ATMOSPH]E4 ,AIR POLLUTION PROGRAMS HAVE GA9$ GR\ND PRIM>ILY AGA9/ ! SMOKE & GRIME ( ! OLD ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS SOCIAL RE=M HAS SCOR$ ITS GREATE/ TRIUMPHS OV] ILLIT]ACY & *ILD LABOR4 

,S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 H[EV]1 !RE HAS BE5 A NEW 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 & ! PROBLEMS ( URBAN LIFE HAVE ACQUIR$ NEW DIM5SIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! S\RCES ( URBAN POLLUTION HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB] & V>IETY2 MANY POLLUTANTS1 SU* AS ?OSE PRODUC$ BY ! AUTOMOBILE1 >E DIFFICULT TO MANAGE1 EV5 :]E EV]YONE IS WILL+ TO COOP]ATE ON ! PROBLEM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 METROPOLITAN REGIONS >E BE+ BURD5$ BEYOND !IR CAPACITY TO COPE ) AIR POLLUTANTS & TO MEET ! NE$ = CLEAN WAT]4 ,!IR WAT]WAYS & ATMOSPH]E >E EXPECT$ TO ABSORB A /AGG]+ QUANTITY ( WA/E PRODUCTS FROM 9DU/RIAL PLANTS1 HOMES1 & VEHICLES4 ,CURR5TLY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MU/ DISPOSE ( OV] #ah BILLION P\NDS ( SEWAGE SOLIDS EV]Y YE>1 AN 9CREASE ( #g P]C5T 9 ! PA/ TWO DECADES4 ,! WAT] TABLE 9 MANY >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS BE+ L[]$ BY ! VORACI\S DEM&S ( HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ POPULATIONS & EXP&+ 9DU/RIES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! NUMB] ( POLLUTANTS HAS 9CREAS$1 ! ECOLOGICAL PRECONDITIONS = :OLESOME AIR & PL5TIFUL WAT] >E BE+ UND]M9$4 ,A MAJOR DISEQUILIBRIUM IS >IS+ BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 9DU/RY & ! BIOTIC 5VIRONM5T1 & POPULATION & REGIONAL RES\RCES4 

,R5E ,DUBOS1 ( ! ,ROCKEFELL] ,9/ITUTE = ,M$ICAL ,RESE>*1 PLACES SMOG AMONG ! MAJOR 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS ?AT HAVE UNLEA%$ ! 0,APOCALYPTIC HORSEM50 ( MOD]N DISEASE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DUBOS1 ,/4 ,JOHN ! ,DIV9E'S VISION ON ! ISLE ( ,PATMOS IS SYMBOLIC ( PRES5T-DAY URBAN & 9DU/RIAL LIFE4 ,! FIR/ HORSEM5 ( ! ,APOCALYPSE TO BE SE5 BY ! SA9T W]E ,FAM9E & ,PE/IL5CE4 0,!N ANO!R1 EV5 MORE T]RIFY+ VISITATION WAS S5T BY ! ANG]$ ,DEITY10 ,DUBOS RECALLS4 0,AFT] ! FIF? ANGEL HAD S\ND$ HIS TRUMPET HE OP5$ ! BOTTOMLESS PIT & '!RE >OSE A SMOKE \T ( ! PIT1 AS ! SMOKE ( A GREAT FURNACE2 & ! SUN & ! AIR W]E D>K5$ BY REASON ( ! SMOKE ( ! PIT4' ,& \T ( ! BOTTOMLESS PIT CAME ! SCORPIONS ?AT DID NOT KILL M5 BUT TORM5T$ !M = FIVE MON?S BE=E F9AL DE/RUCTION CAME 'BY ! FIRE1 & BY ! SMOKE & BY ! BRIM/ONE4' ,! TIME ( FULFILLM5T ( ! ,APOCALYPSE MAY NOT BE F> (F40 

,DUBOS IS NOT BE+ OV]LY DRAMATIC4 ,WE >E PRODUC+ A NEW SPECTRUM ( 5VIRONM5TAL HAZ>DS :OSE FULL EFFECTS /ILL AWAIT ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 ,! TR5DS >E NOT 5C\RAG+4 0,MANY DISEASES ?AT >E ?\<T TO BE ASSOCIAT$ )1 OR CAUS$ BY1 AIR POLLUTION HAVE BE5 9CREAS+ OV] ! YE>S10 ,PR9DLE WRITES4 0,9CLUD$ AMONG !SE >E ! RESPIRATORY CANC]S1 EMPHYSEMA1 *RONIC BRON*ITIS1 & COR PULMONALE4 7,EMPHYSEMA IS A PULMON>Y DISORD] ?AT (T5 LEADS TO COR PULMONALE1 A COMMON =M ( HE>T DISEASE4 ,EMPHYSEMA HAS BECOME A MAJOR DISEASE 9 ,LONDON1 RANK+ ?IRD 7FOLL[+ HE>T DISEASES & CANC]7 AS A CAUSE ( DEA? AMONG MIDDLE-AG$ MALES4 ,! 9CREASE 9 EMPHYSEMA CASES1 BO? 9 ,LONDON & ,LOS ,ANGELES1 IS ATTRIBUT$ BY MANY M$ICAL AU?ORITIES TO AIR POLLUTION47 ,IF AIR POLLUTION CONT9UES TO 9CREASE1 ONE CAN ONLY CONJECTURE ?AT ?IS RIS+ 9CID5CE ( DISEASE WILL CONT9UE & ?AT ! EFFECT UPON ! HEAL? ( ! NATION-& OV] ! TE*NOLOGICALLY-EXP&+ WORLD-MAY BE SEV]ELY AUGM5T$4 ,! OV]ALL EFFECT ( AIR POLLUTION ON ! ECONOMY1 ! HEAL?1 & ! WELF>E ( ! PEOPLE MAY BECOME A DISA/]40 

,! EFFECTS ( AIR POLLUTION ON PUBLIC HEAL? WILL BE DIFFICULT TO JUDGE = MANY YE>S TO COME4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ADULTS /RADDLE TWO WORLDS4 ,!Y W]E BORN & RAIS$ 9 COMMUNITIES ?AT HAVE ONLY REC5TLY ACQUIR$ ! FEATURES ( METROPOLITAN LIFE4 ,! E>LY YE>S ( !IR LIVES W]E SP5T 9 ! PRE-NUCLE> AGE4 ,BUT IT IS DIFFICULT TO IGNORE ! PORT5TS F\ND 9 ! HI< 9CID5CE ( *RONIC DISEASES 9 ALL AGE GR\PS ( ! POPULATION4 ,)\T A BASIC SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( URBAN LIFE1 ,DUBOS'S APPREH5SION MAY ,DUBOS'S APPREH5SION MAY PROVE TO BE AMPLY JU/IFI$4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD 
,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*,A,P,T,] ,F,\,R3,! ,PROBLEM ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD 

  
,! ,CONSUM] & ,COMM]CIAL ,FOODS 

,) ! RISE ( AN URBANIZ$ SOCIETY1 ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD BECOMES A COMPLEX 9DU/RIAL OP]ATION4 ,9 CONTRA/ ) E>LI] TIMES1 :5 V]Y FEW *ANGES W]E MADE 9 ! APPE>ANCE OR ! CON/ITU5TS ( FOOD1 MU* ( ! FOOD CONSUM$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS HI<LY PROCESS$4 ,ALL5 ,B4 ,PAUL1 ( ! ,BROOK+S ,9/ITUTION1 & ,LOR5ZO ,B4 ,MANN1 ( ! ,F>M] ,COOP]ATIVE ,S]VICE1 HAVE SUMM$ UP ! *ANGE AS FOLL[S3 0,\R GR&P>5TS US$ = BAK+ AB\T F\R-FIF?S ( ! FL\R MILL$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,!Y *URN$ ALMO/ ALL ! BUTT] ,AM]ICANS ATE4 ,!Y KILL$ & PREP>$ MU* ( ! MEAT EAT54 ,!Y MADE !IR [N S\PS1 SAUSAGE1 SALAD DRESS+1 CLO?+ & C\NTLESS O!R ITEMS4 ,SU* TASKS1 :I* A G5]ATION AGO W]E P>T ( F>M & HOME LIFE1 HAVE BE5 TAK5 OV] BY COMM]CIAL FACTORIES1 #h#e1 ( !M40 ,( ! #h#e1 FACTORIES CIT$ BY ,PAUL & ,MANN1 NE>LY HALF W]E FOOD-PROCESS+ PLANTS4 

,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ! FACT ?AT ADVANCES 9 FOOD TE*NOLOGY & ME?ODS ( TRANSPORTATION HAVE GIV5 US MANY ADVANTAGES4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( SEASONAL FRUITS & VEGETABLES >E N[ AVAILABLE ?R\<\T ! YE> 9 CANN$ & FROZ5 =M4 ,FOODS >E G5]ALLY CLEAN] ?AN !Y W]E A HALF C5TURY AGO4 ,PROCESS$ FOODS HAVE 5ORM\SLY R$UC$ ! HOMEMAK]'S BURD54 ,MANY VEGETABLES1 FRUITS1 & MEATS >E %R$D$1 EVISC]AT$1 MIX$1 CREAM$1 COOK$1 BAK$1 OR FRI$ BE=E !Y REA* ! KIT*54 ,! HOMEMAK] (T5 NE$S LITTLE MORE ?AN A CAN OP5]1 A FEW UT5SILS1 & A /OVE TO S]VE MEALS ?AT REQUIR$ ELABORATE PREP>ATION & H\RS ( WORK A G5]ATION OR TWO AGO4 

,BUT ! %IFT FROM HOME-PREP>$ TO PROCESS$ FOODS HAS NOT BE5 AN ABSOLUTE GA94 ,AL?\< V]Y LITTLE WAS KN[N AB\T HUMAN NUTRITION A FEW G5]ATIONS AGO1 \R =EBE>S C\LD MAKE USE ( :AT KN[L$GE !Y HAD 9 GR[+ & PREP>+ !IR [N FOODS4 ,TODAY ! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T4 ,A GREAT DEAL HAS BE5 LE>N$ AB\T ! NUTRI5TS REQUIR$ = HUMAN HEAL?1 BUT ! CULTIVATION1 /ORAGE1 REF9+1 &1 9 L>GE P>T1 ! PREP>ATION ( FOOD IS NO LONG] CONTROLL$ BY ! CONSUM]4 ,!SE TASKS HAVE BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ! FOOD 9DU/RY4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( A NATION-WIDE FOOD-GRAD+ PROGRAM ?AT W\LD COMPEL PROCESSORS TO DISCLOSE ! NUTRITIVE VALUES ( FOOD ITEMS1 ! H\SEWIFE'S ATTEMPT TO PLAN A HEAL?FUL DIET DEP5DS TO A GREAT EXT5T UPON *ANCE4 ,! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( A GIV5 FOOD MAY V>Y 5ORM\SLY4 ,! V>IATION MAY BE DUE TO ! TYPE ( SE$ ?AT ! F>M] PLANTS1 ! ME?ODS EMPLOY$ 9 FOOD CULTIVATION & FOOD PROCESS+1 OR ! L5G? ( TIME ! FOOD IS /OR$4 

,= EXAMPLE3 ,NUTRITIONI/S1 9 ANALYZ+ ?IRTY-ONE /RA9S ( CABBAGE1 F\ND ?AT ! ASCORBIC-ACID1 OR VITAM9-,C1 CONT5T V>I$ AS MU* AS #ce P]C5T1 :ILE ! AM\NT ( C>OT5E 9 DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( SWEET POTATOES HAS BE5 F\ND TO RANGE FROM Z]O TO #g4#b MILLIGRAMS P]C5T4 ,A ?REEFOLD DIFF]5CE WAS DISCOV]$ 9 ! NIAC9 CONT5T ( =TY-SIX /RA9S ( SWEET CORN4 ,L>GE V>IATIONS 9 NUTRITIVE VALUE HAVE BE5 F\ND AMONG DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( APPLES1 PEAS1 :EAT1 ONIONS1 & MANY O!R CROPS4 ,! FACT ?AT A GIV5 V>IETY ATTA9S GREAT SIZE DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ?AT IT IS NUTRITI\S4 ,! V]Y OPPOSITE MAY BE TRUE4 ,SMALL CABBAGES1 TOMATOES1 & ONIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 CONTA9 MORE VITAM9 ,C ?AN ?OSE ( GREAT] SIZE4 ,SIZE1 APPE>ANCE1 COLOR1 & TEXTURE >E (T5 V]Y POOR CRIT]IA = JUDG+ ! NUTRITIVE CONT5T ( A FOOD4 ,G5]ALLY1 PLANT BRE$]S >E 9T]E/$ 9 DEVELOP+ V>IETIES ( VEGETABLES & FRUITS ?AT HAVE AN ATTRACTIVE APPE>ANCE1 YIELD MORE BU%ELS TO ! ACRE1 >E MORE RESI/ANT TO DISEASE1 & )/& /ORAGE & %IPM5T4 0,IT IS N[ REALIZ$ ?AT 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE COMM]CIALLY IMPROV$ V>IETIES BY G5ETIC SELECTION ! NUTRI5T CONT5T IS (T5 DECREAS$10 NOTES ,ROB]T ,S4 ,H>RIS1 ( ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY4 0,IF ! PLANT BRE$] W]E TO COLLABORATE ) A FOOD ANALYSIS LABORATORY1 HE C\LD DEVELOP COMM]CIALLY IMPROV$ V>IETIES :I* >E ALSO SUP]IOR 9 NUTRI5T CONT5T40 7,IT IS QUITE D\BTFUL1 H[EV]1 :E!R IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( VEGETABLES & FRUITS DEP5D EXCLUSIVELY ON G5ETIC SELECTION 7AS ,H>RIS SEEMS TO BELIEVE74 ,! PLANT 5VIRONM5T1 NOTABLY ! CONDITION & F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 IS A FACTOR ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE47 

,FOODS MAY LOSE MU* ( !IR NUTRITIVE VALUE :5 !Y >E HEAT$ 7BLAN*$7 PRIOR TO CANN+ OR FREEZ+4 ,IF ! PROCESSOR FOLL[S A GOOD BLAN*+ PROC$URE1 VEGETABLES WILL RETA9 MO/ ( !IR ASCORBIC ACID & VITAM9 ,B4 ,BUT IF ! PROC$URE IS POOR1 ! LOSSES MAY BE 5ORM\S4 ,LOSSES MAY RUN AS HI< AS #c P]C5T ( ! RIB(LAV9 9 GRE5 BEANS1 #cg P]C5T ( ! NIAC9 9 SP9A*1 #d P]C5T ( ! ASCORBIC ACID 9 PEAS1 & #fd P]C5T ( ! ?IAM9E 9 LIMA BEANS4 0,BLAN*+ PROC$URES >E NOT /&>DIZ$10 ,MILDR$ ,M4 ,BOGGS & ,CLYDE ,L4 ,RASMUSS5 OBS]VE4 0,SOME PROCESSORS HAVE A LEA*+ LOSS ( #e TO #a P]C5T ( EA* WAT]-SOLUBLE VITAM9 OR O!R CON/ITU5TS4 ,O!RS HAVE LOSSES ( #d TO #e P]C5T - OR EV5 HI<] ) ! SAME FOOD40 

,A SUB/ANTIAL LOSS ( NUTRI5TS TAKES PLACE :5 :EAT IS REF9$ 9TO FL\R = :ITE BREAD4 0,EV5 ) #d P]C5T MILK SOLIDS 9 ! :ITE 5RI*$ BREAD10 ,BOG]T NOTES1 0IT IS /ILL NOT QUITE UP TO ! CONT5T ( :OLE :EAT BREAD 9 PROTE91 CALCIUM1 IRON1 ?IAM9E & NIAC91 :ILE ! :OLE GRA9 BREADS CONTA9 O!R ,B COMPLEX VITAM9S NOT ADD$ 9 ! 5RI*M5T ( :ITE FL\R40 ,IF A PRODUCT IS /OR$ TOO LONG1 IT MAY LOSE A SUB/ANTIAL AM\NT ( ?IAM9E4 0,PORK LUN*EON10 = EXAMPLE1 MAY LOSE #b P]C5T ( ITS ?IAM9E 9 ! CAN :ILE /&+ ON ! RETAIL]'S %ELF = ?REE MON?S4 ,AFT] SIX MON?S ! LOSS MAY BE AS HI< AS #c P]C5T4 

,MANY ( !SE PROBLEMS C\LD BE SOLV$ BY E/ABLI%+ A COMPULSORY SY/EM ( GRADE LABEL+ = PROCESS$ FOODS BAS$ ON !IR NUTRITIVE CON/ITU5TS4 ,! GRADE M>K+S ?AT CURR5TLY APPE> ON LABELS >E (T5 MEAN+LESS FROM A NUTRITIONAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 !Y 9DICATE ! FOOD'S SIZE1 APPE>ANCE1 & TA/E1 NOT ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE4 ,BUT ! FOOD 9DU/RY HAS BE5 ADAMANTLY OPPOS$ TO ANY K9D ( COMPULSORY GRADE LABEL+4 ,JESSE ,V4 ,COLES1 PR(ESSOR ( HOME ECONOMICS AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA1 OBS]VES ?AT 0PRACTICALLY ALL1 IF NOT ALL1 MANUFACTUR]S1 PROCESSORS1 & DI/RIBUTORS >E OPPOS$ TO COMPULSORY GRADE LABEL+40 ,9 ! ?IRTIES ! FOOD 9DU/RY DEFEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE = GRADE LABEL+ 9 ! ,N4,R4,A4 FAIR COMPETITION CODES2 IT WAS BITT]LY OPPOS$ TO ! 9CLUSION ( /&>DS ( FOOD QUALITY 9 ! FOOD & DRUG LEGISLATION 5ACT$ BY ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#c#h2 & IT SUCCESSFULLY BLOCK$ EF=TS TO L9K PRICE REGULATIONS ) FOOD QUALITY 9 W>TIME ANTI-9FLATION>Y LAWS4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( A MEAN+FUL SY/EM ( GRADE LABEL+1 ! HOMEMAK] IS SURR\ND$ BY NUTRITIONAL AN>*Y4 ,H] *OICE ( A PRODUCT IS (T5 GOV]N$ BY ITS APPE>ANCE2 IF IT IS PACKAG$1 %E IS LIKELY TO *OOSE A WELL-ADV]TIS$ BR& OR ONE ?AT IS ATTRACTIVELY WRAPP$4 ,H] DIFFICULTIES >E COMPLICAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT MANY PROCESSORS COLOR ! FOOD %E SEES & USE *EMICALS TO S(T5 ! REF9$ PRODUCTS %E T\*ES4 ,PRES]VATIVES >E (T5 ADD$ TO FOODS TO P]MIT LONG] /ORAGE1 & SYN!TIC FLAVOR+ MATT] IS PUT 9TO MANY PROCESS$ FOODS TO 5HANCE !IR TA/E4 ,& EV5 9 ?OSE CASES 9 :I* APPE>ANCE1 TA/E1 & S(TNESS >E TRUE 9DICATIONS ( SUP]IOR NUTRITIONAL QUALITY1 ! PROCESSOR FREQU5TLY USES A L>GE V>IETY ( *EMICALS TO MAKE AN 9F]IOR1 /ALE1 OR OV]LY REF9$ PRODUCT SEEM HI< 9 QUALITY4 

,ASIDE FROM ! DECEPTION !Y PRACTICE ON ! CONSUM]1 MANY ( ! *EMICALS ADD$ TO FOODS >E KN[N TO BE ACTIVE TOXICANTS4 ,PRESUMABLY !Y >E 0SAFE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( !IR 9T5D$ USE10 TO BORR[ A PHRASE =MULAT$ BY ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION1 BUT ! WORD 0SAFE0 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! *EMICALS DO NO DAMAGE4 ,9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT !Y >E H>MFUL EV5 9 RELATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT TOXICANTS 9 FOODS 9FLICT A C]TA9 AM\NT ( DAMAGE ON NE>LY ALL ANIMAL ORGANISMS1 9CLUD+ MAN4 ,ANO!R GR\P ( FOOD ADDITIVES IS 5VELOP$ 9 AN AIR ( BIO*EMICAL MY/]Y2 V]Y LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T H[ !Y REACT DUR+ ANIMAL METABOLISM4 ,MANY ADDITIVES >E *EMICALLY UNIQUE OR 0EXOTIC40 ,UNTIL !Y W]E DEVELOP$ BY *EMI/S1 ! COMP\NDS NEV] APPE>$ 9 FOODS1 & !IR LONG-RANGE EFFECTS ON ! HUMAN BODY HAVE YET TO BE DET]M9$4 

,! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES D]IVE !IR N\RI%M5T FROM COMM]CIAL FOODS4 ,IF A H>MFUL *EMICAL F9DS ITS WAY 9TO A POPUL> FOOD1 MANY 9DIVIDUALS >E LIKELY TO BE AFFECT$4 ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS DIFF] 9 AGE1 /ATE ( HEAL?1 G5ETIC 5D[M5T1 5VIRONM5TAL BACKGR\ND1 & SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ! TOXICITY ( ! *EMICAL4 ,SOME 9DIVIDUALS MAY BE MORE VULN]ABLE TO ! TOXICANT ?AN O!RS1 AL?\< !Y MAY NEV] %[ ANY SYMPTOMS ( ACUTE ILLNESS4 7,!RE HAVE BE5 CASES1 H[EV]1 9 :I* HUNDR$S & EV5 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE SUFF]$ ACUTE DISORD]S CAUS$ BY *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 COMM]CIAL FOODS4 ,ACCORD+ TO NEWSPAP] ACC\NTS1 AS REC5TLY AS #aif NE>LY #a1 PEOPLE 9 ! ,NE!RL&S W]E POISON$ BY A *EMICAL EMULSIFI] ?AT HAD BE5 ADD$ TO A POPUL> M>G>9E4 ,! M>G>9E WAS MANUFACTUR$ BY ONE ( ! MO/ REPUTABLE FOOD PROCESSORS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! EMULSIFI] PRODUC$ AN ECZEMA-LIKE RA% ON MANY P>TS ( ! BODY & TEMP]ATURES AS HI< AS #af DEGREES4 ,AT LEA/ TWO DEA?S W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO ! EMULSIFI]4 ,AB\T #e MILLION PACKAGES ( M>G>9E HAD BE5 DI/RIBUT$ TO RETAIL]S BE=E ! EFFECTS ( ! ADDITIVE W]E DISCOV]$47 ,! RESE>* DEVOT$ TO *EMICALS 9 FOODS SELDOM GOES BEYOND ! EFFECTS !Y PRODUCE 9 LABORATORY ANIMALS4 ,A *EMICAL ADDITIVE IS TE/$ ON RATS & DOGS = AB\T TWO YE>S4 ,IF ! *EMICAL CAUSES NO APP>5T DAMAGE TO TISSUES & ORGANS1 IT MAY BE US$ 9 FOOD4 ,IF IT IS OBVI\SLY TOXIC 0UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ITS 9T5D$ USE10 IT WILL BE REJECT$4 ,BUT LABORATORY ANIMALS >E NOT M54 ,!IR PHYSIOLOGY IS DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( HUMAN BE+S & !Y >E UNABLE TO COMMUNICATE IMPORTANT REACTIONS ?AT MAY WELL ESCAPE ! NOTICE ( ! RESE>*]4 ,AL?\< EXP]IM5TS ON RATS1 DOGS1 & EV5 MONKEYS >E USEFUL 9 =EW>N+ MAN AGA9/ H>MFUL SUB/ANCES1 !Y DO NOT SUPPLY CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ?AT *EMICALS :I* CAUSE NO APP>5T DAMAGE TO ANIMALS >E H>MLESS TO MAN4 

,EVID5CE ?AT A *EMICAL IS H>MFUL MAY WELL APPE> YE>S AFT] IT HAS BE5 P]MITT$ 9 FOODS4 ,! USE ( ADDITIVES REG>D$ AS SAFE ONLY A DECADE OR TWO AGO HAS BE5 =BIDD5 BECAUSE LAT]1 MORE EXACT+ /UDIES %[$ ?AT !SE *EMICALS HAVE TOXIC PROP]TIES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,CONSUM] ,REPORTS1 COAL-T> DYES W]E C]TIFI$ BY ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION = USE AS FOOD COLORS 0ON ! BASIS ( HA/Y1 OLD-FA%ION$1 & O!RWISE 9ADEQUATE TE/+1 & REC5T ADVANCES 9 RESE>* ME?ODOLOGY HAVE L$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! SAFETY ( MO/ ( !M IS UNKN[N4 ,S9CE #a#i#d#e1 :5 ! ,F,D,A BEGAN TO APPLY MOD]N ME?ODS ( /UDY & RESE>* TO C]TIFIABLE DYES1 #ae FOOD DYES HAVE BE5 REEXAM9$ = TOXIC1 C>C9OG5IC OR ALL]G5IC PROP]TIES4 ,ONLY ONE ( !SE1 ,YELL[ ,NO4 #e 7US$ TO COLOR C&IES1 IC+S1 & PIE-FILL+S1 = EXAMPLE7 HAS BE5 CONCLUSIVELY %[N TO BE H>MLESS4 ,LA/ YE> .<#a#i#e#e.>1 ,ORANGE ,NO4 #a1 ,ORANGE ,NO4 #b1 & ,R$ ,NO4 #cb W]E DEC]TIFI$ AS TOO TOXIC = USE 9 FOODS4 ,! ,F,D,A ANN\NCEM5T SAID ?AT ':ILE MANUFACTUR]S WILL NO LONG] LABEL & SELL !SE ?REE COLORS = USE1 !Y MAY LABEL & SELL !M = EXT]NAL DRUG & COSMETIC USE4' ,ORANGE ,NO4 #a HAD BE5 WIDELY US$ 9 C&Y1 CAKES1 COOKIES1 C>BONAT$ BEV]AGES1 DESS]TS1 & SU* MEAT PRODUCTS AS FRANKFURT]S4 ,ORANGE ,NO4 #b & ,R$ ,NO4 #cb W]E US$ TO COLOR ! \T] SK9 ( ORANGES1 & DUR+ ! ,*RI/MAS SEASON LA/ YE>1 SOME #ae *ILDR5 W]E MADE ILL 9 ,CALI=NIA AS A RESULT ( EAT+ POPCORN COLOR$ ) ,R$ ,NO4 #c#b40 

,:E!R A FOOD ADDITIVE IS CLASSIFI$ AS H>MFUL OR NOT DEP5DS NOT ONLY UPON LABORATORY TE*NIQUES BUT ON ! /&>DS ( ! RESE>*]4 ,EV]Y 9VE/IGATOR IS CONFRONT$ ) ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS3 ,H[ ?OR\<LY %\LD ! *EMICAL BE /UDI$8 ,ON H[ MANY SPECIES8 ,:AT CON/ITUTES REASONABLE EVID5CE ?AT A *EMICAL ADDITIVE IS H>MLESS TO MAN8 ,9 HE>+S BE=E ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE MORE ?AN A DECADE AGO1 MANY CONFLICT+ ANSW]S W]E GIV5 TO !SE QUE/IONS4 ,SOME EM95T RESE>*]S ADVANC$ ! VIEW ?AT TE/S %\LD BE CONDUCT$ ?R\< ! :OLE LIFE SPAN ( MANY ANIMAL SPECIES1 :ILE O!RS SEEM$ TO BE SATISFI$ ) LIMIT$ EXP]IM5TS ON RATS4 ,! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ CRIT]IA = EVALUAT+ ! TOXICITY ( FOOD ADDITIVES REPRES5T AN UN/ABLE COMPROMISE BETWE5 WIDELY DIV]G5T SCI5TIFIC VIEWS & >E SUBJECT TO S]I\S *ALL5GE4 

,:ILE DISPUTES OV] ! ADEQUACY ( CURR5T TE/+ /&>DS CONT9UE1 ! PROBLEM ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOOD BECOMES GREAT] ) EV]Y PASS+ YE>4 ,*EMICALS >E US$ 9 NE>LY EV]Y PHASE ( ! PRODUCTION1 /ORAGE1 & M]*&IZ+ ( FOOD4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO F9D A S+LE COMM]CIAL FOOD ?AT HAS NOT BE5 EXPOS$ TO A *EMICAL COMP\ND AT SOME /AGE ( CULTIVATION OR PROCESS+4 ,MANY FOODS ACCUMULATE A L>GE NUMB] ( RESIDUES & ADDITIVES AS !Y TRAVEL FROM ! F>M ?R\< ! PROCESS+ PLANT TO ! RETAIL \TLET4 ,GRA91 = EXAMPLE1 IS DU/$ REPEAT$LY ) 9SECTICIDES & FUNGICIDES & !N TREAT$ ) FUMIGANTS DUR+ /ORAGE4 ,AT ! PROCESS+ /AGE1 *EMICALS >E ADD$ TO FACILITATE H&L+ & TO IMPROVE ! CONSI/5CY ( ! FL\R4 ,! FL\R IS BLEA*$ & TREAT$ ) PRES]VATIVES4 ,! F9AL PRODUCT MAY BE COLOR$ & WRAPP$ 9 *EMICALLY TREAT$ PAP] ?AT SOMETIMES TRANSF]S UNDESIRABLE SUB/ANCES TO ! FOOD4 ,>E ALL ( !SE *EMICALS 9DISP5SABLE TO AN AMPLE SUPPLY ( FOOD8 ,DO ANY ( !M CON/ITUTE HAZ>DS TO PUBLIC HEAL?8 ,AT A TIME :5 ! NUMB] ( *EMICALS 9 \R FOOD IS REA*+ /AGG]+ PROPORTIONS1 !SE QUE/IONS REQUIRE CONSID]$ REPLIES4 

,*EMICALS 9 ,AGRICULTURE 

,! CLAIM IS (T5 ?AT )\T *EMICALS TO PROTECT \R OR*>DS & FIELDS FROM PE/S1 WE C\LD NOT POSSIBLY HAVE A MOD]N1 PRODUCTIVE SY/EM ( AGRICULTURE4 0,!RE IS ABUNDANT EVID5CE ?AT \R FRUIT1 VEGETABLES & MANY O!R /APLE CROPS CANNOT BE PRODUC$ ECONOMICALLY1 EFFICI5TLY1 & 9 AN ADEQUATE VOLUME )\T *EMICAL PROTECTION FROM 9SECTS1 PLANT DISEASES1 WE$S1 & O!R PE/S10 OBS]VES ,GEORGE ,C4 ,DECK]1 A NOT$ ,AM]ICAN 5TOMOLOGI/4 '^*,TO D5Y AGRICULTURE ! USE ( !SE *EMICAL TOOLS W\LD BE TO JEOP>DIZE \R AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY & AN ADEQUATE1 WELL-BALANC$ FOOD SUPPLY = ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC4 ,UN9HIBIT$ 9SECTS & PLANT DISEASES W\LD L>GELY ELIM9ATE ! COMM]CIAL PRODUCTION ( SU* CROPS AS APPLES1 PEA*ES1 CITRUS FRUITS1 TOMATOES1 & POTATOES1 TO M5TION ONLY A FEW1 & W\LD DRA/ICALLY CURTAIL ! PRODUCTION ( MANY O!R MAJOR CROPS40 

,AL?\< NO ONE W\LD WANT TO JEOP>DIZE \R AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY1 /ILL LESS D5Y ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE A WELL-BALANC$ DIET1 A GREAT DEAL ( PUBLIC & PR(ESSIONAL CONC]N HAS BE5 >\S$ BY ! PRES5CE ( PE/ICIDAL RESIDUES 9 FOOD4 ,AN 9SECTICIDE %\LD BE 0US$ AS A /ILETTO RA!R ?AN A SCY!10 ,A4 ,W4 ,A4 ,BR[N WRITES4 0,IDEALLY IT %\LD BE EMPLOY$ TO PUN* A P>TICUL> HOLE 9 ! FOOD *A91 :I*1 IF IT CANNOT BE FILL$ 9 BY .<O!R SPECIES 9 !.> NEI<BOR+ ELEM5TS ( ! BIOTA1 AT LEA/ %\LD BE DONE AT SU* A TIME ( SEASON ?AT IT DOES NOT S]I\SLY DI/URB ! BIOTA40 ,9 PRACTICE1 ! TR5D HAS GONE 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,9SECTICIDES >E NOT ONLY BECOM+ MORE LE?AL2 !Y >E BE+ US$ ) LESS & LESS DISCRIM9ATION4 ,ASIDE FROM ! ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS TR5D1 ! GR[+ TOXICITY & V>IETY ( 9SECTICIDAL RESIDUES 9 FOOD HAVE BECOME ONE ( ! MAJOR HEAL? PROBLEMS ( \R TIME4 

,! L>GE-SCALE APPLICATION ( 9SECTICIDES TO FIELD CROPS DID NOT GET UND] WAY UNTIL ! #a#h#fS1 :5 A L>GE NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN F>M]S BEGAN TO USE P>TS GRE5 7COPP] ACETO>S5ITE7 AGA9/ ! ,COLORADO POTATO BEETLE4 ,! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ?IS 9SECTICIDE 5C\RAG$ *EMI/S TO DEVELOP A V>IETY ( O!R =MULAS4 ,MO/ ( ! NEW 9SECTICIDES W]E 9ORGANIC COMP\NDS - PREP>ATIONS ( >S5IC1 M]CURY1 & SULFUR - :I* NORMALLY REMA9$ ON ! CROP AFT] H>VE/+4 ,! RESIDUES RANG$ 9 AM\NT FROM M]E TRACES TO QUANTITIES L>GE 5\< TO BE HAZ>D\S TO ! CONSUM]4 ,AS E>LY AS #aiai ! ,BO/ON ,BO>D ( ,HEAL? CONDEMN$ %IPM5TS ( WE/]N PE>S BECAUSE ( EXCESSIVE >S5IC RESIDUE1 & SIX YE>S LAT] ,BRITI% HEAL? AU?ORITIES RAIS$ /RONG OBJECTIONS TO ! AM\NT ( >S5IC F\ND ON IMPORT$ ,AM]ICAN APPLES4 ,F9ALLY1 F$]AL (FICIALS PLAC$ LIMITS ON ! AM\NT ( >S5IC ?AT C\LD BE ALL[$ TO REMA9 ON COMM]CIAL APPLES & PE>S4 ,IRONICALLY1 = A BRIEF P]IOD ! ORIG9AL LIMITS1 OR TOL]ANCES1 = FOOD SOLD TO DOME/IC CONSUM]S W]E TWO & A HALF TIMES HI<] ?AN ?OSE E/ABLI%$ = APPLES EXPORT$ TO ,EUROPE4 

,AL?\< ! PREW> ]A ( 9ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS PRI/9E 9 COMP>ISON ) ! PRES5T ]A ( ORGANIC PREP>ATIONS1 ! SITUATION WAS F> FROM IDEAL4 ,9 ! #a#i#cS ONE ( ! MO/ WIDELY US$ 9ORGANIC COMP\NDS1 LEAD >S5ATE1 COMB9$ A SUSPECT$ C>C9OG5 7>S5IC7 ) A CUMULATIVE POISON 7LEAD74 ,CALCIUM >S5ATE S]I\SLY DAMAG$ ! SOIL1 ESPECIALLY SOILS L[ 9 HUMMUS4 ,MANY >EAS ( ,WA%+TON & ,S\? ,C>OL9A W]E R5D]$ UNPRODUCTIVE AS A RESULT ( BE+ DU/$ ) L>GE AM\NTS ( >S5ICALS4 ,H>MFUL AS !Y >E1 H[EV]1 PRIOR TO #aide 9ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES W]E EMPLOY$ 9 RELATIVELY MODE/ QUANTITIES & 9 A LIMIT$ V>IETY4 ,! MO/ LE?AL PREP>ATIONS W]E US$ PRIM>ILY = AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES1 & ! GREAT] P>T ( ! RESIDUE C\LD BE REMOV$ FROM ! SURFACE ( ! CROPS BY C>EFUL WA%+4 

,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! 9SECTICIDE PROBLEM ACQUIR$ 5TIRELY NEW DIM5SIONS4 ,! TOTAL QUANTITY ( 9SECTICIDES US$ PRIOR TO ! W> WAS BUT A FRACTION ( ! AM\NT EMPLOY$ 9 ! MID-#a#i#eS4 ,ANNUAL DOME/IC SALES ( PE/ICIDES 7PRIM>ILY 9SECTICIDES7 9CREAS$ MORE ?AN SEV5FOLD BETWE5 #aid & #a#i#e#f4 ,9ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES1 ?\< /ILL 9 USE1 DECL9$ M>K$LY 9 IMPORTANCE2 !Y W]E SUPPLANT$ = ! MO/ P>T BY A :OLE NEW GR\P ( ORGANIC PREP>ATIONS4 ,( !SE ! BE/ KN[N IS ,D,D,T1 A *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BON2 IT WAS SYN!SIZ$ AS E>LY AS #a#h#g#d1 BUT IT REMA9$ A LITTLE-KN[N *EMICAL COMP\ND UNTIL ! LATE #a#i#cS1 :5 ! ,SWISS *EMI/ ,PAUL ,MULL] DISCOV]$ ITS 9SECTICIDAL PROP]TIES4 ,! ,AM]ICAN >M$ =CES BEGAN US+ IT 9 #a#i#d#c1 A YE> AFT] ! FIR/ SMALL QUANTITIES HAD BE5 %IPP$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = EXP]IM5TAL PURPOSES4 ,:ILE ! W> WAS /ILL 9 PROGRESS1 ,A4 ,P4 ,DUPIRE 9 ,FRANCE & ,F4 ,J4 ,?OMAS 9 ,5GL& BEGAN TO WORK ) B5Z5E HEXA*LORIDE 7,B,H,C71 ANO!R *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BON ?AT HAD BE5 SYN!SIZ$ 9 ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,! RESE>* ( ,?OMAS & HIS COLLEAGUES L$ TO ! DISCOV]Y ( ! 9SECTICIDAL PROP]TIES ( L9DANE1 A =M ( ,B,H,C4 ,SIGNIFICANT WORK WAS ALSO BE+ DONE 9 ,G]MANY DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,%ORTLY BE=E ! W>1 ,G]H>D ,S*RAD]1 :ILE 5GAG$ 9 RESE>* ON POISON GASES1 DISCOV]$ A S]IES ( EXTREMELY LE?AL ORGANIC PHOSPHATES1 FROM :I* P>A?ION1 MALA?ION1 & O!R N[ FAMILI> PREP>ATIONS W]E DEVELOP$4 ,! LI/ CONT9U$ TO GR[ UNTIL AN IMPRESSIVE NUMB] ( *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS & ORGANIC PHOSPHATES W]E AVAILABLE = USE ON F>MS & 9 G>D5S1 W>EH\SES1 /ORES1 & HOMES4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 ! C>ELESSNESS ) :I* SOME ( !SE 9SECTICIDES W]E DELIV]$ TO ! PUBLIC IS 9CR$IBLE4 ,! *EMICAL BEHAVIOR ( ! *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS 9SIDE ! HUMAN BODY IS /ILL UNKN[N1 AL?\< IT HAS BE5 DET]M9$ ?AT BO? ! *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS & ! ORGANIC PHOSPHATES >E P[]FUL N]VE TOXICANTS4 ,! ORGANIC PHOSPHATES >E KN[N TO 9ACTIVATE ! 5ZYME *OL9E/]ASE1 :I* P>TICIPATES 9 ! *EMICAL CONTROL ( N]VE IMPULSES4 7,UNTIL REC5TLY1 VIRTUALLY NO?+ WAS KN[N AB\T ! EFFECTS ( EXT5D$ EXPOSURE TO L[ DOSES ( ORGANIC PHOSPHATES1 & IT WAS G5]ALLY ASSUM$ ?AT !RE W]E NO LONG-T]M EFFECTS AT ALL4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#f#a1 H[EV]1 ,S4 ,G]%ON & ,F4 ,H4 ,%AW1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MELB\RNE1 REPORT$ ?AT S*IZOPHR5IC & DEPRESSIVE REACTIONS1 ) SEV]E IMPAIRM5T ( MEMORY & DIFFICULTY 9 CONC5TRAT+1 W]E F\ND 9 SIXTE5 9DIVIDUALS :O HAD BE5 EXPOS$ TO ORGANIC PHOSPHATES = ONE & A HALF TO T5 YE>S47 ,SOLUTIONS ( ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES >E ABSORB$ ?R\< ! SK9 AS WELL AS ! LUNGS & DIGE/IVE TRACT4 ,! SK9 DOES NOT (F] AN EFFECTIVE B>RI] TO ! 5TRY ( !SE TOXICANTS :5 !Y >E US$ 9 LIQUID =M4 ,! Y\NG] AN ORGANISM1 ! MORE EASILY IT IS POISON$4 ,BO? GR\PS ( 9SECTICIDES PRODUCE EFFECTS 9 W>MBLOOD$ ANIMALS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?OSE !Y PRODUCE 9 9SECTS4 ,F>M ANIMALS POISON$ BY ,D,D,T & O!R *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS FIR/ BECOME RE/LESS & EXCITABLE2 ! NEXT /AGE IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY TWIT*+1 SPASMS1 &1 F9ALLY1 CONVULSIONS4 ,ANIMALS POISON$ BY ! ORGANIC PHOSPHATES USUALLY DIE ( RESPIRATORY FAILURE1 BUT 9 !SE CASES1 TOO1 CONVULSIONS HAVE BE5 KN[N TO OCCUR4 

,=TUNATELY1 ,D,D,T1 ! FIR/ ( ! NEW ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES TO BE WIDELY US$1 IS ONE ( ! MILD] *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS4 ,! COMP\ND BEGAN TO REA* ,AM]ICAN F>MS 9 #a#i#d#e4 ,AS TE/ SAMPLES ( ,D,D,T HAD >RIV$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ONLY ?REE YE>S E>LI]1 ,AM]ICAN RESE>* ON ! COMP\ND UP TO ?AT TIME HAD BE5 NECESS>ILY LIMIT$4 ,SOME ( ITS MORE DISQUIET+ FEATURES W]E /ILL UND] /UDY :5 MANY ,AM]ICANS BEGAN US+ IT ) RECKLESS AB&ON AS A 0MAGIC BULLET0 AGA9/ 9SECT PE/S4 ,AT ?IS /AGE1 V]Y LITTLE WAS KN[N AB\T ! WAY ! HUMAN BODY REACTS TO ,D,D,T1 ! POSSIBILITY ( *RONIC TOXICITY1 ! EXI/5CE ( ! 9DIRECT R\TES BY :I* ,D,D,T 5T]S ! HUMAN BODY1 & ,D,D,T'S /ABILITY UND] V>Y+ AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS4 ,BY #a#i#e1 :5 A NUMB] ( !SE QUE/IONS HAD BE5 ANSW]$1 IT HAD BECOME EVID5T ?AT AL?\< ! 9SECTICIDE IS C]TA9LY A 0MAGIC BULLET10 ! T>GET T[>D :I* IT IS TRAVEL+ IS V]Y MU* 9 D\BT4 

,IT WAS F\ND ?AT ,D,D,T T5DS TO CONC5TRATE HEAVILY 9 FAT4 ,A RELATIVELY L[ DIET>Y 9TAKE ( ! 9SECTICIDE IS MAGNIFI$ FROM SIX TO TW5TY-EI<T TIMES 9 ! FAT DEPOSITS ( ! BODY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,A4 ,J4 ,LEHMAN1 ( ! ,F4,D4,A41 ! CONT9UAL +E/ION ( AS LITTLE AS #e P>TS P] MILLION 7PPM7 ( ,D,D,T 9 ! DIET PRODUCES 0DEF9ITE ?\< M9IMAL LIV] DAMAGE0 9 RATS4 ,SU* AN 9TAKE IS NOT LIKELY TO BE UNCOMMON 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! ,F4,D4,A4 HAS PLAC$ A RESIDUE TOL]ANCE ( #g P>TS P] MILLION ( ,D,D,T ON NE>LY EV]Y FRUIT1 VEGETABLE1 & PORTION ( ANIMAL FAT ?AT REA*ES ! ,AM]ICAN D9N] TABLE4 ,BUT ! AG5CY DOES NOT KN[ H[ MANY F>M]S >E HONOR+ !SE TOL]ANCES4 ,AS REC5TLY AS ,DECEMB] #a#i#e#i1 ,F4,D4,A4 ,COMMISSION] ,GEORGE ,P4 ,L>RICK CONFESS$ ?AT ECONOMIC 9C5TIVES TO USE *EMICALS 9 AGRICULTURE >E SO COMPELL+ ?AT HIS ORGANIZATION 0CAN H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO CONTROL ! PROBLEM ADEQUATELY40 

,! REPUTATION ( ,D,D,T SUFF]$ ITS FIR/ BL[ ONLY TWO YE>S AFT] ! 5D ( ! W>1 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#d#g1 ,ITALIAN 5TOMOLOGI/S NOT$ ?AT ,D,D,T-RESI/ANT FLIES W]E APPE>+ 9 MANY P>TS ( ,ITALY4 ,SIMIL> REPORTS BEGAN TO COME FROM ,CALI=NIA & O!R >EAS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BY #a#i#e1 ,AM]ICAN SURVEYS HAD %[N ?AT PREVI\SLY SUSCEPTIBLE /RA9S ( FLIES 0W]E BECOM+ RESI/ANT TO ,D,D,T OV] A P]IOD ( #b OR #c YE>S40 ,5TOMOLOGI/S & PUBLIC HEAL? WORK]S W]E /ILL HOPEFUL ?AT ! MAL>IA-C>RY+ MOSQUITO W\LD CONT9UE TO SUCCUMB TO ,D,D,T1 BUT ?IS 9SECT ALSO DEVELOP$ ,D,D,T-RESI/ANT /RA9S4 ,AS ! NUMB] ( RESI/ANT 9SECTS BEGAN TO MULTIPLY1 ATT5TION %IFT$ TO MORE LE?AL PREP>ATIONS1 SU* AS *LORDANE1 DIELDR91 & ! ORGANIC PHOSPHATES4 

,*LORDANE & ! DIELDR9-ALDR9 GR\P ( PREP>ATIONS >E HI<LY TOXIC *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS4 ,A PORTION ( ! TE/IMONY & DATA ?AT ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE RECEIV$ ON *LORDANE IS SUMM>IZ$ 9 ITS REPORT AS FOLL[S3 0,! ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,DIVISION ( ,PH>MACOLOGY ( ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION .<,A4 ,J4 ,LEHMAN.> TE/IFI$ ?AT FROM A *RONIC VIEWPO9T *LORDANE IS F\R TO FIVE TIMES MORE TOXIC ?AN ,D,D,T1 & ?AT HE W\LD HESITATE TO EAT FOOD ?AT HAD ANY .<*LORDANE.> RESIDUE ON IT :ATEV]4 ,HE /AT$ ?AT *LORDANE HAS NO PLACE 9 ! FOOD 9DU/RY :]E EV5 ! REMOTE/ OPPORTUNITY = CONTAM9ATION EXI/S1 & ?AT IT %\LD NOT BE US$ EV5 AS A H\SEHOLD SPRAY OR 9 FLOOR WAXES40 ,LAT] EXP]IM5TAL WORK %[$ ?AT *LORDANE1 :5 F$ TO RATS1 HAS AB\T TWICE ! *RONIC TOXICITY ( ,D,D,T2 ! 9SECTICIDE PRODUCES DETECTABLE LIV] DAMAGE :5 +E/$ 9 AM\NTS AS L[ AS #b #a_/#b P>TS P] MILLION4 

,DIELDR9 & ALDR91 ACCORD+ TO ,LEHMAN1 CREATE A DANG] ( *RONIC TOXICITY ?AT 0MAY BE SIMIL>0 TO ?AT POS$ BY *LORDANE4 ,!SE 9SECTICIDES HAVE ! 0RA!R R>E PROP]TY ( BE+ MORE TOXIC BY SK9 ABSORPTION ?AN BY ORAL +E/ION1 ! RATIO BE+ AB\T #a3#a4 ,TO /ATE ?IS ANO!R WAY1 DIELDR9 & ALDR9 >E APPROXIMATELY #a TIMES MORE POISON\S :5 APPLI$ TO ! SK9 ?AN :5 SWALL[$444 ,NEI!R ( !SE COMP\NDS IS IRRITAT+ TO ! SK9 9 L[ CONC5TRATIONS SO ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS NO W>N+ ( SK9 CONTACT40 

,! ,F4,D4,A4 P]MITS RESIDUES ( *LORDANE1 DIELDR91 & ALDR9 ON NE>LY ALL ! VEGETABLES & FRUITS SOLD TO ,AM]ICAN CONSUM]S4 ,9 VIEW ( CURR5T SPRAY+ PRACTICES1 IT IS NOT UNUSUAL = FOODS TO ACCUMULATE RESIDUES ( SEV]AL *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS4 ,! FACT ?AT ! V>I\S 9SECTICIDES HAVE DIFF]5T *EMICAL PROP]TIES IS SMALL REASON = COM=T4 0,/UDIES 9 \R LABORATORIES HAVE %[N ?AT :5 L[ CONC5TRATIONS ( SEV]AL 9SECTICIDES >E F$ TO RATS ! EFFECT IS ADDITIVE10 ,LEHMAN WRITES4 0,= EXAMPLE1 :5 #b PPM EA* ( ,D,D,T1 *LORDANE1 L9DANE1 TOXAPH5E1 & ME?OXY*LOR1 MAK+ A TOTAL ( #a PPM ( *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS1 >E ADD$ TO ! DIET ( RATS1 LIV] DAMAGE RESULTS4 ,) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( *LORDANE1 NONE ( ! 9SECTICIDES LI/$1 :5 F$ 9DIVIDUALLY AT #b PPM1 W\LD 9JURE ! LIV]1 BUT 9 !IR COMB9ATION !IR EFFECT IS ADDITIVE40 

,:]E DO WE /& TODAY 9 \R *EMICAL W> AGA9/ ! 9SECT WORLD8 ,AL?\< P>TIAL CONTROL HAS BE5 A*IEV$ OV] SOME C>RI]S ( DISEASE1 & O!R PE/S >E NO LONG] ! NUISANCE !Y ONCE W]E1 ! BASIC PROBLEMS ( 9SECT 9FE/ATION REMA9 UNSOLV$4 ,H]B]T ,F4 ,S*O( OBS]VES ?AT 0MAN'S 9SECT 5EMIES >E ADAPT+ TO SUCCESSFUL COEXI/5CE ) PE/ICIDES ALMO/ AS RAPIDLY AS NEW TE*NICS & TOXICANTS >E PRODUC$40 ,WE >E PAY+ A HEAVY PRICE = \R QUE/IONABLE GA9S AGA9/ AGRICULTURAL PE/S4 ,A L>G] QUANTITY ( 9SECTICIDES IS REQUIR$ ALMO/ EV]Y YE>4 ,! PRODUCTION ( ,D,D,T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES NE>LY D\BL$ BETWE5 #a#i#e1 :5 ! COMP\ND WAS NO LONG] A NOVELTY1 & #a#i#e#h4 ,NE>LY #a MILLION P\NDS ( ALDR91 *LORDANE1 DIELDR91 5DR91 HEPTA*LOR1 & TOXAPH5E-*EMICALS VIRTUALLY UNKN[N TO F>M]S 9 ! #a#i#dS - W]E PRODUC$ 9 #a#i#e#h4 ,APPROXIMATELY #c BILLION P\NDS ( PE/ICIDES1 9CLUD+ H]BICIDES1 FUNGICIDES1 & FUMIGANTS1 >E PRODUC$ ANNUALLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 0,! PE/ICIDE 9DU/RY IS GR[+ BY LEAPS & B\NDS & 5TOMOLOGI/S PR$ICT1 & *EMICAL MANUFACTUR]S HOPE =1 A F\RFOLD EXPANSION 9 USE ( PE/ICIDES DUR+ ! NEXT T5 TO FIFTE5 YE>S10 OBS]VES ,CL>5CE ,COTTAM1 ( ! ,WELD] ,WILDLIFE ,F\NDATION4 0,TODAY1 WELL OV] #a#b1#e BR&NAME =MULATIONS & MORE ?AN #b BASIC CONTROL COMP\NDS >E ON ! M>KET4 ,MO/ ( ! CURR5TLY US$ PE/ICIDES W]E UNKN[N EV5 T5 YE>S AGO4 ,FUR!RMORE1 & CONTR>Y TO ! PUBLIC 9T]E/1 MO/ NEW PE/ICIDES >E DECID$LY MORE TOXIC1 G5]ALLY MORE /ABLE1 & LESS SPECIFIC 9 EFFECT ?AN ?OSE ( BUT A FEW YE>S BACK40 

,! PO/W> ]A ALSO WITNESS$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( HI<LY POT5T *EMICAL AG5TS = 9CREAS+ ! WEI<T ( LIVE/OCK4 ,9 #aidg ! ,F4,D4,A4 APPROV$ ! USE ( /ILBE/ROL PELLETS = 0T5D]IZ+0 ! MEAT ( P\LTRY4 ,/ILBE/ROL1 A SYN!TICALLY PREP>$ DRUG1 CAUSES BODILY *ANGES ?AT >E ID5TICAL ) ?OSE PRODUC$ BY C]TA9 FEMALE SEX HORMONES 7E/ROG5S74 ,! DRUG WAS APPROV$ = USE ) ! UND]/&+ ?AT P\LTRYM5 W\LD IMPLANT A S+LE PELLET 9 ! UPP] REGION ( ! *ICK5'S NECK AB\T A MON? OR TWO BE=E M>KET+4 ,PRESUMABLY ?IS P]IOD WAS SUFFICI5T = ! COMPLETE ABSORPTION ( ! *EMICAL1 SO ?AT NO RESIDUES W\LD BE LEFT 9 ! FLE% ( ! BIRD4 ,MALE BIRDS TREAT$ ) /ILBE/ROL UND]GO RADICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL *ANGES2 !IR REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS1 COMBS1 & WATTLES %RIVEL1 & !Y LOSE ALL 9CL9ATION TO CR[ OR FI<T4 ,! DRUG T5DS TO CAUSE SUB/ANTIAL 9CREASES 9 WEI<T 9 BO? SEXES1 PRODUC+ PLUMP BIRDS ) SK9 ?AT IS NOTICEABLY SMOO? 9 TEXTURE4 

,C>EFUL 9VE/IGATION HAS %[N ?AT /ILBE/ROL 9CREASES ! OV]-ALL FAT CONT5T ( *ICK5S BY #d P]C5T4 ,9 ! HE>+S BE=E ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE1 ,ROB]T ,K4 ,5D]S1 PR(ESSOR ( ZOOLOGY AT ,SW>?MORE ,COLLEGE1 EXPRESS$ HIS AGREEM5T 0) ?OSE 5DOCR9OLOGI/S :O SAY ?AT ! USE ( ! DRUG TO FATT5 P\LTRY IS AN ECONOMIC FRAUD4 ,*ICK5 FE$ IS NOT SAV$2 IT IS M]ELY TURN$ 9TO FAT 9/EAD ( PROTE94 ,FAT IS ABUNDANT 9 ! ,AM]ICAN DIET SO MORE IS UNDESIRABLE4 ,PROTE9 IS :AT ONE WANTS FROM P\LTRY4 ,BY !IR [N ADMISSION IT IS ! IMPROVEM5T 9 APPE>ANCE & 9CREASE 9 FAT ?AT MAKES IT MORE PR(ITABLE TO ! P\LTRYMAN TO USE ! DRUG4 ,?IS FAT IS ( V]Y D\BTFUL VALUE & IS 9 NO WAY ! DIET>Y EQUAL ( ! PROTE9 ?AT ! CONSUM] ?9KS HE IS PAY+ =40 

,BY ! LATE #a#i#eS APPROXIMATELY #a MILLION HORMONE-TREAT$ F[L W]E BE+ M>KET$ ANNUALLY TO ,AM]ICAN CONSUM]S4 ,9 A NUMB] ( LIMIT$ SURVEYS1 ! ,F4,D4,A4 F\ND ?AT /ILBE/ROL PELLETS (T5 REMA9$ 9 ! NECKS ( P\LTRY UNTIL AFT] ! BIRDS HAD REA*$ :OLESALE \TLETS2 ! PELLETS W]E NOT COMPLETELY ABSORB$1 /ILBE/ROL WAS DETECT$ 9 ! $IBLE TISSUES ( HORMONE-TREAT$ F[L EV5 AFT] ! HEADS & NECKS HAD BE5 REMOV$4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#e#i1 ! ,F4,D4,A4 ANN\NC$ ?AT1 ON ITS RECOMM5DATION1 ! P\LTRY 9DU/RY HAD AGRE$ TO DISCONT9UE ! USE ( ! SYN!TIC E/ROG54 ,IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R EI!R ! ,F4,D4,A4 OR ! P\LTRY 9DU/RY HAD V]Y MU* *OICE4 ,/ILBE/ROL IS SUSPECT$ ( BE+ A CANC]-PROMOT+ DRUG1 & REC5T F$]AL LEGISLATION SPECIFICALLY PROHIBITS ! PRES5CE ( C>C9OG5IC ADDITIVES 9 FOOD4 ,PELLETS ( /ILBE/ROL >E /ILL IMPLANT$ 9 ! E>S ( CATTLE1 H[EV]1 & ! DRUG IS WIDELY US$ AS A SUPPLEM5T TO ! FE$ ( /E]S & %EEP4 ,! (FICIAL OP9ION TODAY IS ?AT NO RESIDUES ( ! DRUG WILL REMA9 9 L>GE ANIMALS IF BRE$]S OBEY ,F4,D4,A4 REGULATIONS1 BUT ! EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ?IS OP9ION IS OP5 TO QUE/ION 7SEE PAGES #a#d-#a74 

,! USE ( SYN!TIC E/ROG5S 9 LIVE/OCK MANAGEM5T WAS SOON FOLL[$ BY ! ADDITION ( ANTIBIOTICS TO FE$1 A TE*NIQUE ?AT DRAMATICALLY ACCEL]ATES ! GR[? ( DOME/IC ANIMALS4 ,AL?\< !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT ANTIBIOTICS AFFECT ! NUTRITIVE QUALITY ( MEAT1 RESE>* CONDUCT$ BY ! ,F4,D4,A4 %[$ ?AT *LORTETRACYCL9E & P5ICILL9 C\LD BE DETECT$ 9 ! BLOOD1 TISSUES1 & EGGS ( *ICK5S GIV5 FE$ CONTA9+ AS LITTLE AS #e P>TS P] MILLION ( ! DRUGS4 ,?IS QUANTITY DOES NOT EXCE$ ! LIMITS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,F4,D4,A4 = ANTIBIOTICS 9 FE$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,WILLIAM ,A4 ,R&ALL1 ( ! ,F4,D4,A4'S ,DIVISION ( ,ANTIBIOTICS1 ! 0SMALL AM\NTS F\ND 9 *ICK5 TISSUE W]E DE/ROY$ FOLL[+ FRY+4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :5 ! ANTIBIOTIC-CONTA9+ FE$ WAS )DRAWN & NORMAL FE$+ BEGUN ! ANTIBIOTIC DISAPPE>$ FROM ! TISSUE OR EGGS )9 A FEW DAYS4 ,AFT] H>D-BOIL+ EGGS CONTA9+ ANTIBIOTICS1 NO ACTIVITY C\LD BE DETECT$ 9 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ?OSE TE/$40 

,BUT WE %\LD PLACE ! EMPHASIS :]E IT PROP]LY BELONGS4 ,ANTIBIOTICS C\LD BE DETECT$ EV5 9 EGGS ?AT W]E H>D-BOIL$1 & RESIDUES W]E F\ND 9 ! TISSUES & EGGS ( *ICK5S AFT] NORMAL FE$+ WAS RE/OR$4 ,ACCORD+LY1 CURR5T ,F4,D4,A4 REGULATIONS PROHIBIT ! USE ( ANTIBIOTICS 9 ! FE$ ( EGG-LAY+ H5S & REQUIRE ?AT1 9 ! CASE ( P\LTRY DE/9$ = HUMAN CONSUMPTION1 NORMAL FE$+ BE RE/OR$ F\R DAYS PRIOR TO SLAU<T]+4 0,IT MAY WELL BE 9 ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ TO RES]VE ?IS VALUABLE CLASS ( DRUGS = ! PURPOSE = :I* !Y W]E ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$10 ,R&ALL CONCLUDES1 0?AT IS1 ! PREV5TION & TREATM5T ( DISEASE40 

,?IS CONCLUSION IS NOT )\T M]IT4 ,MANY F>M]S PAY V]Y LITTLE ATT5TION TO ! ,F4,D4,A4'S REGULATIONS1 & NE>LY ALL F>M]S IGNORE !M AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R4 ,! SITUATION IS SIMIL> TO ?AT FAC$ BY ! POLICE 9 TRY+ TO KEEP MOTORI/S FROM SPE$+2 ALMO/ EV]YONE OCCASIONALLY EXCE$S ! SPE$ LIMIT4 ,BUT 9 ! CASE ( ! ,F4,D4,A4 REGULATIONS1 ! VIOLATOR'S *ANCES ( BE+ CAU<T >E 9F9ITESIMAL 9 COMP>ISON ) ?OSE ( ! SPE$]4 ,AL?\< ITS 9SPECTION PROGRAM IS TOTALLY 9ADEQUATE TO COPE ) ! PROBLEM ( *EMICALS 9 FOOD1 ! ,F4,D4,A4 HAS ALREADY DISCOV]$ VIOLATIONS ( ITS REGULATIONS ON FE$ SUPPLEM5T$ ) >S5IC COMP\NDS1 ANO!R WIDELY US$ PROMOT] ( GR[?4 0,A V]Y PRELIM9>Y SURVEY MADE SOME TIME AGO BY ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION 9DICAT$ ?AT SOME P\LTRY RAIS]S >E NOT )HOLD+ >S5IC-CONTA9+ FE$S FROM !IR FLOCKS #e DAYS BE=E SLAU<T]10 COMPLA9$ ,>?UR ,S4 ,FLEMM+1 =M] ,SECRET>Y ( ,HEAL?1 ,$UCATION1 & ,WELF>E1 0& WE HAVE 9=MATION ?AT 9 SOME P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 HOG RAIS]S MA9TA9 !IR ANIMALS ON >S5IC-CONTA9+ FE$ )9 ! #e-DAY P]IOD ?AT ! >S5IC IS SUPPOS$ TO BE )HELD4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT SU* DISREG>D = SAFE USE C\LD LEAD TO ADD$ >S5IC RESIDUES 9 P\LTRY & PORK ON ! RETAIL M>KET & ?US C\LD FRU/RATE ! PUBLIC HEAL? SAFEGU>DS UPON :I* ! ORIG9AL APPROVALS W]E GRANT$40 

,ANTIBIOTICS >E DANG]\S FOOD ADDITIVES4 ,! S5SITIVITY ( MANY P]SONS TO P5ICILL9 HAS REA*$ A PO9T :]E A !RAPEUTIC DOSE ( ! DRUG CAN BE EXPECT$ TO CLAIM !IR LIVES4 ,SU* 9DIVIDUALS >E 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB] ) EV]Y PASS+ YE>4 ,CASES HAVE ALREADY BE5 REPORT$ 9 :I* P5ICILL9 US$ TO TREAT 9FECTIONS 9 DAIRY CATTLE 5T]$ ! MILK SUPPLY 9 SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES TO CAUSE SEV]E REACTIONS 9 HUMAN CONSUM]S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MURRAY ,C4 ,ZIMM]MAN1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,S\!RN ,CALI=NIA1 DATA ON MILK CONTAM9ATION SUGGE/ ?AT A P]SON :O DR9KS TWO QU>TS ( MILK EV]Y DAY 0C\LD +E/ OV] #a1 UNITS ( P5ICILL9 DAILY4 ,! FACT ?AT P5ICILL9 'NATURALLY' PRES5T 9 MILK HAS NOT PREVI\SLY BE5 PROV$ TO CAUSE ALL]GIC REACTIONS IS \TWEI<$ BY ! FACT ?AT ?IS IS ALMO/ A BILLION TIMES MORE P5ICILL9 ?AN HAS PREVI\SLY BE5 %[N NECESS>Y TO PROVOKE REACTIONS4 ,COLEMAN & ,SIEGEL REPORT$ A PATI5T ) A REACTION ON PASSIVE TRANSF] TO 4#a UNITS ( P5ICILL94 ,BI]LE9'S PATI5T W5T 9TO %OCK :5 SK9-TE/$ ) 4#c UNITS ( P5ICILL940 ,ZIMM]MAN !N PROCE$S TO DISCUSS DETAIL$ CASE HI/ORIES ( F\R PATI5TS :OSE REACTION TO P5ICILL9 C\LD BE TRAC$ ) REASONABLE C]TA9TY TO ! CONSUMPTION ( DAIRY PRODUCTS4 

,IT IS QUITE CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! EXT5SIVE USE ( ANTIBIOTICS 9 AGRICULTURE WILL SL[LY TURN \R DOME/IC ANIMALS 9TO A MAJOR RES]VOIR ( ANTIBIOTIC-RESI/ANT BACT]IA4 ,?IS REPRES5TS A PROBLEM FRAU<T ) 9CALCULABLE DANG]S TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,FE$ SUPPLEM5T$ ) TETRACYCL9E1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS ALREADY PRODUC$ RESI/ANT /RA9S ( ,BACT]IUM COLD & ,CLO/RIDIUM P]FIG5S4 ,BO? BACT]IA TYPICALLY 9HABIT MAN'S ALIM5T>Y TRACT1 BUT UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES !Y BEHAVE AS DISEASE-CAUS+ ORGANISMS4 0,EXAM9ATION ( PIGS & P\LTRY KEPT ON MANY DIFF]5T F>MS %[$ ?AT ! ,B4 COLD 9 ! FECES ( TETRACYCL9E-F$ ANIMALS W]E PR$OM9ANTLY TETRACYCL9E-RESI/ANT10 OBS]VES ,H4 ,WILLIAM ,SMI?1 ( ! ,ANIMAL ,HEAL? ,TRU/ 9 ,SUSSEX1 ,5GL&1 0:ILE ?OSE 9 ! FECES ( ANIMALS ON F>MS :]E TETRACYCL9E FE$+ WAS NOT PRACTIC$ W]E PR$OM9ANTLY TETRACYCL9E-S5SITIVE4 ,9 SOME H]DS 9 :I* TETRACYCL9E FE$+ WAS JU/ BE+ 9TRODUC$ IT WAS POSSIBLE TO TRACE ! *ANGES ( ! ,B4 COLD FECAL FLORA FROM TETRACYCL9E-S5SITIVE TO TETRACYCL9E-RESI/ANT40 ,SMI? NOTES ?AT SIMIL> *ANGES C\LD BE TRAC$ 9 ! CASE ( ,CLO/RIDIUM P]FIG5S4 

,! USE ( %OTGUN ME?ODS TO TREAT OR =E/ALL UDD] 9FECTIONS 9 CATTLE ) P5ICILL9 HAS ALMO/ C]TA9LY 9CREAS$ ! PROPAGATION ( RESI/ANT /RA9S ( ,/APHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS1 ! PR9CIPAL CULPRIT 9 ! COMMON 0/APH 9FECTION0 & ! DIRECT CAUSE ( GRAVE1 (T5 FATAL CASES ( PNEUMONIA4 ,SMI? NOTES ?AT ! PROPORTION ( P5ICILL9-RESI/ANT ,/APHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS CULTURES ISOLAT$ FROM H]D SAMPLES ( MILK 9 ,BRITA9 0HAD 9CREAS$ FROM #aa .0 9 #ai$ TO #dg .0 9 #a#i#e#f40 ,TWO BACT]IOLOGI/S ( ! ,CANADIAN ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,DIRECTORATE1 ,F4 ,S4 ,?AT*] & ,W4 ,SIMON1 9 ANALYZ+ *EESE ?AT HAD BE5 PUR*AS$ 9 RETAIL \TLETS1 F\ND SUB/ANTIALLY MORE P5ICILL9-RESI/ANT /APHYLOCOCCI 0?AN W\LD BE EXPECT$ 9 A NORMAL POPULATION NOT EXPOS$ TO ANTIBIOTIC !RAPY444 ,) REG>D TO ! /REPTOCOCCI RECOV]$ FROM *EESE \R RESULTS %[ A CLOSE APPROXIMATION TO ! DEGREE ( RESI/ANCE TO P5ICILL9 F\ND AMONG COMP>ABLE SPECIES ISOLAT$ FROM HOSPITAL PATI5TS40 

,?AT*] & ,SIMON CONCLUDE !IR REPORT ) ! W>N+ ?AT 0:]E P5ICILL9 OR O!R ANTIBIOTICS >E US$ ) DAIRY CATTLE1 ! SURVIVAL ( RESI/ANT ORGANISMS MAY LEAD TO WIDESPREAD DI/RIBUTION ( RESI/ANT /RA9S 9TO ! HOMES ( ! G5]AL POPULACE1 S9CE /APHYLOCOCCI & /REPTOCOCCI1 (T5 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 >E ( COMMON OCCURR5CE 9 *EESE4 ,FOODS SO CONTAM9AT$ MAY WELL CONTRIBUTE TO ! SEV]ITY ( ! PROBLEM >IS+ FROM 9FECTIONS 9 MAN ) RESI/ANT /RA9S )\T ! PATI5TS HAV+ RECEIV$ PRIOR ANTIBIOTIC !RAPY OR )\T HAV+ BE5 EXPOS$ TO 5DEMIC 9FECTIONS )9 HOSPITALS40 

,BUT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?IS IS NO LONG] M]ELY A POT5TIAL HAZ>D4 ,ALREADY !RE HAVE BE5 TWO LOCALIZ$ EPIDEMICS ( 0/APH 9FECTIONS0 ?AT HAVE BE5 ATTRIBUT$ TO CONTACT ) CATTLE4 ,DUR+ #aief & #aieg AB\T #cf P]C5T ( ! S5IOR /UD5TS & #bf P]C5T ( ! FACULTY AT ! ,VET]9>Y ,S*OOL ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P5NSYLVANIA CONTRACT$ 0/APH 9FECTIONS40 ,9 #aieh ANO!R EPIDEMIC ( ! 9FECTIONS OCCURR$ AMONG #dd P]C5T ( ! S5IOR /UD5TS AT ! ,COLORADO ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,COLLEGE ( ,VET]9>Y ,M$IC9E4 ,!RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT1 9 BO? CASES1 ANIMALS H&L$ BY ! /UD5TS HAD BECOME A RES]VOIR ( ANTIBIOTIC-RESI/ANT /APHYLOCOCCI4 

,! CURR5T TR5DS 9 AGRICULTURE REFLECT A %OCK+ 9DIFF]5CE TO ! LONG-T]M HEAL? ( \R POPULATION4 ,BY RECKLESSLY OV]COMMITT+ \RSELVES TO ! USE ( *EMICALS 9 ! GR[+ ( \R FOOD1 WE HAVE TURN$ HI<LY POT5T TOXICANTS & DRUGS1 :I* WE W\LD BE JU/IFI$ 9 US+ ONLY ON A LIMIT$ SCALE OR 9 EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 9TO ! F\NDATIONS ( \R AGRICULTURE4 ,!SE F\NDATIONS >E EXTREMELY UN/ABLE & ! $IFICE WE >E TRY+ TO CON/RUCT MAY PROVE TO BE A TRAP RA!R ?AN A HABITABLE DWELL+4 ,9SECTICIDES COMMONLY AGGRAVATE ! V]Y PROBLEMS !Y >E MEANT TO SOLVE4 ,! ECOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES !Y CREATE LEAD TO ! USE ( 9CREAS+LY TOXIC PREP>ATIONS1 UNTIL A PO9T IS REA*$ :]E ! 9SECTICIDES ?REAT5 TO BECOME MORE DANG]\S 9 ! LONG RUN TO ! HUMAN SPECIES ?AN TO ! 9SECTS = :I* !Y >E 9T5D$4 ,! NE$ TO RESCUE A CROP FROM AGRICULTURAL MISMANAGEM5T GA9S PRIORITY OV] ! HEAL? & WELLBE+ ( ! CONSUM]4 ,! USE ( DRUGS TO FATT5 & ACCEL]ATE ! GR[? ( DOME/IC ANIMALS IS PLAY+ HAVOC ) ! PHYSIOLOGY ( \R LIVE/OCK4 ,! DAMAGE !SE DRUGS 9FLICT ON P\LTRY & CATTLE NECESSITATES ! USE ( ADDITIONAL DRUGS1 :I*1 9 TURN1 CONTAM9ATE MAN'S FOOD & R$UCE ! VALUE ( !SE AG5TS 9 COMBAT+ DISEASE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM TO BE A =M ( ECOLOGICAL RETRIBUTION ?AT ! V]Y =CES MAN HAS SUMMON$ AGA9/ ! LIV+ WORLD >\ND HIM >E BE+ R$IRECT$ BY A REMORSELESS LOGIC AGA9/ ! HUMAN ORGANISM ITSELF4 

,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD ,PROCESS+ 

,! SAME OV]COMMITM5T TO POT5TIALLY RISKY ME?ODS IS F\ND 9 O!R PHASES ( FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,COMPLEX PROBLEMS ( /ORAGE1 CLEANS+1 H&L+1 REF9+1 COOK+1 MIX+1 HEAT+1 & PACKAG+ >E (T5 SOLV$ BY ! USE ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES4 ,A HALF C5TURY AGO ! YELL[I% T9T 9 FRE%LY MILL$ FL\R WAS REMOV$ SL[LY BY AG+2 TODAY IT IS REMOV$ RAPIDLY BY OXIDIZ+ AG5TS4 ,! MILL] NO LONG] HAS TO /ORE FL\R & WAIT = IT TO MATURE4 ,EMULSIFI]S >E EMPLOY$1 P>TLY TO 0IMPROVE0 ! TEXTURE ( A PRODUCT1 P>TLY TO SPE$ UP PROCESS+4 ,!IR 0FUNCTIONAL ADVANTAGES0 9 ICE CREAM1 = EXAMPLE1 >E ?AT ! 0MIX CAN BE :IPP$ FA/]1 ! PRODUCT FROM ! FREEZ] IS DRY]1 & ! MIX HAS LESS T5D5CY TO '*URN' 9 ! FREEZ]40 ,*EMICAL ANTIOXIDANTS >E US$ TO HELP PREV5T OILS & FATS FROM BECOM+ RANCID1 A PROBLEM ?AT BECOMES ESPECIALLY PRON\NC$ :5 NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS >E REMOV$ DUR+ L>GE-SCALE PROCESS+4 ,*EMICAL PRES]VATIVES >E ADD$ TO FOOD TO P]MIT LONG] /ORAGE 9 :OLESALE DEPOTS & TO EXT5D ! 0%ELF LIFE0 ( A PRODUCT 9 RETAIL \TLETS4 ,9 TIME *EMICALS >E TURN$ FROM M]E ADJUNCTS ( FOOD PRODUCTION 9TO 0TE*NOLOGICAL NECESSITIES40 ,!IR USE MAY RESULT 9 NEW MA*9ES & FACILITIES1 ! AB&ONM5T ( OLD PROCESS+ ME?ODS1 & A BROAD REORI5TATION ( TE*NOLOGY TO MEET ! NEW *EMICAL REQUIREM5TS4 

,! FACT ?AT A *EMICAL IS TE*NOLOGICALLY USEFUL DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT IS BIOLOGICALLY DESIRABLE4 ,! TWO PHRASES >E OCCASIONALLY US$ 9T]*ANGEABLY1 AS ?\< !Y W]E SYNONYM\S4 ,SOME ( ! *EMICALS MO/ WIDELY US$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD HAVE BE5 F\ND TO BE H>MFUL TO ANIMALS 9 LABORATORY TE/S4 ,NITROG5 TRI*LORIDE1 OR AG5E1 WAS EMPLOY$ = DECADES AS A BLEA*+ & MATUR+ AG5T 9 FL\R BE=E IT WAS DISCOV]$1 9 #a#i#d#f1 ?AT ! COMP\ND PRODUCES 0RUNN+ FITS10 OR HY/]IA1 9 DOGS4 ,! USE ( AG5E 9 ! BREAD 9DU/RY HAS S9CE BE5 DISCONT9U$4 ,AL?\< !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT AG5IZ$ FL\R CAUSES N]VE DISORD]S 9 MAN1 NO ONE CAN SAY ) C]TA9TY ?AT C]EAL PRODUCTS TREAT$ ) AG5E >E COMPLETELY H>MLESS TO CONSUM]S1 ESPECIALLY IF EAT5 DAY AFT] DAY = TW5TY YE>S OR MORE4 ,! TOXICANT 9 AG5IZ$ FL\R 0PRODUCES N]V\S DI/URBANCES 9 MONKEYS1 BUT NOT EPILEPSY 9 MAN10 OBS]V$ ! LATE ,ANTON ,C>LSON1 ONE ( ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ PHYSIOLOGI/S ( HIS DAY4 0,?AT IS NOT SUFFICI5T = ME1 BECAUSE !RE >E MANY O!R TYPES ( N]V\S DI/URBANCES444 ?AT MAY BE AGGRAVAT$ OR 9TRODUC$ BY ?IS *EMICAL40 

,ANO!R GR\P ( *EMICALS1 NOTABLY C]TA9 TYPES ( POLYOXYE?YL5E D]IVATIVES1 W]E WIDELY US$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS EMULSIFI]S BE=E !Y W]E BANN$ AS POT5TIAL HAZ>DS TO CONSUM]S4 ,=M] ,F4,D4,A4 ,COMMISSION] ,*>LES ,W4 ,CRAW=D IS REPORT$ TO HAVE DESCRIB$ ! AG5TS AS 0GOOD PA9T REMOV]S40 ,ACCORD+ TO DATA FURNI%$ TO ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE1 RATS ?AT HAD BE5 F$ TWO COMM]CIAL PREP>ATIONS ( POLYOXYE?YL5$]IV$ EMULSIFI]S %[$ BLOOD 9 !IR FECES & DEVELOP$ A V>IETY ( KIDNEY1 ABDOM9AL1 C>DIAC1 & LIV] ABNORMALITIES4 ,!SE PREP>ATIONS W]E US$ PRIM>ILY AS BREAD S(T5]S BUT ALSO F\ND !IR WAY 9TO O!R FOODS4 ,! POLYOXYE?YL5E D]IVATIVES CON/ITUTE A HI<LY SUSPECT FAMILY ( EMULSIFY+ AG5TS1 YET SOME ( !M >E /ILL ADD$ TO CAKE MIXES1 CAKE IC+1 FROZ5 DESS]TS1 ICE CREAM1 C&IES1 DILL PICKLES1 FRUIT & VEGETABLE COAT+S1 VITAM9 PREP>ATIONS1 & MANY FOOD-PACKAG+ MAT]IALS4 7,SEV]AL EXP]IM5TS 9DICATE ?AT AN 9TAKE ( L>GE AM\NTS ( POLYOXYE?YL5E 7#h7 /E>ATE PRODUCES GALL /ONES & BLADD] TUMORS 9 RATS4 ,AT LEA/ TWO COMM]CIAL PREP>ATIONS ( POLYOXYE?YL5E D]IVATIVES >E REPORT$ TO BE CO-C>C9OG5S2 !Y PROMOTE ! DEVELOPM5T ( SK9 CANC] 9 MICE :5 US$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) C]TA9 C>C9OG5IC AG5TS4 ,= A NUMB] ( YE>S ALL ?REE ( !SE POLYOXYE?YL5E COMP\NDS W]E US$ AS FOOD ADDITIVES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#eS1 POLYOXYE?YL5E D]IVATIVES HAD ALSO MIGRAT$ TO ,5GL&1 :]E !Y W]E US$ ON A LIMIT$ SCALE AS BREAD S(T5]S47 

,SIMIL> EXAMPLES CAN BE CULL$ FROM O!R GR\PS ( *EMICAL AIDS4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! TOXIC EFFECTS ( MANY COMMONLY US$ COMP\NDS >E DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E1 BUT 9DIVIDUALLY & 9 GR\PS !Y HAVE >\S$ SUSPICION & CONC]N4 0,! =TIFICATION ( OILS & FATS AGA9/ OXIDATION & RANCIDITY IS ANO!R FIELD 9 :I* !RE >E S]I\S QUE/IONS ( POSSIBLE TOXICITY10 W>NS ,F4 ,J4 ,S*L9K1 TE*NICAL DIRECTOR ( ,CONSUM]S' ,RESE>* & $ITOR ( ,CONSUM] ,BULLET94 0,! NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS :I* DELAY RANCIDITY >E LO/ DUR+ ! FACTORY PROCESS+ ( REF9$ OILS & FATS2 !N ! ATTEMPT IS MADE TO RE/ORE ! ANTIOXIDATION QUALITIES BY ADDITION ( FAT-/ABILIZ+ SUB/ANCES4 ,MO/ ( ! MAT]IALS ?AT HAVE ANTIOXIDATION PROP]TIES >E KN[N TO BE TOXIC TO SOME DEGREE40 

,! T]M 0TE*NOLOGICAL AID0 HAS BE5 US$ LOOSELY TO 9CLUDE FOOD ADDITIVES ?AT C\LD BE DISP5S$ ) 5TIRELY IF A MANUFACTUR] IMPROV$ HIS PROCESS+ ME?ODS & ! QUALITY ( HIS PRODUCT4 ,! QUE/ION ( :E!R A *EMICAL1 9/EAD ( BE+ LEGITIMATELY EMPLOY$ TO FURNI% DI/ANT CONSUM]S ) A P]I%ABLE PRODUCT1 WAS BE+ US$ RA!R AS A DEVICE = MASK+ 9F]IOR +R$I5TS & UNSANIT>Y ME?ODS >OSE 9 %>P =M E>LY 9 ! C5TURY1 :5 SODIUM B5ZOATE WAS EMPLOY$ EXT5SIVELY AS A PRES]VATIVE 9 KET*UP4 ,H>VEY ,WILEY1 ! FIR/ ADM9I/RATOR ( ! F$]AL FOOD & DRUG LAW1 REG>D$ SODIUM B5ZOATE AS A HAZ>D TO CONSUM]S ,SUPPORT$ BY DATA FROM FE$+ EXP]IM5TS P]=M$ ) HUMAN BE+S1 ,WILEY CLAIM$ ?AT ! PRES]VATIVE CAUSES 9JURY TO ! DIGE/IVE SY/EM4 ,HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT KET*UP NE$ NOT DET]IORATE READILY IF CLEAN FACILITIES & PROP] +R$I5TS >E US$ 9 PREP>+ IT4 ,*ALL5G$ ON ?IS PO9T BY ,*>LES ,F4 ,L\DON1 A CANN] 9 ,T]RE ,HAUTE1 ,9DIANA1 ,WILEY APPO9T$ A BACT]IOLOGI/1 ,>VILL ,W4 ,BITT+1 TO WORK AT ! ,L\DON FACTORY & PREP>E A =MULA = A /ABLE KET*UP PREP>ATION )\T >TIFICIAL PRES]VATIVES4 ,BITT+ WAS SUCCESSFUL4 ,MOREOV]1 AFT] 9SPECT+ NUM]\S CANN+ FACTORIES & EXAM9+ MANY BR&S ( KET*UP1 ,BITT+ CONCLUD$ ?AT MANUFACTUR]S :O NE$$ SODIUM B5ZOATE (T5 US$ 9F]IOR PRODUCTS & W]E C>ELESS AB\T SANITATION4 

0,! :OLE SPIRIT & TRADITION ( ! PURE-FOOD LAW IS AGA9/ ! USE ( PRES]VATIVES & SUB/ITUTES10 DECL>$ ,MRS4 ,H>VEY ,WILEY MORE ?AN =TY YE>S AFT] ! ,L\DON EPISODE4 0,! 9T5T ( ! LAW IS TO 5C\RAGE ! MANUFACTURE ( HI<-GRADE +R$I5TS1 NOT TO TRY TO HIDE 9F]IORITY & *EAPNESS BY ! USE ( *EMICALS & PRES]VATIVES40 ,IF ?IS IS SO1 ! SPIRIT ( ! LAW HAS BE5 IGNOR$ = DECADES4 ,! MO/ UP-TO-DATE SURVEYS ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOODS %[ ?AT PRES]VATIVES >E ADD$ TO *EESE1 M>G>9E1 C]EAL PRODUCTS1 JAMS1 JELLY1 & MANY O!R PROCESS$ FOODS4 ,UNCOOK$ P\LTRY IS DIPP$ 9 SOLUTIONS ( ANTIBIOTICS4 7,NOTABLY ! TETRACYCL9ES4 ,DESPITE /RONG PRESSURE FROM ! FOOD 9DU/RY1 ! ,BRITI% ,FOOD ,/&>DS ,COMMITTEE HAS REFUS$ TO RECOMM5D ! USE ( TETRACYCL9ES AS PRES]VATIVES = P\LTRY & FI%47 ,ASIDE FROM ! DAMAGE TO PUBLIC HEAL? ?AT MAY >ISE FROM ! USE ( QUE/IONABLE *EMICALS AS PRES]VATIVES1 ! LONG] 0%ELF LIFE0 ACQUIR$ BY SOME ( !SE FOODS MAY CAUSE A LOSS ( VALUABLE NUTRI5TS4 

,MANY *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOODS P]=M NO TE*NOLOGICAL OR NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION :ATEV]4 ,!Y CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS MAT]IALLY USEFUL BY ANY /RET* ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,!SE *EMICALS 5HANCE ! COLOR ( A FOOD OR MAKE C]TA9 PRODUCTS FEEL S(T & NEWLY PREP>$2 9 SOME 9/ANCES !Y HAVE BE5 US$ TO REPLACE CO/LY BUT VALUABLE NUTRI5TS ) 9F]IOR ONES4 ,9 ! LEA/ OBJECTIONABLE CASES1 AN ADDITIVE WILL DECEIVE ! CONSUM] )\T IMPAIR+ HIS HEAL?4 ,! APPLICATION ( AN 9NOCU\S VEGETABLE DYE TO SOME FOODS (T5 LEADS ! CONSUM] TO BELIEVE ?AT HE IS ACQUIR+ A BETT]1 MORE :OLESOME1 OR TA/I] PRODUCT ?AN IS ACTUALLY ! CASE4 ,9 ! MO/ OBJECTIONABLE CASES1 A *EMICAL IS TOXIC TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE4 ,?IS TYPE ( ADDITIVE NOT ONLY S]VES TO *ANGE ! APPE>ANCE OR CONCEAL ! NUTRITIVE DEFICI5CY ( A FOOD2 IT EXPOSES ! CONSUM] TO A C]TA9 AM\NT ( DAMAGE4 

,NITRATES & NITRITES1 = EXAMPLE1 >E US$ TO IMP>T A P9K COLOR TO C]TA9 BR&S ( PROCESS$ MEAT4 ,O/5SIBLY1 ?IS IS !IR SOLE FUNCTION4 ,! ADDITION ( !SE *EMICALS TO MEAT1 ESPECIALLY FRANKFURT]S & HAMBURG] MEAT1 W\LD BE OBJECTIONABLE IF ONLY BECAUSE ( ! DECEPTION :I* MAKES IT DIFFICULT = ! H\SEWIFE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 HI<-QUALITY & L[-QUALITY PRODUCTS4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! ONLY DECEPTION P]PETRAT$ ON ! CONSUM]4 ,US$ TOGE!R ) SALT1 NITRITE COMP\NDS DEF9ITELY EXT5D ! 0%ELF LIFE0 ( PROCESS$ MEAT PRODUCTS4 

,:5 NITRITES >E +E/$1 !Y REACT ) HEMOGLOB9 9 ! BLOOD TO =M ME_/HEMOGLOB91 &1 LIKE C>BON MONOXIDE1 R$UCE ! HEMOGLOB9'S CAPACITY TO C>RY OXYG54 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL :O CONSUMES ?REE TO F\R \NCES ( PROCESS$ MEAT CONTA9+ #b P>TS P] MILLION ( SODIUM NITRITE 7A P]MISSIBLE RESIDUE7 +E/S 5\< ( ! COMP\ND TO CONV]T FROM #a4#d TO #e4#g P]C5T ( HIS HEMOGLOB9 TO ME_/HEMOGLOB94 ,ORD9>ILY1 ?IS P]C5TAGE IS 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,BUT IF ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL IS A HEAVY SMOK] & LIVES 9 AN AIR-POLLUT$ COMMUNITY1 ! CUMULATIVE LOSS 9 OXYG5-C>RY+ CAPACITY PRODUC$ BY ! NITRITES 9 ! FOOD & BY ! C>BON MONOXIDE 9 TOBACCO SMOKE & MOTORC> EXHAU/ CAN NO LONG] BE DISMISS$ AS TRIVIAL4 ,SODIUM NITRITE IS HI<LY TOXIC 9 RELATIVELY SMALL AM\NTS4 ,AB\T F\R GRAMS ( ! COMP\ND CON/ITUTES A LE?AL DOSE = ADULTS4 ,AL?\< ,LEHMAN REG>DS #b P>TS P] MILLION ( SODIUM NITRITE AS A SAFE RESIDUE1 HE NOTES ?AT 0ONLY A SMALL M>G9 ( SAFETY EXI/S BETWE5 ! AM\NT ( NITRITE ?AT IS SAFE & ?AT :I* MAY BE DANG]\S4 ,! M>G9 ( SAFETY IS EV5 MORE R$UC$ :5 ! SMALL] BLOOD VOLUME & ! CORRESPOND+ SMALL] QUANTITY ( HEMOGLOB9 9 *ILDR5 IS TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,?IS HAS BE5 EMPHASIZ$ 9 ! REC5T CASES ( NITRITE POISON+ 9 *ILDR5 :O CONSUM$ WE9]S & BOLOGNA CONTA9+ NITRITE GREATLY 9 EXCESS ( ! #b PPM P]MITT$ BY ,F$]AL REGULATIONS4 ,! APPLICATION ( NITRITE TO O!R FOODS IS NOT TO BE 5C\RAG$40 

,EMULSIFI]S HAVE BE5 US$ 9 BREAD NOT ONLY AS S(T5+ AG5TS1 :I* CAN GIVE /ALE BREAD ! TEXTURE ( NEWLY BAK$ BREAD1 BUT AS SUB/ITUTES = N\RI%+ +R$I5TS4 0,! RECORD ( ! BREAD-/&>DS HE>+S CONTA9 EVID5CE ( DI/RIBUTION AMONG BAK]S ( ADV]TIS+ MAT]IAL ADVOCAT+ ! REPLACEM5T ( FATS1 OILS1 EGGS1 & MILK BY EMULSIFI]S10 ,GEORGE ,L4 ,PRI*>D1 ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE1 TOLD ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE4 0,! USE ( SU* PRODUCTS AS COMPON5TS ( FOOD MAY WORK TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( \R F>M ECONOMY BY DISPLAC+ F>M PRODUCTS NORMALLY US$4 ,! RECORD 9DICATES ?AT NATURAL FOOD CON/ITU5TS1 SU* AS FATS & OILS1 PROBABLY WILL BE R$UC$ 9 MANY COMM]CIAL BAK]Y PRODUCTS IF BAK]S >E ALL[$ TO EMPLOY !SE EMULSIFI]S40 

,?IS SUB/ITUTION AFFECTS MORE ?AN ! F>M ECONOMY1 H[EV]2 IT ALSO WORKS TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! CONSUM]4 ,TO ILLU/RATE ?IS1 ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE REPORT COMP>$ ! +R$I5TS 9 TWO CAKE BATT]S PREP>$ BY ! SAME COMPANY ELEV5 YE>S AP>T2 DUR+ ! 9T]VAL EMULSIFI]S W]E ADD$ TO ! PRODUCT4 ,! FIR/ BATT]1 MADE 9 #a#i#c#i1 DID NOT CONTA9 SYN!TIC EMULSIFI]S2 ! SECOND1 PREP>$ 9 #a#i#d#i1 DID4 0,ON A P]C5TAGE BASIS1 ! CAKE BATT] 9 #aici CONTA9$ #ac P]C5T EGGS1 & #h4#f P]C5T %ORT5+4 ,9 #a#i#d#i1 ! CAKE BATT] CONTA9$ #f4#c P]C5T EGGS1 & #d4#h P]C5T %ORT5+1 ) SOME:AT LESS ?AN 4#c P]C5T ( SYN!TIC EMULSIFI]40 ,! REPORT NOT$ ?AT A 0SYN!TIC YELL[ DYE C\LD BE ADD$ TO PROVIDE ! COLOR =M]LY OBTA9ABLE ?R\< ! USE ( EGGS4 ,! UTILIZATION ( SYN!TIC YELL[ DYE 9 COMM]CIAL CAKE WAS PRACTIC$ BE=E ! W>4 ,!RE >E 9DICATIONS ?AT ! USE ( >TIFICIAL COLOR+ MATT] IS 9CREAS$ :5 QUANTITIES ( :OLE EGGS OR EGG YOLKS >E R$UC$ 9 COMM]CIAL CAKE =MULAS40 

,TO HEI<T5 ! 9SULT1 AMONG ! MO/ COMMONLY US$ EMULSIFI]S 9 #aidi W]E ! POLYOXYE?YL5E MONO/E>ATES4 ,! YELL[ DYE REF]R$ TO 9 ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE REPORT WAS PROBABLY ,F,D,C ,YELL[ ,NO4 #c 7,YELL[ ,A,B71 :I*1 UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY1 WAS ADD$ TO MANY YELL[ CAKE MIXES4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]1 ! DYE (T5 CONTA9$ IMPURITIES ( A POT5T C>C9OG5 & ITS USE 9 FOODS WAS =BIDD5 9 #a#i#e#i4 ,= A NUMB] ( YE>S1 H[EV]1 BO? ! EMULSIFI] & ! DYE UND\BT$LY APPE>$ 9 MANY BR&S ( CAKE & REA*$ L>GE NUMB]S ( UNSUSPECT+ CONSUM]S4 

,PROBLEMS ( ?IS K9D >E NOT LIKELY TO DISAPPE> UNLESS !RE IS A BASIC *ANGE 9 ! VIEWPO9T ( ! ,F4,D4,A 0,9H]IT$ FROM ! ,WILEY ]A IS A TOO COMMON MISCONCEPTION ?AT ALL '*EMICALS' >E H>MFUL1 & ! RELAT$ IDEA ?AT ANY AM\NT ( A 'POISON' IS H>MFUL10 ! ,F4,D4,A4 OBS]VES 9 A BRO*URE ON FOOD ADDITIVES4 0,! FACT IS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT *EMICAL ADDITIVES1 OR FOOD ADDITIVES AS !Y >E N[ BE+ CALL$1 HAVE BR\<T AB\T GREAT IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN FOOD SUPPLY4 ,ADDITIVES LIKE POTASSIUM IODIDE 9 SALT & VITAM9S 9 5RI*$ FOOD PRODUCTS >E MAK+ AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO ! HEAL? ( \R PEOPLE1 & YET IT IS A FACT ?AT BO? IOD9E & SOME ( ! VITAM9S W\LD BE H>MFUL IF CONSUM$ 9 EXCESSIVE AM\NTS4 ,MANY SIMIL> EXAMPLES C\LD BE GIV5 TO REFUTE !SE COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS40 

,?IS >GUM5T IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+4 ,IOD9E & VITAM9S >E 9DISP5SABLE TO HUMAN LIFE1 BUT COAL-T> DYES & B5ZOIC ACID1 = EXAMPLE1 >E NOT4 ,IF WE ADH]$ TO A WELL-BALANC$ DIET ( PROP]LY PREP>$ NATURAL FOODS1 IOD9E & VITAM9S W\LD NEV] 5T] ! BODY 9 TOXIC AM\NTS4 ,COAL-T> DYES1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E SUSPECT$ ( BE+ H>MFUL TO MAN 9 NE>LY ANY AM\NT IF CONSUM$ REPEAT$LY1 & ! K9DE/ /ATEM5T ?AT CAN BE MADE = ! PRES5CE ( B5ZOIC ACID 9 FOOD IS ?AT ! COMP\ND IS 0SAFE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ITS 9T5D$ USE40 

,! =MULA 0SAFE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ITS 9T5D$ USE0 EXPOSES ! CONSUM] TO S]I\S RISKS :5 IT OP5S ! DOOR TO ! USE ( FOOD ADDITIVES :OSE BIO*EMICAL ACTIVITY IS NOT UND]/OOD4 ,MANY UNEXPECT$ PROBLEMS MAY >ISE :5 SU* ADDITIVES APPE> 9 FOOD4 ,A P>TICUL> ADDITIVE MAY SEEM TO BE RELATIVELY H>MLESS TO ! ORGANS ( ! BODY1 BUT IT MAY BE C>C9OG5IC ON ! CELLUL> LEVEL ( LIFE4 ,ANO!R ADDITIVE MAY PRODUCE 9SIGNIFICANT OR CONTROLLABLE EFFECTS :5 /UDI$ 9 ISOLATION2 BR\<T 9TO COMB9ATION ) V>I\S *EMICALS 9 FOOD1 H[EV]1 IT MAY GIVE RISE TO TOXIC COMP\NDS4 ,! BODY1 9 TURN1 MAY MAKE A TOXIC ADDITIVE MORE POISON\S 9 ! C\RSE ( *ANG+ IT DUR+ METABOLISM4 ,AT ONE TIME IT WAS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT :5EV] A TOXIC SUB/ANCE WAS ABSORB$ ! BODY WAS CAPABLE ( CALL+ UPON SPECIAL ME*ANISMS = DETOXIFY+ ! TOXICANT10 ,LEHMAN OBS]VES4 0,IT WAS BELIEV$ ALSO ?AT ! METABOLIC PA?WAY ?AT ! TOXICANT FOLL[$ ALWAYS PROCE$$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! =MATION ( A LESS TOXIC COMP\ND4 ,LAT] WORK ON ! METABOLISM ( DRUGS & TOXIC SUB/ANCES %[$ ?AT SPECIAL ME*ANISMS DID NOT EXI/1 BUT ?AT ! TOXICANT WAS SUBJECT TO ! SAME METABOLIC 9FLU5CES AS ?OSE :I* NORMALLY OP]ATE 9 ! BODY4 ,! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! METABOLIC PRODUCT WAS LESS POISON\S ?AN ! P>5T SUB/ANCE FROM :I* IT WAS D]IV$ IS ALSO UNW>RANT$ SIMPLY BECAUSE 9 MANY 9/ANCES ! TOXICITY ( EI!R ! ORIG9AL SUB/ANCE & ITS CONV]SION PRODUCT IS UNKN[N4 ,9 O!R 9/ANCES ! METABOLIC PRODUCT IS EV5 MORE POISON\S ?AN ITS P>5T4 ,! CONV]SION PRODUCT1 HEPTA*LOREPOXIDE1 :I* IS TWO OR ?REE TIMES MORE POISON\S ?AN ! P>5T SUB/ANCE1 HEPTA*LOR .<A WIDELY US$ 9SECTICIDE.>1 MAY BE CIT$ AS AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS40 

,F9ALLY1 FOOD ADDITIVES MAY CAUSE ALL]GIC REACTIONS ?AT >E LIKELY TO GO UNNOTIC$ = MANY YE>S4 ,! REACTIONS NE$ NOT BE SEV]E TO BE H>MFUL4 ,OTTO ,SAPHIR & HIS COLLEAGUES AT ! ,MI*AEL ,REESE ,HOSPITAL 9 ,*ICAGO HAVE REC5TLY SUGGE/$ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( >T]IOSCL]OSIS MAY BE PROMOT$ BY ! S5SITIVITY ( ! BODY TO ALL]G5IC COMP\NDS1 NOTABLY C]TA9 ANTIBIOTICS4 ,BY US+ SULFA DRUGS TO PRODUCE ALL]GIES 9 =TY-TWO RABBITS1 ! RESE>*]S W]E ABLE 9 EI<T MON?S TO CAUSE DEG5]ATIVE *ANGES 9 ! >T]IES ( ?IRTY-ONE ( ! ANIMALS4 ,!SE *ANGES CLOSELY RESEMBL$ >T]IOSCL]OSIS 9 MAN4 ,ACCORD+ TO A PRESS ACC\NT ( ,SAPHIR'S REPORT1 ! RABBITS' REACTIONS 0W]E NOT APP>5T ON ! SURFACE40 ,IT W\LD BE V]Y IMPRUD5T TO ASSUME ?AT SU* EFFECTS >E PRODUC$ ONLY BY *EMICALS ?AT CAUSE SEV]E OR NOTICEABLE ALL]GIES4 ,IF ! DATA ( ,SAPHIR & HIS COLLEAGUES >E APPLICABLE TO MAN1 ADDITIVES ) EV5 M9OR ALL]G5IC PROP]TIES CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS H>MLESS4 

,TODAY MORE ?AN #c1 *EMICALS >E US$ 9 ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( COMM]CIALLY PREP>$ FOOD4 ,AT LEA/ #abhh >E PURPOSELY ADD$ AS PRES]VATIVES1 BUFF]S1 EMULSIFI]S1 NEUTRALIZ+ AG5TS1 SEQUE/RANTS1 /ABILIZ]S1 ANTICAK+ AG5TS1 FLAVOR+ AG5TS1 & COLOR+ AG5TS1 :ILE FROM #be TO #c CONSI/ ( NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEM5TS1 SU* AS POTASSIUM IODIDE & VITAM9S4 ,! REMA9+ *EMICALS >E 09DIRECT ADDITIVES0 - SUB/ANCES1 SU* AS DET]G5TS & G]MICIDES1 ?AT GET 9TO FOOD BY WAY ( PACKAG+ MAT]IALS & PROCESS+ EQUIPM5T4 ,MANY *EMICAL ADDITIVES >E NATURAL +R$I5TS1 BUT A L>GE NUMB] >E NOT4 ,! >TIFICIAL SUB/ANCES ?AT APPE> 9 FOOD RANGE FROM SIMPLE 9ORGANIC *EMICALS TO EXOTIC COMP\NDS :OSE BIO*EMICAL ACTIVITY IS /ILL L>GELY UNKN[N4 

,AT A TIME :5 ALMO/ EV]Y PROCESS$ FOOD CONTA9S *EMICAL ADDITIVES OR RESIDUES1 ! 0MISCONCEPTIONS0 ( ! 0,WILEY ]A0 MU/ SEEM LIKE BOLD ANTICIPATIONS4 ,SIXTY YE>S AGO ! NUMB] ( *EMICALS ADD$ TO FOOD WAS SMALL4 ,PUBLIC CONC]N WAS >\S$ PRIM>ILY BY ! GROSS ADULT]ATION ( FOOD & BY ! UNSANIT>Y PRACTICES FOLL[$ 9 MILLS & SLAU<T]H\SES4 ,!SE PROBLEMS >E /ILL ) US2 AS REC5TLY AS #aieh OV] #e1 TONS ( FOOD WAS SEIZ$ BY ! ,F4,D4,A4 BECAUSE ( FIL? & DECOMPOSITION4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM ( *EMICALS 9 FOOD HAS REA*$ PROPORTIONS ?AT W\LD HAVE APPALL$ ,WILEY1 & ! 9CID5CE ( DISEASES1 SU* AS CANC]1 ?AT CAN BE PRODUC$ BY *EMICALS 9 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T HAS 9CREAS$ TO AN AL>M+ EXT5T4 ,WE S5SE ?AT \R FOOD TE*NOLOGY HAS TAK5 A WRONG TURN4 ,HAV+ A*IEV$ ! ABUNDANCE ( NUTRIM5T IT ONCE PROMIS$1 IT ?REAT5S TO BECOME ANO!R FACTOR IMP]IL+ MAN'S HEAL? & WELL-BE+4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,5VIRONM5T & ,CANC] 
,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*,A,P,T,] ,F,I,V,E3 ,5,V,I,R,O,N,M,5,T ,& ,C,A,N,C,] 

  
,! ,IMPORTANCE ( ,5VIRONM5T 

,ONE ( ! MO/ *ALL5G+ PROBLEMS 9 PUBLIC HEAL? 9VOLVES ! 9FLU5CE ( MAN'S 5VIRONM5T ON ! 9CID5CE ( CANC]4 ,DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION CONC]N+ ! EXT5T ( ?IS 9FLU5CE >E LIKELY TO HAVE IMPORTANT PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,IF A SPECIALI/ BELIEVES ?AT CANC] IS CAUS$ PRIM>ILY BY G5ETIC FACTORS OR BY ! AG+ PROCESS1 HIS HOPES = CONTROLL+ ! DISEASE WILL FOCUS ON ADVANCES 9 SURG]Y1 RADIOLOGY1 & *EMICAL !RAPY4 ,HE WILL T5D TO REG>D ! OCCURR5CE ( ! DISEASE AS 9EVITABLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF HE /RONGLY SUSPECTS ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE1 HE IS LIKELY TO ATTA* A GREAT DEAL ( IMPORTANCE TO CANC] PREV5TION4 ,HE WILL REG>D 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE AS A S]I\S PROBLEM REQUIR+ C>EFUL 9VE/IGATION4 ,NO?+ CAN BE DONE TO >RE/ ! AG+ PROCESS OR ALT] ! 9DIVIDUAL'S G5ETIC 5D[M5T1 BUT ALMO/ ANY 5VIRONM5TAL FACTOR ?AT 9FLU5CES ! 9CID5CE ( CANC] IS SUBJECT TO SOME DEGREE ( SOCIAL OR 9DIVIDUAL CONTROL4 ,! MORE EFFECTIVELY CONTROL IS EX]CIS$1 ! L[] ! 9CID5CE ( CANC] IS LIKELY TO BE4 

,TO :AT EXT5T1 !N1 >E ! TWO PO9TS ( VIEW SUPPORT$ BY EVID5CE & SCI5TIFIC AU?ORITY8 

,=TUNATELY1 IT HAS NEV] BE5 E/ABLI%$ ?AT CANC] RESULTS FROM ! AG+ PROCESS4 ,AT MO/ IT HAS BE5 %[N ?AT ! HI<E/ 9CID5CE ( C]TA9 TYPES ( CANC] OCCURS 9 ! LAT] YE>S ( LIFE - A FACT ?AT CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! LONG] EXPOSURE ( OLD] PEOPLE TO CANC]-CAUS+ SUB/ANCES4 0,! S5ESC5CE !ORY DOES NO MORE ?AN P>APHRASE A FACT10 NOTES ,SIGISMUND ,PELL]2 0IT FAILS TO 9DICATE H[ & :]E ! *ANGES >E 9ITIAT$ :I* 5D 9 CANC]40 ,! !ORY ?AT CANC] IS 9H]ITABLE RE/S ON MORE IMPRESSIVE EVID5CE &1 = A TIME1 OCCUPI$ A COMM&+ POSITION 9 CANC] RESE>*4 ,IT HAD ITS GREATE/ FOLL[+ 9 ! #a#i#bS1 :5 ,MAUD ,SLYE MANAG$ TO PRODUCE HI<LY 9BR$ /RA9S ( MICE 9 :I* NE>LY EV]Y SPECIM5 ACQUIR$ A CANC]4 ,EV5 ! TYPE ( CANC] & ! AGE AT :I* IT APPE>$ C\LD BE PR$ICT$ ) REASONABLE & (T5 A/ONI%+ ACCURACY4 ,MISS ,SLYE ADVANC$ ! VIEW ?AT CANC] IS DUE TO A S+LE G5ETIC FACTOR ?AT DET]M9ES NE>LY EV]Y ASPECT ( ! DISEASE - ! TYPE ( CANC]1 ! SITE ON :I* IT >ISES1 & ! AGE AT :I* IT APPE>S4 ,:E!R AN 9DIVIDUAL ACQUIR$ A CANC] OR NOT SEEM$ TO DEP5D ALMO/ 5TIRELY UPON HIS G5ETIC 5D[M5T4 

,BUT ! WORLD IS NOT A G5ETICS LABORATORY 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E MAT$ TO PROVE A PO9T AB\T H]$IT>Y CANC]4 ,=TUNATELY1 EXAMPLES ( H]$IT>Y CANC] 9 MAN >E R>E4 ,AFT] FUR!R RESE>*1 IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT SEEM+LY H]$IT>Y CANC]S 9 C]TA9 HI<LY 9BR$ /RA9S ( MICE DEP5D$ UPON A COMPLEX ( NONG5ETIC FACTORS4 ,9 EXP]IM5TS ) ONE ( ! MO/ 09H]ITABLE0 =MS ( ! DISEASE - BREA/ CANC] 9 ! M\SE - ,BITTN] DEMON/RAT$ 0?AT ! K9D ( MILK GIV5 TO A LITT] ACC\NTS = MORE ?AN ALL H]$IT>Y FACTORS TOGE!R4 ,:E!R A HI< OR L[ PROBABILITY ( SPONTANE\S BREA/ CANC] MAY BE EXPECT$ DEP5DS PRIM>ILY UPON ! MILK 7MO!R V]SUS FO/] MO!R TAK5 FROM A DIFF]5T /RA97 :I* ! NEW BORN M\SE ( A G5ETICALLY PURE /RA9 SUCKS 9 ! FIR/ TW5TY-F\R H\RS AFT] BIR?40 ,BITTN]'S 0MILK FACTOR0 IS N[ BELIEV$ TO BE A VIRUS4 ,CL>5CE ,LITTLE F\ND ?AT ! SUSCEPTIBILITY ( 9BR$ MICE TO C]TA9 TUMOR GRAFTS C\LD NOT BE EXPLA9$ )\T TAK+ AT LEA/ F\RTE5 DIFF]5T G5ES 9TO ACC\NT1 & EV5 !N MANY PROBLEMS >OSE :5 ! TUMORS W]E TRANSPLANT$4 ,AL?\< A PR$ISPOSITION TO CANC] MAY BE 9H]IT$1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL IS =$OOM$ TO ACQUIRE ! DISEASE BY A G5ETIC FACTOR4 0,ON ! CONTR>Y10 OBS]VES ,*>LES ,OB]L+1 DIRECTOR ( ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,CANC] ,RESE>* 9 ,P>IS1 0CANC]\S H]$ITY IS DISCOV]$ TO BE A MOSAIC ( FACTORS ?AT 9T]V5E 9 ! MO/ V>I$ DOMA9S ( ! ANATOMIC1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 & IMMUNOLOGICAL CON/ITUTION & COOP]ATE 9 PREP>+ A SOIL ?AT IS FAVORABLE = ! EM]G5CE ( A MALIGNANT NEOPLASM40 

,IT IS TEMPT+ TO ADD ?AT IF ! 0SOIL0 IS PREP>$ BY H]$ITY1 ! 0SE$0 IS PLANT$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,A PR$ISPOSITION TO CANC] IS NOT AN ABSOLUTE ?AT IS EI!R PRES5T OR ABS5T2 IT IS A MATT] ( DEGREE1 V>Y+ FROM P]SON TO P]SON4 ,IT IS LIKELY TO MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 MALIGNANT TUMORS TO ! EXT5T ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E EXPOS$ TO C>C9OG5S4 ,! GREAT] ! EXPOSURE1 ! HI<] ! 9CID5CE ( CANC]4 ,9 FACT1 CASES >E KN[N 9 :I* ! ACTIVITY ( A P>TICUL> C>C9OG5 L>GELY DET]M9ES ! RATE ( DEA? FROM CANC]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,PELL] F\ND ?AT CANC] ACC\NT$ = #ea P]C5T ( ! DEA?S AMONG ! RADIUM M9]S ( ,JOA*IM/HAL 9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4 ,MORE ?AN HALF ! M9]S 9 ?IS COMMUNITY W]E CONFRONT$ ) ! PROSPECT ( DY+ ( CANC]1 AN APPALL+LY HI< P]C5TAGE4 ,AS CANC] 0NORMALLY0 ACC\NTS = #b P]C5T ( ! ADULT MORTALITY RATE1 ,PELL] REASONS1 APPROXIMATELY #ci P]C5T ( ?OSE :O MI<T NEV] HAVE SUCCUMB$ TO ! DISEASE DI$ ( IT4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 V>IATIONS 9 9DIVIDUAL PR$ISPOSITIONS TO CANC] >E SO MU* OV]%AD[$ BY ! POT5CY ( A C>C9OG5 7RADON7 ?AT ! 0SE$0 CAN G]M9ATE VIRTUALLY )\T ANY 0SOIL0 PREP>$ BY H]$IT>Y OR CON/ITUTIONAL FACTORS4 

,9DE$1 ONE MAY WELL ASK3 ,:AT IS A 0NORMAL0 CANC] DEA? RATE8 ,IS ! TOLL PR$ET]M9$ BY G5ETIC FACTORS OR WILL RATES V>Y M>K$LY 9 DIFF]5T 5VIRONM5TS8 ,! MO/ RELIABLE EVID5CE AT H& SUGGE/S ?AT ! 9CID5CE ( CANC] & ! NUMB] ( LIVES CLAIM$ BY ! DISEASE V>Y APPRECIABLY FROM ONE K9D1 ( 5VIRONM5T TO ANO!R1 EV5 )9 ! SAME G5]AL REGION4 ,AN EXT5SIVE SURVEY ( CANC] ILLNESS 9 ,I[A DUR+ #a#i#e#a1 = EXAMPLE1 %[$ ?AT ! 9CID5CE ( ! DISEASE WAS PROPORTIONATELY ALMO/ #d P]C5T HI<] 9 URBAN >EAS ( ! /ATE ?AN 9 RURAL >EAS4 ,AL?\< L>GE DIFF]5CES C\LD BE EXPECT$ 9 ! 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC]1 IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT A HI<] RATE WAS REPORT$ AMONG CITY DWELL]S = ALL =MS ( CANC]4 ,URBAN WOM5 HAD A #be P]C5T HI<] 9CID5CE ( BREA/ CANC] & A #e P]C5T HI<] 9CID5CE ( G5ITAL CANC]4 ,SURPRIS+LY1 URBAN M5 HAD A MU* HI<] 9CID5CE ( SK9 CANC] 7#d#e P]C5T71 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE 9 RURAL >EAS >E EXPOS$ TO GREAT] AM\NTS ( SUNLI<T1 A NATURAL C>C9OG54 ,!SE V>IATIONS C\LD NOT BE ACC\NT$ = BY ANY DIFF]5CES 9 ! QUALITY ( M$ICAL S]VICES OR 9 ACCESS TO HOSPITALS & DOCTORS4 0,RURAL >EAS 9 ,I[A APPE> TO HAVE ACCESS TO ! SAME DEGREE & QUALITY ( M$ICAL C>E ?AT URBAN >EAS HAVE4 ,ALSO1 ! CANC] 9CID5CE RATES = RURAL >EAS 9 METROPOLITAN C\NTIES W]E NO HI<] ?AN = RURAL >EAS 9 REMOTE NON-METROPOLITAN C\NTIES40 

,9 ADDITION1 ! 9CID5CE ( CANC] IS HI<] AMONG C]TA9 9COME GR\PS & OCCUPATIONS4 ,! DISEASE OCCURS MO/ FREQU5TLY 9 ! POORE/ /RATA ( ! METROPOLIS4 ,H>OLD ,F4 ,DORN & ,SIDNEY ,J4 ,CUTL] F\ND ?AT AMONG 0:ITE FEMALES ! 9CID5CE ( CANC] WAS #ad P]C5T ABOVE AV]AGE 9 ! L[E/ 9COME CLASS1 BUT OCCURR$ ) AB\T EQUAL FREQU5CY 9 ! F\R O!R 9COME CLASSES444 ,! MO/ CONSI/5T RELATION%IP IS ! OBS]VATION ( RELATIVELY HI< 9CID5CE AMONG MEMB]S ( ! L[] 9COME CLASSES40 ,AL?\< A FEW =MS ( CANC] %[ A MILD PREF]5CE = ! RI*1 MO/ TYPES APPE> ) ! GREATE/ FREQU5CY AMONG ! URBAN POOR4 ,WORK]S :O >E EXPOS$ TO 9DU/RIAL C>C9OG5S HAVE A HI<] 9CID5CE ( CANC] ?AN CL]KS1 & ?OSE 9 NE>LY ALL MAJOR URBAN OCCUPATIONS HAVE RELATIVELY MORE CASES ( ! DISEASE ?AN DO F>M]S4 

,VIEW$ 9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 CANC] SEEMS TO HAVE C]TA9 FEATURES 9 COMMON ) TUB]CULOSIS4 ,AL?\< ! TWO DISEASES >E FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T 9 MANY RESPECTS1 IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ! 9CID5CE ( BO? CANC] & TUB]CULOSIS 9CREASES ) URBANIZATION4 ,NOR CAN WE OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT CANC]1 LIKE TUB]CULOSIS1 CLAIMS ! L>GE/ NUMB] ( ITS VICTIMS FROM AMONG ! URBAN POOR4 ,! ORGANS 9 :I* ! DISEASES TAKE ROOT 0>E NOT ONLY DET]M9$ BY ! PROP]TIES ( ! P>TICUL> PA?OG5IC .<DISEASE-CAUS+.> AG5T 9VOLV$1 BUT ALSO BY ! TYPE OR R\TE ( CONTACT ) IT10 OBS]VES ,W4 ,C4 ,HUEP]4 0,! CONDITIONS ( EXPOSURE :I* DECIDE ! DEVELOPM5T ( TUB]CULOSIS ( ! LUNGS & ( ! 9TE/9E - 9HALATION & +E/ION1 RESPECTIVELY - >E FUNDAM5TALLY NO DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE :I* >E RESPONSIBLE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CANC]S ( ! SK91 BONES1 LUNGS1 ETC41 AFT] EXPOSURE TO RADIOACTIVE MAT]IAL BY SK9 CONTACT1 9HALATION1 +E/ION1 OR P>5T]AL 9TRODUCTION40 

,TUB]CULOSIS BECAME P&EMIC ONLY AFT] MAN'S 5VIRONM5T UND]W5T A RADICAL *ANGE4 ,AL?\< RURAL WORK]S W]E FAMILI> ) HUNG] BE=E ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 !Y SELDOM CONTRACT$ TUB]CULOSIS 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 P>TLY BECAUSE !Y LIV$ 9 OP5 SURR\ND+S & 5GAG$ 9 HEAL?FUL WORK4 ,! DISEASE1 WE MAY RECALL1 TURN$ 9TO ! 0:ITE PLAGUE0 :5 M5 W]E CR[D$ 9TO L>GE CITIES & OV]WORK$ 9 DISMAL FACTORIES4 ,IT SPREAD AMONG !M RAPIDLY EV5 ?\<1 9 C]TA9 CASES1 !Y W]E GETT+ MORE TO EAT4 ,TUB]CULOSIS PROMOT+ FACTORS OV]%AD[$ ADVANCES ?AT MI<T WELL HAVE PREV5T$ A HI< 9CID5CE ( 9FECTION4 ,TODAY WE KN[ ?AT CONTROL ( ! DISEASE IS A*IEV$ PRIM>ILY ?R\< SOCIAL ADVANCES1 BETT] SANITATION1 & IMPROVEM5T ( ! /&>D ( LIV+4 

,! SAME ATT5TION TO ALL ! ASPECTS ( \R 5VIRONM5T MAY BE REQUIR$ TO CONTROL CANC]4 ,!RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT NE>LY EV]Y?+ ?AT S]I\SLY DI/URBS ! PROP] FUNCTION+ ( ! HUMAN ORGANISM1 P>TICUL>LY MANY ( ! TOXICANTS PRODUC$ BY ! PRES5T-DAY 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 CONTRIBUTES TO ! 9CID5CE ( ! DISEASE4 ,WE %ALL F9D ?AT CANC] IS PROMOT$ BY EMOTIONAL /RESS1 POOR DIET1 & A L>GE V>IETY ( 5VIRONM5TAL POLLUTANTS4 ,:ILE ! DISEASE REMA9S A 0RIDDLE10 TO BORR[ ,OB]L+'S WORD1 IT ?REAT5S TO BECOME ! MAJOR CAUSE ( DEA? 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,9 #aide ONE \T ( EV]Y EI<T ,AM]ICANS WAS EXPECT$ TO DIE ( ! DISEASE2 TODAY ! FIGURE IS ONE \T ( SIX4 ,TW5TY-FIVE P]C5T ( ! POPULATION N[ LIV+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WILL EV5TUALLY ACQUIRE CANC]1 & APPROXIMATELY #d#e1 NEW CASES ( ! DISEASE >E DISCOV]$ ANNUALLY4 ,SWEEP+ 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY PRODUC$ ! 0:ITE PLAGUE0 - P&EMIC TUB]CULOSIS2 *ANGES 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY SEEM TO HAVE SPAWN$ A 0GRAY PLAGUE0 - P&EMIC CANC]4 

,! COMPLEXITY ( ! DISEASE %\LD NOT BE UND]E/IMAT$4 ,IT IS HI<LY IMPROBABLE ?AT ANY CANC]S >ISE 0SPONTANE\SLY10 ?AT IS1 9 ! ABS5CE ( A C>C9OG54 ,:E!R A C>C9OG5 9ITIATES A S]IES ( *ANGES 9 A CELL OR IS CONT9U\SLY 9VOLV$ 9 !M1 ! BIO*EMICAL REACTIONS ?AT LEAD TO MALIGNANT TUMORS (T5 OCCUR 9 /AGES1 MANY ( :I* >E MANIFE/$ BY ABNORMALITIES 9 PRE-CANC]\S TISSUE4 ,:E!R IT IS 9 ! /OMA*1 ! UT]US1 OR ! PRO/ATE GL&1 0CANC] R>ELY APPE>S AS A BOLT FROM ! BLUE10 ,OB]L+ OBS]VES4 0,ALMO/ ALWAYS IT IS PREC$$ BY NUTRITIONAL DI/URBANCES 9 ! EPI!LIUM ?AT MASQU]ADE UND] V>I\S NAMES BUT ?AT >E1 AFT] ALL1 M]ELY ! EXPRESSION ( AN ABNORMAL REACTIVITY TO C]TA9 9FLU5CES40 

,MANY CANC] SPECIALI/S BELIEVE ?AT ONCE A CELL IS ALT]$ BY A C>C9OG51 ! *ANGE IS IRREV]SIBLE2 ! CELL ACQUIRES AN 0IMPR9T0 & TRANSMITS IT TO ALL ITS DESC5DANTS4 ,:E!R OR NOT A CANC] DEVELOPS DEP5DS UPON MANY FACTORS1 SU* AS ! POT5CY ( ! C>C9OG51 ! EXT5T ( EXPOSURE TO O!R *EMICAL & PHYSICAL AG5TS1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CON/ITUTION4 ,MALIGNANT CELLS MAY BECOME DETA*$ FROM A LOCALIZ$ CANC] & 5T] ! BLOOD /REAM )\T PRODUC+ NEW TUMORS4 ,APP>5TLY1 C]TA9 RESI/ANCE ME*ANISMS MU/ BE OV]COME BE=E MALIGNANT CELLS CAN TAKE ROOT ELSE:]E 9 ! BODY & PRODUCE 9VASIVE1 SECOND>Y CANC]S4 

,A CANC] CAN BE 9DUC$ BY A S+LE *EMICAL AG5T OR BY SEV]AL1 BY SMALL1 IRREGUL> DOSES ( ! C>C9OG5 OR BY A FEW L>GE ONES4 ,! DISEASE MAY NOT MANIFE/ ITSELF = MANY YE>S1 EV5 DECADES4 ,A C>C9OG5 MAY REA* MAN BY WAY ( ! AIR HE BREA!S1 ! FLUIDS HE DR9KS1 & ! FOOD HE EATS4 ,IT MAY H>M A SPECIFIC P>T ( ! BODY OR ! ORGANISM AS A :OLE4 ,ANY P[]FUL AG5T OR /IMULUS ?AT ALT]S ! NORMAL FUNCTION+ ( HUMAN METABOLISM OV] A LONG P]IOD ( TIME IS POT5TIALLY C>C9OG5IC4 ,LET US CONC$E ?AT ! WORD 0NORMAL0 HAS YET TO BE DEF9$ & ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAS DIFF]5T BIOLOGICAL NE$S4 ,BUT LET US ALSO ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! 9CID5CE ( CANC] CAN BE 9CREAS$ 5ORM\SLY BY RECKLESS *ANGES 9 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T1 ?AT MILLIONS ( LIVES >E PLAC$ 9 JEOP>DY BY ?\<TLESS ALT]ATIONS 9 MAN'S MANN] ( LIFE1 DIET1 & PHYSICAL SURR\ND+S4 

,! ,G5]AL ,5VIRONM5T 

,:AT >E SOME ( ! G5]AL1 OR NONSPECIFIC1 FACTORS ?AT 9FLU5CE ! ONSET & PROGRESS ( CANC]8 ,IF ?IS QUE/ION IS (T5 DIFFICULT TO ANSW]1 ! REASON IS NOT ?AT !SE FACTORS >E TOO FEW2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !RE >E TOO MANY ( !M1 & ! PROBLEM IS TO DECIDE :I* ONES >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE ?AT BO? ! OCCURR5CE ( A CANC] & ITS C\RSE >E 9FLU5C$ BY ! SUBJECT'S EMOTIONAL MAKE-UP1 HIS DIET1 & HIS OCCUPATION4 ,! ADEQUATE TREATM5T ( A CANC]1 9 TURN1 REQUIRES KN[L$GE NOT ONLY ( SURG]Y1 RADIATION1 & *EMICAL !RAPEUTICS BUT ALSO ( ! PATI5T'S *>ACT] & 5VIRONM5T4 ,AL?\< ! C\RSE ( MANY CANC]S IS G5]ALLY PR$ICTABLE1 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSES TO TREATM5T V>Y SO WIDELY ?AT A SPECIFIC CANC] ?AT USUALLY CAUSES DEA? )9 A FEW MON?S CAN1 9 SOME CASES1 BE CONTROLL$ = SEV]AL YE>S4 

,EMOTIONAL /RESS IS AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! PROGRESS ( C]TA9 CANC]S4 ,AT ! ANNUAL MEET+ ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,CANC] ,SOCIETY 9 #a#i#e#i1 SEV]AL CANC] SPECIALI/S FOCUS$ ATT5TION ON ! ROLE ?AT ANXIETY SEEMS TO PLAY 9 ! ONSET & C\RSE ( MALIGNANT TUMORS4 ,DRAW+ UPON HIS EXP]I5CES AS A RADIOLOGI/1 ,EUG5E ,P4 ,P5D]GRASS1 ! \TGO+ PRESID5T ( ! SOCIETY1 OBS]V$ ?AT EV5 IF PSY*OLOGICAL FACTORS DO NOT DET]M9E ! EV5TUAL \TCOME ( CANC]1 !Y SEEM TO 9FLU5CE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! DISEASE4 0,I P]SONALLY HAVE OBS]V$ CANC] PATI5TS :O HAD UND]GONE SUCCESSFUL TREATM5T & W]E LIV+ WELL = YE>S4 ,!N AN EMOTIONAL /RESS SU* AS A DEA? ( A SON 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! 9FIDELITY ( A DAU<T]-9-LAW1 OR ! BURD5 ( LONG UNEMPLOYM5T SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A PRECIPITAT+ FACTOR 9 ! REACTIVATION ( !IR DISEASE :I* RESULT$ 9 DEA?40 ,A SIMIL> VIEWPO9T WAS EXPRESS$ BY ,JOHN ,B4 ,GRAHAM1 ( ! ,ROSWELL ,P>K ,MEMORIAL ,9/ITUTE 9 ,BUFFALO4 0,! ADV]SITIES & DESPAIRS ?AT !SE PEOPLE .<CANC] VICTIMS.> >E SUBJECT TO1 & !IR RESPONSES TO !M1 >E 9DE$ FACTORS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CANC] & ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( TREATM5T40 ,AT A PRESS CONF]5CE1 ,GRAHAM ADD$3 0,IT HAS SEEM$ TO US 9 SOME CASES ?AT DESPAIR PREC$ES CANC]4 ,I W\LD NOT SAY IT IS A CAUSE1 BUT IT MAY BE A FACTOR :I* DECIDES :5 CANC] WILL DEVELOP40 

,9 VIEW ( :AT WE KN[ ( ,SELYE'S WORK ON /RESS & ! ADR5AL CORTICOIDS1 !SE CONCLUSIONS %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+4 ,CORTISONE IS US$ EFFECTIVELY TO DELAY DEA? 9 CASES ( SU* HOPELESS CANC]S AS ACUTE LEUKEMIA4 ,! TEMPOR>Y REMISSIONS A*IEV$ BY ?IS HORMONE >E (T5 /RIK+4 ,AFT] BE+ TREAT$ ) CORTISONE1 A VICTIM ( ACUTE LEUKEMIA (T5 SEEMS TO BE ON ! PO9T ( COMPLETE RECOV]Y1 AL?\< 9 TIME ! CANC] 9V>IABLY OV]COMES ! EFFECTS A*IEV$ BY ! HORMONE4 ,!RE >E REASONS = SUSPECT+ ?AT1 JU/ AS CORTISONE 9HIBITS ! GR[? ( C]TA9 CANC]S1 O!R ADR5AL HORMONES SU/A9 & EV5 PROPAGATE CANC]S ( ! BREA/ & PRO/ATE GL&4 ,BY REMOV+ ! ADR5AL GL&S ( PATI5TS SUFF]+ FROM !SE TUMORS1 PHYSICIANS (T5 GA9 CONTROL ( ! DISEASE = LONG P]IODS ( TIME4 ,NEW ME?ODS >E REPLAC+ ADR5AL SURG]Y1 BUT ! 9HIBITION ( ! PRODUCTION ( CORTICOIDS IS A BASIC TE*NIQUE 9 MANAG+ BO? TYPES ( CANC]4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SELYE1 ! VALUE ( ADR5AL SURG]Y 9 C]TA9 CASES ( CANC] 0W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT !RE >E ADR5AL FACTORS :I* /IMULATE CANC] =MATION40 

,IT IS TEMPT+ TO SPECULATE :E!R EMOTIONAL /RESS1 BY 9FLU5C+ ! \TPUT ( ! ADR5AL GL&S1 CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( CANC]4 ,! ADR5AL CORTEX NORMALLY SECRETES MALE SEX HORMONES 7&ROG5S7 & P]HAPS FEMALE SEX HORMONES 7E/ROG5S74 ,! CORTICOIDS >E ALSO DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! SECRETION ( HORMONES BY ! MALE & FEMALE SEX GL&S4 ,MANY EXP]IM5TS HAVE %[N ?AT 9JECTIONS ( E/ROG5S 9DUCE MAMM>Y CANC] 9 CANC]-PRONE MICE1 & 9T5SIVE USE ( E/ROG5 TO CONTROL CANC] ( ! PRO/ATE GL& 9 M5 HAS BE5 FOLL[$1 9 SOME CASES1 BY BREA/ CANC]4 0,!RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT 5DOCR9E IMBALANCE IS ! BASIS = *RONIC CY/IC MA/ITIS1 OR MALADIE DE ,RECLUS1 :I* IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY FIBR\S NODULES ?AT >E SOMETIMES 9T]SP]S$ ) CY/S1 & IT HAS BE5 %[N BY ,W>R5 & BY ,FOOTE & ,/EW>T ?AT CANC] IS FIVE TIMES AS COMMON 9 BREA/S AFFECT$ BY ?IS CONDITION AS IT IS 9 NORMAL ONES40 

,OB]L+'S OP9ION1 ADVANC$ 9 #a#i#e#b1 RECEIV$ /RONG SUPPORT SEV]AL YE>S LAT] FROM ! RESULTS ( AUTOPSIES P]=M$ ON #bg WOM5 ) CANC]S ( ! BREA/4 ,! 9VE/IGATORS F\ND EVID5CE ( M>K$ 5DOCR9E IMBALANCES & P>TICUL>LY ( PROLONG$ E/ROG5IC E/ROG5S >E /]OIDS1 & !RE IS A CLOSE RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 ! *EMICAL /RUCTURE ( ! /]OID HORMONES & ?AT ( C]TA9 C>C9OG5S4 ,SOME ( !SE C>C9OG5S1 9 TURN1 HAVE A MILD E/ROG5IC ACTIVITY2 ?AT IS1 !Y PRODUCE1 ON A SMALL] SCALE1 EFFECTS SIMIL> TO ?OSE PRODUC$ BY E/ROG5S & CORTICOIDS4 ,!RE IS A POSSIBILITY EI!R ?AT EXCESSIVE SECRETIONS ( ! /]OIDS TURN PRE-CANC]\S CELLS 9TO CANC]\S ONES OR ?AT ! HORMONES >E ACTUALLY DEGRAD$ 9TO C>C9OG5S4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ! APP>5T RELATION%IPS BETWE5 /RESS & CANC] & BETWE5 ! /]OIDS & C>C9OG5S CAN H>DLY BE IGNOR$4 

0,!RE IS SOLID EVID5CE ?AT ! C\RSE ( DISEASE1 9 G5]AL1 IS AFFECT$ BY EMOTIONAL /RESS10 ,P5D]GRASS OBS]VES4 0,A GR[+ LI/ ( AU?ORITIES HAVE L5T SUPPORT TO ?IS FIELD ( 9VE/IGATION4 ,=EMO/ AMONG !SE IS ,DR4 ,HANS ,SELYE :O DEVOT$ MU* ( HIS LIFE TO ! SUBJECT4 ,9 ORD] TO LE>N AB\T SU* /RESSES1 ONE MU/ EXPLORE BEYOND ! USUAL LIMITS ( A CL9ICAL HI/ORY4 ,?IS TAKES TIME4 ,BUSY DOCTORS MAY BE UNABLE TO GIVE ! TIME TO SECURE A GOOD HI/ORY CONC]N$ ) 5VIRONM5TAL1 CON/ITUTIONAL & O!R FACTORS2 A HI/ORY ( EMOTIONAL /RESS1 OR JU/ ! OPPOSITE2 A CLIMATE ( HAPP9ESS & SECURITY4 ,C\LD ?IS NOT BE AN >EA = ANO!R DISCIPL9E 9 M$IC9E1 .<=.> A SOCIAL SCI5TI/ = 9/ANCE2 OR MAYBE ?IS IS A FIELD :]E ! SOCIAL WORK] %\LD EXP& HIS OR H] ACTIVITIES4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT RESE>* 9 ?IS >EA WILL1 ALMO/ C]TA9LY1 LEAD 9TO 9VE/IGATIONS ( FACTORS ?AT >E SUSCEPTIBLE TO CONTROL HORMONAL SY/EMS & O!R G5]AL METABOLIC 9FLU5CES4 ,?US1 WE AS DOCTORS MAY BEG9 TO EMPHASIZE TREATM5T ( ! PATI5T AS A :OLE1 AS WELL AS ! DISEASE FROM :I* ! PATI5T IS SUFF]+4 ,WE MAY LE>N H[ TO 9FLU5CE ! G5]AL BODY SY/EMS & ?R\< !M MODIFY ! NEOPLASM :I* RESIDES )9 ! BODY40 

,CANC] DOES NOT ALWAYS GR9D 9EXORABLY TO ITS LOGICAL 5D4 ,AT LEA/ #ae SPONTANE\S REMISSIONS ( CANC] 9 MAN HAVE BE5 C>EFULLY AU!NTICAT$ BY REPUTABLE SCI5TI/S4 ,A NUMB] ( !SE TUMORS HAD ALREADY META/ASIZ$ WIDELY & W]E REG>D$ AS 9CURABLE4 ,AS ,OB]L+ OBS]VES3 0444 IT IS DIFFICULT TO E/IMATE ! FREQU5CY ( SPONTANE\S CURE BECAUSE CANC] IS G5]ALLY NOT RECOGNIZ$ UNTIL IT HAS REA*$ AN ADVANC$ /AGE4 ,IT IS 5TIRELY POSSIBLE ?AT MANY MALIGNANT GR[?S DISAPPE> 9 !IR 9ITIAL /AGES1 LEAV+ NO TRACE BEH9D4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS ! PURE/ SPECULATION40 

,BUT ,OB]L+'S SPECULATION IS NOT RECKLESS4 ,RESE>* HAS CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ORGANISMS POSSESS ME*ANISMS = RESI/+ CANC]4 ,ACCORD+ TO A REPORT BY ! ,SLOAN-,KETT]+ ,9/ITUTE = ,CANC] ,RESE>*1 DEF5SE ME*ANISMS HAVE BE5 OBS]V$ 9 MICE RECEIV+ TRANSPLANTS ( A HI<LY MALIGNANT CANC] :I* USUALLY KILLS #ie P]C5T ( ITS VICTIMS 9 ?REE WEEKS4 0,IF !SE ANIMALS W]E GIV5 A SMALL DOSE ( MAT]IAL EXTRACT$ FROM YEA/ CELLS CALL$ ZYMOSAN1 !Y DEF5D$ !MSELVES VIGOR\SLY AGA9/ ! CANC]4 ,9/EAD ( KILL+ ! MICE1 ! CANC]S W]E GRADUALLY DISSOLV$ UNTIL !Y DISAPPE>$ 5TIRELY4 ,! ANIMALS W]E !N COMPLETELY CUR$4 ,NO CANC] HAS EV] RETURN$1 & /RONG IMMUNITY TO A SECOND IMPLANTATION HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$ AS LONG AS #aa MON?S AFT] ! FIR/ GR[? WAS 9ITIAT$4 ,REM>KABLY1 !SE CANC] CELLS GR[N 9 TISSUE CULTURE >E NOT DI/URB$ AT ALL :5 PUT 9 DIRECT CONTACT ) ZYMOSAN4 ,?IS 9DICATES ?AT ZYMOSAN DOES NOT 9HIBIT ! CANC] DIRECTLY BUT ACTS 9 SOME WAY 9 MICE TO 5HANCE !IR NATURAL DEF5SES1 TIPP+ ! SCALES 9 FAVOR ( ! 5DANG]$ HO/ & AGA9/ ! CANC]40 ,! YEA/ EXTRACT1 UN=TUNATELY1 0IS TOO TOXIC 9 MAN = CL9ICAL USE40 

,?IS L9E ( RESE>* IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE HI< RESI/ANCE DEP5DS NOT ONLY ON H]$IT>Y FACTORS BUT ALSO ON GOOD NUTRITION1 A S\ND /ATE ( M9D1 & BALANCE 9 WORK & PLAY4 ,IT IS FAIRLY WELL E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! HI< 9CID5CE ( LIV] CANC]S 9 DEPRESS$ >EAS ( ! WORLD IS DUE 9 L>GE P>T TO DIET>Y DEFICI5CIES ( PROTE9 & POSSIBLY ! ,B VITAM9S4 ,RATS N\RI%$ ON SIMIL>LY DEFICI5T DIETS HAVE A HI< 9CID5CE ( ! DISEASE1 AL?\< IT IS R>E 9 ANIMALS ?AT RECEIVE ! SAME FOOD SUPPLEM5T$ ) :EAT1 YEA/1 OR P[D]$ LIV]4 ,DIET>Y FACTORS MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO ! RELATIVELY HI< 9CID5CE ( *ORIOEPI!LIOMA 7A CANC] ( ! UT]US7 9 ! ,F> ,EA/4 ,9 G5]AL1 H[EV]1 EXP]IM5TAL DATA >E 9CONCLUSIVE = O!R =MS ( CANC] BECAUSE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ANIMAL TUMORS & NUTRITION V>IES ) ! /RA9 & SPECIES US$4 0,IT DOES APPE> ?AT MA9T5ANCE ( BODY WEI<T AT A M9IMUM COMPATIBLE ) GOOD HEAL? MAY PREV5T OR DELAY ! DEVELOPM5T ( CANC] 9 MANY 9DIVIDUALS10 OBS]VES ,HEL5 ,N4 ,LOVELL 9 A REVIEW ( ! AVAILABLE EVID5CE4 0,A DIET ADEQUATE 9 ALL NUTRI5TS SEEMS TO BE MO/ DESIRABLE4 ,MANY BELIEVE ! ORAL & PH>YNGEAL SYMPTOMS ( *RONIC RIB(LAV9 & NICOT9IC ACID DEFICI5CY >E PRECANC]\S FACTORS40 

,DESPITE ! 9FLU5CE ( ALL ! FACTORS WE HAVE BE5 DISCUSS+1 MANY WELL-N\RI%$ & S]5E 9DIVIDUALS P]I% FROM VIRUL5T CANC]S FAIRLY E>LY 9 LIFE4 ,:Y8 ,:AT >E SOME ( ! FACTORS ?AT MI<T PRODUCE MALIGNANT TUMORS 9 P]SONS :OSE DIET1 HABITS1 & \TLOOK >E S\ND8 ,!SE QUE/IONS 9TRODUCE A =MIDABLE PROBLEM4 ,MAN IS EXPOS$ TO A L>GE NUMB] ( CANC]-CAUS+ AG5TS2 SOME ( !M >E NATURAL 9 ORIG9 & VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO AVOID1 BUT A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( !M >E MAN-MADE4 ,A FEW ( !SE >TIFICIAL AG5TS >E USEFUL 9 M$IC9E1 BUT ! MAJORITY CAN BE EI!R COMPLETELY DISP5S$ ) OR AT LEA/ US$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !Y DO NOT AFFECT ! G5]AL PUBLIC4 ,! PRES5CE ( !SE AG5TS 9 ! HUMAN 5VIRONM5T HAS >\S$ A GREAT DEAL ( CONC]N1 & !IR REMOVAL REQUIRES VIGOR\S SOCIAL ACTION4 

,*EMICAL ,C>C9OG5S 

,MAN IS CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ AT LEA/ TWO TYPES ( AG5TS ?AT HAVE CANC]-CAUS+ PROP]TIES4 ,ONE ( !M1 IONIZ+ RADIATION1 WILL BE DISCUSS$ AT SOME L5G? 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]4 ,\R PR9CIPAL CONC]N H]E WILL BE ) ! *EMICAL C>C9OG5S1 RANG+ FROM CONFIRM$ CANC]-CAUS+ SUB/ANCES TO ?OSE ?AT >E HI<LY SUSPECT4 

,! SUSPICION ?AT *EMICALS 9 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T CAN CAUSE CANC] FIR/ >OSE NE>LY TWO C5TURIES AGO1 :5 ,SIR ,P]CIVAL ,POTT1 A ,LONDON SURGEON1 ID5TIFI$ 0*IMNEY SWEEP'S DISEASE0 AS CANC] ( ! SCROTUM4 ,POTT UN]R+LY PO9T$ TO SOOT1 ! T>RY MAT]IAL =M$ BY ! COMBU/ION ( SOLID FUELS1 AS ! CAUSE ( ?IS MALIGNANT TUMOR4 ,9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ! JOB ( CLEAN+ *IMNEYS WAS GIV5 TO BOYS :O W]E SMALL 5\< TO NEGOTIATE ! ELABORATE FLUES 9 ! ,LONDON HOMES ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,AS ! BOYS WORK$1 !IR TR\S]S RUBB$ SOOT 9TO ! SWEAT GL&S ( ! SCROTUM4 ,9 LAT] LIFE1 P]HAPS T5 OR FIFTE5 YE>S AFT] ?IS K9D ( WORK HAD BE5 AB&ON$1 ! SCROTUM W\LD BEG9 TO ULC]ATE & !N DEVELOP A CANC] :I* 9V>IABLY CLAIM$ ! LIFE ( ITS VICTIM4 ,9 #aiad TWO ,JAPANESE 9VE/IGATORS1 ,K4 ,YAMAGIWA & ,K4 ,IT*IKAWA1 SUCCE$$ 9 DEVELOP+ SK9 CANC] 9 #da ( #a< RABBITS :O HAD RECEIV$ APPLICATIONS ( T> TO ! 9T]NAL SURFACE ( ! E>4 ,?REE YE>S LAT] ,H4 ,TSUTSUI WAS ABLE TO SIMIL>LY 9DUCE T> CANC] 9 MICE4 

,! SUCCESS ( !SE ,JAPANESE 9VE/IGATORS MET ) W>M PR(ESSIONAL APPRECIATION - & = GOOD REASON4 ,!IR WORK OP5$ A NEW ]A 9 CANC] RESE>* - ! /UDY ( *EMICAL C>C9OG5S - & ) IT !RE >OSE A HO/ ( DISCONC]T+ PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! BEHAVIOR ( !SE AG5TS 9 M5 & ANIMALS4 

,YAMAGIWA & ,IT*IKAWA W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PRODUCE T> CANC] ( ! SK9 IF !Y HAD US$ GU9EA PIGS 9/EAD ( RABBITS4 ,AL?\< T> 9DUCES CANC] 9 MAN1 IT DOES NOT PRODUCE ! DISEASE 9 ! GU9EA PIG1 AN ANIMAL COMMONLY US$ 9 EXP]IM5TAL WORK4 ,9 ALL PROBABILITY1 ! ,JAPANESE 9VE/IGATORS W\LD ALSO HAVE BE5 UNSUCCESSFUL IF !Y HAD US$ RATS4 ,DESPITE REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS FROM #aiad ON1 CANC] ( ! SK9 C\LD NOT BE PRODUC$ 9 ?IS ANIMAL ?R\< APPLICATIONS ( T> UNTIL #a#i#c#e4 ,!Y MI<T ALSO HAVE FAIL$ ) DOGS1 :OSE RESPONSE TO T> IS 0SPORADIC & 9CON/ANT10 9 ,OB]L+'S WORDS4 ,9 %ORT1 EVID5CE ?AT T> IS C>C9OG5IC 9 ANIMALS WAS ACQUIR$ P>TLY ?R\< LUCK & P>TLY ?R\< PATI5CE4 ,YAMAGIWA & ,IT*IKAWA HAD ! GOOD =TUNE TO SELECT AN ANIMAL ?AT IS MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO T> CANC] ?AN O!R EXP]IM5TAL SUBJECTS1 BUT !Y HAD TO P]SEV]E ?R\< AT LEA/ #ae APPLICATIONS ( ! C>C9OG5 BE=E MALIGNANT TUMORS W]E 9DUC$4 

,!IR EXP]IM5T WAS NOT ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO 9DUCE CANC] 9 ANIMALS BY MEANS ( T>4 ,SIMIL> EF=TS W]E MADE 9 #a#h#h#h1 #a#h#i1 & #a#h#i#d1 & AGA9 AS LATE AS #a#i#a#c1 BY ,HAGA1 ANO!R ,JAPANESE 9VE/IGATOR4 ,ALL ! ATTEMPTS FAIL$4 ,! EXP]IM5TS 9 ! LA/ TWO DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY W]E P]=M$ MO/LY ON DOGS & RATS4 ,HAGA EV5 TURN$ TO ! RABBIT AS A SUBJECT1 BUT HE FAIL$ TO KEEP AT ! T> APPLICATIONS LONG 5\<4 ,! M$ICAL PUNDITS ( ! DAY !REUPON CONCLUD$ ?AT *EMICAL C>C9OG5ESIS DID NOT EXI/4 0,= DECADES !SE FEW NEGATIVE .<EXP]IM5TAL.> RESULTS WEI<$ MORE HEAVILY ?AN NUM]\S OBS]VATIONS TO ! CONTR>Y 9 *IMNEY SWEEPS1 T>1 P>AFF9 & DYE WORK]S1 & MULE SP9N]S10 ,PELL] OBS]VES4 0444 ONLY AFT] POSITIVE EXP]IM5TAL RESULTS ON ANIMALS HAD BE5 PUBLI%$1 DID CANC]OLOGI/S *ANGE !IR OP9IONS4 ,IT WAS =M]LY CONSID]$ SCI5TIFICALLY S\ND TO D5Y ! RELATION%IP2 N[ IT BECAME S\ND TO ACCEPT IT4 ,IF ,YAMAGIWA & ,IT*IKAWA 7#a#i#a#d7 & ,TSUTSUI 7#a#i#a#g7 HAD *OS5 ! RAT = !IR EXP]IM5TS1 9/EAD ( RABBITS & MICE1 !N ! T> G5ESIS ( C]TA9 SK9 EPI!LIOMAS 9 MAN & ! !ORY ( IRRITATION 9 CANC] W\LD HAVE BE5 'EXP]TLY' D5I$ = ANO!R #ag TO #b YE>S1 & ! :OLE DEVELOPM5T ( *EMI/RY ( CANC]OG5S W\LD HAVE BE5 RET>D$40 

,! SAME /ORY CAN BE TOLD AB\T BETA-NAPH?ALAM9E1 A COMP\ND US$ 9 ! PREP>ATION ( A NUMB] ( COAL-T> DYES4 ,BETA-NAPH?ALAM9E1 :I* 9DUCES CANC] ( ! BLADD]1 IS ONE ( ! MO/ POT5T C>C9OG5IC SUB/ANCES 9 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T2 IT HAS CLAIM$ HUNDR$S ( LIVES AMONG WORK]S 9 ! SYN!TIC-DYE 9DU/RY4 ,ATTEMPTS W]E MADE AS E>LY AS #aif TO 9DUCE CANC] 9 RABBITS BY MEANS ( SYN!TIC DYES1 9CLUD+ BETANAPH?ALAM9E1 BUT ! EXP]IM5T]1 ,B4 ,FIS*]1 DID NOT P]SI/ LONG 5\< 9 HIS EF=TS4 ,AFT] PRODUC+ CANC]-LIKE CELLS ?AT REGRESS$ SPONTANE\SLY :5 9JECTIONS ( ! C>C9OG5S W]E /OPP$1 ,FIS*] CONCLUD$ ?AT ! DYES DID NOT 9DUCE OCCUPATIONAL CANC]S4 ,?IS CONCLUSION WAS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ BY ! M$ICAL PR(ESSION4 ,NOT UNTIL ! LATE #a#i#bS W]E CANC]S PRODUC$ EXP]IM5TALLY BY BETA-NAPH?ALAM9E1 BUT EV5 !N RABBITS PROV$ TO BE POOR SUBJECTS & RATS & MICE W]E F\ND TO BE RESI/ANT TO ! COMP\ND4 ,9 #a#i#c#h1 MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S AFT] ,FIS*]'S WORK1 ,HUEP] & HIS C[ORK]S DISCOV]$ ?AT ! ONLY ANIMAL ?AT READILY CONTRACT$ CANC] ( ! BLADD] FROM BETA-NAPH?ALAM9E WAS ! DOG4 

,! REASON = 9FLICT+ !SE DETAILS ON ! READ] %\LD BE FAIRLY OBVI\S4 ,CANC]S 9 ANIMALS 0CANNOT PROVIDE IRREFUTABLE PRO( ( ! SAFETY OR C>C9OG5ICITY ( A SUB/ANCE = ! HUMAN SPECIES10 OBS]VES A REPORT BY ! ,FOOD ,PROTECTION ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES4 ,! COMMITTEE ADDS ?AT 0IT IS P]HAPS REASSUR+ ?AT ! KN[N C>C9OG5IC RESPONSES ( HUMANS TO C]TA9 *EMICALS >E SIMIL> 9 MANY WAYS TO ?OSE SE5 9 EXP]IM5TAL ANIMALS0 - BUT ! QUALIFY+ WORDS 0P]HAPS10 0C]TA910 & 09 MANY WAYS0 C>RY A HEAVY BURD54 ,ACTUALLY1 SOME C>C9OG5S >E H&L$ QUITE DIFF]5TLY 9 MAN FROM ! WAY !Y >E H&L$ 9 COMMON EXP]IM5TAL ANIMALS4 ,BETA-NAPH?ALAM9E1 = EXAMPLE1 IS NOT C>C9OG5IC AS SU*4 ,9 ! HUMAN BODY1 H[EV]1 IT IS METABOLIZ$ 9TO ! C>C9OG5 #b-AM9O-,I-NAPH?OL1 :]EAS RESI/ANT ANIMALS EI!R FAIL TO PRODUCE ?IS METABOLIC COMP\ND OR CREATE IT 9 V]Y SMALL AM\NTS4 

,MANY SUBTLE PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ANIMAL SPECIES - 9DE$1 BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! SAME SPECIES - >E LIKELY TO AFFECT ! POT5CY ( A *EMICAL C>C9OG54 0,! ONLY UNIV]SAL C>C9OG5 IS APP>5TLY IONIZ+ RADIATION10 ,HUEP] NOTES4 ,:E!R OR NOT A CANC] IS PRODUC$ BY AN 5VIRONM5TAL C>C9OG5 DEP5DS ON ! ORGAN ) :I* IT COMES 9 CONTACT1 ON ! SOLUBILITY ( ! C>C9OG5 9 ! BODY'S FLUIDS & !RE=E 0ON ! SPE$ ( REMOVAL FROM ! SITE ( PRIM>Y CONTACT ( A C>C9OG51 UPON ! METABOLISM ( ! C>C9OG51 ON ITS R\TE ( EXCRETION & ON ! TISSUE OR ORGAN ( RET5TION OR DEPOSITION ( A C>C9OG54 ,! T>GET ORGAN MAY V>Y 9 DIFF]5T SPECIES40 ,HUEP] CONCLUDES ?AT ! ABILITY ( A C>C9OG5 TO AFFECT DIFF]5T SPECIES & ORGANS 9 DIFF]5T WAYS SEEMS TO DEP5D ON ! DI/9CTIVE METABOLIC PROCESSES ( ! ANIMALS 9VOLV$4 

,!SE FACTORS APP>5TLY ACC\NT = ! FACT ?AT SEV]AL TYPES ( CANC] ?AT >E COMMON 9 MAN >E DIFFICULT TO PRODUCE 9 ANIMALS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY ! MO/ COMMON =M ( /OMA* CANC] 9 HUMANS 7AD5OC>C9OMA7 C\LD NOT BE PRODUC$ 9 RABBITS1 MICE1 RATS1 & DOGS BY FE$+ !M V>I\S C>C9OG5S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AD5OC>C9OMAS ( ! SMALL 9TE/9E1 :ILE R>E 9 MAN1 >E FAIRLY EASY TO PRODUCE 9 ANIMALS4 ,! LUNG TUMORS PRODUC$ 9 MICE DO NOT RESEMBLE ! LUNG TUMORS 9 HUMANS ?AT HAVE >\S$ SO MU* PR(ESSIONAL & PUBLIC CONC]N4 ,MANY CANC] SPECIALI/S EV5 DISAGREE ON :E!R !SE TUMORS 9 MICE >E MALIGNANT OR B5IGN4 ,SPONTANE\S REGRESSIONS ( CANC] 9 MICE1 ANIMALS WIDELY US$ 9 CANC] RESE>*1 >E NOT UNCOMMON1 BUT ! REGRESSION ( DIAGNOS$ CANC]S IS V]Y R>E 9 MAN4 

,:5 ! RESE>*] F9DS ?AT A P>TICUL> COMP\ND DOES NOT 9DUCE CANC] 9 RATS1 MICE1 OR DOGS1 HE CAN ONLY HOPE ?AT IT WILL NOT CAUSE ! DISEASE 9 MAN4 ,HE CAN NEV] BE C]TA9 ( ?IS UNLESS C>EFULLY CONTROLL$ EXP]IM5TS ON A L>GE NUMB] ( HUMAN VOLUNTE]S >E CONT9U$ = DECADES )\T CAUS+ A CANC] ?AT IS CLE>LY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! P>TICUL> *EMICAL4 ,EXP]IM5TS ) ANIMALS >E LIKELY TO BE MORE PA9/AK+ IF ! COMP\ND BE+ TE/$ IS *EMICALLY RELAT$ TO A NUMB] ( KN[N C>C9OG5S4 ,BUT !RE >E NO CLE>-CUT GR\PS ( C>C9OG5IC SUB/ANCES4 ,SOME KN[N C>C9OG5S >E HI<LY COMPLEX HYDROC>BONS2 O!RS1 SU* AS *ROMIUM1 NICKEL1 & >S5IC1 USUALLY REA* MAN AS SIMPLE 9ORGANIC COMP\NDS4 ,(T5 ! MO/ TRIVIAL *EMICAL *ANGE CAN TRANS=M AN APP>5TLY NON-C>C9OG5IC SUB/ANCE 9TO A POT5T C>C9OG54 ,A M]E %IFT ( ! ,N,H#b GR\P 9 ALPHA-NAPH?ALAM9E1 A NON-C>C9OG5IC COMP\ND1 FROM ONE POSITION TO ANO!R 9 ! MOLECUL> R+ ( ! *EMICAL PRODUCES ! C>C9OG5 BETA-NAPH?ALAM9E4 

,MANY C>C9OG5S HAVE BE5 ABLE TO 5T] MAN'S 5VIRONM5T BECAUSE ( ! RELATIVE CRUD5ESS ( EXP]IM5TAL TE*NIQUES4 ,EV5 TODAY1 DESPITE ADVANCES 9 TE/+ ME?ODS1 C>C9OG5IC PROP]TIES >E BE+ DISCOV]$ EV]Y FEW YE>S 9 E/ABLI%$ FOOD ADDITIVES4 ,AT LEA/ T5 *EMICALS LI/$ AS REC5TLY AS #aief BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CE 9 ,! ,USE ( ,*EMICAL ,ADDITIVES 9 ,FOOD ,PROCESS+ >E CURR5TLY SUSPECT$ ( BE+ CANC]-CAUS+ AG5TS4 ,!SE 9CLUDE A *EESE PRES]VATIVE 7#h-,HYDROXYQU9ILONE71 A FLAVOR+ AG5T = ROOT BE] 7SAFROLE71 A *EESE /ABILIZ] 7C>BOXYME?YL CELLULOSE71 & SEV]AL COAL-T> DYES4 ,P]HAPS ! WOR/ (F5D]S >E ! DYES1 NOTABLY ,YELL[ ,A,B & ,O,B1 :I* W]E US$ = DECADES TO COLOR BUTT]1 *EESE1 CAKE1 C&Y1 COOKIES1 DRUGS1 & COSMETICS4 ,:5 T5 COMM]CIAL SAMPLES ( !SE FOOD COLORS W]E ANALYZ$ BY ,WALT] ,D4 ,CONWAY & ,ELIZABE? ,J4 ,LE?CO1 ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CANC] ,9/ITUTE1 !Y W]E F\ND TO CONTA9 V]Y L>GE RESIDUES ( BETA-NAPH?ALAM9E1 RANG+ FROM A L[ ( #gf TO A HI< ( #ih P>TS P] MILLION4 

,AL?\< REC5T LEGISLATION /IPULATES ?AT NO C>C9OG5 MAY BE US$ AS A FOOD ADDITIVE1 !RE >E SEV]AL NOTEWOR?Y EXCEPTIONS4 ,LEAD >S5ATE1 = EXAMPLE1 IS /ILL EMPLOY$ AS AN 9SECTICIDE 9 OR*>DS & V9EY>DS4 ,RESIDUES ( ! COMP\ND 7USUALLY #g P>TS P] MILLION7 >E ALL[$ TO REMA9 ON SU* COMMON FRUITS AS APPLES1 PE>S1 PLUMS1 PEA*ES1 *]RIES1 & GRAPES4 '^*,IT HAS BE5 KN[N = MANY YE>S ?AT EXPOSURE TO >S5ICALS PRODUCES A C]TA9 TYPE ( CANC] ( ! SK910 ,FRANCIS ,E4 ,RAY1 DIRECTOR ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,FLORIDA'S ,CANC] ,RESE>* ,LABORATORY1 TOLD ! ,DELANEY ,COMMITTEE4 0,MORE REC5T EVID5CE IS ?AT 9HALATION ( >S5IC DU/ - & SPRAYS - MAY CAUSE CANC] ( ! LUNGS4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT O!R TYPES ( 9T]NAL CANC] MAY BE CAUS$ BY ! LONG-CONT9U$ +E/ION ( SO-CALL$ NONTOXIC DOSES ( >S5ICALS40 ,RAY DECL>$ ?AT ! USE ( >S5ICALS ON CROPS 0%\LD BE PROHIBIT$40 ,! DEM&1 AL?\< REIT]AT$ BY MANY \T/&+ CANC] SPECIALI/S1 HAS L>GELY BE5 IGNOR$4 

0,:ILE NOT )9 ! SCOPE ( ?IS 9VE/IGATION10 ,RAY ADD$1 0IT MAY BE M5TION$ ?AT FEMALE SEX HORMONES .<E/ROG5S.> HAVE BE5 9CORPORAT$ 9TO COSMETICS4 ,!SE HORMONES HAVE BE5 %[N TO 9DUCE CANC] 9 FEMALE ANIMALS :5 ADM9I/]$ = A PROLONG$ P]IOD4 ,!IR USE 9 COSMETICS %\LD BE PROHIBIT$40 7,! MO/ COMMONLY US$ E/ROG5S 9 FACIAL CREAMS >E E/RADIOL & E/RONE4 ,HUEP] W>NS ?AT AL?\< E/ROG5IC CREAMS >E APPLI$ TO ! SK91 !Y OCCASIONALLY PRODUCE SY/EMIC EFFECTS47 ,?US F>1 H[EV]1 NO ACTION HAS BE5 TAK5 TO =BID ! USE ( E/ROG5S 9 FACIAL CREAMS4 ,9 FACT1 ! USE ( SYN!TIC HORMONES HAS BE5 EXT5D$1 NOT R$UC$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 SYN!TIC HORMONES1 NOTABLY /ILBE/ROL1 >E N[ ADD$ TO #he P]C5T ( ! CATTLE FE$ PRODUC$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,A WOMAN :O PUR*ASES A COSMETIC ?AT CONTA9S HORMONES EX]CISES A *OICE1 BUT A CONSUM] :O ACQUIRES RESIDUES ( /ILBE/ROL 9 MEAT BELONGS TO A 0CAPTIVE0 POPULATION :OSE WI%ES HAVE NOT BE5 CONSULT$ BY FOOD PRODUC]S OR GOV]NM5T AG5CIES4 ,:E!R ! /ILBE/ROL F$ TO LIVE/OCK MAKES ITS WAY 9TO MEAT HAS BE5 ! SUBJECT ( HEAT$ CONTROV]SY4 ,REGULATIONS PREP>$ BY ! ,F4,D4,A4 /IPULATE ?AT DAILY FE$+S ( ! DRUG %\LD NOT EXCE$ #a MILLIGRAMS = /E]S & #b MILLIGRAMS = %EEP4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,F4,D4,A41 RESIDUES ( /ILBE/ROL >E AVOID$ :5 HORMONE-CONTA9+ FE$ IS )DRAWN =TY-EI<T H\RS BE=E SLAU<T]+4 ,ACTUALLY ! EVID5CE = ?IS CLAIM IS EQUIVOCAL4 ,AL?\< ,F4 ,O4 ,GOSSETT & HIS C[ORK]S F\ND ?AT RESIDUES DID NOT APPE> 9 MEAT :5 ! ,F4,D4,A4'S REGULATIONS W]E FOLL[$1 ,C4 ,W4 ,TURN] DETECT$ TRACES ( /ILBE/ROL 9 ! LUNGS & KIDNEYS ( ANIMALS SLAU<T]$ =TY-F\R H\RS AFT] ! PRESCRIB$ #a-MILIGRAM DOSAGES HAD BE5 )DRAWN4 

,EXP]IM5TAL WORK ON MICE BY A GR\P ( RESE>*]S AT ! ,NATIONAL ,CANC] ,9/ITUTE 9DICATES ?AT /ILBE/ROL IS A HI<LY POT5T DRUG4 ,PRACTICALLY ALL ! MICE ?AT HAD RECEIV$ A SUBCUTANE\S IMPLANTATION ( #a MILLIGRAM ( ! SYN!TIC HORMONE ACQUIR$ TUMORS ( ! TE/ICLES )9 SEV5 MON?S4 ,:5 ! PELLET WAS REMOV$ AFT] EI<T WEEKS1 NO GROSS TUMORS DEVELOP$1 BUT :5 IT WAS REIMPLANT$ TW5TY-F\R WEEKS LAT]1 ! 9CID5CE ( TUMORS ROSE %>PLY1 AS ?\< ! PELLET HAD NEV] BE5 REMOV$4 ,! EFFECT ( A BRIEF /IMULUS IS NEV] LO/2 EXPOSURE TO /ILBE/ROL SEEMS TO BE CUMULATIVE4 

,?\S&S ( MAN-MADE *EMICALS ) UNDET]M9$ PROP]TIES 5T] \R FOOD SUPPLY1 WAT]1 & AIR4 ,SOME MAY BE CO-C>C9OG5S2 !SE LACK SIGNIFICANT CANC]-CAUS+ PROP]TIES ( !IR [N BUT 9CREASE ! POT5CY ( KN[N C>C9OG5IC AG5TS4 ,O!RS MAY BE WEAK C>C9OG5S :OSE CANC]-CAUS+ EFFECTS >E ADDITIVE & SYN]GI/IC4 ,ANY SU* C>C9OG5S & COC>C9OG5S W\LD ESCAPE ! ATT5TION ( ! RESE>*] UNLESS !Y W]E BR\<T 9TO COMB9ATION ) ONE ANO!R4 ,BUT ?IS IS A R>E EXP]IM5TAL PROC$URE4 0,POT5TIAL C>C9OG5IC CONTAM9ANTS10 ,HUEP] W>NS1 0ALSO MAY BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO FOOD/UFFS IF VEGETABLES1 FRUITS1 FI%1 OY/]S1 & LIVE/OCK >E GR[N ON SOIL OR 9 WAT] POLLUT$ ) KN[N C>C9OG5S1 SU* AS RADIOACTIVE MATT]1 >S5ICALS1 SEL5IUM & POLYCYCLIC HYDROC>BONS CONTA9$ 9 %IP FUEL OILS1 S9CE !SE *EMICALS MAY BE TAK5 UP & /OR$ BY ! VEGETABLE & ANIMAL MATT] GR[+ 9 SU* CONTAM9AT$ M$IA444 ,!RE EXI/S ALSO ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ORIG9ALLY NONC>C9OG5IC ADDITIVES & CONTAM9ANTS MAY 9T]REACT ) EA* O!R OR ) FOOD CON/ITU5TS & =M NEW COMP\NDS POSSESS+ C>C9OG5IC PROP]TIES 9 ! FOOD/UFFS4 ,!Y MAY BE PRODUC$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( PROCESS+ PROC$URES OR DUR+ ! PREP>ATION ( FOOD 9 ! KIT*54 ,PLA/ICS US$ AS WRAPP+ MAT]IAL1 SAUSAGE SK9S & COAT+ MAT]IAL ( FRUITS1 *EESE1 MEAT1 BUTT]1 & CAN L9+S MAY C>RY SIMIL> HAZ>DS40 

,!SE >E NOT IRRESPONSIBLE VAG>IES4 ,A NUMB] ( *LOR9AT$ HYDROC>BONS1 SU* AS ,D,D,T1 SEEM TO HAVE MILD TUMOR-9DUC+ EFFECTS4 ,NE>LY ALL 9SECTICIDES >E DISSOLV$ 9 PETROLEUM DI/ILLATES1 MANY ( :I* >E ALSO SUSPECT$ ( BE+ C>C9OG5S4 ,CRUDE & SEMI REF9$ P>AFF9 WAXES1 FROM :I* COSMETICS & FOOD CONTA9]S >E MADE1 HAVE C>C9OG5IC PROP]TIES &1 9 SOME CASES1 CONTA9 RESIDUES ( HI<LY POT5T CANC]-CAUS+ SUB/ANCES4 ,HANS ,L4 ,FALK1 ,PAUL ,KOT91 & ,ADELE ,MILL] F\ND ?AT ! PROTE9 9 ORD9>Y MILK C\LD ELUATE1 OR EXTRACT1 HYDROC>BONS FROM ! WAX COAT+ ( !IR CONTA9]S4 ,! 9VE/IGATORS HAD DELIB]ATELY IMPREGNAT$ ! WAX ) !SE HYDROC>BONS SO ?AT ! ELUANT PROP]TIES ( MILK C\LD BE TE/$4 0,H[EV]10 !Y WRITE1 0AN ANALYSIS ( SEV]AL DAIRY WAXES REVEAL$ ! PRES5CE ( A SMALL AM\NT ( #a1#b1#e1#f-DIB5ZAN?RAC5E ( ! ORD] ( ONE P>T P] MILLION40 ,DIB5ZAN?RAC5E1 A HI<LY POT5T C>C9OG51 APPE>S AS AN IMPURITY 9 MANY SEMI-REF9$ P>AFFLNS4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SPECIFY ALL ! POT5TIAL HAZ>DS TO PUBLIC HEAL? ?AT >E CREAT$ BY SATURAT+ MAN'S 5VIRONM5T ) POORLY TE/$1 EXOTIC *EMICALS4 ,MANY CANC]S >E /EAL?Y2 !Y DEVELOP SL[LY & IMP]CEPTIBLY4 ,DECADES MAY PASS BE=E MI/AKES COMMITT$ TODAY F9ALLY BE> !IR MALIGNANT FRUIT2 WE MAY PAY A HEAVY PRICE 9 HUMAN LIFE1 NOT SO MU* AS A RESULT ( BRIEF EXPOSURES TO A FEW POT5T C>C9OG5S AS BECAUSE ( ! EXPOSURE ( MILLIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS TO SMALL QUANTITIES ( 0H>MLESS0 COMP\NDS OV] LONG P]IODS4 ,! POT5T C>C9OG5S 0BY !IR V]Y /R5G? >E ALMO/ SURE TO BE DISCOV]$ CL9ICALLY10 ,KOT9 WRITES4 0,9 ESS5CE1 A /RONG C>C9OG5 ID5TIFIES ITSELF BY ! V]Y CIRCUM/ANCES :I* >\S$ SUSPICION 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,IT IS ASSUR$LY ! LESS POT5T C>C9OG5S ?AT SEEM TO BE MORE IMPORTANT 9 HUMAN CANC]1 & IT IS !SE ?AT PROVIDE ! REAL PROBLEM = EVALUATION40 

,5VIRONM5T & ,LUNG ,CANC] 

,! 9CID5CE ( ONE K9D ( MALIGNANT TUMOR1 LUNG CANC]1 HAS BEGUN TO 9CREASE AT AN APPALL+ RATE4 0,A C5TURY AGO1 ,ROKITANSKY ( ,VI5NA1 ! MO/ EXP]I5C$ PA?OLOGI/ ( HIS TIME1 CONSID]$ LUNG CANC] A R>ITY0 ,PELL] OBS]VES4 0,9 O!R & OLD] BOOKS ) DETAIL$ DESCRIPTIONS ( CANC]1 ! LUNGS >E NOT M5TION$ AT ALL1 :]EAS CANC] ( ! L>YNX & ( ! NOSE >E DISCUSS$4 ,FIFTY YE>S AGO1 9 HOSPITALS1 L>YNX CANC] 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS #a4#e TIMES AS FREQU5T AS LUNG CANC]4 ,9 #a#i#d#g-#d#h1 #i P]C5T ( ALL FATAL CANC]S1 NAMELY #a#h1#a#d#d1 DEVELOP$ 9 ! RESPIRATORY ORGANS & ONLY #a1#h#g ( !M ORIG9AT$ 9 ! L>YNX4 ,! NUMB] ( RECORD$ LUNG CANC]S IS RIS+ MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ?AT ( ANY O!R SUBGR\P40 

,AL?\< IT C\LD BE CLAIM$ ?AT BE=E ,X RAYS W]E DISCOV]$ MANY LUNG CANC]S W]E MI/AK5 = O!R RESPIRATORY DISORD]S1 ! OP9ION ( AN EXP]I5C$1 CONSCI5TI\S M$ICAL MAN SU* AS ,ROKITANSKY CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,IF LUNG CANC] HAD BE5 A COMMON DISEASE A C5TURY AGO1 IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AS A M$ICAL CURIOSITY BY MANY ( ! LEAD+ PA?OLOGI/S ( ! DAY4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ FIVE DECADES ! 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC] 9CREAS$ AT A />TL+ RATE1 & TODAY ! DISEASE IS V]Y COMMON4 ,9 #aiad SEV5 :ITE ,AM]ICAN MALES P] MILLION DI$ ( LUNG CANC]4 ,BY #a#i#e#f1 ?IS FIGURE HAD REA*$ #bhd A =TYFOLD 9CREASE 9 LESS ?AN HALF A C5TURY4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO ATTRIBUTE !SE HI<] FIGURES TO IMPROVEM5TS 9 DIAGNO/IC TE*NIQUE4 ,BY ! #a#i#cS1 ,X RAYS W]E BE+ US$ EXT5SIVELY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & BIOPSIES 9VOLV+ ! MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS ( CANC]\S TISSUE W]E FREQU5TLY P]=M$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! NUMB] ( DEA?S FROM LUNG CANC] AMONG ,AM]ICAN MALES ROSE /EADILY AFT] #aic UNTIL IT HAD 9CREAS$ #e P]C5T BY #a#i#e#a4 ,EV5 MORE CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE AGA9/ ! 0DIAGNO/IC IMPROVEM5T0 >GUM5T IS SUPPLI$ BY DATA FROM ! ,COP5HAG5 ,TUB]CULOSIS ,/ATION 9 ,D5M>K4 0,9 A TUB]CULOSIS REF]RAL S]VICE1 US$ EXT5SIVELY BY LOCAL PHYSICIANS1 :]E DIAGNO/IC /&>DS & PROC$URES 9CLUD+ SY/EMATIC BRON*OSCOPY REMA9$ VIRTUALLY UN*ANG$ BETWE5 #aida & #a#i#e1 ! LUNG-CANC] PREVAL5CE RATE AMONG MALE EXAM9EES 9CREAS$ AT A RATE COMP>ABLE TO ?AT RECORD$ BY ! ,DANI% CANC] REGI/RY = ! TOTAL MALE POPULATION10 ,J]OME ,CORNFIELD & HIS COLLEAGUES OBS]VE 9 AN EXCELL5T REVIEW ( ! LUNG CANC] PROBLEM4 0,?IS CAN BE REG>D$ AS EVID5CE ?AT ! REPORT$ 9CREASE 9 ,DANI% 9CID5CE IS NOT DUE TO DIAGNO/IC *ANGES40 

,IT IS EQUALLY DIFFICULT TO ATTRIBUTE ! RISE 9 ! NUMB] ( CASES ( LUNG CANC] TO ! 9CREAS$ LONGEVITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,:ATEV] MAY BE ! FACTORS ?AT ACC\NT = ! HI< 9CID5CE ( CANC] 9 OLD] PEOPLE1 C>EFUL /UDY HAS %[N1 ,CORNFIELD OBS]VES1 ?AT 0ONLY ONE SIX? ( ! OV]-ALL 9CREASE 9 LUNG-CANC] MORTALITY AMONG MALES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7FROM #d TO #bd DEA?S P] #a1 MALES BETWE5 #aic & #a#i#e#a7 C\LD BE ATTRIBUT$ TO AN AG+ POPULATION4 ,SIMIL> F9D+S HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ = ,5GL& & ,WALES444 ,ALL[ANCE = 9CREAS$ AV]AGE AGE ( ! POPULATION C\LD ACC\NT = ONLY HALF ?IS RISE 9 LUNG-CANC] MORTALITY1 ) A #b#d-FOLD DIFF]5CE BETWE5 #ai & #a#i#e#c40 

,NOR IS IT A CONV9C+ >GUM5T ?AT ! RISE 9 DEA?S FROM LUNG CANC] IS DUE TO CANC]S ?AT BEG9 9 ONE P>T ( ! BODY & LAT] MIGRATE TO ! LUNGS4 ,AUTOPSIES HAVE PROV$ ?IS TO BE A FALLACY4 ,CORNFIELD & HIS ASSOCIATES REVIEW$ ?IRTE5 S]IES ( SU* AUTOPSIES1 ! FIR/ BEGUN E>LY 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY & ! LA/ COMPLET$ 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,!SE AUTOPSIES SUPPORT ! CLAIM ?AT MORTALITY FROM PRIM>Y LUNG CANC] HAS 9CREAS$ %>PLY DUR+ ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S4 

,! 9ESCAPABLE CONCLUSION SEEMS TO BE ?AT ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC] IS DUE TO REC5T *ANGES 9 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T & MANN] ( LIFE4 ,:AT >E ! *ANGES8 ,! MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICAN BIO/ATI/ICIANS & CANC] SPECIALI/S BELIEVE ?AT CASES ( LUNG CANC] >E MULTIPLY+ BECAUSE ( ! 9CREAS$ CONSUMPTION ( CIG>ETTES1 & !Y HAVE COLLECT$ AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( /ATI/ICAL EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ?IS BELIEF4 0,TW5TY-TWO444 /UDIES ( SMOK+ 9 RELATION TO LUNG CANC] HAVE N[ BE5 C>RI$ \T 9DEP5D5TLY 9 EI<T DIFF]5T C\NTRIES10 NOTES ,E4 ,C4 ,HAMMOND1 ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,CANC] ,SOCIETY4 0,9 EV]Y ONE ( !SE1 A F> L>G] PROPORTION ( SMOK]S 7P>TICUL>LY HEAVY CIG>ETTE SMOK]S7 WAS F\ND AMONG LUNG CANC] PATI5TS ?AN AMONG PEOPLE )\T ?IS DISEASE4 ,?IS HAS BE5 %[N = BO? M5 & WOM540 ,HAMMOND ADDS ?AT 0SIMIL> /UDIES HAVE %[N AN ASSOCIATION BETWE5 SMOK+ & CANC] ( ! BUCCAL CAVITY1 CANC] ( ! L>YNX1 CANC] ( ! BLADD]1 CORON>Y >T]Y DISEASE 7! MO/ COMMON =M ( HE>T DISEASE71 & ,BU]G]'S DISEASE 7A CIRCULATORY DISEASE ( ! EXTREMITIES740 

,?US F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT ATTEMPT TO CORRELATE ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC] ) 9CREAS$ SMOK+ HAS BE5 ! SURVEY MADE UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,E4 ,C4 ,HAMMOND & ,DANIEL ,HORN = ! ,AM]ICAN ,CANC] ,SOCIETY4 ,! SOCIETY MOBILIZ$ #b#b1 VOLUNTE]S AS RESE>*]S1 & ASK$ EA* ( !M TO HAVE AB\T T5 M5 BETWE5 FIFTY & SIXTY-N9E YE>S ( AGE COMPLETE A QUE/IONNAIRE ON !IR SMOK+ HABITS4 ,PRECAUTIONS W]E TAK5 TO QU]Y ONLY 9DIVIDUALS :O W]E NOT S]I\SLY ILL1 :O APP>5TLY W]E NOT SUFF]+ FROM LUNG CANC]1 & ) :OM ! RESE>* VOLUNTE]S 5JOY$ SOME MEASURE ( P]SONAL CONTACT1 SO ?AT ?OR\< FOLL[-UPS C\LD BE MADE4 ,NE>LY #a#i1 ACCEPTABLE QUE/IONNAIRES W]E OBTA9$ DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( #aieb ,ALMO/ #a#h#h1 W]E FOLL[$ UP BY ! VOLUNTE]S ?R\< ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#e4 ,A C>EFUL /UDY ( ! DEA? C]TIFICATES ( AB\T #a#b1 M5 :O DI$ DUR+ ! ?REE-YE> P]IOD YIELD$ REM>KABLE RESULTS4 ,COMP>+ SMOK]S ) NONSMOK]S 9 ! SAME AGE GR\PS1 ,HAMMOND & ,HORN F\ND ?AT ! G5]AL DEA? RATE WAS #i P]C5T HI<] = OCCASIONAL SMOK]S1 #ab P]C5T HI<] = PIPE SMOK]S1 & #fh P]C5T HI<] = CIG>ETTE SMOK]S4 ,! DEA? RATE = CIG>ETTE SMOK]S 9CREAS$ PROGRESSIVELY ) ! QUANTITY ( CIG>ETTES SMOK$1 NE>LY D\BL+ ) A RISE 9 CONSUMPTION FROM A HALF PACK TO TWO OR MORE PACKS DAILY4 ,IT WAS F\ND ?AT ! 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC] AMONG CIG>ETTE SMOK]S WAS ALMO/ TWICE AS HI< AS IT WAS AMONG NONSMOK]S4 ,COMP>+ MOD]ATE SMOK]S 7A HALF PACK DAILY7 & HEAVY SMOK]S 7TWO OR MORE PACKS DAILY7 ) NONSMOK]S1 ,HAMMOND & ,HORN F\ND ?AT ! RATIO ( DEA? FROM LUNG CANC] SO>$ TO #ag TO #a & #f TO #a1 RESPECTIVELY4 

,?OSE :O MA9TA9 ?AT !RE IS NO RELATION%IP BETWE5 LUNG CANC] & SMOK+ HAVE BE5 PLAC$ 9 AN UNT5ABLE POSITION4 ,AT FIR/ IT WAS HELD ?AT !RE WAS NO DIRECT EVID5CE TO IMPLICATE TOBACCO T>S 9 CANC] 9 ANIMALS4 ,?IS CONT5TION WAS %AK5 :5 AT LEA/ SIX DIFF]5T LABORATORIES REPORT$ ?AT SU* T>S 9DUC$ SK9 CANC] 9 MICE4 ,IT WAS !N CLAIM$ ?AT AL?\< TOBACCO T>S MAY CAUSE SK9 CANC] 9 MICE1 IT HAD NOT BE5 %[N ?AT !Y C\LD CAUSE LUNG CANC] 9 MICE1 M51 OR ANY O!R SPECIES ( ANIMAL4 ,?IS >GUM5T IS DIFFICULT TO SU/A91 AT LEA/ AS F> AS M5 >E CONC]N$4 ,9 A COOP]ATIVE PROJECT 9ITIAT$ 9 #ai$ UND] ! DIRECTION ( TWO LEAD+ ,AM]ICAN PA?OLOGI/S1 ,OSC> ,AU]BA* & ,>?UR ,S\T1 ! 5TIRE BREA?+ APP>ATUS WAS SY/EMATICALLY REMOV$ FROM ALL 9DIVIDUALS AUTOPSI$ AT ! ,VET]ANS ,HOSPITAL 9 ,EA/ ,ORANGE1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 & AT ELEV5 HOSPITALS 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE4 ,! 9VE/IGATORS W]E ABLE TO OBTA9 RELIABLE HI/ORIES ( SMOK+ ON #db ( ! SUBJECTS1 ALL ( !M :ITE MALES1 #fc ( :OM HAD DI$ ( LUNG CANC]4 ,AFT] PREP>+ NE>LY #b1 USABLE SLIDES ( LUNG TISSUE FROM ! #db SUBJECTS & C>EFULLY EXAM9+ EA* SLIDE UND] ! MICROSCOPE1 ! PA?OLOGI/S F\ND ?AT TISSUE ABNORMALITIES 7*ANGES 9 ! EPI!LIUM7 APPE>$ 9 ONLY #a#f4#h P]C5T ( ! SLIDES FROM NONSMOK]S1 9 #i#b4#c P]C5T ( ?OSE FROM LI<T SMOK]S1 9 #i#g4#d P]C5T ( ?OSE FROM MOD]ATE SMOK]S 7A HALF PACK TO A PACK DAILY71 & 9 NE>LY #a P]C5T ( ! SLIDES FROM ?OSE :O SMOK$ MORE ?AN A PACK DAILY4 ,! *ANGES 9 ! LUNG TISSUE FROM ATYPICAL1 POT5TIALLY CANC]\S CELLS TO 9VASIVE1 CANC]\S CELLS 9CREAS$ ) ! AV]AGE 9TAKE ( CIG>ETTES4 ,FOCUS+ !IR ATT5TION ON ALL ! SUBJECTS :O HAD DI$ FROM CAUSES O!R ?AN LUNG CANC]1 ,AU]BA* & ,S\T F\ND ?AT #b#b4#f P]C5T ( ! SLIDES FROM HEAVY SMOK]S HAD ATYPICAL CELLS & #a#a4#d P]C5T HAD CANC]\S CELLS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ONLY 4#b P]C5T ( ! SLIDES FROM NONSMOK]S HAD ATYPICAL CELLS & NONE HAD CANC]\S CELLS4 

,H[EV]1 DIS9T]E/$ CRITICS ( ! !ORY ?AT SMOK+ & LUNG CANC] >E RELAT$ HAVE P]=M$ A V]Y USEFUL FUNCTION4 ,BY LOOK+ = O!R FACTORS BESIDES SMOK+1 !Y HAVE DRAWN A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ! ROLE ?AT AIR POLLUTION PLAYS 9 PRODUC+ ! DISEASE4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AIR POLLUTION & LUNG CANC] HAS L>GELY BE5 IGNOR$ DESPITE EVID5CE ?AT LUNG-CANC] RATES >E HI<] 9 CITIES ?AN !Y >E 9 RURAL >EAS4 ,BUT AS MORE RESE>* IS DONE1 ZEALOTS ON BO? SIDES 9 ! LUNG-CANC] CONTROV]SY >E MOV+ T[>D A MORE BALANC$ POSITION4 ,AN IMPRESSIVE AM\NT ( /ATI/ICAL EVID5CE IMPLICATES AIR POLLUTION AS WELL AS SMOK+ 9 ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC]4 ,:ITE ,S\? ,AFRICAN MALES1 = EXAMPLE1 >E PROBABLY ! HEAVIE/ SMOK]S ( PACKAG$ CIG>ETTES 9 ! WORLD1 & ! NUMB] ( DEA?S FROM LUNG CANC] AMONG !M HAS 9CREAS$ FROM #a#a4#g P] #a1 9 #aidg TO #b#d4#f 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,BUT ,S\? ,AFRICA PRES5TS AN 9T]E/+ OPPORTUNITY = /ATI/ICAL RESE>*4 ,! C\NTRY HAS ACQUIR$ A L>GE NUMB] ( ,BRITI% IMMIGRANTS1 MO/ ( :OM CAME FROM ,5GLI% CITIES ) HEAVILY POLLUT$ AIR4 ,IS ! 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC] HI<] AMONG ,BRITI% IMMIGRANTS ?AN AMONG NATIVE-BORN ,S\? ,AFRICANS8 ,AFT] A C>EFUL /ATI/ICAL /UDY1 ,GE(FREY ,DEAN1 ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,HOSPITAL 9 ,PORT ,ELIZABE?1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 E/ABLI%$ ?AT 9 ! =TY-FIVE-TO-SIXTY-F\R AGE GR\P1 DEA?S FROM LUNG CANC] W]E #dd P]C5T HI<] AMONG A GR\P ( ,BRITI% MALE IMMIGRANTS ?AN AMONG NATIVE-BORN MALES4 ,! 9CID5CE ( ! DISEASE ROSE ) ! AGE AT :I* IMMIGRATION OCCURR$1 9DICAT+ ?AT LONG] RESID5CE 9 ,5GL& 9CREAS$ ! POSSIBILITY ( DY+ FROM LUNG CANC]4 ,! DIFF]5CE 9 ! DEA? RATE BETWE5 NATIVE-BORN & ,BRITI%-BORN MALES C\LD NOT BE EXPLA9$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 CIG>ETTE BR&S2 ! TWO GR\PS SMOK$ V]Y MU* ! SAME BR&S4 ,BUT ,DEAN'S DATA 9 NO WAY 9DICATE ?AT PROLONG$ SMOK+ IS NOT HAZ>D\S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! /EADILY RIS+ RATE ( DEA? FROM LUNG CANC] OBS]V$ 9 BO? GR\PS ( MALES SUPPORTS ! CONT5TION ?AT CIG>ETTE CONSUMPTION PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE 9 CAUS+ ! DISEASE4 

,! AIR OV] ! METROPOLITAN DI/RICTS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE CONTA9S A L>GE V>IETY ( KN[N C>C9OG5S4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ POT5T ( !SE AG5TS >E ! SO-CALL$ POLYCYCLIC HYDROC>BONS1 SU* AS B5ZPYR5E & AN?RAC5E4 ,BY PA9T+ ! SK9 ( MICE ) B5ZPYR5E ?REE TIMES WEEKLY = SIX MON?S1 ,E4 ,L4 ,WYND] & HIS C[ORK]S W]E ABLE TO PRODUCE CANC]S 9 NE>LY HALF ! ANIMALS4 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL :O SMOKES A PACK ( CIG>ETTES A DAY ACQUIRES AB\T #f MICROGRAMS 7MILLION?S ( A GRAM7 ( B5ZPYR5E A YE>4 ,IF HE LIVES 9 ,HEL5A1 ,MONTANA1 HE 9HALES 4#h MICROGRAMS ( B5ZPYR5E FROM ! AIR ANNUALLY2 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES1 HE 9HALES #b2 9 ,DETROIT1 #a#a2 & 9 ,LONDON1 #c#b4 ,?AT IS1 HE ACQUIRES ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! B5ZPYR5E 9 A ?IRD ( A PACK ( CIG>ETTES DAILY M]ELY BY BREA?+ ! AIR 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES1 ! B5ZPYR5E 9 NE>LY TWO PACKS FROM ! AIR 9 ,DETROIT1 & ! B5ZPYR5E 9 FIVE PACKS FROM ! AIR 9 ,LONDON4 ,IT %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+ TO LE>N ?AT DEA? RATES = LUNG CANC] AMONG MALES 9 ,5GL& >E MORE ?AN TWICE ?OSE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,KOT9 F\ND ?AT :5 AN EFFICI5T AUTOMOBILE 5G9E REVOLVES #e TIMES P] M9UTE = ONE M9UTE1 IT PRODUCES A GASOL9E EXHAU/ CONTA9+ #bce MICROGRAMS ( B5ZPYR5E4 ,:5 ! 5G9E IS ACCEL]AT$ TO #ce REVOLUTIONS P] M9UTE1 ! AM\NT ( B5ZPYR5E 9 ! EXHAU/ DECREASES TO #a MICROGRAMS4 ,A CONGE/$ ?OR\<F>E CLUTT]$ ) IDL+ OR SL[-MOV+ MOTOR VEHICLES IS A HAZ>D TO HUMAN LUNGS4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O SP5D A L>GE P>T ( !IR TIME 9 SU* >EAS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! P>TICUL> METROPOLIS 9 :I* !Y LIVE1 >E LIKELY TO ACQUIRE A LIFETIME DOSAGE ( B5ZPYR5E ?AT IS ?\S&S ( TIMES GREAT] ?AN ! AM\NT REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE CANC] 9 MICE4 

,9 ADDITION TO SMOK+ & AIR POLLUTION1 SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS HAVE BE5 F\ND TO PLAY A ROLE 9 ! 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC]4 ,IT IS A TEMPT+ HYPO!SIS ?AT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ! DISEASE IS 9CREAS$ BY POOR NUTRITION1 ECONOMIC 9SECURITY1 & L[ PHYSICAL RESI/ANCE4 0,! EXI/5CE ( O!R IMPORTANT LUNG-CANC] EFFECTS ASSOCIAT$ ) SU* *>ACT]I/ICS AS SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS CANNOT BE QUE/ION$10 ,CORNFIELD & HIS C[ORK]S /ATE4 0,COH>T F\ND ?AT ! POORE/ ECONOMIC CLASS HAD A #d P]C5T HI<] LUNG-CANC] 9CID5CE ?AN ! REMA9+ POPULATION ( ,NEW ,HAV51 ,CONNECTICUT4 ,RESULTS ( ! #a-CITY MORBIDITY SURVEY .<BY ,DORN & ,CUTL].> HAVE REVEAL$ A %>P GRADI5T 9 LUNG-CANC] 9CID5CE1 BY 9COME CLASS1 = :ITE MALES1 :I* IS CONSI/5T ) ,COH>T'S F9D+S4 ,S9CE CIG>ETTE SMOK+ IS NOT 9V]SELY RELAT$ TO SOCIOECONOMIC /ATUS1 WE CAN AGREE ) ,COH>T '444 ?AT IMPORTANT 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS O!R ?AN CIG>ETTE SMOK+ EXI/ ?AT CONTRIBUTE TO ! CAUSATION ( LUNG CANC]4' !SE & O!R F9D+S >E CONV9C+ EVID5CE = MULTIPLE CAUSES ( LUNG CANC]4 ,IT IS OBVI\SLY UNT5ABLE TO REG>D SMOK+ ( TOBACCO AS ! SOLE CAUSE ( LUNG CANC]40 7,?IS CONCLUSION IS APP>5TLY %>$ BY ,HAMMOND & ,WYND]1 :O NOT ONLY W]E COAU?ORS ( ,CORNFIELD'S REPORT BUT ALSO PLAY$ AN \T/&+ ROLE 9 FOCUS+ PUBLIC ATT5TION ON ! HAZ>DS ( CIG>ETTE SMOK+47 

,:AT CAN WE LE>N FROM !SE /UDIES8 ,!RE NO LONG] SEEMS TO BE ANY D\BT ?AT ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC] IS DUE TO REC5T *ANGES 9 \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,SO COMPELL+ >E ! DATA N[ AT H& ?AT VIRTUALLY ! 5TIRE SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY HAS BE5 OBLIG$ TO ACCEPT ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,ONE CAN ONLY WOND] :Y IT WAS NOT ACCEPT$ E>LI]4 ,! GR[+ 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC] WAS NOT$ AS E>LY AS #aibi 9 ! ,G]MAN ,J\RNAL = ,CANC] ,RESE>* BY ,FRITZ ,LICK9T1 :O ?\<T ?AT ! DISEASE WAS RELAT$ TO SMOK+4 ,9 #aicb ! SAME RELATION%IP WAS EXPLOR$ BY ,W4 ,D4 ,MC,NALLY 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL ( ,CANC] ,RESE>*4 ,LICK9T & ,MC,NALLY W]E FOLL[$ BY O!R 9VE/IGATORS1 9CLUD+ ,ALTON ,O*SN]1 :O WROTE ON ! SUBJECT 9 #a#i#d#a1 BUT ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY REMA9$ L>GELY UNMOV$4 ,MORE ?AN A DECADE PASS$ BE=E ,HAMMOND & ,HORN F9ALLY PRES5T$ ! PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 LUNG CANC] & SMOK+ 9 A =M ?AT WAS TOO COMPELL+ TO BE IGNOR$4 ,UNTIL !N1 ! RISE 9 ! NUMB] ( CASES ( LUNG CANC] WAS G5]ALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO G5ETIC FACTORS OR TO 9CREAS$ LONGEVITY4 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT IT HAS TAK5 MANY YE>S = AN OBVI\S L9K BETWE5 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES & ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( A MAJOR DISEASE TO GA9 WIDE ACCEPTANCE AMONG SCI5TI/S4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS HI<LY *>G$ SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS1 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T IS AN >5A ?AT SCI5TIFIC RESE>* T5DS TO 5T] ) RELUCTANCE4 ,!RE IS A /RONG DISPOSITION TO PROBE H]$ITY1 A MORE NEUTRAL FIELD1 OR TO DISMISS GRAVE PROBLEMS ( DISEASE AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( GREAT] LONGEVITY4 ,BUT N[ ! EVID5CE ( ! DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( LUNG CANC] & *ANGES 9 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T HAS AFFECT$ ?IS TRADITIONAL APPROA* PR(\NDLY4 ,WE N[ HAVE GOOD REASONS = QUE/ION+ :E!R ANY TYPE ( CANC] NE$ BURD5 MANK9D AS HEAVILY AS IT DOES TODAY4 ,WE HAVE BEGUN TO TAKE A CLOS] LOOK AT ! IRRATIONALITIES 9 \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,P]HAPS WE %ALL BEG9 TO ELIM9ATE !M4 ,BUT WE CANNOT WAIT 9DEF9ITELY BE=E MAK+ MAN'S 5VIRONM5T & MANN] ( LIFE MORE RATIONAL4 ,MORTALITY FROM CANC] IS RIS+ /EADILY4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 KN[N DEA?S FROM ! DISEASE 9CREAS$ #bb P]C5T BETWE5 #aid & #a#i#e#i1 AN 9CREASE ?AT CAN SC>CELY BE ACC\NT$ = BY ANY MONUM5TAL IMPROVEM5TS 9 DIAGNO/IC TE*NIQUE4 ,REC5TLY A SURVEY ( #fa WOM5 BY ! ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ,CANC] ,COMMITTEE %[$ ?AT MORE ?AN A ?IRD HAD SYMPTOMS SUGGE/IVE ( MALIGNANT TUMORS OR A PRE-CANC]\S CONDITION4 ,NONE ( ! WOM5 WAS MORE ?AN =TY-TWO YE>S OLD4 ,ROB]T ,A4 ,LOB]FELD1 VISE PRESID5T ( ! COMMITTEE1 IS QUOT$ 9 A NEWS ITEM AS DESCRIB+ ! SITUATION AS 0%OCK+40 ,CANC] HAS EV5 REA*$ EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS4 ,AT ! ,F\R? ,NATIONAL ,CANC] ,CONF]5CE1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f1 ,LE/] ,BRESL[ REPORT$ ?AT 0T5S ( ?\S&S0 ( TR\T 9 WE/]N HAT*]IES SUDD5LY ACQUIR$ LIV] CANC]S4 ,APP>5TLY ! DISEASE WAS 0ASSOCIAT$ ) A NEW TYPE ( DIET10 NOT ) A VIRUS4 

0,TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES AFFECT+ MAN'S 5VIRONM5T >E BE+ 9TRODUC$ AT SU* A RAPID RATE & ) SO LITTLE CONTROL ?AT IT IS A WOND] MAN HAS ?US F> ESCAP$ ! TYPE ( CANC] EPIDEMIC OCCURR+ ?IS YE> AMONG ! TR\T10 ,BRESL[ TOLD HIS COLLEAGUES4 0,OR HAVE WE8 ,LUNG CANC] IS NOT TOO DISSIMIL> EXCEPT ?AT ! TIME P]IOD IS DECADES1 NOT WEEKS4 ,IF COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTION ( ! TYPES N[ PREVAIL+ OR BE+ 9TRODUC$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES IS PROV$ TO BE A CAUSATIVE FACTOR 9 LUNG CANC]1 WE W\LD BE DEAL+ ) EXPOSURE ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE4 ,NEW POLLUTANTS >E FREQU5TLY ADD$ N[ADAYS TO COMMUNITY AIR ?R\< *ANGES 9 9DU/RIAL PROCESS1 FUEL COMPOSITION & ! LIKE4 ,!Y >E ADD$ = REASONS ( ECONOMY OR EFFICI5CY 9 9DU/RY OR TRANSPORTATION - ESS5TIALLY ! SAME REASONS GIV5 = *ANG+ ! DIET ( ! FI%4 ,IT IS NOT 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT AL?\< CIG>ETTE SMOK+ HAS BE5 ! MAJOR FACTOR 9 ! LUNG CANC] EPIDEMIC DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY1 SOME =M ( COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTION C\LD BE RESPONSIBLE = AN EV5 L>G] EPIDEMIC ( ! DISEASE DUR+ ! SECOND HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY40 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,RADIATION & ,HUMAN ,HEAL? 
,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*,A,P,T,] ,S,I,X3 ,R,A,D,I,A,T,I,O,N ,& ,H,U,M,A,N ,H,E,A,L,? 

  
,! ,EFFECTS ( ,RADIATION  

,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ?AT S9CE ! EXPLOSION ( A NUCLE> WEAPON AT ,ALAMOGORDO1 ,NEW ,MEXICO1 9 ,JULY #aide IONIZ+ RADIATION HAS BECOME ! MO/ S]I\S ?REAT TO MAN'S SURVIVAL4 ,IF NUCLE> WEAPONS >E FUR!R DEVELOP$ OR 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB]1 IT IS QUITE CONCEIVABLE ?AT A FUTURE W> WILL VIRTUALLY EXT+UI% HUMAN LIFE4 ,GRAVE AS ?IS DANG] MAY BE1 IONIZ+ RADIATION IS ASSOCIAT$ ) A NUMB] ( SUBTLE HAZ>DS ?AT W>RANT EQUAL PUBLIC CONC]N4 0,TODAY444 S\RCES ( IONIZ+ RADIATION >E RAPIDLY BECOM+ MORE & MORE WIDELY US$10 OBS]VES A TEAM ( RADIATION SPECIALI/S = ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE4 0,EA* ATOMIC REACTOR PRODUCES ! RADIOACTIVE EQUIVAL5T ( HUNDR$S ( P\NDS ( RADIUM4 ,RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES >E US$ 9 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( HOSPITALS1 9DU/RIES1 & RESE>* E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,X-RAY MA*9ES >E 5C\NT]$ 9 TUB]CULOSIS SURVEYS1 9 %OE /ORES1 9 PHYSICIANS' (FICES & 9 F\NDRIES4 ,POT5TIALLY1 IONIZ+ RADIATION HAS COME TO AFFECT ! 5VIRONM5T ( EV]Y MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY40 

,RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS >E AMONG ! MO/ LE?AL TOXICANTS 9 MAN'S 5VIRONM5T4 ,AS LITTLE AS F\R MICROGRAMS 7ONE SEV5-MILLION? ( AN \NCE7 ( RADIUM IS CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ CANC] 9 MAN YE>S AFT] LODG+ 9 HIS BONES4 ,NOT ALL RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS >E DANG]\S 9 ! SAME WAY AS RADIUM4 ,SOME >E DI/RIBUT$ DIFF]5TLY 9 ! BODY & >E NOT RETA9$ = LONG P]IODS2 O!RS1 AL?\< RETA9$ = YE>S1 EMIT DIFF]5T K9DS ( RADIATION4 ,/RONTIUM-#i1 = EXAMPLE1 IS RAT$ AB\T ONE T5? AS LE?AL AS RADIUM1 AL?\< IT1 TOO1 LODGES PRIM>ILY 9 ! BONES4 ,ATTEMPTS TO COMP>E ! POT5CY ( ! TWO ELEM5TS 9 QUANTITATIVE T]MS1 H[EV]1 CAN BE SOME:AT MISLEAD+4 ,RADIUM CAUSES BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE ?R\< ! EMISSION ( ALPHA P>TICLES1 :]EAS /RONTIUM-#i IS HAZ>D\S TO LIV+ ?+S BECAUSE IT IS AN 5]GETIC EMITT] ( BETA P>TICLES4 0,LEUKEMIA HAS BE5 OBS]V$ TO OCCUR 9 RADIUM PATI5TS1 ?\< NOT AS A PROM95T PH5OM5ON10 OBS]VES ,W4 ,F4 ,NEUMAN1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,RO*E/]4 0,LEUKEMIA IS1 H[EV]1 A COMMON F9D+ 9 PEOPLE :O HAVE SUFF]$ IRRADIATION ( ! BONE M>R[ OR ( ! :OLE BODY4 ,S9CE ! BETA RAYS FROM /RONTIUM-#i >E MORE P5ETRAT+ ?AN ! ALPHA RAYS FROM RADIUM1 A GREAT] PROPORTION ( ! RAYS FROM /RONTIUM-#i WILL P5ETRATE 9TO ! M>R[40 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT1 = 9DIVIDUALS PRONE TO LEUKEMIA1 /RONTIUM-#i POSES HAZ>DS 9 ADDITION TO ?OSE ?AT W\LD BE EXPECT$ ON ! BASIS ( CRIT]IA D]IV$ FROM EXP]I5CES ) RADIUM4 

,TO GA9 A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! V>I\S K9DS ( RADIATION & !IR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS1 IT WILL BE USEFUL TO REVIEW BRIEFLY SOME ELEM5T>Y CONCEPTS ( ATOMIC PHYSICS4 ,RADIOACTIVITY IS PRODUC$ BY *ANGES ?AT OCCUR )9 ! NUCLEUS ( AN ATOM4 ,!SE *ANGES EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY 9VOLVE TWO NUCLE> P>TICLES1 ! NEUTRON & ! PROTON4 ,! NUMB] ( NEUTRONS 7ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL P>TICLES7 & PROTONS 7POSITIVELY *>G$ P>TICLES7 9 AN ATOMIC NUCLEUS DET]M9ES ! SPECIES TO :I* ! ATOM BELONGS4 ,C>BON-#a#b & C>BON-#a#c = EXAMPLE1 HAVE SIX & SEV5 NEUTRONS1 RESPECTIVELY1 & >E CALL$ ISOTOPES ( ! ELEM5T C>BON4 ,EV]Y C>BON ATOM1 H[EV]1 HAS SIX PROTONS 9 ITS NUCLEUS & AN EQUAL NUMB] ( EXT]NAL ELECTRONS 7NEGATIVELY *>G$ P>TICLES71 :I* CAN BE ?\<T ( AS 0REVOLV+0 >\ND ! NUCLEUS LIKE PLANETS 9 A M9IATURE SOL> SY/EM4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ALL HYDROG5 ATOMS HAVE ONE PROTON & ONE PLANET>Y ELECTRON1 :]EAS HYDROG5-#b & HYDROG5-#c HAVE ONE & TWO NEUTRONS1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,:5 C>BON & HYDROG5 COMB9E TO =M HYDROC>BONS1 ! NUCLE> P>TICLES 7PROTONS & NEUTRONS7 ( ! TWO ELEM5TS >E NOT AFFECT$ BY ! COMB9ATION4 ,! *EMICAL REACTION ( C>BON & HYDROG5 IS DET]M9$ BY ! >RANGEM5T ( !IR PLANET>Y ELECTRONS4 ,EA* ELEM5T CAN BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! O!R )\T ANY LOSS ( ITS ORIG9AL ID5TITY & )\T PRODUC+ IONIZ+ RADIATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF C>BON W]E TO GA9 OR LOSE ANY PROTONS1 IT W\LD BECOME AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ELEM5T4 ,GA9S OR LOSSES 9 ! NUMB] ( PROTONS MAY OCCUR :5 A NEUTRON IS CONV]T$ 9TO A PROTON1 :5 A PROTON IS CONV]T$ 9TO A NEUTRON1 &1 ( C\RSE1 :5 A PROTON TOGE!R ) A NEUTRON IS EMITT$ FROM ! NUCLEUS ( AN ATOM4 ,!SE *ANGES & ! V>I\S 5]GY ADJU/M5TS ?AT OCCUR )9 ! NUCLEUS PRODUCE IONIZ+ RADIATION4 

,! MORE FAMILI> ELEM5TS ?AT MAKE UP ! E>? DO NOT UND]GO NUCLE> *ANGES SPONTANE\SLY4 ,!IR NUCLEI >E EXTREMELY /ABLE4 ,A FEW ELEM5TS1 H[EV]1 SU* AS URANIUM1 RADIUM1 & POLONIUM1 HAVE UN/ABLE NUCLEI4 ,!Y EMIT P>TICLES & EV5TUALLY BREAK D[N 9TO MORE /ABLE ELEM5TS4 ,RADIUM1 :I* IS D]IV$ FROM ! DECAY ( URANIUM1 DIS9TEGRATES 9TO RADON BY EMITT+ TWO PROTONS & TWO NEUTRONS4 ,DECAY CONT9UES ?R\< A S]IES ( RADIOACTIVE DAU<T] PRODUCTS UNTIL ! ATOM BECOMES LEAD4 ,! TWO PROTONS & TWO NEUTRONS EMITT$ BY ! RADIUM ATOM REMA9 TOGE!R & CON/ITUTE AN ALPHA P>TICLE4 ,/REAMS ( !SE NEUTRON-PROTON GR\PS1 OR ALPHA 0RAYS10 >E EMITT$ FROM RADIUM NUCLEI AT VELOCITIES ( AB\T #d#d1 MILES P] SECOND4 ,9 ADDITION1 RADIUM EMITS GAMMA RAYS1 & SEV]AL DAU<T] PRODUCTS ( ! ELEM5T EMIT BETA RAYS4 ,BETA RAYS >E /REAMS ( ELECTRONS & POSITRONS 7! POSITIVE C\NT]P>TS ( ELECTRONS72 !Y TRAVEL AT V>Y+ SPE$S1 SOMETIMES APPROA*+ ! SPE$ ( LI<T 7#a#h#f1 MILES P] SECOND74 ,GAMMA RAYS >E PHYSICALLY ! SAME AS ,X RAYS1 ! DIFF]5CE 9 NAME >IS+ FROM ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! S\RCES ( EMISSION47,X RADIATION IS PRODUC$ :5 A FA/-MOV+1 FREE ELECTRON COLLIDES VIOL5TLY ) AN ATOMIC NUCLEUS & LOSES P>T ( ITS SURR\ND+ ELECTRIC FIELD4 ,UNLIKE GAMMA RADIATION1 H[EV]1 ,X RADIATION DOES NOT 9VOLVE ANY 5]GY ADJU/M5TS )9 ATOMIC NUCLEI47 

,IT TAKES #a1#f YE>S = HALF A GIV5 QUANTITY ( RADIUM TO DIS9TEGRATE 9TO RADON4 ,ANO!R #a1#f YE>S MU/ PASS BE=E ! REMA9+ QUANTITY ( RADIUM IS HALV$ AGA94 ,AS ?IS PROCESS GOES ON 9DEF9ITELY1 ALWAYS LEAV+ A REMA9D] TO BE HALV$ EA* #a1#f YE>S1 SOME RADIUM WILL REMA9 = AN IMM5SELY LONG P]IOD4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 BY ADD+ RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES TO HIS 5VIRONM5T1 MAN 9CREASES ! AM\NT ?AT WILL REMA9 9DEF9ITELY1 :E!R ! HALF-LIFE ( AN ELEM5T IS #e1#i YE>S 7C>BON-#a#d7 OR #bh YE>S 7/RONTIUM-#f74 ,AL?\< MAN CAN CREATE RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS SU* AS /RONTIUM-#i1 !RE IS NO?+ HE CAN DO TO R$UCE !IR RADIOACTIVITY4 ,RADIATION CONT9UES UNDI/URB$1 & IS DIM9I%$ ONLY ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 

,:AT EFFECTS DO ALPHA1 BETA1 & GAMMA RAYS PRODUCE 9 LIV+ TISSUES8 ,AL?\< ! LONG-RANGE EFFECTS ( L[-LEVEL RADIATION ON ANIMALS & MAN >E V]Y MU* 9 DISPUTE1 !RE SEEMS TO BE LITTLE D\BT AB\T ! H>MFUL *ANGES RADIATION PRODUCES 9 CELLS4 ,RADIATION P>TICLES HAVE BE5 COMP>$ TO BULLETS TE>+ 9TO AN ORGANISM1 BUT ! DAMAGE !Y CAUSE DEP5DS UPON ! NUMB] ( P>TICLES ?AT REA* ! TISSUES4 ,! P>TICLES 9T]ACT ) MANY ( ! ATOMS ?AT MAKE UP \R CELLS1 EI!R CAUS+ ELECTRONS TO LEAVE !IR ORBITS 7IONIZATION7 OR EXCIT+ COMB9ATIONS ( ATOMS 7MOLECULES7 TO A PO9T :]E !Y BREAK AP>T4 ,! RESULT+ DAMAGE MAY BE M9OR & EASILY REPAIR$2 ON ! O!R H&1 IT MAY BE S]I\S & P]MAN5T4 ,IRRADIAT$ G]M CELLS MAY ONE DAY GIVE RISE TO H>MFUL MUTATIONS1 & IRRADIAT$ BODY CELLS MAY TAKE ! FIR/ /EP T[>D ! DEVELOPM5T ( CANC]4 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL EXPOS$ TO L>GE DOSAGES ( RADIATION MAY EXHIBIT SYMPTOMS ( 0RADIATION SICKNESS0 - NAUSEA1 VOMIT+1 LOSS ( HAIR1 PROGRESSIVE WEAKNESS1 & HEMORRHAGES4 ,SEV]E IRRADIATION ( ! 5TIRE BODY DAMAGES ! BLOOD-=M+ ORGANS 9 MAN & HI<] ANIMALS1 (T5 CLAIM+ LIFE )9 SEV]AL WEEKS AFT] EXPOSURE4 ,IF ! :OLE BODY IS EXPOS$ TO V]Y HI< LEVELS ( RADIATION1 !RE WILL BE WIDESPREAD DE/RUCTION ( ! 9TE/9AL TRACT & N]VE CELLS4 ,9 SU* CASES1 DEA? IS C]TA9 TO OCCUR )9 A FEW DAYS AFT] EXPOSURE4 

,QUANTITIES ( RADIATION >E USUALLY EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( RADS & RO5TG5S4 7,!SE UNITS >E US$ 9 MO/ ( ! WORKS CIT$ 9 ?IS DISCUSSION4 ,DUR+ ! PA/ FEW YE>S1 H[EV]1 ! RAD HAS BE5 /EADILY SUPPLANT$ BY ! REM 7RO5TG5 EQUIVAL5T MAN7 9 DISCUSSIONS ( ! EFFECTS ( RADIATION ON HUMANS4 ,! T]MS 0REM0 & 0RAD0 SIGNIFY ID5TICAL VALUES = EXPOSURE TO BETA & GAMMA RADIATION47 

,A RAD D5OTES ! QUANTITY ( RADIATION AN 9DIVIDUAL ABSORBS2 A RO5TG5 D5OTES ! AM\NT ( RADIATION 7ORD9>ILY ,X RADIATION7 TO :I* HE IS EXPOS$4 ,= ! PURPOSES ( ?IS DISCUSSION1 NO SIGNIFICANT DI/9CTION NE$ BE MADE BETWE5 ! TWO UNITS4 ,A S+LE RAD OR RO5TG5 CAN BE ?\<T ( AS GIV+ RISE TO AB\T #a1 IONIZATIONS 9 A S+LE CELL4 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL NORMALLY RECEIVES A TOTAL DOSAGE ( #c TO #e RO5TG5S FROM NATURAL BACKGR\ND RADIATION DUR+ ! FIR/ ?IRTY YE>S ( HIS LIFE4 ,BACKGR\ND RADIATION COMES FROM COSMIC RAYS1 RADIOACTIVITY 9 ROCKS1 & RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS 9 FOOD & WAT]4 ,IT CON/ITUTES ! RADIATION TO :I* MAN HAS EVID5TLY ADAPT$ HIMSELF OV] LONG P]IODS ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< BACKGR\ND RADIATION WILL V>Y 9 AM\NT FROM ONE LOCALE TO ANO!R1 ! ABSOLUTE QUANTITIES 9VOLV$ >E ORD9>ILY V]Y SMALL4 ,A MAN LIV+ AT SEA LEVEL USUALLY ABSORBS AB\T #c MILLIRADS 7#c ?\S&?S ( A RAD7 ( COSMIC RADIATION A YE>4 ,A MAN LIV+ AT #e1 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL IS LIKELY TO ABSORB AB\T #g MILLIRADS ANNUALLY4 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL :O MOVES FROM SEA LEVEL TO A HEI<T ( #e1 FEET WILL ?US RAISE HIS ABSORPTION ( COSMIC RADIATION BY LITTLE MORE ?AN A RAD DUR+ A ?IRTY-YE> P]IOD4 ,A MAN :O REMA9S BEH9D AT SEA LEVEL MAY WELL ACQUIRE MORE ?AN ?AT AM\NT 9 C]TA9 P>TS ( HIS BODY1 BY HAV+ A TOO? ,X-RAY$1 = EXAMPLE4 ,9 FACT1 A S]IES ( D5TAL ,X RAYS WILL SUPPLY HIS JAW & NECK ) A L>G] AM\NT ( RADIATION ?AN !Y >E LIKELY TO ACQUIRE FROM NATURAL BACKGR\ND S\RCES 9 ! GREAT] P>T ( A NORMAL LIFE SPAN4 

,:5 ,X RAYS >E US$ = DIAGNO/IC OR !RAPEUTIC PURPOSES1 ! GOOD !Y DO \TWEI<S ! H>M4 ,DIAGNO/IC ,X RAYS >E USUALLY DIRECT$ AT LIMIT$ >EAS ( ! BODY1 A =M ( EXPOSURE ?AT IS F> LESS HAZ>D\S ?AN IRRADIATION ( ! :OLE BODY4 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE REC5T CLAIMS TO ! CONTR>Y1 !RE IS NO CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ?AT SMALL DOSES ( RADIATION >E H>MLESS4 ,AL?\< SOME RESE>* WORK]S HAVE REPORT$ ?AT V]Y L[ LEVELS ( RADIATION 7#e RO5TG5S OR LESS P] WEEK7 9CREASE LONGEVITY 9 ANIMALS1 O!RS WORK+ ) SIMIL> DOSES ( RADIATION HAVE F\ND ?AT ! LIFE SPAN IS %ORT5$4 ,9 ! CASES 9 :I* 9CREASES 9 LONGEVITY W]E REPORT$1 ! LA/ ANIMALS TO DIE W]E G5]ALLY NON-IRRADIAT$ CONTROL ANIMALS4 ,IF RADIATION HAD ANY 0B5EFICIAL0 EFFECT1 IT WAS ?AT IT SEEM$ TO R$UCE ! DEA? RATE ( IRRADIAT$ ANIMALS 9 E>LY AGE GR\PS1 BUT ! MAXIMUM LIFE SPAN ( ! ANIMALS WAS %ORT5$4 7,9 ! OP9ION ( ,ALEX ,COM=T1 ONE ( ,5GL&'S =EMO/ AU?ORITIES ON ! AG+ PROCESS 9 ANIMALS & MAN1 ! 9CREASE 9 LONGEVITY PRODUC$ BY L[-LEVEL RADIATION 'IS DUE P>TLY TO ! SLI<T PHYSIOLOGICAL /IMULUS >IS+ FROM '/RESS' & P>TLY TO ! FACT ?AT RADIATION AT !SE L[ LEVELS DOES MORE H>M TO P>ASITES ( V>I\S K9DS ?AN TO ! ANIMALS 9FECT$ ) !M4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! LIFE EXT5SION IS SE5 ONLY 9 ANIMAL COLONIES :]E ! SURVIVAL CURVE IS SUBOPTIMAL4 ,AMONG ANIMALS ?AT >E WELL C>$ =1 RADIATION1 IF IT HAS ANY VISIBLE EFFECT1 %ORT5S LIFE407 

,!RE SEEMS TO BE V]Y LITTLE AMBIGUITY1 H[EV]1 AB\T ! G5ETIC EFFECTS ( RADIATION4 ,ALL ! FACTS AT H& 9DICATE ?AT ANY 9CREASE 9 ! AM\NT ( RADIATION RECEIV$ BY A L>GE POPULATION PRODUCES A RISE 9 ! OCCURR5CE ( H>MFUL MUTATIONS4 ,NOR DO WE HAVE TO RELY EXCLUSIVELY ON EXP]IM5TS ) ANIMALS TO ACQUIRE /ATI/ICALLY SIGNIFICANT EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,A /UDY MADE BY ,JOHN ,T4 ,G5TRY & HIS COLLEAGUES 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T ( ,HEAL? SUGGE/S ?AT >EAS ) RELATIVELY HI< CONC5TRATIONS ( RADIOACTIVE ROCK >E CORRELAT$ ) A HI< 9CID5CE ( CONG5ITALLY MAL=M$ *ILDR5 - MANY1 P]HAPS MO/1 ( :OSE DEFECTS >E BELIEV$ TO BE CAUS$ BY DEFECTIVE G5ES4 ,BY WORK+ PRIM>ILY ) /ATI/ICS COMPIL$ FROM A MILLION & A QU>T] BIR? C]TIFICATES 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE 7EXCLUSIVE ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY71 ,G5TRY F\ND ?AT ! OV]-ALL 9CID5CE ( CONG5ITAL MAL=MATION AM\NT$ TO #a#b4#i P] #a1 LIVE BIR?S 9 >EAS ( ! /ATE :I* SEEM$ TO HAVE ! LEA/ AM\NT ( GEOLOGIC RADIOACTIVITY4 ,! 9CID5CE ( CONG5ITAL MAL=MATION = >EAS :I* SEEM$ TO HAVE ! HI<E/ AM\NT ( GEOLOGIC RADIOACTIVITY WAS #a#g4#e - A DIFF]5CE ( NE>LY #d P]C5T4 ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 IS NOT P>TICUL>LY RADIOACTIVE2 FIELD MEASUREM5TS ( BACKGR\ND RADIATION W]E F\ND TO LIE MA9LY 9 ! RANGE ( #b4#a TO #c4#b RO5TG5S P] ?IRTY-YE> P]IOD4 ,ADDITIONAL EVID5CE ?AT ! RATE ( MAL=MATION IS 9FLU5C$ BY ! RADIOACTIVITY ( ! GEOLOGIC 5VIRONM5T APPE>S 9 A PRELIM9>Y NATION-WIDE /UDY BY ,JACK ,KRAT*MAN & ,D\GLAS ,GRAHN1 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,ATOMIC ,5]GY ,COMMISSION4 ,BY GR\P+ C\NTY & /ATE MORTALITY DATA ACCORD+ TO ! GEOLOGIC PROV9CES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,KRAT*MAN & ,GRAHN F\ND ?AT 0MORTALITY 9CID5CE FROM MAL=MATION MAY BE HI<] 9 ?OSE GEOLOGIC PROV9CES444 ?AT CONTA9 MAJOR URANIUM ORE DEPOSITS1 URANIF]\S WAT]S OR HELIUM CONC5TRATIONS40 

,!SE /UDIES >E A REM9D] ?AT MAN IS PROBABLY F> MORE S5SITIVE TO RADIATION ?AN HAS G5]ALLY BE5 SUPPOS$4 ,AL?\< ! LIV+ MATT] ?AT SURR\NDS ! NUCLEUS ( A CELL CAN (T5 ABSORB A GREAT DEAL ( RADIATION )\T BE+ SIGNIFICANTLY H>M$1 ! NUCLEUS ITSELF IS HI<LY VULN]ABLE4 ,!ODORE ,T4 ,PUCK & HIS C[ORK]S AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,COLORADO ,M$ICAL ,C5T] HAVE REC5TLY %[N ?AT VISIBLE DAMAGE CAN BE 9FLICT$ ON *ROMOSOMES 7! /R&S 9 ! NUCLEUS ( ! CELL ?AT C>RY ! G5ES7 ) AS LITTLE AS #b TO #be RO5TG5S4 ,! G5ETIC APP>ATUS ( AN ORD9>Y BODY CELL 0?US %[S EXTRAORD9>Y S5SITIVITY TO RADIATION10 ,PUCK OBS]VES4 0,CALCULATION 9DICATES ?AT ! IONIZATION ( NOT MORE ?AN A FEW HUNDR$ ATOMS )9 OR >\ND ! SPACE OCCUPI$ BY ! *ROMOSOME MAY BE SUFFICI5T TO PRODUCE A VISIBLE BREAK4 ,IT SEEMS PROBABLE ?AT AN EV5 GREAT] NUMB] ( LESIONS MAY OCCUR & REMA9 9VISIBLE1 EI!R BECAUSE !Y >E SUBMICROSCOPIC OR BECAUSE !Y BECOME RESEAL$ BE=E !Y >E EXP&$40 

,IF RADIATION IS 9CREAS$ TO #e RO5TG5S1 MANY CELLS SOON LOSE ! ABILITY TO REPRODUCE1 AL?\< !Y DO NOT NECESS>ILY DIE4 ,! NUCLE> MAT]IAL ( ! CELL MAY BE DAMAG$ BEYOND RECOV]Y1 BUT ! CYTOPLASM SURR\ND+ ! NUCLEUS SURVIVES & P]=MS ! ESS5TIAL FUNCTIONS ( LIFE4 ,9/EAD ( REPRODUC+1 ! CELLS CONT9UE TO ABSORB NUTRIM5T & GR[ UNTIL !Y REA* 5ORM\S SIZE4 ,!Y BECOME SO-CALL$ 0GIANT CELLS10 SEV5 TO T5 TIMES L>G] ?AN A CELL ?AT HAS NOT BE5 IRRADIAT$4 ,IRRADIATION ( ! :OLE BODY ) #d TO #e RO5TG5S IS FATAL TO HALF ! HUMAN BE+S SO EXPOS$1 APP>5TLY BECAUSE OV] #ii P]C5T ( ! BODY'S REPRODUC+ CELLS LOSE ! ABILITY TO MULTIPLY NORMALLY4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O RECEIVE LE?AL DOSAGES ( RADIATION MAY LIVE = WEEKS AFT] EXPOSURE1 BUT ! BODY'S 9ABILITY TO =M A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( R$ & :ITE BLOOD CELLS EV5TUALLY LEADS TO DEA? FROM ANEMIA OR 9FECTION4 

,*ILDR5 >E PROBABLY MORE S5SITIVE TO RADIATION ?AN ADULTS1 & ! FETUS APPE>S TO BE MORE S5SITIVE ?AN ! *ILD4 ,RADIATION NOT ONLY HAS A SELECTIVE EFFECT UPON DIFF]5T P>TS ( A CELL2 IT DOES ! GREATE/ DAMAGE TO ?OSE CELLS ?AT HAVE A HI< RATE ( REPRODUCTION4 ,IT SEEMS TO BE MO/ H>MFUL DUR+ ?OSE /AGES ( LIFE AT :I* METABOLISM IS AT ITS PEAK1 NOTABLY ! YE>S ( GR[?4 ,S5SITIVITY V>IES M>K$LY FROM 9DIVIDUAL TO 9DIVIDUAL & FROM ONE ORGAN ( ! BODY TO ANO!R4 ,A L>GE :OLE-BODY DOSE ( RADIATION FROM :I* SOME 9DIVIDUALS RECOV] ) A SELF-LIMIT+ CASE ( 0RADIATION SICKNESS0 MAY LEAD 9 O!RS TO P]MAN5T DAMAGE & DEA?4 ,IF CONC5TRAT$ ON ! H&1 ! SAME DOSE MAY PRODUCE NO?+ MORE ?AN A RADIATION BURN4 ,DIRECT$ AT ! ABDOM9AL >EA1 H[EV]1 IT WILL (T5 CAUSE S]I\S DAMAGE & M>K$ PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS4 

,F9ALLY1 !RE >E DIFF]5T K9DS ( RADIATION & V>I\S EMITT]S ( RADIATION4 ,! EFFECTS PRODUC$ BY ALL =MS ( RADIATION >E ORD9>ILY R$UCIBLE TO ! AM\NT ( IONIZATION !Y PRODUCE4 ,BUT EA* =M ( RADIATION HAS DI/9CTIVE FEATURES ( ITS [N4 ,! ALPHA P>TICLE IS ! 0HEAVY >TILL]Y %ELL0 ( IONIZ+ RADIATION4 ,AS IT IS MADE UP ( TWO PROTONS JO9$ ) TWO NEUTRONS 7ACTUALLY A NUCLEUS ( ! ELEM5T HELIUM71 AN ALPHA P>TICLE HAS AB\T #g1#c TIMES ! MASS ( ! LI<T]1 FA/] BETA P>TICLE4 ,! P5ETRAT+ P[] ( ALPHA RAYS IS V]Y LIMIT$2 !Y CAN BE /OPP$ BY A ?9 %EET ( PAP]4 ,BUT AL?\< ALPHA P>TICLES DO NOT P5ETRATE V]Y F> 9TO LIV+ TISSUE1 !Y SCORE A L>GE NUMB] ( 0DIRECT HITS0 ON ATOMS4 ,AN IRRADIAT$ CELL IS DAMAG$ MORE SEV]ELY BY ALPHA P>TICLES ?AN BY O!R =MS ( RADIATION1 AL?\< FEW] CELLS >E IRRADIAT$ BY AN ALPHA EMITT]4 ,IF ! ALPHA P>TICLE HAD ! P5ETRAT+ P[] POSSESS$ BY BETA & GAMMA RAYS1 IT W\LD BE EXTREMELY DE/RUCTIVE TO LIV+ ?+S4 

,BETA P>TICLES TRAVEL AB\T #a TIMES F>!R ?AN ALPHA P>TICLES4 ,:]EAS ALPHA P>TICLES SELDOM PASS BEYOND ! \T]1 DEAD LAY] ( ! SK91 ! FREE1 FA/-MOV+ ELECTRONS & POSITRONS ?AT CON/ITUTE BETA RADIATION P5ETRATE = AB\T A QU>T] ( AN 9* 9TO LIV+ MATT]4 ,GAMMA RAYS & ,X RAYS WILL PASS READILY ?R\< A L>GE ORGANISM2 !Y REA* ! 9N]MO/ RECESSES ( ! BODY & 9JURE HI<LY S5SITIVE TISSUES1 BUT !Y PRODUCE ONLY AB\T ONE TW5TIE? ( ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON CELLS BY ALPHA P>TICLES4 

,AS GAMMA RAYS >E PHYSICALLY ! SAME AS ,X RAYS1 WE MI<T SAY ?AT MO/ ( ! EFFECTS PRODUC$ 9 MAN BY GAMMA RADIATION >E DUE TO ! WIDESPREAD USE ( ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T4 ,ALPHA & PRIM>Y BETA RADIATIONS >E C>RI$ TO MAN'S VITAL ORGANS BY RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS4 7,! WORD 0PRIM>Y0 IS US$ BECAUSE BETA RADIATION 9DUCES GAMMA RADIATION 9 MU* ! SAME WAY ?AT A /REAM ( ELECTRONS /RIK+ A METAL T>GET PRODUCES ,X RAYS4 ,GAMMA RADIATION1 9 TURN1 BY IMP>T+ 5]GY TO ! PLANET>Y ELECTRONS ( ATOMS1 CAUSES !M TO LEAVE !IR ORBITS4 ,! FREE ELECTRONS BEHAVE LIKE A BETA RAY4 ,?US1 A %ORT-LIV$ S]IES ( RADIATIONS1 ALT]NAT+ BETWE5 BETA & GAMMA RAYS1 C\LD EXT5D ! RANGE ( BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE TO TISSUES ?AT MI<T NOT ORD9>ILY BE REA*$ BY ! PRIM>Y BETA RAY47 ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T CAN BE TURN$ ON & (F2 ?US1 EXPOSURE TO ,X RADIATION NE$ NOT BE CONT9U\S OR UNCONTROLL$4 ,BUT RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES CANNOT BE 0TURN$ (F40 ,ONCE !Y COMB9E ) ! SKELETON & ! S(T TISSUES ( ! BODY1 !Y >E NO LONG] )9 HUMAN CONTROL4 ,LIKE ! NUTRI5TS ?AT SU/A9 LIFE & GR[?1 MANY RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS BECOME P>T ( ! ORGANISM4 ,! BODY T5DS TO USE RADIUM & /RONTIUM-#i1 = EXAMPLE1 ! SAME WAY ?AT IT EMPLOYS CALCIUM1 AL?\< IT %[S A PREF]5CE = ! LATT]4 ,RADIUM & /RONTIUM-#i MIGRATE TO ! M9]AL P>T ( ! SKELETON1 :]E ! RATE ( METABOLIC ACTIVITY IS RELATIVELY L[1 & !Y BOMB>D BONE MATT] & HI<LY S5SITIVE BONE M>R[ ) ALPHA & BETA P>TICLES = A LONG P]IOD ( TIME4 ,! BODY DOES NOT DISCRIM9ATE BETWE5 RADIOACTIVE & /ABLE C>BON ISOTOPES4 ,C>BON-#a#d APPE>S 9 EV]Y K9D ( TISSUE1 9CLUD+ G]M CELLS1 & IRRADIATES ! >EA 9 :I* IT LODGES ) BETA P>TICLES4 

,9 ! FIELD ( RADIOBIOLOGY1 IT IS V]Y IMPRUD5T TO MAKE IRONCLAD G5]ALIZATIONS ?AT >E LIKELY TO AFFECT ! WELL-BE+ ( L>GE POPULATIONS4 ,! FIELD IS BESET ) SO MANY UNC]TA9TIES ?AT SCI5TIFIC OP9ION CAN BE EXPECT$ TO DIFF] ON NE>LY EV]Y ISSUE BUT ! 0NE$ = FUR!R RESE>*40 ,! PUBLIC1 9 TURN1 W\LD PROBABLY ACKN[L$GE ?IS NE$ ) TRANQUILITY IF ! PROBLEMS ( RADIATION W]E CONF9$ TO ! LABORATORY4 ,BUT !Y >E NOT4 ,X-RAY MA*9ES >E N[ P>T ( ! EQUIPM5T ( EV]Y PHYSICIAN & D5TI/2 ! DEVICES HAVE BECOME 9DISP5SABLE 9 M$ICAL PRACTICE4 ,RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES >E US$ WIDELY 9 LABORATORIES1 HOSPITALS1 & 9DU/RY4 ,NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S HAVE DIS*>G$ RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS 9TO ! SOIL1 WAT]1 & ATMOSPH]E1 & NUCLE> REACTORS >E ANNUALLY PRODUC+ HUGE QUANTITIES ( HI<LY RADIOACTIVE WA/ES4 ,! EXP]IM5TAL ANIMALS NE$$ = FUR!R RESE>* CURR5TLY 9CLUDE ALL ( HUMANITY1 & ! MOD]N RADIATION LABORATORY 5COMPASSES ! 5TIRE E>?4 ,BUT MANY S]I\S QUE/IONS HAVE BE5 LEFT UNANSW]$4 ,>E WE US+ RADIATION ) ! CAUTION & RESPECT IT DES]VES8 ,TO :AT EXT5T HAVE WE CONTAM9AT$ ! 5VIRONM5T8 ,9 :AT DIRECTION >E WE GO+8 ,UNLESS !SE QUE/IONS >E ANSW]$ FRANKLY & EXI/+ ABUSES CORRECT$1 ! DATA ACQUIR$ BY FUR!R RESE>* MAY WELL PROVE TO BE ( ACADEMIC IMPORTANCE4 

,! ,PROBLEMS ( ,X ,RADIATION 

,X-RAYS W]E ! FIR/ =M ( IONIZ+ RADIATION TO BE DELIB]ATELY PRODUC$ BY MAN1 & 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & WE/]N ,EUROPE !Y N[ CON/ITUTE ! RADIATION TO :I* HE IS MO/ HEAVILY EXPOS$4 ,MANY PEOPLE ( ALL AGES & ALL WALKS ( LIFE >E GIV5 R\T9E ,X RAYS DUR+ P]IODIC M$ICAL & D5TAL EXAM9ATIONS4 ,MOREOV]1 EXPOSURE TO ,X RAYS HAS BE5 9CREAS+ /EADILY OV] ! PA/ ?REE DECADES4 ,ACCORD+ TO DATA GA!R$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ADVISORY ,COMMITTEE ON ,RADIATION1 ! ANNUAL ,X-RAY DOSAGE RECEIV$ BY ! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN 9CREAS$ #i P]C5T BETWE5 #aibe & #a#i#e#e4 ,! RADIATION HE RECEIVES FROM ,X RAYS IS #ace P]C5T GREAT] ?AN ! RADIATION HE ACQUIRES FROM NATURAL S\RCES4 0,! CONT9U$ UPW>D TR5D EXHIBIT$ BY ,X-RAY DATA10 OBS]VES ! COMMITTEE1 0SUGGE/S ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT ! CURR5T EXPOSURE ( ! POPULATION FROM ,X-RAY APP>ATUS MAY 9CREASE /ILL FUR!R UNLESS APPROPRIATE RADIATION CONTROL MEASURES >E SY/EMATICALLY APPLI$40 

,SY/EMATIC CONTROL ( ,X RADIATION IS LONG OV]DUE4 ,MAN-9DUC$ RADIATION HAS BE5 9 USE S9CE #a#h#i#f1 ! YE> ,RO5TG5'S DISCOV]Y ( ,X RAYS ATTRACT$ WORLD-WIDE ATT5TION1 & ! EFFECTIVE APPLICATION ( !SE RAYS TO M$ICAL PROBLEMS ANT$ATES ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,SURPRIS+LY1 A GOOD WORK+ KN[L$GE ( ! HAZ>DS ( ,X RADIATION & VALUABLE RECOMM5DATIONS = ! PROP] USE ( ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T W]E AVAILABLE %ORTLY AFT] ,RO5TG5'S WORK BECAME WELL KN[N4 ,ELIHU ,?OMSON1 AFT] EXP]IM5T+ ) ! NEW RAYS ON HIS LITTLE F+]1 REPORT$ A GREAT DEAL ( ! DATA NE$$ TO 5ABLE RADIOLOGI/S TO USE ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T ) A REASONABLE AM\NT ( SAFETY4 ,HIS SUGGE/IONS W]E L>GELY IGNOR$4 ,= MANY YE>S ,X-RAY TUBES W]E EMPLOY$ ) LITTLE OR NO %IELD+1 :ILE PHYSICIANS1 9 BLISSFUL DISREG>D ( ,?OMSON'S RECOMM5DATIONS1 (T5 EXPOS$ !MSELVES AS WELL AS !IR PATI5TS TO HEAVY DOSES ( RADIATION4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 SCORES ( RADIOLOGI/S HAD NE$LESSLY SACRIFIC$ !IR LIVES &1 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 9FLICT$ A GREAT DEAL ( DAMAGE ON MANY ( !IR UNSUSPECT+ PATI5TS4 

,TO MAKE MATT]S WORSE1 ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T WAS RAPIDLY DEBAS$ 9TO A COSMETIC AG5T &1 F9ALLY1 9TO A SALES PROMOTION DEVICE4 ,IT WAS F\ND ?AT ,X RAYS C\LD CAUSE A LOSS ( HAIR 7EPILATION71 AN EFFECT ?AT SUGGE/$ LUCRATIVE POSSIBILITIES4 ,BY ! #a#i#bS MANY PHYSICIANS1 BEAUTICIANS1 & SELF-APPO9T$ 0EPILATION SPECIALI/S0 HAD BEGUN TO TREAT WOM5 ) RADIATION = ! REMOVAL ( 0SUP]FLU\S HAIR40 ,ONE ,NEW ,YORK PHYSICIAN1 ,DR4 ,ALB]T ,C4 ,GEYS]1 DEVELOP$ A 0H>MLESS0 ME?OD ( HAIR REMOVAL ?AT 9VOLV$ CUMULATIVE DOSAGES ( AT LEA/ #e RO5TG5S OV] A TWELVE-WEEK P]IOD ( RADIATION TREATM5T4 ,! ME?OD1 NAM$ ! 0,TRI*O ,SY/EM10 WAS V]Y SUCCESSFUL1 & BEAUTICIANS TRA9$ BY ,GEYS]'S 0,TRI*O ,9/ITUTE0 BEGAN OP]AT+ 9 MANY P>TS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA4 ,IT SOON BECAME EVID5T1 H[EV]1 ?AT WOM5 TREAT$ ACCORD+ TO ! 0,TRI*O ,SY/EM0 LO/ SUB/ANTIALLY MORE ?AN UNWANT$ HAIR4 ,MANY 9DIVIDUALS ACQUIR$ RADIOD]MATITIS 7SK9 9FLAMMATION71 SEV]E RADIATION BURNS1 FE/]+ SK9 ULC]S1 &1 9 TIME1 CANC]4 ,! 0,TRI*O0 /ORY IS ONE ( ! MORE TRAGIC EPISODES 9 ! HI/ORY ( RADIATION4 ,IT IS BELIEV$ ?AT ! VICTIMS ( ,GEYS]'S SY/EM NUMB]$ 9 ! ?\S&S2 ! EXACT NUMB] ( ?OSE :O SUFF]$ LAT5T 9JURY & PREMATURE DEA? WILL NEV] BE KN[N4 

,AL?\< RADIATION IS NO LONG] EMPLOY$ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN BEAUTY P>LOR1 ! USE ( ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T TO FIT %OES /ILL L+]S 9 A NUMB] ( COMMUNITIES4 ,! EQUIPM5T IS US$ MA9LY ON ! FEET ( *ILDR54 ,AS ( #a#i#f1 ! USE ( ! %OE-FITT+ FLUOROSCOPE HAD BE5 BANN$ 9 TW5TY-N9E /ATES4 ,SOME ( ! O!R /ATES REGULATE ! USE ( ! MA*9E1 BUT 9 A FEW /ATES !RE >E NO RE/RICTIONS AT ALL4 ,A NUMB] ( LOCAL SURVEYS CIT$ BY ,S*UB]T & ,LAPP HAVE %[N ?AT ! MA*9ES >E (T5 DEFECTIVE1 GIV+ HI< DOSES ( RADIATION TO BO? ! *ILD & ! SALESMAN4 ,! ,MI*IGAN ,DEP>TM5T ( ,HEAL?1 = EXAMPLE1 F\ND %OE-FITT+ MA*9ES ?AT EMITT$ AS MANY AS #fe RO5TG5S 7R7 A M9UTE4 ,A SURVEY 9 ,BO/ON %[$ ?AT IRRADIATION ( ! FOOT RANG$ FROM 4#e TO #e4#h R A SECOND4 7,! USE ( %OE-FITT+ FLUOROSCOPES HAS BE5 BANN$ 9 ,BO/ON BY /ATE LAW & IS REGULAT$ 9 ,MI*IGAN47 0,= A #b#b-SECOND EXPOSURE1 :I* IS COMMONLY US$1 ! FEET RECEIVE FROM #a TO #aaf RL0 ,S*UB]T & ,LAPP WRITE4 0,REMEMB]1 TOO1 ?AT ONE *ILD MAY HAVE HIS FEET EXAM9$ MANY TIMES :ILE TRY+ ON DIFF]5T %OES4 ,SIMIL> DOSAGE MEASUREM5TS HAVE BE5 REPORT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 :I* /ATES ?AT ! AV]AGE DOSAGES TO ! *ILDR5'S FEET >E BETWE5 #g R & #ad R P] EXPOSURE40 ,! AM\NT ( SCATT]$ RADIATION ?AT REA*ES ! *ILD'S PELVIC REGION & GONADS MAY RUN AS HI< AS 4#b RO5TG5S = A ,TW5TY SECOND EXPOSURE4 

,SOCIETY HAS F\ND IT V]Y DIFFICULT TO ACCEPT ! FACT ?AT A VALUABLE DEVICE CAN BECOME EXTREMELY DANG]\S IF IT IS US$ IMPROP]LY4 ,S*UB]T & ,LAPP OBS]VE ?AT A MAJOR REASON :Y ,GEYS] WAS NOT /OPP$ UNTIL HIS 0SY/EM0 HAD 9JUR$ A L>GE NUMB] ( WOM5 IS ?AT ! M$ICAL COMMUNITY G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ RADIATION AS A =M ( TREATM5T = M9OR SK9 DISORD]S4 ,TO ?IS DAY1 MANY PHYSICIANS >E LIKELY TO UND]E/IMATE ! AM\NT ( LAT5T DAMAGE CAUS$ BY REPEAT$ EXPOSURE TO ,X RADIATION4 ,9 SOME CASES1 PHYSICIANS >E 9CL9$ TO USE ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T AS FREELY AS !Y USE ! /E?OSCOPE1 & (T5 IT IS ! CO/ ( AN ,X-RAY PICTURE RA!R ?AN ! 'RISK ( IRRADIATION ?AT KEEPS ! TWO DEVICES FROM OCCUPY+ PLACES ( EQUAL IMPORTANCE 9 R\T9E M$ICAL EXAM9ATIONS4 ,! PHYSICIAN (T5 FEELS ?AT !RE IS NO DANG] 9VOLV$ 9 TAK+ DIAGNO/IC ,X RAYS2 ! WORD 0DIAGNO/IC0 SEEMS TO IMP>T B5IGN QUALITIES TO RADIATION4 ,BUT ! NE$ = AN ,X RAY DOES NOT 9 ANY WAY DIM9I% ! EFFECT ( EXPOSURE2 IT M]ELY PROVIDES A SCALE ON :I* ! HAZ>DS ( ,X RADIATION %\LD BE WEI<$ AGA9/ ! HAZ>DS ( AN 9COMPLETE & FAULTY DIAGNOSIS4 

,?IS REQUIRES C>EFUL EVALUATION4 ,A MIDDLE-AG$ MAN :O REFUSES TO BE EXPOS$ TO ! SMALL AM\NT ( RADIATION 9VOLV$ 9 AN ANNUAL *E/ ,X RAY C>RIES HIS FE> ( RADIATION TO EXTREMES4 ,! RISK 9VOLV$ 9 HAV+ AN ,X RAY TAK5 IS MU* SMALL] ?AN ! RISK 9VOLV$ 9 P]MITT+ A S]I\S LUNG DISEASE TO REMA9 UNDIAGNOS$4 ,S*UB]T & ,LAPP E/IMATE ?AT SIXTY *E/ ,X RAYS TAK5 ON A #a#d-BY-#a#g-9* PLATE )\T ACCOMPANY+ FLUOROSCOPIES WILL GIVE AN 9DIVIDUAL A CUMULATIVE DOSE ( #c RO5TG5S4 ,) NEWLY DEVELOP$ FA/ FILMS1 EXPOSURE IS LIKELY TO BE R$UC$ APPRECIABLY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 A MAN ) M>K$ & PROLONG$ GA/RO9TE/9AL DI/RESS :O FAILS TO RESPOND TO TREATM5T = B5IGN /OMA* DISORD]S W\LD BE FOOLH>DY IF HE REFUS$ TO HAVE ,X RAYS TAK5 ( HIS ABDOM9AL REGION4 ,! DANG] ( S]I\S DISEASE W\LD \TWEI< BY F> ! AM\NT ( H>M CAUS$ BY A S+LE S]IES ( ,X RAYS4 

,BUT 9DIVIDUALS )\T M$ICAL COMPLA9TS :O >E EXPOS$ P]IODICALLY TO A L>GE AM\NT ( DIAGNO/IC RADIATION MI<T DO WELL TO 5T]TA9 SOME SECOND ?\<TS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 MANY L>GE ,AM]ICAN CORPORATIONS HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! PRACTICE ( S5D+ !IR EXECUTIVES TO CL9ICS = ANNUAL M$ICAL EXAM9ATIONS4 ,!SE EXAM9ATIONS TAKE SEV]AL DAYS TO P]=M & NORMALLY 9CLUDE A PROGRAM ( ,X RAYS & FLUOROSCOPIES ( IMPORTANT ORGANS ( ! BODY4 ,S*UB]T & ,LAPP F\ND ?AT AN EXECUTIVE CAN EXPECT TO RECEIVE #ce RO5TG5S ) EA* *ECKUP2 FREQU5TLY ! DOSAGES REA* #e RO5TG5S4 ',WE GRANT ?AT ! EXECUTIVE IS NOT EXPOS$ TO TOTAL BODY RADIATION1 :I* IS MORE S]I\S ?AN LOCALIZ$ RADIATION10 !Y WRITE4 0,NEV]!LESS1 ! MO/ VITAL ORGANS >E EXPOS$ & AT ! V]Y LEA/ ONE MAY EXPECT A %ORT5+ ( LIFE SPAN ( ! EXPOS$ 9DIVIDUAL1 ESPECIALLY IF ! EXECUTIVE RECEIVES ! X-RAY BOMB>DM5T YE> AFT] YE>4 ,WE DO NOT D5Y ! VALUABLE DATA :I* DOCTORS MAY GA9 9 ! C\RSE ( X-RAY EXAM9ATION1 :I* MAY L5G!N ! LIFE SPAN1 BUT WE DO REG>D ! ANNUAL IRRADIATION ( #e R P] EXECUTIVE ) SOME DEGREE ( APPREH5SION = ! 9DIVIDUAL'S FUTURE WELF>E40 

,A NUMB] ( RADIOBIOLOGI/S BELIEVE ?AT C]TA9 ,X RAYS %\LD NOT BE UND]TAK5 UNLESS !Y >E ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! WELL-BE+ ( ! PATI5T4 ,A CASE 9 PO9T IS ! PELVIC ,X RAY 7PELVIMETRY7 ( PREGNANT WOM54 0,X-RAY PELVIMETRIES HAVE BE5 A RELATIVELY COMMON PRACTICE = MANY YE>S - & /ILL IS AS F> AS IS KN[N10 ,S*UB]T TOLD A CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE HOLD+ HE>+S ON RADIATION 9 #a#i#e#i4 ,AN E/IMAT$ #d#d1 ,AM]ICAN WOM5 & #a1 ,5GLI% WOM5 W]E GIV5 PELVIC ,X RAYS ANNUALLY DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#eS4 ,! PRACTICE HAD ALWAYS >\S$ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( CONC]N BECAUSE ( ! H>MFUL G5ETIC EFFECTS IT C\LD PRODUCE 9 LAT] G5]ATIONS1 BUT REC5T /UDIES %[ ?AT ! HAZ>DS MAY BE MORE IMM$IATE4 ,9 AN EXT5SIVE SURVEY ( DEA?S FROM CANC] AMONG ,5GLI% & ,WEL% *ILDR51 ,ALICE ,/EW>T & H] C[ORK]S AT ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY F\ND A /ATI/ICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 FETAL IRRADIATION & ! 9CID5CE ( CANC] AMONG *ILDR54 ,! SURVEY1 P]HAPS ! MO/ EXT5SIVE ( ITS K9D1 COV]$ MO/ ( ! *ILDR5 :O HAD DI$ ( LEUKEMIA & O!R CANC]S BETWE5 #aiec & #a#i#e#e4 ,! DATA GA!R$ BY ! 9VE/IGATORS %[ ?AT1 AMONG *ILDR5 UND] T51 ! *ANCES ( DY+ FROM CANC] >E TWICE AS GREAT = ?OSE :O W]E IRRADIAT$ DUR+ ! FETAL /AGE4 

,MOD]ATE 5L>GEM5T ( ! ?YMUS GL&1 A CONDITION = :I* A L>GE NUMB] ( *ILDR5 HAVE RECEIV$ RADIO!RAPY1 IS N[ REG>D$ AS H>MLESS BY MANY M$ICAL AU?ORITIES4 ,AL?\< ?YMIC 5L>GEM5T IS NO LONG] TREAT$ ) RADIATION 9 ,5GL&1 ! PRACTICE /ILL P]SI/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,C4 ,L5ORE ,SIMPSON & H] C[ORK]S HAVE C>EFULLY SURVEY$ AB\T #b1 SU* CASES 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE1 MA9LY 9 ,RO*E/] & ,BUFFALO4 ,BY COMP>+ ! 9CID5CE ( CANC] 9 TREAT$ CASES ) ?AT 9 *ILDR5 9 ! G5]AL POPULATION1 !Y F\ND NE>LY A SEV5FOLD 9CREASE 9 CANC] AMONG *ILDR5 :O HAD BE5 EXPOS$ TO HI< DOSAGES ( RADIATION = ?YMIC 5L>GEM5T4 ,! NUMB] ( LEUKEMIA CASES F\ND BY ,SIMPSON WAS NE>LY T5 TIMES HI<] ?AN ! NUMB] ?AT W\LD NORMALLY HAVE BE5 EXPECT$4 

,IT REMA9S TO BE SE5 :E!R MO/ RADIOBIOLOGI/S WILL DECIDE ?AT PELVIMETRIES & ?YMIC IRRADIATION PRODUCE CANC] 9 *ILDR54 ,! EVID5CE IS NOT ALTOGE!R CLE>-CUT4 ,SEV]AL LAT] SURVEYS ( A MORE LIMIT$ NATURE HAVE REPORT$ F9D+S ?AT CONFLICT ) ! RESULTS OBTA9$ BY ,/EW>T & ,SIMPSON1 :]EAS O!R SURVEYS SUPPORT !M4 ,! RESULTS SEEM TO V>Y ) ! ME?ODS US$ & ! COMMUNITIES /UDI$4 ,! ,/EW>T & ,SIMPSON SURVEYS1 H[EV]1 HAVE UNE>!D /ATI/ICAL PROBABILITIES ?AT >E F> TOO HI< TO BE DISMISS$ LI<TLY4 ,AL?\< !SE PROBABILITIES CAN BE EXPECT$ TO V>Y ) ! TE*NIQUES ( ! RADIOLOGI/S 9 DIFF]5T COMMUNITIES & M$ICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 !RE SEEMS TO BE LITTLE REASON TO D\BT ! VALIDITY ( ! F9D+S ( ,/EW>T & ,SIMPSON4 

,PHYSICIANS HAVE OBS]V$ ?AT MANY *ILDR5 ) ?YROID CANC] RECEIV$ RADIATION >\ND ! HEAD & NECK DUR+ 9FANCY & E>LY *ILDHOOD4 ,GEORGE ,CRILE1 ( ! ,CLEVEL& ,CL9IC ,F\NDATION1 = EXAMPLE1 REPORTS ?AT 9 #ah CASES TREAT$ BY HIS CL9IC1 ! P>5TS ( #ad W]E ASK$ :E!R !IR *ILDR5 HAD BE5 EXPOS$ TO ,X RAYS 9 ! G5]AL >EA ( ! ?YROID GL&4 ,ONLY #c HAD NOT RECEIV$ RADIATION4 ,! REMA9+ #aa HAD HI/ORIES ( RADIO!RAPY = 5L>GEM5T ( ! ?YMUS GL& & LYMPH NODES1 = ECZEMA1 & = O!R DISORD]S4 0,9 ! #ae YE>S BETWE5 #aibd & #a#i#c#i10 ,CRILE NOTES1 0AT A TIME :5 MANY MORE OP]ATIONS ON ! ?YROID W]E BE+ DONE AT ! ,CLEVEL& ,CL9IC ?AN >E BE+ DONE TODAY1 NO *ILDR5 ) CANC]S ( ! ?YROID W]E SE54 ,ONLY ?REE W]E SE5 BETWE5 #aici & #a#i#e1 & BETWE5 #aie & #aieh !RE W]E #ae CASES4 ,! QUE/ION IMM$IATELY >ISES AS TO :E!R ! 9CREAS+ 9CID5CE ( CANC] ( ! ?YROID 9 *ILDR5 IS ! RESULT ( AN 9CREASE 9 ! USE ( RADIATION !RAPY 9 9FANCY & E>LY *ILDHOOD40 ,CRILE NOTES ?AT FACTORS O!R ?AN RADIATION MAY ACC\NT = ! RISE 9 ?YROID CANC] AMONG *ILDR5 BUT ADDS ?AT 0! 9CREAS+ 9CID5CE ( CANC] ( ! ?YROID 9 REC5T YE>S SUGGE/S ?AT AN 5VIRONM5TAL FACTOR SU* AS RADIATION IS 9VOLV$40 

,MANY 9DIVIDUALS >E /ILL EXPOS$ TO L>GE DOSAGES ( ,X RADIATION = :AT >E ESS5TIALLY COSMETIC PURPOSES4 ,LOCALIZ$ ECZEMAS1 W>TS1 & *ILDHOOD BIR?M>KS ?AT >E LIKELY TO DISAPPE> SPONTANE\SLY AFT] A FEW YE>S HAVE 9 MANY CASES BE5 HEAVILY IRRADIAT$4 ,?IS PRACTICE IS DECL9+ [+ TO A GREAT] AW>5ESS ( RADIATION HAZ>DS1 BUT IT IS /ILL F\ND TOO (T5 TO BE OV]LOOK$4 

,RADIATION1 TO BE SURE1 IS /ILL ! ONLY EFFECTIVE ME?OD = TREAT+ C]TA9 IRRITAT+ OR DISFIGUR+ SK9 DISORD]S1 & ! PATI5T MAY BE ! FIR/ TO DEM& RADIO!RAPY 9 FULL AW>5ESS ( ! RISK 9VOLV$4 ,RADIO!RAPY ALSO R$UCES ! SEV]E PA9 ?AT ACCOMPANIES ANKYLOS+ SPONDYLITIS1 AN >?RITIC DISEASE ( ! SP9E ?AT AFFLICTS ?\S&S ( M5 & (T5 LEADS TO A USELESS OR IMPAIR$ LIFE4 ,9 SU* CASES1 :]E IRRITATION OR PA9 MAY BE SEV]E1 IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT ! HAZ>DS ( RADIATION WILL DET] A PATI5T FROM ACCEPT+ RADIO!RAPY4 ,HE WILL PROBABLY TAKE ! RISK - ESPECIALLY IF ! RISK IS RELATIVELY SMALL4 7,9 ,5GL& ! 9CID5CE ( LEUKEMIA AMONG M5 :O HAVE BE5 TREAT$ ) ,X RADIATION = ANKYLOS+ SPONDYLITIS 0IS AB\T ONE ?IRD ( ONE P]C5T2 YET CALCULATIONS BAS$ ON ! NATIONAL DEA? RATES444 %[ ?AT EV5 ?IS L[ 9CID5CE IS AB\T T5 TIMES GREAT] ?AN W\LD HAVE BE5 EXPECT$ 9 ! ABS5CE ( IRRADIATION407 

,! ELEM5T ( RISK CANNOT BE AVOID$1 BUT ! AM\NT ( RISK CAN BE R$UC$ APPRECIABLY4 ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T CAN BE US$ ) MOD]ATION & ) GOOD S5SE4 ,DOCTORS %\LD BE MADE ?OR\<LY AW>E ( ! HAZ>DS 9VOLV$ & !Y %\LD BE TAU<T ! MO/ ADVANC$ ME?ODS ( R$UC+ EXPOSURE4 ,! PHYSICIAN %\LD LIMIT ! USE ( HIS EQUIPM5T TO ?OSE ASPECTS ( RADIOLOGY ) :I* HE IS ?OR\<LY FAMILI>4 ,A G5]AL PRACTITION] IS NOT A RADIOLOGI/4 ,:]E COMPLEX TE*NIQUES >E REQUIR$ TO DIAGNOSE A DISEASE OR TREAT A PATI5T1 ! PATI5T %\LD HAVE ! B5EFIT ( ! SPECIAL TRA9+ & EXP]I5CE ?AT COME FROM LONG S]VICE 9 ! FIELD ( RADIOLOGY4 ,!RE IS ALSO AN >EA :I* BO? LAYMAN & PHYSICIAN CAN 5T] ) EQUAL AU?ORITY - ?AT ( RADIATION SAFETY4 ,C>EFUL %IELD+ FROM SCATT]$ ,X RAYS %\LD ALWAYS BE PROVID$ = S5SITIVE >EAS ( ! BODY1 SU* AS ! GONADS1 NECK1 & ABDOM9AL REGION1 P>TICUL>LY :5 *ILDR5 & Y\NG PEOPLE >E BE+ IRRADIAT$4 ,A PATI5T HAS A RI<T TO 9SI/ UPON PROTECTION :5EV] IT IS FEASIBLE1 & 9 ?IS HE HAS ! EMPHATIC SUPPORT ( ! MO/ KN[L$GEABLE AU?ORITIES 9 ! FIELD ( RADIOLOGY4 

,! USE ( ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T %\LD BE C>EFULLY REGULAT$4 ,!SE DEVICES DO NOT BELONG 9 ! H&S ( QUACKS & %OE SALESM54 ,TE*NICIANS %\LD BE LIC5S$ P]SONNEL :O HAVE GIV5 SUB/ANTIAL EVID5CE ( !IR QUALIFICATIONS TO OP]ATE ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T4 ,!IR WORK REQUIRES C>EFUL TRA9+ ?AT CANNOT BE PICK$ UP ?R\< IRREGUL>1 (FH& 9/RUCTION4 ,!RE %\LD BE COMPULSORY P]IODIC 9SPECTIONS ( ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T BY COMPET5T AG5CIES4 ,CONC]T$ EF=TS MU/ BE MADE TO BR+ ! LATE/ ADVANCES 9 RADIOLOGY 9TO PHYSICIANS' (FICES & HOSPITALS4 ,RESE>* HAS PRODUC$ FA/] FILMS1 ELECTRONIC DEVICES TO 9CREASE ! BRI<TNESS ( FLUOROSCOPIC SCRE5S 7) CONCOMITANT R$UCTIONS 9 ,X-RAY DOSAGE71 IMAGE 9T5SIFI]S1 & IMPROV$ FILT]S ?AT ELIM9ATE DIAGNO/ICALLY USELESS LONG-WAVE RADIATION4 ,SOME ( !SE IMPROVEM5TS >E TOO CO/LY = ! ORD9>Y PHYSICIAN2 H5CE ! NE$ TO MAKE USE ( ! S]VICES ( A WELL-EQUIPP$ RADIOLOGI/ OR HOSPITAL :5 A PROGRAM IRRADIATION IS REQUIR$4 ,IT IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! COMMUNITY TO SEE ?AT \TDAT$ ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T IS SCRAPP$ & ?AT NO ONE IS EXPOS$ TO DEFECTIVE & POT5TIALLY H>MFUL MA*9ES4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ! AVAILABLE EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT1 9 MO/ CASES1 BO? ! MA*9ES & ! PHYSICIANS' TE*NIQUES >E UNSATISFACTORY4 ,A REC5T TWO-YE> SURVEY ( DIAGNO/IC ,X-RAY EQUIPM5T 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 = EXAMPLE1 %[$ ?AT #ib P]C5T ( #c1#f#b#c MA*9ES 9SPECT$ BY ! ,BO>D ( ,HEAL? EI!R W]E NOT BE+ US$ PROP]LY OR W]E DEFECTIVE4 ,! SURVEY DISCLOS$ ?AT ,X-RAY BEAMS W]E V]Y BROAD1 NE$LESSLY IRRADIAT+ P>TS ( ! BODY ?AT W]E NOT UND] /UDY4 ,! MAJORITY ( PHYSICIANS :O W]E NOT RADIOLOGI/S W]E UNFAMILI> ) ! SAFETY RECOMM5DATIONS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ON ,RADIATION ,PROTECTION4 ,! 9SPECTORS DID NOT F9D A S+LE PHYSICIAN :O HAD VOLUNT>ILY FOLL[$ E>LI] RECOMM5DATIONS TO SWIT* FROM \TMOD$ TO NEW EQUIPM5T4 ,AL?\< ! SURVEY COV]$ ONLY #ce P]C5T ( ! MA*9ES EMPLOY$ 9 ! CITY1 IT 9CLUD$ ! MO/ FREQU5TLY US$ ,X-RAY MA*9ES1 NOTABLY ?OSE 9 HOSPITALS & 9 ! (FICES ( RADIOLOGI/S4 

,?IS SURVEY1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 TOOK PLACE 9 #aiei & #aif NOT A HALF C5TURY AGO1 :5 RESE>* ON RADIATION WAS /ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY4 ,! SURVEY FOLL[$ A P]IOD ( WIDESPREAD PUBLIC DISCUSSION ON ! HAZ>DS ( RADIATION & NUCLE> FALL\T4 ,IT IS N[ CLE> ?AT ! SITUATION IS MU* WORSE ?AN HAD G5]ALLY BE5 SUPPOS$4 ,EXPOSURE TO RADIATION IS OCCURR+ ON A SCALE ?AT HAS NO PREC$5T 9 MAN'S NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9 ALL /AGES ( LIFE1 FROM ! FETAL TO ! S5ILE >E BE+ IRRADIAT$ EV]Y YE>4 ,CLE>LY ! PROBLEM ( RADIATION CONTROL HAS REA*$ S]I\S PROPORTIONS4 ,FROM ! V>I\S REPORTS 0ON ! 9FLU5CE ( IONIZ+ RADIATION ON BIOLOGICAL SY/EMS10 OBS]VES ! ,NATIONAL ,ADVISORY ,COMMITTEE ON ,RADIATION1 0444 IT IS EVID5T ?AT S]I\S HEAL? PROBLEMS MAY BE CREAT$ BY UNDUE EXPOSURE & ?AT EV]Y PRACTICAL MEANS %\LD BE ADOPT$ TO LIMIT SU* EXPOSURE BO? TO ! 9DIVIDUAL & TO ! POPULATION AT L>GE40 

,FALL\T 

,X-RAY EQUIPM5T1 WE NOT$ E>LI]1 CAN BE TURN$ ON & (F1 BUT ! RADIOACTIVE WA/ES ?AT 5T] MAN'S 5VIRONM5T ?R\< NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S & ! ACTIVITY ( NUCLE> REACTORS >E ESS5TIALLY BEYOND HUMAN CONTROL4 ,!Y CONTAM9ATE AIR1 WAT]1 & FOOD1 & !Y IRRADIATE EV]YONE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( AGE OR HEAL?4 ,RADIOACTIVE CONTAM9ANTS ALSO CREATE PROBLEMS NOT 5C\NT]$ ) CONV5TIONAL POLLUTANTS4 ,ORD9>Y CONTAM9ANTS USUALLY LOSE !IR TOXIC PROP]TIES BY UND]GO+ *EMICAL *ANGE1 BUT !RE IS NO LOSS ( RADIOACTIVITY 9VOLV$ 9 ! *EMICAL REACTIONS ( RADIO-ISOTOPES4 ,:5 RADIOC>BON COMB9ES ) OXYG5 TO =M C>BON DIOXIDE1 ! C>BON 9 ! COMP\ND CONT9UES TO EMIT BETA P>TICLES4 ,! SAME IS TRUE = *EMICAL COMP\NDS =M$ BY /RONTIUM-#i4 ,RADIOACTIVITY P]SI/S 9 ALL RADIO-ISOTOPES UNTIL UN/ABLE ATOMS DECAY 9TO /ABLE ONES4 

,UNTIL REC5TLY1 ! LAYMAN WAS GIV5 A HI<LY MISLEAD+ PICTURE ( ! HAZ>DS CREAT$ BY NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S4 ,?IS PICTURE WAS L>GELY CREAT$ BY ! ,ATOMIC ,5]GY ,COMMISSION1 ! (FICIAL AG5CY ?AT HAD BE5 MADE *IEFLY RESPONSIBLE = FURNI%+ ! PUBLIC ) 9=MATION 9 ! FIELD ( NUCLE> 5]GY4 ,= MANY YE>S ! ,A4,E4,C4 CONSI/5TLY M9IMIZ$ ! DANG] POS$ BY RADIOACTIVE FALL\T PRODUC$ BY NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT COMPLETELY IGNOR$ ! EXT5T TO :I* FOOD HAD BE5 CONTAM9AT$ ) /RONTIUM-#i UNTIL ! PROBLEM WAS RAIS$ BY SCI5TI/S :O W]E CRITICAL ( ! AG5CY'S PUBLIC 9=MATION POLICIES4 0,9 ! #a#c? ,SEMIANNUAL ,REPORT ( ! ,E,C1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#e#c10 NOTES ,B>RY ,COMMON]1 ( ,WA%+TON ,UNIV]SITY1 0! ,E,C /AT$ ?AT ! ONLY POSSIBLE HAZ>D TO HUMANS FROM /RONTIUM-#i W\LD >ISE FROM '! +E/ION ( BONE SPL9T]S :I* MI<T BE 9T]M+L$ ) MUSCLE TISSUE DUR+ BUT*]+ & CUTT+ ( ! MEAT4' ,NO M5TION ( MILK WAS MADE0 - OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ( VEGETABLES & C]EALS4 ,SPOKESM5 = ! ,A4,E4,C4 PR$ICT$ ?AT FALL\T W\LD BE UNI=MLY DI/RIBUT$ OV] ! E>?1 SO ?AT NO >EAS NE$ FE> CONC5TRATIONS ( DEBRIS FROM NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S4 ,! PUBLIC WAS ASSUR$ ?AT ! GREAT] P>T ( ! DEBRIS S5T 9TO ! /RATOSPH]E W\LD REMA9 AL(T = A P]IOD ( FIVE TO T5 YE>S4 ,AS FALL\T OCCURS V]Y SL[LY1 IT WAS SAID1 ! RADIOACTIVITY ( %ORT-LIV$ RADIO-ISOTOPES W\LD BE ALMO/ 5TIRELY DISSIPAT$ 9 ! /RATOSPH]E4 

,ACTUALLY1 ! RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS ?AT SO>S 9TO ! /RATOSPH]E /AYS !RE1 ON AN AV]AGE1 LESS ?AN FIVE YE>S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,G5]AL ,H]B]T ,B4 ,LOP]1 ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,DEF5SE1 HALF ! /RATOSPH]IC DEBRIS PRODUC$ BY A NUCLE> EXPLOSION RETURNS TO ! E>? )9 TWO YE>S4 ,FALL\T OCCURS ?REE & ONE HALF TIMES FA/] ?AN ,WILL>D ,F4 ,LIBBY1 =M] COMMISSION] ( ! ,A4,E4,C HAD E/IMAT$4 ,A MODEL ( /RATOSPH]IC AIR CIRCULATION DEVELOP$ BY ,A4 ,W4 ,BREW] & ,G4 ,M4 ,B4 ,DOBSON 9DICATES ?AT ! HEAVIE/ FALL\T 9 ! ,NOR!RN ,HEMISPH]E OCCURS 9 ! TEMP]ATE ZONE1 REA*+ A PEAK BETWE5 #d & #e DEGREES NOR? LATITUDE - OR R\<LY BETWE5 ,MADRID & ,LONDON 9 ,EUROPE & BETWE5 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY & ,W9NIPEG 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,MEASUREM5TS MADE DUR+ ! #a#i#e#h-#f#a NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/ MORATORIUM 9DICATE ?AT ! HAZ>D FROM FALL\T 9 !SE LATITUDES IS SUB/ANTIALLY GREAT] ?AN ! WORLD-WIDE AV]AGE4 7,LET US GRANT ?AT ! ,A4,E4,C4 HAD MADE AN HONE/ ]ROR1 BUT H[ DID ! AG5CY H&LE ! FACTS :5 IT BECAME EVID5T FROM CLASSIFI$ DATA ?AT ITS PR$ICTIONS W]E WRONG8 ,A *RONOLOGICAL ACC\NT PREP>$ BY ! ,JO9T ,COMMITTEE ON ,ATOMIC ,5]GY 9DICATES ?AT A RE/UDY BY ! ,A4,E4,C41 RELEAS$ E>LY 9 #a#i#e#i1 0MAKES NO M5TION ( .<!.> ,DEF5SE ,DEP>TM5T /UDY0 & 0MA9TA9S .<!.> POSITION ( A RESID5CE TIME ( #e TO #a YE>S1 SELECT+ #f YE>S AS ! MEAN RESID5CE TIME ( /RATOSPH]IC FALL\T4 ,RESULTS ( ANO!R ,E,C ANALYSIS1 ,PROJECT ,A% ,CAN1 :I* 9DICAT$ A RESID5CE TIME ( #c YE>S1 WAS DISC\NT$ AS BE+ D\BTFUL4 ,NO M5TION WAS MADE ?AT ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,DEF5SE CONCLUSIONS ( RESID5CE HALF LIFE ( #b YE>S T5D$ TO SUPPORT RESULTS ( ,PROJECT ,A% ,CAN407 

,! RAPIDITY ) :I* RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS DESC5DS TO ! E>? PLACES ! DANG] PRES5T$ BY %ORT-LIV$1 SUPPOS$LY H>MLESS RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS 9 A NEW P]SPECTIVE4 ,CESIUM-#a#d#d & /RONTIUM-#h#i HAVE HALF-LIVES ( ONLY #bi & #ef DAYS1 RESPECTIVELY1 BUT NUCLE> EXPLOSIONS PRODUCE !SE RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS 9 SU* RELATIVELY L>GE QUANTITIES ?AT1 IF FALL\T IS RAPID1 !Y BECOME A S]I\S HAZ>D TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,CESIUM-#a#d#d1 LIKE LONG-LIV$ CESIUM-#a#c#g 7ANO!R COMPON5T ( FALL\T71 IS AN EMITT] ( BETA RAYS4 ,:5 TAK5 9TO ! BODY1 BO? CESIUM ISOTOPES >E H&L$ METABOLICALLY LIKE POTASSIUM2 !Y MIGRATE TO ALL ! S(T TISSUES1 9CLUD+ ! REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS4 ,/RONTIUM-#h#i POSSESSES ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( /RONTIUM-#i2 IT1 TOO1 EMITS BETA RAYS & T5DS TO LODGE 9 BONE MATT]4 ,AL?\< A %ORT-LIV$ BONE SEEK] LIKE /RONTIUM-#h#i MI<T SEEM TO BE RELATIVELY H>MLESS1 IT %\LD NOT BE UND]E/IMAT$ AS A HAZ>D TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 0,S9CE /RONTIUM-#h#i IS PRODUC$ MORE ABUNDANTLY 9 FISSION ?AN /RONTIUM-#i444 10 ! ,SPECIAL ,SUBCOMMITTEE ON ,RADIATION ( ! ,JO9T ,COMMITTEE ON ,ATOMIC ,5]GY REPORT$ 9 #a#i#e#i1 0IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT COMP>ABLE DOSES TO ! BODY FROM ! TWO MAT]IALS C\LD OCCUR40 ,! SUBCOMMITTEE ADD$ ?AT 0IT W\LD REQUIRE #a TIMES MORE 9ITIAL ACTIVITY ( /RONTIUM-#h#i1 :OSE HALF LIFE IS #ef DAYS1 TO DELIV] ! SAME DOSE TO TISSUE ?AT W\LD BE CREAT$ BY #a UNIT ( /RONTIUM-#i4 ,IT IS CONSID]$ SIGNIFICANT ?AT TRANSI5T LEVELS ( /RONTIUM-#h#i ) APPROXIMATELY ?IS RATIO TO /RONTIUM-#i HAVE BE5 OBS]V$ 9 MILK40 

,= A FEW WEEKS AFT] A NUCLE> EXPLOSION1 ! W9D-BORNE DEBRIS 9 ! L[] P>T ( ! ATMOSPH]E MAY CONTA9 APPRECIABLE AM\NTS ( IOD9E-#a#c#a4 ,IOD9E-#a#c#a HAS A HALF-LIFE ( EI<T DAYS4 ,AT ! #aiei HE>+S ( ! ,SPECIAL ,SUBCOMMITTEE ON ,RADIATION1 ,E4 ,B4 ,LEWIS1 ( ! ,CALI=NIA ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY1 OBS]V$ ?AT 0! RADIOIOD9ES 9 FALL\T >E A SPECIAL HAZ>D TO 9FANTS & *ILDR54 ,?IS HAZ>D >ISES = A V>IETY ( REASONS4 ,RADIOIOD9E IS A SIGNIFICANT FRACTION ( ! FRE% FISSION PRODUCTS RELEAS$ BY NUCLE> WEAPONS EXPLOSIONS4 ,GRAZ+ CATTLE +E/ & 9HALE ! RADIOIOD9ES 9 FALL\T & !N CONC5TRATE IT 9 !IR MILK4 ,9FANTS & *ILDR5 >E EXPECT$ TO +E/ MORE ( ! ISOTOPE ?AN WILL ADULTS S9CE FRE% C['S MILK IS ! PR9CIPAL S\RCE ( FALL\T RADIOIOD9E 9 ! HUMAN DIET & Y\NG PEOPLE OBVI\SLY DR9K MORE FRE% MILK ?AN DO ADULTS4 ,AS HAS LONG BE5 KN[N1 IOD9E ISOTOPES1 NATURAL & RADIOACTIVE1 CONC5TRATE 9 ! ?YROID GL&4 ,MOREOV]1 = ! SAME AM\NT ( RADIOIOD9E ORALLY +E/$1 ! 9FANT ?YROID RECEIVES SOME #ae TO #b TIMES ! DOSE ?AT ! ADULT ?YROID RECEIVES4 7,BRIEFLY1 ?IS IS BECAUSE MORE RADIOIOD9E IS TAK5 UP BY ! 9FANT ?AN BY ! ADULT ?YROID2 AS A RESULT MANY MORE ( ! %ORT-RANG$ IOD9E-#a#c#a BETA RAYS WILL BE G5]AT$ 9 A GRAM ( 9FANT ?AN 9 A GRAM ( ADULT ?YROID TISSUE47 ,F9ALLY1 9 SPITE ( ITS SMALL SIZE1 ! 9FANT ?YROID MAY BE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE ?AN ! ADULT ?YROID TO CANC] 9DUCTION BY IONIZ+ RADIATION40 

,NO ONE D5IES ?AT RADIO-ISOTOPES PRODUCE DAMAGE :5 !Y >E DEPOSIT$ 9 ! HUMAN BODY4 ,CONTROV]SY T5DS TO C5T] >\ND ! 0MAXIMUM P]MISSIBLE CONC5TRATIONS0 7,M,P,C'S7 ?AT HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ = ! QUANTITIES ( V>I\S RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS ?AT ! HUMAN BODY CAN BE ALL[$ TO ACCUMULATE4 7,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! T]M 0MAXIMUM P]MISSIBLE CONC5TRATION0 IS BE+ SUP]S$$ BY 0RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDE0 7,R,P,G71 & ! JOB ( =MULAT+ 0ACCEPTABLE0 VALUES ( EXPOSURE TO RADIATION HAS BE5 PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( ! NEWLY =M$ ,F$]AL ,RADIATION ,C\NCIL4 ,!SE *ANGES1 H[EV]1 DO NOT AFFECT ! SUB/ANCE ( ! DISCUSSION ?AT FOLL[S47 ,!RE IS NO?+ SAFE AB\T AN ,M,P,C4 ,AN ,M,P,C CON/ITUTES ! AM\NT ( RISK AN (FICIAL AG5CY IS PREP>$ TO 9FLICT UPON C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS & ! G5]AL POPULATION 9 C>RY+ \T A NUCLE>-5]GY PROGRAM4 ,! ,U4 ,S4 ,NAVAL ,RADIOLOGICAL ,LABORATORY PO9TS \T ?AT ANY DEGREE ( EXPOSURE TO IONIZ+ RADIATION PRODUCES 0BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS40 0,S9CE WE DON'T KN[ ?AT !SE EFFECTS CAN BE COMPLETELY RECOV]$ FROM10 OBS]VES ! LABORATORY'S REPORT TO ! ,SPECIAL ,SUBCOMMITTEE ON ,RADIATION1 0WE HAVE TO FALL BACK ON AN >BITR>Y DECISION AB\T H[ MU* WE WILL PUT UP )2 I4E41 :AT IS 'ACCEPTABLE' OR P]MISSIBLE' - NOT A SCI5TIFIC F9D+1 BUT AN ADM9I/RATIVE DECISION40 

,MANY SCI5TI/S TAKE A GRIM VIEW ( ! 0ADM9I/RATIVE DECISIONS0 ?AT HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! P]MISSIBLE LEVELS ( /RONTIUM-#i = ! G5]AL POPULATION4 ,! ,M,P,C = /RONTIUM-#i IS MEASUR$ 9 /RONTIUM UNITS 7,S4,U471 =M]LY CALL$ 0SUN%9E UNITS40 ,A S+LE ,S4,U4 IS ONE MICROMICROCURIE 7UUC7 ( /RONTIUM-#i P] GRAM ( CALCIUM 7A UUC IS EQUAL TO ONE MILLION? ( A MILLION? ( A CURIE2 A CURIE ESS5TIALLY REPRES5TS ! AM\NT ( RADIOACTIVITY ASSOCIAT$ ) ONE GRAM ( RADIUM74 ,= A NUMB] ( YE>S1 ! MAXIMUM P]MISSIBLE CONC5TRATION = /RONTIUM-#i WAS E/ABLI%$ BY A DEF9ITE AL?\< L>GELY UN(FICIAL PROC$URE4 ,! ,M,P,C ORIG9AT$ AS A RECOMM5DATION BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION ON ,RADIOLOGICAL ,PROTECTION 7,I4,C4,R4,P471 AN ADVISORY BODY MADE UP ( SCI5TI/S FROM ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION'S RECOMM5DATION1 9 TURN1 WAS USUALLY ADOPT$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ON ,RADIATION ,PROTECTION 7,N4,C4,R4,P471 ! ,AM]ICAN AFFILIATE ( ! ,I4,C4,R4,P4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE'S RECOMM5DATION WAS G5]ALLY ADOPT$ BY GOV]NM5T AG5CIES4 

,UNTIL #a#i#e#e1 ! RECOMM5DATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION DEALT ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ) PROBLEMS ( OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO RADIATION & RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES4 ,! PROBLEM ( =MULAT+ AN ,M,P,C = ! G5]AL POPULATION WAS LEFT 9 ! H&S ( ! COMMISSION'S NATIONAL AFFILIATES & (FICIAL AG5CIES4 ,?IS CREAT$ A HI<LY UNSATISFACTORY SITUATION4 ,IT MADE IT POSSIBLE = (FICIAL AG5CIES TO GROSSLY UND]/ATE ! HAZ>DS ( NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S2 !Y PROCE$$ TO EVALUATE ALL ! DANG]S ?AT FALL\T PRES5T$ TO ! G5]AL POPULATION 9 T]MS ( ! L>GE ,M,P,C E/ABLI%$ = WORK]S 9 ATOMIC PLANTS4 0,! MAXIMUM P]MISSIBLE LEVEL ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 ! HUMAN SKELETON1 ACCEPT$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION ON ,RADIOLOGICAL ,PROTECTION1 CORRESPONDS TO #a1 MICROMICROCURIES P] GRAM ( CALCIUM .<#a1 ,S4,U4.>10 NOT$ ! ,BRITI% ,M$ICAL ,RESE>* ,C\NCIL 9 ! MID-#a#i#eS4 0,BUT ?IS IS ! MAXIMUM P]MISSIBLE LEVEL = ADULTS 9 SPECIAL OCCUPATIONS & IS NOT SUITABLE = APPLICATION TO ! POPULATION AS A :OLE OR TO *ILDR5 ) !IR GREAT] S5SITIVITY TO RADIATION & GREAT] EXPECTATION ( LIFE40 ,TO COPE ) ?IS PROBLEM1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION DECID$ 9 #aiee ?AT ! PROLONG$ EXPOSURE ( A L>GE POPULATION TO RADIATION %\LD NOT EXCE$ ONE T5? ( ! MAXIMUM P]MISSIBLE LEVELS ADOPT$ = OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES4 ,= ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 ! COMMISSION'S RECOMM5DATION MEANT ?AT ! ,M,P,C = /RONTIUM-#i E/ABLI%$ = ! G5]AL POPULATION %\LD BE R$UC$ FROM #a1 TO #a ,S4,U4 

,IT WAS NOT UNTIL A GREAT DEAL ( CONTROV]SY HAD DEVELOP$ OV] ! E/ABLI%$ ,M,P,C = /RONTIUM-#i ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 FOLL[$ ) UNDISGUIS$ RELUCTANCE BY ! ,A4,E4,C41 ADOPT$ ! 0ONE-T5? RULE0 RECOMM5D$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION4 ,IT SOON BECAME EVID5T ?AT EV5 ?IS #i P]C5T R$UCTION WAS 9ADEQUATE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION MADE A CURI\S1 P]HAPS CONTRADICTORY DECISION3 ,IT RAIS$ ! ,M,P,C = WORK]S 9 ATOMIC PLANTS FROM #a1 TO #b1 ,S4,U4 BUT RECOMM5D$ ?AT ! ,M,P,C = ! G5]AL POPULATION BE R$UC$ TO ONE ?IRTIE? ( ! OCCUPATIONAL LEVEL4 ,?US1 9 A CIRCUIT\S1 (T5 CONFUS+ MANN]1 ! P]MISSIBLE LEVEL ( /RONTIUM-#i = ! G5]AL POPULATION HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO #fg ,S4,U41 OR ONE FIFTE5? ( ! ,M,P,C 7#a1 ,S4,U47 ?AT WAS 9 EFFECT 9 #a#i#e#d4 

,! PROBLEM ( E/ABLI%+ A 0SUITABLE0 ,M,P,C1 H[EV]1 IS /ILL UNSETTL$4 ,/RONTIUM-#i IS NOT UNI=MLY DI/RIBUT$ 9 BONE MATT]4 ,! ELEM5T1 LIKE RADIUM1 T5DS TO =M 0HOT SPOTS10 SOME ( :I* MAY EXCE$ ! AV]AGE SKELETAL DI/RIBUTION MANY TIMES OV]4 ,TO E/IMATE ! DAMAGE :I* SKELETAL CONC5TRATIONS ( /RONTIUM-#i >E LIKELY TO PRODUCE1 A FACTOR1 ,N1 %\LD BE US$ TO 9CREASE ANY AV]AGE RESULT BAS$ ON A UNI=M DI/RIBUTION ( ! ELEM5T 9 ! BONE ESPECIALLY 9 ! CASE ( ADULTS1 :O =M !SE 0HOT SPOTS0 MORE READILY ?AN *ILDR54 ,TWO ,SW$I% 9VE/IGATORS1 ,A4 ,5G/ROM & ,R4 ,BJORN]/$T1 :O HAVE PIONE]$ 9 RESE>* ON ?IS PROBLEM1 EMPHASIZE ?AT ,N IS NOT CON/ANT4 ,! FACTOR MAY V>Y FROM #f TO #f1 DEP5D+ UPON 9DIVIDUAL METABOLISM & V>IATIONS 9 ! AM\NT ( /RONTIUM-#i ?AT APPE> 9 FOOD1 AIR1 & WAT]4 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL :O ACQUIR$ AN AV]AGE1 PRESUMABLY 0SAFE10 SKELETAL BURD5 ( #fe ,S4,U41 = EXAMPLE1 MI<T WELL HAVE M9UTE 0HOT SPOTS0 ( NE>LY #d1 ,S4,U4-5\< TO 9CREASE APPRECIABLY HIS *ANCES ( DEVELOP+ CANC]4 

0,MEAN:ILE1 :AT IS ! C\RSE ( WISDOM80 ASKS ,W4 ,O4 ,CA/]1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA4 0,SOME CLAIM ?AT :]E !RE IS HONE/ D\BT1 PUBLIC SAFETY DEM&S ?AT ! SAFETY /&>DS BE ADJU/$ TO COV] ! WOR/ POSSIBLE CONT+5CY4 ,BUT IF ONE C\PLES ,DR4 ,5G/ROM'S E/IMATE ( #a /RONTIUM UNITS AS ! MAXIMUM P]MISSIBLE LEVEL = RADIATION WORK]S ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION'S SUGGE/ION ?AT ! P]MISSIBLE LEVEL = A POPULATION %\LD BE ONE ?IRTIE? ! OCCUPATIONAL LEVEL1 IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ! POPULATION LIMIT %\LD BE ONLY ?REE /RONTIUM UNITS4 ,SOME *ILDR5 HAVE ALREADY PASS$ ?IS M>K4 ,! (FICIAL AG5CIES PO9T \T ?AT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( PRO( ?AT SU* A LEVEL IS 9 ANY WAY DELET]I\S1 IT W\LD BE ! HEI<T ( IRRESPONSIBILITY TO RAISE A PUBLIC AL>M40 ,! PRO( REQUIR$ BY (FICIAL AG5CIES1 H[EV]1 MI<T NOT BE =?COM+ = T5 OR FIFTE5 YE>S4 

,:ATEV] ! ANALYTIC ME?OD EMPLOY$1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT CONC5TRATIONS ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 HUMAN BONES HAVE BE5 RIS+ /EADILY OV] ! PA/ DECADE4 ,! PR9CIPAL S\RCE ( ,AM]ICAN DATA ON ! AM\NT ( RADIO-/RONTIUM 5T]+ ! HUMAN BODY IS AN ,A4,E4,C4 F9ANC$ RESE>* PROJECT AT ! ,LAMONT ,GEOLOGICAL ,OBS]VATORY ( ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,J4 ,LAUR5CE ,KULP4 ,?US F>1 ,KULP'S RESE>* GR\P HAS ISSU$ F\R REPORTS1 COV]+ ! YE>S #a#i#e#d-#i4 ,! DATA %[ ?AT = ! ',WE/]N CULTURE0 >EA 7,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES71 SITUAT$ BETWE5 #c & #g DEGREES NOR? LATITUDE1 ! AV]AGE AM\NT ( SKELETAL /RONTIUM-#i 9 ADULTS 9CREAS$ FROM 4#g ,S4,U4 9 #ai$ TO 4#c#a ,S4,U4 ,ILL #a#i#e#i4 ,! AM\NT ( RADIO-/RONTIUM 9 ! BONES ( *ILDR5 UP TO F\R YE>S ( AGE ROSE FROM 4#e ,S4,U4 M #aiee TO #b4#c ,S4,U4 9 #a#i#e#i1 A TOTAL SEV5 TIMES ! AM\NT 9 ADULTS4 ,AL?\< ! BODY DISCRIM9ATES 9 FAVOR ( DIET>Y CALCIUM AGA9/ /RONTIUM1 ! DISCRIM9ATORY FACTOR V>IES ) AGE4 ,AS ADULTS NO LONG] UND]GO SKELETAL GR[?1 !Y ADD ONLY AB\T ONE F\R? ( ! /RONTIUM !Y +E/ TO !IR BONES2 *ILDR51 H[EV]1 ADD AB\T HALF4 

,! VALUE ( AV]AG+ ! AM\NT ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 BONES AT A GIV5 COLLECTION PO9T1 & !N AV]AG+ ! AV]AGES = AN 5TIRE 0CULTURE >EA10 IS HI<LY QUE/IONABLE4 ,JACK ,S*UB]T HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT 0:5 DEAL+ ) A POT5TIALLY H>MFUL AG5T 9VOLV+ ! WORLD'S POPULATION1 IT CAN BE MISLEAD+ TO USE AV]AGE VALUES ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 ! BONES4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT1 ESPECIALLY 9 RELATION TO ! SETT+ ( P]MISSIBLE LEVELS = A WORLD POPULATION1 ?AT WE HAVE SOME BASIS = E/IMAT+ ! DEGREE TO :I* APPRECIABLE FRACTIONS ( ! POPULATION ACCUMULATE TWO & MORE TIMES ! AV]AGE AM\NT40 ,US+ MORE SUITABLE MA!MATICAL ME?ODS ?AN ?OSE EMPLOY$ BY ,KULP & HIS COLLEAGUES1 ,S*UB]T %[S ?AT #b#h4#h P]C5T ( ! SKELETAL SPECIM5S ANALYZ$ 9 ! #a#i#e#g-#h ,KULP REPORT 0HAVE ?REE OR MORE TIMES ! AV]AGE 7GEOMETRIC MEAN7 AM\NT ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 !IR BONES4 ,OV] #d P]C5T WILL HAVE SEV5 OR MORE TIMES ! AV]AGE4 ,!SE VALUES >E APPRECIABLY GREAT] ?AN ?OSE ( ,KULP'S :O US$ 9CORRECT AV]AGES & AN 9CORRECT DI/RIBUTION CURVE & H5CE UND]E/IMAT$ ! FRACTION ( ! POPULATION :I* W\LD EXCE$ ! AV]AGE VALUES40 7,= ! B5EFIT ( READ]S :O >E FAMILI> ) /ATI/ICAL ME?ODS1 IT MI<T BE ADD$ ?AT A PROP] EVALUATION ( ,KULP'S DATA REQUIRES A ,POISSON DI/RIBUTION1 NOT ! NORMAL DI/RIBUTION EMPLOY$ BY ,KULP & HIS GR\P47 

,SUBM]G$ 9 ! AVALAN*E ( AV]AGES1 E/IMATES1 & /ATI/ICAL EXTRAPOLATIONS >E ?OSE COMMUNITIES ?AT HAVE BE5 HEAVILY IRRADIAT$ BY FALL\T DEBRIS4 0,SUB/ANTIAL >EAS 9 ,NEVADA & ,UTAH CLOSE TO ! BOMB TE/+ GR\NDS HAD RECEIV$ T5 RO5TG5S ( GAMMA RADIATION AS E>LY AS #a#i#e#e10 ,CA/] OBS]VES4 0,SOME #d COMMUNITIES HAD HAD AV]AGE DOSES BETWE5 ONE & EI<T RO5TG5 UNITS4 ,SU* DOSES >E SUB/ANTIALLY ABOVE ALL[ABLE LEVELS = ! G5]AL POPULATION - OR = PR(ESSIONAL P]SONNEL = ?AT MATT]40 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#e#c1 = EXAMPLE1 A SUDD5 *ANGE 9 WEA!R CAUS$ ! FALL\T 0CL\D0 FROM A ,NEVADA TE/ S]IES TO MOVE OV] WELL-TRAVEL$ & 9HABIT$ >EAS NE> ,YUCCA ,FLATS4 ,ACCORD+ TO AN ACC\NT ( ! EPISODE BY ,PAUL ,JACOBS1 FAIRLY HI< LEVELS ( AIR CONTAM9ATION W]E RECORD$ 9 ,/4 ,GEORGE 7POPULATION #e17 & ,HURRICANE 7POPULATION1 #a1#c#g#e74 7,A SIMIL> 9CID5T OCCURR$ A YE> LAT]1 :5 A L>GE GR\P ( ,M>%ALL ,ISL&]S RECEIV$ HI< DOSES ( RADIATION AS A RESULT ( A HYDROG5-BOMB TE/ AT ! ,A4,E4,C4'S ,5IWETOK ,PROV+ ,GR\NDS 9 ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN4 ,EXPOSURE TO FALL\T WAS SUFFICI5TLY HI< TO 9DUCE SYMPTOMS ( 0RADIATION SICKNESS0 9 MANY ( ! NATIVES4 ,HAD ! W9D VE]$ ?IRTY MILES TO ! S\?1 ! 5TIRE POPULATION ( ! ISL&S W\LD HAVE BE5 EXPOS$ TO LE?AL DOSES ( RADIATION 7AB\T #a1 RO5TG5S74 ,HUNDR$S ( MOTOR VEHICLES TRAVEL+ ! HI<WAYS NE> ! TE/ SITE REQUIR$ DECONTAM9ATION1 :ILE RESID5TS ( 5DANG]$ COMMUNITIES 7:5 !Y C\LD BE REA*$7 W]E W>N$ TO REMA9 9DOORS4 ,AT ,/4 ,GEORGE1 REPORTS ,JACOBS1 A 0HI< DEGREE ( CONTAM9ATION CONT9U$ = SIXTE5 DAYS AFT] ! %OTS40 

,RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS FROM ! ,NEVADA TE/ EXPLOSIONS NORMALLY DRIFTS 9 A NOR!A/]LY DIRECTION T[>D ! GRA9 & DAIRY /ATES ( ! UPP] ,MIDWE/4 ,IT T5DS TO SETTLE \T 9 >EAS :]E A L>GE P]C5TAGE ( ! ,AM]ICAN FOOD SUPPLY IS RAIS$4 ,AS A RESULT1 HI< CONC5TRATIONS ( /RONTIUM-#i HAVE BE5 F\ND 9 FOOD PLANTS1 ESPECIALLY C]EALS1 GR[N 9 MANY P>TS ( ! ,GREAT ,PLA9S REGION4 ,9 #a#i#e#g1 = EXAMPLE1 :EAT SAMPLES COLLECT$ FROM SEV5 AGRICULTURAL EXP]IM5T /ATIONS 9 ,M9NESOTA REGI/]$ CONC5TRATIONS ( /RONTIUM-#i AB\T #a P]C5T HI<] ?AN ! CURR5T DAILY MAXIMUM P]MISSIBLE LEVEL 7,M,P,L7 = HUMANS OV] A LIFETIME4 ,! L>GE/ NUMB] ( ,S4,U4 F\ND 9 ONE GR\P ( ,M9NESOTA SAMPLES WAS #b P]C5T GREAT] ?AN ! ,M,P,L4 

,HAD A MORATORIUM ON NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S NOT BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#e#h1 ! AM\NT ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 MILK FROM C]TA9 COLLECTION PO9TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MI<T WELL HAVE APPROA*$ OR EQUAL$ ! CURR5T ,M,P,L VALUE ( #cc UUC P] LIT]4 ,! ,A4,E4,C4'S 0,H>DTACK0 S]IES ( EXPLOSIONS 9 ,NEVADA & HI<-YIELD ,RUSSIAN TE/S 9 ,SIB]IA1 BO? CONDUCT$ DUR+ #a#i#e#h1 RESULT$ 9 HEAVY FALL\T4 ,9 #a#i#e#i1 ! AM\NT ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 MILK REA*$ #a#d4#f UUC P] LIT] 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY 7,JULY #a#h71 #a#h4#b 9 ,C9C9NATI1 ,OHIO 7,MAY #a#i71 #b#b4#f 9 ,SPOKANE1 ,WA%+TON 7,MAY #e71 & #b#b4#h 9 ,ATLANTA1 ,GEORGIA 7,MAY #e74 ,HEAVY CONC5TRATIONS ( /RONTIUM-#i APPE>$ 9 :EAT & C]EAL PRODUCTS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 :OLE-:EAT BREAD4 ,DUR+ ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#e#i1 = EXAMPLE1 ! LEVELS ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 :OLE-:EAT BREAD OBTA9$ BY ! ,A4,E4,C4 FROM ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY RETAIL M>KETS G5]ALLY EXCE$$ ! ,M,P,L VALUE ( #cc UUC P] KILOGRAM4 7,) ! RESUMPTION ( NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S1 ! AM\NT ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 FOOD IS EXPECT$ TO REA* UNPREC$5T$ LEVELS4 ,IT IS LIKELY ?AT ! /RONTIUM-#i 9 ! MILK SUPPLY ( A NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITIES WILL SUB/ANTIALLY EXCE$ ! ,M,P,L ( #cc UUC P] LIT]4 ,E/IMATES BAS$ ON ! ,F$]AL ,RADIATION ,C\NCIL 0RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDES0 7,R,P,G'S7 PLACE #aifb LEVELS ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 MILK 9 ! L[] P>T ( 0,RANGE ,I,I0 7FROM #b TO #b UUC ( /RONTIUM-#i P] LIT]74 ,?IS RANGE REQUIRES 0ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE & R\T9E CONTROL0 BY PUBLIC HEAL? AU?ORITIES4 ,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ?AT !RE WILL BE A %>P 9CREASE 9 SKELETAL BURD5S ( /RONTIUM-#i1 ESPECIALLY 9 *ILDR5 & Y\NG ADULTS47 

,ATTEMPTS HAVE BE5 MADE BY HI<LY RESPONSIBLE SCI5TI/S TO E/IMATE ! DAMAGE CAUS$ BY ! FALL\T DEBRIS PRODUC$ TO DATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,A4 ,N4 ,/URTEVANT1 PR(ESSOR ( G5ETICS AT ! ,CALI=NIA ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY1 FALL\T WILL PRODUCE H>MFUL G5ETIC MUTATIONS 9 #d1 PEOPLE 9 ! FIR/ G5]ATION & 9 #d1 PEOPLE 9 G5]ATIONS TO COME4 ,AL?\< !SE FIGURES REPRES5T ,/URTEVANT'S LATE/ PUBLI%$ E/IMATES 7#a#i#e#i7 !Y >E CALCULAT$ ON ! BASIS ( ! RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS PRODUC$ UP TO #a#i#e#f4 ,S9CE !N1 ! TOTAL AM\NT ( FALL\T HAS 9CREAS$ AB\T #g P]C5T4 ,ON ! BASIS ( MORE UP-TO-DATE MAT]IAL4 ,JAMES ,CR[1 PRESID5T ( ! ,G5ETICS ,SOCIETY ( ,AM]ICA1 E/IMATES ?AT #b1 MUTATIONS WILL BE 9H]IT$ BY ! NEXT G5]ATION AS A RESULT ( FALL\T 7HIS E/IMATE IS BAS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! PRES5T WORLD POPULATION WILL PRODUCE A TOTAL ( TWO BILLION *ILDR574 ,! NUMB] W\LD REA* #b1 IF NUCLE> TE/+ W]E RESUM$ & CONT9U$ = ?IRTY YE>S AT ! #a#i#e#d-#h RATE4 

,IF ,E4 ,B4 ,LEWIS'S 'L9E> HYPO!SIS0 IS CORRECT1 FALL\T MAY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( LEUKEMIA4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LEWIS'S !ORY1 ! *ANCES ( ACQUIR+ LEUKEMIA 9CREASE 9 DIRECT 7OR L9E>7 PROPORTION TO 9CREAS$ IRRADIATION4 ,! HYPO!SIS 'PR$ICTS ?AT CON/ANT EXPOSURE TO EV5 ONE SUN%9E UNIT .</RONTIUM UNIT.> W\LD BE CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ AB\T #e TO #a CASES ( LEUKEMIA ANNUALLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES POPULATION40 ,!RE SEEM TO BE V]Y FEW SCI5TI/S :O D5Y ?AT L9E>ITY EXI/S 9 ! MIDDLE DOSE RANGE ( RADIATION1 BUT A GREAT DEAL ( CONTROV]SY HAS >IS5 OV] ,LEWIS'S HYPO!SIS ?AT L9E>ITY EXI/S AT ALL LEVELS ( RADIATION1 9CLUD+ ! V]Y L[ DOSE RANGE 9VOLV$ 9 DIAGNO/IC ,X-RAYS & FALL\T4 ,YET !RE IS A SUB/ANTIAL AM\NT ( DATA TO SUPPORT HIS !ORY4 ,ASIDE FROM ! BASIC EVID5CE ?AT ,LEWIS PRES5T$ :5 HIS VIEWS W]E FIR/ PUBLI%$ 7#a#i#e#g71 ! L9E> HYPO!SIS HAS GA9$ /RONG SUPPORT FROM ! WORK ( ,ALICE ,/EW>T & O!RS ON CANC] 9 *ILDR5 7SEE PAGE #a#g74 ,! PELVIMETRIES /UDI$ BY ,/EW>T & H] C[ORK]S 9VOLV$ DOSAGES ( ONLY #b TO #a RADS2 NEV]!LESS1 ?IS L[ LEVEL ( :OLE-BODY RADIATION DIRECT$ AT ! FETUS WAS 5\< TO D\BLE ITS *ANCES ( ACQUIR+ CANC]4 

,IF ,LEWIS'S HYPO!SIS IS ALSO VALID = O!R =MS ( RADIATION-9DUC$ CANC]1 FALL\T FROM NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S MAY BE RESPONSIBLE = ?\S&S ( CASES ( BONE CANC]4 ,BY US+ A /ATI/ICAL APPROA* DEVELOP$ BY ! ,BRITI% ,ATOMIC ,SCI5TI/S ,ASSOCIATION1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE A R\< BUT REASONABLE E/IMATE ( ! NUMB] ( SU* CANC]S ?AT W\LD BE PRODUC$ BY 9CREASES 9 ! AM\NT ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 HUMAN BONES4 ,A LONG-T]M AV]AGE ( ONLY ONE /RONTIUM UNIT 9 ! BONES ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! WORLD MAY WELL CAUSE #a#b1#e CASES ( BONE CANC]2 AS LITTLE AS TWO /RONTIUM UNITS MAY RESULT 9 #b#e1 CASES4 ,! FIGURE 9CREASES PROPORTIONATELY AS /RONTIUM-#i BECOMES P>T ( ! HUMAN SKELETON4 ,IT IS SOB]+ TO NOTE ?AT IF ! WORLD POPULATION W]E TO ACQUIRE AN AV]AGE SKELETAL CONC5TRATION ( #b /RONTIUM UNITS-OR ONE ?IRD ( ! CURR5T MAXIMUM P]MISSIBLE CONC5TRATION - A QU>T] ( A MILLION PEOPLE MI<T BE AFFLICT$ ) BONE CANC]4 

,ALL ( !SE E/IMATES & HYPO!SES MAY BE WRONG1 BUT ?US F> !RE >E NO CONV9C+ REASONS = BELIEV+ ?AT !Y ]R ON ! SIDE ( PESSIMISM4 0,! BYPRODUCTS ( ATOMIC FISSION >E HI<LY DE/RUCTIVE TO PROTOPLASM10 OBS]VE ,RALPH & ,MILDR$ ,BU*SBAUM1 0& 9 UNIQUE WAYS :I* PRES5T PROBLEMS ?AT W]E NEV] POS$ BY ! O!R HAZ>DS MAN HAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO HIS 5VIRONM5T BY HIS TE*NOLOGY4 ,! DANG]S >E AT PRES5T UND]E/IMAT$1 RA!R ?AN EXAGG]AT$1 9 ! OP9ION ( MO/ BIOLOGI/S40 

,! ,NUCLE> ,AGE 

,IF NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S W]E 5D$ P]MAN5TLY1 WE W\LD /ILL BE CONFRONT$ ) F>-REA*+ DANG]S CREAT$ BY ! PEACETIME USES ( NUCLE> 5]GY4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! M9USCULE QUANTITY ( RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES TO :I* MAN HAD ACCESS BE=E #a#i#d1 ! NUCLE>-5]GY 9DU/RY PRODUCES MILLIONS ( CURIES ( WA/E MAT]IALS EV]Y YE>4 ,! 0HI<-LEVEL0 WA/ES CREAT$ BY ! REPROCESS+ ( P>TIALLY SP5T NUCLE> FUELS MAY CONTA9 AS MU* AS SEV]AL ?\S& CURIES ( RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES P] GALLON4 ,MORE ?AN #fe MILLION GALLONS ( !SE LE?AL MAT]IALS >E /OR$ 9 GIANT UND]GR\ND TANKS AT ?REE LOCATIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,SO-CALL$ 09T]M$IATE0 & 'L[-LEVEL0 WA/ES >E DIS*>G$ DIRECTLY 9TO ! GR\ND4 ,RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES 9 LIQUID =M1 = EXAMPLE1 >E PIP$ 9TO GRAVEL-FILL$ TR5*ES & ALL[$ TO P]COLATE 9TO ! SOIL4 ,OV] #b #a_/#b MILLION CURIES ( SOLID & LIQUID WA/E PRODUCTS HAVE BE5 DISPOS$ ( 9 ! GR\ND4 ,! LIQUID WA/ES 0WORK !IR WAY SL[LY 9TO GR\ND WAT]10 OBS]VES ! ,A4,E4,C4 9 ITS #aiei ,ANNUAL ,REPORT1 'LEAV+ ALL OR P>T ( !IR RADIOACTIVITY HELD EI!R *EMICALLY OR PHYSICALLY 9 ! SOIL40 ,TO PUT ! KEY ?\<T 9 ?IS /ATEM5T LESS OBLIQUELY3 ,P>T ( ! RADIOACTIVITY REA*ES ! GR\ND WAT] & PASSES 9TO MAN'S 5VIRONM5T4 

,L>GE QUANTITIES ( 'L[-LEVEL0 WA/ES HAVE BE5 DIS*>G$ 9TO RIV]S4 ,AT ,HAN=D1 ,WA%+TON1 = EXAMPLE1 AB\T #b1 CURIES ( SUB/ANCES ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE RADIOACTIVE BY NEUTRONS 9 REACTORS >E RELEAS$ DAILY 9TO ! ,COLUMBIA ,RIV]4 ,AFT] MAK+ A SURVEY ( ! ,PRIE/ ,RAPIDS - ,PAT]SON SECTION ( ! RIV]1 A GR\P ( ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE 9VE/IGATORS PO9T$ \T ?AT 0VALUES AS HI< AS #b4#b ,X #a-#cUC_/GM4 .<4#b MICROCURIES P] GRAM.> HAVE BE5 F\ND 9 ! MUSCLE ( :ITE FI% NE> ,PRIE/ ,RAPIDS40 ,! WRIT]S REPORT$ ?AT O!R RIV] ORGANISMS 0HAD GROSS BETA ACTIVITY D5SITIES CONSID]ABLY HI<] ?AN ADULT FI%1 BUT !SE ORGANISMS >E NOT UTILIZ$ TO ANY EXT5T BY HUMANS4 ,?US1 !IR MAJOR SIGNIFICANCE IS 9 TRANSMITT+ ?IS ACTIVITY TO O!R ORGANISMS 9 ! FOOD *A94 ,FI% AS WELL AS DUCKS1 GEESE & O!R ANIMALS1 MAY CONSUME !SE ORGANISMS40 ,!SE HI<] ANIMALS1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 >E CONSUM$ BY MAN4 

,9 ADDITION TO US+ RIV]S AS A MEANS ( DISPOSAL1 ! ,A4,E4,C4 HAS DUMP$ #f#e1 CONCRETE-L9$ DRUMS CONTA9+ 'L[-LEVEL0 RADIOACTIVE G>BAGE 9TO ! ,ATLANTIC & ,PACIFIC OCEANS4 ,[+ TO ! CORROSIVE ACTION ( SEA WAT]1 ! POROSITY ( ! CONCRETE L9]S1 & ! HI< WAT] PRESSURES AT ! FLOOR ( ! OCEAN1 ! DRUMS MAY LA/ AS LITTLE AS T5 YE>S4 ,APPROXIMATELY #f1 CURIES ( RADIOACTIVITY W]E DISPOS$ ( 9 ! OCEANS BE=E ! ,A4,E4,C41 YIELD+ TO WIDESPREAD PUBLIC PROTE/1 DECL>$ A 0MORATORIUM0 ON ?IS TYPE ( DISPOSAL 9 ALL ,ATLANTIC & MANY ,PACIFIC COA/AL WAT]S P5D+ A FUR!R /UDY ( H[ EFFECTIVELY ! WA/ES >E RETA9$ BY !IR CONTA9]S4 ,! ,A4,E4,C41 H[EV]1 IS BY NO MEANS ! WOR/ CONTRIBUTOR TO RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION ( ! OCEANS4 ,BRITI% AU?ORITIES ALL[ !IR ,W9DSCALE 9/ALLATIONS TO PUMP AS MU* AS #a1 CURIES ( %ORT-LIV$ RADIO-ISOTOPES 9TO ! ,IRI% ,SEA EV]Y MON?4 

,:AT HAPP5S TO !SE WA/ES :5 !Y 5T] ! 5VIRONM5T ( FRE%- & SALT-WAT] M>9E LIFE8 ,G5]ALLY1 ECOLOGICAL FACTORS PLAY A NUMB] ( UGLY TRICKS ON MAN2 IT HAS BE5 CLE>LY E/ABLI%$ ?AT RADIOACTIVE MAT]IALS 9 WAT] T5D TO BE CONC5TRAT$ BY PLANKTON1 ALGAE1 MOLLUSKS1 & FI%4 0,AVAILABLE SUB/ANCES >E RAPIDLY TAK5 UP BY ! BIOTA1 NEV] REMA9+ LONG 9 ! WAT] TO BE DILUT$ & WA%$ AWAY10 OBS]VES ,LAUR5 ,R4 ,DONALDSON1 ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WA%+TON4 0,?IS IS DRAMATICALLY DEMON/RAT$ FOLL[+ AN ATOMIC TE/ 9 :I* RADIOACTIVE MAT]IALS >E DEPOSIT$ 9 ! WAT]4 ,)9 H\RS1 ! GREAT BULK ( !SE MAT]IALS IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! LIV+ ORGANISMS4 ,PLANKTON & SOME ( ! ALGAE1 :I* >E ! KEY ORGANISMS 9 ! FOOD *A91 MAY CONC5TRATE )9 !MSELVES MORE ?AN A ?\S& TIMES ! AM\NT ( RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES F\ND 9 ! SEA WAT]4 ,! H]BIVOR\S FI% & 9V]TEBRATES HAVE L[] CONC5TRATIONS ( RADIONUCLIDES AT ANY GIV5 TIME ?AN DO ! PLANTS ON :I* !Y FE$1 & PROGRESS+ ALONG ! FOOD *A9 TO ! C>NIVORES ! CONC5TRATIONS BECOME L[] & L[]40 

,!RE HAVE BE5 CASES1 H[EV]1 9 :I* ! CONC5TRATION ( RADIOACTIVE ELEM5TS WAS HI<] 9 FI% & MOLLUSKS ?AN 9 PLANTS4 ,9 A /UDY ( FALL\T ON A F\R-ACRE POND NE> ,C9C9NATI1 ,L4 ,R4 ,SETT] & ,A4 ,S4 ,GOLD91 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 F\ND EXTREME V>IATIONS 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AMONG DIFF]5T SPECIES ( WAT] LIFE4 ,9 SOME ALGAE ! AM\NT ( RADIOACTIVITY WAS ONLY #b TIMES GREAT] ?AN ?AT 9 ! WAT]1 BUT BASS HAD FROM #c TO #d TIMES MORE1 & SNAILS FROM #a1 TO #c1 ,DATA SUPPLI$ BY ,RI*>D ,F4 ,FO/]1 ( ! ,HAN=D ,LABORATORIES1 9DICATE ?AT :]EAS ALGAE 9 ! ,COLUMBIA ,RIV] CONC5TRATE RADIOCESIUM BY A FACTOR ( #a1 TO #e11 FI% CONC5TRATE ! ELEM5T BY A FACTOR ( #e1 TO #a14 7,FO/]'S REPORT1 9CID5TALLY1 %[S ?AT ALGAE CAN CONC5TRATE RADIO-POTASSIUM 9 AM\NTS AS MU* AS A MILLION TIMES GREAT] ?AN ?AT 9 RIV] WAT]1 & FI% CAN CONC5TRATE /RONTIUM-#i AS MU* AS A ?\S& TIMES47 ,9 ANY CASE1 AS ONE ORGANISM IS N\RI%$ BY ANO!R1 ! RADIO-ISOTOPES REAPPE> TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE 9 ! BODIES ( HI<] SPECIES4 ,! R\TE MAY BE DIRECT & SIMPLE OR LONG & COMPLEX1 BUT EV5TUALLY A PORTION ( ! RADIOACTIVE G>BAGE F9DS ITS WAY BACK TO MAN4 

,IT IS RA!R AL>M+ TO SPECULATE ON ! DIRECTION ! NUCLE> AGE MAY YET TAKE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,COMMITTEE ON ! ,EFFECTS ( ,ATOMIC ,RADIATION ON ,OCEANOGRAPHY & ,FI%]IES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES1 0#c NUCLE> P[]$ %IPS ( ALL NATIONS WILL BE 9 S]VICE BY #a#i#g#e4 ,!SE %IPS C\LD !N POT5TIALLY RELEASE TO ! M>9E 5VIRONM5T APPROXIMATELY #e1 CURIES P] YE> FROM EXPANSION WAT]1 SOME #cd CURIES P] YE> FROM LEAKAGE1 & SOME #i X #a TO ! FIF? P[] .<#i1.> CURIES P] YE> FROM ! ION EX*ANGE B$S40 ,! TOTAL3 #i#h1#d CURIES P] YE>4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 NEW REACTORS ON ! L& CAN BE EXPECT$ TO CREATE EV]-M\NT+ PROBLEMS ( WA/E DISPOSAL4 ,IT HAS BE5 E/IMAT$ ?AT IF NUCLE> P[] FURNI%$ #a P]C5T ( ,AM]ICA'S CURR5T ELECTRICAL \TPUT 7A DI/9CT POSSIBILITY 9 ! NEXT FEW DECADES71 !RE W\LD EXI/ 9 ! WORLD AB\T #ae BILLION CURIES ( RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES FROM ?IS S\RCE ALONE1 9CLUD+ #b4#f BILLION CURIES ( /RONTIUM-#i & #b4#c BILLION CURIES ( CESIUM-#a#c#g4 ,!SE FIGURES1 LET IT BE NOT$1 DO NOT 9CLUDE RADIOACTIVE WA/ES ?AT W\LD BE PRODUC$ BY NUCLE> P[] PLANTS 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,ME?ODS = ! P]MAN5T DISPOSAL ( SU* HI<LY LE?AL MAT]IALS W\LD HAVE TO BE 0FOOLPRO(40 ,IF ANY MISCALCULATIONS W]E MADE & ! WA/ES BEGAN TO SEEP UNCONTROLLABLY 9TO MAN'S 5VIRONM5T1 !Y W\LD CAUSE A /AGG]+ AM\NT ( DAMAGE4 

,! NUCLE> AGE C\LD HAVE PR(\ND & F>-REA*+ EFFECTS UPON EXI/+ ECOLOGICAL PATT]NS4 ,UNTIL REC5TLY1 BIOLOGI/S ASSUM$ ?AT ! S5SITIVITY ( LIV+ ?+S TO RADIATION 9CREASES ) ! LEVEL ( !IR EVOLUTION>Y COMPLEXITY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 VIRUSES ABSORB BETWE5 #e1 & #a1 RO5TG5S BE=E HALF OR MORE ( !IR NUMB] >E KILL$2 SPORE-=M+ BACT]IA1 BETWE5 #b1 & #e12 ! WEEVIL1 BETWE5 #a1 & #b1 RO5TG5S4 ,BUT MAMMALS SU* AS ! DOG1 ! GOAT1 & MAN BEG9 TO SUCCUMB TO :OLE-BODY DOSES ( LESS ?AN #e RO5TG5S4 ,9 REVIEW+ ! /RIK+ DIFF]5CES 9 RADIO-RESI/ANCE BETWE5 L[] & HI<] =MS ( LIFE1 MANY BIOLOGI/S CONCLUD$ ?AT IF MAN & O!R MAMMALS C\LD BE PROTECT$ FROM RADIATION1 ! RE/ ( ! BIOSPH]E W\LD MORE OR LESS TAKE C>E ( ITSELF4 

,IT SEEMS UNLIKELY1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS CONCLUSION IS CORRECT4 ,!RE APPE> TO BE CRITICAL P]IODS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MANY HI<LY RADIO-RESI/ANT SPECIES DUR+ :I* !Y CAN BE DAMAG$ OR KILL$ BY FAIRLY L[ LEVELS ( RADIATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT REQUIRES ONLY #af RO5TG5S TO KILL HALF ! EGGS ( ! FRUIT FLY DUR+ ! E>LY /AGES ( CELL DIVISION1 :]EAS #a1 RO5TG5S >E NE$$ TO A*IEVE ! SAME RESULT ) ADULTS4 ,! ORGANISM IS #f TIMES MORE RADIO-RESI/ANT AT ONE /AGE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T ?AN AT ANO!R4 ,AS PLANTS & L[] ANIMALS T5D TO CONC5TRATE RELATIVELY L>GE QUANTITIES ( RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 9 !IR CELLS1 A LEVEL ( 5VIRONM5TAL CONTAM9ATION 0H>MLESS0 TO MAN MAY PROVE TO BE V]Y H>MFUL TO LESS-DEVELOP$ SPECIES4 ,! USE ( ! SOIL1 ATMOSPH]E1 & BODIES ( WAT] AS DUMP+ GR\NDS = NUCLE> WA/ES C\LD RESULT 9 S]I\S ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCES ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY AFFECT MAN4 0,:5 RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES >E RELEAS$ 9TO ! 5VIRONM5T10 OBS]VES ,K4 ,Z4 ,MORGAN1 ( ! ,OAK ,RIDGE ,LABORATORY1 0!Y USUALLY 5T] 9TO COMPLEX PHYSICAL & BIOLOGICAL CYCLES & 9TO FOOD *A9S & MAY EXHIBIT UNEXPECT$ MOVEM5TS OR CONC5TRATIONS4 ,IT IS ?R\< SU* ME*ANISMS ?AT DANG]\S LONG-LIV$ RADIONUCLIDES SU* AS /RONTIUM-#i & CESIUM-#a#c#g >E ABLE TO 5T] \R FOOD S\RCES4 ,!SE ECOLOGICAL FOOD *A9S >E ACTUALLY CIRCUL> 9 NATURE OR WEB-LIKE & HAVE A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( L9KS4 ,S]I\S CONSEQU5CES W\LD FOLL[ IF TOO MANY ( !SE FOOD L9KS W]E BROK540 

,MORGAN EMPHASIZES ?AT ! DAMAGE CAN BE V]Y SUBTLE4 ,RADIATION MAY R$UCE ! MOBILITY ( AN ANIMAL OR IMPAIR ITS S5SORY ORGANS1 SU* AS ! EYES4 ,IT MAY R$UCE ! ORGANISM'S F]TILITY4 0,ALSO1 IF A SMALL DOSE HAS ANY EFFECT AT ALL AT ANY /AGE 9 ! LIFE CYCLE ( AN ORGANISM1 !N *RONIC RADIATION AT ?IS LEVEL CAN BE MORE DAMAG+ ?AN A S+LE MASSIVE DOSE :I* COMES AT A TIME :5 ONLY RESI/ANT /AGES >E PRES5T4 ,F9ALLY /RESS & *ANGES 9 MUTATION RATES MAY BE PRODUC$ EV5 :5 !RE IS NO IMM$IATELY OBVI\S EFFECT ON SURVIVAL ( IRRADIAT$ 9DIVIDUALS40 

,NUCLE> 5]GY IS ASSOCIAT$ ) SU* HUGE PROBLEMS 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS ?AT ! SUBTLE DANG]S IT CREATES = ! BIOSPH]E MAY SEEM TO BE NEGLIGIBLE4 ,! T5D5CY TO DEAL ) ! ATOM 9 T]MS ( MASSIVE DE/RUCTION & L>GE-SCALE ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION MAY L[] \R GU>D & LEAD TO S]I\S ECOLOGICAL DI/URBANCES4 ,AL?\< ! WA/ES DIS*>G$ 9TO ! 5VIRONM5T CONTA91 = ! MO/ P>T1 %ORT-LIV$ RADIO-ISOTOPES1 ! DAILY VOLUME ( EFFLU5T IS IMM5SE & ! FL[ CONT9U\S4 ,! RADIO-ISOTOPES >E PICK$ UP1 CONC5TRAT$1 & CIRCULAT$ 9 9CREAS+ AM\NTS BY KEY ORGANISMS 9 ! VIC9ITY ( NUCLE> REACTORS & PROCESS+ E/ABLI%M5TS UNTIL MANY PLANTS & ANIMALS BECOME HEAVILY CONTAM9AT$4 ,! SMALL] NUMB] ( LONG-LIV$ RADIOISOTOPES >E C>RI$ FUR!R 9TO MAJOR FOOD *A9S ?AT 9VOLVE MILLIONS ( PEOPLE4 ,BE=E CREAT+ NEW C5T]S ( RADIOACTIVITY & ADD+ TO EXI/+ PROBLEMS ( WA/E DISPOSAL1 WE W\LD DO WISELY TO ASK :E!R ALL ! HAZ>DS ( EXPOSURE TO L[-LEVEL RADIATION HAVE BE5 EXPLOR$ & :E!R ALL ! ALT]NATIVES TO NUCLE> P[] HAVE BE5 EXHAU/$4 0,IT IS NOT TOO LATE AT ?IS PO9T = US TO RECONSID] OLD DECISIONS & MAKE NEW ONES10 OBS]VES ,WALT] ,S*NEIR 9 AN EXCELL5T >TICLE ON RADIOACTIVE WA/ES4 0,= ! MOM5T AT LEA/1 A *OICE IS AVAILABLE40 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,HUMAN ,ECOLOGY 
,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*,A,P,T,] ,S,E,V,53 ,H,U,M,A,N ,E,C,O,L,O,G,Y 

  
,SURVIVAL & ,HEAL? 

,DESPITE M\NT+ PROBLEMS & DIFFICULTIES1 MO/ (FICIAL /ATEM5TS ON 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE T5D TO BE REASSUR+ & OPTIMI/IC4 ,WE >E TOLD REPEAT$LY1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! AM\NT ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 A QU>T ( MILK OR ! QUANTITY ( ,D,D,T 9 A FRUIT IS 0TRIVIAL02 ?AT 9 ORD] TO +E/ H>MFUL DOSES ( A RADIOACTIVE ELEM5T OR A PE/ICIDE RESIDUE1 AN 9DIVIDUAL W\LD HAVE TO CONSUME 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( A CONTAM9AT$ FOOD AT A S+LE SITT+4 ,!SE PIECEMEAL EXPLANATIONS >E LITTLE MORE ?AN SUBT]FUGES4 ,MANY TOXICANTS APPE> 9 ALL ! FRUITS & VEGETABLES WE CONSUME2 9 FACT1 /RONTIUM-#i & ,D,D,T >E 9 ALMO/ EV]Y FOOD 9 ! MOD]N DIET4 ,WE +E/ !SE SUB/ANCES DAILY ) NE>LY EV]Y GLASS & SPOON WE RAISE TO \R LIPS4 ,!Y APPE> 9 ! AIR WE BREA! & ! WAT] WE DR9K4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#dS1 /RONTIUM-#i & ,D,D,T HAVE BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( MAN'S 5VIRONM5T2 ! TOXICANTS >E ALMO/ AS WIDESPREAD AS BACT]IA & DU/ P>TICLES4 

,AN OV]ALL VIEW ( \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T1 EV5 IF CURSORY & SUP]FICIAL1 REVEALS A PICTURE WORSE ?AN ?AT DISCLOS$ BY ! MO/ EXHAU/IVE SPECIALIZ$ 9VE/IGATIONS4 ,FOODS >E SPRAY$ NOT ONLY ) ,D,D,T BUT ) A L>GE ASSORTM5T ( 9ORGANIC & ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES2 !Y CONTA9 NOT ONLY /RONTIUM-#i BUT ADDITIONAL RADIOISOTOPES CREAT$ BY MAN4 ,A L>GE P>T ( ! MOD]N DIET CONSI/S ( HI<LY PROCESS$ FOODS TO :I* QUE/IONABLE >TIFICIAL MAT]IALS HAVE BE5 ADD$4 ,AL?\< ! AV]AGE MAN IS 5GAG+ 9 LESS & LESS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY1 HIS 9TAKE ( C>BOHYDRATES & FATS IS V]Y HI<4 ,! GR[? ( URBAN C5T]S HAS BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY 9CREAS+ AIR & WAT] POLLUTION4 ,! ANXIETIES & T5SIONS ( MOD]N LIFE PROMOTE ! CONSUMPTION ( CIG>ETTES1 DRUGS & ANALGESICS4 ,MOD]N MAN +E/A & APPALL+ V>IETY ( TOXIC MAT]IALS EV]Y DAY1 MANY ( :I* >E ADDITIVE OR 9T]ACT 9 ! BODY TO PRODUCE A SYN]GI/IC EFFECT4 7,TWO WIDELY US$ ORGANOPHOSPHORUS 9SECTICIDES1 ,E,P,N & MALA?ION1 = EXAMPLE1 >E KN[N SYN]GI/S2 EA* IS TOXIC :5 +E/$ S+LY1 BUT :5 !Y >E TAK5 TOGE!R1 ,E,P,N 9HIBITS ! HYDROLYZ+ 5ZYME ?AT DETOXIFIES MALA?ION1 ?US PRODUC+ A TOXIC EFFECT ?AT IS MORE ?AN ADDITIVE4 ,IONIZ+ RADIATION1 TO CITE ANO!R EXAMPLE1 IS NOT ONLY C>C9OG5OG5IC 9 ITS [N RI<T1 BUT ALSO RE9=CES ! ACTIVITY ( *EMICAL C>C9OG5S 9 TOBACCO SMOKE4 ,AS ,JOHN ,W4 ,B]G1 ASSOCIATE $ITOR ( ,CANC]1 NOTES30444:AT WE GA9 ) CIG>ETTE FILT]S WE PROBABLE LOSE TO FALL\T FROM ATOMIC EXPLOSIONS407 ,! 9ITIAL DAMAGE CREAT$ BY !SE TOXICANTS IS LIKELY TO BE DISREG>D$1 P>TLY BECAUSE ! MORE IMM$IATE SYMPTOMS ( L[-LEVEL1 *RONIC POISON+1 SU* AS P]SI/5T FATIGUE & CONT9UAL S5SE ( ILL-BE+1 >E SO COMMON ?AT !Y >E NO LONG] TAK5 S]I\SLY4 

,H[ DOES ?IS CONCLUSION COMP>E ) EVID5CE ?AT HUMAN LONGEVITY HAS BE5 9CREAS+8 ,ACTUALLY1 ! CLAIM ?AT MAN IS LIV+ LONG] TODAY ?AN HE DID A HALF C5TURY AGO REQUIRES QUALIFICATION4 0,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE ?AT MO/ ( ! GA9S 9 LONGEVITY HAVE COME AB\T ?R\< PREV5TION ( MORTALITY AT Y\NG AGES10 OBS]VES ,JAMES ,M4 ,HUNDLEY1 ( ! ,NATIONAL ,9/ITUTE ( ,HEAL?4 0,GREAT PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE 9 ?IS SECTOR4 ,RELATIVELY LITTLE HAS BE5 GA9$ 9 OLD] AGE GR\PS40 ,S9CE #ai AB\T #ai YE>S HAVE BE5 ADD$ TO ! LIFE EXPECTANCY ( NEWLY BORN :ITE MALE *ILDR54 ,A :ITE MALE BORN AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY HAD A LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIR? ( #d#h4#b YE>S2 BY #a#i#e#h1 NEWLY BORN :ITE MALES HAD A LIFE EXPECTANCY ( #f#g4#b YE>S4 ,BUT ! GA9 DIM9I%ES %>PLY AFT] ! SECOND DECADE ( LIFE & VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>S AFT] ! SIX?4 ,A MAN :O IS #b YE>S ( AGE CAN EXPECT TO LIVE #g4#h YE>S LONG] ?AN HIS C\NT]P>T 9 #a#i2 A MAN ( #de YE>S ( AGE1 ONLY #b4#i YE>S2 A MAN #fe YE>S ( AGE1 M]ELY #a4#b YE>S4 ,A *ILD TODAY HAS A BETT] *ANCE ( REA*+ ! AGE ( #d1 BUT AFT] ?AT HIS LIFE EXPECTANCY IS NOT APPRECIABLY GREAT] ?AN :AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 

,MOREOV]1 IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT 9 #ai MILLIONS ( ,AM]ICANS LIV$ 9 AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* SURVIVAL WAS ALMO/ MIRACUL\S BY PRES5T-DAY /&>DS4 ,! MAJORITY ( URBAN DWELL]S LIV$ 9 SLUMS ) A M9IMUM ( SANITATION & M$ICAL C>E4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( *ILDR5 WORK$ 9 FACTORIES4 ,!IR P>5TS W]E %ACKL$ TO A GRIM 9DU/RIAL R\T9E = T5 OR TWELVE H\RS A DAY 9 PAT5TLY UNHEAL?FUL SURR\ND+S4 ,ALMO/ ANY IMPROVEM5T 9 SOCIAL CONDITIONS OR M$ICAL TE*NIQUES W\LD HAVE RESCU$ L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE FROM PREMATURE DEA? & ADD$ SUB/ANTIALLY TO !IR LIFE SPAN4 ,TODAY1 SANITATION1 H\S+1 WORK+ CONDITIONS1 & 9COME HAVE BE5 IMPROV$ GREATLY1 :ILE M$IC9E & SCAL$ UNDREAM$-( HEI<TS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 MO/ ( ! 9CREASE 9 LONGEVITY IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT MORE *ILDR5 SURVIVE ! DISEASES ( 9FANCY & ADOLESC5CE TODAY ?AN TWO G5]ATIONS AGO4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS1 9 EFFECT1 IS ?AT IF IT W]5'T = ! EXTRAORD9>Y M$ICAL ADVANCES & GREAT IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 TODAY'S ADULT MI<T WELL HAVE A MU* %ORT] LIFE SPAN ?AN HIS GR&P>5TS HAD4 ,?IS IS A REM>KABLE 9DICATION ( FAILURE4 ,IT SUGGE/S ?AT MOD]N MAN W\LD F9D IT V]Y DIFFICULT TO SURVIVE \TSIDE A M$ICAL & PH>MACEUTICAL HO?\SE4 

,:AT DOES LIFE 9 A M$ICAL & PH>MACEUTICAL HOT H\SE 5TAIL8 ,! ANSW]1 9 COLD /ATI/ICS1 IS %OCK+4 ,NE>LY #da P]C5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE HAVE SOME =M ( *RONIC ILLNESS4 70,AB\T #d4#i P]C5T ( P]SONS LIV+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E REPORT$ TO HAVE ONE OR MORE *RONIC CONDITIONS10 REPORTS ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE4 0,:ILE SOME ( !SE CONDITIONS W]E RELATIVELY M9OR1 O!RS W]E S]I\S CONDITIONS SU* AS HE>T DISEASE1 DIABETES1 OR M5TAL ILLNESS40 ,T5 P]C5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION >E =C$ TO LIMIT !IR ACTIVITY BECAUSE ( *RONIC CONDITIONS47,MANY ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E CONF9$ TO :EEL *AIRS1 NURS+ HOMES1 & HOSPITAL B$S1 FAC$ ) LIFELONG PA9 & 9ACTIVITY4 ,! /ATI/ICS 9CLUDE NUM]\S VICTIMS ( HE>T DISEASE1 :OSE EXI/5CE IS M>R$ BY CONT9UAL APPREH5SION & FE>4 ,!Y 9CLUDE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( CANC] VICTIMS1 A L>GE P]C5TAGE ALL BUT DEP>T$ FROM ! PALE ( ! LIV+4 ,WORSE /ILL1 H[EV]1 ! LIKELIHOOD EXI/S ?AT ! HO?\SE WILL BEG9 TO FALL AP>T AS ! PACE ( *EMICALIZATION1 URBANIZATION1 & POLLUTION IS 9CREAS$4 ,WE HAVE YET TO FEEL ! FULL BURD5 ( DISEASE SL[LY BE+ CREAT$ BY NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S1 MOTORC> EXHAU/S1 & ! NEW] *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 \R FOOD4 ,WE >E EX*ANG+ HEAL? = M]E SURVIVAL4 ,WE HAVE BEGUN TO MEASURE MAN'S BIOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5TS1 NOT 9 T]MS ( HIS ABILITY TO LIVE A VIGOR\S1 PHYSICALLY UNTR\BL$ LIFE1 BUT 9 T]MS ( HIS ABILITY TO PRES]VE HIS M]E EXI/5CE 9 AN 9CREAS+LY DI/ORT$ 5VIRONM5T4 ,TODAY1 SURVIVAL (T5 5TAILS ILL HEAL? & RAPID PHYSICAL DEG5]ATION4 ,WE >E PREP>$ TO ACCEPT ! FACT ?AT A RELATIVELY Y\NG 9DIVIDUAL WILL SUFF] FROM FREQU5T HEADA*ES & DIGE/IVE DI/URBANCES1 CONT9UAL N]V\S T5SION1 9SOMNIA1 A P]SI/5T 0CIG>ETTE C\<10 A M\?FUL ( DECAY+ TEE?1 & RESPIRATORY AILM5TS EV]Y W9T]4 ,WE EXPECT HIS PHYSIQUE TO ACQUIRE ! ROTUNDITY ( A B>REL %ORTLY AFT] ! ONSET ( MIDDLE AGE2 WE F9D NO?+ EXTRAORD9>Y 9 ! FACT ?AT HE IS 9CAPABLE ( RUNN+ MORE ?AN A FEW Y>DS )\T SUFF]+ LOSS ( BREA? OR WALK+ A FEW MILES )\T SUFF]+ EXHAU/ION4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS HEAL?8 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 HEAL? MU/ BE REG>D$ AS ! ABS5CE ( ALL ! P]SI/5T PA9S1 A*ES1 T5SIONS1 & PHYSICAL DI/URBANCES N[ ACCEPT$ AS A 0NORMAL0 P>T ( LIFE4 ,A HEAL?Y BODY IS NOT A BURD52 IT DOES NOT PROVOKE AN IRRITAT+ AW>5ESS ( ITS PRES5CE )\T REASON4 ,:5 WE >E 9 GOOD HEAL?1 WE S5SE ?AT \R BODIES >E COMPLETELY AT \R COMM&1 ?AT !Y >E 9 ! S]VICE ( \R PURPOSES & DESIRES4 ,NORMALLY ! 0S\ND BODY LIVES 9 SIL5CE10 OBS]VES ,ALEXIS ,C>REL4 0,WE DO NOT HE>1 WE DO NOT FEEL1 ITS WORK+4 ,! RHY?MS ( \R EXI/5CE >E EXPRESS$ BY C5ES!SIC IMPRESSIONS :I*1 LIKE ! S(T :IRR+ ( A SIXTE5-CYL9D] MOTOR1 FILL ! DEP?S ( \R CONSCI\SNESS :5 WE >E 9 SIL5CE & M$ITATION4 ,! H>MONY ( ORGANIC FUNCTIONS GIVES US A FEEL+ ( PEACE40 

,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 A M9IMUM DEF9ITION ( HEAL? - A DEF9ITION ?AT MI<T BE TAK5 = GRANT$ IF IT W]E NOT = ! FACT ?AT1 AS ,C>REL ADDS1 MANY PEOPLE1 0AL?\< !Y >E NOT ILL1 >E NOT 9 GOOD HEAL?4 ,P]HAPS ! QUALITY ( SOME ( !IR TISSUES IS DEFECTIVE4 ,! SECRETIONS ( SU* GL&1 OR SU* MUCOSA1 MAY BE 9SUFFICI5T OR TOO ABUNDANT4 ,! EXCITABILITY ( !IR N]V\S SY/EM1 EXAGG]AT$4 ,!IR ORGANIC FUNCTIONS1 NOT EXACTLY CORRELAT$ 9 SPACE OR 9 TIME4 ,OR !IR TISSUES1 NOT AS CAPABLE ( RESI/+ 9FECTIONS AS !Y %\LD BE40 ,C>REL IS OBVI\SLY CONC]N$ ) COMPLEX1 9T]ACT+ BIO*EMICAL FACTORS ?AT >E (T5 DIFFICULT TO P9PO9T & MEASURE 9 ! LABORATORY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 MANY 9DIVIDUALS :OSE RESPONSE TO CONV5TIONAL DIAGNO/IC TE/S 9DICATES ?AT !Y >E 0NORMAL0 & H5CE 0HEAL?Y0 UND\BT$LY LACK ! 5]GY1 RECUP]ATIVE P[]S1 & 0H>MONY ( ORGANIC FUNCTIONS0 REQUIR$ = ! FULL 5JOYM5T ( LIFE4 ,AL?\< !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E CONSID]$ 0HEAL?Y0 BY CURR5T M$ICAL /&>DS1 !Y >E NOT GETT+ :AT !Y %\LD \T ( LIFE4 ,9 MANY CASES1 !Y CAN BE EXPECT$ TO SUCCUMB PREMATURELY TO *RONIC DISEASES4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO =MULATE A COMPLETE DEF9ITION ( HEAL? 9 G5]AL T]MS4 ,TODAY1 0GL[+ HEAL?10 TO USE AN OLD PHRASE1 IS V]Y UNCOMMON AMONG ADULTS4 ,AS A RESULT1 WE >E USUALLY CON/RA9$ TO ?9K ( IT NOT AS ! ATTRIBUTE ( A POPULATION BUT RA!R AS ?AT ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS4 ,WE HAVE NOT YET DET]M9$ ! POT5TIALITIES ( PHYSICAL DEVELOPM5T = ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S & PHYSICIANS HAVE EXPLOR$ ! RELICS ( ! PA/ & TRAVEL$ TO REMOTE PRIMITIVE >EAS 9 AN ATTEMPT TO F9D EVID5CE ( ROBU/1 HEAL?Y COMMUNITIES4 ,!SE EXPLORATIONS HAVE YIELD$ A GREAT DEAL ( USEFUL 9=MATION1 BUT V]Y FEW ( ! REPORTS GIVE US AN ADEQUATE IDEA ( :AT HEAL? C\LD BE IF SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY W]E PLAC$ COMPLETELY 9 ! S]VICE ( HUMAN NE$S4 ,MAN IS CAPABLE ( BE+ A GREAT DEAL MORE ?AN HE IS TODAY - PHYSICALLY AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUALLY - IF HIS RES\RCES >E EMPLOY$ 9 A RATIONAL MANN]4 

,! T]M 0RATIONAL0 %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TO MEAN NATURAL OR PRIMITIVE4 ,MAN C\LD NOT HAVE ADVANC$ BEYOND A LEVEL ( PREC>I\S SUBSI/5CE IF HE HAD NOT CONSCI\SLY ALT]$ HIS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T & HAMM]$ IT 9TO A =M ?AT FAVOR$ HUMAN LIFE4 ,! *ANGE WAS MADE AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R SPECIES &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 BY VIOLAT+ TIME-HONOR$ ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS4 ,CIVILIZATION WAS A*IEV$ BY CLE>+ =E/S1 DRA9+ SWAMPS1 RE/RICT+ ANIMAL PR$ATORS1 REPLAC+ MANY WILD BOTANICAL SPECIES ) FOOD PLANTS1 F]TILIZ+ ! SOIL1 CULTIVAT+ CROPS1 PROB+ ! E>? = FUELS & METALS - 9 %ORT1 BY RE>RANG+ ! NATURAL WORLD TO SATISFY HUMAN NE$S = FOOD1 %ELT]1 & LEISURE4 ,MOD]N MAN N[ HAS ! P[]1 KN[L$GE1 & RES\RCES TO DO SUB/ANTIALLY BETT] ?AN BO? HIS ANCE/ORS & HIS PRIMITIVE CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,HIS TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE HAVE GIV5 HIM AN 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE OV] MANY NATURAL =CES4 ,*EMI/RY HAS ILLUM9AT$ P>T ( ! D>KNESS ?AT ONCE SURR\ND$ IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( SOIL DEVELOPM5T1 NUTRITION1 & PHYSIOLOGY4 ,9 CONJUNCTION ) RESE>* 9 MICROBIOLOGY & PHYSIOLOGY1 IT HAS GIV5 SOCIETY P[]FUL !RAPEUTIC AG5TS1 SU* AS ANTIBIOTICS & HORMONES4 ,TE*NOLOGY CAN REMOVE MU* ( ! DRUDG]Y ?AT BURD5S HUMAN LIFE & LEAVE M5 FREE TO USE !IR BODIES & M9DS = HI<LY SATISFY+ ACTIVITIES4 ,WORK CAN BE PLEASANT AS WELL AS USEFUL4 ,NEI!R SCI5CE NOR TE*NOLOGY1 H[EV]1 IS A SUB/ITUTE = A BALANC$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & NATURE4 ,M$IC9E & MA*9]Y MAY MODIFY ?IS RELATION%IP1 BUT !Y CANNOT REPLACE IT4 ,FEW DRUGS >E AS EFFECTIVE AS BIOLOGICAL RESI/ANCE TO DISEASE2 NO SY/EM ( TE*NOLOGY IS LIKELY TO FREE MAN FROM HIS DEP5D5CE ON SOIL1 PLANTS1 & ANIMALS4 ,! TWO SPH]ES1 NATURAL & SYN!TIC1 MU/ BE BR\<T 9TO A COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IP BAS$ ON A CLE> UND]/&+ ( MAN'S NE$S AS AN ANIMAL ORGANISM & ! EFFECTS ( HIS BEHAVIOR ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,A /UDY ( ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 MAN & NATURE MAY BE CALL$ HUMAN ECOLOGY4 ,\R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T IS ! PRODUCT ( MAN'S 9T]ACTION ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 JU/ AS A DAM IS ! PRODUCT ( A BEAV]'S 9T]ACTION ) A /REAM & =E/4 ,! IMPOV]I%M5T & DE/RUCTION ( ! SOIL1 REPEAT$ 9SECT 9FE/ATIONS1 & ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( C]TA9 DISEASES REPRES5T ! REACTION ( ! NATURAL WORLD TO MAN'S ADV]SE 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES4 ,TO BECOME :AT BIOLOGI/S T]M A 0DOM9ANT ORGANISM10 MAN IS COMPELL$ TO MAKE SWEEP+ DEM&S UPON NATURE1 BUT NATURE1 9 TURN1 MAKES DEM&S ?AT MAN MU/ FULFILL IF HE IS TO 5JOY HEAL? & WELL-BE+4 ,:E!R HE LIKES IT OR NOT1 !RE >E 0RULES ( ! GAME10 :I* MU/ BE OBEY$ IF AN 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE IS TO ADVANCE HUMAN VIGOR1 RESI/ANCE TO DISEASE1 & LONGEVITY4 ,:5 !SE RULES1 SIMPLE AS !Y MAY BE1 >E TRANSGRESS$1 NATURE TAKES ITS REV5GE 9 ! =M ( ILL HEAL? & DISEASE4 ,:5 !Y >E OBEY$1 MAN'S LIFE CAN BE FULL1 CREATIVE1 & REM>KABLY FREE ( PHYSICAL IMPAIRM5T4 

,ECOLOGY & ,HEAL? 

,9 A WITTY REVIEW ( POPUL> ATTITUDES T[>D FOOD1 ,DAVID ,CORT REM>KS ?AT HE HAS 5C\NT]$ ABSURDLY CONFLICT+ DIET>Y RECOMM5DATIONS 9 BOOKS & >TICLES ON NUTRITION4 ,ONE AU?ORITY ADVISES HIS READ]S TO AVOID FAT2 ANO!R ADVISES ?AT IT %\LD BE EAT51 ON ! !ORY ?AT FAT IS ! LEA/ FATT5+ ( ALL FOODS4 ,POTATOES HAVE BE5 ALT]NATELY DAMN$ & PRAIS$2 MIX$ MEALS HAVE BE5 BO? FR[N$ UPON & APPROV$2 ! CONSUMPTION ( ALCOHOL1 CRITICIZ$ & RECOMM5D$4 0,! CRUELTY & IRRESPONSIBILITY ( (F]+ ONE S+LE1 /&>D DIET>Y SOLUTION = EV]YBODY IS OBVI\S10 ,CORT ADDS4 0,:AT A P]SON EATS IS1 9 MANY IMPORTANT RESPECTS1 HIS LIFE4 ,BUT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS DIFF]5T FROM EV]Y O!R 9DIVIDUAL4 ,NO DOCTR9AIRE SOLUTION WILL WORK = !M ALL4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAS CONDITION$ HABITS ( EAT+1 ( TA/E1 ( APPETITE1 ( EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY1 ( N]V\S RHY?MS &1 MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 ( METABOLISM4 ,FEW MOD]N DOCTORS HAVE ! 9T]E/1 TIME OR G5IUS TO F9D \T ALL AB\T ANY ONE 9DIVIDUAL2 & MANY >E !MSELVES OV]WEI<T4 ,BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS ! TIME & 9T]E/ &1 AT LEA/ AB\T HIMSELF1 P]HAPS ! G5IUS4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT'S HIS LIFE40 

,AL?\< ,CORT'S REM>KS >E CONF9$ TO NUTRITION1 !Y >E QUITE RELEVANT TO A NUMB] ( PROBLEMS 9 HUMAN ECOLOGY4 ,IT W\LD BE AN ]ROR TO =M RIGID CONCEPTS ( A NORMAL MAN1 A NORMAL DIET1 OR A NORMAL WAY ( LIFE4 ,ANY SU* IMAGE W\LD BE WOEFULLY LACK+ 9 BIO*EMICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL SUPPORT4 ,! BIOLOGI/ & PHYSICIAN MU/ /ILL ADMIT1 AS ,C>REL DID NE>LY A QU>T] ( A C5TURY AGO1 ?AT 0MO/ ( ! QUE/IONS PUT TO !MSELVES BY ?OSE :O /UDY HUMAN BE+S REMA9 )\T ANSW]4 ,IMM5SE REGIONS ( \R 9N] WORLD >E /ILL UNKN[N40 ,IMPRESSIVE ADVANCES1 TO BE SURE1 HAVE BE5 MADE DUR+ ! PA/ TWO DECADES 9 SOLV+ MAJOR PROBLEMS ( CELLUL> BIO*EMI/RY1 5DOCR9OLOGY1 & PHYSIOLOGY4 ,KN[L$GE ( ! TRANS=MATION ( 5]GY 9 ! CELL IS V]Y F> ADVANC$1 = EXAMPLE1 & GREAT /RIDES HAVE BE5 MADE 9 UND]/&+ ! *EMI/RY ( ! G5ETIC MAT]IAL 9 ! CELL'S NUCLEUS4 ,DESPITE ?IS NEWLY ACQUIR$ KN[L$GE1 H[EV]1 NUTRITIONI/S HAVE AN EXTREMELY LIMIT$ UND]/&+ ( ! FUNCTION ( MANY TRACE ELEM5TS 9 ! BODY & ( ! WAY 9 :I* VITAM9S PREV5T DEFICI5CY DISEASES4 ,! NUTRITIONAL REQUIREM5TS ( ! V>I\S TISSUES1 ESS5TIAL DETAILS ( ! BLOOD-=M+ SY/EM1 ! ME*ANISMS ( RESI/ANCE TO DISEASE1 & MANY KEY RELATION%IPS )9 ! BODY AWAIT CLE>] UND]/&+4 

,! HUMAN ORGANISM IS EXTREMELY S5SITIVE TO V]Y SMALL QUANTITIES ( HORMONES & NUTRI5TS4 ,A V>IATION BY ONLY A FEW DROPS 9 ! DAILY \TPUT ( 9SUL91 A PANCREATIC HORMONE1 WILL DET]M9E :E!R AN 9DIVIDUAL WILL H&LE SUG> PROP]LY OR SUCCUMB TO DIABETES4 ,A DIFF]5CE ( A FEW ?\S&?S ( A GRAM 7MILLIGRAMS7 9 ! 9TAKE ( C]TA9 VITAM9S & TRACE ELEM5TS MAKES = EI!R WELL-BE+ OR NUTRITIONAL DISORD]S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,RESE>* ,C\NCIL1 A MAN TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( AGE REQUIRES A DAILY 9TAKE ( #a4#f MILLIGRAMS ( ?IAM9E & RIB(LAV91 #g4#e MILLIGRAMS ( VITAM9 ,C1 & #ab MILLIGRAMS ( IRON TO PRES]VE GOOD HEAL?4 ,HIS M9IMUM DAILY REQUIREM5TS ( IOD9E & COPP] >E BELIEV$ TO BE AS LITTLE AS 4#a & 4#b MILLIGRAMS1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,IF ! DAILY 9TAKE ( !SE NUTRI5TS IS R$UC$ BY A FEW ?\S&?S ( A GRAM OR LESS = A LONG P]IOD ( TIME1 ! RESULT WILL BE A M>K$ IMPAIRM5T ( HEAL?4 ,DESPITE ! M9UTE QUANTITIES 9VOLV$1 DEFICI5CIES ( VITAM9S & M9]ALS OCCUR ON A FAIRLY L>GE SCALE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,IF ,A4 ,F4 ,MORGAN & ,L4 ,M4 ,ODL& >E CORRECT 9 !IR CLAIM ?AT A DRY1 R\<5$ SK9 & LESIONS ( ! EYES & M\? 0MAY BE CONSID]$ A USEFUL PO9T] TO POSSIBLE DIET>Y FAULTS10 AB\T #e P]C5T ( ! ADOLESC5TS EXAM9$ 9 ! AFFLU5T NOR!A/]N /ATES & #b P]C5T 9 ! WE/]N /ATES MAY HAVE NUTRITIONAL DISORD]S4 

,WE T5D TO LOOK UPON DISEASES AS ?\< !Y W]E LOCALIZ$ DI/URBANCES1 CONF9$ TO DEF9ITE P>TS ( ! BODY4 ,AL?\< IT IS CU/OM>Y TO ACKN[L$GE ! BODY'S UNITY 9 SICKNESS & 9 HEAL?1 ! :OLE IS (T5 OV]LOOK$ 9 FAVOR ( ! P>TS1 & VITAL 9T]RELATION%IPS >E IGNOR$ 9 FAVOR ( ISOLAT$ EV5TS4 ,ACTUALLY1 EV]Y MAJOR DEFICI5CY & PHYSICAL IMPAIRM5T HAS F>-REA*+ EFFECTS4 0,DISEASE CONSI/S ( A FUNCTIONAL & /RUCTURAL DISORD]10 ,C>REL NOTES4 0,ITS ASPECTS >E AS NUM]\S AS \R ORGANIC ACTIVITIES4 ,!RE >E DISEASES ( ! /OMA*1 ( ! HE>T1 ( ! N]V\S SY/EM1 ETC4 ,BUT 9 ILLNESS ! BODY PRES]VES ! SAME UNITY AS 9 HEAL?4 ,IT IS SICK AS A :OLE4 ,NO DI/URBANCE REMA9S /RICTLY CONF9$ TO A S+LE ORGAN4 ,PHYSICIANS HAVE BE5 L$ TO CONSID] EA* DISEASE AS A SPECIALTY BY ! OLD ANATOMICAL CONCEPTION ( ! HUMAN BE+4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O KN[ MAN BO? 9 HIS P>TS & 9 HIS 5TIRETY1 SIMULTANE\SLY UND] HIS ANATOMICAL1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 & M5TAL ASPECTS1 >E CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ HIM :5 HE IS SICK40 

,A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ILLNESS & HEAL? REQUIRES A GREAT] APPRECIATION NOT ONLY ( MAN BUT ( M54 ,PHYSICAL NE$S & RESPONSES V>Y 5ORM\SLY FROM ONE 9DIVIDUAL TO ANO!R4 ,ROG] ,J4 ,WILLIAMS1 ONE ( ,AM]ICA'S MO/ EM95T BIO*EMI/S1 EMPHASIZES ?AT )9 ! SAME RACIAL GR\PS1 EV5 9 ! SAME FAMILIES1 M5 DIFF] FROM ONE ANO!R 9 ! %APE & WEI<T ( !IR VITAL ORGANS1 ! COMPOSITION ( BODY FLUIDS1 ! \TPUT ( 5DOCR9E GL&S1 ! RATE ( METABOLISM1 TEMP]ATURE CONTROL1 & MANY O!R RESPECTS4 ,9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CES 9 ! AM\NT ( NUTRI5TS REQUIR$ = HEAL? & 9 ! AM\NT ( NUTRI5TS ABSORB$ BY ! BODY >E ( MAJOR PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE4 ,9DIVIDUAL REQUIREM5TS ( CALCIUM1 TRACE ELEM5TS1 AM9O ACIDS1 & VITAM9S >E HI<LY V>IABLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 TWO NORMAL FIVE-YE>-OLD *ILDR5 :O ATE ! SAME FOOD & W]E EXPOS$ TO ! SAME 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS %[$ A GREAT V>IATION 9 ! AM\NT ( CALCIUM !Y RETA9$ FROM !IR DIETS4 ,ONE *ILD RETA9$ #bfd MILLIGRAMS ( CALCIUM P] DAY = #de DAYS1 :]EAS ! O!R RETA9$ #dfi MILLIGRAMS1 A DIFF]5CE ( NE>LY #h P]C5T4 ,A HI< DEGREE ( V>IABILITY IS ALSO F\ND 9 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSES TO COMMON 5VIRONM5TAL TOXICANTS4 ,WILLIAMS CITES AN ACC\NT ( #< M5 :O W]E EXPOS$ TO VAPORS ( C>BON TETRA*LORIDE1 ( :OM #ae SUFF]$ ACUTE POISON+4 ,SIX BECAME SUFFICI5TLY ILL TO REQUIRE HOSPITALIZATION4 0,ALL W]E :ITE M5 )9 #e TO #h YE>S ( ! SAME AGE & 9 G5]AL GOOD HEAL?444 10 OBS]VES ,FR$RI* ,H4 ,H>RIS1 ! S\RCE = ,WILLIAMS'S ACC\NT4 0,ALL #ae ( ! M5 POISON$ W]E EXPOS$ FROM #c TO #h H\RS2 H[EV]1 MANY ( ?OSE :O DEVELOP$ NO SYMPTOMS W]E EXPOS$ = A SIMIL> L5G? ( TIME OR LONG]40 

,! FACT ?AT MAN'S KN[L$GE ( IMPORTANT BODILY PROCESSES IS 9COMPLETE & ?AT MANY 9DIVIDUALS EXHIBIT M>K$ DEVIATIONS FROM 0NORMAL0 RESPONSES & NE$S DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT ! ROLE ( M$IC9E IS 9CONSEQU5TIAL 9 PROMOT+ HEAL? OR ?AT SCI5TIFIC G5]ALIZATIONS >E USELESS4 ,! HEAL?IE/ ( M5 WILL UND\BT$LY REQUIRE M$ICAL ATT5TION AT SOME TIME 9 !IR LIVES1 & EV]Y PHYSICIAN MU/ USE PHYSIOLOGICAL & ANATOMICAL G5]ALIZATIONS AS PO9TS ( DEP>TURE = ! DIAGNOSIS ( A DISORD]4 ,BASIC RESE>* 9 BIO*EMI/RY & PHYSIOLOGY PROMISES TO 9CREASE VA/LY \R UND]/&+ ( ! PRECONDITIONS = HUMAN HEAL? & WELL-BE+4 ,BUT A PH5OM5ON DOES NOT CEASE TO EXI/ BECAUSE IT CANNOT BE READILY EXPLA9$ BY CURR5T ME?ODS & !ORIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE >E (T5 PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ BY PH5OM5A ?AT >E TOO COMPLEX TO L5D !MSELVES TO PRECISE ANALYSIS AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( SCI5TIFIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! WAY 9 :I* /RESS PRODUCES ILLNESS & ! ROLE ?AT NUTRITION PLAYS 9 ! OCCURR5CE & PREV5TION ( *RONIC DISEASES CON/ITUTE FIELDS ( RESE>* ?AT HAVE SC>CELY BE5 P5ETRAT$4 ,IT W\LD BE A MAJOR SETBACK IF ! ROLES ( !SE FACTORS W]E M9IMIZ$ SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y PRES5T =MIDABLE PROBLEMS TO RESE>*4 ,MAN MU/ TRY TO CONS]VE MANY PRACTICES ?AT1 ON ! BASIS ( LONG EXP]I5CE1 >E KN[N TO PROMOTE GOOD HEAL?1 EV5 IF ! REASONS :Y !Y >E B5EFICIAL CANNOT BE /AT$ 9 PRECISE BIO*EMICAL T]MS4 

,:AT >E SOME ( !SE PRACTICES8 ,AS IT IS CLE> ?AT \R BODILY FUNCTIONS >E 9T]DEP5D5T1 WE %\LD NOT P]MIT ANY P>T ( \R BIOLOGICAL EQUIPM5T TO ATROPHY4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT WE MU/ USE ALL ! P>TS ( \R BODIES4 ,\R MUSCULATURE MU/ BE AS FULLY EMPLOY$ AS \R M9DS4 ,MANY ACTIVITIES & EXP]I5CES ?AT HAVE BE5 RE/RICT$ BY \R %ELT]$ CIVILIZATION SEEM TO PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES 9 PRES]V+ HEAL?4 ,!RE IS A SUSPICION ?AT MOD]N MAN 9DIRECTLY H>MS HIS BODY BY FAIL+ TO USE C]TA9 PHYSIOLOGICAL RES\RCES ?AT ONCE SUPPORT$ HIS ANCE/ORS DUR+ P]IODS ( HUNG] & COLD4 0,!RE EXI/S 9 ! BODY ( MAN1 AS ( ALL ANIMALS1 BIOLOGICAL ME*ANISMS = ! /ORAGE ( FOOD DEVELOP$ = MEET+ ! IRREGUL>ITIES & CYCLICAL *ANGES 9 NATURE10 ,R5E ,DUBOS WRITES4 0,IT MAY /ILL TURN \T ?AT A NUTRITIONAL WAY ( LIV+ P]MITT+ CONT9U\S GR[? AT A MAXIMUM RATE MAY HAVE UN=TUNATE DI/ANT RESULTS4 ,FA/+ FADS MAY HAVE SOME JU/IFICATION AFT] ALL BY PROVID+ AN OPPORTUNITY = ! OP]ATION ( C]TA9 EM]G5CY ME*ANISMS BUILT BY NATURE 9TO ! HUMAN BODY40 

,AL?\< IT REMA9S TO BE SE5 :E!R ?IS CONCLUSION WILL BE ACCEPT$ BY NUTRITIONI/S & PHYSICIANS1 IT IS REASONABLY CLE> ?AT A ONE-SID$ MANN] ( LIFE IS BIOLOGICALLY UNDESIRABLE4 ,AN EXI/5CE AN*OR$ 9 EI!R MUSCUL> EX]TION OR 9ACTIVITY1 SURFEIT OR POV]TY1 /RESS OR AN OV]LY %ELT]$ MANN] ( LIFE1 T5DS TO PRODUCE PHYSIOLOGICAL DISEQUILIBRIUM4 ,A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( MUSCUL> EX]TION CAUSES M>K$ DAMAGE1 :]EAS PROTRACT$ PHYSICAL 9ACTIVITY APPE>S TO 9CREASE BO? ! EFFECT & ! 9CID5CE ( HE>T & CIRCULATORY DISORD]S4 ,:5 ! CORON>Y >T]IES ( DOGS >E SURGICALLY N>R[$ TO SIMULATE A!ROSCL]OSIS1 A LACK ( EX]CISE MAKES IT DIFFICULT = NEW BLOOD VESSELS TO =M & PROVIDE MORE BLOOD TO N\RI% ! DISEAS$ >EA ( ! HE>T MUSCLE4 ,!RE ALSO SEEMS TO BE MORE CORON>Y ILLNESS AMONG M5 :OSE OCCUPATIONS >E S$5T>Y ?AN AMONG ?OSE :O 5GAGE 9 PHYSICAL WORK4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! WELL-EX]CIS$ 9DIVIDUAL1 ! 0PHYSICALLY 9ACTIVE 9DIVIDUAL %[S SIGNS ( AG+ E>LI] 9 LIFE10 EMPHASIZES ,HANS ,KRAUS1 ( ,NEW ,YORK ,UNIV]SITY4 0,HE EXI/S PHYSIOLOGICALLY AT A L[] POT5TIAL & IS LESS WELL-EQUIPP$ TO MA9TA9 HOMEO/ASIS .</ABLE BODILY CONDITIONS.> & TO MEET DAILY /RESSES4 ,?IS L[ LEVEL ( FUNCTION1 COMB9$ ) 5=C$ SUPPRESSION ( ! 'FI<T & FLI<T' RESPONSE1 5HANCES ! 9CID5CE ( DISEASE40 

,NOT ONLY DOES HEAL? REQUIRE ALL ! ELEM5TS ( A FULL LIFE2 IT ALSO REQUIRES ?AT !Y EXI/ 9 BALANCE4 ,A MOD]ATE AM\NT ( EX]TION1 A BALANC$ 9TAKE ( NUTRIM5T1 & A REASONABLE AM\NT ( EXPOSURE TO /RESS >E NECESS>Y = ! MA9T5ANCE ( WELL-BE+4 ,ALMO/ ANY K9D ( EXCESS IS H>MFUL4 ,?IS HAS BECOME APP>5T 9 RESPECT TO NUTRITION4 0,9 LABORATORY EXP]IM5TS RATS F$ AN UNLIMIT$ DIET W]E F\ND TO DIE SOON] ?AN ANIMALS PREV5T$ FROM GA9+ WEI<T BY A DIET SEV]ELY RE/RICT$ 9 QUANTITY BUT WELL BALANC$ 9 COMPOSITION10 ,DUBOS OBS]VES4 0,LIKEWISE 9SURANCE /ATI/ICIANS HAVE REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 9 MAN ! OBESE HAVE A %ORT EXPECTANCY ( LIFE4 ,9DE$1 OBESITY IS N[ PUBLICIZ$ AS ! MO/ COMMON NUTRITIONAL DISEASE ( ,WE/]N SOCIETY4 ,?IS WAS APP>5TLY TRUE ALSO 9 ,IMP]IAL ,ROME1 AS DUR+ ALL P]IODS ( GREAT MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY4 7,& 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL DECL9E & DEMORALIZATION AS WELL4 ,! PURSUIT ( 0PLEASURE10 :I* AFFLU5T ,ROMANS ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,AGE C>RI$ TO ! PO9T ( LIC5SE1 W\LD HAVE BE5 FR[N$ UPON DUR+ ! ,P]ICLEAN ,AGE1 :5 ANCI5T ,A!NS1 TOO1 5JOY$ 0GREAT MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY407 ',9 ! OLD DAYS1' WROTE ,LUCRETIUS 9 ! FIF? BOOK ( ,DE ,R]UM ,NATURA1 LACK ( FOOD GAVE LANGUI%+ LIMBS TO ,LE!2 CONTR>IWISE TODAY SURFEIT ( ?+S /IFLES US4' ,?US1 HI/ORY REPEATS ITSELF4 ,LIKE ! PROSP]\S ,ROMANS ( TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO1 C\NTLESS M5 ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD TODAY >E DIGG+ !IR [N GRAVES ?R\< OV]-EAT+40 

,F9ALLY1 IF MAN IS TO MA9TA9 GOOD HEAL?1 HE REQUIRES DIV]SITY4 ,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ?AT A HEAL?Y PSY*E & A R\ND$ RESPONSE TO /RESS >E N\RI%$ - BY A V>IETY ( EXP]I5CES & BY DIV]SIFI$ SURR\ND+S4 ,H[EV]1 IT DOES NE$ TO BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT V>IETY IS ALSO NECESS>Y = ! SATISFACTION ( MAN'S NUTRITIONAL NE$S4 ,BY LIMIT+ HIS SELECTION ( FOODS1 HE MAY FAIL TO ACQUIRE NUTRI5TS KN[N TO EXI/ 9 NATURAL FOODS BUT NOT YET ID5TIFI$ BY *EMI/S OR NUTRITIONI/S4 0,BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT UNID5TIFI$ FACTORS EXI/ 9 FOODS ( PLANT & ANIMAL ORIG910 OBS]VES ,GEORGE ,M4 ,BRIGGS1 ( ! ,NATIONAL ,9/ITUTES ( ,HEAL?1 0IT IS WISE/ TO EAT A WIDE V>IETY ( FOODS FROM ! MANY EXCELL5T FOOD GR\PS4440 ,IF ?IS IS DONE REGUL>LY1 ,BRIGGS EMPHASIZES1 IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO SUPPLEM5T ! DIET ) VITAM9S & SO-CALL$ HEAL? FOODS4 ,IT MI<T BE ADD$ ?AT IF FOOD SU* AS GRA9 W]E NOT OV]LY PROCESS$1 IT W\LD BE UNNECESS>Y TO 05RI*0 BREAD ) SYN!TIC VITAM9S1 :I* REPLACE ONLY P>T ( ! VALUABLE NUTRI5TS LO/ 9 ! MILL+ PROCESS4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! MORE A FOOD IS PROCESS$1 ! GREAT] ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT ID5TIFI$ NUTRI5TS AS WELL AS UNID5TIFI$ ONES WILL BE REMOV$4 

,COMPLET5ESS1 BALANCE1 & DIV]SITY %\LD BE REG>D$ AS PRACTICAL ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS - AS IMPORTANT 9 PRODUC+ HEAL?Y HUMAN COMMUNITIES AS !Y >E 9 PRODUC+ /ABLE PLANT-ANIMAL COMMUNITIES4 ,9DE$1 IT IS NOT F>FET*$ TO SAY ?AT :5 !SE CONCEPTS >E CORRECTLY APPLI$1 !Y PROMOTE HUMAN HEAL? BECAUSE !Y PRODUCE A /ABLE ECOSY/EM ( M51 ANIMALS1 & PLANTS4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ! ECOLOGY ( HEAL? IS GR\ND$ 9 NATURAL ECOLOGY4 ,A COMPLETE WAY ( LIFE = MAN PRESUPPOSES UNRE/RICT$ ACCESS TO ! C\NTRYSIDE AS WELL AS ! T[N1 TO SOIL AS WELL AS TO PAVEM5T1 TO FLORA & FAUNA AS WELL AS TO LIBR>IES & !AT]S4 ,A BALANC$ WAY ( LIFE PRESUPPOSES A LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 L& & CITY2 ANIMALS1 M51 & PLANTS2 AIR1 WAT]1 & 9DU/RY4 ,DIV]SITY PRESUPPOSES AN AW>5ESS ?AT NE>LY EV]Y SPECIES P]PETUATES ! /ABILITY ( ! BIOSPH]E1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY4 ,AS ! CITY 5CROA*ES ON ! L&1 H[EV]1 HUMAN LIFE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY RE/RICT$ TO A POLLUT$1 N]VE-RACK+ URBAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,AS ! CITY BEG9S TO DOM9ATE ! L&1 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY YIELDS TO S$5T>Y =MS ( WORK4 ,F9ALLY1 AS ! AGGREGATIONS ( POPULATION SWELL TO MASSIVE PROPORTIONS1 FOODS BECOME LAD5 ) *EMICALS & HUMAN ACTIVITIES >E /&>DIZ$4 ,BY OV]SIMPLIFY+ ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 WE HAVE CREAT$ AN 9COMPLETE MAN :O LIVES AN UNBALANC$ LIFE 9 A /&>DIZ$ WORLD4 ,SU* A MAN IS ILL - NOT ONLY MORALLY & PSY*OLOGICALLY1 BUT PHYSICALLY4 

,ECOLOGY 9 ,USE 

,\R 5VIRONM5T DIFFICULTIES W\LD BE UND]/&ABLE IF WE KNEW NO?+ AB\T ! REQUIREM5TS = A BALANC$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & NATURE4 ,WE C\LD !N ANSW] EV]Y REPROA* ) A CONFESSION ( IGNORANCE4 ,TODAY1 H[EV]1 WE KN[ TOO MU* AB\T ECOLOGY TO HAVE ANY EXCUSE :ATSOEV] = MANY ( ! ABUSES ?AT >E P]PETRAT$ 9 AGRICULTURE1 FOOD PRODUCTION1 & URBAN LIFE4 ,! TIME IS APPROA*+ :5 ! AD HOC MEASURES ) :I* WE HAVE TRI$ TO /AVE (F ! PROBLEMS ( 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE WILL HAVE TO BE SUPPLANT$ BY LA/+ ECOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS4 

,ECOLOGY1 AS HAS BE5 NOT$ 9 AN E>LI] *APT]1 DEALS ) ! 9T]RELATION%IPS ( LIV+ ?+S 79CLUD+ MAN7 & !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,! MORE !SE 9T]RELATION%IPS >E EXPLOR$1 ! MORE EVID5T BECOME ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( MO/ ORGANISMS 9 A GIV5 LOCALITY & ! NE$S ?AT EA* SPECIES FULFILLS = ! O!RS4 ,MO/ ECOLOGICAL /UDIES >E LIMIT$ & HI<LY CONCRETE1 BUT ! MAT]IAL AT H& SUGGE/S A NUMB] ( PRACTICAL G5]ALIZATIONS ?AT >E RELEVANT TO ! PROBLEMS DISCUSS$ ?US F>1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( AGRICULTURE & L& USE4 

,A RATIONAL AGRICULTURAL PROGRAM MU/ BEG9 BY TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! NATURAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! SOIL4 0,SOIL PRODUCTIVITY IS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( AVAILABLE *EMICALS10 OBS]VES ,$W>D ,HIGBEE1 ( ,CL>K ,UNIV]SITY4 0,IT IS ALSO HEAVILY DEP5D5T UPON GOOD /RUCTURE1 AGGREGATION1 TEXTURE1 MELL[NESS1 & MICRO ORGANIC LIFE40 ,MANY ( !SE *>ACT]I/ICS >E PR$ET]M9$ BY ! NATURAL HI/ORY ( A GIV5 >EA1 9CLUD+ ITS ECOLOGY UND] VIRG9 CONDITIONS1 ITS UND]LY+ ROCK =MATION1 & ITS PREVAIL+ CLIMATE4 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE >E LIKELY TO BE IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES 9 ! SOILS ( 9DIVIDUAL F>MS [+ TO V>IATIONS 9 ! SLOPE ( ! L&1 9 DRA9AGE CONDITIONS1 & 9 ! DEP? ( ! SOLUM1 OR TRUE SOIL1 9 RELATION TO UND]LY+ LAY]S ( CLAY & ROCK4 ,! CONFIGURATION ( ! L& DET]M9ES1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! OPTIMAL CONDITIONS ( GR[? = DIFF]5T K9DS ( VEGETATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ROLL+ OR HILLY C\NTRY4 ,SOME >EAS WILL BE BE/ SUIT$ = PA/URE1 O!RS = FIELD CROPS4 ,ON MANY F>MS 9 EA/]N SECTIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 A SIZABLE ACREAGE ( L& %\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY BE RETURN$ TO TIMB]4 ,ATTEMPTS TO EXPLOIT !SE SOILS = ! CULTIVATION ( FOOD & GRAZ+ (T5 RESULT 9 EXT5SIVE ]OSION & UNSATISFACTORY CROPS4 

,IF NO ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO MODIFY A NATURAL ECOLOGICAL PATT]N1 AGRICULTURE W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE1 &1 9 MANY CASES1 SUP]BLY IMPROV$ CROP L&S W\LD BE RECLAIM$ BY ! =E/ & IRRIGAT$ SOILS W\LD AGA9 BECOME UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,BUT WE CANNOT IGNORE ! ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ?AT CLE>LY LIMIT ! CULTIVATION ( MANY FOODS4 ,L>GE >EAS ( L& >E N[ SUPPORT+ CROPS = :I* !Y >E DEF9ITELY NOT SUIT$1 & SOCIETY W\LD PR(IT MORE BY GIV+ A FRE] RE9 TO NATURE ?AN BY =C+ ! SOIL TO PRODUCE A L[ QUALITY ( VEGETATION4 ,! DRY PLA9S FROM ! ,DAKOTAS TO WE/]N ,TEXAS1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E MEANT TO BE RANGE L&S1 NOT CROP L&S4 ,WEA!R CONDITIONS >E TOO UNC]TA9 = ! CULTIVATION ( GRA91 & ! >EA SUFF]S FROM REPEAT$ SIEGES ( DR\<T1 :OSE EFFECTS >E ONLY AGGRAVAT$ BY ! SY/EMATIC CULTIVATION ( FOOD4 ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( ! >ID PLA9S IS NOTORI\SLY L[1 & ATTEMPTS TO GR[ COMM]CIAL CROPS HAVE RESULT$ 9 WIDESPREAD DET]IORATION ( ! SOIL4 

,9 MO/ CASES1 ! BE/ SOILS ( ! WORLD W]E DEVELOP$ UND] HI<LY V>I$ =MS ( VEGETATION4 ,AL?\< C]TA9 PLANT GR\PS SEEM$ TO DOM9ATE ! L&SCAPE ( P>TICUL> REGIONS1 A CLOS] VIEW USUALLY DISCLOS$ A GREAT DIV]SITY ( SPECIES4 ,! UNI=MITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN PRAIRIES1 LONG REG>D$ AS A 0DES]T ( GRASS10 WAS AN ILLUSION4 0,MANY VIRG9 =E/S CANNOT DISPLAY SO GREAT A V>IETY ( PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE AS ! N[ NE>LY VANI%$ NATIVE GRASSL&S444 10 ,HIGBEE WRITES4 0,= ! PATI5T 9DIVIDUAL :O WALKS SL[LY & WAT*ES CLOSELY IT IS A WORLD ( 9F9ITE V>IETY 9 SMALL =MS & SUBTLE COLORS40 ,AL?\< AGRICULTURE CAN NEV] COMPLETELY RE/ORE ?IS V>IETY1 IT CAN TRY TO APPROXIMATE IT1 NOT ONLY TO PLEASE ! EYE BUT TO CREATE A MORE COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL PATT]N = PURPOSES ( CONTROLL+ PE/S & CONS]V+ ! SOIL4 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD BE WISE TO DIV]SIFY AS WELL AS TO ROTATE CROPS4 ,C]TA9LY NO MOD]ATE-SIZ$ F>M ON =E/ SOILS %\LD BE )\T TIMB]1 & EV5 ON ! PRAIRIES IT IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y TO PROVE TO ! F>M] ?AT HE HAS MU* TO GA9 BY PLANT+ TREES AS %ELT] BELTS AGA9/ ! W9D & AS OASES = BIRD LIFE4 

,TO A*IEVE A LA/+1 /ABLE AGRICULTURE1 WE MU/ RES]VE A PLACE = LIVE/OCK ON ! MOD]N F>M4 ,NOT ONLY >E MEAT & DAIRY CATTLE S\RCES ( MANURE1 BUT !IR M]E PRES5CE T5DS TO RE/RA9 ! EXPLOITATION ( CROP L&S4 ,MO/ F>M]S :O [N H]DS ( CATTLE >E OBLIG$1 9 ORD] TO FE$ ! ANIMALS1 TO CULTIVATE SOIL-PROTECT+ LEGUMES2 WILL+LY OR NOT1 !Y ?US FOLL[ PRACTICES ?AT CONS]VE ! L&4 ,ON ! :OLE1 H[EV]1 ! TR5D HAS BE5 AWAY FROM MIX$ =MS ( AGRICULTURE1 9 :I* BO? FOOD PLANTS & LIVE/OCK >E RAIS$ ON ! SAME AGRICULTURAL UNIT4 ,! SMALL F>M]1 FAC$ ) HEAVY COMPETITION FROM L>G] 5T]PRISES1 HAS BEGUN TO SPECIALIZE2 HE EI!R RAISES LIVE/OCK OR CULTIVATES A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( COMM]CIAL CROPS4 ,DAIRY+1 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MS ( MIX$ AGRICULTURE1 IS MORE OR LESS ON ! DECL9E ?R\<\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EXCEPT 9 P>TS ( ! ,S\?4 ,! NUMB] ( C[S & HEIF]S KEPT = MILK HAS DROPP$ MORE ?AN #b P]C5T S9CE #a#i#d#e4 

,IT NE$ NOT BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! OV]SIMPLIFICATION ( AGRICULTURE CREATES IDEAL CONDITIONS = ! 9VASION & PROLIF]ATION ( PE/S4 ,BUT EV5 V>IETY 9 PLANT LIFE & ! PRES5CE ( LIVE/OCK >E NOT LIKELY TO BE EFFECTIVE 9 HELP+ TO CONTROL PE/S IF ! L& IS BE+ EXPLOIT$4 ,ECOLOGI/S HAVE F\ND ?AT AN OV]GRAZ$ RANGE1 = EXAMPLE1 T5DS TO ATTRACT A L>GE NUMB] ( ROD5TS & 9SECTS4 0,IT IS G5]ALLY OBS]V$444 ?AT JACK RABBITS >E USUALLY MO/ NUM]\S :]E ! RANGE IS POORE/ & ! GRASS MO/ SP>SE10 NOTES ,$W>D ,H4 ,GRAHAM1 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,SOIL ,CONS]VATION ,S]VICE4 ,9 A DISCUSSION ON 9SECT PE/S1 ,GRAHAM ADDS3 0,EV5 ! ABUNDANCE ( GRAS%OPP]S1 SO DE/RUCTIVE ( CROPS & RANGE VEGETATION1 CAN BE RELAT$ 9 SOME DEGREE TO 9T5SITY ( L& USE4 ,WEESE444 HAS BE5 CR$IT$ ) ! /ATEM5T ?AT A B>B$ WIRE F5CE IS ! BE/ DEVICE = CONTROLL+ RANGE 9SECTS1 MEAN+ ?AT CONTROLL$ GRAZ+ :I* P]MITS GOOD GRASS WILL AUTOMATICALLY R$UCE ! NUMB] ( 9JURI\S 9SECT =MS40 

,! EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( PE/S REQUIRES AN APPRECIATION ( MANY COMPLEX FACTORS1 SOME ( :I* MAY SEEM2 F> REMOV$ FROM ! \TBREAK ( AN 9FE/ATION BUT PLAY1 AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ITS OCCURR5CE4 ,ALBRE*T HAS PLAC$ A GREAT DEAL ( EMPHASIS ON ! ROLE ( SOIL F]TILITY 9 BUILD+ UP ! RESI/ANCE ( PLANTS TO 9SECT PR$ATORS4 ,RESE>* AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MISS\RI SUGGE/S ?AT C]TA9 SPECIES ( 9SECTS >E ATTRACT$ TO CROPS GR[N ON DEFICI5T SOILS4 ,AS SOIL F]TILITY IS IMPROV$1 ! 9FE/ATION DECL9ES4 ,EA* HO/ PLANT & EA* 9SECT SPECIES1 ( C\RSE1 CON/ITUTES A SEP>ATE PROBLEM ?AT CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,UNWISE ME?ODS ( F]TILIZ+ ! SOIL MAY ACTUALLY MAKE IT EASI] = AN 9FE/ATION TO OCCUR4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF NITROG5 F]TILIZ] IS US$ EXCESSIVELY1 IT PRODUCES HEAVY VEGETATIVE GR[?1 BUT ! MATURITY ( ! PLANT IS DELAY$ & ITS CELL WALLS >E ?9 & >E EASILY P5ETRAT$ BY DISEASE-CAUS+ ORGANISMS4 ,!SE LU%1 IMMATURE PLANTS1 L[ 9 RESI/ANCE TO PA?OG5S1 T5D TO ATTRACT 9SECT PR$ATORS & (T5 PAVE ! WAY = A S]I\S 9FE/ATION4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ H>MFUL MISCONCEPTIONS 9 AGRICULTURE IS ?AT ALL PR$ATORS ( CROPS >E EXCLUSIVELY 9JURI\S & %\LD BE COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 ,M5TION HAS BE5 MADE ( ! VALUABLE ROLE PLAY$ BY =E/ ROD5TS 9 LIMIT+ 9SECT 9FE/ATIONS 7SEE PAGES #e#f-#g72 SIMIL> EVID5CE CAN BE ADDUC$ FROM >EAS SU* AS ! PLA9S1 :]E ROD5TS HAVE BE5 S+L$ \T = VIGOR\S EXT]M9ATION CAMPAIGNS4 ,9 A /UDY ( ! HI< PLA9S GRAS%OPP]1 ,CLAUDE ,WAKEL& OBS]VES ?AT 9 SOME >EAS1 RATS1 MICE1 & GOPH]S 0HAVE DEV\R$ A GREAT MANY GRAS%OPP] EGGS1 NYMPHS1 & ADULTS4 ,D\BTLESS !Y HAVE DE/ROY$ V>I\S =MS ( ! SPECIES F> MORE EXT5SIVELY ?AN ! MEAG] DATA AVAILABLE 9DICATES40 ,ON ! PLA9S1 ROD5TS HAVE BECOME PE/S AS A RESULT ( OV]GRAZ$ RANGES & ! EXT]M9ATION CAMPAIGNS CONDUCT$ AGA9/ ! COYOTE1 :I* FE$S PRIM>ILY ON C>RION & SMALL MAMMALS4 ,ECOLOGICAL /UDIES %[ ?AT #b P]C5T OR MORE ( ! COYOTE'S DIET CONSI/S ( 9SECTS2 DUR+ P]IODS ( HEAVY 9FE/ATIONS1 IT FE$S ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON GRAS%OPP]S4 ,TO BE SURE1 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ( PE/S1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM *EMICAL CONTROL1 IS NOT A CUT & DRI$ AFFAIR4 ,MANY DIFF]5T APPROA*ES WILL HAVE TO BE COMB9$ BE=E ! PROBLEMS ( PE/ CONTROL CAN BE EFFECTIVELY RESOLV$4 ,BUT UNLESS !SE ME?ODS >E ADOPT$ &1 ABOVE ALL1 CREATIVELY 9TEGRAT$ TO SUIT ! NE$S ( EA* REGION1 ! USE ( PE/ICIDES WILL 9CREASE /EADILY 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 

,ANO!R PREVAL5T MISCONCEPTION AB\T AGRICULTURE IS ?AT BIGNESS P] SE MAKES = EFFICI5T & RATIONAL USE ( ! L&4 ,! SMALL F>M HAS A POT5TIAL ADVANTAGE ?AT ! L& FACTORY & ITS CLOSE C\S91 ! PLANTATION1 SELDOM 5JOY4 ,A MOD]ATE-SIZ$ F>M IS DIM5SION$ ON A HUMAN SCALE4 ,IT L5DS ITSELF TO CLOSE SCRUT9Y & C>EFUL MANAGEM5T1 TO AN 9TIMACY BETWE5 ! F>M] & ! L& ?AT C\LD 5G5D] A GREAT] S5SITIVITY TO DIFF]5T SOIL NE$S & PROMOTE ! EMPLOYM5T ( S\ND ECOLOGICAL PRACTICES4 ,SMALL-SCALE F>M+ C\LD BE SUCCESSFULLY PURSU$ AS A =M ( APPLI$ ECOLOGY IF BL9D ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E REPLAC$ ) A S5SE ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 MANY SMALL F>MS 9 ,AM]ICA >E M9IATURE REPLICAS ( ! L& FACTORY4 ,AGRICULTURAL UNITS1 L>GE & SMALL1 T5D TO %>E ! SAME 5DS - ! 0MASS MANUFACTURE0 ( CROPS AT ! LEA/ CO/4 

,A BALANC$ SY/EM ( FOOD CULTIVATION BAS$ ON HI<LY DIV]SIFI$1 SMALL-SCALE F>MS IS NOT A UTOPIAN VISION4 ,! SMALL F>M /ILL CON/ITUTES ! BACKBONE ( AGRICULTURE 9 MANY >EAS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,OV] MANY C5TURIES HEAVY =E/ SOILS W]E SL[LY RECON/RUCT$ TO SUPPORT LIVE/OCK1 OR*>DS1 & A L>GE V>IETY ( FIELD CROPS4 ,TODAY1 A DIV]SIFI$ SY/EM ( SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE PREVAILS 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,SC&9AVIA1 & P>TS ( ,WE/ ,G]MANY4 ,MO/ ,EUROPEAN F>MS1 TO BE SURE1 >E H>DLY MODELS ( GOOD FOOD CULTIVATION2 !Y (T5 FAIL TO MAKE USE ( ! ECOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES ?AT EXI/ 9 ! MOD]ATE-SIZ$ AGRICULTURAL UNIT4 ,9 CONTRA/ ) MO/ ,AM]ICAN F>MS1 H[EV]1 MANY ,EUROPEAN F>MS HAVE CREAT$ A WORKABLE RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & ! SOIL4 ,!SE F>MS 5JOY RELATIVELY HI< SOIL F]TILITY DESPITE C5TURIES ( USE4 ,ORGANIC MATT] IS (T5 C>EFULLY RETURN$ TO ! L&1 & AN 5TR5*$ TRADITION /ILL RESI/S ! COMPLETE *EMICALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE 9 MANY P>TS ( ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 & ,G]MANY4 

,SO MU* = ! DICTATES ( ECOLOGY4 ,IF !SE DICTATES SEEM 0UNREALI/IC10 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT 9 ,5GL& TODAY AB\T #ge P]C5T ( ! F>MS HAVE LESS ?AN #c ACRES & ! AV]AGE IS AB\T #a ACRES4 ,AGRICULTURE 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES HAS L>GELY BE5 /ABILIZ$ >\ND A SMALL1 HI<LY DIV]SIFI$ F>M+ UNIT1 ALMO/ EQUALLY DIVID$ BETWE5 PA/URE & CROP L&S4 ,AL?\< MANY ( !SE F>MS HAVE BE5 CULTIVAT$ = #e YE>S OR MORE1 !Y HAVE A F> GREAT] YIELD ( :EAT P] ACRE ?AN ! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURAL UNIT & COMP>E FAVORABLY ) ! LATT] 9 ! \TPUT ( O!R CROPS4 ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURE1 DRIV5 BY COMPETITION & AN APPETITE = HI< E>N+S1 IS SO MU* 9 FLUX ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO SPEAK ( SANITY1 /ILL LESS ( /ABILITY1 9 MANY RURAL >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,:AT IS ! TR5D8 ,ROB]T ,S4 ,MC,GLO?91 ( ! ,/AN=D ,RESE>* ,9/ITUTE1 SUGGE/S ?AT BY ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 ! NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN F>MS WILL HAVE DECL9$ FROM #a4#g MILLION TO BETWE5 #c1 & #d14 ,!SE L>GE AGRICULTURAL UNITS WILL PRODUCE AB\T #i P]C5T ( ! FOOD CULTIVAT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 0,COMM]CIAL F>M/EADS WILL BE LAID \T & RUN LIKE HI<LY ME*ANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL PLANTS4 ,CROP & LIVE/OCK PRODUCTION WILL BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A COMPREH5SIVE MAT]IALS H&L+ & M>KET+ SY/EM4 ,! 9DEP5D5T FAMILY F>M] WILL HIRE MANAGEM5T C\NSEL+1 :I*1 ) ! AID ( ELECTRONIC COMPUT]S1 WILL HELP HIM PROGRAM ! OP]ATION ( ! 5TIRE F>M SY/EM SO AS TO A*IEVE L[E/ UNIT CO/S ( PRODUCTION4 ,! COMPUT] WILL 9DICATE - = EA* PRODUCTION SEASON - :I* CROPS %\LD BE GR[N1 :]E1 9 :AT QUANTITIES1 :5 !Y %\LD BE F$ TO :AT LIVE/OCK1 & :5 & :]E M>KET$ = GREATE/ RETURN40 

,TO MANY1 ?IS MAY SEEM TO BE PROGRESS4 ,TO ! ECOLOGI/1 H[EV]1 IT REPRES5TS AN ATTEMPT TO BR+ ! LAWS ( ! BIOSPH]E 9TO ACCORDANCE ) ?OSE ( ! M>KET PLACE TO R$UCE ! NATURAL WORLD TO M]*&ISE4 ,NUTRITI\S CROPS CAN NO MORE BE EXPECT$ TO GR[ ACCORD+ TO COMM]CIAL S*$ULES ?AN MAN CAN BE EXPECT$ TO ADJU/ HIS PULSE TO ! RHY?M ( MA*9ES4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,HEAL? & ,SOCIETY 
,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*,A,P,T,] ,E,I,<,T3 ,H,E,A,L,? ,& ,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y 

  
,9DIVIDUAL & ,SOCIAL ,ASPECTS ( ,HEAL? 

  

,A NEW APPROA* IS LIKELY TO GA9 EASI] ACCEPTANCE IF IT 9VOLVES 9DIVIDUAL RA!R ?AN SOCIAL ACTION4 ,! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE T5D TO LOOK = IMM$IATE1 PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS ?AT !Y CAN ADOPT )\T HAV+ TO FACE MAJOR SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 ,!Y SE>* = P]SONAL RECIPES & =MULAS = PHYSICAL WELL-BE+4 ,?IS ATTITUDE IS UND]/&ABLE4 ,HEAL? & ILLNESS >E 9TIMATE PROBLEMS1 9VOLV+ ! ABILITY TO SURVIVE & 5JOY FULL LIVES4 ,HEAL? IS 5JOY$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL1 NOT BY SU* AB/RACTIONS AS 0MAN0 & 0! COMMUNITY40 ,ANY DISCUSSION ( HEAL? USUALLY EVOKES ! QU]Y3 0,:AT CAN ,I DO RI<T N[ TO REMOVE HAZ>DS TO MY HEAL? & ASSURE MY PHYSICAL WELL-BE+80 

,?IS QUE/ION HAS BE5 ANSW]$1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 BY AU?ORITIES CIT$ 9 ! PREVI\S *APT]S - IMPLICITLY IF NOT ALWAYS DIRECTLY4 ,DIET %\LD BE HI<LY V>I$4 ,IF AT ALL POSSIBLE1 IT %\LD BE BAS$ ON FOODS ?AT RECEIVE M9IMAL OR NO TREATM5T BY PROCESSORS1 SU* AS :OLE-:EAT BREADS1 FRE% MEAT1 VEGETABLES1 & FRUIT4 ,WEI<T CONTROL IS DESIRABLE 9 ALL /AGES ( LIFE1 NOT ONLY 9 MIDDLE AGE4 ,URBAN MAN %\LD PUT HIS BODY TO FREQU5T USE1 ) AN EMPHASIS ON MILD DAILY EX]CISE1 SU* AS WALK+1 RA!R ?AN ON SPORADIC SESSIONS ( COMPETITIVE SPORTS4 ,C]TA9LY SMOK+ IS UTT]LY 9COMPATIBLE ) GOOD HEAL? & %\LD BE R$UC$ OR ELIM9AT$4 

,!RE IS A GOOD DEAL ( EVID5CE TO 9DICATE ?AT A HI< 9TAKE ( />*ES1 SUG>S1 & POLYSATURAT$ FATS PR$ISPOSES ! 9DIVIDUAL TO CORON>Y HE>T DISEASE4 ,AT ANY RATE1 A DIET ?AT IS ORD9>ILY REG>D$ AS SUITABLE = ACTIVE GR[+ *ILDR5 SEEMS TO BE V]Y UNDESIRABLE = ADULTS4 7,LET US PAUSE TO NOTE ?AT AS LITTLE AS FIFTE5 OR TW5TY YE>S AGO ANY PLEA = A R$UCTION 9 ! 9TAKE ( EGGS & DAIRY FATS W\LD HAVE BE5 FURI\SLY D5\NC$ BY MO/ NUTRITIONI/S AS 0CULTISM0 & 0FOOD FADDISM40 ,NUTRITIONI/S T5D TO =M IRONCLAD OP9IONS ?AT >E DIFFICULT TO ALT] )\T LONG1 (T5 HEAT$ CONTROV]SY1 IT IS NOT UNCOMMON TO F9D NUTRITIONI/S :O /ILL REG>D ! DIET>Y SUGGE/IONS ( ,ANCEL & ,M>G>ET ,KEYS 9 ,EAT ,WELL & ,/AY ,WELL AS BE+ A HAIRBREAD? AWAY FROM 0QUACK]Y40 ,! /UDY ( ! HUMAN DIET & ITS EFFECTS ON HEAL? W\LD B5EFIT IMM5SELY IF MORE 9VE/IGATORS W]E WILL+ TO FOLL[ LESS CONV5TIONAL & MORE 9DEP5D5T L9ES ( 9QUIRY47,! FOOD 9TAKE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL %\LD BE C>EFULLY SCAL$ TO HIS AGE1 TO HIS WORK LOAD1 & TO HIS ACTIVITIES DUR+ LEISURE H\RS4 

,! 9DIVIDUAL %\LD ATTEMPT TO CULTIVATE A S]5E ATTITUDE T[>D ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 AN \TLOOK BAS$ NOT ON A PSY*OANALYTIC ACCOMMODATION TO ! ILLS ( SOCIETY1 BUT RA!R ON A CRITICAL S5SE ( VALUES ?AT PLACES ! TRIVIA ( DAILY LIFE 9 A MANAGEABLE P]SPECTIVE4 ,TO SEEK AN UNCRITICAL1 BRA9LESS /ATE ( EUPHORIA IS SELF-DEBAS+4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TO RESPOND ) EQUAL S5SITIVITY TO EV]Y DISQUIET+ ASPECT ( DAILY LIFE IS SPIRITUALLY P>ALYZ+ & PHYSICALLY H>MFUL4 ,9 TRY+ TO R$UCE ! T5SIONS ?AT AN OV]LY URBANIZ$1 BITT]LY COMPETITIVE SOCIETY 5G5D]S 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE = A TRULY HUMANI/IC PHILOSOPHY ?AT HELPS US TO DISCRIM9ATE BETWE5 PROBLEMS ?AT W>RANT A /RONG EMOTIONAL RESPONSE & ?OSE ?AT %\LD BE DISMISS$ AS 9CONSEQU5TIAL4 ,TO LIVE A LIFE )\T 9T5SE FEEL+ IS AS DEHUMANIZ+ AS TO LIVE ONE ?AT IS FILL$ ) ILL-DEF9$1 P]SI/5T AGITATION4 

,HEAL? IS ! RESULT ( A LIFELONG PROCESS4 ,IT CANNOT BE ACQUIR$ BY A PILL OR BY A 0MAGIC0 FOOD4 ,PHYSICAL WELLBE+ PRESUPPOSES A R\ND$ MODE ( LIFE & A COMPREH5SIVE DIET GE>$ TO ! NE$S ( ! BODY4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO PRESCRIBE A S+LE 0HEAL?-GIV+0 RECIPE ?AT FAILS TO 5COMPASS ! TOTALITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL - HIS PA/ AS WELL AS HIS PRES5T - IS IRRESPONSIBLE4 ,NEI!R 0ROYAL JELLY0 AT ONE EXTREME NOR A 0MIRACLE DRUG' AT ! O!R WILL PROVIDE AN 9DIVIDUAL ) HEAL? IF HIS 5VIRONM5T & MANN] ( LIFE >E DET]IORAT+4 ,ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE HEAL? 9TO A S+LE =MULA MAY BE WELL-MEAN+1 BUT !Y >E WOEFULLY 9COMPLETE4 

,! NE$ = A COMPREH5SIVE APPROA* TO HEAL? IS /RESS$ 9 ,IAGO ,GALD/ON'S CRITIQUE ( MOD]N M$IC9E & HIS >GUM5T = SOCIAL M$IC9E4 ,MOD]N M$IC9E HAS FAIL$1 9 ,GALD/ON'S OP9ION1 NOT BECAUSE IT HAS 0NO CURE = CANC]1 = ESS5TIAL HYP]T5SION1 OR = MULTIPLE SCL]OSIS4 ,W]E IT TO A*IEVE !SE & O!R CURES BESIDES1 IT /ILL W\LD HAVE FAIL$40 ,ITS FAILURE IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT 0MOD]N M$IC9E IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY PREOCCUPI$ ) DISEASES & ) !IR TREATM5T1 & V]Y LITTLE1 IF AT ALL1 ) HEAL?4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL SICK ) PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA CAN BE EFFECTIVELY TREAT$ BY *EMO-!RAPEUTIC AG5TS1 OR BY ANTIBIOTICS4 ,BUT SU* AN 9DIVIDUAL1 ?\< CUR$ ( HIS PNEUMONIA1 MAY1 & MO/ LIKELY WILL1 REMA9 A SICK MAN UNLESS1 9 ADDITION1 EF=TS >E MADE TO HELP HIM REGA9 HIS HEAL?40 ,GALD/ON ADVOCATES MORE ?AN CONVALESC5T C>E4 ,HE PROPOSES A *ANGE 9 M$ICAL $UCATION1 M$ICAL \TLOOK1 & M$ICAL ME?ODS4 ,A PHYSICIAN TRA9$ ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL M$IC9E 0W\LD NOT BE MOV$ TO 9QUIRE ':AT'S HE GOT & :AT'S GOOD = IT1' BUT1 CONFRONT$ BY AN AIL+ 9DIVIDUAL1 HE W\LD ATTEMPT TO DET]M9E ! NATURE & EXT5T ( ! DISABILITY AS IT IS MANIFE/1 NOT M]ELY 9 ! PRES5T+ SYMPTOMS1 BUT 9 ! OV]ALL P]=MANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ACCORD+ TO HIS POSITION 9 LIFE2 ?AT IS1 9 ! LI<T ( HIS AGE1 $UCATIONAL1 VOCATIONAL1 SOCIAL1 & O!R PR]OGATIVES & OBLIGATIONS4 ,HE W\LD NOT AFFIRM '?IS MAN HAS A PEPTIC ULC]1' & UND]TAKE TO TREAT ! ULC]1 BUT W\LD BY ! PRES5CE ( ! ULC] RECOGNIZE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SICK & SEEK TO DET]M9E & TO CORRECT1 OR AM5D1 :AT AILS ! 9DIVIDUAL2 :AT1 9 O!R WORDS1 IMP$ES ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! FULFILLM5T ( HIS ADV5TURE 9 LIV+40' 

,GALD/ON'S REM>KS CON/ITUTE A MU*-NE$$ ATTEMPT TO WID5 ! CONTEMPOR>Y M$ICAL \TLOOK4 ,EF=TS TO EXP& PREVAIL+ NOTIONS ( ILLNESS1 TREATM5T1 & HEAL? BEYOND ! G]M !ORY & ! EMPHASIS ON SPECIFIC CURES = SPECIFIC DISEASES W]E ?W>T$ AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,?IS DEFEAT CULM9AT$ 9 TRAG$Y :5 ,MAX VON ,PETT5K(]1 ! GREAT ,G]MAN SANIT>IAN1 TOOK HIS LIFE 9 #aia 9 DESPAIR OV] ! REJECTION ( HIS VIEWPO9T4 ,PETT5K(] HAD NEV] D5I$ ! G]M !ORY ( DISEASE1 REG>DLESS ( POPUL>IZATIONS ( M$ICAL HI/ORY TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,! CONTROV]SY 9 HIS TIME C5T]$ >\ND :E!R G]MS ALONE CAUS$ DISEASE OR :E!R 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS & ! CON/ITUTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL %\LD ALSO BE CONSID]$ 9 ! /UDY ( 9DIVIDUAL ILLNESS & EPIDEMICS4 ,AS ,JOHN ,%AW ,BILL+S1 ! GREAT ,AM]ICAN AU?ORITY ON PUBLIC HEAL?1 PUT IT 9 #a#h#h#c3 0,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB]444 ?AT ! M]E 9TRODUCTION ( G]MS 9TO ! LIV+ ORGANISM DOES NOT 5SURE !IR MULTIPLICATION1 OR ! PRODUCTION ( DISEASE4 ,! CONDITION ( ! ORGANISM ITSELF HAS MU* 9FLU5CE ON ! RESULT444 ,PA/EUR HAS C]TA9LY MADE A HA/Y G5]ALIZATION 9 DECL>+ ?AT ! ONLY CONDITION :I* DET]M9ES AN EPIDEMIC IS ! GREAT] OR LESS ABUNDANCE ( G]MS40 

,TODAY1 ?REE G5]ATIONS LAT]1 ! ISSUE IS BE+ RAIS$ AGA9 - & 9 :AT APPE>S TO BE A MU* BROAD] S5SE ?AN EV5 ,GALD/ON HAS SUGGE/$4 ,MANY ( ! BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY POOR SANITATION & SLUMS HAVE BE5 RESOLV$1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,WE >E NO LONG] AS DEEPLY CONC]N$ ) KILL+ EPIDEMICS ( ,ICOMMUNICABLE DISEASES AS W]E ,PA/EUR1 ,PETT5K(]1 & ,BILL+S4 ,BUT WE >E V]Y MU* CONC]N$ ) H>MFUL 5VIRONM5TAL 9FLU5CES ON SOME ( ! MO/ 9TIMATE ASPECTS ( 9DIVIDUAL LIFE4 ,! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 EV5 ITS PLEASURES1 >E N[ BE+ MANUFACTUR$ = ! MILLIONS4 

,AS A NATION ( URBAN DWELL]S 9 A MASS SOCIETY1 WE >E BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY DEP5D5T UPON ! DECISIONS ( O!RS = ! QUALITY ( \R FOOD1 CLO?+1 & %ELT]4 ,!SE DECISIONS AFFECT NOT ONLY \R DIET & \R PRIVATE LIVES2 !Y AFFECT ! WAT] WE DR9K & ! AIR WE BREA!4 ,TO SPEAK ( AN 5VIRONM5TAL 09FLU5CE0 ON HEAL? IS AN UND]/ATEM5T2 !RE IS A DI/9CT 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL DIM5SION TO EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN BIOLOGY4 ,MAN TODAY IS MORE DOME/ICAT$ ?AN HE HAS EV] BE5 9 ! LONG C\RSE ( HIS HI/ORY4 

,IT IS H]E ?AT WE 5C\NT] ! LIMITS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S ABILITY TO ATTA9 HEAL? ON HIS [N4 ,! AV]AGE MAN F9DS IT EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO REORGANIZE HIS MODE ( LIFE ALONG L9ES ?AT FAVOR WELL-BE+ & FITNESS4 ,IF HE LIVES 9 ! CITY1 HE CANNOT POSSIBLY AVOID EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !RE >E H>DLY ANY RURAL >EAS 9 ,AM]ICA :]E ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT EXPOS$ TO ! ASSORTM5T ( PE/ICIDES ?AT >E CURR5TLY EMPLOY$ 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,ANY S]I\S ATTEMPT TO LIMIT ! DIET TO PURE FOODS1 FREE ( PE/ICIDE RESIDUES1 >TIFICIAL COLOR+ & FLAVOR+ MATT]1 & SYN!TIC PRES]VATIVES1 IS WELL BEYOND ! F9ANCIAL MEANS ( ! AV]AGE P]SON4 ,BUT EV5 IF ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN AF=D IT1 HE WILL F9D ?AT UNTREAT$ FOODS >E DIFFICULT TO OBTA91 = RELATIVELY FEW PURE FOODS >E GR[N 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ?OSE ?AT REA* URBAN C5T]S >E R>ELY SOLD 9 L>GE RETAIL M>KETS4 ,! LAY\T ( ! MOD]N CITY & ITS R\T9E DEM&S ON ! URBAN DWELL] T5D TO DISC\RAGE A PHYSICALLY ACTIVE WAY ( LIFE4 ,MOVEM5T 9 ! L>GE CITY IS ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! AUTOMOBILE & PUBLIC MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION4 ,MO/ ( \R OCCUPATIONS & RESPONSIBILITIES DEM& M5TAL DEXT]ITY1 A R\T9E ( LIMIT$ PHYSICAL WORK1 OR RAPID COMMUNICATION4 ,IT REQUIRES A H]OIC EF=T TO WALK 9/EAD ( RIDE1 TO DO 9/EAD ( SEE1 TO MOVE 9/EAD ( SIT4 ,AL?\< A FEW EXCEPTIONAL 9DIVIDUALS MAY SUCCE$ 9 MODIFY+ !IR MODE ( LIFE 9 A WAY ?AT PROMOTES HEAL?1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( URBAN DWELL]S CAN BE EXPECT$ TO GO ALONG ) ?+S AS !Y >E4 

,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT MOD]N MAN WILL NEV] ATTA9 OPTIMAL HEAL?1 ?AT IT IS1 9 FACT1 A 0MIRAGE08 ,R5E ,DUBOS HAS >GU$ RA!R P]SUASIVELY ?AT HEAL? IS A RELATIVE CONCEPT4 ,MAN'S CRIT]IA ( HEAL? *ANGE ) ! ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 & POLITICAL GOALS ( EA* SOCIAL P]IOD4 0,CLE>LY1 HEAL? & DISEASE CANNOT BE DEF9$ M]ELY 9 T]MS ( ANATOMICAL1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 OR M5TAL ATTRIBUTES10 ,DUBOS WRITES4 0,!IR REAL MEASURE IS ! ABILITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO FUNCTION 9 A MANN] ACCEPTABLE TO HIMSELF & TO ! GR\P ( :I* HE IS P>T444 ,= SEV]AL C5TURIES ! ,WE/]N WORLD HAS PRET5D$ TO F9D A UNIFY+ CONCEPT ( HEAL? 9 ! ,GREEK IDEAL ( A PROP] BALANCE BETWE5 BODY & M9D4 ,BUT 9 REALITY ?IS IDEAL IS MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO CONV]T 9TO PRACTICE4 ,POETS1 PHILOSOPH]S1 & CREATIVE SCI5TI/S >E R>ELY F\ND AMONG ,OLYMPIC LAUREATES4 ,IT IS NOT EASY TO DISCOV] A =MULA ( HEAL? BROAD 5\< TO FIT ,VOLTAIRE & ,JACK ,DEMPSEY1 TO 5COMPASS ! REQUIREM5TS ( A /EV$ORE1 A ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY BUS DRIV]1 & A CONTEMPLATIVE MONK40 

,P]HAPS SO4 ,BUT ! TRU? IS NOT EXHAU/$ BY ! LIMIT$ NOTIONS M5 =M ( A GIV5 EV5T OR SITUATION4 ,?AT :I* 9DIVIDUALS1 CLASSES1 OR COMMUNITIES REALLY BELIEVE TO BE HEAL? 9 A GIV5 HI/ORICAL P]IOD - ALL PRET5SIONS ASIDE - DOES NOT TELL US :AT HEAL? C\LD BE OR :AT IT %\LD BE 9 A BROAD] BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT IS ONE ?+ TO SAY ?AT HI/ORICAL NOTIONS ( HEAL? HAVE BE5 LIMIT$2 IT IS QUITE ANO!R TO CONT5D ?AT !Y WILL ALWAYS BE LIMIT$4 ,AL?\< ,DUBOS MAY BE CORRECT 9 DESCRIB+ LIFE AS A S]IES ( IDEALS = :I* M5 CAN BE EXPECT$ TO SACRIFICE !IR HEAL? & EV5 !IR LIVES1 !RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT HEAL?1 DEF9$ PRIM>ILY 09 T]MS ( ANATOMICAL1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 OR M5TAL ATTRIBUTES10 IS 9COMPATIBLE ) A RATIONAL MANN] ( LIFE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 A MANN] ( LIFE ?AT PROMOTES HEAL? IS LIKELY TO BE MORE SATISFY+ CULTURALLY & SOCIALLY ?AN ONE ?AT MILITATES AGA9/ ! ATTA9M5T ( FITNESS & WELL-BE+4 ,HEAL? IS N\RI%$ BY ALL ! 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT ADVANCE ?\<T1 CREATIVE EF=T1 & A R\ND$ P]SONALITY4 ,! SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT PROMOTE HEAL? ALSO PROMOTE ! ADV5TURE ( LIFE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MORE CLOI/]$ ! MAN1 ! MORE CLOI/]$ ! M9D4 ,! MORE ONE-SID$ ! WAY ( LIFE1 H[EV] 0*ALL5G+0 OR 0ADV5TUR\S0 IT MAY SEEM ON ! SURFACE1 ! MORE LIMIT$ ! RANGE ( ?\<T & >T4 ,VOLTAIRE WAS A BRILLIANT WRIT] BUT A SUP]FICIAL ?9K]4 ,HIS LIFE1 SP5T = ! MO/ P>T AT ! *ATEAU ( ,CIREY & 9 HIS '#aAIRS0 ON ! ,FRANCO-,SWISS BORD]1 %[S 9 HIS WORK4 ,ONE IS 5TITL$ TO WOND] :E!R HE W\LD HAVE ACQUIR$ GREAT] DEP? HAD HE BE5 EXPOS$1 LIKE HIS MORE PR(\ND CONTEMPOR>Y1 ,DID]OT1 TO AN E>?I] LIFE 9 ! /REETS ( ,P>IS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,OLYMPIC LAUREATES SELDOM BECOME POETS & PHILOSOPH]S BECAUSE !IR LIMIT$ NOTIONS ( 0ADV5TURE0 >E FOCUS$ 5TIRELY ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY = ITS [N SAKE4 ,F> FROM *ALL5G+ ! 0,GREEK IDEAL ( A PROP] BALANCE BETWE5 BODY & M9D10 ! V]Y 9COMPLET5ESS ( !IR LIVES & ?\<T IS EVID5CE ( ITS VALIDITY4 

,DUBOS1 9 EFFECT1 T5DS TO EQUATE HEAL? ) ADAPTATION4 ,! 5VIRONM5TS TO :I* M5 >E EXPECT$ TO ADAPT >E CONCEIV$ ( AS DYNAMIC1 EM]G5T PH5OM5A - A RA!R AMBIGU\S APPROA* ?AT SEEMS TO TAKE ! 5VIRONM5T TOO MU* = GRANT$4 ,UNLIKE O!R ANIMALS1 MAN CAN CONSCI\SLY REMAKE HIS 5VIRONM5T1 )9 C]TA9 LIMITS1 & ! REAL ISSUE TO BE FAC$ IS :E!R IT IS MAN OR HIS UNSATISFACTORY 5VIRONM5T ?AT %\LD BE *ANG$4 ,VIEW$ FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 ! PROBLEM BECOMES MU* CLE>]4 ,ONE CAN CONCEIVE ( MANY CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* HEAL? IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF & EV5 ( CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* ! A*IEVEM5T ( C]TA9 5DS IS WOR? ! LOSS ( HEAL?4 ,BY & L>GE1 H[EV]1 A HEAL?-PROMOT+ 5VIRONM5T 5C\RAGES SOCIAL & CULTURAL PROGRESS4 ,!RE NE$ BE NO CONFLICT BETWE5 HEAL? & A TRULY CREATIVE1 RATIONAL CIVILIZATION4 

,ON ! :OLE1 H[EV]1 ,DUBOS HAS P]=M$ A NOTABLE S]VICE 9 FOCUS+ ATT5TION ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN FITNESS & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( PROGRESS 9 ! FIELD ( PUBLIC HEAL? )\T ADVANCES 9 SOCIETY4 ,MANAGEM5T ( ! SOIL HAS ALWAYS DEP5D$ UPON ! PREVAIL+ =MS ( L& T5URE4 ,! QUALITY ( TODAY'S FOOD IS P>TLY DET]M9$ BY :E!R ! 9T]E/S ( FOOD MANUFACTUR]S OR ! 9T]E/S ( CONSUM]S DET]M9E TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES 9 ! 9DU/RY4 ,! =M & DIRECTION TAK5 BY URBAN LIFE >E GUID$ BY ! K9D ( SOCIAL RELATIONS M5 E/ABLI% 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR AFFAIRS4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO PRES]VE ! HEAL? ( 9DIVIDUALS :I* DOES NOT ALSO AIM AT CREAT+ SOCIAL PATT]NS ?AT WILL FAVOR ! HEAL? ( MANK9D AS A :OLE MAY RESULT 9 LIMIT$ IMPROVEM5T BUT NOT LONG-RANGE SOLUTIONS4 ,! MAJORITY ( 9DIVIDUALS :O SEEK OPTIMAL HEAL? AS SOLOI/S 9 A DET]IORAT+ 5VIRONM5T HAVE F> TOO MU* TO COPE ) 9 ATTA9+ !IR 5DS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 TODAY1 MORE ?AN AT ANY O!R TIME 9 HI/ORY1 EV]Y SOCIAL *ANGE HAS DEEP-SEAT$ BIOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,MAN HAS DEVELOP$ EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE ME?ODS = *ANG+ ! WORLD >\ND HIM4 ,! RESULTS ( HIS ACTIVITY OV] ! FACE ( ! E>? >E F>-REA*+4 ,! NATURAL WORLD CAN NO LONG] SUCCESSFULLY OPPOSE D5SE =E/S1 VA/ BODIES ( WAT]1 & CLIMATIC RIGORS TO HIS P5ETRATION4 ,! DEVELOPM5TS ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY HAVE DEPRIV$ NATURE ( ITS OLD DEF5SES AGA9/ ! 9VASION ( MAN4 ,BUT ! NATURAL WORLD CAN /RIKE BACK 9 ! =M ( DISEASE1 EXHAU/ION ( ! SOIL1 & DESICCATION ( ! L&4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( CAUTION & ! NE$ = EX]CIS+ REASON 9 *ANG+ ! WORLD >\ND US CAN H>DLY BE GIV5 TOO MU* EMPHASIS4 ',:AT IS NEW IS NOT NECESS>ILY GOOD10 ,DUBOS OBS]VES1 0& ALL *ANGES1 EV5 ?OSE APP>5TLY ! MO/ DESIRABLE1 >E ALWAYS FRAU<T ) UNPR$ICTABLE CONSEQU5CES4 ,! SCI5TI/ MU/ BEW>E ( HAV+ TO ADMIT1 LIKE ,CAPTA9 ,AHAB 9 ,MELVILLE'S ,MOBY ,DICK1 ',ALL MY MEANS >E SANE2 MY MOTIVES & OBJECTS MAD4'0 

,! ,PROBLEMS ( ,REM$IAL ,LEGISLATION 

,H[ MU* PROGRESS CAN WE EXPECT FROM ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE ! HEAL? ( ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC BY MEANS ( LEGISLATION8 ,MORE1 C]TA9LY1 ?AN WE CAN EXPECT FROM ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS BY NO MEANS EXHAU/$ ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( WELF>E LEGISLATION2 IT HAS LAGG$ BEH9D MANY ,EUROPEAN NATIONS 9 FULFILL+ ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TO ! SICK & ! 9FIRM4 ,ITS NATIONAL HEAL? PROGRAMS CONSI/ ( AD HOC AID & A PAT*WORK ( LABORATORIES & CL9ICS TO MEET ! M\NT+ NE$S ( RESE>* & !RAPY4 ,FOOD & DRUG LAWS HAVE NOT KEPT PACE ) ! RAPID *ANGES 9 FOOD TE*NOLOGY1 & ! OP]ATIONS ( F$]AL AG5CIES RESPONSIBLE = ADM9I/]+ !M LEAVE MU* TO BE DESIR$4 ,AN ACC\NT ( ! ADVANCES1 CONFLICTS1 & RETREATS 9 ! FIELD ( FOOD & DRUG CONTROL (F]S A VALUABLE P]SPECTIVE ON :AT REM$IAL LEGISLATION CAN & CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO DO4 

,! PROBLEMS ( FOOD & DRUG CONTROL HAVE BE5 SURR\ND$ BY SU* A D5SE FOG ( (FICIAL OV]/ATEM5T ?AT ALMO/ ANY CRITICISM ( EXI/+ LAWS & AG5CIES 9VITES C\NT]*>GES ( 0QUACK]Y0 & 0FADDISM40 ,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ BLURB1 MADE UP 9 P>T ( (FICIAL /ATEM5TS1 :I* ! PUBLIC IS EXPECT$ TO ACCEPT AS GOOD CO93 

',:5 ! ,AM]ICAN H\SEWIFE PU%ES H] %OPP+ C>T ?R\< ! SUP]M>KET1 %E CAN SELECT ATTRACTIVELY PACKAG$ FOODS & DR9KS ) ! CONFID5CE ?AT !Y >E HONE/LY LABEL$1 PURE & :OLESOME4 ,H] CONFID5CE IS BAS$ ON ! EXI/5CE ( GOOD LAWS ?AT >E VIGILANTLY 5=C$4 ,MO/ ,AM]ICAN FOOD MANUFACTUR]S TODAY HAVE ! WILL & ! KN[-H[ TO PRODUCE ! PURE FOODS ?AT %E WANTS4 ,!Y ACCEPT ! ,FOOD1 ,DRUG1 & ,COSMETIC ,ACT AS A BLUEPR9T ( !IR OBLIGATIONS TO ! ,NATION'S CONSUM]S4 ,! ADDITIVES ?AT GO 9TO FOOD >E !RE TO IMPROVE ! FOOD & BR+ IT TO ! H\SEWIFE 9 BETT] CONDITION & 9 A MORE CONV5I5T =M4 ,RELIABLE FOOD PROCESSORS HAVE NOT R$UC$ ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( \R FOODS OR CREAT$ 9F]IOR PRODUCTS ?R\< ! USE ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! QUALITY & SANIT>Y *>ACT]I/ICS ( \R FOOD HAVE BE5 IMPROV+40 

,MO/ ( !SE COMPLAC5T REM>KS CAN BE DISMISS$ AS RUBBI%4 ,)\T DO+ ANY 9JU/ICE TO ! FACTS1 ! BLURB MI<T BE REWRITT5 AS FOLL[S3 

0,:5 ! ,AM]ICAN H\SEWIFE PU%ES H] %OPP+ C>T ?R\< ! SUP]M>KET1 %E 5C\NT]S MANY PRODUCTS :OSE PACKAG+ (T5 MISLEADS H] CONC]N+ ! QUALITY1 QUANTITY1 & NUTRITIVE VALUE ( !IR CONT5TS4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! 5=CEM5T ( FOOD-LABEL+ LAWS & REGULATIONS HAS BE5 H&L$ 9 A V]Y SLOV5LY FA%ION BY F$]AL & /ATE AU?ORITIES4 ,MO/ PROCESS$ FOODS >E C]TA9LY NOT 'PURE1' IF BY A PURE PRODUCT IS MEANT ONE ?AT DOES NOT CONTA9 *EMICAL ADDITIVES4 ,FOOD & DRUG CONTROL IS F> FROM SATISFACTORY1 & IT HAS (T5 BE5 NECESS>Y TO PROD F$]AL AG5CIES 9TO DIS*>G+ !IR RESPONSIBILITIES TO ! CONSUM]4 ,! ,F4,D4,A4 HAS %[N AN UNUSUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO 9FLU5CE FROM ! FOOD 9DU/RY2 ! AG5CY'S P]=MANCE HAS BE5 DI/+UI%$ BY ITS L5I5CY & PATI5CE ) FOOD MANUFACTUR]S4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 FOOD PROCESSORS & DRUG MANUFACTUR]S HAVE BITT]LY OPPOS$ IMPROVEM5TS 9 REGULATORY LEGISLATION4 ,AL?\< SOME ( ! *EMICALS ?AT >E ADD$ TO FOOD MAY POSSIBLY IMPROVE !M1 ! SAFETY ( MANY FOOD ADDITIVES IS V]Y D\BTFUL4 ,F9ALLY1 RELIABLE FOOD MANUFACTUR]S HAVE DEF9ITELY R$UC$ ! NUTRITIVE VALUE ( C]TA9 COMMON FOODS1 & ADDITIVES HAVE (T5 S]V$ TO CONCEAL 9F]IOR PRODUCTS40 

,! FIR/ /ATEM5T ATTEMPTS TO EVADE ! PROBLEMS ( MOD]N FOOD CONTROL2 ! SECOND1 TO FACE !M4 ,IT IS ALMO/ BEGG+ ! QUE/ION TO CLAIM ?AT PRODUC]S ( FOOD ACCEPT ! ,FOOD1 ,DRUG1 & ,COSMETIC ,ACT AS 0A BLUEPR9T ( !IR OBLIGATIONS TO ! ,NATION'S CONSUM]S0 :5 ! LAW IS NOT AS DEM&+ AS IT %\LD BE & ?OSE :O ADM9I/] IT >E SATISFI$ ) A SECOND-RATE A*IEVEM5T4 ,NOR IS ! CASE = ! LAW /R5G!N$ BY SMUGGL+ ! H\SEWIFE'S 0WANTS0 9TO ! ISSUE4 ,! WANTS ( MANY CONSUM]S >E CREAT$ BY HI<-PRESSURE ADV]TIS+ & SALESMAN%IP4 ,! AV]AGE CONSUM] KN[S F> TOO LITTLE AB\T NUTRITION TO EVALUATE ADV]TIS+ CLAIMS4 ,FOOD PUR*ASES >E GUID$ P>TLY BY SALES TE*NIQUE1 P>TLY BY ! APPE>ANCE ( ! FOOD4 ,?US1 ! FOOD 9DU/RY T5DS TO G5]ATE ! V]Y WANTS IT PR(ESSES TO SATISFY1 & CONV5TIONAL BOOKS & >TICLES ON NUTRITION T5D TO EQUATE ! SATISFACTION ( !SE 9DU/RY-CREAT$ WANTS ) IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! QUALITY & PURITY ( \R FOOD4 

,! TRU? IS ?AT F$]AL FOOD & DRUG LEGISLATION HAS ALWAYS BE5 A POOR1 UN/ABLE COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ! FOOD 9DU/RY & ! DEM&S ( AN >\S$ PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,MORE ?AN A QU>T] ( A C5TURY SEP>ATES ! FIR/ UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO 5ACT A G5]AL ANTI-ADULT]ATION LAW 7#a#h#g#i7 & ! ADOPTION ( ! BASIC ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,LAW ( #a#i#f4 ,! /ORY BEH9D !SE & LAT] CONFLICTS 9 ! FIELD ( PURE-FOOD LEGISLATION 9DICATES ! AM\NT ( EF=T ?AT HAS BE5 REQUIR$ TO PRES]VE ! 9TEGRITY ( \R FOOD SUPPLY4 ,! NE$S ( 9DU/RY W]E CONSI/5TLY GIV5 PRIORITY OV] ?OSE ( ! PUBLIC2 DUR+ ?IS 5TIRE P]IOD1 ,CONGRESS WAS QUICK TO FAVOR SPECIAL 9T]E/S4 ,IT PUT AN 5D TO ! EXPORT ( ADULT]AT$ PRODUCTS ONLY :5 ! REPUTATION ( ,AM]ICAN FOOD BEGAN TO DECL9E ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,IT 5ACT$ LEGISLATION AGA9/ OLEOM>G>9E 9 BEHALF ( DOME/IC DAIRY 9T]E/S4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ WAS S]V$ ONLY 9DIRECTLY4 ,AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ! MO/ FLAGRANT CASES ( ADULT]ATION W]E ! WORK ( SMALL-SCALE PRODUC]S1 :OSE ADULT]AT$ GOODS PLAC$ MAJOR PRODUC]S AT A COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGE4 ,9 !SE CASES1 BO? ,CONGRESS & MO/ ( ! FOOD MANUFACTUR]S RESPOND$ READILY TO ! NE$ = SPECIFIC ANTI-ADULT]ATION LEGISLATION1 BUT ! FOOD 9DU/RY'S SUPPORT = A G5]AL FOOD LAW WAS1 AT BE/1 HESITANT1 & 9 ! HALLS ( ,CONGRESS SUPPORT = A PURE-FOOD LAW GA!R$ V]Y SL[LY4 

,IT IS EXTREMELY D\BTFUL :E!R ANY G5]AL FOOD & DRUG LEGISLATION W\LD HAVE BE5 ADOPT$ 9 #aif W]E IT NOT = ! EF=TS ( ,H>VEY ,W4 ,WILEY & ! UNEXPECT$ SUPPORT HIS EF=TS RECEIV$ FROM ! PUBLICATION ( ,UPTON ,S9CLAIR'S ,! ,JUNGLE1 A NOVEL :I* CRITICIZ$ ! SOCIAL & SANIT>Y CONDITIONS 9 ! ,*ICAGO /OCKY>DS4 ,WILEY WAS A GIFT$ PHYSICIAN & *EMI/ :OSE PIONE]+ RESE>* 9 SUG>1 SOIL1 & FOOD ANALYSIS BR\<T HIM TO ! POSITION ( *IEF ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE'S ,BUREAU ( ,*EMI/RY4 ,HIS PRE/IGE AS A SCI5TI/1 HIS ,HOOSI] WIT1 & HIS 5GAG+ P]SONALITY GA9$ HIM WIDE PR(ESSIONAL & PUBLIC ADMIRATION4 ,! TASK ( 5SUR+ A PURE FOOD SUPPLY = ! ,AM]ICAN CONSUM] BECAME ,WILEY'S LIFE WORK4 ,HIS LECTURES1 >TICLES1 REPORTS1 & CONGRESSIONAL TE/IMONY MOBILIZ$ WIDELY DISP>ATE GR\PS - FROM URBAN CIVIC CLUBS TO F>M ORGANIZATIONS - BEH9D ! DEM& = A G5]AL ANTI-ADULT]ATION LAW4 ,! FOOD 9DU/RY AT FIR/ FOLL[$ ,WILEY CAUTI\SLY1 LAT] RELUCTANTLY1 & F9ALLY1 ) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 TURN$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#f1 :5 ! ISSUE REA*$ ITS CLIMAX 9 ,CONGRESS1 OPPOSITION FROM ! FOOD 9DU/RY NE>LY SUCCE$$ 9 PREV5T+ ! 5ACTM5T ( AN EFFECTIVE PURE FOOD & DRUG LAW4 ,AS LATE AS ,JUNE #a#i#f1 AFT] MU* WRANGL+ 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 ,WILEY DESPAIR$ ( GETT+ A LAW4 0,NO S]I\S ATTEMPTS1 SO F> AS ,I KN[10 HE WROTE1 0HAVE BE5 MADE TO SET A DATE = ITS CONSID]ATION40 

,! PUBLICATION ( ,! ,JUNGLE 9 BOOK =M 7,JANU>Y #a#i#f71 H[EV]1 HAD >\S$ WIDESPREAD PUBLIC 9DIGNATION AGA9/ ! MEAT-PACK+ 9DU/RY4 ,! SCALES W]E TIPP$ 9 FAVOR ( ! LAW :5 ,PRESID5T ,!ODORE ,ROOSEVELT RELEAS$ P>T ( A REPORT BY A F$]AL 9VE/IGAT+ COMMISSION :I* FULLY CORROBORAT$ ! DETAILS 9 ,S9CLAIR'S NOVEL4 ,! NATIONAL UPRO> ?AT FOLL[$ !SE DISCLOSURES ?REW ! 9DU/RY 9TO RETREAT1 & ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#i#f1 ! FIR/ F$]AL ,PURE ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ACT WAS SIGN$ 9TO LAW4 ,ITS ADM9I/RATION WAS PLAC$ L>GELY 9 ! H&S ( ,WILEY & HIS ,BUREAU ( ,*EMI/RY4 ,AL?\< ! LAW HAD MANY %ORTCOM+S1 SOME ( :I* W]E CORRECT$ 9 LAT] YE>S1 ! HI< /&>DS ( FOOD & DRUG CONTROL :I* ,WILEY S\<T TO E/ABLI% DUR+ HIS T5URE 9 (FICE HAVE NEV] BE5 EQUAL$ BY HIS SUCCESSORS4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! FI<T = PURE FOOD AFT] ,WILEY'S DEP>TURE FROM GOV]NM5T S]VICE READS LIKE AN ANTICLIMAX TO ! VIGILANCE & D$ICATION ?AT M>K$ E>LI] POLICIES4 

,!SE POLICIES W]E GUID$ BY TWO BASIC PR9CIPLES4 ,! FIR/ WAS ?AT ! CONSUM] %\LD KN[ PRECISELY :AT HE IS GETT+ & ?AT HE %\LD GET PRECISELY :AT HE WANTS4 ,WILEY BITT]LY OPPOS$ LABELS OR CLAIMS ?AT MISREPRES5T$ A PRODUCT TO ! BUY]1 EV5 IF ! USE ( A SPURI\S DESCRIPTION WAS H>MLESS TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,HE /UBBORNLY F\<T ATTEMPTS BY FOOD MANUFACTUR]S TO DESCRIBE GLUCOSE AS 0CORN SYRUP0 OR TO REPRES5T :ISKEY MADE P>TLY ( NEUTRAL GRA9 SPIRITS AS 0BL5D$ :ISKEY10 A NAME ?AT G5]ALLY D5OT$ A BL5D ( SEV]AL G5U9E :ISKEYS4 ,= ,WILEY1 A LABEL HAD TO BE COMPLETE & TRU?FUL4 ,HE EXPECT$ ! FOOD MANUFACTUR] TO DISCLOSE ALL ! >TIFICIAL +R$I5TS ADD$ TO A PRODUCT4 ,! NAME ON A PACKAGE1 CAN1 OR BOTTLE HAD TO CONVEY ! NATURE ( ! PRODUCT )\T ANY AMBIGUITY OR MISREPRES5TATION4 

,WILEY'S SECOND PR9CIPLE WAS ?AT IF ANY D\BT EXI/S AB\T ! TOXICITY ( A *EMICAL ADDITIVE1 ! D\BT %\LD BE RESOLV$ 9 FAVOR ( ! CONSUM]4 ,AS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVE A NEGATIVE SU* AS 0H>MLESSNESS10 ,WILEY >GU$1 IT IS NOT P]MISSIBLE TO USE ANY QUE/IONABLE ADDITIVE ?AT IS NOT 9DISP5SABLE TO ! PRODUCTION1 /ORAGE1 OR DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD4 ,IF AN ADDITIVE CONTRIBUT$ NO?+ TO HEAL? OR TO ! AVAILABILITY ( A FOOD1 & IF ITS USE MI<T CONCEIVABLY PROVE H>MFUL1 ! ,BUREAU ( ,*EMI/RY S\<T TO HAVE IT REMOV$4 ,WILEY SELDOM WAV]$ ON ?IS SCORE2 HIS DECISIONS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY FAVOR$ ! PUBLIC 9T]E/4 

,MANY PEOPLE 9 ! FOOD & *EMICAL 9DU/RIES FELT DIFF]5TLY1 H[EV]1 & !IR COMPLA9TS EVOK$ A SYMPA!TIC RESPONSE FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BY #a#i#a#b1 ,WILEY'S ATTEMPTS TO EXECUTE HIS POLICIES W]E BE+ FRU/RAT$ TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT HE LEFT GOV]NM5T S]VICE4 ,) HIS DEP>TURE1 ! LAW UND]W5T /EADY RE9T]PRETATION4 ,AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( D\BTS AB\T ! TOXICITY ( NEW *EMICAL ADDITIVES W]E RESOLV$ 9 FAVOR ( FOOD GR[]S & FOOD PROCESSORS4 ,! ,BUREAU ( ,*EMI/RY & ITS SUCCESSOR 9 ! 5=CEM5T ( ! LAW1 ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION1 BEGAN TO EXHIBIT UNDUE S5SITIVITY TO ! F9ANCIAL WELF>E ( 9DU/RY4 ,! IMPROVEM5T ( FOOD WAS EQUAT$ ) L[] CO/S1 ATTRACTIVE PACKAG+1 & SALES-PROMOTION DEVICES4 ,WILEY HAD COMB9$ ! ZEAL ( A CRUSAD] ) ! KN[L$GE ( A PHYSICIAN2 ) HIS DEP>TURE1 ! POLICIES ( ! F$]AL REGULATORY AG5CIES W]E GUID$ 9CREAS+LY BY LAWY]S & PR(ESSIONAL ADM9I/RATORS :O BEGAN TO GIVE PRIORITY TO LEGAL CONSID]ATIONS 9/EAD ( PROBLEMS ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 

,! CONSUM] C\LD ILL AF=D ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,AL?\< AN OV]HAUL ( ! FOOD & DRUG LAW WAS MADE 9 #a#i#c#h1 ! SITUATION BEGAN TO DET]IORATE TO AN APPALL+ EXT5T4 ,AFT] ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! ,AM]ICAN FOOD SUPPLY WAS DELUG$ ) AN UNPREC$5T$ V>IETY ( NEW *EMICAL ADDITIVES4 ,D,D,T & O!R ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES1 UNKN[N 9 #a#i#c#h1 W]E BE+ US$ EXT5SIVELY 9 AGRICULTURE & ! HOME4 ,! RESPONSIBILITY = PROV+ ?AT A *EMICAL ADDITIVE WAS H>MFUL TO ! CONSUM] RE/$ ) ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,FOOD GR[]S & FOOD PROCESSORS W]E FREE TO USE :AT !Y *OSE UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! GOV]NM5T C\LD E/ABLI% ?AT ! ADDITIVES 9VOLV$ W]E TOXIC SUB/ANCES4 ,TE/+ /&>DS 9 MANY LABORATORIES W]E 9ADEQUATE2 EXP]IM5TAL WORK ON NEW ADDITIVES WAS (T5 LIMIT$ TO SIXTY - & N9ETY-DAY FE$+ TRIALS ON ONE OR TWO SPECIES ( ROD5TS4 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#h1 ,CONGRESS *ANG$ ! LAW DRA/ICALLY2 IT MADE ! MANUFACTUR] RESPONSIBLE = E/ABLI%+ ! SAFETY ( A FOOD ADDITIVE & 9S]T$ ! ,DELANEY ANTI-CANC] CLAUSE1 A PROVISION ?AT FLATLY PROHIBITS ! USE ( ADDITIVES 0F\ND TO 9DUCE CANC] :5 +E/$ BY MAN OR ANIMAL4440 ,AL?\< ! ANTI-CANC] CLAUSE WAS /RONGLY SUPPORT$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,CANC] ,SOCIETY & BY LEAD+ CANC] SPECIALI/S1 IT WAS OPPOS$ BY ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,TE/IFY+ 9 ,APRIL #aieh BE=E A ,H\SE COMMITTEE /UDY+ P5D+ REVISIONS ( ! LAW1 ,F4,D4,A4 ,COMMISSION] ,GEORGE ,P4 ,L>RICK OBS]V$3 0,TWO ( ! BILLS BE=E Y\ MAKE SPECIFIC M5TION ( CANC]40 ,! ,F4,D4,A4-SUPPORT$ BILL1 ,H4,R4 #f#g#d#g1 DOES 0NOT M5TION IT SPECIFICALLY444 ,?IS BILL B>S ! USE ( AN ADDITIVE UNLESS IT IS E/ABLI%$ ?AT IT IS )\T HAZ>D TO HEAL?4 ,?US1 ! BILL W\LD PROHIBIT ! ADDITION ( ANY *EMICAL ADDITIVE TO ! FOOD SUPPLY UNTIL ADEQUATE EVID5CE1 ACCEPTABLE TO COMPET5T SCI5TI/S1 %[S ?AT IT WILL NOT PRODUCE CANC] 9 MAN UND] ! CONDITIONS ( USE PROPOS$40 ,AL?\< ,L>RICK 5DORS$ ! GOAL ( 0SEE+ ?AT CANC]-PRODUC+ FOODS >E NOT ON ! ,AM]ICAN M>KET10 ,CONGRESSMAN ,DELANEY REM9D$ ! ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,F$]ATION ?AT 09 #aief AN ,F,D,A RUL+ P]MITT$1 AT A C]TA9 CONC5TRATION1 RESIDUES ( A PE/ICIDE TO REMA9 ON M>KET$ FRUITS & VEGETABLES1 EV5 ?\< IT HAD BE5 %[N TO 9DUCE CANC] 9 TE/ ANIMALS4 ,LAT] TE/S %[$ ?IS *EMICAL TO BE EV5 MORE 9JURI\S ?AN ! E>LI] TE/S DEMON/RAT$1 & ! ,F,D,A HAS N[ TAK5 ACTION TO PROHIBIT ANY ( ITS RESIDUES ON RAW AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES40 

,! CR$IT = F9ALLY ADD+ AN ANTI-CANC] CLAUSE TO ! #aieh LAW MU/ BE GIV5 TO ,DELANEY1 :O SAW TO ITS 5ACTM5T DESPITE /RONG OPPOSITION FROM ! FOOD 9DU/RY & ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,BY #a#i#f1 ! ,F4,D4,A4 HAD REV]S$ ITS POSITION &1 AT ! HE>+S ON FOOD COLORS CONDUCT$ BY ! ,H\SE ,COMMITTEE ON ,9T]/ATE & ,=EIGN ,COMM]CE1 EXPRESS$ ITS F]V5T SUPPORT = ! ,DELANEY CLAUSE4 ,PRESUMABLY ALL IS WELL ?AT 5DS WELL1 BUT ! ,F4,D4,A4 REFUSES TO LET ! CLAUSE REMA9 AS IT IS4 ,AT ! FOOD-COLOR HE>+S1 ! ,SECRET>Y ( ,HEAL?1 ,$UCATION1 & ,WELF>E1 ,>?UR ,S4 ,FLEMM+1 BEGAN TO NIBBLE AT ! ,DELANEY CLAUSE BY SUGGE/+ ?AT IT 0%\LD BE MODIFI$ TO PROVIDE ?AT ADDITIVES US$ 9 ANIMAL FE$ :I* LEAVE NO RESIDUE EI!R 9 ! ANIMAL AFT] SLAU<T] OR 9 ANY FOOD PRODUCT OBTA9$ FROM ! LIV+ ANIMAL BE EXEMPT FROM ! PROVISIONS ( ! CLAUSE4 ,A COMP>ABLE AM5DM5T TO ! ANTI-CANC] CLAUSE 9 ! COLOR ADDITIVE LEGISLATION UND] CONSID]ATION W\LD BE APPROPRIATE40 ,EXP]I5CE ) ,YELL[ ,O,B & ,YELL[ ,A,B SUGGE/S ?AT SU* /&>DS ( PURITY >E IMPOSSIBLE TO A*IEVE 7SEE PAGE#a#c#i74 

,! SWEEP+ LEGISLATIVE REVISIONS ( #aieh W]E NOT GA9$ )\T A SACRIFICE4 ,= ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S1 ! #ai* LAW HAD ONE R$EEM+ FEATURE3 ,IT FLATLY PROHIBIT$ ! USE ( ANY TOXIC *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOOD O!R ?AN ?OSE ?AT W]E CLE>LY 9DISP5SABLE TO FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,AL?\< ! BURD5 ( PRO( RE/$ ) ! ,F4,D4,A4 9/EAD ( ! MANUFACTUR]S1 ! #ai* LAW SET A NEW FUNCTIONAL /&>D = *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOOD4 ,?IS CRIT]ION WAS DROPP$ 9 ! #aieh REVISIONS ( ! LAW1 L>GELY ON ! URG+ ( ! FOOD 9DU/RY & ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,! BURD5 ( PROV+ ?AT ! ADDITIVES >E SAFE HAS BE5 %IFT$ TO ! MANUFACTUR]S1 BUT TOXIC *EMICALS CAN N[ BE ADD$ TO FOOD PROVID$ !Y >E US$ 9 AM\NTS ?AT >E DEEM$ TO BE 0H>MLESS0 TO CONSUM]S4 

,?US1 AFT] ! PASSAGE ( A HALF C5TURY1 ! LAW MAKES NO ATTEMPT TO RESOLVE ,WILEY'S ORIG9AL PROBLEM3 ,DOES AN ADDITIVE CONTRIBUTE TO ! NUTRITIVE VALUE & AVAILABILITY ( A FOOD OR DOES IT M]ELY FUNCTION AS A DISP5SABLE TE*NOLOGICAL AID8 ,MOD]N REFRIG]ATION & CANN+ TE*NIQUES HAVE ELIM9AT$ ! NE$ = MANY >TIFICIAL PRES]VATIVES 9 \R FOOD SUPPLY4 ,H>DLY ANYONE WILL CONT5D ?AT COLOR+ & FLAVOR+ MATT] >E 9DISP5SABLE TO FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,IF CONSUM]S REALLY DESIR$ >TIFICIAL COLORS & FLAVORS1 !Y C\LD BE M>KET$ AS 9DEP5D5T PRODUCTS & ! PUBLIC C\LD USE !M AT ITS [N DISCRETION4 ,! FOOD 9DU/RY C\LD MODIFY ITS PRODUCTION ME?ODS SO AS TO OP]ATE ) A M9IMUM NUMB] ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES & ) A VIEW T[>D RETA9+ MANY NUTRI5TS ?AT >E N[ LO/ BECAUSE ( AN OV]EMPHASIS ON MASS PRODUCTION & HI<LY PROCESS$ FOODS4 ,MANY SYN!TIC ADDITIVES ?AT HAVE NO NUTRITIVE FUNCTION C\LD EASILY BE REPLAC$ ) VALUABLE NUTRI5TS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ASCORBIC ACID 7VITAM9 ,C7 IS A GOOD ANTIOXIDANT & AN EXCELL5T FL\R BLEA*1 BUT AS IT IS RELATIVELY CO/LY1 IT W\LD BE UNPR(ITABLE TO USE IT4 

,! FOOD 9DU/RY HAS DEM&$ COMPLETE FRE$OM 9 DET]M9+ ! FUNCTION ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOOD4 ,! FOLL[+ REM>KS BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,FROZ5 ,FOOD ,PACK]S >E FAIRLY TYPICAL3 ',WE JO9 ) O!R SEGM5TS ( ! FOOD 9DU/RY 9 FUNDAM5TAL OPPOSITION TO PROVISIONS :I* W\LD P]MIT ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION TO DET]M9E ! COMPOSITION ( FOOD PRODUCTS UPON ! BASIS ( ITS CONCEPTION ( FUNCTIONAL VALUE OR UTILITY ( FOOD +R$I5TS40 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE1 NOT A LACK ( CONFID5CE 9 ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,AFT] ASS]T+ ?AT ! *ANCES >E 0RA!R REMOTE0 ?AT A FOOD PROCESSOR W\LD 5GAGE 9 CO/LY TE/S ( A TOXIC ADDITIVE1 ! ASSOCIATION ADDS3 0,9 ANY CASE1 ! QUE/ION ( USEFULNESS ( AN +R$I5T %[N TO BE SAFE IS ONE :I* ! MANUFACTUR] ( A FOOD IS 5TITL$ TO RESOLVE UPON ! BASIS ( HIS [N EXP]I5CE1 & IS NOT PROP]LY A MATT] ( ! OP9ION ( ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION40 

,! ,F4,D4,A4'S SUP]FICIAL APPROA* TO FOOD & DRUG LEGISLATION HAS L>GELY BE5 EXHAU/$4 ,! NEXT OV]HAUL ( ! LAW MU/ RETURN TO ! PR9CIPLES ?AT GUID$ ,WILEY A HALF C5TURY AGO4 ,MOREOV]1 WE REQUIRE NOT ONLY A BETT] FOOD & DRUG LAW BUT COMPREH5SIVE NATIONAL LEGISLATION ?AT WILL CONFRONT ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY URBAN & 9DU/RIAL POLLUTION1 RADIOACTIVE CONTAM9ANTS1 ! MISUSE ( ,X RADIATION1 & 9DU/RIAL C>C9OG5S4 ,WAT] POLLUTION CAN BE APPRECIABLY R$UC$ IF ALL SIZABLE COMMUNITIES >E REQUIR$ TO TREAT !IR SEWAGE & IF AN EFFECTIVE NATIONAL PROGRAM IS DEVELOP$ TO RECLAIM & RE-USE WAT] TO MEET 9DU/RIAL NE$S4 ,! HI<E/-QUALITY WAT]1 ?AT :I* REQUIRES A M9IMUM ( *EMICAL TREATM5T1 %\LD BE RES]V$ = DR9K+ PURPOSES4 ,! PROBLEM ( AIR POLLUTION %\LD BE MET RESOLUTELY1 )\T QUALMS AB\T CO/ & )\T FE> ( (F5D+ 9DU/RIALI/S1 MOTORI/S1 OR HOME[N]S4 ,REC5TLY DEVELOP$ CATALYTIC & NON-CATALYTIC BURN]S1 = EXAMPLE1 CAN REMOVE MANY H>MFUL AG5TS FROM AUTOMOBILE EXHAU/S4 0,AUTOMOBILE 5G9E]S KN[ N[ ?AT = P]HAPS @s#a P] C> !Y CAN ELIM9ATE #e P] C5T ( ! HYDROC>BONS2 = SOME?+ OV] @s#c !Y CAN ELIM9ATE !M ALMO/ TOTALLY10 OBS]VES ,GEORGE ,A4 ,W4 ,BOEHM1 ( ,=TUNE MAGAZ9E4 0,ANY CITY OR /ATE ?AT DECIDES TO APPLY AIR-POLLUTION REGULATIONS TO C>S WILL HAVE TO DECIDE H[ MU* ! MOTORI/ CAN BE MADE TO PAY = H[ MU* PURITY1 & H[ F> IT IS PREP>$ TO GO 9 5=C+ PURITY REGULATIONS40 

,BUT LET US NOT DECEIVE \RSELVES2 AN 5VIRONM5T BAS$ ON MAMMO?1 EXP&+ CITIES WILL NEV] BE A HEAL?Y ONE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ECOLOGICAL & NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY MONOCULTURE & ! L& FACTORY >E LIKELY TO GR[ WORSE1 & MANY *EMICAL ADDITIVES WILL BE REQUIR$ 9 ! MASS PRODUCTION ( \R FOOD4 ,9SECTICIDAL RESIDUES WILL UND\BT$LY CONT9UE TO P]VADE \R FOOD /APLES4 ,! SUB/ITUTION ( NUCLE> 5]GY = M9]AL S\RCES ( FUEL WILL BE ACCEL]AT$ 9 ! YE>S TO COME1 & MORE RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES CAN BE EXPECT$ TO 5T] MAN'S 5VIRONM5T4 ,URBAN LIFE WILL UND\BT$LY BECOME 9CREAS+LY ONE-SID$ AS CITIES EXP& & OCCUPATIONS BECOME MORE S$5T>Y4 ,! IMPROVEM5TS ?AT \R TE*NICIANS1 SANIT>IANS1 & CITY PLANN]S HAVE PROJECT$ = ! 0WORLD ( TOMORR[0 MAY MELIORATE SOME ( !SE PROBLEMS1 BUT !Y >E NOT LIKELY TO ELIM9ATE !M IF \R SOCIETY CONT9UES TO DEVELOP 9 ! PATT]N ( ! GIANT METROPOLIS4 ,WE CAN NO MORE EXPECT 5G9E]+ DEVICES TO GIVE US A HEAL?FUL 5VIRONM5T ?AN WE CAN EXPECT ! !RAPEUTIC AG5TS ( MOD]N M$IC9E TO CREATE A HEAL?Y 9DIVIDUAL4 

,DEC5TRALIZATION 

,)\T HAV+ READ ANY BOOKS OR >TICLES ON HUMAN ECOLOGY1 MILLIONS ( ,AM]ICANS HAVE S5S$ ! OV]-ALL DET]IORATION ( MOD]N URBAN LIFE4 ,!Y HAVE TURN$ TO ! SUBURBS & 0EXURBS0 AS A REFUGE FROM ! BURD5S ( ! METROPOLITAN MILIEU4 ,FROM ALL ACC\NTS ( SUBURBAN LIFE1 MANY ( !SE BURD5S HAVE FOLL[$ !M 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,SUBURBANITES HAVE NOT ADAPT$ TO ! L&2 !Y HAVE M]ELY ADAPT$ A METROPOLITAN MANN] ( LIFE TO SEMI-RURAL SURR\ND+S4 ,! METROPOLIS REMA9S ! AXIS >\ND :I* !IR LIVES TURN4 ,IT IS ! S\RCE ( !IR LIVELIHOOD1 !IR FOOD /APLES1 &1 9 L>GE P>T1 !IR T5SIONS4 ,! SUBURBS HAVE BRAN*$ AWAY FROM ! CITY1 BUT !Y /ILL BELONG TO ! METROPOLITAN TREE4 ,IT W\LD BE WISE1 H[EV]1 TO /OP RIDICUL+ ! EXODUS TO ! SUBURBS & TO TRY TO UND]/& :AT LIES BEH9D ?IS PH5OM5ON4 ,! MOD]N CITY HAS REA*$ ITS LIMITS4 ,MEGALOPOLITAN LIFE IS BREAK+ D[N-PSY*ICALLY1 ECONOMICALLY1 & BIOLOGICALLY4 ,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE HAVE ACKN[L$G$ ?IS BREAKD[N BY 0VOT+ ) !IR FEET02 !Y HAVE PICK$ UP !IR BELONG+S & LEFT4 ,IF !Y HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO SEV] !IR CONNECTIONS ) ! METROPOLIS1 AT LEA/ !Y HAVE TRI$4 ,AS A SOCIAL SYMPTOM1 ! EF=T IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,! RECONCILIATION ( MAN ) ! NATURAL WORLD IS NO LONG] M]ELY DESIRABLE2 IT HAS BECOME A NECESSITY4 ,IT IS A COMPELL+ NE$ ?AT IS S5D+ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! NE$ HAS CREAT$ A NEW 9T]E/ 9 CAMP+1 H&ICRAFTS1 & HORTICULTURE4 ,9 EV]-9CREAS+ NUMB]S1 ,AM]ICANS >E ACQUIR+ A PASSIONATE 9T]E/ 9 !IR NATIONAL P>KS & =E/S1 9 !IR RURAL L&SCAPE1 & 9 !IR SMALL-T[N AGR>IAN H]ITAGE4 

,DESPITE ITS MANY %ORTCOM+S1 ?IS TR5D REFLECTS A BASICALLY S\ND ORI5TATION4 ,! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN IS MAK+ AN ATTEMPT1 H[EV] CONFUS$LY1 TO R$UCE HIS 5VIRONM5T TO A HUMAN SCALE4 ,HE IS TRY+ TO RECREATE A WORLD ?AT HE CAN COPE ) AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 A WORLD ?AT HE CORRECTLY ID5TIFIES ) ! FRE$OM1 G5TL] RHY?MS1 & QUIETUDE ( RURAL SURR\ND+S4 ,HIS ATTEMPTS AT G>D5+1 L&SCAP+1 C>P5TRY1 HOME MA9T5ANCE1 & O!R SO-CALL$ SUBURBAN 0VISES0 REFLECT A NE$ TO FUNCTION )9 AN 9TELLIGIBLE1 MANIPULATABLE1 & 9DIVIDUALLY CREATIVE SPH]E ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,! SUBURBANITE1 LIKE ! CAMP]1 S5SES ?AT HE IS WORK+ ) BASIC1 ABID+ ?+S ?AT HAVE SLIPP$ FROM HIS CONTROL 9 ! METROPOLITAN WORLD-%ELT]1 ! H&IWORK ?AT 5T]S 9TO DAILY LIFE1 VEGETATION1 & ! L&4 ,HE IS =TUNATE1 TO BE SURE1 IF !SE ACTIVITIES DO NOT DESC5D TO ! LEVEL ( C>ICATURE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y >E IMPORTANT1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y REFLECT BASIC NE$S ( MAN BUT BECAUSE !Y ALSO REFLECT BASIC NE$S ( ! ?+S ) :I* HE IS WORK+4 ,! HUMAN SCALE IS ALSO ! NATURAL SCALE4 ,! SOIL1 ! L&1 ! LIV+ ?+S ON :I* MAN DEP5DS = HIS NUTRIM5T & RECREATION >E DIRELY 9 NE$ ( 9DIVIDUAL C>E4 

,= ONE ?+1 PROP] MA9T5ANCE ( ! SOIL NOT ONLY DEP5DS UPON ADVANCES 9 \R KN[L$GE ( SOIL *EMI/RY & SOIL F]TILITY2 IT ALSO REQUIRES A MORE P]SONALIZ$ APPROA* TO AGRICULTURE4 ,?US F>1 ! TR5D HAS BE5 ! O!R WAY2 AGRICULTURE HAS BECOME DEP]SONALIZ$ & OV]-9DU/RIALIZ$4 ,MOD]N F>M+ IS SUFF]+ FROM GIGANTISM4 ,! AV]AGE AGRICULTURAL UNIT IS GETT+ SO BIG ?AT ! F9] ASPECTS ( SOIL P]=MANCE & SOIL NE$S >E BE+ OV]LOOK$4 ,IF DIFF]5CES 9 ! QUALITY & P]=MANCE ( V>I\S K9DS ( SOIL >E TO RECEIVE MORE ATT5TION1 ,AM]ICAN F>M+ MU/ BE R$UC$ TO A MORE HUMAN SCALE4 ,IT WILL BECOME NECESS>Y TO BR+ AGRICULTURE )9 ! SCOPE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 SO ?AT ! F>M] & ! SOIL CAN DEVELOP TOGE!R1 EA* RESPOND+ AS FULLY AS POSSIBLE TO ! NE$S ( ! O!R4 

,! SAME IS TRUE = ! MANAGEM5T ( LIVE/OCK4 ,TODAY \R FOOD ANIMALS >E BE+ MANIPULAT$ LIKE A LIFELESS 9DU/RIAL RES\RCE4 ,NORMALLY1 L>GE NUMB]S ( ANIMALS >E COLLECT$ 9 ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE >EA & >E ALL[$ ONLY AS MU* MOVEM5T AS IS NECESS>Y = M]E SURVIVAL4 ,\R MEAT ANIMALS HAVE BE5 PLAC$ ON A DIET COMPOS$ = ! MO/ P>T ( M$ICAT$ FE$ HI< 9 C>BOHYDRATES4 ,BE=E !Y >E SLAU<T]$1 !SE OBESE1 RAPIDLY MATUR$ CREATURES SELDOM SP5D MORE ?AN SIX MON?S ON ! RANGE & SIX MON?S ON F>MS1 :]E !Y >E KEPT ON CONC5TRAT$ RATIONS & GA9 AB\T TWO P\NDS DAILY4 ,\R DAIRY H]DS >E H&L$ LIKE MA*9ES2 \R P\LTRY FLOCKS1 LIKE HO?\SE TOMATOES4 ,! NE$ TO RE/ORE ! TIME-HONOR$ 9TIMACY BETWE5 MAN & HIS LIVE/OCK IS JU/ AS PRON\NC$ AS ! NE$ TO BR+ AGRICULTURE )9 ! HORIZON ( ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M]4 ,AL?\< MOD]N TE*NOLOGY HAS 5L>G$ ! ELEM5TS ?AT 5T] 9TO ! AGRICULTURAL SITUATION1 GIV+ EA* MAN A WID] >EA ( SOV]EIGNTY & CONTROL1 MA*9ES HAVE NOT LESS5$ ! IMPORTANCE ( P]SONAL FAMILI>ITY ) ! L&1 ITS VEGETATION1 & ! LIV+ ?+S IT SUPPORTS4 ,UNLESS PR9CIPLES ( GOOD L& USE P]MIT O!RWISE1 A F>M %\LD NOT BECOME SMALL] OR L>G] ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M] CAN COMM&4 ,IF IT IS SMALL]1 AGRICULTURE WILL BECOME 9EFFICI5T2 IF L>G]1 IT WILL BECOME DEP]SONALIZ$4 

,) ! DECL9E 9 ! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! GR[+ IMBALANCE 9 AGRICULTURE1 ON ! O!R1 \R TIMES >E BEG9N+ TO WITNESS A REM>KABLE CONFLU5CE ( HUMAN 9T]E/S ) ! NE$S ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,M5 ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ASSUM$ A PO/URE ( DEFIANCE T[>D ! =E/S1 PLA9S1 & M\NTA9S4 ,!IR APPLAUSE WAS RES]V$ = ! 5G9E]1 ! TE*NICIAN1 ! 9V5TOR1 AT TIMES EV5 ! ROBB] B>ON & ! RAILROAD]1 :O SEEM$ TO (F] ! PROMISE ( A MORE ABUNDANT MAT]IAL LIFE4 ,TODAY WE >E FILL$ ) A VAGUE NO/ALGIA = ! PA/4 ,TO A L>GE DEGREE ?IS NO/ALGIA REFLECTS ! 9SECURITY & UNC]TA9TY ( \R TIMES1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! E*OES ( A MORE OPTIMI/IC & P]HAPS MORE TRANQUIL ]A4 ,BUT IT ALSO REFLECTS A DEEP S5SE ( LOSS1 A LONG+ = ! FREE1 UNBLEMI%$ L& ?AT LAY BE=E ! EYES ( ! FRONTI]SMAN & E>LY SETTL]4 ,WE >E SEEK+ \T ! M\NTA9S !Y TRI$ TO AVOID & WE >E TRY+ TO RECOV] FRAGM5TS ( ! =E/S !Y REMOV$4 ,\R NO/ALGIA SPR+S NEI!R FROM A GREAT] S5SITIVITY NOR FROM ! WILD] DEP?S ( HUMAN 9/9CT4 ,IT SPR+S FROM A GR[+ NE$ TO RE/ORE ! NORMAL1 BALANC$1 & MANAGEABLE RHY?MS ( HUMAN LIFE - ?AT IS1 AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT MEETS \R REQUIREM5TS AS 9DIVIDUALS & BIOLOGICAL BE+S4 

,MOD]N MAN CAN NEV] RETURN TO ! PRIMITIVE LIFE HE SO (T5 IDEALIZES1 BUT ! PO9T IS ?AT HE DOESN'T HAVE TO4 ,! USE ( F>M MA*9]Y AS SU* DOES NOT CONFLICT ) S\ND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES2 NOR >E 9DU/RY & AN URBANIZ$ COMMUNITY 9COMPATIBLE ) A MORE AGR>IAN1 MORE NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,IRONICALLY1 ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY ITSELF HAVE L>GELY OV]COME ! 9DU/RIAL PROBLEMS ?AT ONCE JU/IFI$ ! HUGE CONC5TRATIONS ( PEOPLE & FACILITIES 9 A FEW URBAN >EAS4 ,AUTOMOBILES1 AIRCRAFT1 ELECTRIC P[]1 & ELECTRONIC DEVICES HAVE ELIM9AT$ NE>LY ALL ! PROBLEMS ( TRANSPORTATION1 COMMUNICATION1 & SOCIAL ISOLATION ?AT BURD5$ MAN 9 PA/ ]AS4 ,WE CAN N[ COMMUNICATE ) ONE ANO!R OV] A DI/ANCE ( ?\S&S ( MILES 9 A MATT] ( SECONDS1 & WE CAN TRAVEL TO ! MO/ REMOTE >EAS ( ! WORLD 9 A FEW H\RS4 ,! OB/ACLES CREAT$ BY SPACE & TIME >E ESS5TIALLY GONE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 SIZE NE$ NO LONG] BE A PROBLEM4 ,TE*NOLOGI/S HAVE DEVELOP$ REM>KABLE SMALL-SCALE ALT]NATIVES TO MANY ( ! GIANT FACILITIES ?AT /ILL DOM9ATE MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,! SMOKY /EEL T[N1 = EXAMPLE1 IS AN ANA*RONISM4 ,EXCELL5T /EEL CAN BE MADE & ROLL$ ) 9/ALLATIONS ?AT OCCUPY AB\T TWO OR ?REE CITY BLOCKS4 7,= EXAMPLE1 BY US+ ,S5DZIMIR'S PLANET>Y ROLL+ MILL1 :I* R$UCES A #b #a_/#d 9* - ?ICK /EEL SLAB TO #a_/#a ( AN 9* 9 A S+LE PASS ?R\< A SET ( WORK ROLLS44 ,! CONV5TIONAL CONT9U\S /RIP MILL 9VOLVES ! USE ( SCALE-BREAK] /&S1 AB\T F\R R\<5+ /&S1 SIX F9I%+ /&S1 LONG ROLL] TABLES1 & O!R MA*9ES -A HUGE & CO/LY 9/ALLATION47 ,MANY ( ! LATE/ MA*9ES >E HI<LY V]SATILE & COMPACT4 ,!Y L5D !MSELVES TO A L>GE V>IETY ( MANUFACTUR+ & F9I%+ OP]ATIONS4 ,TODAY ! MORE MOD]N PLANT1 ) ITS CLEAN1 QUIET1 V]SATILE1 & L>GELY AUTOMAT$ FACILITIES1 CONTRA/S %>PLY ) ! HUGE1 UGLY1 CONGE/$ FACTORIES 9H]IT$ FROM AN E>LI] 9DU/RIAL ]A4 

,?US1 ALMO/ )\T REALIZ+ IT1 WE HAVE BE5 PREP>+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = A NEW TYPE ( HUMAN COMMUNITY-ONE :I* CON/ITUTES NEI!R A COMPLETE RETURN TO ! PA/ NOR A SUBURBAN ACCOMMODATION TO ! PRES5T4 ,IT IS NO LONG] FANCIFUL TO ?9K ( MAN'S FUTURE 5VIRONM5T 9 T]MS ( A DEC5TRALIZ$1 MOD]ATE-SIZ$ CITY ?AT COMB9ES 9DU/RY ) AGRICULTURE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! SAME CIVIC 5TITY BUT 9 ! OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES ( ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! 0URBANIZ$ F>M]0 OR ! 0AGR>IANIZ$ T[NSMAN0 NE$ NOT BE A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,?IS WAY ( LIFE WAS A*IEV$ = A TIME BY ! ,GREEK POLLS1 BY E>LY REPUBLICAN ,ROME1 & BY ! ,R5AISSANCE COMMUNE4 ,! URBAN C5T]S ?AT BECAME ! WELLSPR+S ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION W]E NOT /RICTLY CITIES1 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,RA!R1 !Y BR\<T AGRICULTURE TOGE!R ) URBAN LIFE1 SYN!SIZ+ BO? 9TO A R\ND$ HUMAN1 CULTURAL1 & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,:E!R MOD]N MAN MANAGES TO REA* ?IS PO9T OR TRAVELS ONLY P>T ( ! WAY1 SOME K9D ( DEC5TRALIZATION WILL BE NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE A LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,URBAN DEC5TRALIZATION UND]LIES ANY HOPE ( A*IEV+ ECOLOGICAL CONTROL ( PE/ 9FE/ATIONS 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,ONLY A COMMUNITY WELL 9TEGRAT$ ) ! RES\RCES ( ! SURR\ND+ REGION CAN PROMOTE AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL DIV]SITY4 ,) C>EFUL PLANN+1 MAN C\LD USE PLANTS & ANIMALS NOT ONLY AS A S\RCE ( FOOD BUT ALSO1 BY PITT+ ONE SPECIES ( LIFE AGA9/ ANO!R1 AS A MEANS ( CONTROLL+ PE/S1 ?US ELIM9AT+ MU* ( HIS NE$ = *EMICAL ME?ODS4 ,:AT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 A DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY HOLDS ! GREATE/ PROMISE = CONS]V+ NATURAL RES\RCES1 P>TICUL>LY AS IT W\LD PROMOTE ! USE ( LOCAL S\RCES ( 5]GY4 ,9/EAD ( RELY+ PRIM>ILY ON CONC5TRAT$ S\RCES ( FUEL 9 DI/ANT REGIONS ( ! CONT95T1 ! COMMUNITY C\LD MAKE MAXIMUM USE ( ITS [N 5]GY RES\RCES1 SU* AS W9D P[]1 SOL> 5]GY1 & HYDROELECTRIC P[]4 ,!SE S\RCES ( 5]GY1 SO (T5 OV]LOOK$ BECAUSE ( AN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVE RELIANCE ON A NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 W\LD HELP GREATLY TO CONS]VE ! REMA9+ SUPPLY ( HI<-GRADE PETROLEUM & COAL4 ,!Y W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY PO/PONE1 IF NOT ELIM9ATE1 ! NE$ = TURN+ TO RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES & NUCLE> REACTORS AS MAJOR S\RCES ( 9DU/RIAL 5]GY4 ,) MORE TIME AT HIS DISPOSAL = 9T5SIVE RESE>*1 MAN MI<T LE>N EI!R TO EMPLOY SOL> 5]GY & W9D P[] AS ! PR9CIPAL S\RCES ( 5]GY OR TO ELIM9ATE ! HAZ>D ( RADIOACTIVE CONTAM9ATION FROM NUCLE> REACTORS4 

,IT IS TRUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT \R LIFE L9ES W\LD BECOME MORE COMPLEX &1 FROM A TE*NOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 LESS 0EFFICI5T40 ,!RE W\LD BE MANY DUPLICATIONS ( EF=T4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ CONC5TRAT$ 9 TWO OR ?REE >EAS ( ! C\NTRY1 /EEL PLANTS W\LD BE SPREAD \T1 ) MANY COMMUNITIES EMPLOY+ SMALL-SCALE FACILITIES TO MEET REGIONAL OR LOCAL NE$S4 ,BUT ! WORD 0EFFICI5CY10 LIKE ! WORD 0PE/10 IS A RELATIVE T]M4 ,AL?\< A DUPLICATION ( FACILITIES W\LD BE SOME:AT CO/LY1 MANY LOCAL M9]AL S\RCES ?AT >E NOT US$ TODAY BECAUSE !Y >E TOO WIDELY SCATT]$ OR TOO SMALL = ! PURPOSES ( L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION1 W\LD BECOME ECONOMICAL = ! PURPOSES ( A SMALL] COMMUNITY4 ,?US1 9 ! LONG RUN1 A MORE LOCALIZ$ OR REGIONAL =M ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY IS LIKELY TO PROMOTE A MORE EFFICI5T USE ( RES\RCES ?AN \R PREVAIL+ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE WILL NEV] 5TIRELY ELIM9ATE ! NE$ = A NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR 9 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY4 ,! ,MIDWE/ WILL ALWAYS REMA9 ! BE/ S\RCE ( \R GRA9S2 ! ,EA/ & ,F> ,WE/1 ! BE/ S\RCES ( LUMB] & C]TA9 FIELD CROPS4 ,\R PETROLEUM1 HI<-GRADE COAL1 & C]TA9 M9]ALS WILL /ILL HAVE TO BE SUPPLI$1 9 L>GE P>T1 BY A FEW REGIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON :Y WE CANNOT R$UCE ! BURD5 ?AT \R NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR CURR5TLY PLACES ON !SE >EAS BY SPREAD+ ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL LOADS OV] WID] >EAS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE ! ONLY APPROA* TO ! TASK ( CREAT+ A LONG-RANGE BALANCE BETWE5 MAN & ! NATURAL WORLD & ( REMAK+ MAN'S SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T 9 A =M ?AT WILL PROMOTE HUMAN HEAL? & FITNESS4 

,AN EMPHASIS ON AGRICULTURE & URBAN REGIONALISM IS SOME:AT DISCONC]T+ TO ! AV]AGE CITY DWELL]4 ,IT CONJURES UP AN IMAGE ( CULTURAL ISOLATION & SOCIAL /AGNATION1 ( A J\RNEY BACKW>D 9 HI/ORY TO ! AGR>IAN SOCIETIES ( ! M$IEVAL & ANCI5T WORLDS4 ,ACTUALLY ! URBAN DWELL] TODAY IS MORE ISOLAT$ 9 ! BIG CITY ?AN HIS ANCE/ORS W]E 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! CITY MAN 9 ! MOD]N METROPOLIS HAS REA*$ A DEGREE ( ANONYMITY1 SOCIAL ATOMIZATION1 & SPIRITUAL ISOLATION ?AT IS VIRTUALLY UNPREC$5T$ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,TODAY MAN'S ALI5ATION FROM MAN IS ALMO/ ABSOLUTE4 ,HIS /&>DS ( COOP]ATION1 MUTUAL AID1 SIMPLE HUMAN HOSPITALITY1 & DEC5CY HAVE SUFF]$ AN APPALL+ AM\NT ( ]OSION 9 ! URBAN MILIEU4 ,MAN'S CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS HAVE BECOME COLD1 IMP]SONAL AG5CIES = ! MANIPULATION ( HIS DE/9Y1 & HIS CULTURE HAS 9CREAS+LY ACCOMMODAT$ ITSELF TO ! LEA/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( 9TELLIG5CE & TA/E4 ,HE HAS NO?+ TO LOSE EV5 BY A BACKW>D GLANCE2 9DE$1 9 ?IS WAY HE IS LIKELY TO PLACE HIS PRES5T-DAY WORLD & ITS LIMITATIONS 9 A CLE>] P]SPECTIVE4 

,BUT :Y %\LD AN EMPHASIS ON AGRICULTURE & URBAN REGIONALISM BE REG>D$ AS AN ATTEMPT TO RETURN TO ! PA/8 ,CAN WE NOT DEVELOP \R 5VIRONM5T MORE SELECTIVELY1 MORE SUBTLY1 & MORE RATIONALLY ?AN WE HAVE ?US F>1 COMB9+ ! BE/ ( ! PA/ & PRES5T & BR++ =? A NEW SYN!SIS ( MAN & NATURE NATION & REGION1 T[N & C\NTRY8 ,LIFE W\LD 9DE$ CEASE TO BE AN ADV5TURE IF WE M]ELY ELABORAT$ ! PRES5T BY EXT5D+ URBAN SPRAWL & BY EXP&+ CIVIC LIFE UNTIL IT COMPLETELY ESCAPES FROM ! CONTROL ( ITS 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN ELEM5TS4 ,TO CONT9UE ALONG !SE L9ES W\LD S]VE NOT TO PROMOTE SOCIAL EVOLUTION BUT RA!R TO 0FATT50 ! SOCIAL ORGANISM TO A PO9T :]E IT C\LD NO LONG] MOVE4 ,\R PURPOSE %\LD BE TO MAKE 9DIVIDUAL LIFE A MORE R\ND$ EXP]I5CE1 & ?IS WE CAN HOPE TO ACCOMPLI% AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( \R DEVELOPM5T ONLY BY RE/OR+ ! COMPLEXITY ( MAN'S 5VIRONM5T & BY R$UC+ ! COMMUNITY TO A HUMAN SCALE4 

,IS !RE ANY EVID5CE ?AT REASON WILL PREVAIL 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( \R AFFAIRS8 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO GIVE A DIRECT ANSW]4 ,C]TA9LY WE >E BEG9N+ TO LOOK = QUALITATIVE IMPROVEM5TS 9 MANY ASPECTS ( LIFE2 WE >E GETT+ WE>Y & RES5TFUL ( ! %ODD9ESS 9 \R GOODS & S]VICES4 ,WE >E GA9+ A NEW APPRECIATION ( ! L& & ITS PROBLEMS1 & A GREAT] REALIZATION ( ! SOCIAL PROMISE (F]$ BY A MORE MANAGEABLE HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,MORE & MORE IS BE+ WRITT5 AB\T \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T1 & ! CRITICISM IS MORE PO9T$ ?AN IT HAS BE5 9 ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY4 ,P]HAPS WE CAN /ILL HOPE1 AS ,MUM=D DID MORE ?AN TWO DECADES AGO 9 ! CLOS+ L9ES ( ,! ,CULTURE ( ,CITIES3 

0,WE HAVE MU* TO UNBUILD1 & MU* MORE TO BUILD3 BUT ! F\NDATIONS >E READY3 ! MA*9ES >E SET 9 PLACE & ! TOOLS >E BRI<T & KE53 ! >*ITECTS1 ! 5G9E]S1 & ! WORKM5 >E ASSEMBL$4 ,NONE ( US MAY LIVE TO SEE ! COMPLETE BUILD+1 & P]HAPS 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S ! BUILD+ CAN NEV] BE COMPLET$3 BUT SOME ( US WILL SEE ! FLAG OR ! FIR TREE ?AT ! WORK]S WILL PLANT AL(T 9 ANCI5T RITUAL :5 !Y CAP ! TOPMO/ /ORY40 

O ,APP5DIXES 
,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,A,P,P,5,D,I,X ,A3 ,*,A,N,G,+ ,C,O,N,C,E,P,T,S ,( ,I,L,L,N,E,S,S 

  

-,AN ,EXC]PT FROM 0,! ,HEAL?Y ,5VIRONM5T0 

 BY ,JOHN ,D4 ,PORT]FIELD1 ,DEPUTY ,SURGEON ,G5]AL ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES"9 

,\R DAZZL+ TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I HAS YIELD$ A R&OM H>VE/ ( MIX$ BLESS+S1 & A BUMP] CROP ( NEW HEAL? *ALL5GES4 ,!SE *ALL5GES DIFF] FROM \R TRADITIONAL HEAL? CONC]NS 9 A NUMB] ( SIGNIFICANT WAYS4 ,= ONE ?+1 ! NATURE ( ! ASSAULT ON ! HUMAN ORGANISM IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,! PUBLIC HEAL? PR(ESSIONS >E FAMILI> ) ! 9FECTI\S DISEASE PATT]N-EXPOSURE1 FOLL[$ AT A PR$ICTABLE 9T]VAL BY RECOGNIZABLE SYMPTOMS1 G5]ALLY FOLL[$ BY RECOV]Y & SOME DEGREE ( RESIDUAL IMMUNITY4 ,! TIME-SPAN BETWE5 EXPOSURE & ONSET IS %ORT4 ,! EFFECT IS COMP>ATIVELY EASY TO TRACE TO ITS CAUSE4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! *RONIC DISEASES MAY HAVE MULTIPLE CAUSES1 SOME 9TR9SIC BUT (T5 9VOLV+ ONE OR MANY 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS4 ,WE >E CONC]N$ H]E1 NOT PRIM>ILY ) ACUTE ILLNESS BUT ) ! SL[ ACCUMULATION ( TOXIC *EMICALS OR RADIATIONS OV] A P]IOD ( YE>S4 ,! SYMPTOMS :I* F9ALLY DEVELOP MAY BE ID5TICAL ) ?OSE RESULT+ FROM NON-5VIRONM5TAL CAUSES2 RADIATION-9DUC$ LEUKEMIA1 = EXAMPLE1 %[S NO DETECTABLE DIFF]5CE FROM LEUKEMIA UNRELAT$ TO RADIATION EXPOSURE4 ,= !SE REASONS1 ABSOLUTE PRO( ( CAUSE IS DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% )9 ! LIMITS ( \R PRES5T KN[L$GE4 ,& YET !RE IS ABUNDANT EVID5CE1 BO? FROM ! LABORATORY & FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL /UDIES1 :I* 9DICATES ?AT A RELATION%IP MU/ EXI/4 ,! HAZ>D TO ! 9DIVIDUAL SEEMS TO BE RELAT$ TO ! CUMULATIVE TOTAL ( RADIATIONS OR *EMICAL TOXICANTS RECEIV$ CONT9U\SLY OR 9T]MITT5TLY ?R\<\T HIS LIFE SPAN1 REG>DLESS ( !IR S\RCE4 

"9 ,PRES5T$ AT ! ,FIFTY-?IRD ,ANNUAL ,MEET+ ( ! ,AIR ,POLLUTION ,CONTROL ,ASSOCIATION1 ,C9C9NATI1 ,OHIO1 ,MAY #b#d1 #a#i#f4 

,A ,P ,P ,E ,N ,D ,I ,X ,B 

,EXC]PT FROM ,P,U,B,L,I,C ,H,E,A,L,? ,9 ,A,N ,9,D,U,/,R,I,A,L ,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y1  

BY ,ROB]T ,A4 ,KEHOE1 ,M4,D41 

,DIRECTOR1 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,PREV5TIVE ,M$IC9E1  

,UNIV]SITY ( ,C9C9NATI"9 

,SOME ,HUNDR$S ( NEW *EMICALS F9D NEW USES 9 ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY ANNUALLY4 ,!SE MAY BE NEW PLA/ICS1 PLA/ICIZ]S1 OR ADDITIVES TO ALLOYS1 FUELS OR FOODS2 !Y MAY BE PE/ICIDES1 PRES]VATIVES1 SOLV5TS1 DET]G5TS1 ADHESIVES OR ABRASIVES2 OR !Y MAY BE P>T ( ! COMPOSITION ( FABRICS US$ = CLO?+1 H\SEHOLD DRAP]IES & KIT*5 EQUIPM5T4 ,MANY ( !SE MAT]IALS COME 9TO 9TIMATE CONTACT ) ! PEOPLE ( ! NATION 9 !IR PLACES ( WORK1 9 !IR CONVEYANCES TO & FROM WORK1 & 9 !IR HOMES4 ,MANY ( !M 5T] DIRECTLY 9TO ! FOOD ( ! L&1 & MANY O!RS F9D !IR WAY 9DIRECTLY 9TO ! FOOD1 ! WAT] SUPPLY & ! ATMOSPH]E4 ,9 !SE & O!R WAYS ! *EMICALS F9D !IR WAY 9TO ! MID/ ( ! ALREADY COMPLICAT$ *EMICAL REACTION MASS ( ! LIV+ HUMAN BODY4 ,9 SPEAK+ ( ! *EMI/RY ( LIFE1 ONE IS AW>E ( C]TA9 COMPLEXITIES :I* HAVE BE5 REVEAL$ ONLY P>TIALLY & SUP]FICIALLY BY BIO*EMICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL RESE>*4 ,MAN IS COMPOS$ 9 SOME P>T ( ! ELEM5TS & SUB/ANCES ?AT 5T] 9TO ! COMPOSITION ( ! E>?4 ,! CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY C]TA9 M9]AL ELEM5TS ALONE TO ! ME*ANISMS ( LIFE HAVE BE5 9VE/IGAT$ AT L5G?1 BUT \R G5]AL KN[L$GE IS BUT FRAGM5T>Y & (T5 =TUIT\S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE 5DURE \R IGNORANCE ) A C]TA9 PHILOSOPHICAL EQUANIMITY 9 RECOGNITION ( ! FACT ?AT ! COMPOSITION ( ! E>? & ! COMPOSITION ( MAN EXI/ 9 AN 9TIMATE HI/ORICAL & BIOLOGICAL RELATION%IP :I* IS 9EVITABLE & NOT ( \R MAK+4 ,BUT :AT CAN ONE ?9K ( ! >TIFICIAL SITUATION1 9 :I* MANY NEW MAT]IALS1 POSSESS$ ( MANY1 ALMO/ AN 9F9ITY (1 POSSIBILITIES = METABOLIC MODIFICATION )9 ! BODY ( MAN1 F9D !IR WAY 9TO IT1 = BETT] OR WORSE4 ,WE %ALL NEV] BE ABLE TO ANTICIPATE & VISUALIZE ! H>MFUL POT5TIALITIES ( NEW MAT]IALS UNTIL WE A*IEVE A COMPREH5SIVE UND]/&+ ( ! ROLE ( ! NORMAL ELEM5TS & O!R COMPON5TS ( ! LIV+ ORGANISM4 ,ONLY ON SU* A COMPREH5SIVE BACKGR\ND CAN WE DISCOV]1 FAIRLY PROMPTLY1 ! METABOLIC DEVIATIONS1 IF ANY1 9DUC$ BY NEW *EMICALS4 

,?IS BR+S US TO CONSID] ! =EGO+ PROBLEM FROM A SOME:AT DIFF]5T VIEWPO9T4 ,NO PR9CIPLE ( BIOLOGY IS CLE>] ?AN ?AT :I* RELATES A PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO A QUANTITY ( /IMULUS )9 APPROPRIATE LIMITS ( TIME4 ,! LIV+ ORGANISM IS RESI/ANT 9 V>Y+ DEGREE1 TO V>Y+ /IMULI1 & ! /IMULUS MU/ BE ADEQUATE TO 9DUCE A RESPONSE4 ,IT IS ?IS PR9CIPLE ON :I* WE BASE ! DIFF]5TIATION ( H>MFUL V]SUS H>MLESS /IMULI 9 T]MS ( DOSAGE & TIME4 ,TOXICITY1 9 !SE T]MS1 DOES NOT RELATE TO A SPECIFIC SUB/ANCE BUT TO A CONC5TRATION ( ?AT SUB/ANCE >RIV$ AT )9 C]TA9 LIMITS ( TIME 9 ! EFFECTIVE TISSUE OR *EMICAL SY/EM )9 AN ORGANISM4 ,A TOXIC 5VIRONM5T1 BY ! SAME TOK51 IS ONE :I*1 AGA9 )9 C]TA9 LIMITS ( TIME1 9TRODUCES 9TO ! ORGANISMS A H>MFUL QUANTITY ( A SUB/ANCE4 ,! MEANS BY :I* ?IS IS DONE MAY BE S+LE OR MULTIPLE - ?AT IS1 ! M$IUM MAY BE ! ATMOSPH]E1 WAT] OR FOOD1 OR ANY COMB9ATION ( !SE4 ,! MULTIPLE 5VIRONM5TAL S\RCES ( HUMAN EXPOSURE TO *EMICALS PROVIDE A GOOD ILLU/RATION ( ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! PROBLEM ( PUBLIC SAFETY4 ,LET US LOOK AT SU* A SITUATION AS IT RELATES TO A M9]AL CON/ITU5T ( ! E>?4 

,A M9]AL TAK5 FROM ! E>? & BR\<T 9TO COMM]CIAL USE1 MAY POSE C]TA9 PROBLEMS ( 9DU/RIAL HEAL?1 FROM ! ASPECT ( ! TOXICITY ( ONE OR MORE ( ITS +R$I5TS4 ,MEASURES ( CONTROL CAN BE PROVID$ ON ! BASIS ( C]TA9 TOXICOLOGIC FACTS1 & C]TA9 PRODUCTS CAN BE MADE AVAILABLE 9 ! DESIR$ =M OR =MS ( COMM]CE1 )\T UNDUE 9DU/RIAL HAZ>D4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 CON/ITU5TS ( ! M9]AL HAVE BE5 DIS*>G$ 9TO ! AIR >\ND ! PRODUCTION FACTORY4 ,!SE SETTLE \T ON ! L&1 !REBY 9CREAS+ ITS CONT5T ( ! M9]AL 9 QUE/ION4 ,VEGETATION :I* GR[S \T ( SU* SOIL MAY TAKE UP ! M9]AL FROM ! SOIL1 & ! M9]AL MAY ALSO BE DEPOSIT$ UPON ! VEGETATION1 :I* !N1 IF EAT5 BY ANIMALS OR M51 C>RIES MORE ?AN ITS NATURAL CONT5T ( SU* M9]ALS 9TO !IR BODIES4 ,SU* DOME/IC ANIMALS & ANIMAL PRODUCTS1 US$ AS HUMAN FOOD1 CONTRIBUTE TO ! TOTAL 9TAKE ( ! M9]AL BY MAN4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 WAT]-BORNE WA/E FROM ! FACTORY IS CONVEY$ AWAY 9 PIPES OR DIT*ES4 ,?IS POLLUTES A /REAM NE>BY & AFFECTS AN 5TIRE DRA9AGE >EA TO AN EXT5T :I* MAY BE ONLY !ORETICAL ON ! ONE H&1 OR HI<LY SIGNIFICANT ON ! O!R4 

,?IS PROCESS1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 MAY BE MULTIPLI$ 9 MANY OR ALL P>TS ( A C\NTRY1 SO ?AT A M9]AL CON/ITU5T1 BR\<T =? \T ( ! E>?1 COMES TO BE SPREAD F> & WIDE 9 ! AIR1 9 ! WAT] & 9 ! FOOD MAT]IALS ( ANIMALS & M5 OV] A CONT95T1 OR EV5 OV] ! WORLD4 ,?IS SAME PROCESS1 MULTIPLI$ /ILL FUR!R BY ! 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE & O!R ACTIVITIES ( A C\NTRY1 MAY SO *ANGE ! BALANCE ( NATURE1 ) RESPECT TO ! NUMB]S ( ! NORMAL CON/ITU5TS ( ! E>? & !IR PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION 9 ! SOIL1 WAT] & ATMOSPH]E ( ! C\NTRY1 AS TO ALT] ! M9]AL METABOLISM ( MANK9D 9 ! >EA CONC]N$4 

,! ILLU/RATION :I* WE HAVE *OS5 IS ONLY ONE ( MANY ?AT C\LD BE TAK5 TO FOLL[ ! C\RSE ( TE*NOLOGIC MAN 9 HIS EF=TS TO MAKE USE ( ! MAT]IALS ( ! E>? = HIS [N PURPOSES1 TO WRE/ FROM NATURE SECRETS ?AT WILL FE$1 CLO! & H\SE H] GR[+ POPULATION1 ?AT WILL TRANSPORT !M ) EV] 9CREAS+ SPE$ TO ! F\R CORN]S ( ! E>? & BEYOND1 & RELEASE 5]GY FROM NATURAL S\RCES & DIRECT IT TO C>RY \T HIS BIDD+4 ,9 DO+ !SE MANY ?+S1 AS HAS BE5 PO9T$ \T ELSE:]E 9 GREAT DETAIL1 MAN HAS *ANG$ & IS *ANG+ FUR!R ! FACE ( ! E>?1 HAS ALT]$ & IS FUR!R DI/URB+ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* LIFE ON ?IS PLANET CAME 9TO EXI/5CE & HAS P]SI/$1 ) *ANGES & DIFF]5TIATION1 = SOME MILLIONS ( YE>S4 ,IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT MAN'S ACTIVITIES 9 /RICTLY MODEM TIMES1 AS REPRES5T$ 9 HIS TE*NOLOGIC APPLICATIONS ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 HAVE BR\<T AB\T GREAT] 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ( MORE PR(\ND PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE ?AN HAVE ALL ! G5]ATIONS ( M5 H]ET(ORE4 ,DUR+ ! GREAT] P>T ( HI/ORICAL TIMES MAN HAS BE5 CONT5D+ ) NATURAL =CES & NATURAL ?REATS TO HIS SURVIVAL4 ,HE HAS N[ MOV$ 9TO A P]IOD 9 :I* HIS KN[L$GE & P[] HAVE 5ABL$ HIM TO MODIFY ! V]Y CONDITIONS ( HIS LIFE4 ,! TIME HAS COME1 H[EV]1 :5 A MU* GREAT] & MORE COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( \R *ANG$ & *ANG+ 5VIRONM5T MU/ BE HAD = \R SAFETY-P]HAPS = \R V]Y SURVIVAL4 

,! EF=TS MADE TO OBTA9 ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE & !N TO SEEK COM=T1 WEAL? & P[] HAVE OCCUPI$ MO/ ( ! M5 ( \R TIME & EV]Y O!R TIME4 ,! M5 ( ALL AGES1 :O HAVE S\<T BY ! ME?ODS ( !IR TIME TO CULTIVATE & PROTECT ! HEAL? ( ! PEOPLE1 HAVE BE5 FEW & !IR RES\RCES RELATIVELY SMALL4 ,! TE*NOLOGY ( \R TIME HAS CREAT$ A WEAL? ( MAT]IALS & MADE AVAILABLE ! =CES ( NATURE = MAN'S USE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT HAS FAIL$ TO BR+ TO !SE MAT]IALS & =CES ! UND]/&+ ( !IR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ?AT WILL KEEP !M UND] ADEQUATE CONTROL4 ,! EF=T MU/ BE MADE TO R$UCE ! GAP BETWE5 TE*NOLOGY & BIOLOGY BE=E IT IS TOO LATE4 ,?IS WILL TAKE TIME1 /UDI\S EF=T & MONEY3 TIME = ! TRA9+ ( EXP]TS 9 ! V>I\S FIELDS ( M$IC9E1 HYGI5E & SANITATION2 /UDI\S EF=T TO F]RET \T ! PROBLEMS MO/ 9 NE$ ( 9VE/IGATION2 MONEY TO 9ITIATE & CATALYZE ! 9VE/IGATIONS )\T :I* WE %ALL REMA9 9 RELATIVE IGNORANCE4 

,IT MU/ BECOME AN AXIOM ( MOD]N *EMICAL & TE*NOLOGIC RESE>* ?AT ! MAT]IALS PRODUC$ & ! =MS ( 5]GY H>NESS$ MU/ BE AS WELL UND]/OOD = !IR BIOLOGICAL POT5TIALITIES AS = !IR PHYSICAL & ME*ANICAL PROP]TIES4 ,IT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT ?AT O!R MAN-MADE FACTORS 9 ! HUMAN 5VIRONM5T1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :I* WE CANNOT =ESEE AT ?IS TIME1 %\LD BE EXAM9$ CRITICALLY = !IR H>MFUL POT5TIALITIES1 9 ! FULL RECOGNITION ( C]TA9 FACTS ( LIFE & DEA?1 :I* HAVE REC5TLY COME UPON SOME ( US ) A %OCK4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT RECKLESS MAN CAN TURN LOOSE & BUILD UP PHYSICAL =CES :I* MAY DE/ROY HIMSELF & HIS K9D4 ,IT SEEMS PROBABLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! SAME +5UITY :I* ?US F> HAS 5ABL$ HIM TO EXPLORE & TO P5ETRATE O!R SECRETS ( NATURE1 WILL S]VE HIS NE$ :5 EXP5D$ 9 LE>N+ MORE ( HIS [N VULN]ABILITY & 9 DEVELOP+ ! MEANS = SELF-PROTECTION4 

"9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 

 ,FROM ,! ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,CONF]5CE ON 0,MAN ,V]SUS ,5VIRONM5T10 ,MAY #e-#f1 #a#i#e#h1 PUBLI%$ ) SUPPORT BY ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,HEAL?1 ,$UCATION1 & ,WELF>E4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifa 3 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T -- ,UPDAT$4 

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